Advances in Geochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, and Planetary Sciences: 75th Anniversary of the Vernadsky Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 9783031098826, 9783031098833, 303109882X

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Introduction
1 Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry and Planetary Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, and Radiochemistry at the Vernadsky Institute RAS
2 Departments and Laboratories of the Vernadsky Institute
Sec2
Geochemistry
2 The PGE-Cu-Ni Norilsk Deposits and Siberian Traps: Genetic Relationships
1 Introduction. The Problems of Magmatic Ore Origin
1.1 Magmatic Deposits
1.2 Norilsk Deposits
2 Brief Geology of the Siberian Traps Province and Related Deposits
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results
4.1 Flank Zones of the Norilsk Deposits, the Talnakh Ore Junction
4.2 Composition of Ore-Bearing Magmas
4.3 Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks Within the Siberian Traps Province
5 Discussion
5.1 Testing of the Existing Models of the Norilsk Deposits
5.2 A new Approach to the Deposits’ Origin
Acknowledgements
References
3 Intrusive COMAGMAT: From Simple Magma Differentiation Models to Complex Algorithms Simulating the Structure of Layered Intrusions
1 Introduction
2 The Most Important Results of 1976–1979
2.1 The Sedimentation Model
2.2 The Convection-Accumulation Model
3 COMAGMAT-3 and Modeling the Structure of Layered Intrusions (1985–2019)
3.1 Approach to Model the CAM Dynamics of the Intra-Chamber Process
3.2 Modeling the Structure of Siberian Sills
3.3 Modeling the Structure of the Kivakka Intrusion
4 Discussion
4.1 The Significance of the Convection-Accumulation Model
4.2 Introducing the First COMAGMAT-BLF Model
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Forms of Existence of PGE and Gold in Natural Systems and Their Geochemical Behavior
1 Introduction
2 Natural Abundances of PGE and Gold
3 Processes Underlying the Migration Behavior of PGE in Liquid Media
4 PGE Speciation in Natural Aqueous Solutions
5 Interaction of PGE Species with Mineral Phases and Natural Slurries. Examples of the Behavior of Dissolved PGE in Natural Systems
6 PGE and Gold Transfer by Carbon-Containing Media
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Study of Elemental Composition and Properties of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Problems of Isolation and Quantitative Analysis of Environmental Nanoparticles
3 Pre-concentration of Trace Elements by Nanoparticles of Urban Dust and Volcanic Ash
4 Study of Element Species in Volcanic Ash Nanoparticles
5 Nanoparticles of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust as a Carrier of Toxic Elements in Aquatic Environments
6 Conclusion
References
6 Layered Titanosilicates Melting: Experimental Study at 1 Atmosphere and Application for Agpaitic Rocks Petrology
1 Introduction
1.1 Studied Minerals in the Nomenclature of Titanosilicates
2 Experimental Methods and the Starting Materials
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Lamprophyllite Group Minerals Melting
3.2 Lamprophyllite-Nepheline Phase Diagram
3.3 Lomonosovite Melting
4 Petrologic Applications for Lovosero Massif
4.1 Lamprophyllite Evolution
4.2 Titanosilicate Melting as Model Reactions for Late-Magmatic Decomposition of Loparite
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 The Scale of Extraction of Ore Elements Zn and Pb by Aqueous Chloride Fluids in the Process of Degassing of Granite Magmas During Their Rise to the Surface and Crystallization
1 Introduction
2 Model
2.1 Experimental Basis
2.2 Calculation Scheme
3 Numerical Simulation Results
3.1 Melt Degassing Caused by Pressure Decrease
3.1.1 Chlorine Behaviour
3.1.2 Behaviour of Zn and Pb
3.2 Degassing During Crystallization of Melts
3.2.1 Chlorine Behavior
3.2.2 Partition Coefficients of Zn and Pb Crystal/Melt
3.2.3 Crystallization Degassing at Great Depths (P = 2 kbar)
3.2.4 Crystallization Degassing at Low Pressures (P = 0.6 kbar)
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Spontaneous Solution Distillation in a Closed Silica-Water System at the Water–Vapor Interface: Review of Experimental Studies
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 First Experiments and Diagnosis of Newly Formed Silica [5]
3.2 Influence of Temperature Gradient and Transformation Stages of Newly Formed Silica [7]
3.3 Reducing the Scatter of Data and Finding the Root Cause of Distillation [8]
3.4 Effect of Wall Roughness [11]
3.5 Deposition of Opal Directly on Quartz [10]
4 Geochemical Applications
5 Summary
References
9 Influence of Water Exchange on the Equilibrium Composition of Aqueous Phase and Mineral Association
1 Introduction
2 Research Methods
3 Computer Simulation
4 Conclusion
References
10 Thermodynamic Modeling of Stage Formation of Oil from Type II Kerogen
1 Introduction
2 Thermodynamic Data and Calculation of Equilibria
3 Input Data
4 Scheme of Calculations
5 Simulation Results
6 Comparison of the Results Obtained with Natural Observations and Experiments
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
11 Quantitative Parameters of Pleistocene Sediments in the World Ocean
1 Introduction
2 Factual Material and Research Methods
3 Research Results
3.1 Weighted Average Lithological Composition of Pleistocene Sediments of the World Ocean
3.2 Accumulation Rates
3.3 Mass Accumulation Rates
4 Discussion of Results
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12 Geochemical Provinces of Surface Sediments in the Laptev Sea
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Area
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results
3.1 Grain-Size Composition
3.2 Chemical Composition
4 Discussion
4.1 Western Geochemical Province
4.2 Central Geochemical Province
4.3 Eastern Geochemical Province
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13 Study of Hydrodynamic Processes in the Ocean by Remote Laser-Optical Methods
1 Introduction
2 Method of Sea Surface Scanning with a Narrow Laser Beam
3 Method of Photometry of Sea Brightness
3.1 General Principles
3.2 Experiments on the Breakwater
3.3 Experiments on Detecting HDD in the Form of a ship’s Trace
3.4 Experiments with RV Own Trace Crossing
4 Aerosol Scattering Method
4.1 Experiments on the Breakwater
4.2 Experiments on Board the RV
4.3 Statistical Processing of Aerosol Scattering Data
4.4 Statistical Processing Based on Integrated Application of Laser-Optical Equipment Signals
5 Model Laboratory Experiments on Aerosol Scattering
5.1 Experiments in a Non-flowing Tray Under Water Disturbance by Propellers
5.2 Experiments in the Flow Tray
5.2.1 Underwater Obstacle Experiments
5.2.2 Experiments with Counter Flow
5.2.3 Discussion of Results and Conclusions
6 Algorithms of Anomalies Detection in Laser-Optical Equipment Signals, Caused by HDD Influence
6.1 Scanning Laser Locator (SLL)
6.2 Sea Brightness Photometer (SBP) and Aerosol Lidar (AL)
6.3 Statistical Analysis of Space Images of Sea Surface
7 Machine Learning Approach to Underwater Processes in the Marine Environment
References
Meteoritics, Cosmochemistry, Lunar and Planetary Sciences
14 Studies of the Problems of Planetary Cosmogony, Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry by Methods of Mathematical Modeling
1 Introduction
2 Studies in the Field of Stellar-Planetary Cosmogony
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formation and Evolution of Dust Clusters and Primary Bodies
2.3 Formation of Primary Dust Aggregates
2.4 Computational Experiments with Dust Clusters
2.4.1 Formation of Initial Structures
2.4.2 Collisional Evolution of Initial Clusters
2.4.3 Structure and Properties of Heterogeneous Fractal Dust-Ice Clusters on the Snow Line
2.5 Accumulation of the Terrestrial Planets and the Moon
2.6 Time Scale of Migration Processes and Velocities of Collisions of Bodies with the Earth and the Moon
2.7 Water on the Earth and Other Terrestrial Planets
2.8 Migration of Bodies from Beyond the Orbit of Mars and the Problem of Asteroid-Comet Hazard
2.9 Migration of Bodies in Exoplanetary Systems
2.10 Conclusions
3 Estimation of the Composition and Mass of the Ice Component in Primary Ice-Rock Bodies of the Protoplanetary Disk
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Statement of Problem
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.4 Conclusions
4 Thermo-Chemical Constraints on the Bulk Composition and Core Sizes of the Moon
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geochemical Characteristics of the Moon
4.3 Physical Properties and Sizes of the Lunar Core
4.4 Conclusion
5 Estimates of H2O Content in Titan with Different Degrees of Differentiation of Iron-Rock and Rock-Ice Substance
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Models of Titan's Internal Structure and Rocky Composition
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
15 Global Stratigraphy and Resurfacing History of Venus
1 Introduction
2 The Model of Global Stratigraphy of Venus
3 Results of Global Geological Mapping of Venus
4 Major Regimes of Resurfacing on Venus
Acknowledgements
References
16 The Snow Line in Red Dwarf Systems
1 Introduction
2 Source Data
3 Snow Line
4 Probable Liquid Water Existence Area
5 Summary
Acknowledgements
Appendix
References
17 Micrometeorites from the Novaya Zemlya Ice Sheet
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Material
2.2 Methods
2.3 Identification of MMs
3 Observations and Results
3.1 Varieties of Micrometeorites
3.2 Cosmic Spherules
3.3 Fine-Grained and Scoriaceous Micrometeorites of the Novaya Zemlya Collection
3.4 Coarse-Grained Unmelted MMs and Relict Grain Bearing MMs
4 Discussion
4.1 Terrestrial Alteration
4.2 Links Among MM
4.3 Bias of the Novaya Zemlya MM Collection
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18 The Effect of 30 to  greaterthan 100 GPa Shock on the Magnetic Properties of Chinga Iron Meteorite
1 Introduction
2 Samples and Measuring Techniques
2.1 Description of Samples
2.2 Instruments and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Pressure–Temperature Profiles
3.2 Shock Effects and Zonation
3.3 Magnetic Measurements
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
19 Thermodynamic Study of Fractional Evaporation of Refractory Meteorite Matter Melts Under Various Redox Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Calculation of Fractional Evaporation of Oxide Melt
3 Fractional Evaporation of Perovskite
4 Fractional Evaporation of Forsterite
5 Fractional Evaporation of Refractory Inclusions
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 Moon’s Formation from Gas-Dust Cloud: New Geochemical and Astronomical Data
1 Introduction
2 New Geochemical Data
2.1 Siderophile Elements at the Earth Mantle
2.2 Siderophile Elements at the Moon
2.3 Water on the Moon
3 Accretion Model
3.1 Numerical Framework
3.2 Analytical Extension
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
21 Helium-3 in the Lunar Soil
1 Introduction
2 Helium Implantation and Trapping in Minerals of the Lunar Regolith
3 Helium Content in Regolith of Lunar Maria and Highlands
4 Lunar Soil Thickness
5 Predicted Reserves of Helium in the Lunar Soil
6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
22 Stones on the Lunar Surface
1 Introduction
2 Stones Shape and Distribution in Impact Craters
3 Stones Distribution on Maria Plains
4 Stones Distribution on the Aristarchus Plateau
5 Stones Distribution on Lunar Highlands
6 Stones Distribution in the Oceanus Procellarum and in the Sinus Medii
7 Discussion
8 Summary
References
23 Estimation of the Influence of Contamination by Rocket Fuel Combustion Products on the Chemical and Isotopic Composition of the Lunar Regolith in the Polar Regions
1 Introduction
2 Interaction of Engine Exhaust Gases with the Surface of Frozen Regolith
3 Landing of the Spacecrafts Luna 25, 27, 28
4 Sampling Procedures of the Luna 25, 27, 28 Spacecrafts
5 The Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Volatile Components in the Lunar Regolith
5.1 Hydrogen
5.2 Nitrogen
5.3 Carbon
5.4 Oxygen
5.5 Sulfur
5.6 Mercury
6 Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Fuel
7 Estimation of the Influence of Fuel Impurity on the Isotopic Composition of the Sample
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
24 Reduced Iron in the Regolith of the Moon: Review
1 Introduction
2 Problems of Detection, Research and Versions of the Mechanism of npFe0 Formation
3 Laboratory Simulation of Space Weathering.
4 Conclusion
References
Biogeochemistry and Ecology
25 Biogeochemistry of Hg, Cd and Pb in Surface Water: Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Water Chemistry
3.2 Bioaccumulation of Mercury
3.3 Bioaccumulation of Cadmium
3.4 Lead Bioaccumulation
3.5 Ecotoxic Properties and Temperature Effects
4 Conclusion
References
26 Peculiarities of the Geochemical Organization of the Modern Noosphere and Methods of Its Study for Detection of Endemic Diseases of Geochemical Nature
1 Introduction
2 Specifics of the Structural Organization of the Modern Noosphere
3 Concerning Specificity of the Mechanism of Adaptation to Geochemical Environmental Conditions
4 Methodological Approaches to Biogeochemical Zoning of the Noosphere
5 Example of Building Thyroid Disease Risk Maps
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
27 Geochemical Ecology of Organisms in the Biosphere Technogenesis: Analytical Review and Some Results
1 Geochemical Ecology and Biosphere Taxons
2 Technogenic Modification of the Biosphere
3 Biological Reactions of Living Organisms
4 Geochemical Ecology of Organisms in the Technogenic Biogeochemical Anomalies in Russia
4.1 Tyrnyauz Wolfram-Molybdenum Province
4.2 Technogenic Anomaly of the River Ardon Basin
4.3 Technogenic Anomalies in the Novotroitsk Gold-Arsenic Deposit
5 Conclusion
References
Analytical Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Radioecology
28 From the Theory of Spectra to the Theory of Chemical Reactions
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Spectra
3 Intermolecular Transitions
4 Chemical Reactions
References
29 Method for the Selection of Polar Stationary Phases for Gas–Liquid Chromatography Based on the Theory of Intermolecular Interaction
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Part
2.1 Formulation of the Model of Intermolecular Interactions
2.2 Components of Expression for Total Intermolecular Interaction Energy
2.3 Equilibrium Characteristics of Intermolecular Interaction
2.4 Three-Parameter Selectivity Characterization Method for Chromatographic Stationary Phases
2.5 Direct and Inverse Problems of Intermolecular Interaction Modeling for the “Stationary Phase-Adsorbate” System
2.6 STAPHMAP Program
2.7 Selectivity Map
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Internal Consistency of the Applied IMI Model
3.2 Comparison of Three-Parameter Characterization Method and Rorschneider-McReynolds Method
3.3 Solving Complex Analytical Problems
4 Conclusion
References
30 Acid Retardation Method and Its New Variants for the Separation of Components of Complex Solutions
1 Introduction
2 Simple Cyclic Processes
3 Results of Theoretical Analysis and Mechanism of Separation
4 Complex AR Processes in Colloidal Systems
4.1 Processing of Wet Phosphoric Acid
4.2 Some Other Examples
5 AR Processes in Columns with Two Liquid Phases
Acknowledgements
References
31 Pulsed Atomization and Excitation Sources with Solution Electrodes for Optical Emission Spectroscopy
1 Introduction
2 Plasma Instabilities and Mechanism of Electrolyte Cathode Atomization
3 Electrolyte Anode Versus Electrolyte Cathode
4 Conclusions
References
32 Ultrasound Suspension Columns for Solid-Phase Extraction of Platinum and Palladium
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
2.1 Reagents and Solutions
2.2 Instrumentation
2.3 Preparation of the Sorbent
2.4 Solid-Phase Extraction in a Batch Mode
2.5 Solid-Phase Extraction in the USC
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 The Features of Standing Ultrasound Waves and Selection of the Optimal Conditions of the USC Operation
3.2 Selection of the Optimal Conditions for Solid-Phase Extraction of Pt(IV) and Pd(II)
3.3 Solid-Phase Extraction of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) in the USC
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
33 Sorption-Spectrometric Determination of Organic Acids on the Solid-Phase of Fibrous Filled Sorbents
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Determination of Salicylic Acid
3.2 Determination of Malonic Acid
3.3 Determination of Ascorbic Acid
Acknowledgements
References
34 Extraction Method of Crude Oil Sample Preparation for Determination of Mobile Forms of Trace Elements
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
35 Identification of Spectral and Non-spectral Interferences in Trace Elements Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
36 iPlasmaProQuad: A Computer System Based on a Relational DBMS for Processing and Monitoring the Results of Routine Analysis by the ICP-MS Method
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
2.1 Equipment
2.2 Reagents
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Data Integrity Check
3.2 Codification of Samples
3.3 Calibration Procedure
3.4 Computation of Concentrations in a Series of Analyzing Solutions
3.5 Correction for the Internal Standard
3.6 Accounting for Spectral Interferences
3.7 Estimation of Detection Limits and Subtraction of Blank Test Results
3.8 Determining Elemental Concentrations
3.9 Estimating the Uncertainty of the Concentration Measurement
3.10 Quality Control of the Analysis Results
3.11 Reporting and Quality Control of Analysis Results
3.12 Use of Concentration Measurement Uncertainty Data When Analysing a Single Sample
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
37 Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Univariate Statistics
3 Multivariate Statistics
4 How to Overcome All the Noted Statistical Difficulties
5 Bootstrap Method for Finding Complex Statistical Functions from Small Samples
6 Conclusion
References
38 A New Development in Theory of Multielectron Systems
1 Introduction
2 On a Separation of Rotation of Atomic Electrons as a Whole in the Hamiltonian
3 A System of Two Electrons
4 A Two-Electron Decomposition Method for Many-Electron Systems
References
39 New Methods and Materials in Nuclear Fuel Fabrication and Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management
1 Introduction
2 Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Using Microwave Radiation
3 New Technologies for SNF Reprocessing and RW Fractionation
4 Immobilization of RW into New Preserving Matrices
4.1 Glass-Like Sodium Aluminum Iron Phosphate (NAFP) Matrix
4.2 Low-Temperature Mineral-Like Magnesium Potassium Phosphate (MPP) Matrix
5 Distribution of Radionuclides on Minerals of Rocks of the Nizhnekansky Granitoid Massif Under Conditions of HLW Underground Disposal
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
40 Prototypes of New Radiopharmaceuticals Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanodiamonds Versus Nanotubes
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of CNs and Their Characterization
3 Sorption and Desorption Experiments
3.1 Nanodiamonds
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
4 The Comparison of Sorption Properties of NDs and MWCNTs
5 Stability of Tc(IV)@ND in Blood In Vivo
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
41 GIS in Radioecology: History and Prospects of Data Processing
1 Introduction
2 Decision Support Systems (DSS) in Radioecology
2.1 RadGIS “Bryansk” and Models of Radionuclide Migration in Soil–Plant System
2.2 GIS Modelling of Agricultural Pollution
2.3 Comparative Analysis of Air-Gamma Survey and Ground-Based Soil Sampling of Settlements
2.4 Dynamic Models of Agricultural Radionuclide Pollution
3 GIS of the Yenisei River Valley
3.1 Decision Support System (DSS) “KMCC-Strelka”
3.2 Distribution of Man-Made Radionuclide Contamination Density and Dose Rate Reconstruction
4 Multi-Scale Levels of Landscape- Radioecological Monitoring in the Bryansk Region
4.1 Modeling of Cs-137 Distribution at the Micro-Landscape Level
4.2 Perspectives of Landscape-Radioecological Modeling
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
42 Speciation of Actinides in the Environment
1 Introduction
2 Methods for Determining the Content and Speciation of Actinides in Natural Objects
3 Sources of Man-Made Radionuclide Contamination of Russian Territory
4 Species of Artificial Actinides Presence in Soils by the Example of East-Ural Radioactive Trace
5 Speciation of Actinides Presence in Industrial Water Bodies and Groundwater of Radioactive Waste Collector Beds (Influence of Biological Factors)
6 Speciation of Actinides in the Marine Environment
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix_1
Appendix_2
Sec3
Sec4
Sec5