A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (The Jewish People in America) 0801843472, 9780801843471

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IN AMERICA

A Series Sponsored by the American Jewish Historical Society

Henry L. Feingold, General Editor

Volume I A Time for Planting The First Migration, 1654-1820 Eli Faber

Volume II A Time for Gathering The Second Migration, 1820-1880 Hasia R. Diner

Volume III A Time for Building The Third Migration, 1880-1920 Gerald Sorin

Volume IV A Time for Searching Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945

Henry L. Feingold

Volume V A Time for Healing American Jewry since World War II Edward S. Shapiro

A Time for Healing American Jewry since World War II

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261

Notes to Pages 42-51 American History, ed. David A. Gerber (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 131-46.

20. Stember, “Recent History of Public Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden 21. Benjamin R. Ringer, “Jews and the the Mind of America, 197-207. 22. Stember, “Recent History of Public

Attitudes,” 189-93; Melvin I. Urofsky, We City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1978), 218. Desegregation Crisis,” in Stember, Jews in Attitudes,” 104-6; Nathan Perlmutter and

Ruth Ann Perlmutter, The Real Anti-Semitism in America (New York: Arbor House, 1982), 72-78.

23. The fullest analysis of anti-Semitism during the Civil War is Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951). 24. Stember, “Recent History of Public Attitudes,” 69-70. 25. Waxman, American Jews in Transition, 154. 26. Stember, “Recent History of Public Attitudes,” 91. 27. Thomas F. O’Dea, “The Changing Image of the Jew and the Contemporary Religious Situation: An Exploration of Ambiguities,” in Stember, Jews in the Mind of America, 303. For a cogent critique of the methodology of polling and survey research regarding anti-Semitism, see Lucy $. Dawidowicz’s essay “Can Anti-Semitism be Measured?” in her collection The Jewish Presence: Essays on History and Identity (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1977). 28. Ben Halpern, “Anti-Semitism in the Perspective of Jewish History,” in Stember, Jews in the Mind of America, 285. The idiosyncratic nature of American anti-Semitism is explored in Henry L. Feingold, “Finding a Conceptual Framework for the Study of American Antisemitism,” Jewish Social Studies 47 (Summer-Fall 1985), 312-26. 29. Perlmutter and Perlmutter, Real Anti-Semitism in America, 72-78; Seymour Martin Lipset, “Blacks and Jews: How Much Bias?” Public Opinion to (July-August 1987): 4. 30. Lipset, “Blacks and Jews,” 5, 57-58. 31. Seymour Martin Lipset, “Jewish Fear, Black Insensitivity,” New York Times, 9 March 1990. For a book arguing that American Jews are justified in fearing antiSemitism, see Gary A. Tobin with Sharon L. Sassler, Jewish Perceptions of Anti-Semitism (New York: Plenum, 1988). 32. Steven M. Cohen, “Undue Stress on American Anti-Semitism?” Sh’ma, 1 Sep-

tember 1989, 113-15. 33. Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, The New Anti-Semitism (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 3-5, 324. 34. Perlmutter and Perlmutter, Real Anti-Semitism in America, 9, 32, 92-93, 221. 35. Urofsky, We Are One!, 445. 36. For the postwar history of Rocky Mountain anti-Semitic groups and the murder of Berg, see Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America’s Racist Underground (New York: Free Press, 1989). 37. Daniel Levitas, “Distress and Despair in Rural America,” Congress Monthly 54 (May-June 1987): 5-7; Lipset, “Blacks and Jews,” 57. 38. James B. Ringer, The Edge of Friendliness: A Study of Jewish-Gentile Relations (New York: Basic Books, 1967). See also Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor: A Sociologist’s Inquiry (New York: Anchor, 1963), 36-37.

262

Notes to Pages 52-63 39. John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants int Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), chap. 940. O’Dea, “Changing Image of the Jews,” 321. 41. Stember, “Recent History of Public Attitudes,” 49-51. 42. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Anchor, 1955, 1960), 84. 43. Mark Silk, Spiritual Politics: Religion and America Since World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 40-44. 44. Stember, “Recent History of Public Attitudes,” 99-101. 45. Ibid., 179-80. 46. Jenna Weissman Joselit, New York’s Jewish Jews: The Orthodox Community in the Interwar Years (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 21. 47. David G. Dalin, “Leo Pfeffer and the Separationist Faith,” This World 24 (Winter 1989): 136-40; David G. Singer, “One Nation Completely Under God? The American Jewish Congress and the Catholic Church in the United States,” Journal of Church and State 26 (Autumn 1984): 475-90. 48. Wolf Blitzer, Territory of Lies: The Exclusive Story of Jonathan Jay Pollard: The American Who Spied on His Country for Israel and How He Was Betrayed (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 282-84; Robert I. Friedman, “The Secret Agent,” New York Review of Books, 26 October 1989, 8-12; Yosef Goell, “The Lessons of the Pollard Affair,” Congress Monthly 54 (May-June 1987): 3-4. 49. Leonard Fein, Where Are We? The Inner Life of America’s Jews (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 111-13. 50. “The Strange Defense of Espionage in the Case of Jonathan Pollard,” Issues (Summer-Fall 1989): 2. Issues is a newsletter published by the American Council for Judaism. 51. Friedman, “Secret Agent,” 12 52. David Biale, “J’Accuse: American Jews and L’Affaire Pollard,” Tikkun 2 (MayJune 1987): 10-12.

53. Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985), 360-66.

Chapter Three. Filling the Void 1. Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe (Boston: Beacon, 1967). 2. Moses Rischin, “Introduction,” in The Jews of North America, ed. Moses Rischin (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 19. 3. Salo Wittmayer Baron, Steeled by Adversity: Essays and Address on American Jewish Life, ed. Jeannette Meisel Baron (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1971), 460, 468. 4. Sidney Hook, “The Plural Sources of Jewish Life in America,” paper prepared for the Fortieth Annual Conference of the American Jewish Committee, 25 January 1947, Sidney Hook Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. 5. Abraham J. Karp, “United Jewish Appeal,” in Jewish Voluntary Organizations, ed. Michael N. Dobkowski (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986), 468. 6. Ibid., 469-70; Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dy-

263

Notes to Pages 65-78 namics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 166-67. 7. Moshe Starkman, “Cultural Activities,” in American Jewish Year Book, (Phila-

delphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1947), 49:175. 8. Arnold Shankman, “YIVO Institute for Jewish Research,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 502-5. 9, Michael N. Dobkowski, “Congress for Jewish Culture,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 1133-34. 10. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of An Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 157-58. 11. Michael N. Dobkowski, “Agudath Israel of America,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 5-6. 12. Steven M. Lowenstein, Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933-1983, Its Structure and Culture (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), 98, 114-18. 13. Lowenstein, Frankfurt on Hudson, chaps. 3, 5, 10; Ernest Stock, “Washington

Heights’ ‘Fourth Reich,” Commentary 11 (June 1951): 581-88. 14. Michael N. Dobkowski, “Leo Baeck Institute,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Institutions, 309-11. 15. Hertzberg, Jews in America, 74; Nitza Rosovsky, The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 46. 16. Abram L. Sachar, A Host at Last (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), chaps. 2-3.

17. Gilbert Klaperman, The Story of Yeshiva University: The First Jewish University in America (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 150-51; Jeffrey S. Gurock, The Men and Women of Yeshiva: Higher Education, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 92-93. 18. John A. Gliedman, “Brandeis University: Reflections at Middle Age,” American Jewish History 78 (June 1989): 517; Sachar, Host at Last, 11. 19. Sachar, Host at Last, 14.

20. Gliedman, “Brandeis University,” 521. 21. Irving Howe, A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982), 184. 22. “Brandeis University—Neither Jewish, Nor American,” Jewish Forum 33 (July 1950): 4. 23. Gordon Fellman, “Brandeis in the Balance,” Tikkun 5 1990): 28. 24. Hertzberg, Jews in America, 50. 25. Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews (New York: Summit, 1985), 229-30; Ismar Elbogen, “American Survey,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish

(November-December

and Their Lives Today Jewish Scholarship: A Publication Society of

America, 1943), 45:47-65.

26. Jacob Neusner, The Public Side of Learning: The Political Consequences of Scholarship in the Context of Judaism (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985), 41. 27. Louis Finkelstein, ed., The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, 3d ed.

(Philadelphia: Harper, 1960), 1:xxvi. 28. Edmund Wilson, A Piece of My Mind (Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1956), 151-58.

264

Notes to Pages 79-92 29. Arnold J. Band, “Jewish Studies in American Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities,” in American Jewish Year Book (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1966), 67:3-30.

30. Samuel Sandmel, “Scholar or Apologist?” in The Teaching of Judaica in American Unwversities: The Proceedings of a Colloquium, ed. Leon A. Jick (New York: KTAV, 1970), 09-10. 31. Arnold J. Band, “Jewish Studies: A Generation Later,” Sh’ma, 8 December 1989,

17-20. 32. Leon Jick, “Introduction,” Association for Jewish Studies Newsletter, 2d ser., 2 (Spring 1989): 3-4; Michael N. Dobkowski, “Association for Jewish Studies,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 73-75. 33. Gerald S. Strober, America’s Jews: Community in Crisis (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974), 241-44; David Silverberg, “Jewish Studies on the American Campus,” Present Tense 5 (Summer 1978): 52-56.

Es

34. Robert Alter, “What Jewish Studies Can Do,” Commentary 58 (October 1974): 35. Gerson D. Cohen, “An Embarrassment of Riches: On the Condition of Ameri-

can Jewish Scholarship in 1969,” in Jick, Teaching of Judaica, 135-50; Jick, Introduction to Jick, Teaching of Judaica, 3. 36. Marvin Fox, “Some Reflections on Jewish Studies in American Universities,”

Judaism 35 (Spring 1986): 143. 37. Cohen, “Embarrassment of Riches,” 144. 38. Jacob Neusner, The Academic Study of Judaism: Essays and Reflections (New York: KTAV, 1975), 118. Robert Alter’s essay “What Jewish Studies Can Do” is a particularly powerful warning against using Jewish studies for nonacademic purposes. 39. Leon Jick, “Tasks for a Community of Concern,” in Jick, Teaching of Judaica, 84. Roughly translated, derech eretz means proper deportment. 40. Marshall Sklare, “Contemporary Jewish Studies,” in Jick, Teaching of Judaica, 68-69. a. Band, “Jewish Studies: A Generation Later,” 17; Stuart E. Rosenberg, The New Jewish Identity in America (New York: Hippocrene, 1985), 259-60; Fox, “Some Reflections on Jewish Studies,” 142. 42. Irving Greenberg, “Jewish Survival and the College Campus,” Judaism 17 (Summer 1968): 260-81.

43. Norman Roth, “Jewish Studies in America—Present Problems and Future Prospects,” Judaism 35 (Spring 1986): 169. 44. Paula E. Hyman, “Disciplinary Excellence’s Jewish Effect,” Sh’ma, 8 December 1989, 22-23. 45. Ismar Schorsch, “Wissenschaft and Values,” Tikkun 2 (July-August 1987): 33; Neil Gillman, “Inside or Outside? Emancipation and the Dilemmas of Conservative Judaism,” Judaism 38 (Fall 1989): 422. 46. Neusner, Academic Study of Judaism, 64. 47. Jacob Neusner, Judaism in the American Humanities: Essays and Reflections (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1981), 63-66. 48. Stanley F. Chyet, “American Jewish Archives,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 30-33; Arnold Shankman, “American Jewish Historical Society,” in

Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 50-52.

265

Notes to Pages 92-101 49, New York Times, 21 October 1954. 50. Lester D. Friedman, Hollywood’s Image of the Jew (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982), 305-8.

Chapter Four. A Tale of Two Shapiros 1. Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985),180. 2. Ibid., 99.

3. “U. of Chicago Provost Elected President Beginning Next Fall,” New York Times, 15 September 1967. 4. Lawrence Bloomgarden, “Our Changing Elite Colleges,” Commentary 29 (February 1960): 1523 Stephen J. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1988), 9.

5. Walter Goodman, “Bicker at Princeton: The Eating Clubs Again,” Commentary 25 (May 1958): 406-10; Marcia Graham Synnott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 196. 6. Synnott, Half-Opened Door, 22. 7. Goodman, “Bicker at Princeton,” 406-7. 8. Ibid., 409-15; Marianne Sanua, “Stages in the Development of Jewish Life at Princeton University,” American Jewish History 76 (June 1987): 397. 9. New York Times, 28 and 29 April 1987. 10. Sanua, “Stages in the Development,” 391-415. 11. Silberman, A Certain People, 52-53; Synott, Half-Opened Door, 15, 17, 128, 130. 12. Synott, Half-Opened Door, 155, 159; Bloomgarden, “Our Changing Elite Colleges,” 152; Silberman, A Certain People, 30-31. 13. Silberman, A Certain People, 100-101. 14. Synnott, Half-Opened Door, xix-xx, 209. 15. Dan A. Oren, Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 243-45. 16. Synnott, Half-Opened Door, 209; Silberman, A Certain People, 119; Henry L. Feingold, Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Hippocrene, 1974), 314. 17. James Yaffe, The American Jews: Portrait of a Split Personality (New York: Random House, 1968), 52. 18. Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., and Seymour Martin Lipset, The Divided Academy: Professors and Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), 1-2, 56. 19. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 309; Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 88-89, 344; Stephen Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1977), 123. 20. Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 150; Stuart E. Rosenberg, The New Jewish Identity in America (New York: Hippocrene, 1985), 252-56; Seymour Martin Lipset, “A Unique People in an Exceptional Country,” in Seymour Martin Lipset, American Plu-

266

Notes to Pages ro1-116 ralism and the Jewish Community (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990), 4; Silberman, A Certain People, 99. 21. Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 150-53. 22. Silberman, A Certain People, 53. 23. Henry James, The American Scene (New York: Horizon, 1967), 130-39. 24. Edward S. Shapiro, “Jewishness and the New York Intellectuals,” Judaism 38 (Summer 1989): 282-83. 25. Lionel Trilling, “Young in the Thirties,” Commentary 41 (May 1966): 47. 26. Diana Trilling, “Lionel Trilling, A Jew at Columbia,” Commentary 67 (March 1979): 40-46; Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time, 62. 27. Trilling, “Lionel Trilling,” 46. 28. Ibid.; Oren, Joining the Club, 260. 29. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 172, 369. 30. Novick, That Noble Dream, 172-74. 31. Carl Bridenbaugh, “The Great Mutation,” American Historical Review 68 (January 1963): 323, 328-29. 32. Novick, That Noble Dream, 330. 33. Norman Podhoretz, “The Rise and Fall of the American Jewish Novelist,” in Jewish Life in America, ed. Gladys Rosen (New York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 1978), 150. 34. Edward Alexander, “A Talmud for Americans,” Commentary 90 (July 1990): 28; Edward S. Shapiro, “Anti-Semitism Mississippi Style,” in Anti-Semitism in American History, ed. David Gerber (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 143. 35. Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 150; Charles Kadushin, The American Intellectual Elite (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 23-31. 36. Harriet Zuckerman, Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States (New York: Free Press, 1977), 68-82.

37. Silberman, A Certain People, 152-54. 38. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time, 134-40. 39. Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 156-61; Steinberg, Academic Melting Pot,

154. 40. Norman L. Friedman, “Orientation of Jewish Professors to the Jewish Community,” Jewish Social Studies 35 (July-October 1973): 269; see also Henry Cohen, “Jewish Life and Thought in an Academic Community,” American Jewish Archives 14 (November 1962): 107-28. 41. Ladd and Lipset, Divided Academy, 162-67; Steinberg, Academic Melting Pot,

135-46.

42. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time, 144.

43. Morris N. Kertzer, Today’s American Jew (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 23. 44, Silberman, A Certain People, 84.

45. Ibid., 85. 46. Ibid., 84; Hershel Shanks, “Irving Shapiro: ‘You’ll Never Build a Career with a Name like Shapiro,’” Moment 13 (September 1988): 34-37. 47. Silberman, A Certain People, 88. 48. Samuel Z. Klausner, “Anti-Semitism in the Executive Suite: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow,” Moment 13 (September 1988): 33-39, 55.

267

Notes to Pages 117-127 49. Edward S. Shapiro, “Jews with Money,” Judaism 36 (Winter 1987): 7-16. 50. Dyan Machan, “The Financial World One Hundred: The Highest Paid People on Wall Street,” Financial World, 22 July 1986, 14-47. There is as yet no good booklength study of the contemporary Jewish presence on Wall Street. Judith R. Ehrlich and Barry J. Rehfeld, The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989) is more gossip than serious sociological and historical analysis. 51. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich,

1976), 645-46.

52. Silberman, A Certain People, 58-59. 53. Stephen Birmingham, “The Rest of Us”: The Rise of America’s Eastern Euro-

pean Jews (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), xvi, 357; Silberman, A Certain People, 329.

54. John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), 179. 55. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1969), 54, 615, 621; Shapiro, “Jews with Money,” 11. 56. Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York, ed. Sam Bass Warner, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1970), 31. 57. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes,

Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of New York City (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1963), 151-55. 58. G. William Domhoff and Richard Zweigenhaft, “Jews in the Corporate Establishment,” New York Times, 24 April 1983. 59. Richard D. Alba and Gwen Moore, “Ethnicity in the American Elite,” American Sociological Review 47 (June 1982): 377. 60. David Biale, Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History (New York: Schocken, 1986), 180; Milton Plesur, Jewish Life in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: NelsonHall, 1982), 162.

61. Gerald Krefetz, Jews and Money: The Myths and the Reality (New Haven, Conn.: Ticknor and Fields, 1982), 14; Michael Gold, Jews Without Money (New York:

Liveright, 1930), 13, 40, 57, 301, 309.

Chapter Five. Wandering Jews 1. Robert Gutman, “Demographic Trends and the Decline of Anti-Semitism,” in Jews in the Mind of America, ed. Charles H. Stember (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 353-58. 2. William B. Helmreich, “Holocaust Survivors in American Society,” Judaism 39 (Winter 1990): 14-27.

3. For the Russian immigration, see Sylvia Rothchild, A Special Legacy: An Oral History of Soviet Jewish Emigrés in the United States (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985); and Steven Feldman, “How Jewish Are Soviet Immigrants?” Moment 14 (June 1989): 16-18. 4. Chaim I. Waxman, “The Emancipation, the Enlightenment and the Demography of American Jewry,” Judaism 38 (Fall 1989): 501; Drora Kass and Seymour Martin Lipset, “Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1967 to the Present: Israelis and Others,” in Understanding American Jewry, ed. Marshall Sklare (New Brunswick, N.J.:

268

Notes to Pages 129-138 Transaction, 1982), 272-94. For the identity problem of Israeli imigrants, see Moshe Shokeid, Children of Circumstances: Isrdeli Emigrants in New York (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); and Noah Elias and Judith Blanton, “Dimensions of Ethnic Identity in Israeli Jewish Families Living in the United States,” Psychological Reports 60

(April 1987): 367-75.

5S. George W. Pierson, “The M-Factor in American History,” American Quarterly 14 (Summer 1962): 275-89. 6. Peter I. Rose, “Small-Town Jews and Their Neighbors in the United States,” in A Coat of Many Colors: Jewish Subcommunities in the United States, ed. Abraham D. Lavender (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 42. See also Peter I. Rose, Strangers in Their Midst: A Sociological Study of the Small-Town Jew and His Neighbors (Ithaca: Cornell University Pres, 1959). 7. Rose, “Small-Town Jews and Their Neighbors,” 4r. 8. Lee J. Levinger, “The Disappearing Small-Town Jew,” Commentary 14 (August 1952): 157-63. 9. Eugen Schonfeld, “Problems and Potentials,” Jewish Heritage 15 (Winter 1974): 18. 10. Joseph Brandes with Martin Douglas, Immigrants to Freedom: Jewish Communities in Rural New Jersey since 1882 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 126-42; see also Gabriel Davidson, Our Jewish Farmers and the Story of the Jewish Agricultural Society (New York: L. B. Fischer, 1943); and Samuel Joseph, History of the Baron de Hirsch Fund: The Americanization of the Jewish Immigrant (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1935). 11. Brandes, Immigrants to Freedom, 334-36.

12. Ibid., 326-332. 13. Daniel J. Elazar, “Developments in Jewish Community Organization in the Second Postwar Generation,” in American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990), 183-84. Chai is Hebrew for life. 14. Sidney Goldstein, “Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography,” in Jewish Life in America: Historical Perspectives, ed. Gladys Rosen (New York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 1978), 64. For the difficulty of estimating Jewish population, see Sophia M. Robison, “How Many Jews in America?” Commentary 8 (August 1949): 185-92. : 75, Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 164-65, 237. 16. Ibid., 39; Arthur A. Goren, “Jews,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 592. 17. Elazar, Community and Polity, 55-56; Chaim I. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 213-14. 18. Stephen J. Whitfield, “The Braided Identity of Southern Jewry,” American Jewish History 77 (March 1988): 381-82; Seymour B. Liebman, “Cuban Jewish Community in South Florida,” in Lavender, Coat of Many Colors, 300-301. 19. Harold Mehling, “Is Miami Beach Jewish?” in Lavender, Coat of Many Colors, 118-19, 122. This essay originally appeared in Harold Mehling, The Most of Everything (New York: Harcourt, Brace, World, 1960), 129-44. 20. Eli N. Evans, The Provincials: A Personal History of Jews in the South (New York: Atheneum, 1973), x.

269

Notes to Pages 138-152 21. Mehling, “Is Miami Beach Jewish?” 118. 22. Ibid., 120. 23. Elinor Horowitz, “Jewish Poverty Hurts in South Beach,” in Lavender, Coat of Many Colors, 160-66. 24. Derma is a Jewish delicacy.

25. This discussion of the Catskills is based on personal observation; on Stefan Kanfer, A Summer World: The Attempt to Build a Jewish Eden in the Catskills, from the Days of the Ghetto to the Rise and Decline of the Borscht Belt (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1989), 240-75; and on Lisa W. Foderaro, “Bankruptcy and Success Meet in Catskills Hotels,” New York Times, 14 August 1990. 26. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 321. 27. Sophia M. Robison, The Jewish Population of Essex County (Newark: Jewish Community Council of Essex County, 1948), 117; Sophia M. Robison, A Demographic Study of the Jewish Population of Trenton, N.J., 1949 (New York: Office for Jewish Population Research, 1949), 13. 28. Philip Roth, “Goodbye, Columbus” and Five Short Stories (New York: Bantam, 1963), 64. 29. Goldstein, “Jews in the United States: Perspectives,” 64; Goren, “Jews,” 593. For Jewish Brownsville, see Alter F. Landesman, Brownsville: The Birth, Development and Passing of a Jewish Community in New York (New York: Bloch, 1969). 30. Rodney Stark and Stephen Steinberg, It “Did” Happen Here: An Investigation of Anti-Semitism: Wayne, New Jersey, 1967 (Berkeley, Calif.: Survey Research Center,

1967), 9-10.

31. For an incisive analysis of the role of New York neighborhoods in transmitting

Jewish religion and culture, see Deborah Dash Moore, At Home in America: Second

Generation New York Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981). 32. Herman Wouk, This Is My God (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), 251-57, 281-82. 33. Albert I. Gordon, Jews in Suburbia (Boston: Beacon, 1959), 109, 153. 34. Judith R. Kramer and Seymour Leventman, Children of the Gilded Ghetto: Conflict Resolutions of Three Generations of American Jews (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), 213-14; Hertzberg, Jews in America, 323. 35. Judd L. Teller, Strangers and Natives: The Evolution of the American Jew from 1921 to the Present (New York: Dell, 1968), 226; Morris Werb, “Jewish Suburbia—An Historical and Comparative Study of Jewish Communities in Three New Jersey Suburbs,” Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1959, 244-45; Hertzberg, Jews in America, 327. 36. Herbert Gans, “The Origin and Growth of a Jewish Community in the Suburbs: A Study of the Jews of Park Forest,” in The Jews, ed. Marshall Sklare (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958), 224. 37. Gordon, Jews in Suburbia, 134. 38. Ibid., 126-27. 39. Marshall Sklare, “The Sociology of Contemporary Jewish Studies,” in The Jew in American Society, ed. Marshall Sklare (New York: Behrman House, 1974), 19-25. 40. Stanley Kaufmann, “Women at Work,” New Republic, 18 October 1975, 21; Robert F. Horowitz, “Between a Heartache and a Laugh: Two Recent Films on Immigration,” Film and History 6 (December 1976): 75.

270

Notes to Pages 152-164 41. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976), 619-21, 646; Kramer and Leventman, Children of the Gilded Ghetto, 168. 42. James A. Sleeper, Introduction to The New Jews, ed. James A. Sleeper and Alan L. Mintz (New York: Vintage, 1971), 3-23. 43. Saul Kaplan, “Comment: The Invisible Jewish Poor,” Journal of Jewish Communal Service 48 (Summer 1972): 348-52. 44. W. D. Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews (New York: Universe, 1982), 51. 3 4S. Milton R. Konvitz, “Equality and the Jewish Experience,” in Rosen, Jewish Life in America, 33-36; Thomas Sowell, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 88-98. 46. Seymour M. Lipset, “A Unique People in an Exceptional Country,” in Lipset, American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, 3; Goldstein, “Jews in the United States: Perspectives,” 89. 47. “Wouk Mutiny,” Time, 5 September 1955, 48; Arnold Beichman, Herman Wouk: The Novelist as Social Historian (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1984), 58. 48. Herman Wouk, Marjorie Morningstar (New York: Doubleday, 1955), 349. 49. Norman Podhoretz, “The Jew as Bourgeois,” Commentary 21 (February 1956): 186-88.

Chapter Six. Judaism, American Style 1. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1978), 211; Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 323-24; Naomi W. Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea (New York: KTAV, 1975), 146-47. 2. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Anchor, 1955, 1960), 84. 3. Eric F. Goldman, The Crucial Decade—and After (New York: Vintage, 1960), 305-6; Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Dial, 1970), 257-59; Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew, 68.

4. Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew, 258. 5. Ibid., 53-56. 6. Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of America Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 177-78; Jack Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989), 89:66. 7. Rufus Learsi, The Jews in America: A History (New York: KTAV, 1954, 1972),

356.

8. Jonathan and Judith Pearl, “As Others See Us: Jews on TV,” Moment 15 (October

1990): 38-43, 58. 9. Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor: A Sociologist’s Inquiry (New York: Anchor, 1963), 36; Nathan Glazer, “American Jewry or American Judaism,” in American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990), 32-33. 10. Heschel is quoted in Lucy S$. Dawidowicz, The Jewish Presence: Essays on

27k

Notes to Pages 164-179 Identity and History (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1977), 735 Charles S. Liebman, The Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion, and Family in American Jewish Life (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973), 67-75. 11. Hillel Halkin, Letters to an American Friend: A Zionist’s Polemic (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1977), 128-35. 12. Elazar, Community and Polity, 16-17. 13. Charles Selengut, “American Jewish Converts to New Religious Movements,” Jewish Journal of Sociology 30 (December 1988): 95-109; Eugene B. Borowitz, A New Jewish Theology in the Making (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968), 46. 14. Philip Roth, “Goodbye, Columbus” and Five Short Stories (New York: Bantam, 1963), 184, 200-201. 15. Albert I. Gordon, Jews in Suburbia (Boston: Beacon, 1959), 126-27; Judith R. Kramer and Seymour Leventman, Children of the Gilded Ghetto: Conflict Resolutions of Three Generations of American Jews (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), 178. 16. Marshall Sklare, Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement (New York: Schocken, 1955, 1972), 217. 17. Ruth R. Wisse, “Women as Conservative Rabbis?” Commentary 68 (October

1979): 59.

18. Lawrence J. Kaplan, “The Dilemma of Conservative Judaism,” Commentary 62 (November 1976): 44-47. 19. Sklare, Conservative Judaism, 250-82. 20. Ibid., 267-82. 21. Pamela S. Nadell, “Developing an American Judaism: Conservative Rabbis as Ethnic Leaders,” Judaism 39 (Summer 1990): 361-62; Abraham J. Karp, “A Century of Conservative Judaism in the United States,” American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1986), 86:57; Sklare, Conservative Judaism, 274. 22. Nadell, “Developing an American Judaism,” 357. 23. Abraham J. Karp, “The Conservative Rabbi—‘Dissatisfied But Not Unhappy,’” American Jewish Archives 35 (November 1983): 2.45. 24. Karp, “Century of Conservative Judaism,” 61; Herbert Rosenblum, Conservative Judaism: A Contemporary History (New York: United Synagogue of America, 1983), 135; Neil Gillman, “Inside or Outside? Emancipation and the Dilemmas of Conservative Judaism,” Judaism 38 (Fall 1989): 423; Karp, “Conservative Rabbi,” 2.43, 2.45. 25. Karp, “Century of Conservative Judaism,” 57; Rosenblum, Conservative Judaism, 44.

26. Karp, “Century of Conservative Judaism,” 53; Jerusalem Post, 27 December 1986 (international ed.). 27. Karp, “Century of Conservative Judaism,” 59. Menshlichkeit means to behave

compassionately. 28. Wisse, “Women as Conservative Rabbis?” 62. 29. Karp, “Century of Conservative Judaism,” 49, 60. 30. Ronald D. Price, “Good News for the Jewish World: A Rare Coalition Is Created,” Jewish News (East Orange, N.J.), 5 April 1990.

31. Ronald D. Price, “I love Conservative Judaism but. . . ,” Sh’ma, 29 May 1987, 116; Stuart E. Rosenberg, The New Jewish Identity in America (New York: Hippocrene, 1985), 216.

272,

Notes to Pages 179-188 32. Charles S. Liebman, “Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1965), 66:92. 33. Karp, “Conservative Rabbi,” 255; Sklare, Conservative Judaism, 43-46. 34. Louis Wirth, The Ghetto (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1928), 82, 99, 210; Samuel Rosenblatt, Our Heritage (New York: Bloch, 1940), 149-50. 35. Daniel T. Rodgers, “Tradition, Modernity, and the American Worker: Reflections and Critique,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Spring 1977): 655-81; Raymond Grew, “The Crises and Their Sequences,” in Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1978), 3-37. 36. Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 192-93. 37. Rosenberg, New Jewish Identity in America, 218; Moment 15 (February 1990): 16. OU is the symbol of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, the major organization certifying the kosher character of food products. 38. Judd L. Teller, Strangers and Natives: The Evolution of the American Jew from 1921 to the Present (New York: Dell, 1968), 221-22. 39. Ze’ev Chafets, Members of the Tribe: On the Road in Jewish America (New York: Bantam, 1988), 145-47. Glatt is a more scrupulous manner of slaughtering animals according to Jewish law. 40. “International Kosher Cuisine in Baltimore,” New York Times, 8 October 1989. 41. Chaim I. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 126; Rosenberg, New Jewish Identity in America, 198. 42. Solomon Poll, “The Persistence of Tradition: Orthodoxy in America,” in The Ghetto and Beyond: Essays on Jewish Life in America, ed. Peter I. Rose (New York: Random House, 1969), 119; Liebman, “Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life,” 91; Samuel C. Heilman, Synagogue Life: A Study of Symbolic Interaction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 266; Samuel C. Heilman and Steven M. Cohen, Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).

43. For the West Orange community, see Edward S. Shapiro, “Orthodoxy in Pleasantdale,” Judaism 34 (Spring 1985): 163-70. 44. Sklare, Conservative Judaism, 262-67. 45. Louis Bernstein, “Orthodoxy: Flourishing but Divided,” Judaism 36 (Spring

1987): 174-78. 46. Rosenberg, New Jewish Identity in America, 35. 47. Mordecai Waxman, “Conservative Judaism Confronts Its Future,” Judaism 36 (Spring 1987): 179. 48. Jenna Weissman Joselit, New York’s Jewish Jews: The Orthodox Community in the Interwar Years (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 147-50; Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” 118; “Modern Orthodox Rabbis Claim Assault from RCA Right Wing,” Jewish Week, 13 July 1990. 49. For the issue of separate seating, see Lawrence H. Schiffman, “When Women and Men Sat Together in American Orthodox Synagogues,” Moment 14 (December

1989): 40-49.

50. Rosenberg, New Jewish Identity in America, 192-93. 51. Liebman, Ambivalent American Jew, 77-83.

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Notes to Pages 189-198 52. “Jewish Moderate Urges Believers to Take Stand,” New York Times, 24 March 1988; Liebman, “Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life,” 60. 53. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 356. 54. Gerald S. Strober, America’s Jews: Community in Crisis (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974), 264. 55. “Reform Jews Are Returning to Tradition,” New York Times, 26 June 1989; Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” 102-3; Meyer, Response to Modernity, 378. 56. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 348, 383. For the impact of Zionism and Israel on Reform, see Howard R. Greenstein, Turning Point: Zionism and Reform Judaism (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 198r). 57. Marc Lee Raphael, Profiles in American Judaism: The Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist Traditions in Historical Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 62-71. 58. “Reform Jews Are Returning”; Meyer, Response to Modernity, 378. 59. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 358; Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” 107. 60. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 369-71. 61. Ibid., 370; David Polish, “The Changing and the Constant in the Reform Rabbinate,” American Jewish Archives 35 (November 1983), 314-15. 62. Daniel Jeremy Silver, “The Aging of Reform,” in Approaches to Modern Judaism, ed. Marc Lee Raphael (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1984), 2:55-65.

Chapter Seven. From Culture to Causes 1. Howe is quoted in Leonard Fein, Where Are We? The Inner Life of America’s Jews (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 187-88. 2. Terry A. Cooney, The Rise of the New York Intellectuals: “Partisan Review” and Its Circle (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 242; Alexander Bloom, Prod-

igal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). See also Alan Wald, The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); David J. Hollinger, “Ethnic Diversity, Cosmopolitanism and the Emergence of the American Liberal Intelligentsia,” American Quarterly 27 (May 1975): 133-51. ' 3. Cooney, Rise of New York Intellectuals, 14, 240; Fein, Where Are We?, 189; Stephen J. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time (Hampden, Conn.: Archon, 1988), 62; Irving Howe, A Margin of Hope (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1988), 151-61.

4. Harper 5. House, 6. 7.

Sidney Hook, Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century (New York: and Row, 1987), 33-34; Howe, Margin of Hope, 4, 337-39. Howe, Margin of Hope, 251; Norman Podhoretz, Making It (New York: Random 1967), 118-22; Alfred Kazin, New York Jew (New York: Knopf, 1978), 26-34. Howe, Margin of Hope, 247-51. Ibid., 260-80.

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Notes to Pages 199-206 8. Irving Howe, “The Range of the New York Intellectual,” in Creators and Disturbers: Reminiscences by Jewish Intellectuals of New York, ed. Bernard Rosenberg and Ernest Goldstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 285-86. 9. Edward S. Shapiro, “The Jewishness of the New York Intellectuals: Sidney

Hook, a Case Study,” in American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990), 161-64. 10. Dorothy Thompson, “America Demands a Single Loyalty,” Commentary 9 (March 1950): 210-19; the quotations from Handlin are from “Israel and the Mission of America,” which was published in Oscar Handlin, Race and Nationality in American Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1957), 193-200. Handlin made an even stronger case for multiple loyalties in this revised version of his original Commentary essay. The change in the essay’s title is suggestive. 11. Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 67. 12. Fein, Where Are We?, 168. 13. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1978), 447. 14. Daniel J. Elazar, “Decision-Making in the American Jewish Community,” in The Jewish Community in America, ed. Marshall Sklare (New York: Behrman House,

1974), 103-4. 15. Charles S. Liebman, The Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion and Family in American Jewish Life (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973), vii, 89-92; Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 85-86; Monty Noam Penkower, At the Crossroads: American Jewry and the State of Israel (Haifa: University of Haifa, 1990), 7; Steven M. Cohen, “Amoral Zionists, Moralizing Universalists and Conditional Doves,” Moment 14 (August, 1989): 56-57. 16. Arthur Hertzberg, Being Jewish in America: The Modern Experience (New

York: Schocken, 1979), 223. 17. Robert Silverberg, If IForget Thee O Jerusalem: American Jews and the State of Israel (New York: William Morrow, 1970), 451-52; Liebman, Ambivalent American Jew, 88, 94-108; Marshall Sklare and Joseph Greenblum, Jewish Identity on the Suburban Frontier: A Study of Group Survival in the Open Society (New York: Basic Books, 1976), chap. 6. 18. Irving Louis Horowitz, Israeli Ecstasies/Jewish Agonies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), vili, 43, 75-85, 104. 19. Ibid., 79, 84-85. 20. Joseph P. Sternstein, “Reform Judaism and Zionism, 1895-1904,” in Herzl Year Book, ed. Raphael Patai (New York: Herzl Press, 1963), 5:11-31; Melvin I. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1975), 78. 21. Silverberg, If IForget Thee, 467-69. 22. Naomi W. Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea (New York: KTAV, 1975), 116-17; Naomi W. Cohen, Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee 19061966 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972), 310-13. 23. Elazar, Community and Polity, 80.

24. Jonathan S$. Woocher, Sacred Survival: The Civil Religion of American Jews (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 55, 160.

275,

Notes to Pages 207-216 25. Urofsky, We Are One!, 202. 26. Morris N. Kertzer, Today’s American Jew (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 295. 27. Arthur Hertzberg, “Israel and American Jewry,” Commentary 44 (August 1967): .

oo 28. Lucy $. Dawidowicz, “American Public Opinion,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968), 69:203-18; Silverberg, If I Forget Thee, 1-10, 574-77, 582; Robert Sheehan, “The Fund-Raising Businessmen: Eight Billion Dollars,” Fortune 73 (January 1966): 148-50, 180-83; Marshall Sklare, “Lakeville and Israel: The Six-Day War and Its Aftermath,” Midstream 14 (October 1968): 4-21; S. P. Goldberg, “Jewish Communal Services: Programs and Finances,” American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972), 73:238-39; Liebman, Ambivalent American Jew, 90-91. 29. Norman Podhoretz, “Now, Instant Zionism,” New York Times Magazine, 3

February 1974; Daniel J. Elazar, “United States of America: Overview,” in The Yom Kippur War: Israel and the Jewish People, ed. Moshe Davis (New York: Arno, 1974, 1-353

Stephen D. Isaacs, Jews and American Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974), 267; Meir Moshe, “The Yom Kippur War in Middle America,” Midstream 20 (June-July, 1974): 74-79; Elazar, Community and Polity, 341-77. 30. Whitfield, American Space, Jewish Time, 14; Arnold Dashefsky, “Sources of Jewish Charitable Giving: Incentives and Barriers,” in Lipset, American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, 205; Elazar, Community and Polity, 12; Kertzer, Today’s American Jew, 102. 31. Urofsky, We Are One!, 225-27. 32. Paul Breines, Tough Jews: Political Fantasies and the Moral Dilemma of American Jewry (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 186-200; Harry Arvay, Operation Kuwait (New York: Bantam, 1975). 33. “Helicopter Hijacked to Pan Am Building,” New York Times, 24 May 1974. 34. Marshall Sklare, America’s Jews (New York: Random House, 1971), 222; Isaacs, Jews and American Politics, passim. 35. Daniel J. Elazar, “The Jewish Context of the New Jewish Politics,” in The New Jewish Politics, ed. Daniel J. Elazar (New York: University Press of America, 1988), 73. 36. American Friends Service Committee, Search for Peace in the Middle East (Philadelphia: AFSC, 1970), vi-vii; Arnold M. Soloway with Edwin Weiss and Gerald Caplan, Truth and Peace in the Middle East: A Critical Analysis of the Quaker Report (New York: Friendly House, 1971), 70-71. 37. Fein, Where Are We?, 60. 38. Judith Miller, One, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 224-28. 39. Lewis H. Weinstein, “Soviet Jewry and the American Jewish Community, 1963-1967,” American Jewish History 77 (June 1988): 600-613; William W. Orbach, The American Movement to Aid Soviet Jewry (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979). 40. Michael Berenbaum, “The Nativization of the Holocaust,” Judaism 35 (Fall 1986): 447. 41. Miller, One, by One, 220.

42. Chaim I. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 123.

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Notes to Pages 217-227 43. Wieseltier is quoted in Miller, One, by One, 231-32, and in Jim Sleeper, The Closest of Strangers: Liberalism and the Politics of Race in New York (New York: Norton, 1990), 209. 44. Eugene B. Borowitz, “On the Passing of the Ethnic Era,” Sh’ma, 21 September 1990, 123; Miller, One, by One, 231; Daniel Jeremy Silver, “Choose Life,” Judaism 35 (Fall 1986): 462-63. 45. Borowitz, “On the Passing of the Ethnic Age,” 122-24; Jacob Neusner, Stranger at Home: “The Holocaust,” Zionism, and American Jews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). 46. Henry Siegman, “Liberalism and the Jewish Interest,” Congress Monthly 53 (September-October 1986): 3-5. 47. Horowitz, Israel Ecstasies/Jewish Agonies, 109; Irving Kristol, in Congress BiWeekly 40 (April 1973): 18-19. 48. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, “The American Jews, the 1984 Elections, and Beyond,” in Elazar, New Jewish Politics, 33-50. 49. Fein, Where Are We?, 199. 50. Bernard Rosenberg and Irving Howe, “Are American Jews Turning to the Right?” in The New Conservatives: A Critique from the Left, ed. Lewis A. Coser and Irving Howe (New York: New American Library, 1977), 64-89. 51. Norman Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 63-68. 52. Bernard Avishai, “Breaking Faith: Commentary and the American Jews,” Dissent 38 (Spring 1981): 236-56. 53. Murray Friedman, “A New Direction for American Jews,” Commentary 72 (December 1981): 37-44. 54. Jonathan Kaufman, Broken Alliance: The Turbulent Times Between Blacks and Jews in America (New York: Scribner’s, 1988), 86-88. 55. Urofsky, We Are One!, 378. 56. Arthur Liebman, Jews and the Left (New York: John Wiley, 1979), 612-13. 57. Jack Nusan Porter and Peter Drier, eds., Jewish Radicalism: A Selected Anthology (New York: Grove, 1973), xlix. 58. Cohen, American Jews and Zionist Ideal, 144; Michael J. Rosenberg, “Israel without Apology,” in The New Jews, ed. James A. Sleeper and Alan L. Mintz (New York: Vintage, 1971), 82, 86. . 59. Alan Mintz, “Along the Path to Religious Community,” in Sleeper and Mintz, New Jews, 25-34; Stephen C. Lerner, “The Havurot: An Experiment in Jewish Communal Living,” in Porter and Dreier, Jewish Radicalism, 149-67. 60. Kelman is quoted in Gerald S. Strober, America’s Jews: Community in Crisis (New York: Doubleday, 1974), 236. 61. Hershel Shanks, “Michael—His Magazine and His Movement,” Moment 15 (June 1990): 30-31, 57; Michael Lerner, “The Editor: A Personal Note,” Tikkun 4 (July-August, 1989): 7-12. 62. Michael Lerner, “TIKKUN: To Mend, Repair and Transform the World,” Tikkun t (1986): 3-13. 63. Lerner, “The Editor: A Personal Note,” 12. 64. Hershel Shanks, “Michael—His Magazine and His Movement,” 56-58.

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Notes to Pages 230-242

Chapter Eight: The Question of Survival 1. Charles $. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 49-57. 2. Ibid., 111-17. 3. Ibid., 46-47, 103. 4. Ibid., 53-54. 5. David Singer, “Living with Intermarriage,” Commentary 68 (July 1979): 48. 6. Fran Schumer, “Star-Crossed: More Gentiles and Jews Are Intermarrying—and It’s Not All Chicken Soup,” New York Times, 2 April 1990, 34. 7. Ibid.; Singer, “Living with Intermarriage,” 48. 8. Liebman and Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism, 53, 178. 9. Thomas B. Morgan, “The Vanishing American Jew,” Look, 5 May 1964, 42-46. See also “A Threat to Survival,” Time, 17 January 1964, 17. 10. Marshall Sklare, “Intermarriage and the Jewish Future,” Commentary 37 (April 1964): 46-52. 11. Marshall Sklare, “Intermarriage and Jewish Survival,” Commentary 49 (March 1970): 51-58; see also Marshall Sklare, America’s Jews (New York: Random House, 1971), 180-209. 12. “Interfaith Cards for Holidays Irk Jewish Leaders,” Wall Street Journal, 10 December 1990. 13. Charlotte Anker, “We Are the Children You Warned Our Parents About,” Moment 16 (February 1991): 34-39. 14. Egon Mayer, “Intermarriage Research at the American Jewish Committee: Its Evolution and Impact,” in Facing the Future: Essays on Contemporary Jewish Life, ed. Steven Bayme (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1989), 164; Singer, “Living with Intermarriage,” 51-52. 15. Liebman and Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism, 132. 16. Stuart E. Rosenberg, The New Jewish Identity in America (New York: Hippocrene, 1985), 171-72. 17. Jack Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989), 89:93-94, IOT, 105; Sklare, “Intermarriage and Jewish Survival,” 56; Singer, “Living with Intermar-

riage,” 50. 18. Rosenberg, New Jewish Identity in America, 132-33; Chaim I]. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 177-78. 19. “One of 35 Jews in U.S. Adopted the Religion: 10,000 Convert Yearly,” Wall Street Journal, 16 April 1984. 20. Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” 106. 21. Charles Liebman, The Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion, and Family in American Jewish Life (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973), viii. 22. “As Jewish Population Falls in U.S., Leaders Seek to Reverse Trend,” Wall Street Journal, 13 April 1984; Chaim I. Waxman, “The Emancipation, the Enlightenment and the Demography of American Jewry,” Judaism 38 (Fall 1989): 492-94; Nathan Glazer, “New Perspectives in American Jewish Sociology,” in Bayme, Facing the Future, 5; Elihu Bergman, “The American Jewish Population Erosion,” Midstream 23 (October 1977): 9-19.

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Notes to Pages 242-251 23. Robert Gutman, “Demographic Trends and the Decline of Anti-Semitism,” Jews in the Mind of America, ed. Charles H. Stember (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 354-

24, Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition, 168; U. O. Schmelz and Sergio Del-

lapergola, “Basic Trends in American Jewish Demography,” in Bayme, Facing the Future,

75-76. 25. Sidney Goldstein, “Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography,” Jewish Life in the United States, ed. Joseph B. Gittler (New York: New York University Press, 1981), 34-38. 26. Glazer, “New Perspectives in American Jewish Sociology,” 10; “As Jewish Population Falls in U.S.” For an overview of the condition of the Jewish elderly, see Alan Glicksman, The New Jewish Elderly: A Literature Review (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1991). 27. Steven Bayme, Introduction to Steven M. Cohen, Alternative Families in the Jewish Community: Singles, Single Parents, Childless Couples, and Mixed-Marrieds (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1989), iii; Cohen, ibid., 17. 28. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition, 162; William Petschek National Jewish Family Center, Newsletter 6 (Spring 1987): 5; Jewish News (East Orange, N.J.), 21 September 1989; ibid., 3 August 1989. 29. Sylvia Barack Fishman, “I’m Not a Feminist, but . . . ,” Brandeis Review to (Summer 1990): 39; Sylvia Barack Fishman, “The Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989), 89:28. 30. Estelle Gilson, “Will Today’s Woman Join Hadassah?” Moment 15 (February 1990): 29-30, 55; Reena Sigman Friedman, “The Jewish Feminist Movement,” in Jewish Voluntary Organizations, ed. Michael N. Dobkowski (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood,

1986), 595-

31. Friedman, “Jewish Feminist Movement,” 576. 32. Ibid., 584. 33. Ellen M. Umansky is quoted in Fishman, “Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” 13; Judith Plaskow, “Up Against the Wall,” Tikkun 5 (July-August, 1990): 25-26. 34. Fishman, “I’m Not a Feminist,” 42; Fishman, “Impact of Feminism on Ameri-

can Jewish Life,” 50. 35. Fishman, “Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” 54. 36. Amy Stone, “The Jewish Establishment Is Not an Equal Opportunity Employer,” Lilith 4 (Fall-Winter, 1977-78): 25-26. 37. Fishman, “Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” 35; Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition, 220-21. 38. Friedman, “Jewish Feminist Movement,” 595; Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition, 220-21.

39. Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985), 262; Dawidowicz is quoted in Fishman, “Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” 15, 29. 40. Nathan Glazer, “On Jewish Forebodings,” Commentary 80 (August 1985): 36. 41. The most important statements of the transformationist position are Steven M. Cohen, American Modernity and Jewish Identity (New York: Tavistock, 1983); Steven

279

Notes to Pages 251-257 M. Cohen, American Assimilation or Jewish Revival? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); Calvin Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change: Emerging Patterns in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). American Modernity and Jewish Identity has a foreword by Charles E. Silberman. For a strong dissent from the transformationist position, see Schmelz and Dellapergola, “Basic Trends in American Jewish Demography,” 72-111. 42. Calvin Goldscheider and Alvin Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). 43. William B. Helmreich, “Misguided Optimism,” Midstream 34 (January 1988): 30-32. 44, Nathan Glazer, review of Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today, in New York Times, 1 September 198s. 45. Schmelz and Dellapergola, “Basic Trends in American Jewish Demography,” 92-93, 104; Mayer, “Intermarriage Research at the American Jewish Committee,” 173. 46. Erich Rosenthal, “Acculturation without Assimilation? The Jewish Community of Chicago, Illinois,” American Journal of Sociology 66 (November 1960): 275-88; Ze’ev Chafets, Members of the Tribe: On the Road in Jewish America (New York: Bantam, 1988), 250. 47. Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 76. 48. Seymour P. Lachman and Barry A. Kosmin, “What Is Happening to American Jewry?,” New York Times, 4 June 1990; Chaim I. Waxman, “Is the Cup Half-Full or Half-Empty? Perspectives on the Future of the American Jewish Community,” in American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990), 76; Chafets, Members of the Tribe, 251. 49. Joann S. Lublin, “The Crisis in Jewish Identity,” Wall Street Journal, 4 November 1977. 50. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 386; Hillel Halkin, Letters to an American Friend: A Zionist’s Polemic (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1977), 25. 51. Marcia Graham Synott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 35, 69; Lawrence Bloomgarden, “Our Changing Elite Colleges,” Commentary 29 (February 1960): 152. 52. Craig Lambert, “Renaissance President,” Harvard Magazine 93 (May-June 1991): 31-36. 53. Judith S. Antonelli, “New Harvard President Reflects on Jewishness,” Jewish Advocate, 29 March 1991. 54. Marshall Sklare, “American Jewry—The Ever Dying People,” Midstream 22 (June-July 1976): 17-27.

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Xx DIBLIOGRAPEMICAL-ESSAY

General Works

There is no history of American Jews that focuses solely on the post-World War II era. The period after 1945 is discussed in the concluding chapters of several one-volume surveys of American Jewish history. These include Rufus Learsi, The Jews in America: A History (New York: KTAV, 1954, 1972); Judd L. Teller, Strangers and Natives: The Evolution of the American Jew from 1921 to the Present (New York: Dell, 1968); Henry L. Feingold, Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Hippocrene, 1974); Henry L. Feingold, A Midrash on American Jewish History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982); Arthur A. Goren, The American Jews (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Lucy $. Dawidowicz, On Equal Terms: Jews in America, 1881-1981 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982); Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home: A History of the Jews in America (New York: Schocken, 1985); and Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989). _ Among the most provocative analyses of postwar Jewry are Charles B. Sherman, The Jew within American Society (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961); Morris N. Kertzer, Todays American Jew (New York: McGraw-

Hill, 1967); James Yaffe, The American Jews: Portrait of a Split Personality (New York: Random House, 1968); David Sidorsky, The Future of the Jewish Community in America (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Milton Himmelfarb, The Jews of Modernity (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973); Eugene Borowitz, The Masks Jews Wear: The Self-Deceptions of American Jewry (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973); Charles S$. Liebman, The

Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion and Family in American Jewish Life (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973); Gerald S. Strober, American Jews: Community in Crisis (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday,

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BibliographicalEssay 1974); Hillel Halkin, Letters to an American Friend: A Zionist’s Polemic (Phila-

delphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1977); Arthur Hertzberg, Being Jewish in America: The Modern Experience (New York: Schocken, 1979); Chaim I. Waxman, America’s Jews in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983); Ben Halpern, The American Jew: A Zionist Analysis (New York: Schocken, 1983); Stuart E. Rosenberg, The New Jewish Identity in America (New York: Hippocrene, 1985); Charles J. Silberman, A Certain People: America’s Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985); Leonard Fein, Where Are We? The Inner Life of America’s Jews (New York: Harper and Row, 1988); and Jerold §. Auerbach, Rabbis and Lawyers: The Journey from Torah to Constitution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990). Three impressionistic works by journalists that emphasize the diversity of contemporary American Jewry are Israel Shenker, Coat of Many Colors: Pages from Jewish Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985); Ze’ev Chafets, Members of the Tribe: On the Road in Jewish America (New York: Bantam, 1988);

and Howard Simons, Jewish Times: Voices of the American Jewish Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988). The changing image of the Jew in American popular culture is described in Lester D. Friedman, Hollywood’s Image of the Jew (New York: Ungar, 1982); Sarah Blacher Cohen, ed., From Hester Street to

Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983); and Patricia Erens, The Jew in American Cinema (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985). Among the most valuable collections of essays on contemporary American Jewish culture, sociology, and politics are Peter I. Rose, ed., The Ghetto and

Beyond: Essays on Jewish Life in America (New York: Random House, 1969); Abraham D. Lavender, ed., A Coat of Many Colors: Jewish Subcommunities in the United States (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977); Gladys Rosen, ed., Jewish Life in America (New York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 1978);

Joseph B. Gittler, ed., Jewish Life in the United States: Perspectives from the Social Sciences (New York: New York University Press, 1981); Steven Bayme, ed., Facing the Future: Essays on Contemporary Jewish Life (New York: KTAV, 1989); and Seymour Martin Lipset, ed., American Pluralism and the Jewish Community (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990).

Stephen J. Whitfield, an astute student of contemporary Jewish life, has published two collections of his essays— Voices of Jacob, Hands of Esau: Jews in American Life and Thought (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1984), and American Space, Jewish Time (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1988)—that are in a class by themselves. They cover virtually the entire gamut of American Jewish life with the exception of religion.

282

Bibliographical Essay Community Studies The broad overviews of the American Jewish experience may be supplemented by communal studies. Among the best are Selig Adler and Thomas Connolly, From Ararat to Suburbia: The History of the Jewish Community of Buffalo (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960); Louis J. Swichow and Lloyd P. Gartner, The History of the Jews of Milwaukee (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1963); Max Vorspan and Lloyd P. Gartner, History of the Jews of Los Angeles (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1970); Lloyd P. Gartner, The History of the Jews of Cleveland (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1978); and Marc Lee Raphael,

Jews and Judaism in a Midwestern Community: Columbus, Ohio 1840-1975 (Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1979). Sidney Goldstein and Calvin Goldscheider, Three Generations in a Jewish Community (Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.:

Prentice-Hall, 1968), is an important sociological study of the Jews of Providence, Rhode Island. Naturally, more has been written about the Jews of New York City than any other community. Nathan Glazer’s chapter on Jews in Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of New York City (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1963), is an excellent brief overview of the political, economic, and social condition of the largest Jewish community in history. Egon Mayer, From Suburb to Shtetl: The Jews of Boro Park (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), discusses the postwar transformation of a Brooklyn neighborhood of approximately sixty thousand Jews into an outpost of right-wing Orthodoxy and describes its symbiosis of traditional Judaism and modern culture. Joseph A. D. Sutton, Magic Carpet: Aleppo-in-Flatbush: The Story of a Unique Ethnic Jewish Community (New York: Thayer-Jacoby, 1979), examines the growth of the Syrian Jewish community in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn. Marc Angel, “The Sephardim of the United States: An Exploratory Story,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973), 74:77-138 is a good introduction to those American Jews who came from North Africa and the Middle East. Steven M. Lowenstein, Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933-1983, Its Structure and Culture (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), is the

best work on what has been termed the Fourth Reich. Howard Brotz’s The Black Jews of Harlem: Negro Nationalism and the Dilemma of Negro Leadership (New York: Schocken, 1970) is an excellent brief account of the most exotic part of New York’s Jewish mosaic. Two collections of essays on various aspects of southern Jewry are Leonard Dinnerstein and Mary Dale Palsson, eds., Jews in the South (Baton Rouge:

283

Bibliographical Essay Louisiana State University Press, 1973), and Nathan M. Kaganoff and Melvin I. Urofsky, eds., Turn to the South: Essays on Southern Jewry (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979). For an impressionistic account of growing up as a Jew in the South, see Eli Evans, The Provincials: A Personal History of the Jews in the South (New York: Atheneum, 1973). Evans’s father was mayor of

Durham, North Carolina, during the early 1960s at the time of the sit-ins. Evans’s attempt to explain the nature of Jewish identity in the South led him to write a biography of perhaps the most enigmatic of all southern Jews, Judah P. Benjamin.

Communal Life An excellent collection of brief histories of 120 national and local voluntary social service, philanthropic, religious, political, cultural, Zionist, and social agencies is Michael N. Dobkowski, ed., Jewish American Voluntary Organizations (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986). This volume also includes “The Jewish Federation Movement,” by Deborah K. Polivy, and “The Soviet Jewry Movement in the United States,” by Paul S. Appelbaum. Naomi W. Cohen, Not

Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906-1966 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972), and Deborah Dash Moore, B’nai B’rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981), analyze the history of two of America’s most important secular Jewish organizations. The postwar history of Jewish charity and social work is covered in Herman D. Stein, “Jewish Social Work in the United States,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956), 57: 1-48; Harry L. Lurie, A Heritage Affirmed: The Jewish Federation Move-

ment in America (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961); Robert Morris and Michael Freund, eds., Jewish Social Welfare in the United States, 1890-1952 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1966); Marc Lee Raphael, Understanding American Jewish Philanthropy (New York: KTAV, 1979); Abraham J. Karp, To Give Life: The UJA in the Shaping of the American Jewish Community (New York: Schocken, 1981); Marc Lee Raphael, A History of the United Jewish Appeal (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982); and Ernest Stock, Partners and Pursestrings: History of The United States Israel Appeal (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987). Jonathan Woocher, Sacred Survival: The Civil Religion of American Jews (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), is a superb analysis of the secular and religious motives impelling Jews who are involved in Jewish philanthropy. See also Arnold Dashefsky, “Sources of Jewish Charitable Giving: Incentives and Barriers,” in Lipset, American Pluralism and the Jewish Commu-

284

Bibliographical Essay nity, 203-25, and Milton Goldin, Why They Give: American Jews and Their Philanthropies (New York: Macmillan, 1976). Beginning in the 1960s, the rescue of Soviet Jewry became an important item on the American Jewish agenda. It is discussed in William W. Orbach, The American Movement to Aid Soviet Jewry (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979), and in Lewis H. Weinstein, “Soviet Jewry and the Ameri-

can Jewish Community, 1963-1987,” Américan Jewish History 77 (June 1988): 600-613. Daniel Elazar’s Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976) is an ambitious and successful exploration of the operations and assumptions of American Jewish life. Elazar continued his examination of Jewish organizational life in “Developments in Jewish Community Organization in the Second Postwar Generation,” in Lipset, American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, 173-92.

Demography and Sociology An early postwar effort to estimate the number of American Jews is Sophia M. Robison, “How Many Jews in the United States,” Commentary 8 (August

1949): 185-92. The continuing flow of Jewish immigrants to America after 1945 is examined in Drora Kass and Seymour Martin Lipset, “Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1967 to the Present: Israelis and Others,” in Understanding American Jewry, ed. Marshall Sklare (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1982), 272-94; Sylvia Rothchild, A Special Legacy: An Oral History of Soviet Jewish Emigrés in the United States (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985); and Moshe Shokeid, Children of Circumstances: Israeli Emigrants in New York (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988). An excellent introduction to the post-1945 sociology of America’s Jews is Marshall Sklare, America’s Jews (New York: Random House, 1971). In The Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958), Sklare brings together a collection of important essays on various aspects of the

politics, economics, and sociology of American Jewry. Two other valuable collections of essays in American Jewish sociology are Marshall Sklare, ed., The Jew in American Society (New York: Behrman House, 1974), and Marshall Sklare, ed., The Jewish Community in America (New York: Behrman House, 1974). Because of the flow of Jewish population to the sunbelt, the information presented in Bruce A. Phillips, “Los Angeles Jewry: A Demographic Portrait,” in American Jewish Year Book 86 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1986), 126-95, could be a harbinger of the future. The argument between the pessimists and optimists over the future of

2.85

Bibliographical Essay American Jewry is discussed in Chaim I. Waxman, “Is the Cup Half-Full or Half-Empty? Perspectives on the Future of the American Jewish Community,” in Lipset, American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, 71-85. The case for optimism is strongly argued in Steven M. Cohen, American Modernity and Jewish Identity (New York: Tavistock, 1983), and Calvin Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change: Emerging Patterns in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). The argument for pessimism is presented in Nathan Glazer, “On Jewish Forebodings,” Commentary 80 (August 1985): 32-36; Nathan Glazer, “New Perspectives in American Jewish Sociology,” in Bayme, Facing the Future, 3-22; U. O. Schmelz and Sergio Dellapergola, “Basic Trends in American Jewish Demography,” in ibid., 72-111; and Charles S. Liebman, “The Quality of American Jewish Life: A Grim Outlook,” in ibid., 50-71. The best books on the postwar Jewish flight to suburbia include Albert Gordon, Jews in Suburbia (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Judith R. Kramer and Seymour Leventman, Children of the Gilded Ghetto: Conflict Resolutions of Three Generations of American Jews (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961); Marshall Sklare and Joseph Greenblum, Jewish Identity on the Suburban Frontier (New York: Basic Books, 1967, 1979); and Benjamin Ringer, The Edge of Friendliness: A Study of Jewish-Gentile Relations (New York: Basic Books, 1967). The impact of the women’s liberation movement on American Jewry is examined in Sally Priesand, Judaism and the New Woman (New York: Behrman

House, 1975); Anne Lapidus Lerner, “Who Has Not Made Me a Man: The Movement for Equal Rights for Women in American Jewry,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1977), 78:3-38; Reena Sigman Friedman, “The Jewish Feminist Movement,” in Dobkowski, Jewish Voluntary Organizations, 575-601; and Sylvia Barach Fishman, “The Impact of Feminism on American Jewish Life,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989), 89:3-62.

The upward social and economic mobility of Jews after 1945 is described in Lawrence Bloomgarden, “Our Changing Elite Colleges,” Commentary 29 (February 1960): 150-54; Charles Kadushin, The American Intellectual Elite (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974); Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., and Seymour Martin Lipset,

The Divided Academy: Professors and Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975); Stephen Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1977); Harriet Zuckerman, Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States (New York: Free Press, 1977); Marcia Graham Synott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale and Princeton, 1900-70 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979); Richard D. Alba and Gwen Moore, “Ethnicity in the

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Bibliographical Essay American Elite,” American Sociological Review 47 (June 1982): 373-83; Dan A. Oren, Joining the Club: A History of Jéws and Yale (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); and Edward S. Shapiro, “Jews with Money,” Judaism 36 (Winter 1987): 7-16. Judith Ramsey Ehrlich and Barry J. Renfeld, The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), fails to take its topic seriously. The lingering presence of poverty, particularly among the elderly, is emphasized in Naomi Levine and Martin Hochbaum, eds., Poor Jews: An American Awakening (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1974), and in Thomas Cottle’s impressionistic Hidden Survivors: Portraits of Poor Jews in America (Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980). Joseph Brandes’s superb Immigrants to Freedom: Jewish Communities in Rural New Jersey Since 1882 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971) explains the postwar decline of Jewish farm life in the state with the largest concentration of Jewish farmers. Small-town Jewry is examined in Lee J. Levinger, “The Disappearing Small-Town Jew,” Commentary 14 (August 1952): 157-63, and in Peter I. Rose, Strangers in Their Midst: A Sociological Study of Small-Town Jews and Their Neighbors (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1959). Stefan Kanfer, A Summer World: The Attempt to Build a Jewish Eden in the Catskills, from the Days of the Ghetto to the Rise and Decline of the Borscht Belt (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1989), is disappointing.

Religion The most complete account of postwar American Judaism is Jack Wertheimer, “Recent Trends in American Judaism,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989), 89:63-162. Marc Lee Raphael, Profiles in American Judaism: The Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist Traditions in Historical Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), and Joseph L. Blau, Judaism in America: From Curiosity to Third Faith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), are two competent introductions to American Judaism. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Doubleday, 1955, 1960), puts the history of American Jewry within the context of the religious revival of the 1950s. Jacob Neusner’s two-volume collection, Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion (New York: KTAV, 1975), contains many important articles on the contemporary sociological and theological condition of American Judaism. The final chapters of Nathan Glazer’s American Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1972) are a pessimistic overview of post-World War II Judaism. Glazer, a prominent sociologist, focuses on the adaptation of Judaism to

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Bibliographical Essay American conditions. Several essays in the December 1987 issue of American Jewish History discuss American Judaism on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of its publication. The most relevant of these for the postwar period is Edward S. Shapiro, “The Missing Element: Nathan Glazer and Modern Orthodoxy,” 77:260-76. Charles S. Liebman, “Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1965), 66:21-97, is the best introduction to American Orthodoxy. Also valuable are Gilbert Klaperman, The Story of Yeshiva University: The First Jewish University in America (New York: Macmillan, 1969); William B. Helmreich, The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry (New York: Free Press, 1982); Jeffrey S. Gurock, “Resisters and Accommodators: Varieties of

Orthodox Rabbis in America, 1886-1983,” American Jewish Archives 35 (November 1983): 100-187; Jeffrey S. Gurock, The Men and Women of Yeshiva: Higher Education, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); M. Herbert Danzinger, Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); and Samuel C. Heilman and Steven M. Cohen, Cosmopolitans and

Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990). Solomon Poll, The Hasidic Community of Williamsburg (New York: Free Press, 1962) is an interesting work on the Satmar community

of the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn, the most isolationist of America’s Hasidic sects. Samuel Heilman, Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), is an important sociological analysis of what takes place in a contemporary Orthodox synagogue. The best study of Conservative Judaism is Marshall Sklare’s brilliant Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press,

1955, 1972). Other important examinations of Conservative Judaism are Mordecai Waxman, ed., Tradition and Change: The Development of Conservative Judaism (New York: Burning Bush, 1958); Abraham J. Karp, “The Conservative Rabbi—‘Dissatisfied But Not Unhappy,’” American Jewish Archives 35 (November 1983): 188-262; and Abraham J. Karp, “A Century of Conservative Judaism in the United States,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1986), 86:3-61. Charles S. Liebman, “Reconstructionism in American Jewish Life,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1970), 71:3-99, is the finest scholarly analysis of this Conservative “heresy.” For the history of Reform Judaism, see Sefton Temkin, “A Century of Reform Judaism in America,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973), 74:3-75; David Polish, “The Changing and the Constant in the Reform Rabbinate,” American Jewish Ar-

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Bibliographical Essay chives 35 (November 1983): 263-341; Mark L. Winer et al., Leaders of Reform Judaism: A Study of Jewish Identity, Religious Practices and Beliefs, and Marriage Patterns (New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1987); Gerald L. Showstack, Suburban Communities: The Jewishness of American Reform Jews (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); and Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). Leonard Fein, ed., Reform Is a Verb: Notes on Reform and Reforming Judaism (New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1972), is an important analysis of the status of contemporary American Reform written from a Reform perspective. The havurot (fellowship) movement within American Judaism is discussed in James A. Sleeper and Alan Mintz, eds., The New Jews (New York: Random House, 1971); Jacob Neusner, Contemporary Judaic Fellowship in Theory and Practice (New York: KTAV, 1972); and Riv-Ellen Prell, Prayer and Community: The Havurah Movement in American Judaism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989). Anti-Semitism

In “Finding a Conceptual Framework for the Study of American Antisemitism,” Jewish Social Studies 47 (Summer-Fall 1985): 312-26, Henry L. Feingold places American anti-Semitism within the context of American history. Leonard Dinnerstein’s collection Uneasy at Home: Antisemitism and the American Jewish Experience (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987) contains several essays on the postwar period. Particularly relevant are “Southern Jewry and the Desegregation Crisis, 1954-1970” and “Antisemitism Exposed and Attacked, 1945-1980.” Dinnerstein’s forthcoming history of American anti-Semitism will fill a void in American Jewish historiography. Sociologists have produced the most important works on postwar American anti-Semitism. The most significant include Charles H. Stember et al., Jews in the Mind of America (New York: Basic Books, 1966); Charles Glock and Rodney Stark, Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Gertrude Selznick and Stephen Steinberg, The Tenacity of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism in Contemporary America (New York: Harper and Row, 1969); and Rodney Stark et al., Wayward Shepherds: Prejudice and the Protestant Clergy (New York: Harper and Row, 1971). Lucy S. Dawidowicz’s essay “Can Anti-Semitism Be Measured?” questions whether survey research of the type used in Jews in the Mind of America can accurately measure anti-Semitism. It is reprinted in Lucy $. Dawidowicz, The Jewish Presence: Essays on Identity and History (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1977). Executives of the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai Brith wrote several

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Bibliographical Essay popular books on postwar anti-Semitism, including three by Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein—The Trouble-Makers: An Anti-Defamation League Report (New York: Doubleday, 1952); Cross-Currents (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956); and The New Anti-Semitism (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974)—and one by Nathan Perlmutter and Ruth Ann Perlmutter, The Real Anti-Semitism in America (New York: Arbor House, 1982). Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord: A Study of Organized Bigotry and Disruption on the Fringes of Protestantism (Boston: Beacon, 1953) is a popular study examining

anti-Semitism within right-wing Protestantism. Gary A. Tobin with Sharon L. Sassler, Jewish Perceptions of Anti-Semitism (New York: Plenum, 1988), is

concerned not with anti-Semitism itself but rather with Jewish perceptions of anti-Semitism. Tobin and Sassler argue that American Jews are not paranoid in believing that American anti-Semitism continues to be dangerous. The Holocaust, Zionism, and Israel Jacob Neusner’s Stranger at Home: “The Holocaust,” Zionism and Amertcan Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981) discusses the impact of the Holocaust and Israel on American Jewish identity. For the history of postwar Zionism, see Robert Silverberg, If I Forget Thee O Jerusalem: American Jews and the State of Israel (New York: Morrow, 1970); Naomi W. Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea (New York: KTAV, 1975); and Melvin Urofsky, We Are One: American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1978). Arthur D. Morse’s portrayal of American and American Jewish indifference toward the Holocaust in While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy (New York: Random House, 1967) was important in shaping a more activist Jewish political profile after the Six-Day War. Paul Breines’s claim in Tough Jews: Political Fantasies and the Moral Dilemma of American Jewry (New York: Basic Books, 1990), that a militarist and expansionist Israel has

undermined American Jewish liberalism, is unconvincing. The last chapter of Judith Miller’s One, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990) examines the influence of the Holocaust on American Jewish identity during the 1980s. This topic is also discussed in Michael Berenbaum, “The Nativization of the Holocaust,” Judaism 35 (Fall 1986): 447-57; and in Daniel Jeremy Silver, “Choose Life,” ibid., 458-66. For the history of the Holocaust survivors who settled in America, see Dorothy Rabinowitz, New Lives: Survivors of the Holocaust Living in America (New York: Avon, 1976); Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); and William B. Helmreich, “Holocaust Survivors in American Society,” Judaism 39 (Winter 1990): 14-27.

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Bibliographical Essay Politics

The major concern of historians, political scientists, and sociologists who have studied the politics of American Jews has been to explain why Jews have consistently voted for liberal candidates. Lawrence H. Fuchs, The Political Behavior of American Jews (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1956), traces Jewish

liberalism back to Judaism. But as critics of Fuchs have pointed out, this fails to expain why liberalism has tended to be more prominent among secular than religious Jews. For other explanations of Jewish liberalism, see Liebman, The Ambivalent American Jew; Werner Cohn, “The Sources of American Jewish Liberalism,” in Sklare, The Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group, 61426; Alan Fisher, “Continuity and Erosion of Jewish Liberalism,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 67 (December 1976): 322-49 (a premature obituary for Jewish liberalism); and Arthur Liebman, Jews and the Left (New York: John Wiley, 1979). Stephen Issacs, Jews and American Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974), argues for the political importance of American Jews. Daniel J. Elazar, ed., The New Jewish Politics (New York: University Press of America, 1988), examines Jewish politics in the era of the political action committee. Nathaniel Weyl, The Jew in American Politics (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1968), and Alan J. Steinberg, American Jewry and Conservative Politics: A New Direction (New York: Shapolsky, 1988), claim that liberalism is antithetical to Jewish interests. Jack Nusan Porter and Peter Dreier, eds., Jewish Radicalism: A Selected Anthology (New York: Grove, 1973), attempt to conflate Jewishness with the radicalism of the 1960s; Bernard Rosenberg and Irving Howe, “Are American Jews Turning to the Right,” in The New Conservatives: A Critique from the Left, ed. Lewis A. Coser and Irving Howe (New York: New American Library, 1977), 64-89, is a critical look at the supposed rightward drift of American Jews. The support of Jews for the civil rights movement has been the most important element of Jewish liberalism. Tensions between Jews and blacks in the 1960s resulted in a spate of books on Jewish-black relations. They include Shlomo Katz, ed., Negro and Jew: An Encounter in America (New York: Macmillan, 1967); Nat Hentoff, ed., Black Anti-Semitism and Jewish Racism (New York: Richard W. Baron, 1969); Robert Weisbord and Arthur Stein, Bittersweet Encounter: The Afro-American and the American Jew (Westport, Conn.: Negro University Press, 1970); Louis Harris and Bert E. Swanson, Black-Jewish Relations in New York City (New York: Praeger, 1971); Ben Halpern, Jews and Blacks: The Classic American Minorities (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971); and Jonathan Kaufman, Broken Alliance: The Turbulent Times between Blacks and Jews in America (New York: Scribner’s, 1988). Events have shown that Gary T. Marx, Protest and Prejudice: A Study of Belief in the Black Com-

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Bibliographical Essay munity (New York: Harper and Row, 1969), underestimates the extent of black anti-Semitism. Janet Dolgin, Jewish Identity and the JDL (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), analyzes the response of lower-middle-class Jews living in declining urban neighborhoods to racial unrest.

Jewish Studies The development of Jewish studies is described in Arnold J. Band, “Jewish Studies in American Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities,” in American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1966),

67:3-30; Leon Jick, ed., The Teaching of Judaica in American Universities: The Proceedings of a Colloquium (New York: KTAV, 1970); Robert Alter, “What Jewish Studies Can Do,” Commentary 58 (October 1974): 71-76; Jacob Neusner, The Academic Study of Judaism: Essays and Reflections (New York: KTAV, 1975); Jacob Neusner, Judaism in the American Humanities: Essays and Reflections (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1981); and Robert Gordis et al., “Jewish Studies in the Universities: A Balance Sheet,” Judaism 35 (Spring 1986): 134-97.

Identity The impact of World War II on the identity of American ethnic groups is explored in Philip Gleason’s important essay “Americans All: World War II and the Shaping of American Identity,” Review of Politics 43 (October 1981): 483-518. Charles S. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, Two Worlds of American Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), is a provocative comparison of Jewishness in Israel and the United States. For the Jewish identity of American Jewish writers and intellectuals, see Daniel Bell, “Reflections on Jewish Identity,” in Rose, The Ghetto and Beyond, 465-76; the symposium “Jewishness and the Younger Intellectuals,” Commentary 31 (April 1961); Allen Guttmann, The Jewish Writer in America: Assimilation and the Crisis of Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971); Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); and Edward S. Shapiro, “Jewishness and the New York Intellectuals,” Judaism 38 (Summer 1989): 282-92.

292

:e INDEX

A

America, 55 “America Demands a Single Loyalty” (Thompson), 199 America Is Different (Rosenberg), 28 “American Catholics and the Intellectual Life” (Ellis), 110 American Civil Liberties Union, 221 American Council for Judaism, 57, 201 American Freedom and Catholic Power (Blandshard), 55

Abram, Morris, 94-95 Academia. See Universities Academic Committee for Soviet Jewry, 112 Acculturation, 11; education and, 72; and intermarriage, 241; and Jewish identity and survival, 125, 142, 200, 250, 254; and religion, 52, 158, 167, 169, 173, 180. See also Assimilation Adorno, Theodor, 32, 33, 34

American Friends Service Committee,

212 American Hebrew, 71 American Historical Association, 105 American history, 91-92, 105-7, 154 American Intellectual Elite (Kadushin), 108 American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 56, 211 Americanization, 67, 151, 159, 161, 181, 186, 254. See also Acculturation; Assimilation American Jewish Archives, 91 American Jewish Committee, 23, 116, 255; and Communism, 36-37; community relations activities, 54, 222-23; Department of Scientific Research, 32; fight against anti-Semitism, 16-17, 43-44, §1; and Israel, 205, 217; Petschek National Jewish Family Center, 237-38 American Jewish Congress, 16-17, 37, 55, 56, 222-23, 249, 255

Adventure in Freedom (Handlin), 92 Affirmative action, 102, 218, 224, 245,

250 Agenda for American Jews (Ginzberg), 30 Agnew, Spiro T., 109 Agriculture, 131-33 Agudath Israel, 68 Agus, Jacob, 170 Alabama, 41 Alba, Richard D., 123 Aleichem, Sholom, 151 Alger, Horatio, 120

“Alienated Young Jewish Intellectuals” (Howe), 26

Aliyah, 29, 204 Allen, Woody, 210, 237, 256 Alter, Robert, 81 Altmann, Alexander, 71, 80 Ambivalent American Jew (Liebman), 164, 241

295

Index

46-47, 54, 86, 250; legislation against, 39; literary, 107-8; Nazi, 5, 8, 16, 30,

American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 91-92 American Jewish Historical Society, 76, 91-92 American Jewish History, 91-92 “American Jewish Population Erosion” (Bergman), 242

American Jewish Year Book, 54, 65,

78-79, 130, 144-45 “American Jewry— The Ever Dying People” (Sklare), 257 American Judaism (Glazer), 170, 180, 181 American Leadership Study, 122-23 American Professors for Peace in the Middle East, 112 American Scene (James), 102 American Zionist Organization, 201 “America Recognizes Diverse Loyalties” (Handlin), 199-200 Anderson, John, 219 Anderson, Sherwood, 197 Annenberg, Walter, 91 Annenberg Institute for Advanced Research, 91 Anticommunism, 25, 26, 27, 34-35, 37 Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (Hofstadter), 110 Anti-Semitism, 1, 13; in academia, 72,

45, 54, 62-63, 220; in politics, 7, 39-41, 50, 220; popular culture and, 18-20,

21, 49; in public opinion, 4, 5, 7, 39, 31,

33-345 39s 43-45 46, 49, 545 973 rabbis and, 200-201; revisionist history, 215; social discrimination, 50-51, 134, 147; in the South, 40-41, 42-43, 137; in the Soviet Union, 36; stereotypes of Jews, 5, 6-7, 43-44, 45, 52, 54; in the United States, 5-7, 10, 12, 15-16, 31, 32-34, 48 “‘Anti-Semitism’ and the Rosenberg Case” (Dawidowicz), 37 Anti-Semitism in the United States (Yankelovich), 43-44, 119 Aptheker, Herbert, 37, 223 Arab oil embargoes, 48 Arabs, 27, §2, 202, 204, 207, 211, 212 “Are American Jews Turning to the Right?” (Rosenberg and Howe), 221-22 Arendt, Hannah, 198 Arnold, Matthew, 104 Arvay, Harry, 210 Asian-Americans, 102, 142, 242 Assimilation, 7, 8, 42, 61, 254; and antiSemitism, 52, 92, 256; education and, 84, 87, 188; and intermarriage, 241, 252; and Jewish identity, 24, 200,

251-52, 254, 256; and Jewish survival, 205, 215, 217, 250; and political liber-

103, I12, 113, 256; anticommunism

and, 34-35, 36, 37, 38-39; assimilation and, §2, 92, 256; of blacks, 223-24;

~

Jewish concerns as, 47-48; intermar-

alism, 220, 221; suburbanization and, 147, 167. See also Acculturation Assimilation in American Life (Gordon), 181, 200 Assistant, The (Malamud), 216 Association for Jewish Studies (AJS), 80-81, 84, 184 Association of Reform Zionists of Amer-

riage and, 43, 232, 233, 234-35; Israel and, 29, 41, 47, 525 54, 56, 202-3, 205, 212, 213; Jewish fears of exacerbating,

Atlantic City, N.J., 8-9, 63, 140 Auschwitz concentration camp, 214, 215

decline of, 30-31, 33-34, 39, 43-45, 46, 48, 525 795 92, 113, 125, 195, 202, 229; economic conditions and, 8, 49, 220; employment discrimination, 6, 39, 44, SI MUA wITS seCLO; In LULOpe, sy 305

32-33, 36, 68, 128, 216; indifference to

ica, 192

18, 19, 42, 48, 118; and Jewish identity, 30, 48, 51-52, 92, 202, 230, 254, 256; Jewish responses to, 7, 16-17, 28-29,

Authoritarian Personality (Adorno), 32,

33-34 Automobiles, 171-72

294

Index Avineri, Shlomo, 56-57

223; in labor unions, 156; political liber-

Avishai, Bernard, 222

alism, 218

Blandshard, Paul, 55

B

Blatt, Sol, 129 Blau, Joseph, 80, 170

Bacall, Lauren, 7 Bailyn, Bernard, 106-7 Baltimore, Md., 133-34, 183, 248 Band, Arnold J., 78-79, 80, 85 Bar Mitzvah, 150, 151, 165, 173, 191 Baron, Salo W., 24, 61, 77 Barondess, Joseph, 118 Barzun, Jacques, 11 Baseball, 11, 117 Bat Mitzvah, 150, 165, 173, 191 Bat Torah, 247 Bayme, Steven, 244

Blaustein, Jacob, 205 Bloch, Charles, 42 Bluhm, Neil, 120 Blum, John Morton, 107 B'nai B'rith, 130, 131, 162, 255; AntiDefamation League, 16-17, 29, 36, 39, 46-47, 49, 51, 96, 202, 222-23

Boesky, Ivan, 48-49, 117 Bok, Derek, 256 Boorstin, Daniel J., 106, 107

Borowitz, Rabbi Eugene B., 166, 217 “Borscht belt,” 131, 139-43 Boston, Mass., 80-81, 102, 145, 234, 244,

Begin, Menachem W., 216

Belkin, Samuel, 187 Bell, Daniel, 196 Bellow, Saul, 108, 213 Ben-Gurion, David, 205, 206-7 Bercovitch, Sacvan, 104-5 Berenbaum, Michael, 215 Berg, Alan, 49 Bergen County, N.J., 146, 184 Bergman, Elihu, 242 Berkovits, Eliezer, 178-79 Berle, Milton, 140 Berlin, Irving, 29 Berman, Ronald, 107 Bernstein, Louis, 185 Berrie, Russell, 120 Beth Medrash Govoha of America, 68 Beyond the Melting Pot (Glazer), 120 Biale, David, 58, 123 Bilbo, Theodore G., 41 Birmingham, Stephen, 118, 119 Birney, David, 233-34 Birney, Meredith Baxter, 233-34 Birth rates, 125, 185, 229, 242, 243, 253 Bitburg, Germany, 58-59, 214-15 Blacks, 83, 123, 155, 204; and affirmative action, 224, 245; anti-Semitism, 223-24; civil rights movement, 40-41, 42, 43,

248 Bowen, William G., 97 Brandeis University, 70, 71, 72-75, 87, 91, 97, 113; Jewish studies program, 80, 82,

84, 85, 237-38; kosher kitchen controversy, 75-76 “Breaking Faith” (Avishai), 222 Breaking Ranks (Podhoretz), 222 Breines, Paul, 210 Breuer, Rabbi Joseph, 69 Brick Foxhole (Brooks), 19 Bridenbaugh, Carl, 105-6, 107 Brinton, Crane, 105 British Museum (London), 70 Broder, David, 110

Bronx County, N.Y., 145 Brookline, Mass., 184

Brooklyn, N.Y., 68, 145-46, 181, 185, 219, 220 Brooklyn Jewish Press, 31 Brooks, Richard, 19 Broward County, Fla., 139 Brown, Harold, 120 Brownmiller, Susan, 245 Brown University, 76, 100 ~ Bruce, Lenny, 155 Buber, Martin, 71, 160-61

295

Index Buitoni Company, 181-82 Burns, George, 7 Businessmen, 94, 113-14, 121, 125, 129, 155, 225; anti-Semitism and, 115, 116; stereotypes of Jews as, 5, 6, 43, 119; support of cultural activities, 111 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 104 Buttons, Red, 140

Christianity, 167; academicians and, 78, I11; anti-Semitism in, 40, 212; holidays, 150, 166; intermarriage and, 236, 240; and Israel, 4, 212-13; Jewish conversion to, 239; Judaism and, 53, 81, 82 Chung, Michael, 142 Cincinnati, Ohio, 77, 91, 190 Cities, 129-30, 133, 134, 143, 145, 147 Civil rights movement, 40-41, 42-43, 99,

137, 153, 223-24

¢ Cahan, Abraham, 67, 151 Caine Mutiny (Wouk), 20-21, 23 Caldwell, N.J., 149

California, 134-36, 255 Canada, 117, 155 Capitalism, 8, 10, 26, 32, 33, 203, 225

Capote, Truman, 107-8 Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, 112 Caro, Joseph, 187 Carter, Jimmy, 51, 160 Carter, Lynda, 239 Castro, Fidel, 127 Catskill Mountains, 139-43 Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), 57-58, 238, 239, 240 Certain People (Silberman), 252, 253 Chafets, Ze’ev, 254 Charles Revson Foundation, 129 Charleston, S.C., 136 Chase, David, 121 Cherry Hill, N.J., 146 Chicago, Ill., 61, 145, 154, 180, 224, 254 Children, 121, 139; assimilation and, 61; immigration, 3; of intermarriages,

190-91, 236-37, 239, 240-41, 243, 249,

250, 253; and Jewish culture, 66, 130, 195; Jewish education, 83, 150-51, 162, 173, 244, 254; Jewish law and, 187, 190-91 Children of the Gilded Ghetto (Kramer and Leventman), 152, 167 Chinese-Americans, 3, 67 Choosing Judaism (Kukoff), 240

Civil War, 137 Clearwater, Fla., 134 Cleveland, Ohio, 68, 145 Cohen, Elliot E., 23-26, 27, 73, 103 Cohen, Gerson D., 80, 83, 176, 177

Cohen, Cohen, Cohen, Cohen,

Israel, 104 Mickey, 160 Naomi W., 159 Richard, 110

Cohen, Steven M., 46, 156, 244, 250

Cohn, Roy, 35 Cole, Kenneth, 232 Colorado, 133 Columbia University, 70, 77, 85, 88-89,

95, 97-98, 103-4, 122

Columbus, Ohio, 135 Commentary, 73, 103, 130, 196, 199, 234, 235, 237, 250; anticommunism, 25-26,

27, 37; founding of, 23-24, 25; Jewish identity, 24, 27; shift to conservatism,

P10, 225, 222.227 Commission on Reform Jewish Outreach, 239 Communism, 30, 124; anticommunism, 25,20, 27,'34, 375'535.100; im Europe, 4,

53 Jews linked with, 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-41; in the Soviet Union, 126, 159 “Community relations,” 54 Concentration camps, 2, 3, 214, 215 Conference of Jewish Communal Service, 248

Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations, 56, 201 Congress for Jewish Culture (CJC), 66 Congress of Racial Equality, 223

2.96

Index Connecticut, 39 Conservative Judaism (Sklare), 170-71, 184-85 Conservative politics, 221, 222, 223 Contemporary Jewish Record, 23 Coolidge, Albert Sprague, 109 Cooney, Terry A., 196 Coughlin, Rev. Charles E., 12 Council of Jews from Germany, 69-70 Crisis of the Black Intellectual (Cruse), 22.4 Cross, Frank, 84 Cruse, Harold, 224 Cuban Jews, 127, 136 Cultural pluralism, 15 Cuomo, Maria, 232 Czechoslovakia, 38, 212

D Dade County, Fla., 139 Daily Forward, 37, 66-67, 220 Dartmouth College, 95 Davis, Morton, 117 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 239-40 Dawidowicz, Lucy S., 15, 37, 60, 80, 249

Day, 37 Day school movement, 79, 162, 184, 193,

241, 253-54 Democracy in America (Tocqueville),

119-20 Democratic party, 51, 211, 218, 219, 220

Denver, Colo., 233 uae Destruction of the European Jews (Hilberg), 213 Detroit, Mich., 12, 68, 133-34, 145, 163 Dewey, Thomas E., 7 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 32-33 “Disappearing Small-Town Jew” (Levinger), 130-31 Discrimination, 31, 46, 47, 51; antidiscrimination laws, 39, 99; employment, 6, 39, 44, 114, 115, 116; racial, 224; social, 50-51, 134, 138, 147 Dissent, 26-27, 118, 222

Divorce, 188-89, 229, 244, 248 Domhoff, G. William, 123 Dreiseszun, Sherman, 120 Dropsie College, 78, 90-91 Dubnow, Simon, 66 Du Pont Corporation, 94, 115, 116, 123 Durham, N.C., 129 Dworkin, Andrea, 245

E Eastern Europe, 165, 221; anti-Semitism in, 3, 36, 68, 216 Eastern European Jews, 60, 151; and agriculture, 132; immigration, 68, 69, 102,

118, 126; and Orthodoxy, 169, 220; social status, 15, 105; and Yiddish culture, 60, 62, 65-66, 195. See also European Jews Eban, Abba, 46, 205 Edel, Leon, 103 Edelman, Asher, 117 Education, 113, 121, 254; and anti-Semitism, 112; attainment levels, 86, 100; church-state separation and, 55; congregational schools, 162, 173, 183-84, 193; Jewish studies and, 83, 88; and Orthodoxy, 180; women, 245; Yeshiva University and, 89, 187-88. See also Universities Egypt, 207, 208 Eichmann, Adolf, 213 Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 198 Eilberg; Rabbi Amy, 177 Einstein, Albert, 72 Eisendrath, Maurice N., 190 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 41-42, 53, 92, 160 Elazar, Daniel J., 134, 135, 165, 201-2, 206, 209, 211, 254

Elderly, 153, 154, 243-44 “Eli, The Fanatic” (Roth), 167 Elizabeth, N.J., 121 Elkins, Stanley, 223

Ellis, Msgr. John Tracy, 110

297

Index Financial World, 117 Fineberg, Rabbi S. Andhill, 37 Finkelstein, Louis, 78, 176, 180 Firestone, Shulamith, 245 Fishbein, Rabbi Irwin, 238 Fisher, Carl, 138 Fisher, Eddie, 240 Fishman, Sylvia Barack, 244 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 96 Flamm, Alec, 122 Fleischer, Richard, 93 Florida, 136, 139, 140

Employment, 51, 62, 114-15, 156; discrimination, 6, 39, 44, 114, 115, 116; Jewish studies and, 83; women, 246

Englewood, N.J., 146, 149 English language, 102, 103 Episcopalians, roo, 128, 243 Epstein, Benjamin R., 46, 47 Escaping Judaism (Wolfson), 16 Essex County, N.J., 144, 145, 208 Etess, Elaine, 140 Ethnicity, 148, 149, 161, 192, 255 Ethnicity, Denomination, and Inequality (Greeley), 100

Europe: anti-Semitism in, 30, 32-33, 128; Orthodoxy in, 180 European Jews, 220; Holocaust and, 1, 2, 35 9524-25, 63, 192, 198, 207, 215; immigration, 3-4, 70, 189, 204; Zionism and, 128, 192, 204. See also Eastern European Jews

Evans, Eli N., 129, 137 Ewing Township, N.J., 146 Exodus (Uris), 207, 210, 256

F Fackenheim, Rabbi Emil, 215 Fair Lawn, N.J., 146 Falwell, Jerry, 48 Farband Labor Zionist Order, 66 Farrakhan, Louis, 223-24 Fascism, 32, 33, 34

Foner, Eric, 223 Forbes, 116-17, 119, 120, 121 Ford, Henry, 12, 109

Forster, Arnold, 35, 46, 47 Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 136 Fortune, 208 Fox, Marvin, 83, 85 Frank, Jerome N., 7-8 Frankel, Max, 69 Frankfurt School, 31-32, 34 Freehof, Rabbi Samuel, 193 Frenkel-Brunswik, Else, 32 Friedan, Betty, 245 Friedlander, Israel, 88 Friedman, Murray, 222-23 Friedman, Rabbi Theodore, 175 Friedman, Saul, 215-16 Fuchs, Klaus, 37 Fuchs, Lawrence, 219-20

G

Fast, Howard, 37 Faulkner, William, 137, 197 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 35, 38 Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, 48-49

Gans, Herbert, 149 Garfield, John, 7

Fein, Leonard, 200, 213, 221 Feingold, Henry L., 215-16 Feinstein, Rabbi Moses, 68, 188 Feldman, David, 178 Fellowship of Reconstruction Congrega-

Garment industry, 125, 156-57 Gates of Mitzvah, 191 Gejdenson, Sam, 126 General Electric Company, 114 General Foods Corporation, 181 Genius of American Politics (Boorstin), 106 Gentiles, 13, 25, 100, 183; acceptance of

tions, 174 Feminism, 81, 85, 177, 190, 245, 246-47, 248, 249-50 Fiddler on the Roof, 66, 151, 195, 221

Jews, $25 535 545 92-93, 157, 231, 256;

298

Index admiration for Jews, 110, 119, 156; antiintellectualism, 110, 112; anti-Semitism, 30, 31, 40, 45-46, 92, 146; birth

Goldman, Alfred, 120 Goldman, Emma, 118 Goldman, Eric F., 107 Goldman, Monte, 120 Goldman, Sol, 120 Goldmann, Nahum, 205 Goldscheider, Calvin, 250, 251 Goldstein, Jonah, 220 Goldstein, Louis, 129 Goldstein, Rabbi Israel, 169, 175 Goldstein, Sidney, 242 Goldwater, Baron, 28 Goldwater, Barry M., 28, 110 Goodbye, Columbus (Roth), 144, 249 Goode, Rabbi Alexander, 17 Goodman, Andrew, 223 Goodman, Paul, 27 Gordis, Robert, 170 Gordon, A. D., 128 Gordon, Milton M., 181, 200 Gordon, Rabbi Albert I., 143, 147, 150, 167 Grade, Chaim, 66 Graham, Billy, 160 Grant, Ulysses S., 43 Great Britain, 3, 65, 155, 230 Great Depression, 8, 18, 77, 146, 220 “Great Mutation” (Bridenbaugh), 105 Great Neck, N.Y., 147 Greeley, Rev. Andrew M., 100, 155 Green, Gerald, 158 Green, Rabbi Arthur, 226 Greenberg, Blu, 248, 249-50 Greenberg, Carel Gimbel, 13, 14

rates, 229, 243; at Brandeis University, 73, 74, 75; in business, 116, 120, 121; conversion to Judaism, 239-40, 250, 2533 incomes, 156; intermarriage, 43,

86, 231, 232-33, 234-35, 239, 253, 255; and Israel, 47, 208; Jewish sensitivity toward, 8, 28, 59, 119, 204; and Jewish studies, 81, 84; secularism, 164-65;

social segregation, 50-51, 147; in the South, 42; stereotypes of Jews, 5, 39, 43; Zionism and, 127, 204 Gentleman’s Agreement (Hobson), 19-20,

395 52 German-Americans, 6 German Jews, 30, 71, 200; and eastern Europeans, 15; immigration, 31-32,

69-70, 133 Germany, 4, 58-59, 77, 214-15; Nazi anti-

Semitism, 5, 8, 16, 30, 45, 54, 62-63, 220; in World War II, 5, 9, 40, 54 Ghetto, The (Wirth), 61, 180 Gillman, Neil, 175 Gimbel, Bernard, 13 Gimbel, Carel, 13 Ginzberg, Eli, 29-30 Ginzberg, Louis, 29-30, 88, 90 Glasshow, Samuel, 2 Glatzer, Nahum, 71, 80 Glazer, Guilford, 120 Glazer, Nathan, 26, 196; American Judaism, 170, 180, 181; Beyond the Melting Pot, 120; on Jewish identity, 242, 250, 251, 253 Gleason, Philip, 15 Glueck, Nelson, 91 Goddard, Henry, 102 Goddard, Paulette, 7 Gold, Harry, 35 Gold, Michael, 123-24

Greenberg, Greenberg, Greenberg, Greenberg,

Hank, 10-15, 17, 29 Jack, 42 Rabbi Irving, 86, 248 Reuben Morris, 136 Greenberg, Steve, 14 Greenglass, David, 35 Griffin, John Howard, 20 Grossinger, Jennie, 140 Growing Up Absurd (Goodman), 27 Gruzen, Lee F., 237 Guest, Edgar, 12 Guggenheim, Meyer, 95

Goldberg, Arthur, 50 Goldberg, Whoopi, 256 Golden, Harry, 256

299

Index

~

Herzog, Elizabeth, 151 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 88, 161, 164, 226-27 Hexter, J. H., 105 Hicks, John D., 106 Higham, John, 52, 119 Hilberg, Raul, 213 Hillside, N.J., 148 Himmelfarb, Milton, 219 Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael, 69 Hispanics, 123, 155, 245 History of the Jewish People (Dubnow), 66 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, 31, 189, 215, 220 Hobson, Laura Z., 20, 39 Hoffer, Eric, 189 Hoffman, Abbie, 225-26 Hofstadter, Richard, 49, 106, 107, 110 Holocaust, 210, 218, 224; and American immigration, 65, 68, 70; American Jews and, 1-3, 4, 62, 93, 212, 213-17; and attitudes toward anti-Semitism, 16, 30, 54, 137; effects on world Jewry, 60, 66, 242; historical study of, 66, 81, 214, 215-16; and Jewish identity, 24-25, 196, 197-99, 214, 215, 216, 217, 240, 254; memorials and museums, 214; revisionist history, 215; survivors, 1, 3, 59, 65, 121, 126, 189, 213, 215; and Zion-

Guideposts in Modern Judaism (Agus), 170 Gutman, Herbert G., 223

H Hadassah, 130, 201, 246, 248 Haddonfield, N.J., 146

Haddon Township, N.J., 146 Halakah. See Jewish law Halivni, David Weiss, 88-89, 90, 178 Halkin, Hillel, 164, 255-56 Halpern, Ben, 44 Handler, Evelyn, 75, 76 Handlin, Oscar, 49, 91, 92, 105, 107, 199-200 Hanukkah, 97, 130, 138, 150, 166-67, 250, 251 Hardwick, Elizabeth, 103 Harris, Mark, 11 Hart, Moss, 20 Hartford, Conn., 88 Hartz, Louis, 106 Harvard University, 70-71, 73, 100; Jew-

ish admittance quotas, 16, 44, 98; Jewish professors and administrators, 95, 98-99, 104-5, 106-7, 256, 257; Jewish

studies program, 85 Hasidim, 67, 69, 181, 217, 226, 234 Havurot movement, 153, 226

ism, 4, 192, 207, 212

Hook, Sidney, 62, 196, 197, 199 Hoover, J. Edgar, 35 Hopkins, Ernest M., 95 Horkheimer, Max, 32, 33 Horowitz, Irving Louis, 203-4, 219 Host at Last (Sachar), 73

Hebrew, 65, 195; in Reform movement,

192-93; study and teaching, 82, 150-51, 161, 173 Hebrew Union College, 77, 91, 135, 190,

I9I-92, 193, 247 Hebrew University (Jerusalem), 88, 135

Hechinger, Fred, 69 Hecht, Chip, 50 Heilman, Samuel C., 184 Helmreich, William B., 250, 252 Hemingway, Ernest, 95-96 Herberg, Will, 53, 161, 162 Hertz, John D., 138 Hertzberg, Rabbi Arthur, 143, 149, 202, 207-8, 218, 255

Howe, Irving, 29, 73, 103, 221-22; establishment of Dissent, 26, 118, 222; on

the Holocaust, 198-99; A Margin of Hope, 196-97; World of Our Fathers, 118, 152, 195, 198 How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 120 Hughes, H. Stuart, 161 Hungarian Jews, 60, 127 Hyman, Paula E., 87

300

Index “Intermarriage and Jewish Survival” (Sklare), 235 Intifada, 202, 227 “Invisible Jewish Poor” (Wolfe), 153-54

Immigrants, 2, 197, 231, 253; acculturation, 66-67, 127; economic and social

mobility, 118; farmers, 132, 133; fourth generation, 250-51, 254; German Jews,

31-32, 69-70, 133; from Israel, 127, 242; Russian Jews, 126-27, 242; second generation, 14, 52, 66, 148, 161, 196, 200, 235; third generation, 52, 53, 66, 148, 161, 200, 235, 254; and traditional Judaism, 8, 169; urban neighborhoods, 102, I51, 152; war refugees, 3, 4, 125-26; and Yiddish culture, 66, 195, 200 Immigration: to Israel, 3, 29, 164, 204, 205; and Jewish survival, 125, 195, 242 ’ Nnativist Opposition to, 3, 5, 10, 102; Orthodox Judaism and, 67-68, 189; restrictive legislation, 3-4, 8 Indiana University, 95 Inside, Outside (Wouk), 23 Institute of Traditional Judaism, 178-79 Intellectuals, 101, 108; and Communism, 25, 26; eastern European, 60, 65; and fund-raising, 64; and Jewish culture, III, 113, 196-97, 198-200; political orientation, 106, 110, 221; in publishing, 109; and religion, 111, 112, 160-61; and

lowa, 49 Irish-Americans, 221 _ Irvington, N.J., 148 Isaacs, Stephen D., 211 Israel, 22, 93, 250, 255-56; American criti-

suburbanization, 151, 158 Interfaith movement, 53, 162, 166, 212-13 Intermarriage, 122, 193, 201, 2553 acculturation and, 121, 231, 234-35, 241, 252; children of, 190-91, 236-37, 239, 240-41, 243, 249, 250, 253; and conversion to Judaism, 239-40, 250, 253, 2553 efforts to counteract, 86, 231; Jewish

cism of, 201, 202-3, 205, 211-12, 224, 227-28; American fund-raising for, 202, 206-7, 208, 209, 211; and Ameri-

can Jewish identity, 29, 130, 166-67, 192-93, 201-2, 207-8, 210, 211, 217-18, 229, 254; American support for, 54, 55, 56, 201, 203-4, 205-7, 216, 225-26; Arab conflict, 52, 202, 204, 211, 212, 224, 227, 230; Conservative Judaism in, 170; definition of Jews, ror, 240; dual loyalty question, 42, 45, 199-200, 203, 205; espionage, 56, 58, 210; establishment of, 78, 82, 192, 202, 205, 251; Gentiles and, 47, 48, 212-13; immigrants to America from, 127, 242; immigration to, 127, 204, 214; immigration of Americans to, 29, 31, 92, 161, 164, 204-5; Jewish studies and, 78, 82, 85; Lebanon invasion, 199, 202; Reform Judaism and, 135, 192-93; Sinai War, 34, 41-42, 207; Six-Day War, 27, 201, 207-8; War of Independence, 63, 199; Yom Kippur War, 23, 208-9 Israeli Ecstasies/ Jewish Agonies (HoroWitz), 203 Ivanhoe (Scott), 157 Ivry, Alfred, 80

Opposition to, 232, 233-34, 235-36, 2375

J

and Jewish survival, 86, 125, 229, 233, 235, 241, 243, 250, 252, 253; popular culture and, 233-34, 236, 237; rabbis and, 188-89, 233, 238-39, 241; and social acceptance, 43, 93, 231, 232-33,

“JAccuse: American Jews and L’Affaire Pollard” (Biale), 58 Jackson, Rev. Jesse L., 109, 223-24 Jaffa, Harry, 110

235 “Intermarriage and the Jewish Future” (Sklare), 234

James, Henry, 102, 103, 107

Japan, 8

301

Index

~

170, 171, 172, 177-78, 179; dietary, 236; divorce, 152; holidays, 149-50; and intermarriage, 238, 241; ordination of women, 177-78, 190, 247; Orthodox Judaism and, 187, 2.47; patrilineal decision, 190-91, 240-41, 247; rabbis and, 168; Reform Judaism and, 172, 190-91, 238; and women, 246, 247 Jewish organizations, 55, 131, 201, 2.45,

Japanese-Americans, 6 Jerusalem, Israel, 64, 70, 192 Jerusalem Post, 56-57 Jewish Action, 156 Jewish Agency for Israel, 201 Jewish Agricultural Society, 133 Jewish culture, 69, 93, 133, 199; disappearance in Americanization, 104, 195, 197, 251; eastern European, 60, 62;

Jewish studies and, 78, 88 Jewish Defense League, 31, 211 Jewish Federation of Community Services of Bergen County, 146 Jewish Federation of Delaware, 115-16 Jewish Federation of Metropolitan New Jersey, 145 Jewish federations, 134, 162, 206, 243-44 Jewish Feminist Organization, 246-47 Jewish Forum, 74 Jewish identity, 93, 130, 230-31, 251-53, 254-55; Americanization and, 94, 121, 135, 158, 161, 195, 198, 199, 200, 254, 256, 257; anti-Semitism and, 30, 48, 51-52, 92, 202, 230, 254, 256; conversion to Judaism and, 239; definition of Jews, 191, 202, 241; education and, 62, 173, 251; family structure and, 244, 2.45; Holocaust and, 24-25, 196, 197-99,

248-49, 251, 255 Jewish Population of Essex County (Robison), 144 Jewish Poultry Farmers’ Association, 133 Jewish studies, 76-86, 87-89, 90, 91, 253-54 “Jewish Survival and the College Campus” (Greenberg), 86 Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS), 49, 70, 77, 88, 135, 169; and ordination of women, 176, 178; and university Jewish studies programs, 89, 90 Jewish War Veterans, 36, 37 Jewish Welfare Board, 17, 37 Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group (Sklare), 234 Jews, The (Finkelstein), 78 Jews, and U.S. population, 2, 60-61, 125, 159, 241-42 “Jews and Europe” (Horkheimer), 32 Jews and the Left (Liebman), 123, 225 Jews and Money (Krefetz), 123 Jews without Money (Gold), 123 Jews of Silence (Wiesel), 214

214, 215, 216, 217, 254; immigrants and,

127, 195, 200, 242; intermarriage and, 241, 252; Israel and, 29, 130, 166-67,

192-93, 201-2, 207-8, 210, 211, 217-18, 229, 254; Jewish studies and, 83-84, 86, 87; and Judaism, 148, 150, 159, 161-62, 173, 192-93, 254-55; patrilineal decision, 191, 240-41; philanthropy and, 63, 64, 206; political liberalism, 218, 220, 221, 230; suburbanization and, 146-49, 150-51, 167, 184; World War II and, 15, 16, 23, 27, 28, 197 Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, 211 Jewish Institute of Religion, 190

Jews in Suburbia (Gordon), 143, 167 Jick, Leon, 80, 83, 84

Johnson, Lyndon B., 139 Joint Distribution Committee, 62-63 Jones, Frederick S., 98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, 153 Judaism, 16, 38; acculturation and, 7, 61, 163-64, 167, 195, 221, 254; apathy

toward, 165, 218, 227, 229, 254, 255; Christian influences on, 166, 167, 236; as civil religion, 206, 209; congregations and membership, 148, 159; conversion to, 191, 239-40, 250, 253; femi-

Jewish Labor Committee, 37 Jewish law: Conservative Judaism and,

302

Index nism and, 246; havurot movement, 1535. 226; immigration and, 8; intellectuals and, 161, 197; Israelism as, 202, 217-18;

and Jewish identity, 148, 150, 159, 161-62, 192-93, 254-55; in Jewish studles, 76-77, 78, 82, 88; legitimacy as American religion, 28, 52-53, 82, 159, 162-63, 189-90, 195; ordination of women, 176-77, 178; rabbis and, 165, 167, 168; Reconstructionist movement,

173-74; ritual observance, 61, 130, 149-50, 163, 164, 165, 166, 221, 254;

suburbanization and, 148-49, 150-51, 153, 167; and universities, 111, 188 —Conservative, 168-69, 193, 194; adjustment to modernism and acculturation,

169-72, 173, 177-78, 179, 1903 congregational schools, 162, 173; congregations and membership, 159, 174, 175-76, 255; and conversion to Judaism, 239, 240; criticisms of, 164, 175, 176,

179, 186, 188; and havurot movement, 226; ideological split in, 170, 173; and intermarriage, 238; ordination of women, 176-77, 178, 247, 249; Orthodox revival and, 171, 175, 179-80, 185; and patrilineal decision, 191, 241; rabbinical

220; immigration and, 189; and intermarriage, 233, 238, 241; in Israel, 203, 204, 240; and Jewish identity, 191, 202, 220, 240, 241, 252; kosher popularization and, 181, 182; modernization in, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186-87, 189; in New York, 69; and political orientation, 219, 220; rabbis in, 168, 169, 188, 189, 238, 241, 248; ritual observance in, §5, 172, 187; suburbanization and, 148, 150, 184, 185; synagogue worship practices, 187; US. revival, 67-68, 70, 126, 171, 181, 184-85, 189-90, 253-54; and women, 176, 187, 191, 246, 247-48; and Yeshiva University, 71-72, 111, 135, 187-88; youth organizations, 162, 193 —Reform, 134-35, 193-94; acculturation and, 168, 190, 193; congregational schools, 162, 193; congregations and membership, 159, 176, 193; and conversion to Judaism, 239, 2.40; criticisms of, 164, 179, 188; and intermarriage, 193, 238-39; and Israel, 192-93; neo-Reform, 192; ordination of women, 176, 177, 190, 191, 247; patrilineal decision, 190-91, 240-41, 247; rabbinical seminaries, 135, 247, 249; rabbis in, 165, 190, 191, 194,

238-39, 2.41; ritual observance in, 164, 172-73, 191; suburbanization and, 148; synagogue worship practices, 168, 175,

seminaries, 135, 169, 176, 178-79, 249;

rabbis in, 165, 168, 169, 171-72, 174-75, 178, 238, 241; Reconstructionist move-

ment and, 173-74; ritual observance in, 164, 171-73, 175; suburbanization and, 148, 170, 172; synagogue worship practices, 168, 169, 175; youth organizations,

190, I9I, 192; traditionalism in, 178, 191-92, 253-54; youth organizations, 162, 193; and Zionism, 192, 201

Judaism as a Civilization (Kaplan), 173-74 Judaism for the Modern Age (Gordis), 170 Judaism and Modern Man (Herberg), 161 Judaism without Supernaturalism (Kaplan), 174 “Judeo-Christian” values, 53 Jungreis, Esther, 248

162, 174, 193 —Orthodox, 142; acculturation and, 52, 555 150, 169, 180-81, 186, 195; birth rates, 185, 243; community organizations, 186; congregational schools, 162, 183-84; congregations and membership, 159, 179; and Conservative and

Reform Judaism, 169, 170, 175,179-80,

K

188-89; and conversion to Judaism, I91, 239, 240; divisiveness within, 186, 187, 188, 189; in Europe, 67-68, 180,

Kadushin, Charles, 108 Kahane, Rabbi Meir, 31

303

Index Kalmanovitz, Paul, 120 Kamaiko, David F., 211 Kammen, Michael, 107 Kaplan, Kivie, 42 Kaplan, Lawrence J., 170 Kaplan, Mordecai, 173-74, 175, 188 Kaplan, Saul, 154 Karlin-Stolin Hasidim, 69 Kashrut: Brandeis University controversy, 75-76; commercialization of, 156, 181-83; observance and practice, 149, 163, 172, 173, 181, 236; at Princeton University, 97 Kaufman, Irving R., 38 Kaufmann, Stanley, 152 Kaye, Danny, 7, 140 Kazin, Alfred, 29, 103, 196, 197-98 Kelman, Rabbi Wolfe, 174-75, 226 Kemelman, Harry, 89, 90 Kennedy, Caroline, 232 Kennedy, John F., 50, 218 Kennedy, Joseph P., 232 Kertzer, Morris N., 115, 207 K’hal Adath Jeshurun (New York), 69 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 22,

127 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 38 Kibbutzim, 192 Kissinger, Henry A., 50, 69 Klausner, Samuel Z., 116 Klein, Rabbi Menashe, 183 Kleinman, Hyman, 104 Koch, Edward I., 229, 231 Kohen, Rabbi Israel Meier, 68 Kohl, Helmut, 59 Kopkind, Andrew, 14-15 Korman, Abraham K., 123 Koslowe, Rabbi Irving, 209 Kotler, Rabbi Aaron, 68, 188 Koufax, Sandy, 12 Kraft, Joseph, 110 Kramer, Judith R., 148, 152, 167 Kravis, Henry, 122

Ku Klux Klan, 8, 16, 95 Kukoff, Lydia, 240 Kunin, Madeline, 129 Kushner, Harold, 163 Kutsher, Milton, 140

ip Labor unions, 43, 155-57 Labor Zionism, 128 Ladd, Everett Carll, Jr., ror, 108 Lakewood, N.J., 68 Lamm, Norman, 189 Landers, Ann, 29 Lantos, Tom, 126 Lasker, Albert D., 138 Last Angry Man (Green), 158 Las Vegas, Nev., 134 Latin America, 242

Lauren, Ralph, 29 Lebanon, 199, 202 LeFrak, Samuel, 120 Lehman, Herbert, 50 Lenski, Gerhard, 163 Leo Baeck Institute, 69-70 Lerner, Gerda, 223 Lerner, Michael, 226-28 Letters to an American Friend (Halkin), 164 Leventman, Seymour, 148, 152, 167

Levi, Edward H., 95 Levin, Meyer, 2

Levine, Lawrence W., 107, 223 Levinger, Lee J., 130-31

Levinson, Daniel, 32 Levinthal, Rabbi Bernard L., 132 Levitas, Daniel, 49 Levitt, William L., 143 Lewis, Anthony, 110 Lewis, Bernard, 91 Lewis, Jerry, 140, 142 Lewis, Oscar, 155 Lewis, Sinclair, 157 Liberalism, 218, 219-23, 225, 227, 230,

Krefetz, Gerald, 123

Kristol, Irving, 196, 219

232

304

Index “Liberation” (Rapoport), 214

Man Is Not Alone (Heschel), 161

Library of Congress, 70, 107 Lieberman, Saul, 88, 90 Liebman, Arthur, 123, 225 Liebman, Charles S., 164, 179, 184, 201, 241, 250

Marcus, Jacob Rader, 24, 91

Liebman, Rabbi Joshua Loth, 160, 163

Life Is with People (Zborowski and HerZO), 139, I51 Lilith, 246-47, 248 Lincoln, Abraham, 43 Lincoln Square Synagogue (New York),

245 Lindbergh, Charles A., 6, 109 Lippmann, Walter, 109 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 45-46, 1o1, 108 Lipsky, Seth, 67

Lipstadt, Deborah, 216 Literature, 60, 66, 102-5, 107-8, 197, 198,

210 Lithuania, 60

Litwack, Leon F., 223 Livingston, N.J., 145 Loewenberg, Bert, 105 London, Meyer, 118 Los Angeles, Calif., 127, 134, 135-36, 147, I9I-92, 248, 255 Love and Tradition (Mayer), 238 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 103, 104-5, 256 Lowell, Robert, 103 Lowenthal, Leo, 32 Lubavitch Hasidim, 67, 69, 86-87, 138, 166, 185

Marcuse, Herbert, 32, 113

Margin of Hope (Howe), 196-97 Maritain, Jacques, 160-61 Marjorie Morningstar (Wouk), 10, 157-58, 256 “Marriage rates, 244-45. See also Intermarriage Marshall, Louis, 71 Marx, Alexander, 88 Maryland, 129 Massachusetts, 39 May, Allan Nunn, 37 Mayer, Egon, 237, 238, 239 Mayer, Louis B., 114 Mazursky, Paul, 249 Meese, Edwin W., III, 58 Melton Foundation, 87 Melville, Herman, 197 Merton, Robert K., 119 Mesorah Publications, 70 Meyer, Michael, 80 Miami, Fla., 134, 136, 138 Miami Beach, Fla., 136-37, 138-39 Middle class, 125, 128, 157; assimilation, 52; and Jewish culture, 161, 167, 170, 182; political orientation, 219, 225; suburbanization, 143, 155, 167, 182 Middle East, 52, 137, 211, 212, 213, 215,

277 Midstream, 242 Migration, 128-29, 133, 134, 135, 144-45, 146. See also Immigration Mila 18 (Uris), 213 Milken, Michael R., 48, 117 Millburn, N.J., 144-45 Miller, Arthur, 240 Miller, Perry, 104 Mills, C. Wright, 122-23 Minkoff, Isaiah M., 30-31

M McCarthy, Joseph R., 34-35 McCarthyism, 26, 34, 35 McGill, William J., 97 McGovern, George S., 110, 211, 219 Mailer, Norman, 5 Maimonides, Moses, 64 Malamud, Bernard, 11, 108, 216, 237

Minneapolis, Minn., 50, 115 “Misguided Optimism” (Helmreich), 252 Mishneh Halakhot (Klein), 183 Mississippi, 40, 41

Malkin, Judd, 120 Manilow, Barry, 29

305

Index Mr. Sammiler’s Planet (Bellow), 213 Mitzvot, 172, 19% Mixed Marriage (Silver), 237

Mizakura, Miriam, 183 Mobile, Ala., 41, 134 Mobility, economic and social, 61, 118, 124; business and, 113-14; and intermarriage, 231; Jewish education and, 72; and Jewish identity, 94, 195, 2573 Judaism and, 180, 190; middle class,

125, 143, 155, 167 Mobility, geographic. See Migration Modern Varieties of Judaism (Blau), 170 Moment, 122, 221

Mondale, Walter F., 219 Monroe, Marilyn, 239-40 Moore, George Foot, 84 Moore, Gwen, 123

Moore, Jerry, 120 Morgan, Frank, 120 Morgan, Robin, 245 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 107 Morris County, N.J., 145 Morse, Arthur D., 215-16 Movies, 4, 5, 17-20, 49, 93, I14, 151-52, 240,237 Murray, Arthur, 29 Museum of the Potential Holocaust (Jerusalem), 31 Muss, Stephen, 120 Myer, Buddy, 11 Myerson, Bess, 9-10, 14-15, 29, 157, 231 My Name Is Asher Lev (Potok), 237

N Naftalin, Arthur, 50 Naked and the Dead (Mailer), 5 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 42,

‘*

National Conferénce of Synagogue Youth, 162

National Conference of the United Jewish Appeal, 63 National Coordinating Committee Fund, 62-63 National Council of Churches, 212 National Endowment for the Humanities,

107 National Federation of Temple Youth, 162, 193 National Humanities Center (North Carolina), 90

National Organization for Women, 201 National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, 184 Nativism, 5, 11, 125 Navasky, Victor, 109 Nazism, 2-3, 58-59, 69, 213, 215, 220 Nebraska, 49 “Need for Judaic Studies” (Wilson), 78 Netanyahu, Jonathan, 22-23 Neusner, Jacob, 77-78, 80, 84, 89, 90-91,

217 New Anti-Semitism (Forster and Epstein),

47,48 Newark, N.J., 144, 145, 148 “New Direction for American Jews” (Friedman), 222-23 New Haven, Conn., 88 New Jersey, 39, 131-32, 133, 144-45, 146

New Leader, 37 New Orleans, La., 43 Newspapers, 65-67, 109 Newton, Mass., 143 New York (state), 39, 131, 139 New York, N.Y., 11, 91, 98, 120, 140, 141, 190, 210, 248; anti-Semitism in, 22.4;

garment industry, 125, 156; Holocaust museum, 214; immigration to, 69, 102;

435 223

intermarriage rates in, 233; Jewish culture in, 9, 55, 66, 1323 Jewish intellectuals, 65, 103, 196, 197, 199; Jewish neighborhoods, 69, 123-24, 145-46; Jewish population, 36, 127, 134, 145;

National Community Relations Advisory Council, 17, 37 National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 212

306

Index Jewish press in, 31, 66, 67, 70; Jewish schools in, 65, 68, 70, 77, 184, 191-92; ~ kosher restaurants, 182-83; politics, 10,

231; poverty in, 153, 197; suburbanization, 52; Zionist movement in, 64-65 New New New New New

York York York York York

Board of Rabbis, 141, 188 Herald, 6 Jew (Kazin), 197-98 Post, 96 Public Library, 70

New York Review of Books, 103, 196 New York Times, 6, 19, 82, 95, 97, 218,

246; Jewish employees, 69, 109; public opinion polls, 57 New York University, 62, 122 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 160-61 Niger, Shmuel, 118 Night (Wiesel), 213-14 Nixon, Richard M., 23, 110, 211, 219 Noah, Mordecai, 118 Nobel Prize, 59, 66, 108, 109

Palestine Liberation Organization, 199 Palestinians, 224, 227, 230 Palm Springs, Calif., 134 Pareveh (Alliance for Adult Children of Jewish-Gentile Intermarriage), 236 Park, Robert A., 196 Partisan Review, 24, 26, 103, 110, 161, 196 Passaic County, N.J., 146 Passover, 130, 150, 184 Paterson, N.J., 146 Peace of Mind (Liebman), 160 Peale, Norman Vincent, 160 Pepperidge Farm Products, 156 Peretz, Martin, 109

Perlman, Selig, 105 Perlmutter, Nathan, 47-48 Perlmutter, Ruth Ann, 47-48 Persian Jews, 127 Petschek National Jewish Family Center,

237-38

Novak, David, 178

Pfeffer, Leo, 55-56 Philadelphia, Pa., 132, 146, 156, 174 Philanthropy, 62-64, 72, 122, 132, 135,

O

206-7, 208, 209, 253-54 Philipson, Rabbi David, 204

North Broward, Fla., 134

Phillips, Bruce, 255 Phillips, Warren, 122 Phillips, William, 103, 196 Phoenix, Ariz., 133-34 Piece of My Mind (Wilson), 78 Pierson, George W., 128-29 Pittsburgh, Pa., 133-34, 135

O’Dea, Thomas F., 44, 52

Office of Economic Development, 153 Office of War Information, 18 Ohio State University, 87

Okrend, Elise, 236 Okrend, Philip, 236

Plesur, Milton, 123 Podhoretz, Norman, 25, 27, 109, 158, 196, 197, 222, 227, 228

On Native Ground (Kazin), 103 Operation Kuwait (Arvay), 210

Orange County, Calif., 134

Polish Jews, 3, 60, 133, 215 Political Behavior of American Jews (Fuchs), 219 Politics, 160, 231; anti-Semitism in, 7, 39-41, 50, 220, 223-24; Jewish interest groups, 28, 56, 211; Jewish liberalism, I10, 218-23, 228, 230; Jewish office holders, 49-50, 122, 126, 129 Pollard, Anne, 56-58 Pollard, Jonathan, 56-58

Oregon, 39

Orlando, Fla., 134 Osofsky, Gilbert, 223

FE Palestine, 166; immigration to, 3, 1615 postwar Jewish community, 2, 63, 64, 66, 72; Zionism and, 4, 65, 192, 199, 204

307

Index Pomerance, Rocky, 136 Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 144, 256 Potok, Chaim, 11, 111, 237 Poultry farming, 132, 133 Poverty, 139, 153-55

Racial discrimination, 22.4 Racial segregation, 41, 42, 137 Racism, 156, 224 Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 118

Povich, Shirley, 13 Power Elite (Mills), 122 Power of Positive Thinking (Peale), 160 Prayer, 149, 173 Preminger, Otto, 207

Radziwill, Lee, 232 Rahy, Philip, 103, 199

Presbyterians, 128, 243 Price, Ronald D., 179 Princeton University, 83, 94, 95-97, 99, 100 Protestant-Catholic-Jew (Herberg), 53, 162 Protestantism, 41, 48, 162-63, 164, 168

Protestant Reformation, 167 Protestants, 45, 53, 735 94, IOI, 123, 167 Provincials, The (Evans), 129 Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 91-92 Publishing, 70, 91, 109 Pulitzer Prize, 20, 107, 110 Purim, 150, 184

R Raab, Earl, 40 Rabbinical Assembly, 171-72, 173, 176,

Raising Your Jewish Christian Child (Gruzen), 237 Ramah summer camps, 169, 174 Ranalli, Anthony, 156 Rankin, John E., 40-41, 108 Rapoport, Nathan, 214 Rappaport, Armin, 106 Raskin, A. H., 109 Reagan, Ronald, 58-59, 214-15, 218, 219 Real Anti-Semitism in America (Perlmutter and Perlmutter), 47-48

Real estate industry, 120-21 Recent Reform Responsa, 193 Reconstructionist, 37 _.Reconstructionist movement, 174, 252 “Red, White, and Blue Herring” (Frank), 7-8 Reform Responsa for Our Time, 193 Religion, 205; Americans’ respect for, 52, 159-61, 167; apathy toward, 127; churchstate separation, 55; intellectuals and, III, 112, 160-61; interfaith movement, 53, 162, 166, 212-13; Judaism’s accep-

179 Rabbinical seminaries, 77, 78, 88, 89, 135 Rabbis: and academic Jewish studies, 89-90; and apathy of congregants, 150, 165, 175; changing role of, 64, 167, 168, 200-201; Conservative, 165, 168, 169,

171-72, 173, 174-75, 178, 238, 241; and conversion to Judaism, 191; and intermarriage, 188-89, 233, 238-39, 241; ordination of women, 176-77, 178, 190, 191, 247, 248, 249; Orthodox, 168, 169, 188, 189, 238, 241, 248; and patrilineal decision, 241; Reform, 165, 190, r9r, 194, 238-39, 241; and secularism, 162 Race relations, 41, 54, 145

tance as American, 28, 52-53, 82, 159,

162-63, 189-90. See also Judaism Religious cults, 165-66 Religious Factor (Lenski), 163 Republican party, 219 Revercomb, William Chapman, 5 Rhode Island, 39 Ribicoff, Abraham D., 50 Riesman, David, 99 Riis, Jacob A., 120 Rischin, Moses, 61 Riskin, Rabbi Steven, 126 Robison, Sophia M., 144 Rochester, N.Y., 156 Rohatyn, Felix G., 122

308

Index

S

Roman Catholic church, §5, 75, 16768 Roman Catholics, 53, 73, 108, 162-63,

Sabbath, 74; observance and practice, 149-50, 173, I91, 192, 250, 251; synagogue attendance, 165, 171-72 Sabbath and Festival Prayer Book (Rabbinical Assembly), 173 Sabbath Prayer Book (Kaplan), 188 Sachar, Abram L., 72, 73-74, 75 Sackler, Arthur, 120 Sacramento, Calif., 134

215; in academia, ror, 112; anti-intellectualism, 110; in civil rights movement, 43; in politics, 39, 50, 218 Romania, 60 Ronstadt, Linda, 157

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 74 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3, 7, 67, 215, 220

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr., 232-33 Roosevelt, Laura Delano, 232-33

Sacred Survival (Woocher), 206

St. John’s University (Minnesota), 85-86 St. Louis, Mo., 145 St. Petersburg, Fla., 134 Salem, Mass., 102

Rose, Peter I., 130

Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Rosenberg, Rosenberg

Bernard, 221-22 Ethel, 35-36, 37-38, 56 Harold, 196 Julius, 35-36, 37-38, 56 Michael J., 226 Rabbi Stuart E., 28, 85, 185 Case: Fact and Fiction (Fine-

Salomon, Haym, 17 San Diego, Calif., 133-34 Sandmel, Samuel, 79, 237 Sanford, Nevitt, 32 San Francisco, Calif., 46, 133-34, 135 San Francisco Platform, 192-93 Sarasota, Fla., 134 Sarna, Nahum, 80, 178-79 Sarnoff, David, 118 Satmar Hasidim, 67, 69 Saypol, Irving, 38 Scarsdale, N.Y., 147, 152-53 Schapiro, Meyer, 196 Schary, Dore, 19 Schindler, Rabbi Alexander, 239 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr., 105 Schlossberg, Edwin, 232 Schneerson, Rabbi Joseph, 69 Schocken, Zalman, 70 Schonfeld, Eugen, 131 Schorr, Daniel, 109 Schorsch, Ismar, 88, 177 Schultz, Rabbi Benjamin, 35 Schulweis, Rabbi Harold, 135 Schwerner, Michael, 223 Scott, Sir Walter, 157 Search for Peace in the Middle East (AFS),

berg), 37 “Rosenberg Case: ‘Hate-America’ Weapon” (Dawidowicz), 37 Rosenblatt, Rabbi Samuel, 180

Rosenfeld, Isaac, 196 Rosenthal, A. M., 109 Rosenwald, Julius, 114 Rosenzweig, Franz, 161

Rosovsky, Henry, 98-99 Ross, Barney, 13 Ross, Herbert, 232 Rostow, Eugene V., 98 Roth, Joel, 177 Roth, Norman, 87 Roth, Philip, 11, 108, 144, 167, 210, 237,

249 Routtenberg, Rabbi Max, 176 Rubinstein, Richard E., 94-95 Rubinstein, W. D., 155 Rudenstine, Antonia, 257 Rudenstine, Neil L., 256-57 Rudman, Warren B., 50 Russell, Jane, 160 Russian Jews, 55, 60, 68, 126-27, 214,

212 Seattle Liberation Front, 226

250

309

Index Solarz, Stephen J., 182 Solomon Schechter day schools, 169, 174 Soloveitchik, Joseph Dov, 85 Somerset County, N.J., 145 Somerville, Mass., 226

Secularism, 64, 111, 113, 164-65, 174, 179, 188 Segregation, 41, 42, 137 “Self-Fulfilling Prophecy” (Merton), 119 Self-Portrait of a Hero (Netanyahu), 22-23 Sha’are Tefilah, 191 Shalom Bat, 247 Shanks, Hershell, 227 Shapiro, Elazar, 68 Shapiro, Harold T., 94, 95, 96-97, 115 Shapiro, Irving, 94, 115-16, 122, 123 Shavuot, 100, 166 Shaw, Irwin, 5 Sheen, Fulton J., 160 Shils, Edward, 33 Sholem Aleichem Folkschule, 9 Shorenstein, Walter, 120 Shulhan Arukh, 187 Siegel, Seymour, 177 Siegman, Rabbi Henry, 255 Silberman, Charles E., 59, 115, 249, 252-53 Silberstein, Charles H., 232-33 Silver, Rabbi Abba Hillel, 194 Silver, Rabbi Daniel Jeremy, 194, 217 Silver, Rabbi Samuel, 237 Silver Spring, Md., 147 Simon, Herbert, 120 Simon, Melvin, 120 Simon Weisenthal Center, 29, 51, 135-36 Sinai War (1956), 41-42, 207 Singer, David, 233 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 66, 108 Six-Day War (1967), 27, 79, 201, 207-8,

Sontag, Susan, 3 Soros, George, I17 South Carolina, 129

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 43 Southern states, 41, 42-43, 137-38 Sovern, Michael I., 97 Soviet Union, 30, 108-9; in cold war politics, 4, 25-26, 35, 82, 99, 1593 espionage, 34, 35, 36; Jewish emigration from, 126-27, 214, 2423; Jews in, 38, 214

Sowell, Thomas, 155 Spear, Allan H., 223 Spielberg, Steven, 136 Spillane, Mickey, 160 Spingarn, Joel, 223 Stalin, Josef V., 25-26, 30, 36, 38 Stein, William Howard, 109 Steinhardt, Michael, 117 Stember, Charles H., 39, 43 Stern, Leonard, 120, 122 Stern, Max, 122

Stern College, 122 Stockton, Calif., 134 Stone R224 Streisand, Barbra, 29, 256

Studies in Prejudice (American Jewish Committee), 32

215, 222

Suburbanization, 52, 93, 124, 125, 130-31,

Sklare, Marshall, 80; on Conservative and

143-45, 155, 1723 criticism of, 151, 152-53, 158; and Jewish identity,

Orthodox Judaism, 170-71, 172, 179, 180, 184-85; on intermarriage, 234-35;

146-49, 150-51, 167, 184; and women,

245

on Israel, 211; on Jewish survival, 84,

242, 250, 257

Succot, 55, 166 Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 109

Smith, Charles E., 120 Smith, Gerald L. K., 7, 35 Smithsonian Institution, 107

Sun Also Rises (Hemingway), 95-96 Sun Myung Moon, 165 Swope, Gerard, 114 Syms School of Business, 89 Synagogue Council of America, 188

Sobell, Morton, 35-36 Socialism, 26-27, 161-62, 222; Israeli, 2.03; Jewish, 60, 67, 195, 199, 220, 225

310

Index

U

Synagogues, 69; attendance rates, 163, 171-72, 193; civil rights protests and, 137; community functions, 162, 165,

174; and Israel, 202; membership, 159, 2.44, 255; suburban, 147-48, 149, 150-51, 167, 185; worship practices, 168, 169, 187

Talmage, Frank, 80 Talmud, 67, 68, 188, 247 Talmud Torahs, 162 Tarola, Mary Jo, 14 Tauber, Laszlo, 121 Taubman, A. Alfred, 120 Taylor, Elizabeth, 239-40 Teaneck, N.J., 146 Television, 161, 163, 233-34 Teller, Judd L., 25, 149, 182 Third World, 25-26, 203, 224, 226 “This Age of Conformity” (Howe), 26 This Is My God (Wouk), 21, 147 This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 96 Thompson, Dorothy, 199 Tikkun, 58, 226, 227, 230 Tillich, Paul, 160-61 Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, 104

Umansky, Ellen M., 247 “Undue Stress on American Anti-Semitism?” (Cohen), 46 Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 37, 190 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, 156 Union Prayer Book, 191 Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism, 178-79 United Jewish Appeal (UJA), 62-63, 179, 186, 200; contributions to, as Jewish identity, 63, 64, 206; fund-raising for Israel, 63, 201, 207, 208, 209

United Palestine Appeal, 62-63 United States: anti-Semitism in, 5-7, 10, 12, 15-16, 31, 32-34, 48; cold war politics, 82, 159; immigration restrictions, 3-4, 5, 8; and Israel, 34, 65, 203, 204, 206-7, 212; Jewish population, 2, 60-61, 125, 159, 241-42; in World War II, 5, 6, 16, 40 U.S. Congress, 39, 182; anti-Semitism in, 6, 41; Gold Medal of Achievement, 59; House Committee on Un-American Activities, 36; immigration restrictions, 3, 16; Jewish members, 49-50, 122, 126 U.S. Department of State, 65 U.S. Holocaust Memorial, 214, 215 U.S. Supreme Court, 55-56 United Synagogue Youth, 162 Universities, 73; affirmative action, 102;

Tisch, Laurence, 120, 121-22 Tisch, Preston, 120

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 119-20 Today’s American Jew (Kertzer), 115 Todd, Mike, 240

anti-Semitism in, 72, 103, 104, 256;

Torah, 168, 188, 246, 248 Tradition, 184

Jewish attendance, 81, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100; Jewish faculty and administrators, 94-95, 97, 98, 100-101, 104-7, 108, IIO, I1I-12, 113; and Jewish identity, 62, 83-84, 86-87, 113; Jewish quotas, 16, 44, 97, 98, 99, 102; Jewish studies programs, 76-80, 81-86, 87-88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 214; Judaism and, 111, 188; kosher kitchens, 89, 97, 100; libraries, 70-71; presses, 91

Transformation of the Jews (Goldscheider and Zuckerman), 251 Trenton, N.J., 144

Trilling, Diana, 104 Trilling, Lionel, 29, 103-4, 196 Truth and Peace in the Middle East, 212 Tsukunft, Di, 66

Twersky, Isadore, 85 Twersky, Rabbi Meshullam Zalman, 85

311

Index

~ is

University University University University

»

Where Are We? (Fein), 221 While Six Million Died (Morse), 215

of Chicago, 38-39, 95, 98, 106 of Michigan, 96 of Pennsylvania, 95 of Wisconsin, 105

Wiesel, Elie, 59, 178-79, 213-14, 215 Wieseltier, Leon, 216-17 Willis, Ellen, 230-31 Wilmington, Del., 115, 116 Wilson, Edmund, 78 Winchell, Walter, 108 Winds of War (Wouk), 22 Wirth, Louis, 61, 180

Uris, Leon, 207, 213

Vv Van Buren, Abigail, 29, 85 Veblen, Thorstein, 196 Vermont, 129, 133 Victim, The (Bellow), 108 Vidal, Gore, 108 Vietnam War, 153, 198-99 Vilna, Lithuania, 220

Wise, Rabbi Stephen S., 56, 190 Wisse, Ruth R., 169-70, 178 Wolf, Simon, 17 Wolfe, Ann G., 153-54 Wolfson, Harry Austryn, 15-16, 77, 98 Women: in academia, 85; feminism and, 245-50; ordination as rabbis, 176-77,

Vineland, N.J., 132, 133 Voluntarism, 246, 248 Vorspan, Rabbi Albert, 230

178, 190, 191, 247, 248, 249; suburbanization and, 143; synagogue seating, 169, 187 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 142 Woocher, Jonathan S., 206 Woodbourne, N.Y., 142 Workmen’s Circle, 66 World of Our Fathers (Howe), 118, 152, 195, 198 World Union of Progressive Judaism, 192 World War I, 62 World War II, 1, 2, 36, 60, 64, 160; and anti-Semitism, 5, 6-7, 16, 20, 21, 40, 54, 99; and Jewish identity, 15, 16, 23, 27, 28, 197; Jewish servicemen, 5, 6-7, I1, 15, 16, 17, 20-21; in movies and fiction, 4, 5, 17-18, 19, 20, 21, 22; refugees, 3,

W Wallace, George C., 41 Wall Street Journal, 109, 122, 181 Waltham, Mass., 71, 74 War on Poverty, 139, 153 War and Remembrance (Wouk), 22 Washington (state), 39 Washington, D.C., 41, 64-65, 134, 208, 214 Waxman, Chaim I., 127, 216, 243, 248-49 Waxman, Rabbi Mordecai, 186 Wayne, N.J., 146 Wealth, 116-18, 119-20, 156 Weidman, Jerome, 28 Weinberg, Harry, 120 Weinberger, Caspar W., 58 Weinreich, Max, 66 Weiss, Rabbi Avi, 57 Weiss-Rosmarin, Trude, 246 Wellesley College, 83

4, 5) 725 125-26

Wouk, Herman, 10, 20-23, 147, 157-58 Wurzberger, Rabbi Walter, 186 Wyman, David, 215-16

Werb, Rabbi Morris, 149

Wyschogrod, Michael, 178

West Germany, 4, 59 Westheimer, Ruth, 69 West Orange, N.J., 144-45, 148, 184, 187 Wheeler, Burton K., 6 When a Jew and Christian Marry (Sandmel), 237

¥ Yale University, 73, 95, 96-97, 98, 99-100, 104 Yasgur, Max, 131

3E,

Index Yekl (Cahan), 151 Yerushalmi, Yosef, 80 Yeshivas, 67, 68, 186, 187, 188 Yeshiva University, 70, 73, 74, 97, 122, 169, 189; criticism and suspicion of, 71-72, 111, 188; educational program, 89, 187-88; Orthodoxy, 71, 111, 187; rabbinical seminary, 77, 135, 188 Yiddish language and culture, 52, 65-67, 125, 133, 161-62, 195; literature, 60, 66, 198 Yiddish Pen Club, 66 Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO), 65, 70, 220; Institute for Jewish Research,

Youngman, Henny, 140

Z Zborowski, Mark, 151 _ Zionism, §2, 56-57, 60, 64-65, 131-32, 251; American Jews and, 7-8, 29, 127-28, 161-62, 203, 204-6; Conser-

vative Judaism and, 169; opposition to, 199, 201, 203; radical, 38, 226; Reform Judaism and, 175, 192, 201 Zorinsky, Edward, 49 Zuckerman, Alvin, 250, 251 Zuckerman, Harriet, 108

65 Yiddish Writers Union, 66

Zuckerman, Mortimer, 109, 120

Yom HaShoah, 214

Zuckerman, William, 209 Zunz, Leopold, 77 Zweibon, Herb, 58 Zweigenhaft, Richard L., 123

Yom Kippur, 12, 13, 163, 202, 208 Yom Kippur War (1973), 23, 208-9

Young Lions (Shaw), 5

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xX ABOUT THE AMERICAN PEWISEH HISTORIGAL SOCIETY

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY has been a period of change for the American Jewish community, bringing growth in numbers and in status and, most important, a new perception of itself as part of the history of the United States. The American Jewish Historical Society has also grown over the century, emerging as a professional historical association with a depth of scholarship that enables it to redefine what is American and what is Jewish in the American saga. To record and examine this saga and to honor its own centennial, the society has published this five-volume series, The Jewish People in America. The society was founded on 7 June 1892 in New York City, where it was housed in two crowded rooms in the Jewish Theological Seminary. At the first meeting, its president Cyrus Adler declared that it was the patriotic duty of every ethnic group in America to record its contributions to the country. Another founding father emphasized the need to popularize such studies “in order to stem the growing anti-Semitism in this country.” As late as the 19508, the society was encouraging young doctoral students in history to research and publish material of Jewish interest, even though such

research, according to Rabbi Isidore Meyer, then the society’s librarian, would impede the writers’ advancement in academia. In this climate, the early writings in the society’s journal, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, were primarily the work of amateurs; they were nar-

rowly focused, often simply a recounting of the deeds of the writers’ ancestors. However, these studies did bring to light original data of great importance to subsequent historians and constitute an invaluable corpus of American Jewish historiography. The situation has changed materially. One hundred years later, the so-

About the American Jewish Historical Society ciety has its own building on the campus of Brandeis University; the building houses the society’s office space, exhibit area, and library. The Academic Council of the society includes sixty-three professors of American history whose primary interest is American Jewish history. Articles in the society’s publication, now called American Jewish History, meet the highest professional standards and are often presented at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association. The society has also published an extensive series of monographs, which culminates in the publication of these volumes. The purpose of The Jewish People in America series is to provide a comprehensive historical study of the American Jewish experience from the age of discovery to the present time that both satisfies the standards of the historical profession and holds the interest of the intelligent lay reader.

Dr. Abraham Kanof Past President American Jewish Historical Society and Chairman The Jewish People in America Project

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