Advanced characterization and testing of textiles 9780081004531, 0081004532, 9780081004548, 0081004540

Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
About the editors......Page 14
Part One: Principles of textile characterization and testing......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Importance of textile testing......Page 19
1.2.2 Specifiers' perspective......Page 20
1.3 Variety of textile applications......Page 21
1.4.1 Manufacturing quality control......Page 22
1.5.1 Property-based test methods......Page 24
1.5.3 Standardization......Page 25
1.6.1 Conditioning and standard atmospheric conditions......Page 27
1.6.3 Laboratory information management systems......Page 28
1.6.4 Laboratory accreditation......Page 29
1.7.1 Detection......Page 30
1.8.1 Next generation materials......Page 31
1.8.2 Environmentally friendly production processes......Page 32
1.9 Sources of further information and advice......Page 33
References......Page 34
Part Two: Testing by properties......Page 38
2.2 Mechanical behavior of textiles......Page 40
2.3 Textile elasticity......Page 41
2.4 Tensile and multiaxial tensile strength......Page 43
2.4.1 Standard tensile test methods for fibres......Page 44
2.4.3 Standard tensile test methods for fabrics......Page 46
2.4.4 Low stress tensile characterization......Page 47
2.5.1 Thickness measurement......Page 49
2.5.2 Kawabata compression measurement device......Page 50
2.6.1 Hydraulic method......Page 51
2.6.2 Pneumatic method......Page 52
2.7 Shear properties......Page 53
2.8.1 Bending length measurement......Page 54
2.9.1 Cone drop test......Page 55
2.9.3 CBR test......Page 58
2.10.1 Ballistic pendulum method (Elmendorf)......Page 59
2.10.2 Single tear method with trouser-shaped test specimens......Page 60
2.10.3 Single tear method with wing-shaped test specimens......Page 62
2.10.4 Double tear test......Page 63
2.11.1 Slicing-type cut by sharp objects......Page 64
2.11.2 Impact cut by hand knives......Page 65
2.12.1 Protective jackets, body and shoulder protectors for equestrian use......Page 67
2.13 Abrasion resistance......Page 68
2.15 Conclusion......Page 70
References......Page 71
3.1 Introduction......Page 74
3.2 Fabric comfort properties......Page 75
3.3 Thermophysiological comfort testing......Page 76
3.4 Skin sensorial wear comfort testing......Page 77
3.5 Ergonomic comfort testing......Page 81
3.7 Future trends......Page 82
References......Page 83
4.1.1 Thermal comfort......Page 86
4.1.3 Heat stress protection......Page 87
4.2.2 Thermal conductivity and effusivity......Page 89
4.3.1 Standard test methods......Page 90
4.3.1.3 Sweating guarded hotplate, ISO 11092......Page 91
4.3.1.6 TPP of materials for hot surface contact, ASTM F1060......Page 92
4.3.1.7 RHR, ASTM F1939......Page 93
4.3.1.9 Thermogravimetric analysis, ASTM E1131, ISO 11358......Page 94
4.3.1.10 Textile testing with thermal or sweating thermal manikins, ASTM F1291, ASTM F2732, and ISO 15831......Page 95
4.3.1.11 Thermal effusivity with the modified transient plane source technique, ASTM D7984......Page 96
4.3.2.1 Alambeta testing instrument......Page 97
4.4.3 Multilayer fabrics......Page 98
4.4.4 Phase change materials in textiles and clothing assemblies......Page 100
4.5 Future trends......Page 101
4.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 103
References......Page 104
5.2 Textile aging......Page 108
5.3.1 Methods to simulate aging......Page 110
5.3.1.1 Mechanical action......Page 117
5.3.1.4 Thermal aging......Page 118
5.3.1.5 Field studies......Page 119
5.3.3 Research examples......Page 120
5.4.1 Purpose of NDT methods......Page 121
5.4.1.2 Liquid penetrants......Page 122
5.4.1.4 Color measurements......Page 123
5.4.1.5 Raman spectroscopy......Page 125
5.4.1.7 Near infrared spectroscopy......Page 126
5.5 Methods to predict useful life of textiles......Page 129
5.6 Conclusions and future work......Page 131
5.7.2 Research organizations......Page 132
References......Page 133
6.1 Introduction......Page 142
6.2.3 Extraction of nonfibrous materials by solvent extraction......Page 143
6.3 Analysis of fiber content......Page 144
6.4.1 Antibacterial finishes......Page 149
6.4.3 Stain-free finishes......Page 151
6.4.4 UV protection......Page 153
6.5 Measurement of the resistance to chemicals......Page 155
6.6.1 Permeability to liquids, water vapor, and air......Page 157
6.6.2 Permeability to particles......Page 158
6.7 Biodegradability testing......Page 159
6.8 Future trends......Page 160
References......Page 161
7.1 Introduction......Page 166
7.2 Testing for heavy metals......Page 168
7.3 Testing for VOCs......Page 174
7.4 Testing for toxic dyes......Page 180
7.5 Testing for pesticide residues......Page 183
7.6 Testing for flame retardants......Page 188
7.7 Testing for phthalates......Page 190
7.8 Testing for other toxic chemicals......Page 191
7.9 Eco-textile certifications......Page 192
7.11 Sources of further information and advice......Page 194
References......Page 195
8.2.1.1 Ignitability......Page 204
8.2.1.4 After-flame time and afterglow duration......Page 205
8.2.3 Opacity of smoke......Page 206
8.3.1.1 Flame ignition......Page 207
8.3.1.5 Cigarette ignition......Page 208
8.3.2 Small-size specimen testing......Page 209
8.3.3.1 Hydrocarbon flash fire......Page 210
8.4.1.1 Flammability tests......Page 211
8.4.2.1 Automotive......Page 213
8.4.2.2 Railroad......Page 214
8.4.2.3 Aviation......Page 215
8.4.3 Flooring materials......Page 216
8.4.4 Drapes/curtains/window shades......Page 217
8.4.6 Mattresses......Page 219
8.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 220
References......Page 221
9.1 Introduction......Page 226
9.2.1 Sensors......Page 227
9.2.1.1 Burn injury prediction using copper slug sensors......Page 228
9.2.1.2 Burn injury prediction using skin simulant sensors......Page 229
9.2.2.1 Hot water splash test......Page 231
9.2.2.2 Hot water immersion with compression test......Page 233
9.2.2.3 Steam test......Page 235
9.2.3.1 Hot water spray test......Page 238
9.2.3.2 Steam test......Page 239
9.3.1.1 Protective performance of fabrics under hot water splash......Page 240
9.3.1.2 Protective performance of fabrics under hot water immersion with compression......Page 242
9.3.1.3 Protective performance of fabrics under steam......Page 243
9.3.2.2 Protective performance of whole garments under steam......Page 244
9.4 Key issues related to the hot water and steam protective performance of clothing......Page 245
9.5 Summary and conclusion......Page 246
References......Page 247
Part Three: Testing by applications......Page 252
10.1 Introduction......Page 254
10.2 Geotextiles......Page 255
10.2.1 Sampling and specimen preparation and conditioning......Page 256
10.2.2 Physical properties......Page 257
10.2.3 Composition......Page 259
10.2.4 Mechanical properties......Page 260
10.2.5 Hydraulic and barrier properties......Page 265
10.2.7 Durability......Page 271
10.3 Geogrids......Page 279
10.3.2 Physical properties......Page 280
10.3.4 Mechanical properties......Page 281
10.3.5 Durability......Page 284
10.4 Geosynthetic clay liners......Page 285
10.4.1 Sampling and specimen preparation and conditioning......Page 286
10.4.3 Mechanical properties......Page 287
10.4.4 Hydraulic and barrier properties......Page 289
10.4.5 Durability......Page 290
10.5 Drainage geocomposites......Page 292
10.5.2 Physical properties/composition......Page 293
10.5.3 Mechanical properties......Page 295
10.5.4 Hydraulic properties......Page 298
10.5.5 Durability......Page 299
10.6 Future trends......Page 300
References......Page 302
11.1 Introduction......Page 316
11.2 Testing of industrial/domestic protective clothing......Page 318
11.2.1 Mechanical......Page 319
11.2.2 Chemical......Page 322
11.2.3 Thermal and fire......Page 324
11.2.4 Ergonomics and comfort......Page 326
11.3.1 Mechanical......Page 327
11.3.3 Blast......Page 328
11.3.4 Slip......Page 329
11.3.5 Identification and high visibility......Page 330
11.4.1 Chemical and biological......Page 331
11.4.2 Thermal......Page 332
11.4.3 Fire......Page 333
11.4.5 High visibility......Page 334
11.5 Testing of military protective clothing......Page 335
11.5.2 Thermal......Page 336
11.5.3 Ballistics......Page 337
11.5.5 Comfort......Page 338
11.6 Testing of medical protective clothing......Page 339
11.6.2 Chemical and biological barrier......Page 340
11.7.1 Electrical insulation......Page 341
11.7.2 Electrical arc......Page 342
11.7.4 Mechanical......Page 343
11.8.2 High visibility......Page 344
11.9 Testing of marine protective clothing......Page 345
11.9.1 Flotation......Page 346
11.9.2 Thermal......Page 347
11.10.1 Car racing......Page 348
11.10.2 Motorcycling......Page 349
11.11 Future trends......Page 350
11.13 Sources for further information and advice......Page 352
References......Page 353
12.1.2 Recent evolution of smart textiles......Page 366
12.1.4 Initiatives around the world......Page 367
12.2.1 Introduction......Page 368
12.2.3 Measurement of the linear resistivity......Page 369
12.2.4 Measurement of the surface resistance......Page 371
12.2.5 Dynamic measurements......Page 372
12.3.1 Introduction......Page 373
12.3.2 Conductive heating garments......Page 374
12.3.3 Cooling garments......Page 375
12.3.4 The specific case of PCMs......Page 376
12.4.2 Evaluation of electrode adhesion......Page 378
12.4.3 Measurement of the electrical impedance......Page 379
12.4.4 Assessment of the sweating impact......Page 380
12.4.5 Assessment of the comfort properties for long-term use......Page 381
12.5.2 Evaluation of the chemical properties of the active ingredient......Page 382
12.5.4 Toxicity and innocuousness......Page 383
12.5.5 Durability......Page 384
12.5.6 Labeling......Page 385
References......Page 386
13.1.1 Pore size distribution......Page 390
13.1.2 Bubble point determination (or bulloscopy)......Page 392
13.2.1 Air and liquid permeability......Page 394
13.3.2 Particulate filtration efficiency......Page 396
13.3.4 Bacterial challenge......Page 400
13.4.3 Compatibility—chemical and thermal resistance......Page 401
13.4.5 Mechanical resistance......Page 402
13.4.6 Water removal efficiency of diesel fuel filters......Page 403
13.5 Existing standards to qualify filter media......Page 404
13.6 Source of further information......Page 409
References......Page 410
14.1.1.1 Road vehicles......Page 414
14.1.1.2 Aircrafts......Page 415
14.1.1.4 Rail transport......Page 416
14.1.2.1 The stakeholders......Page 417
14.1.2.2 Standards for fire protection and smoke toxicity......Page 418
14.2.1 Airbags......Page 419
14.2.2 Seat belts......Page 421
14.2.4 Lifting and securing slings......Page 423
14.3 Testing related to flammability, smoke generation, and toxicity......Page 425
14.3.2 Aerospace......Page 426
14.3.3 Rail......Page 427
14.3.4 Marine......Page 428
14.4.2 Antimicrobial textiles......Page 429
14.5.1 Tests on composite textile reinforcements......Page 430
14.5.3 Nondestructive testing of textile-reinforced composites......Page 432
14.6 Durability testing......Page 434
14.6.2 Service aging......Page 435
14.6.3 Fatigue......Page 436
14.7.2 Biosourced resins......Page 438
14.7.4 Multifunctional and smart materials......Page 439
14.9 Sources of further information and advice......Page 440
References......Page 441
15.2 Heat and moisture transfer through sportswear......Page 448
15.2.1 Moisture management in sports fabrics......Page 449
15.2.2 Body-mapping sportswear......Page 450
15.2.4 Human simulators......Page 451
15.3.1 Frictionless sportswear......Page 453
15.3.2 Compression garments......Page 454
15.4 Aero- and hydrodynamics......Page 455
15.5 Conclusions and future trends......Page 456
15.6 Sources of further information......Page 457
References......Page 458
Index......Page 464
Back Cover......Page 476