A New Key to Wild Flowers 1851532854, 9781851532858

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B ringing Environ ment al U n d e r s t a n d i n g To A l l

A new key to wild flowers By John Hayward Illustrated by Michael Hickey

4^ A IDGAP ^

Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants

rs

This user-friendly, original key provides an easy route to the accurate naming of flowers, trees, grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns in the British Isles. No expert botanical knowledge is expected and with a little practice the key can quickly be mastered. This handy book is not a descriptive flora, but it is intended for students of all ages, and for all who like to know the names of flowers but who are discouraged by more sophisticated, wordy floras. The key has its origins in courses run by the author where a simple field key was required. Subsequent testing through the A ID G A P (Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants) organisation further refined the key as a working tool for field and bench use. In this revised edition the plant names have been brought in line with those used in Stace's New Flora of the British Isles. The Field Studies Council administers the AIDG AP project which developed and tested this key. Publication was through formal co­ operation between AIDG AP and the Cambridge University Press. When the book went out of print in 2003 the Syndicate of the Press of the University of Cambridge kindly granted permission for this reprint.

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A new key to wild flowers By John Hayward Illustrated by Michael Hickey

Revised edition

Originally published by Cambridge University Press in 1995. This reprint is published with the permission of the Syndicate of the Press of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. © Cambridge University Press 1987, 1995 First published 1987 Reprinted 1988, 1992, 1994 Revised Edition 1995

Reprinted by the Field Studies Council, 2004 Field Studies Council, Preston Montford, Shrewsbury, SY4 1HW

Bringing E nvironmental Unde rstand ing To A ll

ISBN-10:1 85153 285 4 ISBN-13: 978 1 85153 285 8 Occasional Publication 90

C ontents

v How to use the key 1 General notes 3 The parts of a plant 6 Terms used for describing leaves and fruits Glossary 8 Abbreviations 13 First key 14 Keys to families 17 Key to species 56 Simplified keys 251 Index to plant names 263 Index to families 277 P reface

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P reface

These keys were started when I used to run Field Centre Courses on Wild Flowers for amateurs. I wanted to introduce keys to those who were keen to name their finds but had never got beyond the stage of looking at illustrations (preferably coloured ones). The full keys of those days, Bentham and Hooker, and later 'C.T. & W.', were much too technical and long, and entirely unsuitable for carrying in the pocket. So I would introduce the Course by handing out to each stu­ dent a dozen different species of 'yellow-Dandelion-like-flowers' and a key (The Simplified one on page 260) in order to establish that once the method was understood and a few terms explained any of the very similar-looking flowers could be identified. The other Simplified Keys were produced at daily intervals. They were much in demand and even brought back by students returning the following year. . . and so, like Topsy, the book 'just growed'. I should like to acknowledge the patience and forbearance that I have received from the publishers, the willingness to draw and redraw that the artist, Michael Hickey, has shown, and the practical help that I have been given bythe AIDCAP Organization, particularly from Dr Anne Bebbington who has used, perused and tested the keys at Field Study Centres and made suggestions aimed at improving the convenience, accuracy and 'user friendliness' of the whole work. It must not be expected that keys set out like these, with a minimum of words and illustrations, will provide an answer on every occasion - plants are too variable. But it should be only very rarely that the correct name cannot be found. Read the pages'How to use the key carefully and then the ‘General notes' before beginning.

>_/

How TO USE THE KEY

The principle on which the key works is as follows: To identify a plant start at the top of the left-hand column and read downwards until the first true statement is reached (true that is of the plant in question); keeping opposite the frame in which this state­ ment appears move into the second column and read down the state­ ments there; if necessary repeat the process in the third column. The name required will then be found in the last column.

Example The steps in identifying a Primrose, were it necessary, would be as follows: Turn to the FIRST KEY on page 14. Under the heading FLOWERING PLANTS the first statement 'Plants w. woody stems' is not true; the next statement 'Aquatic plants' is not true either; nor is the next; and so on, until the statement 'FIs. w. distinct sepals & petals' is reached. This is true so move across to column 3. The first statement there 'petals joined to each other at least at base' is true because the five petal lobes all spring from a common tube. Turn now, as indicated in the last column, to PART N on page 47. Check the heading of this page and then work down column one as before. A quick glance at each statement in turn will show that the first true one is 'Lvs. radical only'. Move into column 2. A count of the stamens in one flower will show that there are five. Move into column 3. A count of the styles (one only) will give the family name PRIMULACEAE page 150. Check the information under the family name on this page and proceed as before. There are only two statements to be read in the first column and two in the second before reaching the name of the plant Primula vulgaris.

Of course if it was known that the plant being examined belonged to the PRIMULACEAE a start could have been made straight away by using the INDEX TO FAMILIES at the very end of the book and then turning to page 150.

Remember 1 The plant diagrams on pages 6 and 7, the glossary on pages 8-12, and the list of abbreviations on page 13 explain how botanical terms are used in this book. 2 The statements in each column must be read in strict order from the top. The key will not work otherwise. 3 Some large families have been split into sections. The key to sections must also be taken in order. 4 In cases of doubt it will not usually matter whether any state­ ment is regarded as true or not. The key will work whichever conclusion is made. Allowance has been made for normal variation in such things as colour, size, hairiness, etc. Some plants will therefore appear in two or even three different places in the name column. 5 If the family to which a plant belongs is known there is no need to work through the whole key. A start can be made on the appropriate family page by using the INDEX TO FAMILIES at the very end of the book. 6 The index (whether family, genus or English name) always indicates the page on which the appropriate key begins.

G eneral notes

Aggregate species Occasionally a plant in the key has the abbreviation (agg.) after the Latin name. This means that the name either covers an aggregate of two or more species, scarcely dis­ tinguishable from each other, or else includes a number of micro­ species grouped under one name. The following aggregate species in particular include a fairly large number of microspecies: Alchemilla vulgaris, Euphrasia officinalis, Hieracium murorum, Rubus fruticosus. Aquatic plants

Because many aquatics are so often found with­ out flowers a key has been included (PART G) to deal with water plants solely on a vegetative basis; though it may only be possible to identify a non-flowering aquatic to a genus and not to a species. Remember that variation in the depth or movement of the water may cause equal variation in the growth form of the plants.

Collecting for identification In order to identify a plant it is usually essential to examine several different parts. If identification can only be done at home it will be necessary to take a radical leaf, one or two stem leaves, a flower and a fruit (or perhaps a spray of flowers or fruit). This should be sufficient, and except for some tiny annuals it should never be necessary to uproot a plant in order to identify it. The 'Code of Conduct for the Conservation of Wild Plants' adopted by a number of conservation groups offers sound advice. Perhaps the most important is, 'It is illegal for anyone, without permission of the owner or occupier, to uproot any wild plant'. English names Many plants, especially those without showy flowers, have never acquired a common English name. On the other hand there are many widespread or well-loved plants which have all too many. In this book the name given to every plant is that recom­ mended by The Botanical Society of the British Isles in English Names of Wild Flowers by Dony, Perring and Rob.

Equipment A hand lens, between x4 and x10 magnification, will be a great help when using a few parts of the key. Also useful are a pair of forceps and a needle mounted in a handle. A rule will be found on the back cover. Using a hand lens

Hold the lens close to the eye and in a good light move the specimen towards the lens.

Hybrids In a number of genera cross-pollination between differ­ ent species occurs commonly or sporadically. If the hybrid offspring re-cross or back-cross with the parent generation then a widely vary­ ing assortment of plants may be found. It has not been possible to include very many of these hybrids in the key. The following genera are specially liable to hybridization and variation: Dactylorhiza Mentha Salix Epilobium Potamogeton Viola Festuca Rosa Latin names Every plant has a Latin name consisting of two words. The first (the genus) may be likened to a surname, and the sec­ ond (the species) to a descriptive or nickname. The names used in these keys are those used in Excursion Flora of the British Isles 1981 (which in turn follows the nomenclature of Flora Europaea. Measurements If the key does not state in which direction a flower or leaf is to be measured, then it is intended that the largest measurement should be taken. Non-flowering plants These fall into two categories: (1) Plants which do not flower but reproduce by spores (e.g. Ferns). For these see PART A page 17. (2) Plants whose flowers are temporarily absent. Among these many trees and aquatics are fully keyed out using vegetative characters only.

Rarities Great rarities and extremely local plants do not find a place on the keys. These omissions represent only a tiny fraction of our flora, and are seldom found by chance. Plants which only grow in Ireland are also omitted. A number of plants are marked with an asterisk (*). This means that the species is comparatively rare, or very limited in distribution, or is probably a garden escape. Simplified keys A few common groups of plants attract more than their fair share of neglect because they are thought to be difficult to identify. Special Simplified Keys on pages 251 to 262 have been pro­ vided for these groups to encourge the beginner to tackle them. They include common Ferns, Cow Parsleys, Dandelion-like flowers, Deadnettles and Docks. For further identification For more advanced work and comprehensiveness the following manuals are standard reference works: Flora of the British Isles Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, Cambridge University Press. Excursion Flora Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, Cambridge University Press. New Flora o f the British Isles by C liv e Stace, Cambridge University Press. For difficult groups with full keys and illustrations the following Handbooks are outstanding: Sedges B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 1 Umbellifers B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 2 Docks & Knotweeds B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 3 Willows & Poplars B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 4 Crucifers B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 6 Grasses C. E. Hubbard, Penguin.

6

The parts of a plant

Inflorescence

A flower in detail The petals collectively form the corolla. The sepals collectively form the calyx. Together they form the perianth. Where the parts of the perianth all resemble each other (i.e. they are not distinguishable as petals and sepals) they are called perianth segments, abbreviated in the key to per. seg.

O

f)

o

O

O

O

)

•)

o

)

)

)

Catkin Compound

Deciduous

a spike of tiny flowers. It may be erect or hanging divided into a number of leaflets. A compound leaf is distinguished from a stem with small leaves because here there are no axillary buds.

bare of leaves in the winter

Decurrent

running down the edge of a stalk

Dioecious

bearing male and female flowers (i.e. stamens & stigmas) on separate plants

Entire

without any teeth or indentations along the edge

Floret

one of the tiny flowers that make up the head of a daisy, thistle, grass, etc.

Free Gland Glaucous

not joined to each other, even at the base a tiny shiny globule, sometimes on the end of a hair; found on stems, leaves, sepals etc. bluish green

9

10 Inflorescence Internode

the whole arrangement of flowers on a plant, or sometimes (on trees) a spray of flowers the part of a stem between two nodes

ligule Ligule

part of a grass or sedge leaf

Mealy

covered with a fine, soft, whitish powder

Node

the point on astern at which a leaf arises, often marked by a ridge round the stem

Pappus

the tuft of hairs on thistle seeds etc., like a parachute

Pinnate

used of a leaf whose leaflets are arranged in opposite pairs

^0 ^ 0

*§0 once pinnate

O

O

O

O

')

O

twice pinnate

>)

o

L

()

()

O

()

o

o

•>

o

>

Radical Rhizome

>

>

>

}

J>

3

rising from the base of a stem an underground stem

Simple

used of a leaf etc. which has no leaflets or large indentations

Solitary

only one on each stem

Spike

an arrangement of flowers set close to the stem, either upright or drooping

Spore

minute reproductive body, one-celled, non-sexual, produced by ferns, horsetails, etc. (These groups do not produce seeds)

Stipule

a small leaflet at the base of a leaf stalk

Striate

used of a stem marked with lines but not grooves or ridges

Succulent Terminal Umbel

spike

thick and fleshy at the end of a stem rangement of stalks radiating like the spokes of an umbrella (See also an arran: _ page 125)

11

12 United Wing Zygomorphic

used of sepals or petals joined to each other even if only at their base a thin border to a seed or along the angle or a stem not radially symmetrical, e.g. flowers of Pea, Orchid, Deadnettle

winged stem

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O

O

(

zygomorphic

•>

o

o

)

Abbreviations agg. aggregate approx, approximately consid. considerably conspic. conspicuous fl.,fls. flower, flowers fr. fruit hd., hds. head, heads

inflor, inflorescence If. leaf Ifless, Iflet, Ify leafless, leaflet, leafy Ivs. leaves mt. mountain per. segs perianth segments

si. slightly sp'let spikelet succ. succulent usu. usually v. very w. with

w'out without N. North S. South E. East W. West * uncom mon or garden escape

13

14

Fi rst Key

For meaning of terms see pages 6 to 12. For abbreviations see page 13.

Part/page

Non-flowering plants which reproduce by spores (minute non-sexual bodies)

Club mosses

Flowering plants and conifers

herbs, shrubs, trees

Plants w. woody stems (trees, shrubs and undershrubs)

b

tree w. a trunk [a], in leaf

B/18

shrub, undershrub, or woody climber, [b, c], in leaf

C/21

tree or shrub [a, b, c] with fls. appearing before Ivs.

D/26

shrub

c undershrub

f

) O o

O - ) •') i ) ' > O

*)

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)

JH

>

>

fls. white or coloured usu. above water

E/27

fls. greenish or brownish

F/29

without flowers

G/31

Ivs. narrow or grass-like or stem-like, or absent; length more than 4 times width

)/)

Ivs. otherwise

H/35

1^37

15

16 Many white or coloured fls. or petals packed into one or more tight heads resembling a single flower, e.g. Daisy, Clover, Thistle

K/41

Flowers zygomorphic

L/43

FIs. w. sepals or petals but not both, or sepals may resemble petals

M/45

FIs. w. distinct sepals & petals

)

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>

>

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thorny bush; fs. about 4 mm, greenish; petals4

fr. berry-like, green to black

RHAMNACEAE

102

If. teeth sharp, sometimes in 2 sizes

Ivs. lanceolate; inflor, dense, pink

ROSACEAE

110

fls. in drooping catkins

CORYLACEAE

138

plant up to 1 m high

ERICACEAE

146

BETULACEAE

138

fls. globular to bell-shaped; fr. a berry Ivs. broad, up to 15 mm If. buds w. onlyl scale

catkins ereen/yellow opening w. or after ivs.

SALICACEAE

140

If. buds w. sev. scales; twigs reddish

catkins reddish (usu. opening before Ivs.)

MYRICACEAE

137

fls. w. 4 sepals, no petals, 8 stamens

THYMELAEACEAE

120

corolla5-lobed; stamens 10

ERICACEAE

146

Fls. yellow zygomorphic, pea type

Ivs. small, narrowly lanceolate

FABACEAE

103

Buds hairy, w'out scales; f r. berry-like

f r. green to red to black

RHAMNACEAE

102

SALICACEAE

140

ROSACEAE

110

ERICACEAE

146

Lvs. dark, glossy, evergreen

shrub or small tree

Budsw. only one covering scale Lvs. w. stipules

fls. white/pink; stamens over 12

Fls. globular, pinkish

sepals & petals both present

moors & bogs, mostly in N.

25

>

26 EMPETRACEAE

149

MYRICACEAE

137

petals 4

ERICACEAE

146

petals 5

SOLANACEAE

158

Plants w. coloured fls., or berries

moorland plants

ERICACEAE

146

Plants w. greenish fls. or fr.

maritime plants

CHENOPODIACEAE

perianth 6-lobed, stamens 0 or 3

moor & mt. plants; fr. black

Lvs. aromatic; fls. in short catkins FIs. pink/purplew. protruding stamens

Part D

93

Trees and shrubs whose flowers appear before their leaves

Fls. white w. more than 12 stamens Usu. thorny shrubs; fls. greenish, about 5 mm in small clusters

stamens 0 or 4

Fls. in dangling catkins

some catkins woody, ovoid, erect

coastal

110

ELAEAGNACEAE

120

BETULACEAE

138

If. buds fat, blunt

large shrub

CORYLACEAE

138

If. buds pointed, often narrow, w. onlyl scale

tree

SALICACEAE

140

OLEACEAE

152

MYRICACEAE

137

Buds black, in pairs Fls. in erect catkins; shrub or small tree

ROSACEAE

aromatic shrub; catkins reddish; stamens 0 or 4

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>

)

>

>

>

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)

»

catkins green or yellow

y )

)

>

If. buds w. only 1 outer scale

y

>

SALICACEAE

140

ULMACEAE

137

ALISMATACEAE

195

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

sepals, petals & stamens 5

MENYANTHACEAE

154

sepals 4-6; petals & stamens over 12

NYMPHAEACEAE

Large tree

Part E

)i y )

Aquatic plants with aerial white or coloured flowers

Floating Ivs. round or oval, or elliptical, hardly iobed

fls.w. 3 petals

,vs-

elliptical

0y

floating plant w. round Ivs.

FIs. in umbels, which may be minute (only 5 mm across)

fls. w. 3 petals

Ivs. 3-angled; plant over 40 cm

BUTOMACEAE

1%

Ivs. w. fiat blade; plant up to 20 cm

ALISMATACEAE

195

APIACEAE

125

fls. lilac

PRIMULACEAE

150

fls. yellow, showy

LENTI BU LARI ACEAE

165

fls. small, in a spike

HALORACACEAE

122

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

fls. w. 5 petals Lvs. in whorls of 3 to 5

Ivs. v. finely divided

T

Ivs. small, in3's

72

27

>

28 fls. showy, purple

LYTHRACEAE

119

MENYANTHACEAE

154

FIs. yellow

LENTI BU LARI ACEAE

165

fls. blue/lilac

LOBELIACEAE

174

POLYCONACEAE

133

plant floating, not rooted

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

tiny creeping plant

ELATINACEAE

plant upright or floating & rooted

ALISMATACEAE

195

BRASSICACEAE

75

Lvs. w. 3 Iflets. FIs. zygomorphic

FIs. under5 mm, pink/green In a spike FIs. w. 3 petals

FIs. w. 4 sepals and 6 stamens FIs. w. 5 petals or 5 large yellow sepals

1

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>

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)

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87

stamens 4

tiny creeping plant

SCRO PH U LARI ACEAE

159

stamens 5

lvs. l in e a r ^ / in a rosette

CAMPANULACEAE

173

fls. white

APIACEAE

125

fls. lilac

PRIMULACEAE

150

fls. yellow; petals w. a fringe

MENYANTHACEAE

154

O

)

I

)

)

>

>

>

>

>

)

stamens more than 12

FIs. red/purplew. 6 petals

Part F

>

>

)

>

>

>

)

>

fls. 4-6 cm across, yellow; Ivs. 10-30 cm, oval/rou nd

NYMPHAEACEAE

72

fls. white

RANUNCULACEAE

68

stamens 12

LYTHRACEAE

119

Aquatic plants with small greenish or brownish flowers either aerial or submerged

FIs. in flat cluster on grass-like stem

marine plants below high tide level

ZOSTERACEAE

198

Lvs. in whorls

spores produced in a brownish terminal cone

EQUISETACEAE

57

fls. floating on slender stalks

HYDROCHARITACEAE

196

whole plant submerged

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

72

Ivs. linear, 6-12 in a whorl [a]

HIPPURIDACEAE

123

Ivs. pinnate,4-5inawhorl [b]

HALORAGACEAE

122

spike projecting from side of stem

ARACEAE

216

spike upright, terminal

TYPHACEAE

218

fr. hardly stalked, in If. axils

ZAIMNICHELLIACEAE

202

RUPPIACEAE

201

'fr, FIs. tightly packed in a large cylindrical spike

Lvs. v. fine, all submerged or floating

fr. in simple umbel on a long stalk

in coastal ponds and ditches

29

30 fls. in short spike

FIs. in globular or starry heads

fls. w. 4 sepals; Ivs. w. stipules

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

fls. in sedge-like spike

CYPERACEAE

219

S PARG AN IACEAE

218

POLYGONACEAE

133 217

Ivs. linear

Large dock-like plant All Ivs. submerged and/or floating

tiny surface plants; roots hanging or absent

floating fronds under 10 mm

LEMNACEAE

Ivs. lin ea r^/ in a basal tuft

4 sepals; 6 stamens

BRASSICACEAE

fls. in spikes on stalks

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

fls. not stalked, axiHairy

CALLITRICHACEAE

123

Lf. veins branching

POLYGONACEAE

133

FIs. w. 6 sepals

JUNCACEAE

206

CYPERACEAE

219

grasses

POACEAE

230

sedges

CYPERACEAE

219

Stems hollow Ivs. linear

Ivs. w. saw-edge keel

/

Ivs. mostly flat; stem w. nodes

Other plants ^ w. linear leaves f

)

75

i

o

) o

i

)

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) O

) •■)

)

) o

)

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Part G

>

>

>

>

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>

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>

Aquatic plants without flowers

Note: Towards the end of this part of the key are a number of plants (of different families) which cannot easily be keyed out on vegetative characters alone. It is worth searchinjg carefully for the flowers or fruit (often very inconspicuous) as the plants can then more easily be placeain their correct family by using Parts E or F of the key. Plant grass-like, below high-tide level

Ivs. linear

ZOSTERACEAE

198

Plants floating at surface, not rooted to the bottom

Ivs. lanceolaite, stiff, toothed, 15-50 cm

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

Ivs. rounded, about 3 cm across

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

Ivs. about 1mm, overlapping along branched stem

stem rises above surface

plant up to 12 mm across, usu. oval or lobed Plants w. broad Ivs. (ovate or round) which float on surface, but no aerial leaves

AZOLLACEAE

65

LEMNACEAE

217 154

Ivs. roundish, cordate, not lobed

Ivs. 3-10 cm across

MENYANTHACEAE

0

Ivs. 10-30cm across

NYMPHAEACEAE

72

If. outline round, 1-3 cm across, usu. lobed

finely divided submerged Ivs. sometimes present

RANUNCULACEAE

68

CALLITRICHACEAE

123

POLYGONACEAE

133

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

Ivs. up to 3 cm, upperonesina rosette Ivs. w. only one long vein Ivs. w. stipules

floating Ivs. 5-15 cm long

31

),'

/

00

ALISMATACEAE

195

ALISMATACEAE

195

Ivs. w. 3 Iflets.

MENYANTHACEAE

154

Ivs. in whorls, finely pinnate [a]

HALORAGACEAE

122 125

If. base tapering or almost cordate Stems w. lobed or pinnate Ivs. rising above the surface

32

upper Ivs. w. 2 pointed lobes at base

Ivs. pinnate

Iflets toothed, pointed

APIACEAE

0

Iflets only bluntly indented

BRASSICACEAE

75

ALISMATACEAE

195

stem jointed, hollow

EQUISETACEAE

57

Ivs. flat, S linear ^

HIPPURIDACEAE

123

Stems rising above surface w. linear aeriallvs.

stem hollow w. nodes

POACEAE

230

/

Ivs. 3-angled

Ivs. all basal, X-section triangular

BUTOMACEAE

196

Ivs. with conspic. veins; X-section triangular

SPARGANIACEAE

218

Ivs. keeled to flat; fl. stem often triangular

CYPERACEAE

219

plant1-2.5mhigh

TYPHACEAE

218

a

Lvs. ovate w. entire margins, aerial Aerial Ivs. in whorls, narrow

Ivs. flat, opposite

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i

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O

1 O

) O ')

>

* ")

)

'■"> o

(f

3

3

3

3

3

Stem rising above surface, Ifless Lvs. submerged, forked

3-

>

>

3

)

3

3

3

inflor, a brown spike

pinnate or finely small bladders usu. present among some lvs.

a

3'

>

>

3

>

CYPERACEAE

219

LENTI BU LARI ACEAE

165

lvs. in whorls, clearly pinnate

lvs. up to 4.5 cm long [a]

HALORACACEAE

122

# &

lvs. 5-10 cm long

PRIMULACEAE

150

APIACEAE

125

lvs. alternate pinnate w. narrow segments lvs. in whorls, forked, toothed, stiff

tip of plant often tassel-like

lvs. variously and finely divided Lvs. lanceolate, stiff, clearly toothed

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

72

RANUNCULACEAE

68

HYDROCHARITACEAE

196

Lvs. in whorls, all submerged

whorls of 6-12 linear I v s . ^ / '

HIPPURIDACEAE

123

'sJL?

whorls of 3 oblong lvs.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

1%

Small creeping mud plant

lvs. in pairs

term. lvs. in a rosette; no stipules

CALL ITRICH ACEAE

123

lvs. w. tiny (about 2 mm) stipules; uncommon

ELATINACEAE

sometimes forms a turf underwater

lvs. often Vi cylindrical

PLANTAGINACEAE

young lvs. w. coiled tip

creeping plant

MARSILEACEAE

Plants w. a small rooted tuft of linear lvs. 2-20 cm long See NOTE on page 31

87 172 65

33

>

34 cross veins clearly visible near If. base

inN .& W .

ISOETACEAE

57

Ivs. w. 2 interior tubes

in N. & W.

LOBELIACEAE

174

Ivs. cylindrical

in acid water of N. & W.

BRASSICACEAE

75

SPARC AN IACEAE

218

Lower Ivs. semi-cylindrical or 3-angled Lvs. linear, mostly floating See NOTE on page 31

inflor, globular, mostly sessile

SPARCANIACEAE

218

/

inflor, a small long-stalked spike

CYPERACEAE

219

Lvs. mostly submerged See NOTE on page 31

Ivs. well over 6 mm wide

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

If. tip notched

CALLITRICH ACEAE

123

If. tip finely pointed

ZANNICHELLIACEAE

202

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

Ivs. mostly opposite

lvs. usu.w. a stipule

Other plants w. fine or linear Ivs. /r

in brackish water

inflor, a tiny umbel

RUPPI ACEAE

201

in fresh water

inflor, a small spike

CYPERACEAE

219

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

)

)

>

Part H

)

)

>

3

>

>

>

)

>

Land plants with small greenish or brownish flowers and narrow leaves typically more than 4 times as long as wide

Fresh stems w. sticky, milky juice

)

')

>

J/ j

EUPHORBIACEAE

131

stem Ifless; fls. in a spike

PLANTAG1NACEAE

172

Ivs. greyish/woolly on at least one side

ASTERACEAE

179

stamens 2-6

BRASSICACEAE

75

Lvs. in whorls round the stem

EQUISETACEAE

57

Plant w. onion smell

LILIACEAE

202

fls. w. stalks and 6 perianth segments

JUNCAGINACEAE

197

fls. notstalked; sepals 4

PLANTAG INACE AE

172

Lower Ivs. once or twice pinnate

*

Seaside plants w. succulent leaves

Inflor, in spikes; stamens 12 or more Lvs. greyish, downy, but not grasslike

Ivs. ail radical, linear S fls. in a spike

Ivs. various

CHENOPODIACEAE

93

petals variously lobed

RESEDACEAE

83

ASTERACEAE

179

35

36 Petals and/or sepals in 4's

Petals and/or sepals in 5's

Ivs. opposite

^

Ivs. all radical

} ^m-L

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Ivs. opp.

stigmas 3; Scottish mts.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

T

fr. enclosed by 2 bracts

CHENOPODIACEAE

93

Ivs. linear, 5-15 mm long ^

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

RANUNCULACEAE

68

creeping plant; 3 bracts below ea. fl.

in calcareous grassland

}

124

SANTALACEAE

plants of shingle or saltmarsh

CHENOPODIACEAE

fls. 1-3 in cluster w. narrow bracts beneath

APIACEAE

125

fl. spike dense, oblique; Ivs. stout, crinkled

ARACEAE

216

fls. in a long, narrow erect spike

JUNCACINACEAE

197

JUNCACEAE

206

fls. in clusters, or inflor, loose

1

stamens 3 or 6

Ivs. succulent, or stiff and up to 4 cm

maritime plants

CHENOPODIACEAE

Stem hollow, w. distinct nodes, ^ Ivs. linear ^

Ivs. w. a toothed keel

CYPERACEAE

O

)

)

)

172

PLANTACINACEAE

sepals & petals present

6 sepals per fl.

87

)

>

>

)

)

)

)

)

>

93

93 219

")

)

' )

O

)

)

)

)

)

)

Stem. usu. solid; nodes ^ not distinct; Ivs. linear ^

Part J

)

)

>

>

i

)

)

)

>

>

)

>

grasses; stamens and stigmas 1-3

stem cross-section round or elliptical

POACEAE

230

stamens & stigmas 2-3; sedges and similar

stem round or elliptical or triangular

CYPERACEAE

219

Plants with small greenish or minute flowers, and leaves that are not long and narrow (typically length less than 4 times width) URTICACEAE

136

ASTERACEAE

179

ROSACEAE

110

FABACEAE

103

calyx and fr. 3-lobed

POLYGONACEAE

133

Ivs. shiny; fr. a berry

DIOSCOREACEAE

210

spiral tendrils opposite Ivs.

CUCURBITACEAE

130

Ivs. opposite ^

CANNABACEAE

136

Ivs. in whorls of 4-6 ^

RUBIACEAE

174

fls. at base of club

ARACEAE

216

Stinging plant FI. hd. like a daisy w'out rays

Ivs. finely dissected

Lvs. 3-lobed, clover-like

fls. actinomorphic, 5 sepals and 5 or 0 tiny petals

on Northern hills only

fls. zygomorphic, of Pea type Climbing, twining, or scrambling plant

Club-like spike inside a leafy sheath

Ivs. alternate, heart-shaped or 3-lobed

37

>

38 Obvious milky juice in fresh stems Few or no Ivs. on fl. stem

Ivs. round, joined to stalk by centre

creeping plant of damp places

a

131

APIACEAE

125

CHENOPODIACEAE

succulent plant of tidal mud

C

EUPHORBIACEAE

93

fls. in 5's at top of stem, greenish [a]

terminal fl. w. 4 petals, others w. 5

ADOXACEAE

Ivs. once or twice pinnate

Ivs. twice pinnate; stamens v. prominent

RANUNCULACEAE

If. lobes broad, toothed

ROSACEAE

110

If. lobes linear

PLANTAGINACEAE

172

Ivs. palmate

ROSACEAE

110

Ivs. kidneyshaped

POLVGONACEAE

133

bog plant, usu. aquatic

POTAMOGETONACEAE

198

Ivs. all radical

PLANTAGINACEAE

172

Ivs. opposite ^

EUPHORBIACEAE

131 177

t

$

inflor, a long-stalked spike

FIs. in 5's at top of stem

Ivs. & Iflets usu. 3-lobed

ADOXACEAE

V. low creepi ng plant on m ud or damp walls or marshes

Ivs. lobed to pinnate

BRASSICACEAE

177 68

75

>

)

)

>

)

)

FIs. in umbels

>

)

)

>

>

)

y

)

>

y

y

CALLITRICHACEAE

123

Ivs. up to 6 mm across; calyx 4-lobed

URTICACEAE

136

Ivs. up to 2 cm; fls. in ones

SCROPHU LARI ACEAE

159

Ivs. mostly 2-5 cm, joined to stalk at centre

APIACEAE

125

Ivs. broad

ROSACEAE

110

APIACEAE

125

Ivs. opposite, linear to ovate

¥ /

Ivs. alternate, almost round

4 sepals or petals per fI.

)

0 o

5 sepals or petals per fl.

CHENOPODI ACEAE

Seaside plant, either shrubby or prickly

93

PRIMULACEAE

150

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

3 sepals per fl.

EUPHORBIACEAE

131

sepals 3-toothed; stamens 4

LINACEAE

i 97

fr. enclosed by 2 bracts

CHENOPODIACEAE

93

Ivs. stalked, ovate; A seeds black, visible v

CHENOPODI ACEAE

93

calyx 6 or 12 toothed

LYTHRACEAE

Lf. bordered w. thin black line beneath

under 5 cm tall

Lvs. opposite

corolla w. 2 large and 3 small lobes

T

fls. purplish brown

119

39

>

40 Ivs. simple, margins entire

usu. in dry, open places

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Ivs. rounded, w. shallow lobes

usu. in damp, shady places

SAXIFRAGACEAE

petals lobed, yellowish; Ivs. pinnate, wavy

RESEDACEAE

Fr. 3-sided

3 small and/or 3 large sepals

Docks, etc.

POLYGONACEAE

133

8-10 stamens per fl.

low creeping plant of damp shady places

Ivs. roundish w. shallow lobes

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

Plant forming a low dense mat

Ivs. almost round, up to 6 mm

usu. on walls

URTICACEAE

136

Lvs. greyish, woolly or mealy on at least one surface

fls. in yellowish brown clusters

ASTERACEAE

179

AMARANTHACEAE

93

fls. in dusters or small spikes

CHENOPODIACEAE

93 75

lower Ivs. lobed to pinnate

BRASSICACEAE

Lvs. once to 3 times pinnate

inflor, a long-stalked knob

ROSACEAE

)

)

110

stamens more than 12, large

RANUNCULACEAE

68

2-6 stamens per fl.

BRASSICACEAE

75

Lvs. roundish, lobed and/or toothed

}

83

fl. spikes dense, mixed w. many bristles

Strongly smelling plants

inflor, looser

)

117

Inflor, a robust spike; stamens more than 10, showy

fls. greenish, in spikes

)

87

110

ROSACEAE

■ )

)

)

'

)

'

)

)

)

)

- )

>

)

)

; >

)

3

)

)

>

>

3

>

)

Lvs. lanceolate, margins entire; 1 style; 4 stamens

stem & perianth reddish

Other plants w. small greenish fls.

fls. usu. in small clusters

Part K

)

>

)

)

)

usu. on walls

)

)

>

URTICACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE

>

)

136 93

Flowers usually tiny, but packed together into a round or oblong head which may be quite showy, e.g. Thistle, Daisy, Clover, etc.

Climbing plant w'out green lvs.

stems usu. red

Plantw. onion smell Lvs. v. succ., 3-angled

onS.W. cliffs

Lvs. opposite

stems 4-angled; stamens 4; fr. of 4 nutlets

t

fl. hds. Daisy-like w. white or yellow rays

FI. hd. obviously like a Daisy, Dandelion, orTnistle

fls. often lilac; lvs. often scented

CONVOLVULACEAE

157

LILIACEAE

202

AIZOACEAE

93

LAMIACEAE

166

ASTERACEAE

179

lvs. w. 3 large Iflets.

usu. 50-120cm high; fls. pink/purple

ASTERACEAE

179

fls. dark purple w. large white bracts

moors in N.

CORNACEAE

124

petals bluish to lilac

4 stamens per fI.

DIPSACACEAE

178

2 stamens per fI.

VALERIANACEAE

177

lvs. spiny like Holly, in coastal sand

APIACEAE

125

each floret w. 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens

41

>

42 Ivs. not spiny; fl. head on a long stalk

CAMPANULACEAE

173

ASTERACEAE

179

FABACEAE

103

PLUMBAGINACEAE

149

ROSACEAE

110

FABACEAE

103

Ivs. large, rounded, toothed

ASTERACEAE

179

If. margins entire; stamens usu. 8

POLYGONACEAE

133

APIACEAE

125

ASTERACEAE

179

ROSACEAE

110

no sepals at base of each separate floret

/k °P

Each tiny fl. of the Pea type

Ivs. pinnate, or w. 3 Iflets ^

Each fl.w. 5 styles

fls. pink or purplish blue

Clovers, etc.

Inflor, maroon; each fl.w 4 sepals & 4 stamens Fls.white/pink

lvs.3-lobed, TU clover-like nr Ivs. simple; fl. hds. in a spike

fls. in an umbel; Ivs. lobed or compound fls. like whitish 5-petalled daisies in broad compact inflor.

1

Ivs. compound; stem woolly

Inflor, a greenish sphere, longstalked

Ivs. pinnate

Each fl. w. 5 free stamens

petals blue, long, narrow

style often longer than petals

CAMPANULACEAE

173

Other plants w. small white/ coloured fls. packed into a single head

anthers joined in a column

1 style branching into 2 above

ASTERACEAE

179

APIACEAE

125

}

)

2 styles per fl.; inflor, in umbel

>

)

1 )

)

)

)

»

>

>

)

>

>

^

)

)

>

)

)

>

)

)

>

)

)

)

)

)

>

)

)

fls. w. either 4 stigmas or 8 stamens

CRASSULACEAE

115

fl. heads tightly packed w. tiny fls.

ASTERACEAE

179

OROBANCHACEAE

164

ORCHIDACEAE

211

P a r t L Land plants with zygomorphic flowers Brownish plants w'out green Ivs.

each fl. w. 4 stamens and a 2-lobed stigma

lower corolla lip 3-lobed

perianth 6-lobed Lvs. w. 3 to many distinct Iflets

stamens more than 12 (easily seen)

fls. white oryellow; petals small, lobed

RESEDACEAE

83

fls. 25 mm or more

RANUNCULACEAE

68 159

corolla w. a hood and broad 3-lobed lip

SCROPHULARIACEAE

sepals 2, free, up to 6 mm

FUMARIACEAE

sepals 5, usu. joined to calyx tube

FABACEAE

103

Sepals 2; fl. w. a spur; stamens joined together

BALSAMI NACEAE

100

Fls. w. 1 stamen

VALERI ANACEAE

177

Stamens 0 or 2 (or apparently 2) or6

74

petals 4, of unequal size, blue or pink

Ivs. opposite ^

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

fls. solitary on a long stalk; ivs. all radical

bog plants

LENTI BULARIACEAE

165

43

)

44 stem w. brownish scales but no normal Ivs.

ORCHIDACEAE

211

Ivs. divided into small lobes

FUMARI ACEAE

74

If. veins parallel

ORCHIDACEAE

211

If. veins branching

LAMIACEAE

166

IRIDACEAE

210

VERBENACEAE

165

4 nutlets visible; use lens to see inside ripe calyx [a]

LAMIACEAE

166

fr. a capsule

SCROPHULARI ACEAE

159

2 sepals; fl. w. a spur; stamens joined together

BALSAM IN ACEAE

100

3 stamens fls. 4 mm across, lilac, in narrow spikes

4 stamens ylK ,tfp

M TO r

a

5 stamens (which may be joined together) , \7 aY v V /r

)

J

)

■}

fls. only slightly zygomorphic

fl. stalk usu. much longer than fl.

fls. in ones

VIOLACEAE

fls. short-stalked

1 stigma; 4 nutlets visible in ripe calyx [b]

BORAGINACEAE

154

2 or 3 stigmas

CAMPANULACEAE

173

b

)

>

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

84

>

3

>

)

) ) ) > ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) : > )

8 stamens

*

Stamens more than 12, easily seen

Stamens 10, lying within keel of lower petal

Part M

usu. over50 cm high; petals4

fls. 2-3 cm, only slightly zygomorphic

ONAGRACEAE

small, dainty plant w. simple Ivs.

fls. under 1 cm [a]

POLYGALACEAE

85

petals small, lobed, white or yellow

RESEDACEAE

83

petals few and large

RANUNCULACEAE

68

calyx w. 5 teeth; fI. of Pea type

FABACEAE

120

103

Land plants with actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers and a single perianth, i.e. either sepals or petals but not both

FIs. in umbels

Stamens 3 or 0

Stamens 6

3 )

petals & stamens 5

APIACEAE

125 202

petals & stamens 6

plant smells of onion

LILACEAE

corolla 5-lobed

tiny compact Scottish plant; fls. green

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

style long, 3-lobed, fls. pink to lilac

VALERIANACEAE

177

stem twining w. / \ cordate Ivs. L jJ

fls. greenish yellow

DIOSCOREACEAE

210

Ivs. linear, over 10 cm

fls. yellow, orange, blue, or purple

IRIDACEAE

210

^

sepals 4; petals 0

BRASSICACEAE

87

75

45

46 POLYCONACEAE

133

stem twining / \ w. cordate Ivs.

DIOSCOREACEAE

210

plant smells of onion

LILIACEAE

202

ovary below corolla e.g. Daffodil, Snowdrop

AMARYLLIDACEAE

209

ovary inside corolla

LILIACEAE

202

VALE RIANACE AE

177

petals 5, pink/white

POLYCONACEAE

133

sepals 4, greenish yellow

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

petals 4; sepals 2 which fall when 11, opens

PAPAVERACEAE

73

petals 5 or more

RANUNCULACEAE

68

petals 5, pink/white perianth segments 6

Stamen 1 only; corolla w. long tube Stamens 8

Stamens more than 12

Lvs. in whorls

RUBIACEAE

174

T Styles 2 or 3

)

}

)

O

Ivs. opposite J Y

)

)

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

fls. yellowish; Ivs. linearw'out stipules

/

APIACEAE

125

fls. green/white/pink; Ivs. w. stipules

stipules often tubular

POLYCONACEAE

133

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

>

3

>

)

FIs. in tight brownish hds.

ROSACEAE

110

FIs. w'out stalks, pink, in If. axils

tvs. ovate, up to A 12 mm, usu. opposite ' y

in salty places

PRIMULACEAE

150

FIs. shortly stalked, greenish white

Ivs. linear, up to 15 mm, in ones ^

in calcareous grassland

SANTALACEAE

124

Part N

Land plants with actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers, sepals, and united petals

Stamens more than 15, springing from top of a tube

petals joined to base of tube

MALVACEAE

97

Sepals almost nil; (beware small bracts at fl. base)

Ivs. in whorls

RUBIACEAE

174

Ivs. opposite; stamens 0,1, or 3

VALERIANACEAE

177

Ivs. alternate; stem and perianth reddish

URTICACEAE

136

CONVOLVULACEAE

157

Sepals 2 or 3

T

sepals really 5, hidden behind 2 large bracts

climbing plant

PORTU LACACEAE

sepals 2; Ivs. simple, up to 3 cm (not counting stalk) Ivs. variously lobed Ivs. linear Sepals 4

Ivs. in whorls

fls. greenish, 5 in a head

92

ADOXACEAE

177

IRIDACEAE

210

RUBIACEAE

174

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

T stamens 2; corolla 4-lobed

47

48 stamens 4 or 5

tiny creeping plant, on mud

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

If. margins entire

CENTIANACEAE

153

Ivs. variously lobed

VERBENACEAE

165

Lvs. succ., rounded

stamens 10

CRASSULACEAE

115

Lvs. w. 3 Iflets

usu. aquatic

MENYANTHACEAE

154

Lvs. in whorls

fls. white or yellow

PRIMULACEAE

150

T

fls. lilac

RUBIACEAE

174

Lvs. radical only

stamens 4; fls. under 3 mm across

growing on wet mud

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

*m r

stamens 5

5 fine styles

PLUMBAGINACEAE

149

onlyl style

PRIMULACEAE

150

AMARYLLIDACEAE

209

stamens 6 Lvs. opposite

¥

}

)

)

)

)

)

Ivs. shining, evergreen; margins entire

fls. blue, 25-50 mm across

APOCYNACEAE

152

stem 4-sided; fls. in whorls; stamens 2 or 4

fls. lilac or white

LAMIACEAE

166

stamens 5; fls. white to pink

fls. in small clusters; corolla w. long tube

CENTIANACEAE

153

)

)

)

)

)

}

}

)

>

)

)

>

)

)

3

)

3 3 3 3

) ) ) ) ) fls. white, in large inflor.; or pink in pairs

Climbing, scramblingor creeping plant

)

3 ) 3

CAPRI FOLIACEAE

176

stamens 4; corolla 5-lobed

VERBENACEAE

165

stamens alternate w. petals [a]

GENTIANACEAE

153

stamens opposite petals [b]

PRIMULACEAE

150

tiny creeping plant; fls. under 3 mm, lvs. rounded

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

CUCURBITACEAE

130

fls. white to pink

COIMVOLVULACEAE

157

fls. purple

SOLANACEAE

158

fls. blue

CAMPANULACEAE

173

POLEMON IACEAE

154

PLUMBAGINACEAE

149

most stamens obviously hairy

SCROPHULARIACEAE

159

4 nutlets to be seen inside calyx [c]

BORAGINACEAE

154

fls. yellow/green; lvs. palmately lobed

Lvs. pinnate Lvs. all radical

w L

& Lvs. alternate

49

)

50

Part O

)

)

long style w. 2 or 3 stigmas

CAMPANULACEAE

173

stem Ivs. simple, stalkless; corolla up to 3 mm, white or pink

PRIMULACEAE

150

corolla usu. 5-lobed, purple, white or cream

SOLANACEAE

158

Plants with white or coloured actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers. Sepals and free petals both present. 41

Inflor, of many fIs. florets, or petals in a compact head

See PART K

Els. like tiny Dandelions w. 5-12 petals (florets)

ASTERACEAE Section 3

185

ASTERACEAE

179

10 stamens, 5 w. anther & 5 (often bract-like) without

GERANIACEAE

98

5 stamens only

APIACEAE

125

petals 3

ALISMATACEAE

195

Lvs. covered w. long red glands

bog plants

DROSERACEAE

119

Sepals 2

stamens more than 12

PAPAVERACEAE

73

stamens 2

ONAGRACEAE

120

stamens 3 or 5

PORTU LACACEAE

FIs. like whitish orpinkish Daisies, w. 5 broad petals (florets)

Ivs. compound; stem woolly

FIs. in umbels

petals 5

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

92

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

Sepals & petals 3 each

Over 15 stamens

)

)

)

)

)

stamens 6 or more; waterside plants

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

87

small creeping plant w. opposite Ivs.

ELATI NACEAE

Ivs. radical, linear, 3-angled

BUTOMACEAE

1%

Ivs. w. a flat blade

ALISMATACEAE

195

stamens 3; Ivs. in pairs

tiny plant of bare ground

CRASSULACEAE

115

5 fertile and many barren stamens

only 1 stem If., the rest radical

PARNASSIACEAE

118

Ivs. opposite

2 small and 3 large sepals

CISTACEAE

86

y

stamens in 3 or 5 bundles; no stipules

CLUSIACEAE

85

Ivs. w. stipules

ROSACEAE RESEDACEAE

petals under 5 mm, lobed; fls. in a spike Ivs. w. stipules

Ivs. w. 3 three-toothed Iflets Ivs. variously lobed or linear

110 83

stamens free to their base

ROSACEAE

stamens branching from a long tube

MALVACEAE

97

RANUNCULACEAE

68

no stipules Petals yellow, under 5 mm, often shrunken or missing

)

Northern hills only

ROSACEAE RANUNCULACEAE

110

110 68

51

)

52 6 stamens (sometimes 4 long & 2 short)

Ivs. mostly in a whorl just below fls.

PRIMULACEAE

150

Ivs. radical

AMARYLLIDACEAE

209

Ivs. in pairs

CENTIANACEAE

153

petals 4

BRASSICACEAE

75

petals 5

FRANKENIACEAE

87

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

plant w'out green Ivs.

MONOTROPACEAE

148

stigmas 2; Ivs. edged w. bristles

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

stigmas 3

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

stigmas 4 or 5

CRASSULACEAE

115

TRILLIACEAE

205

petals white; stigmas 2; If. lobes narrow

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

Iflets broad, heart-shaped

OXALIDACEAE

100

fls. purplish or purple-veined

GERANIACEAE

petals 3 or 6

Petals 5, deeply deft, looking like 10 Ivs. succulent, not lobed

Stamens twice as many as petals Note: some stamens may not have anthers

Ivs. 4, in a whorl; ^ sepals & petals 4 each ^ jg lvs.w.3lflets

Ivs. lobed, or divided, w. stipules

)

1

}

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

}

)

)

}

87

98

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

Ivs. opposite or whorled

Ivs. radical or alternate

Climbing plant

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ROSACEAE

110

stigmas2; fr.2-lobed; Ivs. edged w. oristles

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

fr. length over 10 times width; Ivs usu. lightly toothed [a]

ONAGRACEAE

120

stamens in 3 bundles; fls. yellow

CLUSIACEAE

85

fr. a short capsule

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

fr. over 25 mm long [a]

ONAGRACEAE

120

petals bent back; fr. a berry

ERICACEAE

146

fls. white in a simple spike

PYROLACEAE

148

Ivs. palmately lobed X >

GERANIACEAE

inflor, various

SAXIFRAGACEAE

117

CUCURBITACEAE

130

fls.yellow/green

CARYOPHYLLACEAE fls. up to 5 mm across, in tiny umbels

)

fls. yellow or white

No stamens Lvs. round, attached at centre to stalk

)

creeping marsh plant

APIACEAE

98

87 125

53

)

54 fls. purple, showy

LYTHRACEAE

119

fls. yellow

PRIMULACEAE

150

Lvs. linear lanceolate in 1 or more whorls

5 styles

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

S

5-9 sepals & petals

PRIMULACEAE

Lvs. opposite

fls. yellow, red, or pink

Plant of wet places, over 60 cm high

fls. blue; lvs. ovate

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

4 or 5 sepals & petals

PRIMULACEAE

150

6-8 sepals & petals

GENTIANACEAE

153

PRIMULACEAE

150

A v

^

)

}

}

)

87

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

LINACEAE

97

petals shorter or hardly longer than sepals

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

87

petals 5, longer than sepals

LINACEAE

97

fls. w. 5 fertile and many barren stamens

PARNASSIACEAE

118

fls. in a compact ihflor. pink or purple

PLUMBAGINACEAE

149

each sepal 3-toothed

T

150

lvs. up to 25 mm, linear w. stipules S

lvs. hairy

Lvs. alternate and/or radical

87

sepals & petals 4

)

-

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

stamens 2,4 or 6

BRASSICACEAE

stamens 10 or more

ROSACEAE

110

fls. blue; Ivs. linear

LINACEAE

97

sepals & petals 5

PRIMULACEAE

150

stamens 6

BRASSICACEAE

75

stamens 4

PRIMULACEAE

150

Ivs. pinnate f. oA»

sepals & petals 4

75

55

)

56

Key to species LYCOPODIACEAE and SELAGINELLACEAE

Clubmosses

Plants are often like a stiff robust moss. Leaves numerous, small, usually overlapping [a]. Spore capsules in terminal cones [b] or at leaf bases [c].

Stems usu. erect, not creeping

lvs. toothed [d]

Selaginella selaginoides Lesser Clubmoss

d lvs. not toothed [e] Lvs. w. hair points [f]

r

Huperzia selago Fir Clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum Stag's-horn Clubmoss

spore cones long-stalked

Lvs. pressed to stem in 4 ranks

Diphasiastrum alpinum Alpine Clubmoss

Lower lvs. not A overlapping, ovate Lvs. & cone-scales usu. toothed

stems appear constricted at intervals

Lf. margins entire

lowland heaths

)

garden escape

Selaginella kraussiana Kraus' Clubmoss

Scotland & N. England

Lycopodium annotinum* Interrupted Clubmoss Lycopodiella inundata* Marsh Clubmoss

:>

)

)

)

)

)

)

ISOETACEAE

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

Quillwort

An aquatic tufted plant of still water with tubular leaves.

Lvs. stiff, 8-20 cm

EQUISETACEAE

in N. & W.

Horsetails

Isoetes lacustris* Quillwort Key to barren and fruiting plants

Plants without true leaves, having jointed, sometimes grooved, partly hollow stems, and sometimes also whorls of similar more slender stems. The spores are borne in brownish terminal cones, which in some species appear earlier in the year than the green stems. Do not confuse Horsetails with the Mare's-tail on p. 123. head in fruit stem

Fr. stems brownish; green stems absent

sheaths w. 20 or more teeth

spore cone 4-8 cm long

Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail

sheaths w. 6-12 teeth

Stem w'out whorls of branches

Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail

sheaths w. 3-6 teeth

green branches usu. appearing

Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail

central hollow 16 of stem diam.

spore cone 5-7 mm

Equisetum variegatum* Variegated Horsetail

central hollow ^ of stem diam.

spore 10-20 mm

Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail

57

58 Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail

Stem branches again branched Stems v. finely or hardly ribbed

usu. in mud or water

Equisetum fluviatile Water horsetail

Lowest internode of branches shorter than stem sheath

stem w. 4-8 grooves

Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail

Lowest internode of branches longer than stem sheath

stem w. 6-18 grooves

Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail

stems green, smooth,

)

)

Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail

stems dirty white; branches numerous

i

i

>

)

hollow

'>

)

)

>

■)

>

>

)

)

OSMUNDACEAE

)

)

J

J

Royal Fern Family

A large fern whose spores are clustered in a loose spike rising above the leaves. Lvs. x2 pinnate, pale green

usu. 50-200 cm high

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

in marshy/woody places

Osmunda regalis* Royal Fern

Filmy-ferns

Small fern-like plants with thin translucent leaves. The spore cases are in a small pouch (indusium) among the leaves. leaflet

Lflets slightly bent back; indusium entire

mainly in N.andW .

Hymenophyllum wilsonii Wilson's Filmy-fern

Indusium toothed

in W. and also The Weald

Hymenophyllum tunbrigense Tunbridge Filmy-fern

59

)

60

FERN FAMILIES ADIANTACEAE, ASPLENIACEAE, BLECHNACEAE, DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, DRYOPTERIDACEAE, POLYPODIACEAE, THELYPTERIDACEAE, WOODSIACEAE. The great majority of ferns bear their spores on the backs of the fronds. It To aid identification all the ferns have been included in the key on is essential to examine a not too ripe reproductive frond in order to page 61, though a few of them will be found in other families and keys as identify some of the more difficult species. well. There is a simplified key to 18 common ferns on page 252.

Special terms used in the fern key on page 61 Frond a whole fern leaf (and all its leaflets) rising from the root. Pinna a leaflet springing from the main stalk, it may be subdivided into smaller leaflets called pinnules. Pinnule a subdivision, or lobe, of a pinna. Sorus a patch of spore cases, usually on the back of the frond. Indusium the cover over a sorus (best seen when young before it shrivels or falls off).

indusium attached at its edge

>

o

■ ;>

>

()

o

)

part of pinnule of Bracken

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

}

)

)

See also SIMPLIFIED KEY on p. 252. A free-floating aquatic

see page 65 Fronds strap-shaped w. sori in lines [a]

Frond pinnate or deeply lobed

Azolla filiculoides Water Fern Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's-tongue

usu. only one frond [b]; spore cases in a spike

see page 65

Ophioglossum vulgatum Aader's-tongue

pinnae fan-shaped; spore cases on a spike

see page 65

Botrychium lunaria Moon wort

pinnae sharply toothed [c]

mt. plant

Polvstichum lonchitis* Holly Fern

pinnae entire

sori approx, round [d]

Polypodium vulgare Polypody

sori only on fronds w. v. narrow lobes [e]

Blechnum spicant Hard Fern

fronds covered beneath w. brown scales [f]

Ceterach officinarum Rustyback

stalk green

N. or W. especially on limestone

Asplenium viride Green Spleenwort

stalk almost black

common wall plant [g]

Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort

stalk brown; fronds tough

on sea cliffs [h]

Asplenium marinum Sea Spleenwort

q p

61

)

62 Sori along inrolled edge of pinnae see page 60

pinnae fan-shaped, on fine stalks

f 8L in tufts up to 15 cm high

N.&W . only

Sori almost cover back of pinnae

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken

If. edges rolled back over sori [b]

N. & W. only

Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern

lowest pinna the longest

usu. under 12 cm, dull green; pinnae fan-shaped [c]

Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue

10-50 cm; bright green

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort

near the sea

Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort

see page 59

Osmunda regalis* Royal Fern

lowest pinna not the longest

Sori in spikes above the fronds Under 10 cm high; pinnae translucent; indusium a 2-lipped capsule

i

)

o

O

O

Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern

30-200 cm high; fronds arise singly, not in tufts [a]

bracken growth

)

Adiantum capillus-veneris* Maidenhair Fern

O

pinnae slightly bent back; indusium entire

O

O

■ ')

Hymenophyllum wilsonii Wilson's Filmy-fern

o

o

>

f

)

>

>

)

)

}

)

indusium toothed

Sori approx, oblong or curved, never round

Fronds solitary, not in tufts

inner edge of indusium curved [a]

30-100 cm high

Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern

lowest pinna the longest

usu. under 12 cm, dull green; prinnae fan-shaped; sorus shape

Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue

frond 10-50 cm, bright green; sorus [c]

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort

lowest pinna not the longest

near the sea

Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort

fronds mostly 3 times pinnate

pinnules w. pale margin on back; v. common

Pteridiumaquilinum Bracken

frond and stalk glandular; on limestone

Gymnocarpium robertianum* Limestone Fern

frond glabrous

Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oak Fern

no indusium

Phegopteris connectilis Beech Fern

lowest pinnae bent downwards marsh plant up to 120 cm Indusium under 1 mm or absent

Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern

pinnules hardly toothed

sori form neat border round pinnules

Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern

pinnules well toothed

Scottish mts. only

Athyrium distentifolium* Alpine Lady-fern

63

)

64 Indusium attached at its centre; pinnules sharply toothed ^,0

Indusium ovate, pointed

/, y/ b

Frond x3 pinnate, oralmost so

Q> a

'

b

Delicate fern up to 40 cm

frond rigid; about 15 pinnules on longest pinna

Pofystichum aculeatum Hard Shield-fern

frond soft; up to 20 pinnules on a jinna

Polystichum seti ferum Soft Shield-fern

frond delicate, up to 40 cm

Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern

ower stalk scales w. dark stripe

Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern

ndusium w. many glands round edge [a]

lowest pinnule on lowest pinna curved

ndusium entire w'out glands [b]

Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler-fern

ndusium ovate, pointed,whitish

Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern

u Iv y

\ \

Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern

Sori in neat border round pinnules

Frond fragrant, w. many glands

indusium also glandular

Main stem v. scaly

pinnae stalks w. blackish patch at base on back

Indusium kidney-shaped U

O O

Dryopteris aemula* Hay-scented Buckler-fern

) O O O O

Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern

> ) ') o o o o

i

(.

MARSILEACEAE

Pillwort Family A creeping aquatic with fine, cylindrical leaves, which are coiled when young.

Lvs. usu.3-15cm [a]

AZOLLACEAE

spores in pill-like clusters

Pilutaria globuli fera* Pillwort

in or by acid water

Water Ferns

Small floating plants, often growing in a dense mass, rising above the surface, with hanging rootlets. Lvs. about 1 mm, overlapping [b]

often turns red in Autumn

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

in Stillwater

Azolla filiculoides* Water Fern

Adder's-tongue Family

J\

Small ferns with a single leaf up to 20 cm and a reproductive spike rising above it.

/

^ 5$ ^ c

- y r

Lf. ovate, entire [c]

in dry grassy places or rock ledges

Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder's-tongue

Lf. pinnate; Iflets fan-shaped [d]

usu. in damp grassy places

Botrychium lunaria Moonwort

65

66

CONIFERAE As well as the native species of conifers those commonly planted for forestry are included. The latter are marked t. Except for the Larches ail are evergreen. PINACEAE CUPRESSACEAE Abies Chamaecyparis Juniperus Larix Picea Thuja Pinus Pseudotsuga Tsuga

TAXACEAE Taxus

Lvs. under 5 mm, scale-like

b

c

seaside shrub; fls. small, pink, in spikes

(not a conifer)

TAMARICACEAE page 86

topmost shoot droops; lvs. parsley-scented

cone scales do not overlap [b]

Chamaecyparis lawsonianai Lawson's Cypress

lvs. pineapple-scented

cone scales overlap [c]

Thuja plicatai Western Red Cedar

Lvs. over 8 cm, in bundles of 3

Pinus radiataf Monterey Pine

Lvs. about 1 cm, in whorls of 3 [a]

shrub; fr. purple, juicy

Lvs. in bundles of 2

lvs. mostly under 10 cm

Juniperus communis Juniper

lvs. 10-20 cm

)

o

o

lvs. bluish; upper bark orange

Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine

lvs. dark green; on moors in N. & W.

Pinus contortai LodgepolePine

cone shiny, 10-15 cm; in S. only

Pinus pinasteri Maritime Pine

cone 5-10 cm

Pinus nigrai Corsican Pine

)

)

«)

o

)

Most lvs. in clusters of 20 or so on v. short stalks; deciduous

)

y

>

tips of cone scales upright [a]

lvs. bright green

Larix deciduai European Larch

tips of cone scales curl out & down

lvs. blue-green

Larix kaempferii Japanese Larch

c Lf. scars round, flat; cones erect

Lf. scars like bumps ' ^ ,l

Lvs. dark green

lvs. 4-sided, all green

cone 12-15 cm

Picea abiesi Norway Spruce

lvs. flat, keeled, stiff, dark above, pale below

cone 5-8 cm

Picea sitchensisi Sitka Spruce

If. sprays flattish

Abies grandisi Giant Fir

lvs. curved, bluish

Abies procerai Noble Fir

topmost shoot droops

)

>

Larix x marschlinsii Hybrid Larch

cone scales curl out but not down Woody If. bases remain like pegs after lvs. fall [c]

)

lvs. of various lengths; cone 2-3 cm

Tsuga heterophyllai Western Hemlock-spruce

cones w. 3-forked bracts [d] cones 5-8 cm

Pseudotsuga menziesiii Douglas Fir

seed surrounded by red fleshy cup when ripe

Taxus baccata Yew

67

68

RANUNCULACEAE

Buttercup family

Plants with a variety of form and colour. The flowers have more than 12 stamens (except Myosurus) and the fruit is often composed of a number of distinct parts. Sepals and/or petals are often in 5's.

Leaves are alternate (except Clematis), often lobed, and do not bear stipules. Similar-looking flowers (i.e. with many stamens) may belong to the Rose fam ily-on p. 110 St John's Wort family - on p. 85.

Woody climber w. creamy flowers

Ivs. opposite, pinnate, Iflets, well spaced

only 4 sepals (which look like petals)

Clematis vitalba Traveller's-joy

Ea. fl. w. 5 tubular petals & 5 spurs FIs. scarlet; Ivs. finely dissected

calcareous soil

FIs. blue/violet/purple

fls. zygomorphic w. large hood

S.W. (except for introductions)

Aconitum nape!Ius* Monk's-hood

perianth w. 6 segments

in calcareous turf

Pulsatilla vulgaris* Pasqueflower

Lvs. linear in a rosette

petals up to 5 mm, greenish yellow; fr. spike up to 7 cm

up to 12 cm tall; may look like a Plantain

Myosurus minimus Mousetail

Stamens longer than the 4 sepals; Ivs. twice or more . y * *

up to 15 cm tall; fls. in simple loose spike

mts. in N.

Thalictrum alpinum Alpine Meadow-rue

pinna,e

stamens mostly erect

Thalictrum flavum Common Meadow-rue

stamens drooping

Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue

T o o

Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine

> O O O O

o

o

o

o

o

o

')

O

O

>)

) O O

Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum Wild Radish

> —

) •)

>

fls. 18 mm or more across, white or purple

>

>

>

>

>

If. margins entire [a] on sea cliffs inS.

Matthiola incana* Hoary Stock

Ivs. toothed [b]

Hesperis matronalis Dame's-violet

upper Ivs. w. auricles [c]

Arabis glabra* Tower Mustard

no auricles to upper Ivs [d]

Cardaminopsis petraea! Northern Rock-cress

all Ivs. hairy [e]

Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress

upper Ivs. almost hairless w. auricles [c]

Arabis glabra* TowerMustard

upper Ivs. toothed clasping stem

fls. about 15 mm across

Arabis caucasica* Garden Arabis

upper Ivs. entire If]

fls. about 3 mm across

Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress

lower Ivs. deeply lobed to pinnate

pods erect, close to stem

All Ivs. linear, entire

Only 1 seed in each pod-half

>

3

Lobularia maritima Sweet AI ison

outer petals much larger than inner ones

Chilterns; fr. [g]

Iberis amara* Wild Candytuft

fls. about 3 mm across; fr. winged at top

style longer than wing tips; anthers violet; fr. [h]

Lepidium heterophyllum Smith's Pepperwort

style much shorter; anthers yellow; fr. [i]

Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort

fr[j]

Lepidium draba Hoary Cress

fls. 5-6 mm across; fr. not winged

81

82 Radical lvs. w. long stalks

upper lvs. ivy-shaped w. short stalks la]

maritime Q m

Ilf

Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass

a

radical lvs. w. cordate bases [b]

/ b /c

Cochlearia officinalis Common Scurvygrass

radical lvs. w. tapering bases [c]

in saltmarshes

Fr. flat, round, w. a notched wing

Cochlearia anglica English Scurvygrass Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress

V

n North

Fr. twisted

Draba incana* Hoary Whitlowgrass Draba muralis* Wall Whitlowgrass

Fr. straight

CRUCI FERAE

Section 4 Flowers pale lilac to purple

Fr. jointed like a string of beads [d]

petals purple-veined

Lvs. long, entire, downy

on sea cliffs in S.

Upper lvs. stalked, ivy-shaped [e]

maritime

...

Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass

9

O

O

:)

o



O

O

O

Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged-Robin

»

)

O




>

>

)

>

>

Petals pink, spotted, w. toothed edges

Sepals joined at base into a tube

>

>

>

>

>

J

>

>

>

>

fls. 8 -1 2 mm across, usu. in clusters

Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink

fls. about 18 mm, usu. in ones

Dianthus deltoides* Maiden Pink

styles 2

>

fls. pink

Saponaria officinalis Soapwort

fls. white

Silene latifolia White Campion

petals lobed about V^-way, red [a]

Silene dioica Red Campion

petals only notched, red [b]; Ivs. narrowly lanceolate

Lychnis viscaria* Sticky Catchfly

mt. plant under 1 0 cm high; fls. pink; petal [c]

Silene acaulis Moss Campion

fls. 3-4 mm across; petals narrow, entire [d]

Silene otites* Spanish Catchfly

stamens protrude well beyond corolla tube; petal [e]

Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly

fls. white; petal [f]

Silene latifolia White Campion

fls. red; petal [a]

Silene dioica Red Campion

compact mt. plant under 10 cm high

fls. usu. pink; Ivs. edged w. bristles; petal [c]

Silene acaulis Moss Campion

lip of petals lobed to Vi-way or more /X

fls. pinkish, opening at night; petal [g]

Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly

whole plant sticky/hairy; petal [e]

Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly

styles 5

petals

J* a

b/W

///

/

W

styles 0 / ^ u petals

c !W

d

/ /

/W

f)/ i

^

« p

e

f

8

P

r

>

89

>

90

4 sepals, petals & styles

petals notched

fls. mostly in ones or twos; ripe capsule teeth recurved [a + d ]

Silene uniflora Sea Campion

fls. in loose clusters; capsule teeth usu. erect

Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion

calyx w. 25-30 vei ns

Silene conica*

(fl. parts occasionally in 5's)

Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear

petals obtuse ^ Petal margins quite entire

Moenchia erecta Upright Chickweed

Ivs. ovate, succulent, up to 8 seeds in a capsule

on dunes & shingle

Honekenya peploides Sea Sandwort

styles 5

petals twice length of sepals

Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearl wort

petals about equal to sepals

Sagina subulata Heath Pearlwort

petals longer than sepals

Minuartia verna Spring Sandwort

petals shorter than sepals

Minuartia hybrida Fine-leavea Sandwort

Ivs. linear

Ivs. 3-veined, over 10 mm long

«> o

> i)

>

Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved Sandwort

)

r)

O

*)

i )

o

o

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

)

>

)

>

)

>

capsule straight-sided

>

>

»

y

>

Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados Slender Sandwort

1 capsule convex at base

Petals cleft almost to base

Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed

styles 5 petals twice as long as sepals

Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort

10 stamens

Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed

3-8 stamens

Stellaria media Common Chickweed

fls. 18 mm or more across

(petals more usu. lobed about Vi-way) v. common

Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort

fls. 12 mm or more; petals much longer than sepals

uncommon marsh plant

Stellaria palustris Marsh Stitchwort

fls. smaller; petals not much longer than sepals

common

Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort

plant 15-60 cm high; Ivs. 4 cm or more

v. common

Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort

plant up to 10 cm

mts. in Scotland

Cerastium cerastoides* Starwort Mouse-ear

lower Ivs. stalked

i

Styles 3

§

Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leavea Sandwort

91

>

92 Petals nearly twice length of calyx; fls. mostly in ones y

If. hairs long, white, dense

on mts.

Cerastium alpinum Alpine Mouse-ear

If. hairs short, white, dense

escaped garden plant

Cerastium tomentosum Snow-in-Summer

plant hairy but not densely so fls. in compact clusters; Ivs. often pale

Stamens 10 c&QQfa

Cerastium arvense Field Mouse-ear glands among hairs in upper parts

fls. in loose clusters

T Upper Ivs. w. transparent tips or edges; 5 stamens & styles

Sepals, petals, styles, stamens in 4'sor5's

PORTULACEAE

Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear

these Ivs. nearly ^transparent [a]

petals shorter than sepals

Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear

only margins of these Ivs. transparent

petals about equal to sepals; calcareous places in S.

Cerastium pumilum* Dwarf Mouse-ear

upper Ivs. green

Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear

Purslane Family Now in PO RTU LACACEAE

A small easily distinguished family whose (British) flowers have 2 sepals and 5 petals. Stamens may be 3 or 5, and stigmas 3. The leaves are opposite and untoothed.

Radical Ivs. long-stalked; onlyl pair of stem Ivs.

Lvs. in pairs, spoon-shaped

o O O

> ')

f)

stem Ivs. fused to form a cup beneath inflor.

fls. white, under 10 mm across

Claytonia perfoliata Springbeauty

stem Ivs. distinct, unstalked

fls. pink or white, 15-20 mm across; petals notched

Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane

fls. white, about3 mm across; stamens 3

low, straggling plant of wet places

Montia fontana Blinks

)

)

)

)

>

ACERACEAE

)

)

>

}

)

>

>

)

)

)

)

)

>

Maple Family

Trees or shrubs with opposite, pal mate ly-lobed leaves. The clustered flowers are vellowish-green and have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 8 stamens. The winged fruit is propeller-like

Lvs. downy below, 4-7 cm across [a]

twigs downy

milkyjuiceinlf. stalk

Acer campestre Field Maple

Lvs. almost glabrous, 5-16 cm across

lvs. often shining; If. lobes w. a few large teeth [b]

milky juice in If. stalk

Acer platanoides Norway Maple

If. lobes irregularly toothed [c]

no milky juice

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore

fr. a 'conker' [Sweet Chestnut is on p. 139]

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-Chestnut

HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Horse-chestnut Family

A large tree with opposite palmate leaves. Each inflorescence is a cluster of creamy white flowers. Lvs. w. 5-7 distinct Iflets.

fls. white, yellow-spotted

101

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102

AQUI FOLIACEAE Most Ivs. spiny

Holly Family

fls. white w. 4 petals

CELASTRACEAE

An evergreen tree or shrub. Deciduous (male & female flowers on different trees). The flowers have 4 petals and 4 stamens (male) or none (female). Only the female plants will bear berries. f r. a red berry

Hex aquifolium Holly

fr. 4-lobed, orange and pink

Euonymus europaeus Spindle

Ivs. opposite, shiny, up to 25 mm

Buxus sempervirens Box

Spindle Family

A deciduous shrub bearing greenish flowers and brightly coloured fruit.

Lvs. opposite, w. fine ^ teeth; twigs green ^

BUXACEAE

petals and stamens 4

Box Family

Male and female flowers are separate, but on the same plant. Evergreen shrub or tree, only native on chalk or limestone. FIs. greenish white, without petals

RHAMNACEAE

stamens 4 or none

•

Buckthorns

b

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with greenish flowers and fleshy (berry-like) fruit.

Jm

?

Lvs. finely toothed; petals 4; stamens 4 or none [a]

fr. turns from green to black

thorny shrub on calcareous soils

Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn

Lf. margins entire; fls. w. 5 petals lb]

fr. turns from green to red to black

not thorny; on acid soils

Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn

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FABACEAE (PAPILIONACEAE)

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Pea Family

A large family, all (in Britain) having typical Pea-type flowers [a], which may be quite obvious, or [as in many Clovers) small and packed into tight heads [b]. Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens. The leaves are usually pinnate [c] or trifoliolate [d] and may bear leaf-like stipules [e]. stipule

c

^ d leaf and leaflet arrangements

Shrubby perennials w. woody stems

Section 1 page 103

Flowers yellow to dark cream (but not white, or creamy/dirty white)

Section 2 page 104

Leaves pinnate, with 2 or more pairs of leaflets (not counting the stipules at the base)

Section 3 page 106

Other plants, including most of the clovers

Section 4 page 108

FABACEAE FIs. pink; a low shrub

Section I Shrubby plants usu. spiny; stem hairs in 2 rows

Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow

notusu. spiny; stem hairy ail round

Ononis repens Common Restharrow

103

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104 Plant spiny

Cv

tn i

if a. bract at least 2 mm wide b. bract under 1 mm wide

FIs. blue/purple Lvs. pinnate; 3-6 Iflets. each side

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spines and lvs. differ from each other

Genista anglica Petty Whin

bract at fl. base wider than stem [a]

may flower from Nov. to July

Utexeuropaeus Corse

spines stiff; standard over 12 mm; bract [b]

mostly in W. half of Br. Is.; fls. July to Nov.

Ulexgallii Western Corse

spines weak; standard under bract [b]

mostly in S.E.; fls. July to Nov.

Ulex minor Dwarf Go rse

12 mm;

by Scottish rivers

Lupinus nootkatensis* Nootka Lupin

fIs. yellow

Coiutea arborescens* Bladder-senna near coast mainly in S.

fls. yellow or white

Lvs. palmate Some lvs. trifoliotate; usu. 1 -2 m high

Lupinus arboreus* Tree Lupin Cytisus scoparius Broom

iV .

Genista tinctoria Dyer's Greenweed

All lvs. simple; plant up to 70 cm

FABACEAE Section 2 Herbs with yellow or creamy yellow flowers Most lvs. pinnate w. 3 or more pairs of Iflets. ^

f

If. stalk longer than inflor.

fls. greenish-cream

Astragalus giycyphyltos WildLiquorice

fls. in ones, pale yellow

lvs. w. tendrils

Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch

fls. in dense heads; sepals woolly

Anthyilis vulneraria Kidney Vetch

5-8 fls. in a loose head

Hippocrepis comosa Horseshoe Vetch

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Plant w. tendrils

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stipule

Lflet. margins quite entire

ripe pods brown, glabrous

Melilotus officinalis Ribbed Melilot

fls. about 5 mm; all petals equal

ripe pods black, downy

Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot

fl. head compact, ovoid w. many fls.

fls. pale yellow

Trifolium ochroleuchon Sulphur Clover

fls. 25 mm, in ones

inS.

Tetragonolobus maritimus* Dragon's-teeth

calyx teeth spreading in bud

plant usu. hairy; 4-10 fls. in a head

Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot-trefoil

fls. about 10 mm, 1-4 in a head

Lotus glaber Narrow-leaved Bi rd's-foot-trefoil

pod up to 12 mm; S.W. coasts

Lotus subbiflorus* Hairy Bird's-foot-trefoil

pod over 18 mm; 1-2 fls. in a head; S. only

Lotus angustissimus* Slender Bi rd's-foot-trefoi I

fls. about 15 mm

usu. hairless; common

Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's-foot-trefoil

stipules toothed [b] see next page

over8 fls. in a head; pod not spiny

Medicago lupulina Black Medick

Iflets. narrowly lanceolate, usu. hairless

Midrib of lflet. ends w. tiny point [b]see next page

Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling

fls. about5 mm; keel si. shorter than wings [c]

flower form

wing bent back

3

Melilotus indicus Small Melilot

fls. 2-3 mm; standard longer than wings

FIs. in long spikes

3

Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling

stipules v. broad [a]; Iflets. absent

Iflets. lanceolate; some tendrils forked [b]

standard

3

plant hairy; fls. about 8 mm, 1-4 in head

^

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106

a f I. head about 5 mm; pods spiny [a]

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Ivs. often blotched; stipules coarsely toothed

Medicago arabica Spotted Medick

Ivs. not blotched; stipule teeth v. fine

Medicago polymorpha Toothea Medick

plant downy

Medicago minima Bur Medick

fl. head up to 25 mm; pods not spiny

Medicago sativa ssp. falcata Sickle Medick

FI. head about 20 mm; pale yellow

fls. about 15 mm

Trifolium ochroleucon Sulphur Clover

FI. head creamy yellow, 10-20 mm, on Ifless stem

fls. 8-10 mm

Trifolium repens White Clover Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil

About 40 fIs. in a head

2-6 fls. in a head

standard notched at tip [c]

Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil

Usu.8-20 fls. in a head

standard not notched [d]

Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil

FABACEAE

Section 3 Herbs with pinnate leaves and white/pink/blue/purple flowers fls. 3-4 mm, up to 6 in a cluster

Lf. stalk ends w. a terminal Iflet, not a tendril or point

fls. white w. red veins

Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin

fls. pink w. darker veins, in a spike

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Ornithopus perpusillus Bird's-foot

stem & Ivs. downy

fls. violet

Astragalus danicus Purple Milk-vetch

fls. cream/green

Ivs. longer than inflor.; Iflets large

Astragalus glycyphyttos Wild Liquorice

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10-20 fls. in a spherical head

fls. pink/purple/white

Securigera varia Crown Vetch

inflor, oblong

fls. white/lilac

Galega officinalis Goafs-rue

If. stalks in end in sharp point, not a tendril

fls. red to blue

Lathyrus iinifolius Bitter Vetch

fls. 2-6 in a cluster; Ivs.w. 10-16 Iflets

fls. purple; v. common

Vicia sepium Bush Vetch

fls. in ones or twos; Ivs.w. 2-4 Iflets

standard purplish blue, wings white

Vicia bithynica* Bithynian Vetch

fls.5-15 inaduster; Ivs. w. 6-10 Iflets

fls. purple; shingle plant

Lathyrus japonicus* Sea Pea

fls. 2-0 in a cluster; Ivs. w. 4-6 Iflets

fls. pale purple; marsh plant

Lathyrus palustris * Marsh Pea

No tendril or If. at end of If. stalk

Ivs.w. 12-20 Iflets

fls. white, tinged purple; in W. & N.

Vicia orobus Wood Bitter-vetch

10-30 bluish fls. in long inflors.

usu. a hedgerow climber

Fls. whitish purple to pale yellow

fls. pale yellow, usu. in ones

fls. about 20 mm

Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch

fls. tiny up to 6 together

fl. about 4 mm

Vicia hirsuta HairyTare

Stem winged or clearly angled

Fls. 2-coloured, white & blue/ purple

)

Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch

fls. 1 or 2 together; 1-3 pairs of iflets

Vicia bithynica* Bithynian Vetch

6-8 fls. in inflor.; 6-10 pairs of Iflets

Vicia sylvatica Wood Vetch

5-15 fls. in inflor.; 3-4 pairs of Iflets

)

on shingle

Lathyrus japonicus* Sea Pea

107

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1or2 fls. together; usu.4seedsin apod

Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare

up to4 fls. together; 5-6 seeds in apod

Vicia parviflora Slender Tare

FIs. 5-8 mm, in ones

lvs. w. 1-3 pairs Iflets; pods hairless

Vida parviflora* Spring Vetch

FIs. 10-30 mm, in ones or twos

the more robust plants are usu. cultivated varieties

Vicia sativa Common Vetch

2-6 fls. in a cluster

fls. bluish purple

Vicia sepium Bush Vetch

Inflor, of 1-4 blue fls. on long stalk

FABACEAE

Section 4 Other plants

Lvs. grass-like

fls. red, in ones or twos

Lathyrus nissoiia Grass Vetch ling

Lvs. w. only 2 Iflets and a tendril; fls. pink

fls. 20-30 mm; A lvs. ovate 'y '

Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea

fls. about 16 mm Iflets linear/lanceoiate Lvs. palmate

y

^

Lathyrus sylvestris Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea

by Scottish rivers

Lupinus nootkatensis Nootka Lupin Melilotus albus White Meli lot

Fls. white, in spikes 2-5 cm long

Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Lucerne

Plant30-60cm high; inflor, loose

fls. bluish purple

Fls. white/pink, up to 6 in ahead

|>odJonger than calyx; 1-3 fls. in a

Trifolium ornithopodioides B ird's-foot Clover

pods bury themselves in the ground

Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover

Iflet

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FI. heads up to 10 mm on v. short stalks

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petals twice as long as calyx teeth

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Ivs. downy; fls. white flushed w. pink

Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover

Ivs. hairless; fls. pale purple

Trifolium glomeratum ClusteredClover

Ivs. & calyx hairy

fls. white

Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover

Ivs. & calyx hairless; fls. close to ground

fls. white; mainly S. & E. coasts

Trifolium suffocatum* Suffocated Clover

Sepals v. hairy, longer than petals

Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover

FIs. crimson

Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover

FI. heads on Ifless stalks rising from creeping runner

Ivs. usu. w. white blotches; fls. usu. whitish fls. pink; pods enclosed by calyx

FI. heads stalkless; often in If. axils

fls. white, flushed w. pink

Standard much longer than calyx

calyx white w. green points

fr. head strawberry-like

Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover

fls. pink/white; ail fl. heads axillary

Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover

fls. purple; fl. heads terminal

Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover

one pair of Ivs. v. close to fl. head

calyx usu. downy

Trifolium pratense Red Clover

calyx hairless; inflor, stalk w'out Ivs.

fls. reddish purple

Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover

J

FIs. pink, up to 7 mm

insaltmarshes

)

Trifolium repens White Clover

^ standard calyx

)

Trifolium squamosum Sea Clover

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ROSACEAE

Rose Family

A large family containing plants of very varied appearance. The flowers normally have 5 sepals ana petals and more than 10 stamens. Leaves are usually alternate, with stipules.

Other families which have many-stamened flowers are: RANUNCULACEAE p. 68 (Buttercup family) GUTTIFERAE p. 85 (St John's-worts) - but these have opposite leaves.

Trees, shrubs, or woody scramblers

Section 1 page 110

Flowers with yellow petals

Section 2 page 112

Other plants

Section 3 page 114

ROSACEAE

Section

1 Trees, shrubs and woody scramblers

FIs. appear before Ivs, in early Spring

a thorny shrub

fls. white; fr. black

Prunus spinosa Blackthorn

Evergreen shrub w. small, dark Ivs. (up to 3 cm)

upright plant; Ivs. 2-3 cm

garden escape

Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster

prostrate plant; Ivs. u p to l cm

garden escape

Cotoneaster integrifolius Small-leaved Cotoneaster

fr. soft & juicy

stem w. many tiny prickles, fr. red

Rubus idaeus Raspberry

fr. w. up to 5 segments, and whitish 'bloonv; sepals upturned

Rubus caesius Dewberry

very variable

Rubus fruticosus (agg.) Bramble

fls. cream; fr. black

Rosa pimpineftifolia Burnet Rose

Scrambling, prickly plants (Roses & Brambles)

stem densely prickly; all sepals entire

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Stigmas of Roses

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stigmas on top of one long style [a]

fls. always white; sepals w. few or small lobes [d]

Rosaarvensis Field-rose

Ivs. v. glandular beneath

prickles hooked

Rosa rubiginosa (agg.) Sweet Briar

stigmas united on a short style [b]

some sepals w. long lobes [e]

Rosastylosa Short-styled Field-rose

stigmas free [c]

Ivs. downy both sides; petals deep pink

Rosa tomentosa (agg.) Harsh Downy-rose

Ivs. hairless above; prickles well curved

Rosa canina (agg.) Dog Rose

M

Stems upright, usu. unbranched

prickles tiny & many

Rubus idaeus Raspberry

Bush w. small pink fls. in dense heads

Ivs. w'out stipules

Spirea salicifolia Bridewort

Treew. pinnate Ivs.

fls. in large clusters

Sorbus aucuparia Rowan

Lvs. lobed or doubly toothed

thorny

fls. w. 1 style

Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn

2 or 3 styles

Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn

ivs. v. white beneath; usu. over

fr. red; If. as [f]

Sorbus aria agg. Common Whitebeam

Ivs. grey beneath

fr. red; If. as [g]

Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam

fr. orange/brown; If. as [h]

Sorbus latifolia agg.* Broad-leaved Whitebeam

If. as [i]

Sorbus torminalis Wild Service-tree

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10pairs of veins

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older Ivs. green both sides

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111

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112 10-30 fls. together in loose spikes; ripefr.purpie/black

petals about 5 mm long

Prunus padus Bird Cherry

petals 15 mm or more

young Ivs. copper-coloured

anthers purple

fls. w. 5 styles

Amelanchier lamarckii* Juneberry Pyrus pyraster Wild Pear

anthers yellow

calyx & older Ivs. hairless beneath

Malus sylvestris Crab Apple

calyx & older Ivs. downy beneath Cultivated Apple FIs. 2-6 in a cluster w. If.-like scales at base of inflor.

Fls. solitary, or up to 3 in a cluster

Ivs. pale green, dull, downy beneath

usu. a tree; If. stalks have 2 red knobs (glands)

Prunus avium Wild Cherry

Ivs. dark green, shiny, often hairless beneath

usu. a shrub

Prunus cerasus Dwarf Cherry

Ivs. & twigs usu. dull, often downy fr. yellow or red

Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum

fr. w. long grooves

outer hooks on fr. spread forward [a]

Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony

fr. hardly grooved; Ivs. w. many glands beneath

outer hooks on fr. spread backward [b]

Agrimonia procera Fragrant Agrimony

Ivs. & twigs often glossy

ROSACEAE

Prunus domestica Wild Plum

Section 2 Herbs with yellow flowers

Inflor, a tall tapering spike

bp P Radical Ivs. pinnate w. larger end Iflet; fr. hooked

fls. erect; calyx green

Geum urbanum Wood Avens

fls. nodding; calyx purple

Geum rivale Water Avens

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Lvs. pinnate, often silvery beneath Jer

Potentilla anserina Silverweed

Lvs. white beneath, dark green above

Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil

FIs. mostly w. 4 petals

)

lvs. mostly stalked w. 3 Iflets

Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormenti I

lvs. mostly stalkless w. 5 Iflets

Potentilla erecta Tormentil

Erect stiff plant; fls. 20-25 mm

petals notched

Potentilla recta* Sulphur Cinquefoil

Creeping plant w. solitary fls. and stalked lvs.

petals 5, v. narrow; Iflets in 3's usu. 3-toothed

Petals longer than sepals

Fls. in compact clusters; y petals lanceolate Jy

small compact plant of highlands in N.

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Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia

most lvs. w. 5 Iflets; most fls. w. 5 petals

Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil

Iflets 3,4 or 5; petals4 or 5

Potentilla anglica TrailingTormentil

fls. 15-25 mm, often orange spotted

alpine in calcareous grassland

Potentilla crantzii* Alpine Cinquefoil

fls. 10-15 mm across

in calcareous grassland

Potentilla neumanniana Spring Cinquefoil

compact plant about 2 cm high

highlands in N.

Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia

Lvs. w. 3 Iflets and 2 stipules

Potentilla norvegica* Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil

Lower lvs. w. 5 Iflets & 2 stipules

Potentilla intermedia Russian Cinquefoil

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ROSACEAE

Section 3 Other plants

FIs. packed tightly into a long-stalked knob; Ivs. pinnate

T

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low creeping plant; Ivs. w. 3-4 prs. Iflets

fr. spiny

Acaena novae-zelandiae* Pirri-pirri-bur

4 stamens to each fl.; sepals maroon

Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet

stamens numerous; sepals green

robust specimens may be cultivated escapes

Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet

FIs. green in clusters, or sometimes single

sepals5; Iflets in 3's, usu. 3-toothed [a]

small plant of highlands in N.

Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia

%

fl. clusters small, stalkless, among Ivs. [b]

Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert

Ivs. w. long lobes, silvery beneath [c]

Alchemilla alpina Alpine Laidy's-mantle

Ivs. broad, green both sides

Alchemilla vulgaris (agg.) Lady's-mantle

0

l Petals purple

Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil

Petals orange/pink

Geum rivale Water Avens

Lvs. pinnate

Lvs. not divided into Iflets

plant60-120cm high; fls. usu. 5-petalled

Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet

plant up to 80 cm; 6 petals per fl.

Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort

petals 8; If. shape [d]

Dryas octopetala* Mountain Avens

mt. plant

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petals 5; If. shape [a]

mountain moors; fr. red to orange

Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry

Ivs. w. 3 Iflets

fr. red

Rubus saxatilis Stone Bramble

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Petals lanceolate ^

Fragariaananassa Garden Strawberry

FIs. 20-35 mm Petals lightly notched, / ^ V -^ well spaced f - 1

end tooth of Iflet much shorter than its neighbours

Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry

Petals rounded

end tooth of Iflet not shorter than its neighbours

Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry

CRASSU LACEAE

Stonecrop Family

Flowers with 3,4 or 5 sepals and petals and 0 ,3 ,8 or 10 stamens. All except Umbilicus have free petals.

\ The leaves are simple, more or less succulent, and have no stipules.

FI. parts in 3's

tiny plant of bare ground

Crassula tillaea* Mossy Stonecrop

Corolla tubular

Ivs. round, w. rounded teeth; fls. cream

Umbilicus rupestris Nave Iwort C

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116 Petals 4; stamens 0 or 8

mountain plant

Sedum rosea Roseroot

Lvs. flat, toothed; fls. pink/red

lvs. alternate

Sedum telephium Orpine

lvs. opposite ^

garden escape

Sedum spurium* Caucasian Stonecrop

Petals pink; lvs. glandular

in North only

Sedum villosum Hairy Stonecrop

Petals white

lvs. mostly opposite; ^ almost downy ^

Sedum dasyphyllum Thick-leaved Stonecrop

lvs. 3-5 mm; fls. about 12 mm

inflor, usu. w. 2 main branches

Sedum anglicum English Stonecrop

lvs. 6-12 mm; fls. 6-9 mm

inflor, w. several main branches

Sedum album White Stonecrop

Lvs. 3-5 mm, blunt; fls. yellow

Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop

Lower lvs. on fl. stem upright; fls. yellow

lvs. w. flat upper surface

dead lvs. persist on sterile shoots

Sedum forsterianum Rock Stonecrop

Lower lvs. on fl. stem spreading; fls. yellow

lvs. w. rounded upper surface

dead lvs. fall from sterile shoots

Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop

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SAXIFRAGACEAE

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Saxifrages

Flowers on the genus Saxifraga have 5 sepals and petals and 10 stamens, while those of Chrysosplenium have 4 (sometimes 5) sepals, no petals and 8 (sometimes 10) stamens. The fruit is 2-lobed. The leaves are simple, but may be lobed or toothed FIs. yellowish green w'out petals; sepals usu. 4; stamens 8

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in wet shady places

b

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stem lvs. rounded, opposite [b]

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Opp.-leaved Golden-Saxifrage

jvs alternate

Chrysosplenium alternifolium Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage

FIs. purple

Northern and mt. plant

Saxifraga oppositifolia Purple Saxifrage

FIs. yellow

on Northern mts.

Saxifraga aizoides Yellow Saxifrage

Lvs. ovate in a basal rosette ^

calyx bent right down in fl. &fr.

mt. districts; petals white; If. shape [b]

Saxifraga stellaris Starry Saxifrage

fl. stems downy; inflor, usu. compact

on Northern mts.; petals white; If. shape [a]

Saxifraga nivalis* AlpineSaxifrage

Many creeping shoots w. linear lvs.

hill districts; petals white / s /

ir

Saxifraga hypnoides Mossy baxifrage

stem lvs. Petals about 3 mm, white; lvs. 3-lobed

Petals over 10 mm; white; lower lvs. rounded

J0 Jk

on dry, sandy ground and wall tops

Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage

If shape [a]

Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage

,vs-

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PARNASSIACEAE

Crass of Parnassus

Only one species. The petals are white with green veins. There are 5 sepals, petals and fertile stamens, but many barren stamen>like glands within the flower. The radical leaves are cordate and long-stalked. Now included in SAXIFRAGACEAE Only one If. (not stalked) on each f I. stem

in wet places

GROSSULARIACEAE

Parnassia palustris Grass-of-Parnassus

Gooseberry Family

Shrubs with alternate, palmately lobed leaves,

f

The clustered greenish flowers have 5 sepals, petals and stamens, and 2 stigmas. The fruit is an edible berry.

>

»

Plant spiny

fr. green

FIs. w. stamens or stigmas but not both

fr. red

Lvs. aromatic

fr. black

Ribes nigrum Blackcurrant

Lvs. not aromatic

fr. red

Ribes rubrum (agg.) Red Currant

)

>

>

Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry on limestone

i

Ribes alpinum Mountain Currant

i

■ )

>

)

)

)

)

)

)

DROSERACEAE

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

Sundews

Insectivorous plants of wet heath and bog. The small white flowers (about 5 mm across), with 5-8 petals and sepals are produced in a spike rising from a rosette of leaves which are covered with red glands (long hairs with a sticky globule on the end).

Lvs. round, in a flat rosette

Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew

Lf. blades narrow, tapering, up to

lvs. usu. erect

Drosera anelica Great Sundew Drosera intermedia Oblong-leaved Sundew

Lf. blade oval, about 1 cm

LYTHRACEAE

Purple-loosestrife Family

Two very different plants are included in the family. The flowers usually have 6 (or no) petals and 6 or 12 stamens. The stems are often 4-angled.

y in S .; If. shape [e] on next page cuneate base ^

Epilobium lanceolatum Spear-leaved Willowherb

stem w. 2 faint ridges

usu. under 10cm; Ivs. 1-2 cm, pale green [a]

Epilobium anagallidifolium Alpine Willownerb

taller plant; Ivs. up to 4 cm, dark green [b]

Epilobium alsinifolium Chickweed Willowherb

stem w'out ridges; ^ Ivs. narrowly lanceolate y

If. shape [g] on next page

Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb

fls. white/pale pink

If. shape [e] on next page

Epilobium roseum Pale Willowherb

121

122 Stems w'out lines or ridges

Ivs. usu. opposite, narrow

If. shape [g]

Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb

Many spreading and glandular stem hairs

2 or 4 raised lines on stem

If. shape [d]

Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb

Stem w. 4 raised lines

some glandular hairs on calyx base

Ivs. dull w. small teeth; If. shape [d]

Epiloboium obscurum Short-fruited Willowherb

calyx w'out glands; Ivs. shiny, well toothed

If. shapes [f] + [g]

Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb leaf shapes

y HALORAGACEAE

g

NOTE: teeth omitted

Water-milfoils

Submerged aquatics with feathery leaves. The tiny green/yellow/red flowers are arranged in spikes usually rising above the surface. The upper flowers usually have 8 stamens, the lower ones 4 stigmas.

fl. spike

Lvs. much longer than internodes, usu. 5 to a whorl

fl. bracts pinnate, as long as fls.

fls. in whorls

Myriophyllum verticillatum Whorlea Water-milfoil

Lvs. usu. 3-4 to a whorl

upper fIs. 1 or 2 to a whorl

Ivs. w. up to 18 segments altogether

Myriophyllum alternifolium Alternate Water-milfoil

fls. usu. 4 to a whorl

all but lowest fl. bracts entire

Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water-milfoil

(

/

*

>

>

)

\

V

3

3

3 3

3

HIPPURIDACEAE

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

)

3

3

3

Mare's-tail

An aquatic plant with whorls of entire, linear leaves. The tiny greenish flowers are close to the stem. This plant should not be confused with the Horsetails on p. 57.

Lvs. 6-12 to a whorl

Hippuris vulgaris Mare's-tail

CALLITRICHACEAE

Water-starworts

Plants growing in water or on wet mud. The leaves are opposite and entire varying in shape from linear to nearly round; they may be submerged, floating or aerial, and vary in shape according to position and habitat. The minute flowers are in the leaf axils. NOTE: The species are difficult to determine without ripe fruit, so this should be searched for. a few wider lvs. at stem tips

fr. keeled, but not winged

Caliitriche hamulata Intermediate Water-starwort

lvs. all linear, all submerged

fr. w. 4 wings; in N. & W.

Caliitriche hermaphroditica Autumnal Water-starwort

Fr. lobes distinctly winged & grooved

most lvs. broad about 1 0 x 7 mm

v. common

Caliitriche stagnalis Common Water-starwort

Fr. lobed but not winged

lower lvs. often linear

Lvs. mostly or all linear, about 2 mm wide, up to 25 mm long j

Various-leave^Water-starwo rt

123

3

124

VISCACEAE

Mistletoe

A semi-parasitic woody evergreen, growing most often on deciduous trees, especially apple, poplar and lime. Lvs. oblong, in terminal pairs; fls. tiny, greenish, in small clusters

SANTALACEAE

in fl. Feb.-May

fr. a white berry

Viscum album Mistletoe

Bastard-toadflax

A low creeping plant with alternate leaves and tiny star-like flowers in loose spikes. Sepals and stamens usually 5, petals absent.

FIs. 3-4 mm, green & white, each w. 3 bracts

CORNACEAE

lvs. linear ^

in calcareous turf

Thesium humifusum* Bastard-toadflax

Dogwood Family

The flowers have sepals, petals and stamens in 4's. The leaves are untoothed and opposite.

(

FIs. about2 mm, purple, in tight cluster, surrounded by 4 white bracts

up to 20 cm tall

moors in Scotland and N. England

Cornus suecica Dwarf Cornel

Shrub, often w. dark red twigs

fls. white; berries black

in scrub, often on calcareous soil

Cornus sanguinea Dogwood

■) O

O

O

O

}

)

3

)

)

)

)

J

)

J

>

ARALIACEAE i»y An evergreen woody climber, with dark-green variably-shaped leaves. FIs. yellow/green, late in year

fr. a black berry

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)

Hedera helix Ivy

Umbellifers Carrot Family

Nearly all the plants of this family bear their flowers in a characteristic umbel. Each flower has 5 petals, 5 stamens and 2 stigmas. The calyx has either 5 small teeth or none at all. At the base of each main umbel there may be bracts, and at the base of the secondary umbels there may be bracteoles (see diagram). The leaves are normally alternate and may be repeatedly divided into pinnate lobes (see diagram) The 2 -lobed fruits are very often helpful for identification. There is a Simplified Key to common white umbellifers on page 255. The B.S.B.I. handbook Umbellifers of the British Isles contains comprehensive keys, illustrations and descriptions.

Lvs. round, attached at centre to stalk

low, creeping marsh plant; umbels minute

Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort

125

>

126 FIs. greenish-yellow

Ivs. v. succulent w. linear lobes [a]

on maritime rocks

Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire

Ivs. simple; inflor, slender

near coast

Bupleurum tenuissimum* Slender Hare's-ear

Ivs. v. finely divided lb] or [c]

aromatic; If. segments almost hair-fine [b]

Foeniculum vulgare Fennel

If. segments flattened [c]

Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage

smelling of celery; Iflets broad, shiny [a]

Apium graveolens Wild Celery

stem hollow; Ivs. usu. once pinnate [e]

Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip

stem solid; Ivs. usu. twice pinnate

PetroseUnum crispum Garden Parsley

Iflets mostly in 3's; ripe fr. black

Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders

plant v. aromatic NB: Pastinaca can cause skin reactions

l i f e

Ivs. up to 30 cm, glossy, w. broad, toothed, segments If. segments linear/lanceolate [c] Lvs. w. strong spines

fls. blue

Radical Ivs. palmatelylobed Lower aerial Ivs. once pinnate (Iflets may be deeply toothed) N.B. Ignore submerged Ivs. if plant is aquatic.

petal margins entire

Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage on maritime sands

Eryngium maritimum Sea-holly

woodland plant

Sanicula europaea Sanicle

submerged Ivs. v. finely dissected

Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort

bracteoles present

Apium noditlorum Fool's Water-cress

nobracteoles; smells of celery

Apium graveolens Wild Celery

1 >) o o o o o o o o o

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

y

y

)

y

y

) )

y

umbel of 3-6 rays of irregular length

usu. growing in water

outer petals much larger than inner ft ^

U

some Ivs. twice pinnate; no bracts

c

\SBB \

all Ivs. once pinnate; no bracts

Purple spots on stem

Fr. bristly

V

^

M

y

y

y

y

smells of parsley; bracts see [a]

Petroselinum segetum Corn Parsley

smell unpleasant; bracts see [b]

Sison amomum Stone Parsley

umbels terminal

Sium latifolium G reat Water-parsn ip

umbels [c] opposite If. or in If. axil

Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip

umbels 30 cm or more across; often 3 m high

Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed

50-200 cm high

Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed

stem tough, downy

Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet-saxifrage

stem hairless, brittle

Pimpinella major Greater Burnet-saxifrage

stem rough, upto l m

Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil

stem smooth, up to 2 m

Conium maculatum Hemlock

bracts many, divided into long segments

Daucus carota Wild Carrot

umbels almost stalkless

Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley

bracts 4-12

y

fr. w. hooked spines [d]

y

Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley

127

y

128 bracts 0 or 1

f r. rounded at top [a]; stem solid

Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge-parsley

fr. beaked [b]; stem hollow

Anthriscus caucalis Bur Parsley

a

Fr. slender, 3-7 cm long

rays 1-3; bracts 0 or 1; bracteoles about 5

Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's-needle

Outer bracteoles turned down in 3's Stem partly suffused with purple

Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley Ivs. twice trifoliate, glossy

up to 90 cm high; on northern coasts

Ligusticum scoticum Scots Lovage

^

infl. July-Sep.; up to 2 m high

Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica

Ivs. almost 3 times pinnate

infl. March-June

Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley

Ivs. fine, in whorls [c]

inN.& W .

Carum verticillatum Whorled Caraway

Ivs. twice pinnate; Iflets broad

Stem solid

JF A 'jf - T M X fruits

|

f o

)


o

o

If. as above

f)

(3

Humulustupulus Hop

>

ULMACEAE

eims

Trees whose leaves are asymmetrical at their base [a] & [b]. The flowers appear as tufts of reddish stamens in February or March, well before the leaves are out. The fruit is a winged disc up to 2 cm across. A number of minor species and hybrids also occur. Most Ivs. 4-10 cm, w. 8-14 pairs of veins

Ivs. rough above [a] Lvs. smooth above

Lvs. 8-16 cm w. 15-20 pairs of veins [b]

MYRICACEAE

Ulmus procera English Elm v. variable tree

trunk usu. divides low down

Ulmus minor Small-leaved Elm Ulmusglabra Wych Elm

Bog Myrtle

A deciduous shrup up to 2 m tall, with reddish twigs and alternate leaves which are aromatic if crushed. The male and female red-tinged catkins are usually on separate plants.

FIs. reddish, often appearing before the Ivs.

PLATANACEAE

Ivs. yellow-dotted, aromatic

moors, bogs

female

Myricagale Bog Myrtle

Plane Family

A large tree with flaky bark. The flowers & fruit are in long-stalked spherical clusters.

Lvs. alternate, lobed and/or sharply toothed

see also diag. on p. 101

137

138

BETULACEAE

Birch Family

Trees and shrubs, bearing catkins, of which the male are drooping and longer than the female. The fruiting catkins have many small 3-lobed (Betula) or 5-lobed (Alnus) scales. The leaves are alternate. Catkins in fl. before Ivs. appear, but small

bark brown; Ivs. rounded [a]

Cone-like female catkins persist for many months

bark grey, smooth; Ivs. pointed

common in wet places

Alnus glutionosa Alder Alnus incana* Grey Alder

Low shrub w. rounded Ivs. [b]

Scottish moors

Betula nana* Dwarf Birch

Trunk white above, black & fissured below

twigs smooth; Ivs. w. large & small teeth [c]

Betulapendula Silver Birch

Tru n k grey/brown

twigs downy; If. teeth mostly same size [d]

Betula pubescens Downy Birch

CORYLACEAE

Hazel Family Now in BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs, bearing catkins. In Hornbeam both male and female catkins dangle. In Hazel only the male catkins (Lamb's-tails) dangle; the female flowers look like tiny buds with 2 red styles. The leaves are toothed and alternate.

J\ Y JrT 1 !

7

*pHji )jy

J\ \ V t J t \ V ir J

f

Catkins yellow, opening before Ivs.; If. snape [e]

young Ivs. downy below; twigs w. reddish hairs

fr. a nut

Corylus avellana Hazel

Catkins greenish, opening w. Ivs.; If. shape [f]

only veins hairy below; twigs downy

fr. w. 3-lobed wing [g]

Carpinus betulus Hornbeam

fls. all alike; ripe fr. black

Ivs. ovate, toothed [a]; calcareous soil

Viburnum lantana Wayfaring-tree

b

§

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3

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)

ADOXACEAE

)

)

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Moschatel

An inconspicuous little plant with an unusual arrangement of 5 flowers on the end of a stem. The top flower has 4 petals and the others 5. The radical leaves are well lobed, often into 3's and then 3's again.

FIs. greenish, 5 in a head

VALERIANACEAE

up to 10 cm high

woods and mt. ledges

Adoxa moschateflina Moschatel

Valerian Family

Plants with clusters of small flowers, pinkish in Valeriana, pale lilac-blue in Valerianella. The funnel-shaped flowers have a 5-iobed corolla and 3 stamens (only 1 stamen in Red Valerian, and none in female flowers of Marsh Valerian). The calyx is no more than a rim beneath the corolla. The leaves are in pairs. NOTE: Ripe fruit are needed to name the species of Valerianella.

Valerianella fruit

cross-section of fruit h

Stamen 1 ; corolla w. a spur at its base [b]

fls. red, pink, or white

Centranthus ruber Red Valerian

177

)

178 Some Ivs. pinnate

fls. w. 3 stamens and a style [c] on previous page

usu. 30-120cm high

Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian

male fls. w. 3 stamens; female w. no stamens

up to 30 cm high [a] on previous page

Valeriana dioica Marsh Valerian

up to 150 cm high

Valeriana pyrenaica* Pyrenean Valerian

1 style,

Lvs. ovate or cordate, toothed

A /\ v L^J

Tip of fr. bears minute cup (calyx)

fr. w. 3 cells [e] on previous page

Valerianella rimosa* Broad-fruited Cornsalad

fr. w. 1 cell & 2 ribs [f] on previous page

Valerianella dentata Narrow-fruited Cornsalad

Fr. approx, spherical to triangular, compressed

fr. [g]; fl. [a] both on previous page

Fr. longer than wide, grooved down one side

fr. [h] on previous page

DI PSACACEAE

the commonest Valerianella [a]

Valerianella locusta Common Cornsalad Valerianella carinata* Keeled-fruited Cornsalad

Teasel and Scabious

Bluish or white flowers arranged in compact heads. Each floret, which may be 4- or 5-lobed, has 4 protruding stamens. The leaves are opposite. There are similar-looking flowers in the Campanulaceae (p. 173) but these have alternate leaves ^ and stamens that are inside the corolla. Y Stems stout, prickly; fl. heads w. spiny bracts

Corollaw.4lobes

>

)

)

)

(

f *

"I \

\

c

fls. purple; fl. head 3-8cm long

fl. head always erect [a]

Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel

fls. white; head spherical about 2 cm diameter

fl. head at first drooping [b]

Dipsacus pilosus Small Teasel

stem Ivs. deeply lobed

fl. head bracts broad, in 2 rows [c]

Knautiaarvensis Field Scabious

>

J

)

d

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

stem Ivs. hardly lobed

)

)

)

)

damp places

ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)

)

)

)

Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit Scabious

fl. head bracts narrow [d] on dry calcareous places previous page; Ivs. w. narrow lobes

Corolla 5-lobed

)

Scabiosa coiumbaria Small Scabious

Daisy Family

A very large family whose tiny flowers (florets) are typically massed into compact heads. Each floret may be tubular [oj as in the central disc of a Daisy, or may bear a flat lobe [e] as in the Daisy's outer white rays. In some species both types of floret are present (e.g. Daisy), in others there may be only the flat-lobed type (e.g. Dandelion), or only the tubular ones (e.g. Thistles). In a few species the florets may be small in number or loosely arranged. The 5 stamens are all joined together to form a sleeve round the style and are not very obvious. The style is often longer than the corolla tube and has 2 stigmas. Beneath each head of florets there are often sepal-like bracts. The fruit is one-seeded and may bear a pappus [f and g]. There are similar flowers (blue or white ones) in two other families: Teasels and Scabious have 4 separate and protruding stamens to each floret (page 178) Sheep's-bit and Rampion (page 173).

d pappus

U all florets flat

ray floret

floret with flat lobe

tubular floret

feathery pappus i/t

disc floret inner bracts

space between florets receptacle

Daisy type

scales between florets

- outer bracts Ragwort

outer bracts

Dandelion

a

beak

inner bracts

b

c

fruits

f

Each fl. head like a daisy, w. yellow centre and white rays [a]

Section 1 page 181

Each fl. head w. compact daisy-like centre and yellow rays [b]

Section 2 page 182

g

179

)

180 FIs. entirely yellow/orange; all florets flat like those of dandelion [c] on previous page See also the Simplified Key on page 260

Section 3 page 185

Lvs. prickly, like a thistle; fls. usually purple

Section 4 page 189

FIs. in small greenish, green/brown, green/yellow, or yellowish clusters; no ray florets; fl. heads up to about

Section 5 page 190

Other plants

Section 6 page 192

6 mm diameter

ASTERACEAE Section 1 Flowers like Daisy

List of genera (Some genera may appear in more than one section) 2

3

4

5

6

Ragwort

Dandelion

Thistle

Groundsel

Others

Arnoseris Crepis Hieracium Hypochaeris Lactuca Lapsana Leontodon Mycelis Picris Pilosella Sonchus Taraxacum Tragopogon Tussilago

Carduus Carlina Centaurea Cirsium Onopordum Silybum

Artemisia Filago Gnaphalium Matricaria Senecio Seriphidium Tanacetum Xanthi um

Achillea Anaphalis Antennaria Arctium Aster Bidens Centaurea Cichorium Cirsium Conyza Erigeron Eupatorium Inula Matricaria Petasites Saussurea Senecio Serratula Tanacetum Tragopogon

185 (simplified key on p. 260)

189

190

192

Chrysanthemum Achillea Doronicum Antennaria Inula Anthem is Pulicaria Beilis Chamaemelum Senecio Chrysanthemum Solidago Conyza Tephroseris Erigeron Tussilago Galinsoga Leucantnemum Matricaria Tri pleu rosper m um

Page 181

182

O O O O l ) O

Inula helenium Elecampane Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold

dry calcareous places If. andfI. head [a]

Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard Senecio vulgaris Groundsel

greyish-yellow/green plant usu. over 30 cm fl. head [c]

Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel

smaller plant

Senecio vulgaris var. radiata Rayed Groundsel

outer fl. head bracts nearly Vi length of inner [d]

v. sticky, glandular and foetid

Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel

marsh plant w. large lobe at If. end [e]

fl. heads2.5-3 cm across; ray florets 3-toothed

Senecio aquaticus Marsh Ragwort

ray florets 3-toothed; fl. hds. 15-25 mm across

outer fl. hd. bracts about Vi as long as inner; If. [f]

Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort

outer f I. hd. bracts less than Vi as longas inner

Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort

lvs. hairless, variously lobed

Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort

ray florets notched or nearly entire fife

)

fl. heads1.5-3cm; lvs oblong, wrinkled clasping stem

no ray florets at all [b]

¥ Id

)

Doronicum pardalianches Leopard's-bane

fl. head bracts w. black tips, outer onesv. short

I

)

fl. heads 4-6 cm across; upper lvs. ovate; clasping stem

lvs. bluish, green, lobed, rather fleshy Ray florets none or few or under 5 mm

>

i

183

>

184 FI. head bracts in one row, all equal [a] FI. head bracts in 2 rows, outer smaller than inner

Ivs. long & pointed w. small teeth [b]

in calcareous grassland

Tephroseris integrifolia Field Fleawort

in wet places

Senecio fluviatilis* Broad-leaved Ragwort

usu. some Ivs. lobed [c]

Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort

Ray florets spreading [d]

Solidago virgaurea Golden rod

Ray florets short, almost erect [e]

in wet places

Pulicaria vulgaris* Small Fleabane

e

Tephroseris integrifolia

y

Senecio fluviatilis

Seneciosqualidus

o o o o o o (

Solidago virgaurea

Pulicaria vulgaris

»

o

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

ASTERACEAE sections Flower heads entirely yellow/orange. All florets flat like a Dandelion Hawkweeds (Hieracium) and Dandelions (Taraxacum) produce seed without the need for pollination, and so give rise to a very large number of microspecies, which cannot be considered here. ^ See also the Simplified Key and drawings on page 260.

ull>l 11,1,11

’ ^

floretscale between florets

fr. w. pappus

inner bracts — outer bracts

Stems unbranched w. many scales but notruelvs.

fls. appear before Ivs.

Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot Pilosella aurantiacum Fox-and-Cubs

FIs. orange/brown All Ivs. grasslike

fl. hd. bracts longer than florets

Tragopogon pratensis Goat's-beara

Lvs. usu. w. obvious spots

Ivs. pimply & bristly

Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue

pappus feathery; scales between florets [a]

Hypochaeris maculata* Spotted Car's-ear

pappus simple; no scales among florets [b]

(includes many micro-species)

Hieracium spp. Hawkweed

185

3

186 Fi. head solitary on unbranched stem

stem hollow throughout w. milky juice

stem swollen & hollow just below fl. head

Ivs. simple w. long hairs [a]

Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed

Ivs. mostly toothed (includes many micro-species)

Taraxacum spp. Dandelion

fl. head 7-11 mm across; no pappus on fr. fl. hd. [b]

Arnoseris minima* Lamb's Succory

fl. hd. 25-40 mm across; fr. w. pappus [c,d]

Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed

Ivs. whitish beneath w. lone hairs [a] small bracts on stem

J T J

)

> O

O

()

o

stem stout, rough, hairy; fl. hd. 25-40 mm across [c, d]

Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit

scales between florets [e]; Ivs. hairy

Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear (stunted)

scales between florets; inner & Hypochaeris giabra outer fr. differ [f]; Ivs almost hairless Smooth Cat's-ear

r

Ivs. w. deep & narrow lobes fr. Ig]

Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit

fl. hd. 1 2 -2 0 mm; outer florets w'out pappus [hj

outer petals grey/violet beneath

Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit

fl. hd. 25-40 mm across

outer petals orange beneath [c] ; fr [d]

Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit

o

o

>

Stems v. bristly

Stem Ifless but bearing tiny bracts

V Ilf w

ft

F *

f

fl. hd. w. 3-5 broad outer bracts [a]

Ivs. w. pimples; fr. w. long beak

outer fl. hd. bracts narrow, spreading [b]

fr. not

Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue

narrow scales between florets; fr. w. pappus [c]

Ivs. usu. hairy

Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear

Ivs. almost hairless; petals hardly longer than bracts

Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear

no pappus on fr.

stem swollen in upper part [e]

Arnoseris minima* Lamb's Succory

Ivs. usu. deeply & narrowly lobed

fr. w. pappus [d]

Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit

*

/

Jjjjfac*

Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue

No pappus on fr.

usu. tall, slender, well branched

Lapsana communis Nipplewort

Usu. only 5 ray florets per head

stem w. milky juice; fr. hardly beaked

Mycelis muralis Wall Lettuce

Stems w. copious milky juice

upper Ivs. linear, w'out spines [g]

Lactuca saligna* Least Lettuce

Ivs. ovate, margins enti re w'out spines

Lactuca sativa Garden Lettuce

stem bracts w. pointed auricles [h]; fr. ribbed [f]

Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce

stem bracts rounded, appressed [i]; fr. almost smooth

Lactuca virosa Great Lettuce

187

188

Pappus pale brownish (not white)

f

fl. hd. 4-5 cm diameter

buds hairy, w. sticky yellow glands [a]; If. base [b]

Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle

stem Ivs. w. rounded but toothed auricles [c]

Ivs. shiny

Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle

stem Ivs. w. pointed auricles [d]

Ivs. dark green, dull

Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle

fl. hd. bracts in 1 row w. a few small outer ones [e]

fls. orange/yellow

Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard

fl. hd. bracts in 2 or more rows [f]

(includes many micro-species)

Hieracium spp. Hawkweed

fr. w. long beak [g]; stem purplish below

outer fl. hd. bracts spreading; fls. May-July

Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk's-beard

Ivs. hardly toothed [i]

northern hills

Crepis mollis* Northern Hawk's-beard

inner fl. hd. bracts downy inside

robust, hairy plant

Crepis biennis Rough Hawk's-beard

lower Ivs, w. well-spaced teeth; upper Ivs. linear; fr. [h]

usu. a slender plant; common; fls. June-Sep.

Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's-beard

most Ivs. lanceolate toothed, w. long auricles

wet places in N. & Midlands

Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard

V

Pappus white

>

11

m

T

T h W 1

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{

O

O

O

)

o

o

o

o

ASTERACEAE

Section 4 Thistle-like plants, normally with purple flowers

Lvs. w. conspicuous white veins

40-120 cm high

Ring of straw-coloured bracts below fls.

10-60 cm high

Fl. heads usu. solitary or well j separated Jr

fl.hd.at ground level

1 J 1r a

J| F r b

Silybum marianum Milk Thistle calcareous grassland & dunes

Carlina vulgaris Carline Thistle Cirsium acaute Dwarf Thistle

stem lvs. deeply lobed and spiny

fl. hd. 3-5 cm diameter, often drooping

Carduus nutans Musk Thistle

lvs. glabrous above, downy beneath; stem grooved

hardly spiny at all; N. of the Thames only [a]

Cirsium heterophyilum Melancholy Thistle

lvs. hairy, green above, white beneath [b]

plant not very spiny

Cirsium dissectum Meadow Thistle Carduus nutans Musk Thistle

Fl. heads drooping; 3-5 cm diameter The species following are normally branched but poor specimens may have only one head of flowers.

^

Fl. hd. w. spreading spines, 2-2.5 cm long

all lvs. narrow or w. narrow lobes y

Lvs. woolly on both sides

stem w. continuous spiny wings

Pappus hairs feathery (each hair is again long-haired)

[Examine with a lens when dry]

upper lvs. usu. have a few teeth; fls. purplish pink

Centaurea calcitrapa* Red Star-thistle Onopordum acanthium Cotton Thistle

fl. hd. v. large, woolly beneath [e]; calcaeroussoil

Cirsium eriophorum Woolly Thistle

fI. hds. 3-5 cm diameter [c] up to 3 in a cluster

Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle

fl. hds. smaller [d] in more crowded clusters

Cirsium palustre Marsh Tnistle

189

190 fls. pale purple, fragrant as [d] on previous page

Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle

FI. hds. cylindrical w. lanceolate bracts

usu. pale purple or pinkish

Carduus tenuittorus Slender Thistle

FI. hds. oval/spherical w. linear bracts

fls. dark purple

Carduus crispus Welted Thistle

ASTERACEAE

Section 5 Flowers in small green/brown or green/yellow clusters without ray florets

Flower heads up to about 6 mm in diameter. For similar flowers with larger heads or a loose inflorescence see Section 6 p. 192. Some species appear in both sections. Plant w. long 3-forked spines

hds. in fr. about 10 mm

Xanthium spinosum Spiny Cocklebur

FI. hds. yellow w. a few small rays

lvs. grey-green

Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel

Lvs. many-lobed, mostly aromatic

fl. hd. conical, hollow; like a Mayweed w'out rays [a]

5-30cm high; lvs. pineapplescented If. at [a]

Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed

usu. under45cm high; fl.hd. cylindrical, yellow [b]

If. at [b]

Senecio vulgaris Groundsel

lvs. dark green above, whitish below; 60-120 cm high

in fl. July-Sep. inflor. & If. at [c]

Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort

in fl. Oct.-Nov., S.E. England

Artemisia verlotiorum Chinese Mugwort

#

a ^

,

a

w

o o o o O O O O O O O ') O O O O o o

end If. segments 2-3 mm wide

Artemisia absinthium Wormwood

end If. segments about 1 mm wide; maritime

Seriphidium maritimum Sea Wormwood

Ivs. pinnate, sharply toothed [a]

aromatic

Tanacetum vulgare Tansy

terminal clusters w. only 1 -2 overtopping Ivs.

fl. bracts red-tipped

Filago lutescens* Red-tipped Cudweed

fl. hds. within each cluster flat-topped [b]

common [b]

Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed

Ivs. silky both sides; aromatic; f Is. yellowish

a Terminal fl. clusters overtopped bylvs. .

fl. hds. within each cluster ovoid Stems unbranched

plant up to about 12 cm

Filago pyramidata* Broad-leaved Cudweed Scottish mts. only

plant erect, 8-60 cm FI. hds. in clusters near ends of branches

Gnaphalium supinum Dwarf Cudweed Gnaphalium sylvaticum Heath Cudweed

fl. hds. up to 6 in a cluster

Filago minima Small Cudweed

fl. hds. usu. 10 or more in a cluster [c]

Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed

191

192

ASTERACEAE

Section 6 Various types of flower head, including many purplish ones without prickly leaves, yellowish ones without ray florets, and a few others

FIs. bright blue

fl. hds. terminal

Ivs. linear/lanceolate, y lower ones w. narrow lobes y

Centaurea cyanus* Cornflower

lower Ivs. w. broad terminal lobe; fls. lilac/blue

Cicerbita macrophylla* Common Blue Sow-thistle

fl. hds. at intervals up the stem FIs. creamy or white

M

Xi

* b

a

Ivs. finely divided, aromatic

inflor, at first sight like an umbel; occasionally pink

Achillea millefolium Yarrow

Ivs. linear/lanceloate toothed y

ray florets broad, toothed [a]

Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort

im d. *r x&s*

I

Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane

inflor, long, loose [b] small plant w. rosette of Ivs.

W IM f T .

Cichorium intybus Chicory

FI. stem stout, hollow, w. lanceolate scales

Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting

fl. hds. in an umbel [c]

in fl. Dec.-March, almond-scented id]

Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope

bractsonfl.steminrolled

Petasites albus White Butterbur

stem bracts large, If.-like, overlapping

garden escape

Petasites japonicus* Giant Butterbur

inflor, a mass of small clusters

fls. usu. appear before Ivs., in Spring

Petasites hybridus Butterbur

In fl. Dec.-March, almond* scented [d]

O

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Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope

o

o

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O

■ ')

o

o

o

o

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Lvs. sheathing, grass-like; fls. purple

Tragopogon porrifolius* Salsify lvs. simple, entire, woolly beneath, 6-1 Ocm

inflor, terminal, 6 - 1 0 cm high

Anaphatis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting

lvs. finely divided, green pineapple-scenteaia]

5-30 cm high

Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed

lvs. pinnate, sharply toothed, v. aromatic [b]

30-100 cm high

Tanacetum vulgare Tansy

lower lvs. 3-lobed & toothed tc]

in wet places

Bidens tripartita Trifid Bur-marigold

lvs. lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, toothed ^ ^

inflor, in spikes of tiny yellow clusters

Sotidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod

fl. hds. 15-25 mm across; in wet places

Bidens cernua Nodding Bur-marigold

fl.hds. up to 12 mm across [d]; in dry places

Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard

in saltmarshes

Aster tripolium (rayless form) Sea Aster

lvs. succ. linear-lanceolate hairless [e]

Senecio vulgaris Groundsel

fl. hds. 4-5 mm diameter [f]

Stem lvs. entire, linear-lanceolate

' fls. purplish [g]

insaltmarshes If. [e]

Aster tripolium Sea Aster

small plant w. lvs. woolly beneath

fls. white/pink; fl. hds. in an umbel [il

Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting

lvs. hairy up to 7.5 cm; ray fl. pale purple

[hi

Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane

193

194 FI. hds. purple, surrounded by stiff hooks

FI. hds. grouped in large clusters [d, e] on next page

fl. hd. stalks usu. over4cm; If. stalks solid

fr. hd. usu. over 35 mm across

Arctium lappa Greater Burdock

fl. hd. stalks usu. under4cm; If. stalks hollow

fr. hd. 15-35 mm across

Arctium minus Lesser Burdock

fls. pale to dark reddish mauve

usu. 50-120 cm high, in moist places

Eupatorium cannabium Hemp-agrimony

[f] on next page

Serratula tinctoria Saw-wort

fl. hds. usu. solitary

N. of the Thames only [a]

Cirsium heterophyllum Melancholy Thistle

fl. hds. in a small cluster

mts. in the N.

Saussurea alpina Alpine Saw-wort

Lvs. pinnate, sharply saw-toothed Lvs. lanceolate, woolly beneath

Petals rise from a hard globular knob

b

upper lvs. lobed

Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed

fl. hd. bracts edged w. long fine teeth [b]

Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed

fl. hd. bracts w. short blunt teeth [c]

Centaurea jacea* Brown Knapweed

stemw. milky juice; Ivs.w. only 1 pair of lobes

Cicerbita macrophylla* Common Blue Sow-thistle

c

fl. hd. bracts FI. hds. lilac/blue, about 3 cm diameter

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ALISMATACEAE

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Water-plantain Family

Aquatic or waterside plants with flowers having 3 sepals and petals. There are 6 stamens (except in Arrowhead which may have many or none).

Aerial Ivs. 3-lobed, arrow-shaped

male fls. w. 9 or more stamens, female fIs. w. none

Floating Ivs. elliptical; plant up to about 50 cm

If. base cordate; fls. in whorls

fls. usu. solitary

submerged Ivs. linear f

Sagittaria sagittifoiia Arrowhead Damasonium alisma* Starfruit

Luronium natans* Floating Water-plantain

195

196 FIs. In an umbel; up to 20 cm high 2 0-100

cm high

Ivs. narrowly ^ lanceolate ^ .

jj

b

BUTOMACEAE

Baldellia ranunculoides Lesser Water-plantain

If-tapers gradually to base

style inserted near top of fr. [a]

Alisma lanceolatum Narrow-leaved Water-plantain

If. base almost cordate

style inserted about Vi-way down fr. [b]

Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain

Flowering-rush

A tall aquatic or waterside plant whose flowers have 3 sepals and petals and 6-9 stamens. The leaves are all radical, linear, and 3 - a n g le d .^ ^ FIs. 25-30 mm, pink, in an umbel [c]

up to 150 cm high

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush

Frogbit Family

Aquatic plants whose flowers have 3 sepals and petals. Male ana female flowers are on separate plants, the females solitiary, the males 1 to 3 together, with 9 to 12 stamens. Both sexes may also bear staminodes (like stamens without anthers).

Lvs. stiff, toothed, in a rosette [e]

fls. 3-4 cm across; petals white w. spot

Lvs. in whorls of 3 [g] Lvs. broad, floating [f]

in calcareous districts

Stratiotes abides* Water-soldier

rarely flowers

Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed

fls. about 2 cm across, white [d]

- j| |

O

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O

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Frogbit

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JUNCACINACEAE

)

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Arrowgrasses

The small greenish flowers are in narrow spikes, the flower parts being arranged in 3's or 6 's. These are marsh plants with linear leaves. The similar looking plantains have 4 long-stalked stamens to each flower (see page 172).

Fr. cylindrical/tapering

in saltmarshes

Triglochin maritimum SeaArrowgrass

in freshwater marshes

Triglochin palustre Marsh Arrowgrass

197

>

198

ZOSTERACEAE

Eelgrasses

The only British flowering plants that grow in the sea, below high-tide level. The grass-like leaves are rooted in the sea bed in muddy places. The flowers have either 1 stamen or 2 stigmas and are to be found in flat clusters fairly low down on the stems

Lvs. 20-50 cm long, 5-10 mm wide [a]

fl. stem usu. branches

grows below low-tide level

Zostera marina* Eelgrass

Lvs. 15-30cm long, about2 mm wide

older Ivs. w. notched tip

exposed at low tide

Zostera angustifolia* Narrow-leaved Eelgrass

Lvs. mostly under 12 cm long under 1 mm wide

older Ivs. w. notched tip

exposed at low tide

Zostera noltei* Dwarf Eelgrass

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Pondweeds

Aquatic plants of fresh and brackish water. The inflorescence is a spike of small greenish flowers, often rising above the surface. The flower parts are all in 4's. The leaves are very variable, depending greatly on the depth, speed and composition of the water, and usually have stipules at their base. This variability, together with frequent hybridization, make this a difficult genus. Because flowers and fruit are often absent this key relies almost entirely on leaf characters. NOTE: Barren plants of the genera Ruppia (see page 201) and Zannichellia (page 202) are similar to the narrow leaved Potamogetons.

inflor, becomes an umbel in fr.

only in coastal brackish pools

If. sheath w. whitish edges [b]

O O «) } o O O ') O

Ivs. dark green, mostly up to 2 mm wide

'">

RUPPIACEAE p. 201 Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed

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3

3

Ivs. yellowish green, thread-like up to 1 mm wide

fr. whorls well spaced; in N.

Potamogeton filiformis* Slender-leaved Pondweed

Lvs. in pairs, lanceolate up to 25 mm long [a]

Croenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed

Older Ivs. frilly, toothed [b]

Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweea

Floating Ivs. ovate w. long stalk

submerged Ivs. 1-3 mm wide floatinglvs. [c] submerged Ivs. narrowly lanceolate

Potamogeton natans Broadleaved Pondweed submerged Ivs. net-veined [el; only in S.

Potamogeton nodosus* Loddon Pondweed

submerged Ivs. stalkless, wavy [f]

zrammeus* Various-leaved Pondweed

all Ivs. long-stalked, submerged ones narrower than floating [c]

Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed

stalks often longer than Ivs. [c]

in boggy places or acid water

Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed

stalks shorter than Ivs [d]

in calcareous water

Potamogeton coloratus Fen Pondweed

199

200 Lvs. broad, blunt, clasping the stem [e]

lvs. 2 -6 cm long, oval [e]

Lvs. 10 mm or more wide

stipules 2 -keeled [d]

a

Lvs. 3-12 mm wide, wavy, sessile, w. 7-11 veins

Stems much flattened Lvs. thread-like, usu. 1-veined [h]

If. stalks, v. short; no floating lvs. [c]

lvs. reddish w. tapered base [a] lvs. green, stalkless, w. rounded base [b]

Lvs. linear, 2-4 mm wide, w. S 5 main veins /

Potamogeton perfoliatus Perfoliate Pondweed Potamogeton lucens Shining Pondweed Potamogeton alpinus Red Pondweed no floating lvs.

Potamogetonpraelongus Long-stalked Pondweed

sometimes w. wider ovate floating lvs.

Potamogeton gramineus* Various-leaved Pondweed

stem flattened, keeled; stipules blunt [f]

Potamogeton compressus* Grass-wrack Pondweed

stipules acute [g]

Potamogeton friesii Flat-staiked Pondweed

usu. in calcareous water

If.

Potamogeton acutifolius* Sharp-leaved Pondweed

Ivs. up to 1 mm wide and 4 cm long [h]

Potamogeton trichoides* Hairlike Pondweed

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Lvs. 0.5-4 mm wide; usu. 1 or 3 veins

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stipules 12-30 mm long, open to base [a]

If. tip rounded w. tiny point

Potamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved Pondweed

young stipules tubular at base [b]

midrib of older lvs. not bordered w. pale band

Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed

stipules 3-10 mm long, open to base

lvs. up to 2 mm wide

Potamogeton berchtoldii Small Pondweed

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>

b f

!

Lvs. 3-veined, under 0.5 mm wide

RUPPIACEAE

young stipules tubular at base [b]

Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed

Tasselweed

Submerged aauatics of brackish coastal water. The very slender leaves (about 0.5 mm wide) have a sheath at their base [c]. The minute flowers are in an umbel, the stalk of which lengthens considerably in fruit [d]. The slender-leaved Pondweeds (p. 201) and Horned Pondweed (p. 202) are similar in leaf but have very different inflorescences.

Fruiting umbel attached to a spirally twisted stalk 8 cm or more long

Ruppia cirrhosa* Spiral Tasselweed

Fruiting umbel attached to a stalk up to c. 6 cm long; If. apex acute

Ruppia maritima Bealced Tasselweed

201

>

202

ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Horned Pondweed

A fine-leaved submerged aquatic, with stipules at the leaf bases. The flowers are minute, in clusters in the leaf axils. The slender-leaved Pondweeds (p. 201) and Tasselweed (p. 201) are similar in leaf but have very different inflorescences.

' Lvs. usu. opposite, 0.5-2 mm wide; fr. like minute cucumbers in clusters of 2-6

LILACEAE

f

Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed

Lily Family

Flowers and inflorescences of varied form and colour. The perianth of 6 segments may be petal- or sepal-like, with the segments free or united. There are 6 stamens, except in the male flowers of Butcher's-broom, which have 3. Some of the Alliums have tiny bulbs (bulbils) instead of or mixed with the flowers.

//y

jj[ b AM

f

I

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C

Dark spiny-lv'd shrub

fls. finy, either male or female; fr. a red berry

fls. in early Spring / h i /M

Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom

Plantw. onion smell; fls. in ahead, often mixed w. tiny bulbils

fls. white

Ivs. Iinear keeled [a] inflor, [b]

Allium triquetrum* Three-cornered Leek

Ivs. lanceolate [d] inflor, [c]

Allium ursinum Ramsons

common

Allium vineale Wild Onion

inflor, w. tiny bubils but no fls. [e]

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inflor, w. bracts much longer than thefl.hd. stamens protrude; fls. usu. mixed w. bubils [a]

)

common

3

Allium vineale Wild Onion

Ivs. hollow; fls. purplish

Allium schoenoprasum* Chives

Ivs. flat [b]; fls. purplish

Allium scorodoprasum* Sand Leek

Well-branched; Ivs. / small, soft, linear ^

fl. greenish

fr. a red berry

Asparagus officinalis Wild Asparagus

FIs. yellowish to greenish-white; Ivs. radical, linear

fls. long-stalked, in an umbel

only 1 radical If. 15-40 cm long

Gagea lutea* Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem

stigma 3-lobed

radical Ivs. in tuft, up to 4 cm [cl; hills in N.

Tofieldia pusilla* Scottish Asphodel

stigma single; stamens hairy

in wet acid places

Narthecium ossifragum Bog Asphodel

FIs. 2.5 cm or more across, purplish

3

Allium oleraceum* Field Garlic

b

i

3

no Ivs. at fl. time (Aug.-Oct.)

Colchicum autumnale* Meadow Saffron

petals bent back; stamens protrude

Lilium martagon* Martagon Lily

one fl. to a stem

Fritillaria meleagris* Fritillary

203

3

204 FIs. blue to purplish; Ivs. linear

/ fj f c

¥

Lvs. all or nearly all radical; fls. whitish ^

fls. purplish, July to Sep.

mostly along S.W. coasts, in short grass

Scilla autumnalis* Autumn Squill

fls. deep blue, egg-shaped, in dense head

mostly in E. Anglia and Oxon.

Muscari neglectum * Grape-hyacinth

fl. stem20-50cm; fls. drooping

widespread

Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell

under 15 cm high [a]

W. & N. coasts in fl. April-June

Scilla verna Spring Squill

fls. bell-like, drooping in one­ sided spike

Ivs. lanceolate; y f in woods

Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley

fis. tiny w. 3-lobed bracts fls. & Ivs. [b]

hills in the N.

Tofieldia pusilla* Scottish Asphodel

grassy places

Ornithogalum angustifolium* Star-of-Bethlehem

7\ petals green-striped, 15-20 mm \ long [c]

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Polygonatum odoratum* Angular Solomon's-seal Poiygonatum multiflorum Solomon's-seal

TRILLIACEAE

Herb-Paris now included in LILIACEAE

A plant with one flower on an upright stem. There are 4 sepals and petals, both green, and 8 stamens.

Lvs. in a whorl of 4 just below fl.

fr. a black berry

in woods on calcareous soil

Paris quadrifolia* Herb-Paris

205

)

>

206

J U N CACEAE

Rushes and Woodrushes

The 3 sepals and 3 petals of Rush flowers are normally indistinguishable from each other and are all called perianth segments (per. seg.) see also page 6 . There are almost always 6 stamens and 3 stigmas to each flower. The fruit is a capsule, containing either 3 or many seeds. Leaves are linear and may be flat, channelled or tubular.

o M

y W

f(W |p

lower

Lvs. flat, grasslike, edged with fine hairs, never tubular; capsule contains 3 seeds

Section 1 (Luzula) p. 000

Lvs. tubular or channelled, round or elliptical in section, hairless; capsule contains many seeds

Section 2 (Juncus) p. 000

JUNCAEAE

Section

1

FIs. in ones (each on a stalk)

Luzula

Woodrushes

inflor. & fr. erect or one-sided

Luzula forsteri Southern Woodrush

inflor. &fr. spreading and/or

Luzula pilosa Hairy Woodrush

Plant30-80cm high; lvs. over 6 mm wide

i

)

fruit

Luzula sylvatica Great Woodrush

Inflor, a short drooping spike

in N. & mts.

Anthers at least twice as long as filaments [a]

up to about 15 cm high

Anthers about equal to filaments

20-40 cm high

)

■ )

)

Luzula spicata Spiked Woodrush ^ I— — —

a

stamen

b

stamen

Luzula campestris Field Woodrush Luzula multiflora Heath Woodrush

y

>> )>>>>> JUNCACEAE

Section

Lvs. & stems all alike; inflor, at sideofsitem

2

Juncus

> > )> )> > 333

(Rushes)

lvs. hollow w. many cross-joints

(pull If. between fingers to feel joints) [f]

stems v. fine, up to 30 cm; inflor. Vi-way down

“W

Juncus filiformis* Thread Rush

u p to l m; fr. hardly longer than per. seg. [a]

Juncus maritimus Sea Rush

up to 1.5 m; ripefr. much longer than per. seg. [b]

Juncus acutus* Sharp Rush

stem below inflor, smooth, glossy [c]

Juncus effusus Soft Rush

inflor, compact; stem w. about 40 fine ridges [d]

Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush

inflor, loose; stem w. under 20 ridges [e]

Juncus inflexus Hard Rush

creeping plant

in N.

Juncus balticus* Baltic Rush

usu. over40cm high; lvs. w. cross­ joints (pull If. between fingers)

per. seg. obtuse, pale to mid brown H r. [f]

Juncus subnoduiosus Blunt-flowered Rush

per. seg. finely pointed, mid brown; fr. w. long tapered point [g]

Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush

per. seg. dark brown, acute; fr. abruptly tapered [h]

Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush

stiff maritime plant w. spinetipped stems

tufted plant

Lvs. hollow like a flattened tube

Juncus subnoduiosus Blunt-flowered Rush

X ill V y^7 IIP N ig i

K ,

f

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h

207

208

Lvs. all radical or almost so

each stem w. only one cluster of fls.

northern hills [b]

Juncus triglumis Three-flowered Rush

plant w. few to many fl. clusters; If. joints faint

inflor, often contains small plantlets [a]

Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush

bracts much longer than inflor

[c]

Juncus tenuis Slender Rush

bracts shorter than inflor

[d]

Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush

[e]

Juncus bufonius Toad Rush

[c]

Juncus tenuis Slender Rush

fl. stems well branched to down

Per. seg. pale green/buff

way

Ify. bracts much longer than inflor.

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Bracts v. much longer than compact inflor, [f] on previous page

10-30 cm high

Scottish highlands

Juncus trifidus Three-leaved Rush

Per. seg. dark brown; bracts shorter than inflor, [g] on previous page

fr. hardly longer than per. seg.

saltmarshes

Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh Rush

Per. seg. light brown; bract longer than inflor, [h] on previous page

fr. clearly longer than per. seg. nJpJ ' / 1

mostly in calcareous meadows

Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush

AMARYLLIDACEAE

)

)

Daffodil Family now included in LILIACEAE

The flower parts are in 6 's or 2 sets of 3. The flower buds are enclosed in a sheath. The long, narrow leaves spring from the plant base.

Narcissus pseudonarcissus Wild Daffodil

FIs. yellow FIs. white

onlyl fl. to a stem

fls. Feb.-April

Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop

fls. 2 or more to a cluster

fls. April-May

Leucojum aestivum* Summer Snowflake

209

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210

IRIDACEAE

Iris Family

Flowers with 6 perianth segments, sometimes arranged in 2 sets of 3. There are 3 stamens, and 3 styles which may be large enough to resemble petals The leaves are long and narrow.

Petals orange, all similar

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora* Montbretia

Petals blue, all similar [a]

stamens fused to style

Sisyrhinchium bermudiana* Blue-eyed-grass

Petals yellow, in 2 sets of 3

styles (w. stigmas) resemble petals

Irispseudacorus Yellow Iris

Petals purple in 2 sets of 3

styles (w. stigmas) resemble petals

iris foetidissima Stinking Iris

DIOSCOREACEAE

Black Bryony

A climbing, twining plant with heart-shaped leaves. Each flower has 6 perianth segments containing either 6 stamens or 3 stigmas. Male and female flowers are on separate plants.

FIs. greenish yellow4-5 mm across [b]

>

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fr. a berry, green to orange to red, poisonous

(

Tamus communis Black Bryony

y ) )) ORCHIDACEAE

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Orchid Family

A family with a fascinating variety of flower form. The inflorescence is a simple spike, whose flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals usually all coloured. The lower petal forms a lip, sometimes of extraordinary shape, and may also be elongated into a spur at the back. The single anther is split into two pollen masses called pollinia, which may be carried away by an insect. There is a small bract at the base of each flower. Leaves are always simple and untoothed, with parallel veins. NOTE: Because orchids do not produce flowers every year and because the time needed to produce the first flower spixe from seed may be anything from 5 to 15 years no whole flowering spike should ever be picked. Similar-looking flowers may be found in these families: MONOTROPACEAE p. 148 but these flowers have 4-5 sepals and equal petals. SCROPHULARIACEAE p. 159 but these have 4 or 5 stalked stamens, and net-veined leaves. OROBANCHACEAE p. 164 but the flowers have 4 stamens and a 2-lipped, 5-lobed corolla. LABIATAE p. 166 but these have 4-angled stems and opposite leaves. Plant without normal Ivs., only yellowish brown scales on stem

Usu. only 2 Ivs. in an almost opposite pair; sometimes much smaller stem Ivs. present pollinia

lower corolla (ip long, w. 2 spreading lobes

in shady woods (compare Monotropa p. 148)

Neottia nidus-avis Bird's-nest Orchid

lower lip w. 1 large & 2 small lobes [a]

in N.only

Corallorhiza trifida* Coral root Orchid

[a]

fls. whitish w. a long thin spur [b]

pollinia parallel [d], fls. 11-18 mm across

Platanthera bifolia Lesser Butterfly-orchid

[b]

polloma not parall©! [6 ]^ fls. 18-23 mm across

Platanthera chlorantha Creater Butterfly-orchid

lower corolla lip 2 -lobed [c]; Ivs. ovate A,

V

6 -2 0

fls.

cm high, w. 6 -1 2 red-tinged

20-60cm high; fls. yellow/green, many [c]

Listera cordata* Lesser Twayblade Listera ovata Common Twayblade

[c]

211

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212

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p

lvs. about 1 cm long, usu. w. tiny buds at tip

usu. grows among Sphagnum; fls. yellow-green [a]

Hammarbya paludosa* Bog Orchid

[a]

lower lip 3-lobed, yellow-green

calcareous grassland [b]

Herminium monorchis* Musk Orchid

[b]

lip broad, often bent upwards, yellow-green

fens & dune slacks [c]

Liparis loeselii* Fen Orchid

[c]

|

Lvs. about 1 cm long, usu. w. tiny buds at tip

3 -1 2

cm high, usually among Sphagnum [a]

fls.yellow/green

Hammarbya paludosa* Bog Orchid

[a]

FIs. white, arranged in a spiral; plant up to 25 cm

lvs. w. clear cross-veins; stem partly creeping

pinewoods in N. and Norfolk tl. [d]

Goodyera repens Creeping Lady's-tresses

[d]

stem upright; lower lip w. fringed margin [e]

grassy places, mostly in S.

Spiranthes spiralis Autumn Lady's-tresses

[e]

Himantoglossum hircinum Lizard Orchid

if]

Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyram iaal Orchid

ig]

FIs. greenish; mid lobe of lip 3-5 cm long [f]

mostly in S.E.

Spur v. slender, about 12 mm long; fls. pinkish

spike dense, conical

calcareous grassland

)

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spike cylindrical; sweet-scented Lower lip w. 4 narrow lobes, yellowish [b]

lobes like a man's arms & legs

Mid lobe of lower lip brown, downy

sepals green

Cymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid Aceras anthropophorum* Man Orchid lip about as wide as long w. central notch [c]

[b] [c]

Ophrys insectifera* Fly Orchid

[e]

sepals pink [d]

Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid

[d]

lower lip 3-toothed; mostly in Wales & N.

Pseudorchis albida* Small-white Orchid

[fl

lower lip distinctly lobed [e]

FIs. 2 -3 mm, greenish white, w. 2-3 mm spur [fl

Ophrys sphegodes* Early Spider-orchid

[a]

213

214 Spur about 2 mm; uppercorolla lobes hooded

Fls.w. spurt

fls. green, tinged red/brown

lip w. 2 large & 1 small lobe [a]

Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid

[a]

lip 4-lobed [b], white, spotted

sepals at first maroon

Orchis ustulata* Burnt Orchid

[b]

all perianth segments except lip form a hood

sepals green-veined; lips purplish [cl

Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid

[cl

lip pink w. 2 narrow & 2 broad lobes [d];S.E.

Orchis purpurea* Lady Orchid

[d]

Orchis mascula Early-purple Orchid

[e]

lip w. 3 well separated lobes [h]

Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted-orchid

[hi

If. spots v. small; fls. deep red/ purple; lower lip [i]

Dactylorhiza purpurella* Northern Marsh-orchid

(il

fls. pink to white, spotted; lower lip [j]

Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted-orchid

[jl

Ivs. yellow-green, not spotted, erect

stem v. hollow; If. tip hooded [f]

Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid

[fl

corolla lip w. fine dots & lines [gl

mostly in S.& E.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa Southern Marsh-orchid

[gl

lip dark red/purple w. heavier markings [i]

N.&W .

Dactylorhiza purpurella* Northern Marsh-orchid

[•]

spur at least as lone as ovary, often curved up [e] Ivs. usu. spotted; stem solid or almost so

h

i

1

tPlants of the Genus Dactylorhiza, besides providing some of our commonest Orchids, also show considerable variation and hybridize freely.

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FIs. pure white, or cream, erect; plant 15-60 cm high

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bracts mostly longer than fls.; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate

Cephalanthera damasonium White Helleborine

bracts much shorter than fls.; Ivs. lanceolate

Cephaianthera longifolia Narrow-leaved Helleborine

Lower lip 3-lobed, yellow-green [d]

calcareous grass in S.

Herminium monorchis* Musk Orchid

[d]

FIs. purplish brown & white, veined

lipw. frilly sides [e]

marsh plant

Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine

[e]

Stem downy near top

Ivs. in 2 rows; fls. dark red [a]

on limestone

Epipactis atrorubens* uark-red Helleborine

[a]

end of lip usu. turned under; stem often purplish

Ivs. lanceolate; plants often in clusters; fls. pale green/pink [b]

Epipactis purpurata Violet Helleborine

[b]

Ivs. ovate; plants 1-3 together; fls. green to purple [c]

Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine

Ivs. in 2 rows; lip greenish, spreading [f]

fls. yellow/green

Epipactis leptochila* Narrow-lipped Helleborine

[fl

Ivs. in 2 rows; fls. drooping [g]

fls. pale green/pink

Epipactis phyllanthes* Green-flowered Helleborine

tgl

J

vV a

Stem hairless near top

b

[C ]

215

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216

ARACEAE

Lords-and-Ladies Family

Plants with tiny greenish flowers arranged closely in a spike. In Lords-and-ladies the flowers are hidden inside the sneath below the hooded club, but appear as red berries the Autumn.

Waterside plant stout linear Ivs.

v

FI. spike inside & protruding from a Ify. sheath

)

>

fl. spike dense, oblique; sepals 6

If. has wrinkled edge [a], sweet-scented if crushed

Acorus calamus* Sweet-flag

top of spike yellow; Ivs. w. pale midrib

Ivs. appear by Dec.; near S. coasts

Arum italicum* Italian Lords-and-ladies

top of spike usu. purple [b]; Ivs. w. dark midrib

Ivs. appear in Spring

Arum maculatum Lords-and-ladies

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LEMNACEAE

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Duckweeds

Small to minute floating aquatics often carpeting the surface, and usually with hanging roots. Flowers are hardly ever seen. Stem and leaf and not differentiated so the whole plant (except the roots) is properly called a thallus. Two other similar-sized plants may be associated with the Duckweeds: the two liverworts whose floating forms are illustrated here.

Riccia fluitans

Ricciocarpus natans

Minute egg-shaped rootless plant

inS.

Wolffiaarrhiza* Rootless Duckweed

[a]

Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed

thallus swollen below, 3-5 mm across

[c]

Lemna gibba Fat Duckweed

thallus flat, up to 4 mm across

[d]

Lemna minor Common Duckweed

5-8 mm across

[bl

Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed

thallus up to 1 mm across

Thalli stalked or branched, translucent Only one rootlet to each thallus

v*d

Several rootlets to each thallus

217

)

218

SPARGAN1ACEAE

Bur-reeds

Aquatic plants with flowers in green globular heads, spiky when in fruit. The male heads are above the female. The leaves are linear and may be upright or floating.

Lvs. 2-6 mm wide

n

Lvs. wider, usu. erect, 3-sided

TYPHACEAE

usu. only one male head

If. sheaths flat

Sparganium natans* Least Bur-reed

usu. several male heads

If. sheaths inflated [a]

Sparganium angustifolium* Floating Bur-reed

lvs. keeled near base

Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed

inflor, branched; fl. heads sessile

Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed

inflor, not branched; somefl. hds. stalked

Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed

Bulrushes

Tall, erect waterside plants. The inflorescence is a large dense spike, brown when ripe. The male part is above the female.

/

1

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Lvs. 10-18 mm wide

male spike touches top of female spike

Typha latifolia Bulrush (Reedmace)

Lvs. usu. under 5 mm wide

male spikes separated from female spike

Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush

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CYPERACEAE

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Sedge Family

Sedges have grass-like leaves but solid stems (except Cladium) which are often 3-sided and do not have any cross-joints. There is a ligule where the leaf joins the stem. The flowers are arrangea in brown/green spikes which may be cylindrical, ovoid, or spherical, upright or drooping. A spike may consist of one or more spikelets. Each spikelet contains several to many glumes (tiny bracts) behind which are the flowers. The flowers may be male (with 2-3 stamens), female (with 2-3 stigmas) or both. The measurements for female spikes are for ripe fruiting ones. For identification fruiting plants are often more useful tnan flowering ones. A larger number of uncommon species than usual has been omitted from the genus Carex (true sedges). The fifty species most likely to be found have been keyed out.

male flower and glume

female flower and glume

Flowers hermaphrodite (i.e. each glume contains both stamens and stigmas) [h]; inflor, as [a] [e] [g]

Section 1 page 220 Various genera

Plant w. only one spike of flowers [b]

Section 2 page 223 Carex

Upper (male) spikes obvious different from lower (female) ones; [f]

Section 3 page 224 Carex

Plant w. several spikes, or spikelets, all similar in appearance; [c] & [d]

Section 4 page 228 Carex

219

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220

CYPERACEAE sectioni Each glume contains stamens & stigmas [a]

Stem hollow; Ivs. saw-edged w. spine at tip

70-300 cm high

common in E. Anglia & W. I reland; rare elsewhere

Cladium mariscus Great Fen-sedge

Fr. head like cotton wool

only 1 spike per stem

moors & bogs

Eriophorum vaginatum Ha re's-tail Cottongrass

Ivs. flat; spike stalk rough

in fens, not acid bogs

Eriphorum latifolium Broad-leaved Cottongrass

Ivs. grooved; spike stal ks smooth

in acid boggy places

Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass

spike consists of a fat cluster of spikelets

inflor, blackish [b]

One terminal spike only

water plant w. branched Ify stem

Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club-rush

stem w. 1-3 conspicuous inflated veined sheaths

spike infr. like tuft of cottonwool

Eriophorum vaginatum Hare's-tail Cottongrass

top sheath on stem w. a minute If. or bract

a few minute bristles round seed; common; densely tufted [c]

Trichophorum cespitosum Deergrass

delicate plant usu. under 15 cm [d]

Isolepis cernua Slender Club-rush

)

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)

lowest glume at least Vi length of spike __^

stem 4-angled; spike 3-4 mm; poolsides etc.

Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spike-rush

stem not angled; spike 5-7 mm; damp peaty places

Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike-rush

tufted plant; 3 stigmas per fl. [a]

Inflor, w. several long flat or keeled Ify. bracts

[a] Eleocharis multicaulis Many-stalked Spike-rush

lowest glume almost encircles spike [b]

uncommon marsh plant; 2 stigmas Eleocharis uniglumis perfl. [b] Slender Spike-rush

lowest glume about Vi encircles spike

common in pools; 2 stigmas per fl.

spikes flattened

50-100 cm high up to 20 cm high; on mud; inS. only

Eleocharispalustris Common Spike-rush [c] Cyperus longus* Galingale Cyperus fuscus* Brown Galingale

Bolboschoenus maritimus spikelets 1 0 -2 0 mm long; stem [d,f] Sea Club-rush snarply angled

Ivs. w. rough edges glumes

spikelets about 4 mm, in a large, loose inflor.

Scirpus sylvaticus [g] Wood Club-rush

spike stalks smooth; Ivs. grooved

in acid boggy places

[e] Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass

spike stalks rough; Ivs. flat

in fens, not acid bogs

Eriophorum latifolium Broad-leaved Cottongrass

221

222

Spikelets in 2 opposite rows, in a , flat terminal spike

Ivs. flat, keeled; inflor of 1 0 -1 2 spikelets [c]

[c] Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge

Ivs. w. in rolled edges; up to 8 spikelets in inflor. Rigid tufted plant w. blackish inflor.

spikelets in an ovoid hd. /O w. a long bract ^

Stems Ify; inflor, terminal

bracts longer than the dark brown inflor.

Slender plant, usu. under 20 cm

Blysmus rufus Saltmarsh Flat-sedge [a] Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush mainly in S.W.

inflor, whitish or pale brown

[d] Rhynchospora alba White Beak-sedge

bract much longer than inflor, [e]

[e] Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush

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[b] Isolepis cernua Slender Club-rush

mostly near sea

bract hardly or not longer than inflor, [b] Tall usu. aquatic plant, 1-3 m high

Rhynchospora fusca* Brown Beak-sedge

glumes covered w. dots; usu. 2 stigmas

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Grey Club-rush

glumes smooth; usu. 3 stigmas

Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush

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CYPERACEAE

Section 2 Stems with only one flower spike. Each glume with either stamens or stigmas, but not both.

male fl.

female fl.

Section 4 page 228

Spike contains several short; close spikelets Spike male at top, female below

Spike entirely male or entirely female

fls. w. 2 stigmas

wet places, neutral & calcareous

[a] Carex pulicaris Flea Sedge

fls.w. 3 stigmas

in N. only; in acid bogs

[b] Carex pauciflora Few-flowered Sedge

wet places, calcareous

[c] Carex dioica Dioecious Sedge

223

224

CYPERACEAE sections

Female fls. w. 2 stigmas; glumes usually blackish male

lowest bract shorter than inflor.; Carex bigelowii mt. plant [a] Stiff Sedge

usu.onlyl male spike

male

1 -2

male spikes

2-4 male spikes

common, variable; often over 30 cm high

Carex nigra [b] Common Sedge

Ivs. up to 3 mm wide

[c] Carex nigra Common Sedge

lowest bract as long as inflor.

[d] Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge

lowest bract much shorter than inflor.

Carex elata [e] Tufted-sedge

stem bluntly angled; by water in mt. districts

Carex aquatilis [f] Water Sedge

stem sharply angled ’j

Ii:

iL

1

[d&g] Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge

00

3

. male spike

Male and female spikes obviously different

13 ( 3 ' 3 >3 Q •3 ' 3 ' 3 ' 3 ' 3

3 >3

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Fr. hairy or downy

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Carex hirta Hairy Sedge

If. sheaths w. long hairs

male

usu. 2-3 male spikes: female ones well-spaced

male spike v. thin; female ones almost round

50-120 cm high; fr. densely hairy

Carex lasiocarpa [a] Slender Sage

10-40cm high; glaucus; fr. minutely downy

Carex flacca [b] Glaucous Sedge

10-30 cm high heathlands etc.

Carex pilulifera W Pill Sedge fr. [d] Carex caryophyflea Spring-sedge

usu. under 15 cm; in dry grassland [d]

Usu. 2 or more male spikes f fr. + " fglumes \

4-6 male spikes

by water edge

Ivs. bluish, 2-4 mm wide; fr. blunt tej

10-40 cm high

[el Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge

stem sharply angled even near . base; Iiguleacute /\

Ivs. 4-5 mm wide; fr. clearly longer than glume

[f] Carex vesicaria Bladder-sedge

Ivs. 7-10 mm wide; fr. hardly longer than glume

Carex acutiformis [g] Lesser Pond-sedge

ligule rounded

[hi Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge

male glumes pale brown; fr. acutely pointed [h]

Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge

225

226 Female spikes 5-16 cm long, drooping

tall plant of shady places, 60-150 cm high

Female spikes usu. drooping, 2-5 cm long

stem w. v. sharp, rough angles fr. [a]

by water

[a] Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus Sedge

female spikes loose, 3-4 mm wide fr. [b]

woodlands

[b] Carex sylvatica Wood-sedge

Ivs. & female spikes 5-10 mm wide fr. [cl

marshy places

[c] Carex laevigata Smooth-stalked Sedge

stem sharply angled, rough; Ivs. si. hairy below

male spike almost hidden by female spikes

[d] Carex pallescens Pale Sedge

male spike stalked

20-50 cm high; most ripe fr. bent [h] Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha down; calcareous soils Long-stalked Yellow-sedge

Most female spikes clustered near top of stem

Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge

J J r male

female

20-40cm high; bracts v. long, narrow usu. 5-15 cm high

{

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10 -2 0 cm

high; on acid soils

saltmarshes

[e] Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa Common Yellow-sedge

ff] Carex extensa Long-bracted Sedge [g] Carex viridula ssp. viridula Small-fruited Yellow-sedge

o o O O O «) ') ■) O O O

'.)

Carex disticha [c] Brown Sedge

spikelets in a close head [f]; tufted plant

spikelets pale brown

[f] Carex ovatis Oval Sedge

fr. ribbed; Ivs. pale green

spikelets green; stems sharply angled

Carex curta [b] White Sedge

top spikelet all male

sand dunes, etc.

[d] Carex arenaria Sand Sedge

male spikelets usu. in middle of inflor.

spi ke 2-7 cm; meadows

[c] Carex disticha Brown Sedge

spike 1-3 cm; lowest bract longer tnan inflor, [g]

coastal pastures

[g] Carex divisa Divided Sedge

/ '

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A creeping, not tufted, plant

O

a creeping sedge of damp meadows

O

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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)

Key to Sections

NOTE: The diagrams referred to are all on the previous page. Ligule consists only of a ring of hairs

Inflor, a single spike which may be cylindrical or flat or 1 -sided; spikelets almost stalkless, on main stem or on tightly packed branchlets [a—f] Beware of an inflorescence which is closed up and looks like a spike

Inflor, open or loose or spreading or drooping [g—hi

Sectioni page232

spike approximately cylindrical; spikelets set all round stem [a, b]

spikelets long-awned or spike whiskery [b]

Section 2 page 233

spike not whiskered [a]

Section 3 page 235

spikel-sided; stem visible at back [c-d]

Section 4 page 236

spikelets alternate on opposite sides of stem [e-f]

Section 5 page 237

florets w. an obvious awn usu. 3 mm or more long (k-l]

awn rises from or near tip of lemma tk)

Section 6 page 240

awn rises Vi-way or more down back of lemma [I]

Section 7 page 242

spikelets w. only 1 or 2 florets inside the glumes

Section 8 page 244

spikelets usu w. 3-10florets [i]

Section 9 page 247

231

232

2-3 m high; Ivs. 10-20 mm wide

in wet places or shallow water

Phragmites australis Common Reed

Inflor, of 3-5 spikes in a terminal umbel [b]

sandy places, usu. near the sea

Cynodon dactylon* Bermuda-grass

Inflor, a tight spike w. many long bristles [cj In saltmarshes; spikes erect [d]; spikeletsw .1 floret

Setaria viridis* Green Bristle-grass inflor. 12-40 cm long of 3-6 spikes

anthers 8-13 mm [a + d]

Spartina anglica Common Cord-grass

anthers 5-8 mm

Spartina x townsendii Townsend's Cord-grass Spartina maritima Small Cord-grass

inflor. 4-10 cm long of 2-3 spikes

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)

O

Inflor, w. under 10 spikelets

10-40 cm high ligule [e]

heathlands

Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass

Spikelets often purplish; stem swollen in Autumn

often forms tussocks 30-120 cm high; ligule [f]

damp heaths etc.

Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass

O

> O

(

O

()

o

)

o

(

')

O

O

O

O

Glumes shortly awned; lemmas notawned spike [a]

Glumes and lemmas all awned spike [b]

plumes fringed w. stiff sti hairs

6 -1 0

spike usu. 6-15 cm long and mm wide [a]

Phleum pratense Timothy

spike 1-6 cm long, and 3-5 mm wide

Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail

2 awned lemmas to each spikelet

If. sheath often hairy near top [e]

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass

lemmas short, broad, blunt, w. short awn

ligule long, toothed [d]; near sea in S.

Polypogon monspeliensis* AnnualBeard-grass

spike w. large seeds in 6 rows

relic of cultivation

Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley

Hordeum murinum glumes of middle spikelet hairfringed [b, g] Wall Barley Hordeum marinum upper If. sheath inflated; coastal, often in saltmarshes M Sea Barley Hordeum secalinum middle spikelet much the largest; meadows [»l Meadow Barley stem downy below; woods

[f] Hordelymus europaeus* Wood Barley

233

234 Lf. sheath w. ring of hairs round top [a]

spike loose; 2 awns to each spikelet

Stems w. bulbs at base Stems sharply bent at lower nodes

Under 15 cm high

saltmarshes

Atopecurus buibosus* Bulbous Foxtail

flumes clearly joined to each other

in arable land

Atopecurus myosuroides Black-grass

glumes almost free from each other

in wet places

Atopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail

spike loose, up to 5 cm long

sandy places

Aira praecox Early Hair-grass

meadows, etc.; v. common

Atopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail

in arable land

Atopecurus myosuroides Black-grass

Spike 5-10 mm wide; ligule v. short [c] phimes clearly joined to each other

Spike 3 -6 mm wide

O

'>

t}

)

O

O

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass

O

(

)

o

o

o

o

)

3

GRAMINAE

3

3

3

Section 3 Inflorescence a single more or less cylindrical spike, not whiskery.

Spikelets not or hardly awned, set all round the stem.

Tall grass w. spikes mostly over 8 cm long

Glumes fringed w. stiff spreading hairs

stout plant of sand dunes

ligules long, narrow [c]

Ammophila arenaria Marram

ligulev. short [d]

Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass

glumes fringed w. stiff hairs

cultivated and naturalized glumes [f]

Phieum pratense Timothy

on sand dunes; usu. under16cm high [a]

glumes tapered to a point [e]

Phieum arenarium Sand Cat's-tail

spike 6-15 cm long and 6-10 mm wide

glumes w. v. short awns; cultivated and naturalized [f]

Phieum pratense Timothy

spike 1 -6 cm long and 3-5 mm wide

glumes w. v. short awns; native; grassland

Phieum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail

one glume much longer than the other

If. sheath w. ring of hairs round top Igl

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass

glumes about equal

spikelets often silvery; Ivs. v. narrow; ligule [h]

Aira praecox Early Mair-grass

235

236 Lvs. fine, usu. hairy

usu. in dry grassland

Ligu le extremely short

1■

Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass in N. only

&

Sesleria caerulea Blue Moor-grass

vT a casual

Spike often conical [a]

-------Spike narrowly cylindrical

POACEAE

a

in wet places; ripe anthers orange

Section 4

Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass Alopecurus aequalis* Orange Foxtail

Inflorescence a one-sided spike b

Lemmas long-awned, giving spike a whiskery appearance

iigule 3-10 mm long, triangular

inflor, short, broad [b]

Cynosurus echinatus* Rough Dog's-tail

g,umes

smaller glumes at least1h as long as other lc]

common

Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue

one glume awned, 3 mm or more, other almost nil [d]

sand dunes

Vulpia fasciculata* Dune Fescue

J k//h w

J

M

A

/n

i l l

/H

smaller glume at least other [e]

Vaas long as

smaller glume minute [f]; plant often purplish Spikelets fat, often drooping; 2-3 fl'd Spike dense, almost cylindrical

----------------

Vulpia myuros Rat’s-tail Fescue sand dunes

Vulpia ciliata Bearded Fescue

shady places, usu. on limestone

Melica nutans* Mountain Melick Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail

o o o o o O O O •') o o o o o o o o

)

J

J

)

)

Spikelets w. 3 or more florets

Jr

40-

/ ' / Spikelets w. one floret

POACEAE

)

J

>

)

spikelets in 2 rows, mostly stalkless; spike [a]

coastal

Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass

glumes blunt, containing 3-5 florets

inflor, usu. spreading; saltmarshes, etc.

Puccinellia rupestris* Stiff Saltmarsn-grass

glumes acute, containing 3-10 florets inflor [b]

dry places

Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass

Ivs. v. fine; in dense tufts

moorlands, etc.

Nardus stricta Mat-grass

Section 5 Inflorescence a single spike. Spikelets arranged alternately or in alternate clusters on opposite sides of the stem.

Inflor, dense w. lone awns; spikelets in 3's, middle one often fatter than the others

glumes clearly arranged in 6 rows; relic of cultivation

2 rows of glumes fat, 4 rows thin

Hordeum distichon Two-rowed Barley

all 6 rows fat w. seeds

Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley

glumes of middle spikelet hairfringed

common; spike shape [c]

Hordeum murinum Wall-Barley

upper If. sheath inflated

saltmarshes; spike shape [d]

Hordeum marinum Sea Barley

middle spikelet much the largest

meadows; [d] spike shape [el

Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley

stem downy below [f]

woods

Hordelymus europaeus* Wood Barley

237

>

238 spikelets w. narrow edge to stem [a]; onlyl glume awn at least as long as lemma; plant downy [b]

Brachypodium sylvaticum False Brome

awn shorter than lemma; plant mostly hairless [d]

Brachypodium pinnatum Tor-grass

Ivs. w. in rolled edges

maritime plant, often bluish grey

Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch

awn often longer than lemma

glumes narrow, tapered; nodes may be finely hairy [c]

Elymus caninus Bearded Couch

glumes & lemmas broad; relic of cultivation

Triticum aestivum Wheat

awn usu. shorter than lemma [e]

common weed; stem and nodes hairless

Elytrigia repens Common Couch

stems usu. curved and under 1 0 cm high

S. & E. coasts

Parapholis incurva Curved Hard-grass

stems usu. straight and over 15 cm high [f]

coastal

Parapholis strigosa Hard-grass

usu. 8 or more florets to each spikelet[a]

Spikev. narrow; spikeietw.

1 floret

Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass

O O O O O o O O O ' ) O O ()

O

')

o

O

O

o

coastal; ligule [e]

Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass

spikelets usu. in pairs; spike usu. over 15 cm

robust bluish sand dune plant

Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass

creeping, often prostrate; in sand dunes

If. ribs minutely downy spikelet [a]; ligule [b]

Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch

Ivs. w. inrolled edges & prominent ribs

saltmarshes & sand dunes ligule & auricles [c]

Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch

glumes lanceolate

common weed [f] ligule & auricles [d]

Elytrigia repens Common Couch

glumes & lemmas broad, oblong

relic of cultivation

Tricticum aestivum Wheat

ligule [f]

Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass

Usu. under 20 cm high Spikelets broadside to the stem

auricles at If. base Mostly spikelets w. 1 glume

e

f

239

240

POACEAE

Inflor, w. many stout 1-sided spikes

Spikelets w. 1 or 2 florets

I

lemmas

11 i

1

c

A

/

/

/

o

V

Ivs. rough; v. common la]

Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot

spikelets arranged in spikes; no ligules

late flowering casual

Echinochloa crus-galli* Cockspur

2 florets per spikelet, 1 awned, 1 not

stem only hairy at nodes; awn protruding; lemma [c]

Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass

If. sheaths softly hairy; awn does not protrude [a]

Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog

inflor, spreading; lemma [e]

Apera spica-venti Loose Silky-bent

inflor, narrow; mostly in E.

Apera interrupta* Dense Silky-bent

woods

Festuca heterophylla* Various-leaved Fescue

1 floret w.

long-awned lemma per spikelet [e]

/ •

Basal Ivs. either tightly rolled or v. fine

)

spikelets crowded in ovoid clusters; ligules present

O

stem Ivs. flat, 2-4 mm wide

O

O O O O t) o

o

o

)

}

If. sheath split to its base

ligule w. small auricle [a]

Festuca brevipila Hard Fescue

If. sheath closed like a tube when young

v. common; ligule [b]

Festuca rubra Red Fescue

Nodes purple; plant hairless

awn longer than lemma

3laces inflof fb] on p. 240

Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue

Lower glume w. 1 nerve, upper w. 3 nerves; both narrowly acute

awn shorter than lemma

branches long, drooping; sheaths long haired [fl

Bromopsis ramosa Hairy-brome

ligules

241

242 Glumes & lemmas narrowly lanceolate

spikelets drooping, 7-9 cm, including awns

Lower If. sheaths hardly hairy

inflor, often drooping to one side

Spikelets downy; ligule hairy

some spikelets longer than their stalks spikelets mostly longer than their stalks

spikelets 18-28 mm, on long stalks spikelets 12-16 mm

POACEAE

Anisantha diandra* Great Brome

awns 3-6 cm long

Bromus secalinus* Rye Brome inflor, usu. erect [a] tip of grain visible inside lemma inflor, [c]

Bromus hordeaceus agg. Soft-brome Bromus lepidus Slender Soft-brome

grain not visible; mflor. [a]

Bromus hordeaceus agg. Soft-brome

inflor, drooping when ripe [b]

Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome

inflor, erect

Bromus racemosus Smooth Brome

Section 7 Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Lemmas with an awn which arises from the back of the lemma (often about half-way down) not from the tip.

Each spikeletw. only 1 awn

o

O

O

O

O

spikelet contains 2 lemmas, one awn less

O

)

o

•>

spikelets 17-20 mm long; relic of cultivation

Avena sativa Oat

spikelet 7-10 mm long; v. common; lemma & awn [d]

Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass

>

>

O

o

O

)

i

Ivs. v. fine, bristle-like

in dense tufts; on heaths in S. & W. only

Agrostis curtisii Bristle Bent

Ivs. fine but flat

widespread

Agrostis canina Velvet Bent

Spikelet w. 1 long & 1 short awn

longer awned lemma [a]

Lvs. edged w. ti ny sharp teeth

often in large tussocks, 30-200 cm nigh

Spikeletsw. awns up to 7 mm long

Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass damp places

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass

inflor, compact, almost spike-like

sandy places; in fl. April-May

Aira praecox Early Hair-grass

inflor, loose, silvery [c]

sandy places

Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass

ivs. bristle-fine; spikelets 2-awned

Ivs .flat; spi kelets w. 2-4 awns; ligule up to 2 mm [d]

inflor, branches often wavy; 25-100 cm high

Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass

10-30 cm high; inflor, silvery [c]

Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass

inflor. yellowi sh green

Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass

243

244 Awn 25 mm or more long

lemmas w. tuft of hairs at the base [a]

lemmas / 1 a

Avena fatua

only lowest lemma has a basal scar

Avena sterilis Winter Wild-oat

lemma tipped w. bristles 3 mm or more long [b]

Avena strigosa Bristle Oat

lemma only toothed at tip; cultivated

Avena sativa Oat

spikelets over 15 mm long

lemma & awn [b] ligule [c]

Avena strigosa Bristle Oat

spikelets 5-7 mm long, often yellowish

iigulev. short [d]

Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass

>

lemmas w'out basal tuft of hairs

Mr b

//; ^ fi i ±

all lemmas w. an oval scar at base inside [a]

lemmas tippe d w. i Jr i f

f ’t

W ild-oat

Ir Lowest If. sheath hairy; spikelets w. 2-3 awns

Heiictotrichon pubescens Downy Oat-grass

Lf. sheaths almost hairless; spi kelets w. 3-6 awn s

Heiictotrichon pratense Meadow Oat-grass

POACEAE

Section 8 Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Spikelets containing 1 or 2 lemmas not obviously awned, but a close look (use a lens) may reveal a fine or a short awn.

Spikelets arranged in spikes; no ligules

o

(

Echinochloa crus-galli* Cockspur

a late flowering casual

o

e

(

o

(

O

O

O

O

O

Spikelets w. 2 florets

each lemma w. v. fine awn from near base [b]

large tufted plant, 50-200 cm of damp places; Ivs. v. rough

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass

1 lemma w. tiny often curved awn

v. common

Holcus lanatus Ybrksh ire-fog

inflor, branches in clusters of 3 or more A ] &

lemmas v. blunt, much longer than glumes [c, f]

Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass

ligule shorter than its diameter [d]; sheaths smooth; spikelet [g]

Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass

ligule long [e]; If. sheaths rough

Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass

at tip [b]

Zfl r r J

Y '

nWZ ]r*

branches often in 2 's [h]; spikelets few, broad Spikelets w. many silky hairs surrounding the lemmas

Spikelets in dense heavy clusters [I] Lemmas much longer than the broad glumes [m]

Melica uniflora Wood Melick

Ivs. downy on upper side; ligule 2-5 mm long [i]

spikelet hairs a little longer than lemma

Calamagrostis canescens Purple Small-reed

Ivs. hairless above; ligule 4-12 mm long [j]

spikelet hairs about twice as long as lemma [k]

Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed

60-120cm high; Ivs. mostly 8-14 mm wide

wet places

Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass

wet places

Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass

245

246 Glumes w. 3 or 5 nerves

Ligule longer than its width [c, d]

Ligule v. short [e]

Ii

> O

i

inflor, branches in clusters of 3 or more

ligule longer than its width; Ivs. 5-10 mm wide inflor, [a]

Milium effusum Wood Millet

ligule v. short; Ivs. 2-3 mm wide

Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass

branches often in 2 's [b]

spikelets few, broad, brownish

Melica uniflora Wood Melick

inflor closes up after flowering

spreads by horizontal leafy stems aboveground; ligule [c]

Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent

inflor, remains open

spreads by underground stems ligule [d]

Agrostis gigantea Black Bent

inflor, often brownish to purplish

Agrostis capillaris Common Bent

) O o

}

POACEAE

)

Section 9

I

Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Spikelets with 3 or more florets.

Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass

glumes & lemmas blunt; in wet places glume

Lw lemma

tufts of tiny Ivs. grow from spikes [d]

mts.

Festuca vivipara Viviparous Fescue

ligule v. short [e]

inflor, delicate, often nodding; shady places; spikelet [a]

Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass

inflor, usu. erect or spreading

Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass

ligule long e.g. [f]

inflor, branches 1-2 together, 5-30 cm high

Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass

If. sheaths slightly rough; common; Poa trivialis ligule [f] Rough Meadow-grass If. sheaths smooth; 30-150 cm high; wet places Spikelets about as wide as long, hanging down in 1's [b]

glumes & lemmas v. blunt

Poa palustris* Swamp Meadow-grass Brizamedia Quaking-grass

247

248 Spikelets packed in dense ovoid clusters; [c] on previous page

iiguie long; lemmas bristle-topped

stout, rough, tufted

Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot

glumes blunt w. 3-5 lemmas [c]

saltmarshes, etc.

Puccinellia rupestris* Stiff Saltmarsn-grass

glumes acute w. up to 10 lemmas to]

up to 20 cm high, in dry places [a]

Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass

c

Basal Ivs. v. fine, almost bristle-like

tufts of tiny Ivs. grow from spikelets [d]; mts.

Festuca vivipara Viviparous Fescue

lemma acute but not awned [h]

Festuca filiformis Fine-leaved Sheep's Fescue

young If. sheaths closed almost to top [i]

Festuca rubra Red Fescue

all If. sheaths split almost to base [j]; spikelet [e]

Festuca ovina Sheep's-fescue

ligule acute [gl; stems w. bulb-like base

coastal sands in S. & E.

Poabulbosa* Bulbous Meadow-grass

ligule blunt; spikelet [f]

dry grassland

Poa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass

Ligule extremely short; lemma acute or w. fine awn

spikelets

inflor. g ligute

o

o

o

o

(

o

o

o

•>

o

>

}

>

Most spikelets 12 mm or more long

)

>

>

I

shorter branches w. only 1 or 2 spikelets

Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue

shorter branches w. 3 or more spikelets

Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue

tip of lemma clearly 3-toothed [cl; spikelet [b]

10-45 cm high

Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass

If. sheath minutely rough

lower branches of inflor. 2-5 together; ligule [e]

Glyceria notata Plicate Sweet-grass

inflor, branches 1-3 together

Glyceria x pedicellata Hybrid Sweet-grass

inflor, branches in 1 's or 2 's; ligule [d]

Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass

lower branches in 2 's or 3 's

Glyceria x pedicellata Hybrid Sweet-grass

lemma midrib reaches tip [f]; branches 2-4 together

PuccineUia fasciculata* Borrer's Saltmarsh-grass

inflor, branches up to 3 together lemma [g]

PuccineUia maritima Common Saltmarsh-grass

inflor, branches bent down after flowering; lemma [h]

PuccineUia distans Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass

under 30 cm high; v. common weed

ligule [i]

Poaannua Annual Meadow-grass

lemma acute w. 3 or 5 nerves

lemmas 5-nerved [m]; If. basew. auricles [j]

Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue

lemmas 3-nerved [n]; ligule [k]; in shady places

Festuca altissima* Wood Fescue

60-200 cm high in or by freshwater

Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass

ligule v. short; auricles at If. base [aj; inflor, branches in 2 's

If. sheath smooth

Lemmas convex but not keeled on the back

>

saltmarsh plants; lemmas obtuse

f lemmas

lemma obtuse; ligule w. a central point [I]; lemma [o]

249

250 Ligule much shorter than its diameter, lemmas keeled

Lemmas keeled

top If. usu. longer than its sheath

inflor, delicate, often nodding; shady places

Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass

top If. usu. shorter than its sheath; ligule [a]

inflor, usu. erect or spreading

Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass

stems much flattened; usu. 20-40 cm high

dry places;

Poa compressa Flattened Meadow-grass

stem cross-section

'■ >

«)

1)

o

O

1>

spikelets usu. bear tufts of tiny Ivs. lb]

mts.

Poaalpina* Alpine Meadow-grass

If. sheaths slightly rough; 20-60 cm high

inflor, branches in clusters of 3-7 ligule [d]

Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass

5-30 cm high

inflor, branches 1 or 2 together [c]; ligule [e]

Poaannua Annual Meadow-grass

30-150 cm high

wet places

Poa palustris* Swamp Meadow-grass

)

O

•)

o

>

>

)

*

>

>

>

>

I

Simplified keys The following simplified keys are provided to the common plants of large groups which are often difficult to identify. 18 common Ferns 18 common white Umbellifers (like Cow Parsley) 25 common Labiates (Deadnettle type of flower) 15 common yellow Composites (Dandelion-like flowers) 5 common Docks

page 252 page 255 page 257 page 260 page 262

Docks

251

>

252

Simplified key to 18 common ferns The full key with further drawings is on page 60.

] pinnule

SPECIAL TERMS USED FOR FERNS Frond a whole fern leaf (and all its leaflets) Pinna a leaflet springing from the main stem Pinnule a subdivision, orlobe, of a pinna Sorus a patch of spore cases, usually on the back of the frond Indusium the cover over a sorus, best seen when young, as it may shrivel and fall off. pinna frond twice pinnate

pinna frond 3 times pinnate

k .

b -rz ri

a pinnule with sori indusium

indusium

attached at its centre

attached at its edge

Bracken

Phyllitis scolopendrium

Hart's-tongue

fronds covered underneath w. brown scales [d]

Ceterach officinarum

Rustyback

sori distinct, more or less circular [e]

Polypodium vulgare

Polypody

Frond simple [a]

)

o

»

> O

')

)

>

)

>

>

>

>

}

}

>

}

)

)

>

>

}

)

>

>

frond lobes entire [a]

Blechnum spicant

Hard Fern

stem black [b]

Asplenium trichomanes

Maidenhair Spleenwort

stem brownish; fronds tough [c]

Aspleni um marinum

SeaSpleenwort

Fronds (30-180 cm high) rise singly from ground, not in tufts [c] on page 252

sori form faint edging to pinnules [b] on page 252

Pteridium aquilinum

Bracken

Young sori oblong or sausage­ shaped ftfl a/ViV

indusium curved [du­ plant 30-100 cm high

Athyrium filix-femina

Lady-fern

usu. under 12 cm, dull green; Iflets fan shaped [f]

Asplenium ruta-muraria

Wall-rue

1 0 -1 0

cm, bright green; indusium [e]

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum

Black Spleenwort

frond rigid; about 15 lobes on longest pinna

Polystichum aculeatum

Hard Shield-fern

frond soft; up to 20 lobes on a pinna

Polystichum seti ferum

Soft Shield-fern

delicate fern up to 40 cm high

Cystopteris fragilis

Brittle Bladder-fern

f

c

m

w

^

>

Y V r^ frond

Indusium attached by its centre

pkJ ■ Indusium ovate, pointed

/

yf j

253

>

>

254 Sori in neat border round pinnules

Frond almost 3 times pinnate

> o

>

Oreopteris limbosperma

Lemon-scented Fern

stem scales w. dark centre [a] indusium [b]

Dryopteris dilatata

Broad Buckler-fern

indusium w'out glands [c]

Droyopteris carthusiana

Narrow Buckler-fern

> O

)

)

9

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

}

>

j'

>

>

>

>

>

Simplified key to 18 common white umbellifers For the full key to UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE) and further drawings refer to page 125. Leaves i once pinnate ii twice pinnate iii three times pinnate Radical Ivs.

258 Calyx w. only 2 lips; fls. usu.in

fls. pink/purple; usu. under 15 cm high

Scutellaria minor

Lesser Skullcap

fls. blue; up to 50 cm high; calyx [a]

Scutellaria galericulata

Common Skullcap

calyx w. 5 almost equal teeth

Origanum vulgare

Wild Marjoram

stem under fl. head hairy on 2 opposite sides

Thymus polytrichus

Wild Thyme

fl. stems hairy along edges

Thymus pulegioides

Large Thyme

corolla hooded; fls. in a terminal head

Prunella vulgaris

Selfheal

Clinopodium vulgare

Wild Basil

fls. on axillary stalks, not on main stem; calyx [d ]

Clinopodium ascendens

Common Calamint

calyx w. swollen base [d]

Clinopodium acinus

Basil Thyme

Creeping plant w. rounded Ivs.

fls. 2-4 together

Glechoma hederacea

Ground-ivy

Lower corolla lip 2-lobed

upper Ivs. rounded, Vi-joined in pairs

Lamium amplexicaule

Henbit Dead-nettle

Ivs. stalked, ovate cordate fl. [e]

Lamium purpureum

Red Dead-nettle

Stachys officinalis

Betony

■

“ ■ >*

At least 2 stamens longer than upper corolla lip

Calyx w. 3 short and 2 much longer teeth ^^

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Most fls. packed in 1 terminal head

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* fls. in dense whorls w. many bracts; calyx [c]

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FIs. 12-18mm; plant30-80cm high

FIs. 6 -8 mm

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smell strong; corolla dark purple

Stachys sylvatica

Hedge Woundwort

smell strong; corolla pale purple

Ballota nigra

Black Horehound

smell faint; Ivs. almost stalkless

Stachys palustris

Marsh Woundwort

stigma longer than corolla

Origanum vulgare

Wild Marjoram

stigma inside corolla hood [a]

Stachys arvensis

Field Woundwort

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260

Simplified key to 15 yellow compositae Dandelion type For the full key to these yellow COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) and further drawings refer to pages 179 and 185.

FI. head bracts longer than florets Stem unbranched

Lvs. w. pimples

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Tragopogon pratensis

Goat's-beard

stem holloww. milky juice fr.Ia]

Taraxacum spp.

Dandelion

v. long white hairs on lvs. fr.[c]

PiloseJIa officinarum

Mouse-ear Hawkweed

fl. head 1 2 -2 0 cm; outer florets w'out pappus

Leontodon saxatilis

Lesser Hawkbit

fl. head 25-40 mm across fr.[b]

Leontodon hispidus

Rough Hawkbit

fr. [dl

Picris echioides

Bristly Oxtongue

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Fr. w'out any pappus No stem Ivs. but several bracts below f I. head

Copious milky juice in fresh stems

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Lapsana commuhis

Nipplewort

scales among florets [d]

Hypochaeris radicata

Cat's-ear

fl. head tapered below [a]; Ivs. usu. narrowly lobed

Leontodon autumnalis

Autumn Hawkbit

buds v. hairy [b]; fl. head 4-5 cm across; f r. [c]

Sonchus arvensis

Perennial Sow-thistle

Ivs. shiny w. rounded toothed auricles [g]

Sonchus asper

Prickly Sow-thistle

Ivs. dark, dull w. pointed auricles [h]

Sonchus oleraceus

Smooth Sow-thistle

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bud

Fl. head bracts in 2 sets, 1 long short [e]

1

Pappus pale brown [f] fr. [f]

in fl. March-July; fr. w. long beak [i]

Crepis vesicaria

Beaked Hawk's-beard

in fl. June-Sep.; fr. not beaked [jl

Crepis capillaris

Smooth Hawk's-beard

fl. head similar to [k]

Hieracium spp.

Hawkweed

261

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262

Simplified key to 5 common docks For the full key to Docks (POLYGONACEAE) and further diagrams refer to page 133.

Fr. segments distinctly toothed; teeth over 1 mm

|fi ^ Fr. segments usu. 4 mm or more

—

Fr. segments about 3 mm

branches spread widely; If. blade up to 10 cm [el; fr. [a]

Rumex pulcher

Fiddle Dock

fl. clusters dense; If. blade up to 25 cm fr. [b]

Rumex obtusifolius

Broad-leaved Dock

f I. clusters dense; Ivs. v. wavy edges [f]

Rumex crispus

Curled Dock

fr. w. 3 warts [cl

Rumex conglomeratus

Clustered Dock

fr. w. 1 wart [d]

Rumex sanguineus

Wood Dock

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Index to plant names The number refers to the page on which the appropriate key begins. the second part of the name. The only exceptions to this are that the When a second page is given this refers to a Simplified Key. words 'Common, Wild, Greater, Lesser, Small' are not indexed. When a plant has an English name consisting of two words both words The order is strictly alphabetical, no notice being taken of commas, are indexed. Thus flowers with a two-part name may be found under such hyphens, or spaces between words, headings as 'Water, Wood, Sea, White, Yellow, Hairy', as well as under

Abies 66 Acaena 110 Acer 101 Aceras 211 Achillea 179 Aconite 68 Aconitum 68 Acorus 216 Actaea 68 Adder's-tongue 65 Adiantum 60 Adonis 68 Adoxa 177 Aegopodi um 125,255 Aesculus 101 Aethusa 125,255 Agrimonia 110 Agrimony 110 Agrimony, Hemp 179 Agrostis 230 Aira 230 Ajuga 166,257 Alchemilla 110 Alder 138 Alder Buckthorn 102 Alexanders 125 Alisma 195

Alison 75 Alkanet 154 Alliaria 75 Allium 202 Allseed 97 Almond Willow 140 Alnus 138 Alopecurus 230 Alpine Bearberry 146 Alpine Bistort 133 Alpine Cinquefoil 110 Alpine Clubmoss 56 Alpine Lady-fern 60 Alpine Lady's-mantle 110 Alpine Meadow-grass 230 Alpine Meadow-rue 68 Alpine Mouse-ear 87 Alpine Penny-cress 75 Alpine Saw-wort 179 Alpine Saxifrage 117 Alpine Speedwell 159 Alpine Willow-herb 120 Alsike Clover 103 Alternate-leaved Goldensaxifrage 117 Alternate Water-milfoil 122 Althaea 97 Amaranth 93

Amaranthus 93 Amelanchier 110 American Willow-herb 120 American Winter-cress 75 Ammophila 230 Amphibious Bistort 133 Anacamptis 211 Anagallis 150 Anaphalis 178 Anchusa 154 Andromeda 146 Anemone 68 Angelica 125,255 Anisantha 230 Angular Solomon's-seal 202 Annual Beard-grass 230 Annual Knawel 87 Annual Meadow-grass 230 Annual Mercury 131 Annual Pearl wort 87 Annual Sea-blite 93 Annual Wall-rocket 75 Antennaria 87 Anthemis 179 Anthoxanthum 230 Anth riscus 125,255 Anthyllis 103 Antirrhinum 159

Apera 230 Aphanes 110 Apium 125,255 Apple 110 Apple Mint 166 Aquitegia 68 Arabidopsis 75 Arabis 75 Archangel 166,257 Arctium 179 Arctostaphylos 146 Arenaria 87 Armeria 149 Armoracia 75 Arnoseris 179 Arrhenatherum 230 Arrowhead 195 Artemisia 179 Arum 216 Ash 152 Asparagus 202 Aspen 140 Asperula 174 Asphodel 202 Asplenium 60,252 Aster 179 Astragalus 103 Athyrium 60,252

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264 Atriplex 93 Atropa 158 Autumnal Water-starwort 123 Autumn Gentian 153 Autumn Hawkbit 179,260 Autumn Lady's-tresses 211 Autumn Squill 202 Avena 230 Avens 110 Awlwort 75 Azalea 146 Azolla 65

Beauty, Sleeping 100 Bed straw 174 Beech 139 Beech Fern 60 Bee Orchid 211 Beet 93 Bellflower 173 Bell Heather 146 Beilis 179 Bennet (Avens) 110 Bent 230 Berberis 71 Bermuda-grass 230 Berula 125,255 Beta 93 Betonv 166,257 Betonica 166 Betula 138 Bidens 179 Bilberry 146 Bindweed 157 Bindweed, Black- 133 Birch 138 Bird Cherry 110 Bird's-eye Primrose 150 Bird's-foot 103 B ird's-foot Clover 103 Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Bird's-nest Orchid 211 Bird's-nest, Yellow 148 Bistort 133 Bithynian Vetch 103 Biting Stonecrop 115 Bitter-cress 75 Bittersweet 158 Bitter Vetch 103 Bitter-vetch, Wood 103 Black Bent 230 Black-bindweed 133 Black Bog-rush 219 Black Bryony 210 Blackcurrant 118

Babington's Orache 93 Baldenia 195 Ballota 166,257 Balm 166 Balm-leaved Figwort 159 Balm-of-Gilead 140 Balsam 100 Baltic Rush 206 Baneberry 68 Barbarea 75 Barberry 71 Barley 230 Barren Brome 230 Barren Strawberry 110 Bartsia 159 Basil 166,257 Basil Thyme 166,257 Bastard Balm 166 Bastard Cabbage 75 Bastard Toadflax 124 Bay Willow 140 Beaked Hawk's-beard 179,260 Beaked Tassel weed 201 Beak-sedge 219 Beam 1l0 Bearberry 146 Bearded Couch 230 Bearded Fescue 230 Beard-grass 230

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Black-grass 230 Black Horehound 166,257 Black Medick 103 Black Mustard 75 Black Nightshade 158 Black Poplar 140 Black Spleenwort 60,252 Blackstonia 153 Blackthorn 110 Bladder Campion 176 Bladder-fern 60,252 Bladder-sedge 219 Bladder-senna 103 Bladderwort 165 Blechnum 60,252 Blinks 92 Blood-drop-emlets 159 Bloody Crane's-bill 98 Bluebell 202 Blue-eyed-grass 230 Blue Fleabane 179 Blue Moor-grass 230 Blue Sow-thistle 179 Blue Water-speedwell 159 Blunt-flowered Rush 206 Blunt-leaved Pond weed 198 Blysmus 219 Bog Asphodel 202 Bogbean 154 Bog Bilberry 146 Bog Myrtle 137 Bog Orchid 211 Bog Pimpernel 150 Bog Pondweed 198 Bog Rosemary 146 Bog-rush 219 Bog-sedge 219 Bog Stitcnwort 87 Bolboschoenus 219 Borage 154 Borago 154 Borrer's Saltmarsh-grass 230

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Bottle Sedge 219 Botrychium 65 Box 102 Brachypodium 230 Bracken 60,252 Brackish Water-crowfoot 68 Bramble 110 Branched Bur-reed 218 Brassica 75 Briar 110 Bridewort 110 Bristle Bent 230 Bristle Club-rush 219 Bristle-grass 230 Bristle Oat 230 Bristly Oxtongue 179,260 Brittle Bladder-fern 60,252 Briza 230 Broad Buckler-fern 60,252 Broad-fruited Cornsalad 177 Broad-leaved Cotton-grass 219 Broad-leaved Cudweed 179 Broad-leaved Dock 133,262 Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea 103 Broad-leaved Helleborine 211 Broad-leaved Pondweed 198 Broad-leaved Ragwort 179 Broad-leaved Spurge 131 Broad-leaved Whitebeam 110 Broad-leaved Willowherb 120 Brome 230 Bromopsis 230 Bromus 230 Brooklime 159 Brookweed 150 Broom 103 Broom, Butcher's 202 Broomrape 164 Brown Beak-sedge 219 Brown Bent 230 Brown Galingale 219 Brown Knapweed 179

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Brown-leaved Watercress 75 Brown Sedge 219 Bryonia 130 Bryony, Black 210 Bryony, White 130 Buckler-fern 60,252 Buck's-horn Plantain 172 Buckthorn 102 Buckthorn, Sea 120 Buckwheat 133 Buddleja 151 Bugle 166,257 Bugloss 154 Bulbous Buttercup 68 Bulbous Foxtail 230 Bulbous Meadow-grass 230 Bulbous Rush 206 Bulrush 218 Bunias 75 Bunium 125 Bupleurum 125 Bur Chervil 125 Burdock 179 Bur-marigold 179 BurMedick 103 Burnet 110 Burnet Rose 110 Burnet-saxifrage 125,255 Burnt Orchid 211 Bur Parsley 125 Bur, Pirri-pirri 110 Bur-reed 218 Bush Vetch 103 Bushy Mint 166 Butcner's-broom 202 Butomus 196 Butterbur 179 Buttercup 68 Butterfly-bush 151 Butterfly-orchid 211 Butterwort 165 Buxus 102

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Cabbage 75 Cakile 75 Calamagrostis 230 Calamint 166,257 Calamintha 166,257 Calfitriche 123 Calluna 146 Caltha 68 Calystegia 157 Campanula 173 Campion 87 Canadian Fleabane 179 Canadian Coldenrod 179 Canadian Waterweed 196 Canary-grass 230 Candytuft 75 Caper Spurge 131 Capsella 75 Caraway 125 Cardamine 75 Carduus 179 Carex 219 Carlina 179 Carline Thistle 179 Carnation Sedge 219 Carpinus 138 Carpobrotus 93 Carrot 125,255 Carum 125 Castanea 139 Catabrosa 230 Catapodium 230 Catcnfly 87 Cat-mint 166 Cat's-ear 179,260 Cat's-tail 230 Caucasian Stonecrop 115 Cedar, Western red 66 Celandine, Greater 73 Celandine, Lesser 68 Celery 125 Celery-leaved Buttercup 68

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Centaurea 179 Centaurium 153 Centaury 153 Centranthus 177 Cephalanthera 211 Cerastium 87 Ceratocapnos 74 Ceratophyllum 72 Ceterach 60,252 Chaerophvllum 125,255 Chaenorrninum 159 Chaffweed 150 Chalk Milkwort 85 Chamaecyparis 66 Chamaemelum 179 Chamerion 120 Chamomile 179 Changing Forget-me-not 154 Charlock 75 Cheiranthus 75 Chelidonum 73 Chenopodium 93 Cherleria 87 Cherry 110 Cherry Plum 110 Chervil 125,255 Chestnut, Horse 101 Chestnut, Sweet 139 Chickweed 87 Chickweed Willowherb 120 Chickweed Wintergreen 148 Chicory 179 Chiltern Gentian 153 China Teaplant 158 Chinese Mugwort 179 Chives 202 Chrysanthemum 179 Chrysosplenium 117 Cicely 125,255 Cicendia 153 Cicerbita 179 Cichorium 179

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Cicuta 125 Cinquefoil 110 Circaea 120 Cirsium 179 Cladium 219 Clary 166,257 Claytonia 92 Cleavers 174 Clematis 68 Climbing Corydalis 74 Clinopodium 166,257 Cloudberry 110 Clover 103 Clubmoss 56 Club-rush 219 Clustered Bellflower 173 Clustered Clover 103 Clustered Dock 133,262 Cochlearia 75 Cocklebur 179 Cock's-foot 230 Cockspur 230 Coeloglossum 211 Coincya 75 Colchicum 202 Colt's-foot 230 Columbine 68 Colutea 103 Comfrey 154 Compact Rush 206 Conifers 66 Conium 125,255 Conopodium 125,255 Convallaria 202 Convolvulus 157 Conyza 179 Copse-bindweed 133 CoraUorhiza 211 Coral root 75 Coral root Orchid 211 Cord-grass 230 Corky-fruited Water-dropwort 125

265

266 Corn Buttercup 68 Corn Chamomile 179 Corn Cleavers 174 Cornel 124 Cornflower 179 Cornish Heath 146 Cornish Moneywort 159 Corn Marigold 179 Corn Mint 166 Corn Parsley 125 Cornsalad 177 Corn Spurrey 87 Cornus 124 Coronopus 75 Corsican Pine 66 Corydalis 74 Corylus 138 Cotoneaster 110 Cotton-grass 219 Cotton Thistle 179 Couch 230 Cowbane 125 Cowberry 146 Cow Parsley 125,255 Cowslip 150 Cow-wheat 159 Crab Apple 110 Crack Willow 140 Crambe 75 Cranberry 146 Crane's-bill 98 Crassula 115 Crataegus 110 Creeping Bellflower 173 Creeping Bent 230 Creeping Buttercup 68 Creeping Cinquefoil 110 Creeping Forget-me-not 154 Creeping Jenny 150 Creeping Lady's-tresses 211 Creeping Thistle 179 Creeping Water Forget-me-not 154

Creeping Willow 140 Creeping Yellow-cress 75 Crepis 179,260 Cress 75 Crested Cow-wheat 159 Crested Dog's-tail 230 Crested Hair-grass 230 Crimson Clover 103 Crithmum 125 Crocosmia 210 Cross-leaved Heath 146 Crosswort 174 Crowberry 146 Crowfoot 68 Crow Garlic (see Onion) Crown Vetch 103 Cruciata 174 Cryptogramma 60 Cuckooflower 75 Cuckoo Pint 216 Cudweed 179 Curled Dock 133,262 Curled Pondweed 198 Currant 118 Curved Hard-grass 230 Cuscuta 157 Cut-leaved Crane's-bill 98 Cut-leaved Deadnettle 166 Cut-leaved Selfheal 166 Cymbalaria 159 Cynodon 230 Cynogiossum 154 Cynosurus 230 Cyperus 219 Cyperus Sedge 219 Cyphel 87 Cypress, Lawson's 66 Cypress Spurge 131 Cystopteris 60,252 Cytisus 103 Dactylis 230

Dactylorhiza 211 Daffodil 209 Daisy 179 Damasonium 195 Dame's-violet 75 Dandelion 179,260 Danish Scurvygrass 75 Danthonia 230 Daphne 120 Dark-leaved Willow 140 Dark Mullein 159 Dark-red Helleborine 211 Datura 158 Daucus 125,255 Deadly Nightshade 158 Dead-nettle 166,257 Deergrass 219 Dense-flowered Fumitory 74 Dense Silky-bent 230 Deptford Pink 87 Deschampsia 230 Descurainia 75 Devil's-bit Scabious 178 Dewberry 110 Dianthus 87 Digitalis 159 Dioecious Sedge 219 Diphasiastrum 56 Diplotaxis 75 Dipsacus 178 Distant Sedge 219 Dittander 75 Divided Sedge 219 Dock 133,262 Dodder 157 Dog Rose 110 Dog's Mercury 131 Dog's-tail 230 Dog-violet 84 Dogwood 124 Doronicum 179 Dorset Heath 146

Douglas Fir 66 Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 98 Downy Birch 138 Downy Oat-grass 230 Downy Rose 110 Downy Willow 140 Draba 75 Dragon's-teeth 103 Dropwort 110 Dropwort, Water- 125,255 Drosera 119 Dryas 110 Dryopteris 60,252 Duckweed 217 Duke of Argyll's Teaplant 158 Dune Fescue 230 Dusky Crane's-bill 98 Dwarf Birch 138 Dwarf Cornel 124 Dwarf Cudweed 179 Dwarf Eelgrass 198 Dwarf Elder 176 Dwarf Corse 103 Dwarf Mallow 97 Dwarf Mouse-ear 87 Dwarf Spurge 131 Dwarf Thistle 179 Dwarf Willow 140 Dyer's Greenweed 103 Eared Willow 140 Early Dog-violet 84 Early Forget-me-not 154 Early Gentian 153 Early Hair-erass 230 Early Marsn-orchid 211 Early-purple Orchid 211 Early Spiaer-orchid 211 Earth-nut 125 Eastern Rocket 75 Echinochloa 230 Echium 154

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Eelgrass 198 Elatine 87 Elder 176 Elder, Ground 125,255 Elecampane 179 Eleocharis 219 Eleogiton 219 Elm 137 Elodea 1 % Elym us 230 Elytrigia 230 Empetrum 149 Enchanter's-nightshade 120 Endymion 202 English Elm 137 English Scurvygrass 75 English Stonecrop 115 Epilobium 120 Epipactis 211 Equisetum 57 Eranthis 68 Erica 146 Erige ron 179 Eriophorum 219 Erodi um 98 Erophila 75 Eryngium 125 Erysimum 75 Euonymus 102 Eupatorium 179 Euphorbia 131 Euphrasia 159 European Larch 66 Evening-primrose 120 Evergreen Oak 139 Everlasting 179 Everlasting-pea 103 Eyebright 159 Fagopyrum 133 Fagus 139 Fairy Flax 97

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Fallopia 133 False Brome 230 False Fox-sedge 219 False Oat-grass 230 False Oxlip 150 Fan-leavea Water-crowfoot 68 Fat Duckweed 217 Fathen 93 Fen Bedstraw 174 Fennel 125 Fennel Pondweed 198 Fen Orchid 211 Fen Pondweed 198 Fen-sedge 219 Ferns 60, 252 Fern-grass 230 Fescue 230 Festuca 230 Feverfew 179 Few-flowered Fumitory 74 Few-flowered Sedge 219 Few-flowered Spike-rush 219 Fiddle Dock 133,262 Field Bindweed 157 Field Fleawort 179 Field Forget-me-not 154 Field Garlic 202 Field Gentian 153 Field Cromwell 154 Field Horsetail 57 Field Madder 174 Field Maple 101 Field Mouse-ear 87 Field Pansy 84 Field Penny-cress 75 Field Pepperwort 75 Field Rose 110 Field Scabious 78 Field-speedwell 159 Field Woodrush 206 Field Woundwort 166,257 Fig-leaved Goosefoot 93

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Figwort 159 FiTago 179 Filipendula 110 Filmy-fern 59 Fine-leaved Fumitory 74 Fine-leaved Sandwort 87 Fine-leaved Sheep's-fescue 230 Fine-leaved Water-dropwort 125 Fingered Speedwell 159 Fir 66 Fir Clubmoss 56 Flag 210 Flat-sedge 219 Flat-stalked Pondweed 198 Flattened Meadow-grass 230 Flax 97 Fleabane 179 Flea Sedge 219 Fleawort 179 Flixweed 75 Floating Bur-reed 218 Floating Club-rush 219 Floating Sweet-grass 230 Floating Water-plantain 195 Flowermg-rush 196 Fluellin 159 Fly Orchid 211 Fodder Burnet 110 Foeniculum 125 Fool's Parsley 125,255 Fool's Water-cress 125,255 Forget-me-not 154 Fox-and-cubs 179 Foxglove 159 Fox-sedge 219 Foxtail 230 Fragaria 110 Fragrant Agrimony 110 Fragrant Evening-primrose 120 Fragrant Orchia 211 Frangula 102 Franxenia 87

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Fraxinus 152 Fringed Water-lily 154 Fritillaria 202 Fritillary 202 Frogbit 196 Frog Orchid 211 Frosted Orache 93 Fuchsia 120 Fumaria 74 Fumitory 74 Gagea 202 Gafanthus 209 Galega 103 Galeopsis 166,257 Galingale 219 Galinsoga 179 Galium 174 Gallant Soldier 179 Garden Arabis 75 Garden Cress 75 Garden Lettuce 179 Garden Parsley 125 Garden Privet 152 Garden Strawberry 110 Garlic 202 Garlic Mustard 75 Gaultheria 146 Genista 103 Gentian 153 Gentiana 153 Gentianella 153 Geranium 98 Germander Speedwell 159 Geum 110 Giant Bellflower 173 Giant Butterbur 179 Giant Fescue 230 Giant Fir 66 Giant Hogweed 125 Giant Knotweed 133 Gipsywort 166,257

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268 Glasswort 93 Glaucium 73 Glaucous Sedge 219 Glaux 150 Glechoma 166,257 Globeflower 68 Glyceria 230 Goat's-beard 179,260 Gnaphalium 179 Goat's-rue 103 Goat Willow 140 Golden Dock 133 Golden rod 179 Golden Samphire 179 Golden-saxifrage 117 Goldilocks 68 Good King Henry 93 Goodyera 211 Gooseberry 118 Goosefoot 93 Gorse 103 Grape Hyacinth 202 Grape, Oregon- 71 Grass 230 Grass-leaved Orache 93 Grass-of-Parnassus 118 Grass Vetchling 103 Grass-wrack Pondweed 198 Green Alkanet 154 Green Bristle-grass 230 Green Field-speedwell 159 Green Figwort 159 Green-flowered Helleborine

Grey Goosefoot 93 Grey Poplar 140 Grey Sedge 219 Grey Willow 140 Groenlandia 198 Gromwell 154 Ground-elder 125,255 Ground-ivy 166,257 Ground-pine 166 Groundsel 179 Guelder-rose 176 Gymnadenia 211 Gymnocarpium 60 Hair-grass 230 Hair-fike Pondweed 198 Hairy Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Hairy Bitter-cress 75 Hairy-brome 230 Hairy Buttercup 68 Hairy Rock-cress 75 Hairy Sedge 219 Hairy St jonn's-wort 85 Hairy Stonecrop 115 Hairy Tare 103 Hairy Violet 84 Hairy Woodrush 206 Halimione 93 Hammarbya 211 Hard Fern 60,252 Hard Fescue 230 Hard-grass 230 Hard Rush 206 Hard Shield-fern 60,252 Harebell 173 Hare's-ear 125 Hare's-foot Clover 103 Hare's-tail Cottongrass 219 Harsh Downy-rose 110 Hart's-tongue 60,252 Hawkbit 179,260 Hawk's-beard 179,260

211

Green Hellebore 68 Green-ribbed Sedge 219 Green Spleen wort 60 Greenweed 103 Green-winged Orchid 211 Grey Alder 138 Grey Club-rush 219 Grey Field-speedwell 159

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Hawkweed 179,260 Hawkweed Oxtongue 179 Hawthorn 110 Hay-scented Buckler-fern 60 Hazel 138 Heath 146 Heath Bedstraw 174 Heath Cudweed 179 Heath Dog-violet 84 Heather 146 Heath-grass 230 Heath Groundsel 179 Heath Milkwort 85 Heath Pearlwort 87 Heath Rush 206 Heath Speedwell 159 Heath Spotted-orchid 211 Heath Violet 84 Heath Woodrush 206 Hedera 125 Hedge Bedstraw 174 Hedge Bindweed 157 Hedge Mustard 75 Hedge-parsley 125,255 Hedgerow Crane's-bill 98 Hedge Woundwort 166,257 Helianthemum 86 Helictotrichon 230 Heliotrope 179 Hellebore 68 Helleborine 211 Helleborus 68 Helxine 136 Hemlock 125,255 Hemlock Water-dropwort 125, 255 Hemlock, Western 66 Hemp-agrimony 179 Hemp-nettle 166,257 Henbane 158 Henbit Dead-nettle 166,257 Henry, Good King 93

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Heracleum 125,255 Herb-Paris 205 Herb-Robert 98 Herminium 211 Hesperis 75 Hieracium 179,260 Himalayan Cotoneaster 110 Himantoglossum 211 Hippocrepis 103 Hippophae 120 Hippuris 123 Hirschfeldia 75 Hoary Cinquefoil 110 Hoary Cress 75 Hoary Mustard 75 Hoary Plantain 172 Hoary Ragwort 179 Hoary Stock 75 Hoary Whitlowgrass 75 Hoary Willowherb 120 Hogweed 125,255 HoTcus 230 Holly 119 Holly Fern 60 Holly, Sea 125 Honckenya 87 Honeysuckle 176 Hop 136 Hop Trefoil 103 Hordelymus 230 Hordeum 230 Horehound 166,257 Hornbeam 138 Horned Pondweed 198 Horned-poppy 73 Hornungia 75 Hornwort 72 Horse-chestnut 101 Horse-radish 75 Horseshoe Vetch 103 Horsetail 57 Hottentot-fig 93

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Hottonia 150 Hound's-tongue 154 Humulus 136 Huperzia 56 Hutchinsia 75 Hyacinth 202 Hyacinthoides 202 Hybrid Black-poplar 140 Hybrid Larch 66 Hybrid Sweet-grass 230 Hydrocharis 196 Hydrocotyle 125 Hymenophyllum 59 Hyoscyamus 158 Hypericum 85 Hypochaeris 179,260 Iberis 75 Ilex 119 Impatiens 100 Imperforate St John's-wort 85 Indian Balsam 100 Intermediate Bladderwort 165 Intermediate Cinquefoil 110 Intermediate Water-starwort 123 Intermediate Wintergreen 148 Interrupted Clubmoss 56 Inula 179 Iris 210 Isle of Man Cabbage 75 Isoetes 57 Isolepis 219 Italian Lords-and-Ladies 216 Italian Poplar 140 Italian Rye-grass 230 Ivy 125 Ivy Broomrape 164 Ivy, Ground 166, 257 Ivy-leaved Bellflower 173 Ivy-leaved Crowfoot 68 Ivy-leaved Duckweed 217 Ivy-leaved Speedwell 159

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Ivy-leaved Toadflax 159 Jacob's Ladder 154 Japanese Knotweed 133 Japanese Larch 66 Jasione 173 Jenny, Creeping 150 Jointed Rush 206 Juncus 206 Juneberry 110 Juniper 66 Juniperus 66 Kale, Sea 75 Keeled-fruited Cornsalad 177 Kickxia 159 Kidney Vetch 103 King Henry 93 Knapweed 179 Knapweed Broomrape 164 Knautia 178 Knawel 87 Knotgrass 133 Knotted Clover 103 Knotted Hedge-parsley 125 Knotted Pearlwort 87 Knotweed 133 Koeleria 230 Kraus' Clubmoss 56 Lactuca 179 Ladder, Jacob's 154 Lady-fern 60,252 Lady Orchid 211 Lady's Bedstraw 174 Lady's-mantle 110 Lady's-tresses 211 Lamb's Succory 179 Lamiastrum 166,257 Lamium 166,257 Lanceolate Spleenwort 60 Lapsana 179,260

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Larch 66 Large Apple-mint 166 Large Bindweed 157 Large Bitter-cress 75 Large-flowered Eveningprimrose 120 Large-flowered Hemp-nettle 166 Large-leaved Lime 96 Large Thyme 166,257 Larix 66 Lathraea 164 Lathyrus 103 Lavatera 97 Lavender, Sea 149 Lawson's Cypress 66 Lax-flowered Sea-lavender 149 Leafy-fruited Nightshade 158 Leafy Spurge 131 Least Bur-reed 218 Least Lettuce 179 Least Willow 140 Leek 202 Legousia 173 Lemna 217 Lemon-scented Fern 60,252 Leon todon 179,260 Leonurus 166 Leopard's-bane 179 Lepidium 75 Lettuce 179 Leucanthemum 179 Leucorchis 211 Leymus 230 Ligusticum 125 Ligustrum 152 Lilac 152 Lilium 202 Lily 202 Lily, Fringed Water 154 Lily-of-the-valley 202 Lime 96 Limestone Fern 60

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Limonium 149 Limosella 159 Linaria 159 Linnaea 176 Linum 97 Liparis 211 Liquorice 103 Listera 211 Lithospermum 154 Little Mouse-ear 87 Little-Robin 98 Littorella 172 Lizard Orchid 211 Lobelia 174 Lobularia 75 Loddon Pondweed 198 Lodgepole Pine 66 Loiseleura 146 Lolium 230 Lombardy Poplar 140 London Plane 137 Long-bracted Sedge 219 Long-headed Poppy 73 Long-spiked Glasswort 93 Long-stalked Crane's-bill 98 Long-stalked Pondweed 198 Long-stalked Yellow-sedge 219 Lontcera 176 Looking Glass, Venus's- 173 Loose Silky-bent 230 Loosestrife, Purple 119 Loosestrife, Yellow 150 Lords-and-Ladies 216 Lotus 103 Lousewort 159 Lovage 125 Lucerne 103 Lungwort 154 Lupm 103 Lupinus 103 Luronium 195 Luzula 206

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270 Lychnis 87 Lydum 158 Lycopodiella 56 Lycopodium 56 Lycopus 166,257 Lyme-grass 230 Lysimachia 150 Lythrum 119 Madder 174 Mahonia 71 Maidenhair Fern 60 Maidenhair Spleenwort 60, 252 Maiden Pink 87 Male-fern 60,252 Mallow 97 Malus 110 Malva 97 Man Orchid 211 Mantle, Lady's 110 Many-seeded Coosefoot 93 Many-stalked Spike-rush 219 Maple 101 Maple-leaved Coosefoot 93 Mare's-tail 123 Marigold, Corn 179 Marigold, Marsh 68 Maritime Pine 66 Marjoram 166,257 Marrubium 166 Mars h Arrowgrass 197 Marsh-bedstraw 174 Marsh Cinquefoil 110 Marsh Clubmoss 56 Marsh Cudweed 179 Marsh Dock 133 Marsh Fern 60 Marsh Foxtail 230 Marsh Gentian 153 Marsh Hawk's-beard 179 Marsh Helleborine 211 Marsh Horsetail 57

Marsh Lousewort 159 Marsh-mallow 97 Marsh-marigold 68 Marsh-orchid 211 Marsh Pea 103 Marsh Pennywort 125 Marsh Ragwort 179 Marsh Speedwell 159 Marsh Stitchwort 87 Marsh St John's-wort 85 Marsh Thistle 179 Marsh Valerian 177 Marsh Violet 84 Marsh Willowherb 120 Marshwort 125 Marsh Woundwort 166,257 Marsh Yellow-cress 75 Martagon Lily 202 Masterwort 125 Mat-grass 230 Matricaria 179 Matthioia 75 Mayweed 179 Meadow Barley 230 Meadow Brome 230 Meadow Buttercup 68 Meadow Clary 166 Meadow Crane's-bill 98 Meadow Fescue 230 Meadow Foxtail 230 Meadow-grass 230 Meadow Oat-grass 230 Meadow-rue 68 Meadow Saffron 202 Meadow Saxifrage 117 Meadowsweet 110 Meadow Thistle 179 Meadow Vetchling 103 Meconopsis 73 Medicago 103 Medick 103 Medium-flowered Winter-cress 75

Meiampyrum 159 Melancholy Thistle 179 Melica 230 Melick 230 Melilot 103 Melilotus 103 Melissa 166 Melittis 166 Mentha 166 Menyanthes 154 Mercurialis 131 Mercury 131 Mertensia 154 Meum 125 Midland Hawthorn 110 Mignonette 83 Milium 230 Milk-parsley 125 Milk Thistle 179 Milk-vetch 103 Milkwort 85 Millet 230 Mimulus 159 Mind-your-own-business Mint 166 Minuartia 87 Misopates 159 Mistletoe 124 Moehringia 87 Moenchia 87 Molinia 230 Moneywort 159 Monkeyflower 159 Monk's-hood 68 Monk's-rhubarb 133 Monotropa 148 Montbretia 210 Monterey Pine 66 Montia 92 Moonwort 65 Moor-grass 230 Moschatel 177

136

Moss Campion 87 Mossy Saxifrage 117 Mossy Stonecrop 115 Motherwort 166 Moth Mullein 159 Mountain Avens 110 Mountain Currant 118 Mountain Everlasting 179 Mountain Melick 230 Mountain Pansy 84 Mountain Sorrel 133 Mouse-ear 87 Mouse-ear Hawkweed 179,260 Mousetail 68 Mudwort 159 Mugwort 179 Mullein 159 Muscari 202 Musk 159 Musk Mallow 97 Musk Orchid 211 Musk Stork's-bill 98 Musk Thistle 179 Mustard 75 Mycelis 179 Myosotis 154 Myosoton 87 Myosurus 68 Myrica 137 Myriophyllum 122 Myrrhis 125,255 Myrtle 137 Narcissus 209 Nardus 230 Narrow Buckler-fern 60,252 Narrow-fruited Cornsalad 177 Narrow-fruited Watercress 75 Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot trefoil 103 Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress 75 Narrow-leaved Eel-grass 198

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Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea 103 Narrow-leaved Helleborine 211 Narrow-leaved Lungwort 154 Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass 230 Narrow-leaved Pepperwort 75 Narrow-leaved Water-plantain 195 Narrow-leaved Water-dropwort 125 Narrow-lipped Helleborine 211

Narthecium 202 Navelwort 115 Needle, Shepherd's 125 Needle Spike-rush 219 Neottia 211 Nepeta 166 Nettle 136 Nettle-leaved Bellflower 173 Nettle-leaved Coosefoot 93 New Zealand Willowherb 120 Night-flowering Catchfly 87 Nightshade 158 Nightshade, Enchanter's 120 Nipplewort 179,260 Noble Fir 66 Nodding Bur-marigold 179 Nootka Lupin 103 Northern Bedstraw 174 Northern Dock 133 Northern Hawk's-beard 179 Northern Marsh-orchid 211 Northern Rock-cress 75 Norway Maple 101 Norway Spruce 66 Norwegian Cinquefoil 110 Nottingham Catchfly 87 Nuphar 72 Nymphaea 72 Nymphoides 154

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Oak 139 Oak Fern 60 Oak-leaved Goosefoot 93 Oat 230 Oat-grass 230 Oblong-leaved Sundew 119 Odontites 159 Oenanthe 125,255 Oenothera 120 One-flowered Glasswort 93 Onion 202 Onobrychis 103 Ononis 103 Onorpordum 179 Ophioglossum 65 Ophrys 211 Opium Poppy 73 Opposite-leaved GoldenSaxigrage 117 Opposite-leaved Pondweed 198 Orache 93 Orange Balsam 100 Orange Foxtail 230 Orchid 211 Orchis 211 Oregon-grape 71 Oreopteris 60,252 Origanum 166,257 Ornithogalum 202 Ornithopus 103 Orobanche 164 Orpine 115 Orthiiia 148 Osier 140 Osmunda 59 Oval Sedge 219 Oxalis 100 Oxeye Daisy 179 Oxford Ragwort 179 Oxlip 150 Oxtongue 179,260 Oxyria 133

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Oysterplant 154 Pale Butterwort 165 Pale Dog-violet 84 Pale Flax 97 Pale Forget-me-not 154 Pale Pink-sorrel 100 Pale Persicary 133 Pale Sedge 219 Pale St Jonn's-wort 85 Pale Toadflax 159 Pale Willowherb 120 Pansy 84 Papaver 73 Parapholis 230 Parentucellia 159 Parietaria 136 Paris 205 Parnassia 118 Parsley 125,255 Parsley Fern 60 Parsley-piert 110 Parsley Water-dropwort 125 Parsnip 125 Parsnip, Water 125, 255 Pasqueflower 68 Pastinaca 125 Patience Dock 133 Pea 103 Pear 110 Pearlwort 87 Pearly Everlasting 179 Pedicularis 159 Pedunculate Oak 139 Pellitory* ^f-the-wall 136 Pencilled Crane's-bill 98 Pendulous Sedge 219 Penny-cress 75 Pennyroyal 166 Pennywort, Marsh 125 Pentagbttis 154 Peplis (Lythrum) 119

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Peppermint 166 Pepper-saxifrage 125 Pepper, Water 133 Pepperwort 75 Perennial Flax 97 Perennial Glasswort 93 Perennial Rye-grass 230 Perennial Sow-thistle 179,260 Perennial Wall-rocket 75 Perfoliate Pondweed 198 Perforate St John's-wort 85 Periwinkle 152 Persicaria 133 Petasites 179 Petroselinum 125 Petty Spurge 131 Petty Whin 103 Peucedanum 125 Phalaris 230 Phegopteris 60 Phleum 230 Phragmites 230 Phyllitis 60,252 Phyteuma 173 Picea 66 Picris 179,260 Pignut 125,255 Pin Sedge 219 Pillwort 65 Pilosella 179,185,186,260 Pilularia 65 Pimpernel 150 Pimpinella 125,255 Pine 66 Pineappleweed 179 Pine, Ground 166 Pinguicula 165 Pink 87 Pink-sorrel 100 Pink Purslane 92 Pink Water-speedwell 159 Pinus 66

271

272 Pirri-pirri-bur 110 Plane 137 Plantago 172 Plantain 172 Plantain, Water 195 Platanthera 211 Platanus 137 Plicate Sweet-grass 230 Ploughman's-spikenard 179 Plum 110 Poa 230 Polemonium 154 Polygala 85 Pofygonatum 202 Polygonum 133 Polypodium 60,252 Polypody 60,252 Polypogon 230 Pofystichum 60,252 Pond-sedge 219 Pondweed 198 Pondweed, Horned 202 Poplar 140 Poppy 73 Populus 140 Portland Spurge 131 Potamogeton 198 Potentilfa 110 Poterium 110 Prickly Lettuce 179 Prickly Poppy 73 Prickly Sedge 219 Prickly Sow-thistle 179,260 Primrose 150 Primrose, Evening 120 Primula 150 Privet 152 Procumbent Pearlwort 87 Procumbent Yellow-sorrel 100 Prunella 166,257 Prunus 110 Pseudofumaria 74

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Pseudorchis 211 Pseudotsuga 66 Pteridium 60,252 Puccinellia 230 Pulicaria 179 Pulmonaria 154 Pulsatilla 68 Purple Glasswort 93 Purple Cromwell 154 Purple-loosestrife 119 Purple Milk-vetch 103 Purple Moor-grass 230 Purple Ramping-fumitory 74 Pu rple Saxifrage 117 Purple Small-reed 230 Purple Toadflax 159 Purple Willow 140 Purslane, Pink 92 Purslane, Sea 93 Purslane, Water 119 Pyramidal Orchid 211 Pyrenean Valerian 177 Pyrola 148 Pyrus 110 Quaking-grass 230 Quercus 139 Quillwort 57 Radiola 97 Radish 75 Ragged-robin 87 Ragwort 179 Ramping-fumitory 74 Rampion 173 Ramsons 202 Ranunculus 68 Rape 75 Raphanus 75 Rapistrum 75 Raspberry 110

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Rat's-tail Fescue 230 Rattle 159 Rayed Groundsel 179 Ray's Knotgrass 133 Red Bartsia 159 Red-berried Elder 176 Red Campion 87 Red Cedar, Western 66 Red Clover 103 Red Currant 118 Red Dead-nettle 166,257 Red Fescue 230 Red Goosefoot 93 Red Hemp-nettle 166,257 Red Pondweed 198 Redshank 133 Red Star-thistle 179 Red-tipped Cudweed 179 Red Valerian 177 Reed 230 Reed Canary-grass 230 Reed mace 218 Reed Sweet-grass 230 Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass 230 Reflexed Stonecrop 115 Remote Sedge 219 Reseda 83 Restharrow 103 Rhamnus 102 Rhinanthus 159 Rhododendron 146 Rhubarb, Monk's 133 Russian Cinquefoil 110 Rhynchospora 219 Ribbed Melilot 103 Ribes 118 Ribwort Plantain 172 Rigid Hornwort 72 River Water-crowfoot 68 River Water-dropwort 125 Robert, Herb 98 Robin, Ragged 87

Rock-cress 75 Rocket 75 Rock-rose 86 Rock Samphire 125 Rock Sea-lavender 149 Rock Sea-spurrey 87 Rock Stonecrop 115 Rod, Golden 179 Rootless Duckweed 217 Rorippa 75 Rosa 110 Rose 110 Rosebay Willowherb 120 Rose, Guelder 176 Rosemaiy, Bog 146 Rose-of-Sharon 85 Roseroot 115 Rough Chervil 125,255 Rough Clover 103 Rough Dog's-tail 230 Rough Hawkbit 179, 260 Rough Hawk's-beard 179 Rough Meadow-grass 230 Rough Poppy 73 Round-fruited Rush 206 Round-headed Rampion 173 Round-leaved Crane's-bill 98 Round-leaved Crowfoot 68 Round-leaved Fluellen 159 Round-leaved Mint 166 Round-leaved Sundew 119 Round-leaved Wintergreen 148 Rowan 110 Royal Fern 59 Rubia 174 Rubus 110 Rue, Goat's 103 Rue-leaved Saxifrage 117 Rue, Meadow 68 Rue, Wall 60,252 Rumex 133,262 Ruppia 201

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Ruscus 202 Rush 206 Rush, Flowering 196 Russian Comfrey 154 Rustyback 60,252 Rye Brome 230 Rye-grass 230 Saffron 202 Sage 166,257 Sagina 87 Sagittaria 195 Sainfoin 103 Salad Burnet 110 Salicornia 93 Salix 140 Salsify 179 Salsola 93 Saltmarsh Flat-sedge 219 Saltmarsh-grass 230 Saltmarsh Rush 206 Saltwort 93 Salvia 166,257 Sambucus 176 Samolus 150 Samphire, Golden 179 Samphire, Rock 125 Sana Catchfly 87 Sand Cat's-tail 230 Sand Couch 230 Sand Leek 202 Sand Sedge 219 Sand Spurrey 87 Sandwort 87 Sanguisorba 110 Sanicle 125,255 Sanicula 125,255 Saponaria 87 Sarcocomia 93 Sarothamnus 103 Saussurea 179 Saw-wort 179

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Saxifraga 117 Saxifrage 117 Saxifrage, Burnet 125,255 Saxifrage, Pepper 125 Scabiosa 178 Scabious 178 Scaly Male-fern 60,252 Scandix 125 Scarlet Pimpernel 150 Scented Mayweed 179 Scentless Mayweed 179 Schoenoplectus 219 Schoenus 219 Scilla 202 Scirpus 219 Scleranthus 87 Scots Lovage 125 Scots Pine 66 Scottish Asphodel 202 Scottish Primrose 150 Scrophularia 159 Scurvygrass 75 Scutellaria 166,257 Sea Arrow-grass 197 Sea Aster 179 Sea Barley 230 Sea Beet 93 Sea Bindweed 157 Sea-blite 93 Sea-buckthorn 120 Sea Campion 87 Sea Clover 103 Sea Club-rush 219 Sea Fern-grass 230 Sea-heath 87 Sea-holly 125 Sea-kale 75 Sea-lavender 149 Sea Mayweed 179 Sea-milkwort 150 Sea Mouse-ear 87 Seaside Orache 93

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Sea Pea 103 Sea Pearlwort 87 Sea Plantain 172 Sea-purslane 93 Sea Radish 75 Sea Rocket 75 Sea Rush 206 Sea Sandwort 87 Seaside Centaury 153 Sea Spleenwort 60,252 Sea-spurrey 87 Sea Stork's-bill 98 Sea Spurge 131 Sea Wormwood 179 Securigera 103 Sedge 219 Sedum 115 Selaginella 56 Selfheal 166,257 Senecio 179 Seriphidium 179 Serrated Wintergreen 148 Serratula 179 Service-tree 110 Sesleria 230 Sessile Oak 139 Setaria 230 Shaggy Soldier 179 Shaffon 146 Sharp-flowered Rush 206 Sharp-leaved Flueilin 159 Sharp-leaved Pondweed 198 Sharp Rush 206 Sheep's-bit 173 Sheep's Sorrel 133 Shepherd's Cress 75 Shepherd's Needle 125 Shepherd's-purse 75 Sherardia 174 Shield-fern 60,252 Shining Crane's-bill 98 Shining Pondweed 198

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Shoreweed 172 Short-fruited Willowherb 120 Short-grained Brome 230 Short-styled Field-rose 110 Shrubby Sea-blite 93 Sibbaldia 110 Sibthorpia 159 Sickle Medick 103 Silaum 125 Silene 87 Silky-bent 230 Silver Birch 138 Silver Hair-grass 230 Silver Ragwort 179 Silverweed 110 Silybum 179 Sinapis 75 Sison 125,255 Sisymbrium 75 Sisvrhinchium 210 Sitka Spruce 66 Si urn 125 Six-rowed Barley 230 Six-stamened Waterwort 87 Skullcap 166,257 Slender Bedstraw 174 Slender Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Slender Club-rush 219 Slender Hare's-ear 125 Slender Rush 206 Slender Sandwort 87 Slender Sedge 219 Slender Soft-brome 230 Slender Spike-rush 219 Slender Speedwell 159 Slender St John's-wort 85 Slender Tare 103 Slender Thistle 179 Slender Trefoil 103 Slender Tufted-sedge 219 Small-flowered Buttercup 68 Small-flowered Catchfly 87

273

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274 Small-flowered Crane's-bill 98 Small-flowered Evening-primrose

120

Small-fruited Yellow-sedge 219 Small-leaved Cotoneaster 110 Small-leaved Elm 137 Small-leaved Lime % Small-reed 230 Small-white Orchid 211 Smith's Pepperwort 75 Smooth Brome 230 Smooth Cat's-ear 179 Smooth Hawk's-beard 179,260 Smooth Meadow-grass 230 Smooth Sow-thistle 179,260 Smooth-stalked Sedge 219 Smooth Tare 103 Smyrnium 125 Snapdragon 159 Sneezewort 179 Snowberry 176 Snowdrop 209 Snowflake 209 Snow-in-Summer 87 Soapwort 87 Soft Brome 230 Soft-grass 230 Soft Hornwort 72 Soft Rush 206 Soft Shield-fern 60,252 Solanum 158 Soldier 179 Soldier, Water 1% Soleirolia 136 Solidago 179 Solomon's-seal 202 Sonchus 179,260 Sorrel 133 Sorrel, Sheep's 133 Sorrel, Wood 100 Southern Marsh-orchid 211 Southern Woodrush 206

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Sow-thistle 179,260 Spanish Catchfly 87 Sparganium 218 Spartina 230 Spear-leaved Orache 93 Spear-leaved Willowherb 120 Spearmint 166 Spear Thistle 179 Spearwort 68 Speedwell 159 Spergula 87 Spergularia 87 Spider-orchid 211 Spignel 125 Spiked Sedge 219 Spiked Speedwell 159 Spiked Water-milfoil 122 Spiked Woodrush 206 Spikenard 179 Spike-rush 219 Spindle 102 Spi ny Cocklebu r 179 Spiny Restharrow 103 Spiraea 110 Spiral Tasselweed 201 Spiranthes 211 Spirodela 217 Spleen wort 60,252 Spotted Cat's-ear 179 Spotted Dead-nettle 166 Spotted Medick 103 Spotted-orchid 211 Spreading Hedge-parsley 125 Springbeauty 92 Spring Cinauefoil 110 Spring Sanawort 87 Spring-sedge 219 Spring Squill 202 Spring Vetch 103 Spruce 66 Spurge 131 Spurge-laurel 120

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Spurrey 87 Square-stalked St John's-wort 85 Square-stalked Willowherb 120 Squill 202 Squinancywort 174 Squirreltail Fescue 230 Stachys 166,257 Stag's-horn Clubmoss 56 Stanfruit 195 Star-of-Bethlehem 202 Starry Saxifrage 117 Star Sedge 219 Star-thistle 179 Starwort Mouse-ear 87 Starwort, Water 123 Stellaria 87 Steppe Cabbage 75 Sticky Catchfly 87 Sticky Groundsel 179 Sticky Mouse-ear 87 Stiff Saltmarsh-grass 230 Stiff Sedge 219 Stinking Chamomile 179 Stinking Goosefoot 93 Stinking Hellebore 68 Stinking Iris 210 Stinkweed 75 Stitchwort 87 St John's-wort 85 Stock 75 Stone Bramble 110 Stonecrop 115 Stone Parsley 125,255 Stork's-bill 98 Stratiotes 1% Strawberry 110 Strawberry Clover 103 Suaeda 93 Subterranean Clover 103 Subularia 75 Succisa 178 Succory 179

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Suffocated Clover 103 Sulphur Cinquefoil 110 Sulphur Clover 103 Summer Snowflake 209 Sundew 119 Sun Spurge 131 Swamp Meadow-grass 230 Swedish Whitebeam 110 Sweet Alison 75 Sweet Briar 110 Sweet Chestnut 139 Sweet Cicely 125,255 Sweet-flag 216 Sweet-grass 230 Sweet-vernal-grass 230 Sweet Violet 84 Swine-cress 75 Sycamore 101 Symphoricarpos 176 Symphytum 154 Syringa 152 Tall Fescue 230 Tall Melilot 103 Tall Mint 166 Tall Ramping-fumitory 74 Tall Rocket 75 Tamarisk 86 Tamarix 86 Tamus 210 Tanacetum 179 Tansy 179 Taraxacum 179,260 Tare 103 Tasselweed 201 Tasteless Water-pepper 133 Taxus 66 Tawny Sedge 219 Tea-leaved Willow 140 Teaplant 158 Teasel 178 Teesdalia 75

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Tephroseris 179 Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil 110 Tetragonolobus 103 Teucrium 166,257 Thale Cress 75 Thalictrum 68 Thelypteris 60 Thesium 124 Thick-leaved Stonecrop 115 Thistle 179 Thlaspi 75 Thorn-apple 158 Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot 68 Thread Rush 206 Three-cornered Leek 202 Three-flowered Rush 206 Three-leaved Rush 206 Three-lobed Crowfoot 68 Three-nerved Sandwort 87 Thrift 149 Thuja 66 Thyme 166,257 Thyme-leaved Sandwort 87 Thyme-leaved Speedwell 159 Thymus 166,257 Tilia 96 Timothy 230 Toadflax 159 Toadflax, Bastard 124 Toad Rush 206 Tofieldia 202 Toothed Medick 103 Toothwort 164 Tor-grass 230 Torilis 125,255 Tormentil 110 Touch-me-not Balsam 100 Tower Mustard 75 Townsend's Cord-grass 230 Tragopogon 179,260 Trailing Azalea 146

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Trailing St John's-wort 85 Trailing Tormentil 110 Traveller's-joy 68 Treacle Mustard 75 Tree Lupin 103 Tree-mallow 97 Trefoil 103 Tresses, Lady's 211 Trichophorum 219 Trientalis 150 Trifid Bur-marigold 179 Trifolium 103 Triglochin 197 Tripleurospermum 179 Trisetum 230 Triticum 230 Trollius 68 Tsuga 66 Tuberous Comfrey 154 Tubular Water-dropwort 125 Tufted Forget-me-not 154 Tufted Hairgrass 230 Tufted Loosestrife 150 Tufted-sedge 219 Tufted Vetch 103 Tumbling Mustard 75 Tunbridge Filmy-fern 59 Turkey Oak 139 Turnip 75 Tussilago 179 Tutsan 85 Twayblade 211 Twiggy Mullein 159 Twinflower 176 Two-rowed Barley 230 Typha 218 Ulex 103 Ulmus 137 Umbilicus 115 Unbranched Bur-reed 218 Upland Enchanter's-nightshade 120

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Upright Brome 230 Upright Chickweed 87 Upright Hedge-parsley 125,255 Upright Yellow-sorrel 100 Urtica 136 Utricularia 165 Vaccinium 146 Valerian 177 Valerianella 177 Variegated Horsetail 57 Various-leaved Fescue 230 Various-leaved Pondweed 198 Various-leaved Water-starwort 123 Velvet Bent 230 Venus's-looking-glass 173 Verbascum 159 Verbena 165 Vernal-grass 230 Veronica 159 Vervain 165 Vetch 103 Vetchling 103 Viburnum 176 Vicia 103 Vinca 152 Viola 84 Violet 84 Violet, Dame's 75 Violet Helleborine 211 Violet, Water 150 Viper's-bugloss 154 Viscum 124 Viviparous Fescue 230 Vulpia 230 Wahlenbergia 173 Wall Barley 230 Wall Bedstraw 174 Wallflower 75 Wallflower Cabbage 75

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Wall Lettuce 179 Wall-rocket 75 Wall-rue 60,252 Wall Speedwell 159 Wall Whitlow-grass 75 Warty Cabbage 75 Water Avens 110 Wate r Chickweed 87 Water-cress 75 Water-cress, Fool's 125,255 Water Crowfoot 68 Water Dock 133 Water-dropwort 125,255 Water Fern 65 Water Figwort 159 Water Forget-me-not 154 Water Horsetail 57 Water-lily 72 Water-lily, Fringed 154 Water Lobelia 174 Water-milfoil 122 Water mint 166 Water-parsnip 125,255 Water-pepper 133 Water-plantain 195 Water-purslane 119 Water hedge 219 Water-solaier 1% Water-speedwell 159 Water-starwort 123 Water-violet 150 Waterweed 1% Waterwort 87 Wavy Bitter-cress 75 Wavy Hair-grass 230 Wavy St John's-wort 85 Wayfari ng-tree 176 Weasel's-snout 159 Weld 85 Welsh Poppy 73 Welted Thistle 179 Western Gorse 103

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276 Western Hemlock 66 Western Red Cedar 66 Wheat 230 Whin 103 White Beak-sedge 219 Whitebeam 110 White Bryony 130 White Butterbur 179 White Campion 87 White Clover 103 White Comfrey 154 White Dead-nettle 166,257 White Helleborine 211 White Horehound 166 White Melilot 103 White Mignonette 83 White Mullein 159 White Mustard 75 White Poplar 140 White Ramping-fumitory 74 White Stonecrop 115 White Water-lily 72 White Willow 140 Whitlowgrass 75 WhorlecTCaraway 125

Whorled Mint 166 Whorled Water-milfoil 122 Whorl-grass 230 Whortle-leaved Willow 140 Willow 140 Willowherb 120 Wilson's Filmy-fern 59 Winter Aconite 68 Winter-cress 75 Wintergreen 148 Wintergreen, Chickweed 150 Winter Heliotrope 179 Winter Wild-oat 230 Wolffia 217 Wood Anemone 68 Wood Avens 110 Wood Barley 230 Wood Bitter-vetch 103 Wood Chickweed 87 Wood Club-rush 219 Wood Crane's-bill 98 Wood Dock 133,262 Wood Fescue 230 Wood Forget-me-not 154 Wood Horsetail 57

Wood Meadow-grass 230 Wood Melick 230 Wood Millet 230 Woodruff 174 Woodrush 206 Wood Sage 166,257 Wood-sedge 219 Wood Smafl-reed 230 Wood-sorrel 100 Wood Speedwell 159 Wood Spurge 131 Wood Stitchwort 87 Wood Vetch 103 Woolly Thistle 179 Wormwood 179 Woundwort 166,257 WychElm 137 Xanthium 179 Yarrow 179 Yellow Archangel 166,257 Yellow Bartsia 159 Yellow Bird's-nest 148

Yellow Centaury 153 Yellow Corydalis 74 Yellow-cress 75 Yellow Figwort 159 Yellow Horned-poppy 73 Yellow Iris 210 Yellow Loosestrife 150 Yellow Oat-grass 230 Yellow Pimpernel 150 Yellow Rattle 159 Yellow Saxifrage 117 Yellow-sedge 219 Yel low Stonecrop 115 Yellow Trefoil 103 Yellow-vetch 103 Yellow Vetchling 103 Yellow Water-lily 72 Yellow-wort 153 Yew 66 Yorkshire-fog 230 Zannichellia 202 Zigzag Clover 103 Zostera 198

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Index to families ACERACEAE 101 ADIANTACEAE 60 ADOXACEAE 177 AIZOACEAE 93 ALISMATACEAE 195 AMARANTHACEAE 93 AMARYLLIDACEAE 209 APIACEAE 125 APOCYNACEAE 152 AQUI FOLIACEAE 102 ARACEAE 216 ARALIACEAE 125 ASPLENIACEAE 60 ASTERACEAE 179 AZOLLACEAE 65 BALSAM IN AC EAE 100 BERBERI DACEAE 71 BETULACEAE 138 BLECHNACEAE 60 BORAGINACEAE 154 BRASSICACEAE 75 BUDDLEJACEAE 151 BUTOMACEAE 196 BUXACEAE 102 CALLITRICHACEAE 123 CAMPANULACEAE 173 CANNABACEAE 136 CAPRI FOLIACEAE 176 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 87 CELASTRACEAE 102 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 72

CHENOPODIACEAE 93 CISTACEAE 86 CLUSIACEAE 85 COMPOSITAE 179,260 CONIFERAE 66 CONVOLVULACEAE 157 CORNACEAE 124 CORYLACEAE 138 CRASSULACEAE 115 CRUCIFERAE 75 CUCURBITACEAE 130 CUPRESSACEAE 66 CYPERACEAE 219 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 60 DIOSCOREACEAE 210 DIPSACACEAE 178 DROSERACEAE 119 DRYOPTERIDACEAE 60 ELAEAGNACEAE 120 ELATINACEAE 87 EMPETRACEAE 149 EQUISETACEAE 57 ERICACEAE 146 EUPHORBIACEAE 131 FABACEAE 103 FAGACEAE 139 FERNS 60,252 FRANKENIACEAE 87 FUMARIACEAE 74

GENTIANACEAE 153 GERANIACEAE 98 GRAMINEAE 230 GROSSULARIACEAE 118 GUTTI FERAE 85 HALORAGACEAE 122 HIPPOCASTANACEAE 101 HIPPURI DACEAE 123 HYDROCHARITACEAE 196 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 59 HYPERICACEAE 85 IRl DACEAE 210 ISOETACEAE 57

MONOTROPACEAE MYRICACEAE 137 NYMPHAEACEAE

148

72

OLEACEAE 152 ONAGRACEAE 120 O PH IOG LOSS AC EAE 65 ORCHIDACEAE 211 OROBANCHACEAE 164 OSMUNDACEAE 59 OXALI DACEAE 100

LABIATAE 166,257 LAMIACEAE 166 LEGUMINOSAE 103 LEMNACEAE 217 LENTI BU LARI ACEAE 165 LILIACEAE 202 LINACEAE 97 LOBELI ACEAE 174 LYCOPODIACEAE 56 LYTHRACEAE 119

PAPAVERACEAE 73 PAPILIONACEAE 103 PARN ASS IACEAE 118 PINACEAE 66 PLANTAG IN ACEAE 172 PLATANACEAE 137 PLUMBAGINACEAE 149 POACEAE 230 POLEMON IACEAE 154 POLYGALACEAE 85 POLYGONACEAE 133,262 POLYPODIACEAE 60 PORTULACACEAE 92 POTAMOGETONACEAE 198 PRIMULACEAE 150 PYROLACEAE 148

MALVACEAE 97 MARSI LEACEAE 65 MENYANTHACEAE 154

RANUNCULACEAE 68 RESEDACEAE 83 RHAMNACEAE 102

JUNCACEAE 206 JUNCAGINACEAE 197

277

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278 ROSACEAE 110 RUBIACEAE 174 RUPPIACEAE 201 SALICACEAE 140 SANTALACEAE 124 SAXIFRAGACEAE 117 SCROPHULARIACEAE 159 SELAGINELLACEAE 56

)

SOLANACEAE 158 SPARGANIACEAE 218 TAMARICACEAE 86 TAXACEAE 66 THELYPTERIDACEAE 60 THYMELAEACEAE 120 TILIACEAE % TRILLIACEAE 205

TYPHACEAE 218

VISCACEAE

ULMACEAE 137 UMBELLIFERAE 125,255 URTICACEAE 136

WOODSIACEAE 60 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 202 ZOSTERACEAE 198

VALERI AN ACEAE 177 VERBENACEAE 165 VIOLACEAE 84

)

124

Simplified Keys 251

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T h e Project A

I D

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A

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The accurate identification of specimens is a fundamental part of most forms of biological fieldwork. Although the “popular” groups, such as butterflies, moths, birds and wild flowers, are well-served by numerous aids to A I D G A P is supported by the F ie ld Studies Council, Lin n e a n Society o f London

identification, other groups are often neglected. The principal objectives of the AIDGAP project are to identify those groups for which the difficulty in identification is due to the absence of a simple and accurate key rather

and the Royal

than being due to insuperable taxonomic problems and,

Entomological Society.

subsequently, to produce simple, well-written aids to identification. These aids avoid obscure terminology, are

FSC

clearly illustrated and need not be restricted to traditional methods of presentation. For example, the AIDGAP keys

Bring in g En v i r o n m e n t a l U n d e r s t a n d i n g To A l l

to willows and grasses have used multi-access tabular and punched-card formats. A significant feature of all the keys is the extent to which they are “tested” before final publication. In addition to routine editing and refereeing by acknowledged experts, the keys are subjected to extensive field tests. Several hundred copies of a preliminary draft - the “test” version - are sent to potential users: school and university staff; students; amateur naturalists; research workers; and others involved in surveys who need to identify organisms in groups outside their own sphere of interest. The authors are asked to amend the keys in the light of feedback from these “testers” before final publication.

IDGAP

A id s to Identification in Difficult G roups of Anim als and Plants

A

The success of any project such as this depends on feedback from the public. M ost people who have experience of fieldwork are aware of “gaps” in the literature but unless these are communicated to the

F ield Studies Council S-eston M on fo r d , Shrewsbury Shropshire SY4 1H W Telephone: 0845 3454012 F ax: 01143 852101 e-m ail: piblications@field-sm dies-counal.org 0 S \vwtv.field-studies-council.org

project co-ordinator, AIDGAP can do little to help alleviate the situation. Anyone wishing to contribute identification aids, or to suggest possible subjects for future projects, should contact the co-ordinator at the address alongside. Projects need not be confined to the biological field; AIDGAP would be equally interested in geological, palaeontological and geographical subjects.

SA;...-

A new key to wild flowers This user-friendly, original key provides an easy route to the accurate naming of flowers, trees, grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns in the British Isles. No expert botanical knowledge is expected and with a little practice the key can quickly be mastered. This handy book is not a descriptive flora, but it is intended for students of all ages, and for all who like to know the names of flowers but who are discouraged by more sophisticated, wordy floras. The key has its origins in courses run by the author where a simple field key was required. Subsequent testing through the AIDGAP (Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants) organisation further refined the key as a working tool for field and bench use. In this revised edition the plant names have been brought in line with those used in Stace's New Flora o f the

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AIDGAP

Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants

^

Brin g ing En v iro n m en tal Un d e r s t a n d i n g T o A ll

FSC Publications

*'

Preston Montford Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury Shropshire SY4 1HW Telephone: 0845 345 4072 www.fieId-studies-council.org

British Isles. Cover illustration by Rebecca Farley.

I SBN 978-1-85153-285-8

9781851532858

Occasional Publication 90. © Field Studies Council 2003. ISBN-10:1 85153 285 4. ISBN-13: 978 1 85153 285 8.

9 78

85 1

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