A Medieval Italian Commune: Siena Under the Nine, 1287–1355 [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520328556

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A MEDIEVAL I T A L I A N C O M M U N E

W I L L I A M M. B O W S K Y

A M€DI€VAL ITALIAN COMMUNE S I E N A U N D E R T H E N I N E , 1 2 8 7-1 3 5 5

U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F O R N I A P R E S S BERKELEY | LOS ANGELES | LONDON

U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F O R N I A B E R K E L E Y A N D LOS A N G E L E S ,

PRESS

CALIFORNIA

U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F O R N I A PRESS, L T D . LONDON, ENGLAND ©

1981

BY

T H E R E G E N T S OF T H E U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F O R N I A

Library

of Congress

Cataloging

in Publication

Data

Bowsky, William M A medieval Italian commune. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1.

S i e n a — H i s t o r y — R u l e of the N i n e , 1287-1355. I. DG975.S5B68

Title. 945'.58o4

80-21234

I S B N 0-520-04256-5 P R I N T E D I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S OF A M E R I C A 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

To my daughters Monica and Sarah

CONTENTS

L I S T OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xi

ABBREVIATIONS A N O T E ON D A T I N G , M O N E Y ,

xiii AND M E A S U R E M E N T

PREFACE

Xvii xix

Chapter i

Resources: Natural and Human

Chapter 2

Urban Magistracies

i 23

Chapter 5 Legislation and Justice

85

Chapter 4 The Commune Uses Force

117

Chapter j

159

Diplomacy and Foreign Relations

Chapter 6 Rule of the Merchants: The Government and Economics

184

Chapter 7 The Gvic Ideal

260

Chapter 8 Epilogue

299

INDEX

315

L I S T OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S

PLATES

(following page 170)

1. A court hearing, illustrated in the oldest extant statutes of the Guild of Judges and Notaries of Siena, dating from the fourteenth century during the regime of the Nine. Archivio di Stato di Siena, Collegio Notarile 1, f. i8r. (Foto Grassi, Siena) 2. Aerial view of the Piazza del Campo and the cathedral of Siena, including the remnants of the unfinished expanded cathedral. (Pubbli Aer Foto, Milan. Cone. S. M. A. 539 del 15/10/73) 3. Fontebranda and the Church of San Domenico. (Bruno Novarese, Florence) 4. The meeting hall of the Nine, the Sala dei Nove, in the Palazzo Comunale of Siena, with Ambrogio Lorenzetti's frescoes of the so-called Allegory of Good Government, Good Government in the Gty, and part of Good Government in the Countryside. (Bruno Novarese, Florence) 5. Ambrogio Lorenzetti. The so-called Allegory of Good Government. (Istituto Fotocromo Italiano, Florence) 6. Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the Gty. (Istituto Fotocromo Italiano, Florence) 7. Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the City. Detail, including a lecture room. (Istituto Fotocromo Italiano, Florence)

ix

x

List of Illustrations

8. Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the Countryside. (Alinari) 9. Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the Countryside. Detail. (Alinari) 10. Simone Martini. The Sienese War Captain, Guidoriccio dei Fogliani of Reggio, at the sieges of Montemassi and Sassoforte. Fresco in the hall of the City Council in the Palazzo Comunale of Siena. (Istituto Fotocromo Italiano, Florence) 1 1 . Simone Martini. Maestà ( 1 3 1 5 ) . Fresco in the hall of the City Council in the Palazzo Comunale of Siena. (Istituto Fotocromo Italiano, Florence) 12. Gabella Cover, 1344 July-December, with an allegorical representation of the Common Good and the Commune portrayed as a ruler. Archivio di Stato di Siena. (Bruno Novarese, Florence) 13. Biccherna Cover, 1353 January-June. The treasurer and clerk at work. Archivio di Stato di Siena. (Alinari) 14. Biccherna Cover, 1320 January-June. Don Stefano, monk of San Galgano, treasurer of the Biccherna, kneeling before San Galgano. Archivio di Stato di Siena. (Alinari) 15. Biccherna Cover, 1324 July-December. Archivio di Stato di Siena. (Alinari) 16. Caleffo dell'Assunta. Archivio di Stato di Siena, Capitoli 2, frontispiece: the Assumption of the Virgin (1334). (Alinari) MAPS 1. The Sienese State, from Orlando Malavolti, Dell' bistorta di Siena (Venice, 1599) pages 2-3 2. The popoli of Siena, derived from the Table of Possessions, c. 1316— 1320, based on Duccio Balestracci and Gabriella Piccinni, Siena nel trecento: Assetto urbano e strutture edilizie (Edizioni C L U S E F , Florence, 1977), Cartai page 13 3. The City of Siena, from Orlando Malavolti, Dell'historia di Siena (Venice, 1599) foldout at end

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am happy to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to the many individuals and institutions that have assisted me during two decades of the study of the history of Siena. The staff of the Archivio di Stato of Siena made my work there a pleasure, and the personnel of such other archival depositories as the Archiépiscopal Archive of Siena, the Archivio di Stato of Florence, and the Vatican Library were most helpful. The University of California, Davis, and the University of Nebraska provided research grants, and the staffs of their libraries offered essential assistance. The trips to Italy necessary for this study would have been impossible without the aid of a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, a Social Science Research Council Faculty Research Fellowship, and grants-in-aid from the American Philosophical Society and the American Council of Learned Societies. The encouragement of many friends over the years has been a greater aid than they may imagine. T o all I am most grateful.

xi

ABBREVIATIONS

(I) (il)

AAS Agnolo

ASF ASI ASS

B Balestracci-Piccinni

Bowsky, "Black Death"

Bowsky, "Buon Governo"

First semester ( i January-30 June) Second semester ( 1 July-31 December) Archivio Arcivescovile di Siena "Cronaca Senese attribuita ad Agnolo di Tura del Grasso detta la cronaca maggiore," in C.S., 255-564 Archivio di Stato di Firenze Archivio Storico Italiano Archivio di Stato di Siena [N.B.: When not otherwise indicated, all unpublished documents cited are housed in the ASS.] ASS, Biccherna Duccio Balestracci and Gabriella Piccinni, Siena nel trecento: Assetto urbano e strutture edilizie (Florence, 1977) William M. Bowsky, "The Impact of the Black Death upon Sienese Government and Society," Speculum, XXXIX (1964), 1-34 William M. Bowsky, "The Buon Governo of Siena, 1287-1355: A Mediaeval Italian Oligarchy," Speculum, XXXVII (1962), 368-381 xiii

xiv

Abbreviations

Bowsky, "Qtizenship"

William M. Bowsky, "Medieval Qtizenship: The Individual and the State in the Commune of Siena, 1287-1355," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, I V (1967), 193-243

Bowsky, "Contado"

William M. Bowsky, " G t y and Contado: Military Relationships and Communal Bonds in Fourteenth-Century Siena," in Anthony Molho and John A. Tedeschi, eds., Renaissance Studies in Honor of Hans Baron (Florence, 1971), pp. 75-98 William M. Bowsky, "Italian Diplomatic History: A Case for the Smaller Commune," in William C. Jordan, Bruce McNab, and Teofilo Ruiz, eds., Order and Innovation in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honor of Joseph R. Strayer (Princeton, 1976), pp. 5574. 437-444

Bowsky, "Diplomatic History"

Bowsky, Finance

William M. Bowsky, The Finance of the Commune of Siena, 1287-1355 (Oxford, 1970)

Bowsky, "Maggior Sindaco"

William M. Bowsky, "The Constitution and Administration of a Tuscan Republic in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance: The Maggior Sindaco in Siena," Studi Senesi, L X X X (1968), 7-22 William M. Bowsky, "The Medieval Commune and Internal Violence: Police Power and Public Safety in Siena, 12871355," American Historical Review, LXXIII (1967), 1 - 1 7

Bowsky, "Police Power"

Bowsky, "Rebellion"

BSSP

William M. Bowsky, "The Anatomy of Rebellion in Fourteenth-Century Siena: From Commune to Signory?" in Lauro Martines, ed., Violence and Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200-1500 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972), pp. 229-272 Bullettino Senese di storia patria

Abbreviations Caleffo Vecchio

CG Cherubini, Signori Const. 1262 Const. 1309-10

Const. 1337-39 C.S.

Davidsohn, Geschichte DR Guida

Repertorio

Roncière, Florence

Senigaglia, Mercanzia

xv

Giovanni Cecchini, ed., Il Caleffo Vecchio del comune di Siena, 3 vols. (Florence, 1932-34; Siena, 1940) ASS, Consiglio Generale, Deliberazioni Giovanni Cherubini, Signori, contadini, borghesi (Florence, 1974) Lodovico Zdekauer, ed., Il constituto del comune di Siena delPanno 1262 (Milan, 1897) Alessandro Lisini, ed., Il costituto del comune di Siena volgarizzato nel MCCCIXMCCCX, 2 vols. (Siena, 1903) ASS, Statuti, Siena, 26 Alessandro Lisini and Fabio Iacometti, eds., Cronache Senesi, in Rerum ltalicarum scriptores, n.s., X V , pt. VI (Bologna, 1931-1937) Robert Davidsohn, Geschichte von Florenz, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1896-1927) ASS, Diplomatico Riformagioni Ministero dell'Interno, Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, V, VI, Archivio di Stato di Siena: Guida-inventario dell'Archivio di Stato, 2 vols. (Rome, 1951) Paolo Cammarosano and Vincenzo Passeri, "Repertorio," in Voi. II of I castelli del Senese: Strutture fortificate dell'area Senese-Grossetana, 2 vols. (Siena, 1976) [N.B.: Repertorio is to be consulted when no other reference is given for a place in the Sienese state.] Charles M. de la Roncière, Florence: Centre économique régional au XIV" siècle, 5 vols. (Aix-en-Provence, [1976]) Quinto Senigaglia, ed., Lo statuto dell'arte della Mercanzia Senese, 1342-1343 (Siena, 1911 ), first published in BSSP, XIV-XVII (1907-1910)

xvi

Abbreviations

Statuti Senesi

Tommasi

Filippo-Luigi Polidori and Luciano Banchi, eds., Statuti Senesi scrìtti in volgare ne' secoli XIII e XIV, 3 vols. (Bologna, 1863-77) Giugurta Tommasi, DeWhistorie di Siena, 2 vols, in one (Venice, 1625-26)

A N O T E ON D A T I N G , AND

MONEY,

MEASUREMENT

DATING Siena followed the Florentine style, beginning each new year with the Annunciation on 25 March, rather than on the preceding 1 January. Dates below are given in the common style unless specifically indicated as Sienese style. MONEY The Sienese lira was a money of account and not a coin. It was reckoned at 20 soldi or 240 denari; i.e., £s.d. For the changing relationship between the Sienese coinage (and hence also of the money of account) and the gold florin, see below, Ch. V I . MEASUREMENT Land measurement-. The principal Sienese unit of surface measurement, the staio or starius, probably was slightly less than a third of an acre; but the "modern" equivalents for measurements in use in the eighteenth century may inadequately represent measurements in use during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Dry measure-. A principal Sienese unit of dry measure, the staio or starius, was about a bushel. Twenty-four staia equal one moggio or modius. The size of the staio varied from one city to another.

xvii

PREFACE

This book was born on a trip I made to Siena in 1955 in connection with a study of the Italian expedition of Dante's emperor, Henry VII. Siena so captivated me that I decided my next project would deal with Sienese history. This volume is the result of that resolution and a twenty-year love affair. For any reader interested in "just the facts," it stems, too, from several decades of work with Sienese archival material and from some two years' happy residence in the G t y of the Virgin. This Tuscan city long enjoyed a prominence out of proportion to its modest material and geographical assets. A major thirteenth-century Western European banking center, Siena competed with Florence for the hegemony of Tuscany. During the first half of the fourteenth century its innovative artists and architects undertook daring works whose breathtaking beauty even now thrills all but the most leaden spirits. In a more prosaic but still significant vein, the fertility of Siena's administrative experimentation may have been unsurpassed in late medieval Italy. T h e longevity and relative stability of the Sienese government was particularly striking for a medieval or early Renaissance commune. For nearly seventy years between the collapse of Ghibellinism and the many endemic crises that marked the latter half of the fourteenth century, a single regime governed the city-state: the bimonthly magistracy of the Nine Governors and Defenders of the Commune and the People of Siena. T h e Nine, or Noveschi, as the members of the ruling oligarchy are

xix

xx

Preface

styled, left their mark on every facet of Sienese life and gave the city the imprint it retains to this day. The Nine perfected the town's street plan and directed the construction of architectural and artistic monuments that continue to inspire admiration. They ordered the building of the magnificent Palazzo Comunale in Siena's shell-shaped forum, flanked by one of the world's most elegant towers, the Torre del Mangia. The Nine commissioned Duccio di Buoninsegna's Maestà, an altarpiece not restored until this century to something approximating its original splendor. At the bidding of the Nine, Ambrogio Lorenzetti adorned their private meeting hall in the Palazzo Comunale with his unique and magnificent frescoed allegories, long known as Good and Bad Government. No area of activity escaped the purview, supervision, and intervention of the Nine. From the late thirteenth through the mid-fourteenth century—as Siena moved from the collapse of Ghibellinism through the peril of imperial incursions and the signorial embrace of the Angevin rulers of Naples, suffered the devastating attacks of the first of the great condottieri, wrestled with social and economic unrest, confronted the specter of famine, and reeled under the unspeakable horrors of the Black Death—it was the regime of the Nine that lent unity and gave coherence to this epoch of Sienese history. This, then, is a study of Siena and the Nine. If it is the story of a governing class and a town, it also is something more: an examination of the ways in which people used their institutions to affect their urban milieu and to effect their aims and ideals. Interlaced throughout are clues that combine to suggest the ways this late medieval commune, unlike many of its neighbors, developed and maintained a long-lived political regime and enjoyed a comparatively tranquil existence. The nature of the great bulk of the surviving documentation defines much of the substance and format of this book. The documents are almost exclusively public and official, not private. They reflect the concerns of the ruling elite far more than those of the governed, and reveal all too little about the hopes, fears, and personalities of specific individuals. After much thought, I decided to treat the themes of this study topically rather than chronologically despite the obvious limitations of this approach—the occasional need for repetition, the overlapping of some issues and themes, and the sometimes almost arbitrary inclusion of a topic within one chapter rather than another. The disparity in length of the chapters seemed preferable to a procrustean symmetry. Issues which are dealt with extensively and successfully elsewhere, or for which insufficient source material exists, are treated more concisely than others for which

Preface

xxi

there is a relative wealth of untapped archival documentation, or upon which little work has been done, or about which few innovative questions have been posed. Viewed from another perspective, each of these chapters might itself have been the. subject of a separate monograph in which the ramifications of broad issues considered here would be examined in greater depth and their many nuances and interrelationships brought to light. But to postpone an examination of Siena under the governance of the Nine until such a time would be to postpone it until the Greek kalends. It would require more than the lifetime or the knowledge of a single scholar, however diligent, and would lend itself to a collective enterprise with all the advantages of that genre—and with all its shortcomings. It is the historian's duty to the Muse and to himself to offer the results of his labors so that others may test, refine, and utilize his approaches, questions, and discoveries. I have tried to eschew the temptation to cite every article, monograph, or—yes—even archival text bearing upon the subjects treated here. If I have been less than entirely successful, I hope the reader will excuse this as perhaps the result of an overexposure to these materials that derives from more than two decades of enjoyable immersion in Sienese history. I intend, at any rate, to avoid debate with my predecessors upon literally hundreds of different matters, large and small. Whenever possible I have gone directly to the primary archival sources used, misused, or overlooked by such sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and eighteenth-century authors as Orlando Malavolti, Giugurta Tommasi, Isidoro Ugurgieri, Girolamo Gigli, and Giovanni Antonio Pecci. On analogous grounds, I do not always warn the reader when I differ with the early twentieth-century scholarship of Robert Langton Douglas or Ferdinand Schevill. 1 For the sake of brevity, a note occasionally refers the reader to one of my previous publications for further elaboration of a particular topic and for sources not directly identified in this book. This is necessary especially because the citation of sources without the inclusion of detailed explanations of their nature, ramifications, and limitations might at times prove misleading, while the inclusion of such matters would make for a plethora of ponderous notes and lengthy digresi. Orlando Malavolti, Dell'historia di Siena, 3 vols, in one (Venice, 1599); Giugurta Tommasi, DeU'historie de Siena, 2 vols, in one (Venice, 1625-1626); Isidoro Ugurgieri, Le pompe Sanesi, 2 vols. (Pistoia, 1649); Girolamo Gigli, Diario Sanese, 2 vols. (Lucca, 1723); Giovanni Antonio Pecci, Storia del Vescovado di Siena (Lucca, 1748); Robert Langton Douglas, A History of Siena (London and N e w York, 1902); Ferdinand Schevill, Siena: The Story of a Mediaeval Commune (New York, 1909), reprinted, N e w York, 1964, with a historiographic introduction by William M. Bowsky, pp. viii-xxxviii.

xxii

Preface

sions in the text. T o have done otherwise would have been to produce a work at least three times the size of this and one whose own modest contributions would have been submerged completely in a sea of scholarly polemic. I hope the reader will concur with this decision, if only in the interests of clarity and conciseness. If I have attempted to avoid the temptation of needless debate, I have tried to uncover those of my own predispositions that might lead me to omissions and misinterpretations; this so that I might both compensate for some of these shortcomings and warn the reader of possible missteps. One of the very factors, for example, that originally brought the regime of the Nine to my attention—special concern for stability, security, continuity, and ordered change—also tended to make me overly sympathetic to the Noveschi and their problems and perhaps too predisposed in favor of their regime. I believe that now I have attained a more accurate and delicate balance, but only future scholarship and you, the reader, can be the judge. I hope especially to be able to convey something of the love for Siena that has seized me, as it has so many students of this elusively charming and vibrant city, who have felt the truth of the inscription over the great northern gate of Camollia: cor magis tibi Sena pandit—Siena opens her heart wider to you.

Resources: ^Natural and Human

S

the City of the Virgin, lay nestled on a westward spur of the Chiana mountain range some thirty miles south of the great Guelf commune of Florence. Beyond the Valdichiana to the northeast lay Siena's age-old rival, Ghibelline Arezzo. Cortona, Chiusi, and Orvieto stretched along an approximately north-south line at Siena's eastern borders. To the west stood the hill town of Volterra, and beyond, some forty miles from Siena, was the coastline of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Montamiata, home of the imposing Benedictine monastery of San Salvatore, rose to a height of more than 5,600 feet about thirty-five miles south of Siena.1 Still further off, lands of the Church and holdings of the Aldobrandeschi counts of Sovana and Santa Fiora bounded the Sienese state. Sienese territory extended toward Massa Marittima and Grosseto to the very borders of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Maremma, coastal lowlands with malarial swamps and stretches of sand dunes or tomboli broken by pastures, forests, and low hills. The Maremma's valuable pastures and impressive salt and mineral deposits had long made it a major object of Sienese interest and expansion.2 A petition presented to the Sienese city council in IENA,

1. Ildebrando Imberciadori, Per la storia della società rurale: Amiata e Maremma tra il IX e il XX secolo (Parma, 1971) is a useful compilation of fourteen previously published pieces and two new contributions. 2. For the Maremma see Bowsky, Finance, Index, p. 375, and the works there cited. Aldo Mazzolai, Maremma: Storia e arte (Florence, 1967), though furnished with few I

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>it(foUimtM§* aim prnif fufl JCO cc intuibilità Uccfitv k eonuaut"pfili|S |»ium/nuf lis fcfrlaumbiUbiuvopifia«, I b t i d ^ t q j occititojibiifljjtif fi 1 a i l a u » uhi ifiia pin A t » -S uuuiafuaa: m x a c lc 258 Judge sindaco. See Maggior sindaco Lambertuccio dei Cieroni of S. Miniato, 238

Landò di Manno, 251 Lanfranco dei Ragoni of Modena, 46 Laterino, borough, 284 Latini, Brunetto, of Florence, 280 Lecceto, 56, 195 Lenzo di Niccoluccio, 298 (possibly Codenacci) Lira, lire, 9 0 , 1 4 3 , 1 8 6 - 1 9 3 passim, 2 7 7 ; definitions, 12, 14, 21, 123 Loans: forced, 4 3 , 1 4 3 , 1 8 7 - 1 9 3 passim-, voluntary, 1 8 9 - 1 9 3 , 3 1 2 Lolo de Fabri, 226. See also U g o de Fabri Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 14, 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 1 0 3 , 283, 2 8 7 - 2 9 1 , 292, 309, 314

Lornano, 207 Lotterenghi, family, 66 Louis of Bavaria, emp., 30, I J I , 165, 300 Lovati, Lovato, of Padua, 280 Luca di Conte di Benvenuto, 38 Lucas de Penna, 289 Lucca, 5, 65, 152, 162, 168, 173, 175, 182, 217, 247; reprisals, 237, 238, 240. See also Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli; Uguccione della Faggiuola Luchaire, Julien, 307 Lucignano d'Arbia, 167 Lucignano d'Asso, 167 Lucignano, Valdichiana, 152, 167 Lugriano, 205 Lunigiana, bp., 243 Lupompesi, 10. See also Vescovado

Index Macerata, 28 Macereto, incl. baths, 5, 309 Maconi, family, 17, 69, 79, 146; Federigo di Branca, 69, 70, 278 "Maestro Baldo Medicho," 266 Maffeo, grain merchant, 296 Maggior sindaco (Judge sindaco), 42-45 (office), J7,65, 82,90 (and city council), 199, 212-213 (and guilds), 296 (prostitution) Malavolti, family and company, 16, 18, 35, 63,66,92,97,12 j , 135,136, 146, 250 (company), 2J7 (company), 268-271 passim, 273, 292 (castellare), 310; Azzolino di Mino, bp. of Siena (1351-1370), 269 (canon); Bettoccio di Guiduccio, 203; Cino di Deo, 270; Donodeo, bp. of Siena (1317-1350), 76, 269; Donodeo d'Orlando, 300; Francesco di Volto, 269; Granello di Rigoli, canon, 269; Guido di Cione, canon, 269; Mino di Guido, 276; Orso, 264; Renaldo, bp. of Siena (12821307), 32, 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 passim, 179, 271; Renaldo, canon (not bp.), 268-269; Renaldo di Volto, canon, 269; Renaldo d'Orlando, canon, 268 Malcucinato (in terzo of S. Martino), 14 Manenti, Rinaldo, of Spoleto, pod., 26 Manetti, family, 72; Andrea, 270; Graziano, 72 Manfred (Hohenstaufen), 35, 160, 263 Mangona, et., 165 Marinino Busziadri, 153 Mappamondo, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 287 Marco of Bologna, 152 Maremma, 1, 4, 5, 9, 18, 30, 46, 49, 102, 141, 146, 149, 161, 164, 174, 175, 180, 190, 194, 200, 206-207, 2i 3°9> 313. See also Butchers; Canova-, Divieto-, Guilds; Tratta Provveditori. See Biccherna Provenzani, Ciolo, 71, 72 Prunai, Giulio, 258 Pulci, of Florence, 247 Quattrini (police), 120, 121-122 Radda, 6 Radicofani, 5, 62, 178 Radicondoli, 5, 54, 138 Radi di Creta, 76 Ragnoni, family, 17 Ranieri di Zaccaria of Orvieto, pod., 28. See also Bonifazio di Ranieri di Zaccaria of Orvieto Rapolano, incl. baths, 5 Reggio (Emilia), 28, 29, 33, 217 Regno (Kingdom of Naples). See Angevins Renaccio, 200 Renouard, Yves, 19 Reprisals, 31, 32-33, 78, 88, 89, 173-174, 217, 218, 221, 232-246. See also Bankruptcy, 246-257 passim Resi, 10, 273. See also Vescovado Riccardi, of Lucca, 247 Rimbertini, of Florence, 247 Rinaldini, family, 17 Rivers, j - 6 ; Albegna, 6; Arbia, 6, 160, 196; Arno, j , 161, 162; Asso, 6; Bozzone, 6; Cecina, 6; Chiana, 198; "Diana," 175; Elsa, 5-6; Fovenna, 198; Ombrone, 6, i j 2 , 190, 194, 200; Orcia, 6, 149; Rosia, 197; Staggia, j ; Tressa, 6. See also Valdarbia; Valdichiana; Valdelsa; Valdorcia Roads, 10, 43, 76, 81, 96, 106, 191, 194, 196, 198-202, 272; Via Cassia, j , 12; Via Emilia, j ; V i a Francigena, 5, 12, 146, 161, 162, 175, 198, 199 Robert of Naples (Anjou), k. (d. 1343), 65, 132, 164, 167, 172, 176, 244, 247. See also Angevins Rocca d'Orda (Tintinnano), 6, 9 Roccalbegna, j , 189, 194, 205 Roccastrada, j , 47

Roccatederighi, j Roger of Casole, bp. of Siena (1307-1317), 270, 271-272, 284 Rome, j , 32, 141, i j i , 154, 161, 188, 199, 240, 243, 249, 288, 292 Roncière, Charles de la, 201, 202 Roselle, 4 Rosia, 195 (piano di), 197 Rossi, family, 79, 2J4. See also Binduccio di Latino Rubinstein, Nicolai, 288, 290 Ruffaldi, Domenico di Guiduccio, 302303; Guiduccio di Cecco, 97 Sala dei Nove. See Palazzo Comunale Sala del Mappamondo. See Palazzo Comunale Saladini, Pietro, 266 Salimbene di Guido, butcher, 211 Salimbeni, family, 9, 18, 27, 35, 66, 74, 97, IÓ '35> '3 6 > '45. 5> i66 > 186-187, 257 (company), 310; Benuccio di Benuccio, 48, 6j, ioj, 231, 280; Ciampolo di Salimbene, 172, 243; Foccio, 38; Giovanni, butcher, 2 1 1 ; Giovanni d'Agnolino, 299, 301; Giovanni d'Angelino di Salimbene, 169; Salimbene, 18, 293 Salvani, family, 17; Sapia, 262. See also Corrado del Forte de "Salvais" Salvestri, Francesco, bp. of Florence, 164 S. Agostino (S. Augustine), eh., 16; hermits of, 16, 263, 267, 268 S. Angelo a Tressa, 196, 199 S. Ansano, 58, 167, 261, 263, 285, 286; community, 6 j S.Antonio (in terzo of Camollia), 2 1 4 2I

5

S. Bernardino, 261, 291 S. Catherine of Siena, 261 S. Clare, nuns of, 200 S.Crescenzio, 285, 286 S. Cristoforo, eh., 14, 18, 270 S.Domenico, eh., 18, 263, 302 S. Donato di sopra (in terzo of Camollia), 76 S. Egidio, eh., 270 S. Fiora, counts of. See Aldobrandeschi S.Francesco, eh., 19, 263 S. Galgano, Cistercian abbey, 65, 273 S. Gimignano, 95, 152, 164, 168, 173; reprisals, 237, 240 S. Giovanni d'Asso, 106

Index S.Giovanni of Campriano, eh., 18, 270 S. Lazzarus, leprosarium, 274 S. Maria dei Servi, eh., 17 S.Maria della Scala, hospital, 15, 41, 1 1 1 1 1 2 , 116, 140, 179, 187, 190, 204, 262 (confraternity), 267, 268, 273-274, 294, 295 S.Maria delle Grazie, hospital, 274 S. Martino, terzo (district), description, 12, 17, 69, 121, 296 S. Miniato, 237, 238 S.Paul, eh., 270 S. Pellegrino, eh., 270; district in terzo of Camollia, 214-215 S. Petronella, convent, 268 S. Pietro a Ovile (in terzo of Camollia), 69. 7 6 - 77. I04» « 8 S. Quirico d'Orcia, 67 S. Quirico in Castelvecchio (in terzo of Città), 132 S. Quirico in Osenna (Rosenna), S. Quirico d'Orcia, 5, 54, 180, 205 S. Salvatore di Montamiata, monastery, 1, 178, 196 S. Sano, 7 6 S.Savino, 285, 286 S. Victor, 285, 286 Sansedoni, 17, 135, 146, 264; Ambrogio, blessed, j8, 261, 262, 263 Saracini, family, 16, 66, 74, 92, 135, 145, 256; Cino di Ghino, 65; Ranuccio, 270 Sardus, Jacobus, 225 Sarteano, castle, 153; Azzo di Manente, et., 154; Bolgaruccio di Renaldo, 153; Brunello, et., 154; Manente, et., 153-154; Manfred, et., 154, 155; Neri, et., 154; Neruccio di Neri, et., 154 Sarzana, truce of (1353), 170, 300 Sasso di Maremma, Sasso Marittima (Sasso d'Ombrone), 205 Sassoforte, 287 Savoy, Louis of, lord of Vaud, 239 Scali, of Florence, 247 Schevill, Ferdinand, 162, 307, 310 Scorridore delle strade (scourer of the highways), 81, 199 Scotti, family, 16; Jacomo di Scotto di Marsiglio, 79; Marsiglio, 264 Scotto d'Andrea di Tone, 297 Scotto di Gilberto, 31 Scrofiano, 198 Selva del Lago, 56, 195, 203

32$

Serre, commune, 112, 1 1 5 Servites (Servi di S. Maria), 19, 264. See also Misericordia Sexti (districts), 139 Sharecropping {mezzadria), 8, 10, 186, 193, 205 Siena, bp., 18, 76, 94, 272-274, 275; court of, 1 1 0 - 1 1 6 . See also Malavolti: Azzolino di Mino; Malavolti: Donodeo; Malavolti, Renaldo: bp.; Roger of Casole; Siena, cathedral: canons; Vescovado Siena, Campo (incl. Piazza del Campo), 15. 17. 37. J2> »9- I2 9i '3 1 » '3 2 i «35. l 8 °» 208, 224, 284, 285, 286, 294-295, 301, 302. See also Palazzo Comunale Siena, cathedral (S. Maria), 12, 15, 176, 268, 275, 284-285, 288, 294, 295, 308; canons, 178-179, 267-269, 271, 273 Siena, gates, 12, 129, 274, 284, 296. See also Camollia, gate; Monteguatano; Porta S. Viene Siena, signories, Nine Governors and Defenders of the Commune and the People of Siena, 54-77 and passim-, Fifteen, 58, 59, 7 1 ; Thirty-Six Governors and Defenders of the City and Commune of Siena, 36, 59, 63, 71, 171; T w e l v e (13551368), 293; Twenty-Four Priors of the Sienese People and Commune, 24, 3439 passim, 59, 86, 171, 223, 289. See also Concistoro Siena, university (studium), 6, 20, 21, 56, 69, 70, 72, 277-278, 291 Simon of Volterra, 132-133 Sinalunga, 167, 196 Siribello, ct., 152 Smith, Adam, 313 Soarzi, family, 16, 73 Sovana, 4. See also Aldobrandeschi Spinelli, Niccolo, 154 Spini, of Florence, 253 Squarcialupi, family, 16, 73, 189, 3 1 1 ; company, 250, 257; Conte di Manno, 73, 236, 243-244, 303; Manno, 73; Pane, 73 Staggia, 5, 164, 180 Stale, Villa di, 234 Stalloregi. See Via Stalloregi Stephen of Claremont, cardinal, 180-181 Stigliano, 65, 195 (piano di), 197 Strozzi, Marco, of Florence, 300 Sumptuary laws, 70-71, 81-82 Suvera, lords of, 66

¡26

Index

Syndication, 25, 31, 50, 55, 57, 93, 177. See also Maggior sindaco Table of Possessions, 8, 13 (Map 2), 179, 186-187, ' 9 1 Taglia, taglie (military league [s]), 65, 88, 103, 140, 142, 145, 156, 159—183 passim, esp. 167-170, 237 Tagliacozzo, battle of (1268), 160 Talamone, 6, 175-176, 190, 194, 201, 205, 216-217 T e r i di Gualtieri, 218. See also Conte di Teri; Mino di Teri Terzo, terzi (districts), defined, 12. See also Camollia, terzo; Città, terzo; S. Martino Thirteen Emendators of the Constitution, 78, 87, 92-93 (description of office), 218, 224 Tintinnano. See Rocca d'Orcia Todi, 217 Toiano, 56 Tolomei, companies, 73-74, 88, 91, 97-98, 244-245, 250, 254-257. See also Bankruptcy; Reprisals Tolomei, family, 16, 18, 35, 63, 66, 69, 73, 74, 77, 131-132, 135, 136, 145, 146, 165, 166, 182, 187, 190, 209, 264, 269, 278, 310; Andrea, 38; Deo di Guccio di Guelfo, 48, 165; Federigo di Renaldo, i n , 1 1 3 114, 204; Fredo, 70; Giovanni di Mino (blessed Bernardo), 262; Guccio, 182, 238, 301; Guglielmo, 70; Lotterengo, 253; Manente di Tolomeo Manente, 251; Meo di Federigo, 269; Meo di Meo di T a vena, 254; Meo di Petruccio; Meo (di Simone), 280; Mino di Cristoforo, 90; Mino di Meo Grasso, 105; Mino di Simone, 142, 272; Mino di Stricca, 270; Mino d'Orlando, 270; Nello di Tino, 65; Niccolo di Meo, 97, 236; Niccolo di Stricca, 270; Niccolo di Tura, 69; Orlando di Meo Grasso, 268; Pestaglio di Orlando Mazzachare, 112; Pettino di Orlando Mazzachare, 112; Pietro di Jacomo di Mattagufo, 274; Renaldo d'Alessio, 268; Renaldo (possibly Renaldo d'Alessio), 268; Scozia di Renaldo, 36, 145; Sozzo di Deo, 105, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 287; Tavena di Cristoforo, 226; Tavena di Deo, 179, 249; Tavenozzo, 182; Tura, 38; Vanne di Tese Paganelli, 113, 274

Tommasi, Giugurta, 100 Tommasi, Jacomo, 226 Tommaso de Anzola, of Parma, pod., 3 1 33 Tommaso di Pandolfo di Labro of Rieti, pod., 33 Tondi (del T o n d o ) , family, 73; Simoncino di Lippo di Jacomo, 27; Simone di Jacomo, 6-7, 27 Tornanini, Neruccio, 302 Torranieri, 5 Torre, piano di, 195 Torre del Mangia, 15, 17, 286, 294. See also Palazzo Comunale Torri, 197 Tozzi, Federigo, 279 Tratta, tratte (licensed export), 207. See also Provisioning Travale, 9, 48, 149 Trequanda, 167, 253-254 Truce of God, 124 Turchi, family, 72; Turchio d'Accattapane, 72 Tuscan League. See Taglia Ubaldini, counts, 234-235 Uberto della Foresta, of Fiesole, 269-270 Uberto dell'Andito, pod., 235 Ugo de Fabri, judge, 36, 113. See also Lolo de Fabri Ugolino Rustichi, 268 Uguccione della Faggiuola, 28, 157, 167, 176, 254. See also Lucca; Pisa Ugurgieri, family, 17, 66, 146, 256, 278, 302 Umiliati, 19, 55, 220 University of Siena. See Siena, university Urban V I , pope, 178 Valcortese, lords of, 66 Valdarbia, 6, 62. See also Rivers: Arbia Valdelsa, 5, 164, 216. See also Rivers: Elsa Valdichiana, 1, 9, 152, 153, 167, 170, 196, 199. See also Rivers: Chiana Val di Montone (borgo), 215 Valdipugna, 200 Valdorcia, 174, 205. See also Rivers: Orcia Vallerano, 10. See also Vescovado Vanni di Gello Aiuti (Avuti?), 218. See also Gello Aiuti Vaud, 239 Venice, 86, 217-218, 227, 229, 234-235, 307 Venus, statue, 292

Index

327

della Vergine Maria; Fraternity of the Verdelli, Cristoforo di Mino, 303 Verona, 168 Virgin Mary Vescovado, 10, 179, 270, 272-273 Visconti, of Milan, 28, 167, 168-170, 300; Via del Capitano, 16 Giangaleazzo, 163 Via Stalloregi (in terzo of Città), 16, 284 Viterbo, 48, 239, 243 Vicariates (military districts), 38, 40, 64, Viviano d'Arrigo, 226. See also Guccio di 98, 126, 130, 146-1 jo passim, 158, 311. Viviano d'Arrigo See also Captain of the people Vivuccio, son of priest of Corsano, 75 Vico d'Arbia, 62, 178-179, 268, 272 Volterra, 1, 4, 6 (dioc.), 69 (bp.), 70, 161, Vignari, family, 16, 73, 189; Davino di 166, 168, 173, 174 (incl. bp.), 217, 218; Memmo, 92, 264, 301; Memmo di Viva reprisals, 237, 238, 240, 243 di Viviano, 97; Memmo di Viviano di Guglielmo, 267-268; Pietro di Mino di Waley, Daniel P., 45 Viva, 27; Viva di Viviano di Guglielmo, Walter of Brienne, duke of Athens, 177, 268 183 Vignone, incl. baths, j, 6 War captain (capitano di guerra), history Villani, Giovanni, of Florence, 247, 280 of office, 45-54 Vincenti, family, 155; Centi d'Ildobran- William of Canossa, 156 dino, 155; Francesco di Mino, 303; Mino, Wrood, lords of the, 195 266 Wool Guild (Arte della Lana), 62, 86, 89, Virgin Mary, 28, 58, 124, 126, 160, 274100, 114, 131, 187, 212, 213, 217, 219-222, 276, 284-288 passim. See also Fraternità 257. 258

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