Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: Management, Processing and Environmental Assessment 9780128190555, 9780128190562, 1571591591, 3213213233, 0128190558
Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: Management, Processing and Environmental Assessmentis divided o
303 96 24MB
English Pages 592 [594] Year 2020
Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: Management, Processing and Environmental Assessment......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
1.1 Resource efficiency and the circular economy......Page 20
1.2 Construction and demolition waste recycling......Page 22
1.3 Outline of the book......Page 25
References......Page 27
Further reading......Page 29
Part One: Managing construction and demolition waste......Page 30
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2.1 National/regional level......Page 35
2.2.2 Building project level......Page 38
2.3.1 Waste estimation tools......Page 40
2.3.2 Waste data collection and audit tools......Page 43
2.3.3 Location-based tools......Page 45
References......Page 46
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.2.1 Current reuse/recycling of C&DW......Page 52
3.2.2 Converting C&DW into new products......Page 54
3.3.1 Barriers to the adoption of circular patterns and business models......Page 55
3.3.2 Barriers to the use of recycled products from C&DW......Page 57
3.4.1 Financial analysis and its application to the reuse/recycling of C&DW......Page 59
3.4.2 Cost-benefit analysis of reusing/recycling C&DW......Page 62
3.5 Main conclusions and future trends (expected and planned)......Page 63
References......Page 64
Further reading......Page 69
4.1 Introduction......Page 70
4.2.1 Elements of a best practice CDSWMP......Page 72
4.2.2 Regulations on CDSWMPs......Page 73
4.4 Logistics of CDW......Page 75
4.4.2 Reverse logistics in CDW management......Page 77
4.4.2.1 Drivers and advantages of adopting RL......Page 79
4.4.2.2 Barriers to RL adoption......Page 80
4.5.1 Voluntary agreements......Page 81
4.5.2 Strategies and regulations......Page 83
4.6 Future trends......Page 84
References......Page 85
5.1 Introduction......Page 88
5.2 Overview of the deconstruction-recycling value chain for gypsum: From recyclable postconsumer GW to quality rec .........Page 89
5.2.2 Reception of GW for processing......Page 90
5.2.3 Reception of recycled gypsum for reincorporation into the production process......Page 91
5.3.2 Perform on-site segregation of GW......Page 92
5.3.3 Set clear recycled gypsum quality criteria......Page 94
5.4 Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
6.1 Introduction......Page 100
6.2 Methods for management and data collection of C&D wastes......Page 101
6.2.1 Waste management strategies involving monitoring and site management......Page 102
6.2.2 Methods for collecting WGR data......Page 103
6.3.1 Data collection method......Page 104
6.3.2 The method used for estimating project-level DW generation......Page 106
6.5 Generation rates and composition of DW by buildings types......Page 109
6.6 Comparison of compositional data with demolition contractors’ reports......Page 113
6.7 Recommendation for collection methods of DWGRs data and monitoring the site and workers’ behavior......Page 116
References......Page 117
7.1 Construction and demolition waste: Problems, opportunities, and priorities......Page 120
7.2 Building information modeling: An overview......Page 122
7.3 BIM and waste......Page 125
7.3.1 Identification......Page 126
7.3.2 Estimation......Page 129
7.3.3 Planning......Page 130
7.4 Construction......Page 131
7.5 Demolition......Page 134
7.6 Renovation......Page 135
References......Page 136
8.1 Introduction......Page 140
8.2 Integrated CDW management......Page 141
8.3 GIS and MCA in CDW management......Page 143
8.4 Use of GIS in CDW management......Page 145
8.4.1 Mapping CDW illegal dumping sites......Page 146
8.4.2 Installation of VDPs......Page 149
8.4.3 Location of suitable areas for installing CDW landfills and recycling plants......Page 162
8.5 Conclusion......Page 171
References......Page 172
Part Two: Processing, and applications of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste......Page 176
9.1 Introduction......Page 178
9.2 Pretreatment of recycled aggregates......Page 179
9.2.1.1 Mechanical grinding/churning......Page 180
9.2.2.1 Presoaking in acidic or basic solutions......Page 185
9.2.2.2 Bio-deposition......Page 186
9.2.2.3 Chemical grouting/impregnation......Page 187
9.2.2.5 Nano-modification of recycled aggregates......Page 188
9.3.1 Mechanical performance......Page 189
9.3.2 Interfacial properties......Page 190
9.3.3 Durability......Page 194
9.4 Prospects, challenges, and applications—A way forward......Page 195
References......Page 196
10.1 Introduction......Page 200
10.2 Review on the use of recycled materials in pavement construction......Page 201
10.2.1 Recycled C&D wastes as unbound materials for pavement construction......Page 202
10.2.2 Recycled C&D waste in bound base course......Page 203
10.3 Recycled C&D waste material used in this study......Page 204
10.4.1 Property limits......Page 206
10.4.2.2 Linear shrinkage......Page 209
10.4.3 Particle size distribution......Page 212
10.5 Conclusions......Page 213
References......Page 215
Further reading......Page 216
11.1 Introduction......Page 218
11.2.1 Optimum bitumen content......Page 219
11.2.2 Stability and flow......Page 220
11.2.3 Volumetric properties of RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 221
11.2.4 Bulk density of compacted RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 223
11.2.5 Resistance to moisture-related damages......Page 224
11.2.6 Resistance to permanent deformation......Page 231
11.2.8 Resilient modulus of RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 237
11.3 Treatments used to upgrade HMA made with RAs......Page 241
11.4 Different approaches to using RAs in pavement layers......Page 242
11.5 Conclusions and future trends......Page 243
References......Page 244
12.1 Introduction......Page 248
12.2 Self-compacting concrete preparation......Page 250
12.3.1 Fresh state behavior......Page 253
12.3.2 Hardened state behavior......Page 258
12.4 Durability of self-compacting concrete......Page 261
12.5 Future trends......Page 264
References......Page 265
13.2 Properties of HPC......Page 272
13.3 Types of RAs and their properties......Page 273
13.3.2 Recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 274
13.4.1 Mix proportions (RAs, supplementary cementitious materials, and admixtures) and fresh state......Page 275
13.4.3 Curing procedures......Page 282
13.5.1 Compressive strength......Page 283
13.5.3 Modulus of elasticity......Page 288
13.6.1 Water absorption by immersion and capillary......Page 289
13.6.2 Shrinkages......Page 292
Autogenous shrinkage......Page 296
13.6.4 Resistance to chloride penetration......Page 297
13.6.5 Permeability......Page 298
13.7 Conclusions and future trends......Page 299
References......Page 300
14.1 Introduction......Page 304
14.2 Factors that affect the curing of concrete......Page 305
14.3.1 Compressive strength......Page 310
14.4 Influence of curing conditions on the durability......Page 311
14.4.3 Porosity......Page 312
14.4.6 Oxygen permeability......Page 313
14.5 Influence of curing conditions on the volumetric stability......Page 314
14.7 Conclusions......Page 316
References......Page 318
15.1 Introduction......Page 320
15.2.1 Properties under compression......Page 321
15.2.2 Properties under flexure and tension......Page 323
15.3.1 Water absorption and air/water permeability......Page 326
15.3.2 Chloride permeability......Page 328
15.3.3 Carbonation......Page 330
15.3.4 Frost resistance......Page 331
15.4.1 Creep......Page 332
15.4.2 Shrinkage......Page 333
15.5 Final remarks......Page 336
References......Page 337
16.1 Introduction......Page 340
16.2 Some examples of research and applications with recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 342
16.3 Materials......Page 344
16.4 Processing and reuse of recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 345
16.5 Dosage of concrete using recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 347
16.6 Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured concrete with recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 349
References......Page 355
Further reading......Page 356
17.1 Introduction......Page 358
17.2.2 Grain size analysis......Page 360
17.2.3 Chemical analysis......Page 361
17.2.5 XRD analysis......Page 362
17.2.6 Pozzolanic activity......Page 364
17.2.6.1 Strength activity index (SAI) of different mortars......Page 365
17.2.6.2 Frattini test......Page 366
17.2.6.3 Relationship between the results of SAI test and Frattini test......Page 367
17.2.6.4 Discussion......Page 370
Notation......Page 371
References......Page 372
18.1 Introduction......Page 374
18.2 Water absorption of recycled aggregates. Ways to solve the problem......Page 375
18.3 Biodeposition on construction materials and bacteria-based self-healing concrete......Page 379
18.4 Biodeposition treatment on recycled aggregates......Page 382
18.5.1 SEM characterization......Page 383
18.5.2 Weight variation......Page 386
18.5.3 Water absorption......Page 387
18.5.4 Resistance to sonication......Page 389
18.6 Effects of bio-based self-healing agents on recycled concrete......Page 390
18.6.3.1 Compressive strength......Page 391
18.7 Future trends......Page 395
References......Page 396
19.1 Introduction......Page 404
19.2 Geopolymer concrete......Page 405
19.3.1 Mechanical properties......Page 406
19.3.2 Durability properties......Page 409
19.4.1 Lightweight aggregate geopolymer concrete......Page 412
19.4.2 Pervious geopolymer concrete......Page 414
19.5.1 Waste tire rubber......Page 416
19.5.2 Waste glass......Page 417
References......Page 419
Part Three: Environmental issues affecting recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste......Page 424
20.1 Introduction......Page 426
20.2.1 Asbestos......Page 427
20.3.1 Contaminants......Page 431
20.3.1.1 Why to remove contaminants?......Page 435
20.3.2 Contaminant effects on recycled concrete aggregates......Page 439
20.3.2.1 What are the effects of contaminants in recycled aggregates?......Page 440
20.3.2.2 What is the effect of contaminants when utilized as NAM integrating recycled or virgin concrete?......Page 441
20.4.1 Micro-X-ray fluorescence......Page 443
20.4.1.1 Asbestos detection by micro-XRF......Page 444
20.4.1.2 Other contaminants detection by micro-XRF......Page 445
20.4.2.1 Asbestos detection by HSI......Page 448
20.4.2.2 Other contaminants detection by HSI......Page 451
20.5 Conclusions......Page 453
References......Page 455
Further reading......Page 456
21.1 Introduction......Page 458
21.2 Total content chemistry and leachable substances......Page 459
21.3.1 General......Page 460
21.3.2 Fundamental leaching mechanisms......Page 461
21.3.3 Leaching description in different pH domains......Page 462
21.3.4 Effect of aging on RCA on leaching......Page 463
21.4.1 Factors determining the leaching at field site......Page 464
21.4.2 Evaluation of long-term leaching......Page 465
21.4.3 Principle for assessment of acceptable leaching......Page 466
21.5 Existing leaching criteria......Page 468
21.6 Leaching properties of the future RCA......Page 469
References......Page 470
22.1 Introduction......Page 472
22.2.1 Model for estimating the amount of CDW......Page 475
22.2.2 CDW environmental evaluation model......Page 476
22.3 Case studies......Page 482
22.4 Results and discussion......Page 483
22.5 Conclusions......Page 488
References......Page 489
23.1 Introduction......Page 494
23.2.1 Origin and composition of LRW......Page 495
23.2.2 LRW treatment and conditioning of secondary waste......Page 497
23.3 C&D waste properties......Page 498
23.3.1 Chemical and mineralogical composition of selected C&DW components......Page 499
23.3.2 pH of selected C&DW components in aqueous solutions......Page 500
23.3.4 Other C&DW properties important for handling and applicability......Page 502
23.4 C&DW sorption properties......Page 503
23.4.1 Competitive radionuclide sorption......Page 506
23.4.2 Stability of loaded sorbents......Page 508
23.4.3 Sorption mechanisms......Page 509
23.4.4 Potential application of C&DW in solidification process......Page 510
23.5 Conclusions, knowledge gaps, and recommendations......Page 511
References......Page 512
24.1 Introduction......Page 520
24.2 LCA and green concrete......Page 521
24.3.1 Methodology......Page 522
24.3.2 Construction and demolition waste......Page 523
24.4.1 Analysis assumptions......Page 524
24.4.3 Impact assessment......Page 525
24.4.4 Results and discussion......Page 528
24.5 Conclusions......Page 529
References......Page 530
25.1 Introduction......Page 534
25.2 Case study—RAC block building at Nanjing Tech University......Page 536
25.3.1 Description of LCA tool......Page 539
25.3.2 Scope and goal definition......Page 540
25.3.3 Description of LCI data associated with concrete block production......Page 541
25.3.4 Environmental impact assessment......Page 542
25.4 LCA results and discussions......Page 545
25.5 Transportation distance sensitivity......Page 551
References......Page 552
26.1 Introduction......Page 556
26.2.1 The future needs of decision makers: A combined LCA and LCC framework......Page 558
26.2.2 Combination of environmental and economic studies on CDW recycling: State of the art......Page 559
26.3.1 Goal and scope, system boundaries, and functional unit......Page 560
26.3.3 Environmental and economic inventory......Page 561
26.3.4 Environmental results......Page 569
26.3.5 Economic results......Page 570
26.4 Conclusions and future needs......Page 572
References......Page 574
Index......Page 578
Back Cover......Page 594
Front Cover......Page 1
Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: Management, Processing and Environmental Assessment......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
1.1 Resource efficiency and the circular economy......Page 20
1.2 Construction and demolition waste recycling......Page 22
1.3 Outline of the book......Page 25
References......Page 27
Further reading......Page 29
Part One: Managing construction and demolition waste......Page 30
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2.1 National/regional level......Page 35
2.2.2 Building project level......Page 38
2.3.1 Waste estimation tools......Page 40
2.3.2 Waste data collection and audit tools......Page 43
2.3.3 Location-based tools......Page 45
References......Page 46
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.2.1 Current reuse/recycling of C&DW......Page 52
3.2.2 Converting C&DW into new products......Page 54
3.3.1 Barriers to the adoption of circular patterns and business models......Page 55
3.3.2 Barriers to the use of recycled products from C&DW......Page 57
3.4.1 Financial analysis and its application to the reuse/recycling of C&DW......Page 59
3.4.2 Cost-benefit analysis of reusing/recycling C&DW......Page 62
3.5 Main conclusions and future trends (expected and planned)......Page 63
References......Page 64
Further reading......Page 69
4.1 Introduction......Page 70
4.2.1 Elements of a best practice CDSWMP......Page 72
4.2.2 Regulations on CDSWMPs......Page 73
4.4 Logistics of CDW......Page 75
4.4.2 Reverse logistics in CDW management......Page 77
4.4.2.1 Drivers and advantages of adopting RL......Page 79
4.4.2.2 Barriers to RL adoption......Page 80
4.5.1 Voluntary agreements......Page 81
4.5.2 Strategies and regulations......Page 83
4.6 Future trends......Page 84
References......Page 85
5.1 Introduction......Page 88
5.2 Overview of the deconstruction-recycling value chain for gypsum: From recyclable postconsumer GW to quality rec .........Page 89
5.2.2 Reception of GW for processing......Page 90
5.2.3 Reception of recycled gypsum for reincorporation into the production process......Page 91
5.3.2 Perform on-site segregation of GW......Page 92
5.3.3 Set clear recycled gypsum quality criteria......Page 94
5.4 Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
6.1 Introduction......Page 100
6.2 Methods for management and data collection of C&D wastes......Page 101
6.2.1 Waste management strategies involving monitoring and site management......Page 102
6.2.2 Methods for collecting WGR data......Page 103
6.3.1 Data collection method......Page 104
6.3.2 The method used for estimating project-level DW generation......Page 106
6.5 Generation rates and composition of DW by buildings types......Page 109
6.6 Comparison of compositional data with demolition contractors’ reports......Page 113
6.7 Recommendation for collection methods of DWGRs data and monitoring the site and workers’ behavior......Page 116
References......Page 117
7.1 Construction and demolition waste: Problems, opportunities, and priorities......Page 120
7.2 Building information modeling: An overview......Page 122
7.3 BIM and waste......Page 125
7.3.1 Identification......Page 126
7.3.2 Estimation......Page 129
7.3.3 Planning......Page 130
7.4 Construction......Page 131
7.5 Demolition......Page 134
7.6 Renovation......Page 135
References......Page 136
8.1 Introduction......Page 140
8.2 Integrated CDW management......Page 141
8.3 GIS and MCA in CDW management......Page 143
8.4 Use of GIS in CDW management......Page 145
8.4.1 Mapping CDW illegal dumping sites......Page 146
8.4.2 Installation of VDPs......Page 149
8.4.3 Location of suitable areas for installing CDW landfills and recycling plants......Page 162
8.5 Conclusion......Page 171
References......Page 172
Part Two: Processing, and applications of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste......Page 176
9.1 Introduction......Page 178
9.2 Pretreatment of recycled aggregates......Page 179
9.2.1.1 Mechanical grinding/churning......Page 180
9.2.2.1 Presoaking in acidic or basic solutions......Page 185
9.2.2.2 Bio-deposition......Page 186
9.2.2.3 Chemical grouting/impregnation......Page 187
9.2.2.5 Nano-modification of recycled aggregates......Page 188
9.3.1 Mechanical performance......Page 189
9.3.2 Interfacial properties......Page 190
9.3.3 Durability......Page 194
9.4 Prospects, challenges, and applications—A way forward......Page 195
References......Page 196
10.1 Introduction......Page 200
10.2 Review on the use of recycled materials in pavement construction......Page 201
10.2.1 Recycled C&D wastes as unbound materials for pavement construction......Page 202
10.2.2 Recycled C&D waste in bound base course......Page 203
10.3 Recycled C&D waste material used in this study......Page 204
10.4.1 Property limits......Page 206
10.4.2.2 Linear shrinkage......Page 209
10.4.3 Particle size distribution......Page 212
10.5 Conclusions......Page 213
References......Page 215
Further reading......Page 216
11.1 Introduction......Page 218
11.2.1 Optimum bitumen content......Page 219
11.2.2 Stability and flow......Page 220
11.2.3 Volumetric properties of RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 221
11.2.4 Bulk density of compacted RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 223
11.2.5 Resistance to moisture-related damages......Page 224
11.2.6 Resistance to permanent deformation......Page 231
11.2.8 Resilient modulus of RA-asphalt mixtures......Page 237
11.3 Treatments used to upgrade HMA made with RAs......Page 241
11.4 Different approaches to using RAs in pavement layers......Page 242
11.5 Conclusions and future trends......Page 243
References......Page 244
12.1 Introduction......Page 248
12.2 Self-compacting concrete preparation......Page 250
12.3.1 Fresh state behavior......Page 253
12.3.2 Hardened state behavior......Page 258
12.4 Durability of self-compacting concrete......Page 261
12.5 Future trends......Page 264
References......Page 265
13.2 Properties of HPC......Page 272
13.3 Types of RAs and their properties......Page 273
13.3.2 Recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 274
13.4.1 Mix proportions (RAs, supplementary cementitious materials, and admixtures) and fresh state......Page 275
13.4.3 Curing procedures......Page 282
13.5.1 Compressive strength......Page 283
13.5.3 Modulus of elasticity......Page 288
13.6.1 Water absorption by immersion and capillary......Page 289
13.6.2 Shrinkages......Page 292
Autogenous shrinkage......Page 296
13.6.4 Resistance to chloride penetration......Page 297
13.6.5 Permeability......Page 298
13.7 Conclusions and future trends......Page 299
References......Page 300
14.1 Introduction......Page 304
14.2 Factors that affect the curing of concrete......Page 305
14.3.1 Compressive strength......Page 310
14.4 Influence of curing conditions on the durability......Page 311
14.4.3 Porosity......Page 312
14.4.6 Oxygen permeability......Page 313
14.5 Influence of curing conditions on the volumetric stability......Page 314
14.7 Conclusions......Page 316
References......Page 318
15.1 Introduction......Page 320
15.2.1 Properties under compression......Page 321
15.2.2 Properties under flexure and tension......Page 323
15.3.1 Water absorption and air/water permeability......Page 326
15.3.2 Chloride permeability......Page 328
15.3.3 Carbonation......Page 330
15.3.4 Frost resistance......Page 331
15.4.1 Creep......Page 332
15.4.2 Shrinkage......Page 333
15.5 Final remarks......Page 336
References......Page 337
16.1 Introduction......Page 340
16.2 Some examples of research and applications with recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 342
16.3 Materials......Page 344
16.4 Processing and reuse of recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 345
16.5 Dosage of concrete using recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 347
16.6 Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured concrete with recycled ceramic aggregates......Page 349
References......Page 355
Further reading......Page 356
17.1 Introduction......Page 358
17.2.2 Grain size analysis......Page 360
17.2.3 Chemical analysis......Page 361
17.2.5 XRD analysis......Page 362
17.2.6 Pozzolanic activity......Page 364
17.2.6.1 Strength activity index (SAI) of different mortars......Page 365
17.2.6.2 Frattini test......Page 366
17.2.6.3 Relationship between the results of SAI test and Frattini test......Page 367
17.2.6.4 Discussion......Page 370
Notation......Page 371
References......Page 372
18.1 Introduction......Page 374
18.2 Water absorption of recycled aggregates. Ways to solve the problem......Page 375
18.3 Biodeposition on construction materials and bacteria-based self-healing concrete......Page 379
18.4 Biodeposition treatment on recycled aggregates......Page 382
18.5.1 SEM characterization......Page 383
18.5.2 Weight variation......Page 386
18.5.3 Water absorption......Page 387
18.5.4 Resistance to sonication......Page 389
18.6 Effects of bio-based self-healing agents on recycled concrete......Page 390
18.6.3.1 Compressive strength......Page 391
18.7 Future trends......Page 395
References......Page 396
19.1 Introduction......Page 404
19.2 Geopolymer concrete......Page 405
19.3.1 Mechanical properties......Page 406
19.3.2 Durability properties......Page 409
19.4.1 Lightweight aggregate geopolymer concrete......Page 412
19.4.2 Pervious geopolymer concrete......Page 414
19.5.1 Waste tire rubber......Page 416
19.5.2 Waste glass......Page 417
References......Page 419
Part Three: Environmental issues affecting recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste......Page 424
20.1 Introduction......Page 426
20.2.1 Asbestos......Page 427
20.3.1 Contaminants......Page 431
20.3.1.1 Why to remove contaminants?......Page 435
20.3.2 Contaminant effects on recycled concrete aggregates......Page 439
20.3.2.1 What are the effects of contaminants in recycled aggregates?......Page 440
20.3.2.2 What is the effect of contaminants when utilized as NAM integrating recycled or virgin concrete?......Page 441
20.4.1 Micro-X-ray fluorescence......Page 443
20.4.1.1 Asbestos detection by micro-XRF......Page 444
20.4.1.2 Other contaminants detection by micro-XRF......Page 445
20.4.2.1 Asbestos detection by HSI......Page 448
20.4.2.2 Other contaminants detection by HSI......Page 451
20.5 Conclusions......Page 453
References......Page 455
Further reading......Page 456
21.1 Introduction......Page 458
21.2 Total content chemistry and leachable substances......Page 459
21.3.1 General......Page 460
21.3.2 Fundamental leaching mechanisms......Page 461
21.3.3 Leaching description in different pH domains......Page 462
21.3.4 Effect of aging on RCA on leaching......Page 463
21.4.1 Factors determining the leaching at field site......Page 464
21.4.2 Evaluation of long-term leaching......Page 465
21.4.3 Principle for assessment of acceptable leaching......Page 466
21.5 Existing leaching criteria......Page 468
21.6 Leaching properties of the future RCA......Page 469
References......Page 470
22.1 Introduction......Page 472
22.2.1 Model for estimating the amount of CDW......Page 475
22.2.2 CDW environmental evaluation model......Page 476
22.3 Case studies......Page 482
22.4 Results and discussion......Page 483
22.5 Conclusions......Page 488
References......Page 489
23.1 Introduction......Page 494
23.2.1 Origin and composition of LRW......Page 495
23.2.2 LRW treatment and conditioning of secondary waste......Page 497
23.3 C&D waste properties......Page 498
23.3.1 Chemical and mineralogical composition of selected C&DW components......Page 499
23.3.2 pH of selected C&DW components in aqueous solutions......Page 500
23.3.4 Other C&DW properties important for handling and applicability......Page 502
23.4 C&DW sorption properties......Page 503
23.4.1 Competitive radionuclide sorption......Page 506
23.4.2 Stability of loaded sorbents......Page 508
23.4.3 Sorption mechanisms......Page 509
23.4.4 Potential application of C&DW in solidification process......Page 510
23.5 Conclusions, knowledge gaps, and recommendations......Page 511
References......Page 512
24.1 Introduction......Page 520
24.2 LCA and green concrete......Page 521
24.3.1 Methodology......Page 522
24.3.2 Construction and demolition waste......Page 523
24.4.1 Analysis assumptions......Page 524
24.4.3 Impact assessment......Page 525
24.4.4 Results and discussion......Page 528
24.5 Conclusions......Page 529
References......Page 530
25.1 Introduction......Page 534
25.2 Case study—RAC block building at Nanjing Tech University......Page 536
25.3.1 Description of LCA tool......Page 539
25.3.2 Scope and goal definition......Page 540
25.3.3 Description of LCI data associated with concrete block production......Page 541
25.3.4 Environmental impact assessment......Page 542
25.4 LCA results and discussions......Page 545
25.5 Transportation distance sensitivity......Page 551
References......Page 552
26.1 Introduction......Page 556
26.2.1 The future needs of decision makers: A combined LCA and LCC framework......Page 558
26.2.2 Combination of environmental and economic studies on CDW recycling: State of the art......Page 559
26.3.1 Goal and scope, system boundaries, and functional unit......Page 560
26.3.3 Environmental and economic inventory......Page 561
26.3.4 Environmental results......Page 569
26.3.5 Economic results......Page 570
26.4 Conclusions and future needs......Page 572
References......Page 574
Index......Page 578
Back Cover......Page 594
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