A History of Western Art [5 ed.] 0073379220, 9780077560102

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Why Do We Study the History of Art?
The Artistic Impulse
Chronology
Why Do We Value Art?
Material Value
Brancusi’s Bird: Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art?
Intrinsic Value
Religious Value
Nationalistic Value
Psychological Value
Art and Illusion
Images and Words
Traditions Equating Artists with Gods
Art and Identification
Reflections and Shadows: Legends of How Art Began
Image Magic
Architecture
Archaeology and Art History
Methodologies of Art History
Formalism
Iconography and Iconology
Marxism
Feminism
Biography and Autobiography
Semiology
Deconstruction
Psychoanalysis
2 The Language of Art
Composition
Plane
Balance
Line
Expressive Qualities of Line
Lines Used for Modeling
The Illusion of Depth
Perspective
Space
Shape
Types of Shapes
Expressive Qualities of Shape
Light and Color
Physical Properties of Color
Expressive Qualities of Color
Texture
Stylistic Terminology
3 Prehistoric Western Europe
The Stone Age
Paleolithic
Map: Prehistoric Sites in Europe
Sculpture
TECHNIQUE: Carving
TECHNIQUE: Modeling
TECHNIQUE: Categories of Sculpture
Painting
MEDIA: Pigment
Beyond the West: Rock Paintings of Australia
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Menhirs
Dolmens
Cromlechs
ARCHITECTURE: Post-and-Lintel Construction
4 The Ancient Near East
The Neolithic Era
Map: The Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East
Jericho
Çatal Hüyük
Mesopotamia
The Uruk Period
PRIMARY SOURCE: Inanna
RELIGION: Mesopotamian Gods
Ziggurats
Cylinder Seals
From Pictures to Words
LITERATURE: Gilgamesh
Sumer: Early Dynastic Period
Akkad
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Sargon of Akkad
Neo-Sumerian
The Ziggurat of Ur
Babylon
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Law Code of Hammurabi
Anatolia: The Hittites
Assyria
TECHNIQUE: Glazing
The Neo-Babylonian Empire
ARCHITECTURE: Round Arches
Iran
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Destroying the Archaeological Record
The Scythians
Achaemenid Persia
ARCHITECTURE: Columns
5 Ancient Egypt
The Gift of the Nile
The Pharaohs
The Egyptian Concept of Kingship
CHRONOLOGY: Egyptian Kings
Map: Ancient Egypt and Nubia
The Palette of Narmer
The Old Kingdom
Pyramids
RELIGION: Egyptian Gods
Mummification
Sculpture
TECHNIQUE: The Egyptian Canon of Proportion
The Middle Kingdom
The New Kingdom
Temples
Painting
The Amarna Period
Tutankhamon’s Tomb
Egypt and Nubia
The Rock-Cut Temple of Ramses II
Meroë
6 The Aegean
Cycladic Civilization
Map: The Ancient Aegean World
Minoan Civilization
The Palace at Knossos
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Minoan Fresco
Religion
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Minoan Scripts
Pottery
Discoveries at Thera
The Frescoes
Mycenaean Civilization
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Legend of Agamemnon
7 The Art of Ancient Greece
Map: Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean
Cultural Identity
Government and Philosophy
PHILOSOPHY: Plato on Artists
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Women in Ancient Greece
Literature and Drama
“Man Is the Measure of All Things”
RELIGION: Greek Gods and Their Roman Counterparts
Painting and Pottery
Geometric Style
Orientalizing Style
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Greek Vases
Archaic Style
Late Archaic to Classical Style
Classical to Hellenistic Style
Sculpture
Archaic Style
Early Classical Style
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: The Lost-Wax Process
Classical Style
Classical Architecture: The Athenian Acropolis
The Parthenon
ARCHITECTURE: Plan of the Parthenon
ARCHITECTURE: The Greek Orders
MYTH: Medusa
The Temple of Athena Nike
The Erechtheum
Late Classical Style
The Greek Theater
ARCHITECTURE: Greek Theater
Sculpture
STYLE: The “Hermes of Praxiteles”
Hellenistic Period
Sculpture
MYTH: The Trojan Horse
8 The Art of the Etruscans
Map: Etruscan and Roman Italy
Architecture
Pottery and Sculpture
Women in Etruscan Art
Funerary Art
Cinerary Containers
Sarcophagi
Tomb Paintings
9 Ancient Rome
Map: The Roman Empire, A.D. 14–284
PRIMARY SOURCE: Virgil’s Aeneid
CHRONOLOGY: Roman Periods
ARCHITECTURE: Arches, Domes, and Vaults
Architectural Types
Domestic Architecture
HISTORY: Julius Caesar
Public Buildings
MEDIA: Roman Building Materials
Religious Architecture
Commemorative Architecture
PRIMARY SOURCE: Josephus and the Jewish Wars
Sculptural Types
The Sarcophagus
MEDIA: Color Symbolism in Roman Marble
Portraits
Pictorial Style
Painting and Mosaic
HISTORY: Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher
10 Early Christian and Byzantine Art
A New Religion
Constantine and Christianity
The Divergence of East and West
RELIGION: Christianity and the Scriptures
RELIGION: Christianity Symbolism
Early Christian Art
Sarcophagi
HISTORY: The Catacombs
Basilicas
RELIGION: Saint Peter
Centrally Planned Churches
Justinian and the Byzantine Style
San Vitale
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Mosaics
Hagia Sophia
The Codex
MEDIA: Parchment
The Vienna Genesis
Later Byzantine Developments
11 The Early Middle Ages
Islamic Art
RELIGION: Islam
The Great Mosque, Córdoba
Northern European Art
Anglo-Saxon Metalwork
PRIMARY SOURCE: Beowulf
Hiberno-Saxon Art
The Carolingian Period
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Manuscript Illumination
Map: The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne
The Palace Chapel
Manuscripts
RELIGION: Revelation and the Four Symbols of the Evangelists
Monasteries
Ottonian Period
12 Romanesque Art
Economic and Political Developments
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Feudalism
Pilgrimage Roads
Map: Pilgrimage Roads to Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Architecture
Sainte-foy at Conques
Developments at Autun
The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych
Manuscripts
Mural Painting
The “Bayeux Tapestry”
13 Gothic Art
Origins of the Gothic Style in France
Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis
RELIGION: The Life of Saint Denis
Elements of Gothic Architecture
Rib Vaults
Piers
Flying Buttresses
Pointed Arches
The Skeleton
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Guilds
Stained-Glass Windows
Romanesque Precursors of Gothic
The Age of Cathedrals
Chartres
Exterior Architecture of Chartres
Exterior Sculpture of Chartres
Interior of Chartres
Later Developments of the French Gothic Style
Reims
Paris: Reliquary Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle
The Saint Louis Psalter
English Gothic
Salisbury Cathedral
German Gothic
Cologne Cathedral
14 Precursors of the Renaissance
Thirteenth-Century Italy
Nicola Pisano
Training an Artist
Map: Leading Art Centers in Renaissance Italy
Fourteenth-Century Italy
LITERATURE: Dante: Poet of Heaven and Hell
Cimabue
Giotto
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Tempera
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Altarpieces
The Arena Chapel
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Fresco
Painting in Siena
Duccio’s Rucellai Madonna
The Maestà
The Kiss of Judas
Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Effects of Good Government
The International Gothic Style
Claus Sluter
The Limbourg Brothers
15 The Early Renaissance
Italy in the Fifteenth Century
Renaissance Humanism
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Humanist Movement
Map: Leading Art Centers in Renaissance Italy
The Competition for the Florence Baptistery Doors
Brunelleschi’s Architecture
HISTORY: Vasari’s Lives
Linear Perspective
Ghiberti’s East Baptistery Doors
Early-Fifteenth-Century Painting
Masaccio
TECHNIQUE: Aerial Perspective
International Style in Italy: Gentile da Fabriano
Early-Fifteenth-Century Sculpture: Donatello’s David
Second-Generation Developments
Leon Battista Alberti
The Theme of David and Goliath
The Equestrian Portrait
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Soldiers of Fortune
State Portraits
MEDIA: Oil Painting
Monumentality versus Spirituality in Fifteenth-Century Painting
Filippo Lippi
Andrea Mantegna’s Illusionism
HISTORY: Isabella d’Este
Botticelli’s Mythological Subject Matter
PHILOSOPHY: The Platonic Academy
Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Netherlands
Map: Northern and Central Europe during the Renaissance
Campin’s Mérode Altarpiece
Jan van Eyck
Rogier van der Weyden
Later Developments
16 The High Renaissance in Italy
Architecture
The Ideal of the Circle and Centrally Planned Churches
St. Peter’s and the Centralized Plan
HISTORY: Julius II
Painting and Sculpture
Leonardo da Vinci
TECHNIQUE: Sfumato
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Raphael
Developments in Venice
Gentile Bellini
Giovanni Bellini and the Sacra Conversazione
THEORY: Pietro Aretino on Color versus Drawing
Giorgione
Titian
17 Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy
Politics and Religion
HISTORY: The Reformation
Mannerism
Mannerist Painting
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Vasari on Women Artists
Mannerist Sculpture
HISTORY: The Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation Painting
Tintoretto
HISTORY: The Painter’s Daughter
El Greco
Architecture: Andrea Palladio
THEORY: Palladio’s four Books of Architecture
18 Sixteenth-Century Painting and Printmaking in Northern Europe
Humanism in the North
Map: Northern and Central Europe during the Renaissance
HISTORY: Martin Luther
The Netherlands
Hieronymus Bosch
Caterina van Hemessen
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
LITERATURE: W. H. Auden’s Icarus
Germany
Albrecht Dürer
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Printmaking
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Myth of the Mad Artist
hISTORY: Erasmus
Matthias Grünewald
Lucas Cranach
Hans Holbein the Younger
19 The Baroque Style in Western Europe
Religion, Politics, and Science
Baroque Style
Map: Europe during the Baroque Period
Architecture
Italy
France
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The French Academy
England
Sculpture: Gianlorenzo Bernini
Italian Baroque Painting
Caravaggio
Artemisia Gentileschi
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Women as Artists
Giovanni Battista Gaulli
Baroque Painting in Northern Europe
Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens
Holland: Rembrandt van Rijn
TECHNIQUE ETCHING
Frans Hals
Judith Leyster
Jan Vermeer
Jacob van Ruisdael
Maria van Oosterwyck
Beyond the West: Mughal Art and the Baroque
Spanish Baroque Painting
Juan Sánchez Cotán
Francesco de Zurbarán
Diego Velázquez
French Baroque Painting: Nicolas Poussin
20 Rococo, the Eighteenth Century, and Revival Styles
Rococo Style
Cultural Developments
The Age of Enlightenment
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Salons and Salonnières
Painting in France
Antoine Watteau
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
HISTORY: Prelude to the French Revolution
Bourgeois Realism: Jean-Baptiste Chardin
Painting in England
Thomas Gainsborough
William Hogarth
Rococo Architecture in Germany
Balthasar Neumann
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann
Dominikus Zimmermann
Architectural Revivals in England
Classicism: Lord Burlington and Robert Adam
Gothic Revival: Horace Walpole
The Classical Revival in Painting: Angelica Kauffmann
American Painting
John Singleton Copley
Benjamin West
Map: North American Settlements in the 18th Century
21 Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
The Neoclassical Style in France
Jacques-Louis David
CHRONOLOGY: The French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon
Map: The Napoleonic Empire, 1812
Napoleon and the Arts
Marie-Guillemine Benoist
Antonio Canova
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Developments in America
The American Revolution
The Architecture of Thomas Jefferson
CHRONOLOGY: The American Campaign for Independence
Map: The United States during Jefferson’s Presidency
John trumbull’s Declaration of Independence
Greenough’s George Washington
22 Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
The Romantic Movement
Architecture
MUSIC AND POETRY: Romanticism in Music and Poetry
Sculpture: François Rude
Painting in Europe
William Blake
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Watercolor
Théodore Géricault
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Salon
Eugène Delacroix
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Aquatint
Caspar David Friedrich
THEORY The Aesthetic of the Sublime
John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner
Painting in the United States
Thomas Cole
Albert Bierstadt
Folk Art: Edward Hicks
LITERATURE: American Romantic Writers
23 Nineteenth-Century Realism
Culture and Politics
THEORY: Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto
LITERATURE: Realism
French Realism
Jean-François Millet
Rosa Bonheur
Gustave Courbet
Honoré Daumier
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Lithography
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Daumier and Satire
Photography
France: Nadar
England: Julia Margaret Cameron
America: Mathew Brady
American Realist Painting
Thomas Eakins’s Gross Clinic
Henry Ossawa Tanner
French Realism in the 1860s
Édouard Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’Herbe
Manet’s Olympia
Architecture
Joseph Paxton: The Crystal Palace
Bridges: The Roeblings
The Eiffel Tower
Origins of the Skyscraper: Louis Sullivan
24 Nineteenth-Century Impressionism
Context and Style
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Urban Renewal during the Second Empire
Painting in France
Édouard Manet: 1880s
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Edgar Degas
Mary Cassatt
Berthe Morisot
Claude Monet
Views of Paris: Renoir and Pissarro
Beyond the West: Japanese Woodblock Prints
French Sculpture: Auguste Rodin
American Painting at the Turn of the Century
Winslow Homer
John Singer Sargent
“Art for Art’s Sake”
Whistler versus Ruskin
25 Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century
Post-Impressionist Painting
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Paul Cézanne
SYMBOLISM: An Apple a Day . . .
Georges Seurat
Vincent van Gogh
PRIMARY SOURCE: “Dear Theo”—The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
Paul Gauguin
Beyond the West: Gauguin and Oceania
Symbolism
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: The Symbolist Movement
Gustave Moreau
Edvard Munch
Naïve Painting: Henri Rousseau
HISTORY: Freud on the Mechanisms of Dreaming
26 The Early Twentieth Century: Picasso, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse
Culture and Context
Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse
Symbolism: Picasso’s Blue Period
LITERATURE: Wallace Stevens: “The Man with the Blue Guitar”
Beyond the West: African Art and the European Avant-Garde
Fauvism: Matisse in 1905–6
Expressionism
The Bridge (Die Brücke)
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Emil Nolde
The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter)
Vassily Kandinsky
Franz Marc
Käthe Kollwitz
Matisse after Fauvism
Harmony in Red
Dance I
Icarus
27 Cubism, Futurism, and Related Twentieth-Century Styles
Cubism
Precursors
HISTORY: Gertrude Stein
Analytic Cubism: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
Collage
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Collage and Assemblage
Synthetic Cubism
Picasso’s Surrealism
Picasso’s Guernica
Other Early-Twentieth-Century Developments
Futurism
Fernand Léger’s City
Piet Mondrian
The Armory Show
Stuart Davis
Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance
Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism
Postscript
Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie Style
ARCHITECTURE: Cantilever
The International Style
Holland: De Stijl
Germany: The Bauhaus
France: Le Corbusier
The United States
28 Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Regionalism, and Abstraction
Dada
Marcel Duchamp
Jean (Hans) Arp
Surrealism
Man Ray
Paul Klee
Salvador Dalí
Joan Miró
René Magritte
Sculpture Derived from Surrealism
Max Ernst
Alberto Giacometti
Henry Moore
Alexander Calder
The United States: Regionalism and Social Realism
Grant Wood
Jacob Lawrence
Edward Hopper
James VanDerZee
Dorothea Lange
Mexico
Diego Rivera
Frida Kahlo
Toward American Abstraction
Alfred Stieglitz
Georgia O’Keeffe
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: American Self-Taught Painters
Transcendental Painting
29 Mid-Century American Abstraction
The Teachers: Hans Hofmann and Josef Albers
Abstract Expressionism
The New York School
Arshile Gorky
THEORY: Critics and the Avant-Garde
Action Painting
Jackson Pollock
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Navajo Sand Painting
Franz Kline
Willem de Kooning
Mark Rothko
Color Field Painting
Helen Frankenthaler
MEDIA AND TECHNIQUE: Acrylic
Frank Stella
Ellsworth Kelly
West Coast Abstraction: Richard Diebenkorn
Sculpture
Isamu Noguchi
David Smith
Louise Nevelson
30 Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and Conceptualism
Pop Art in England: Richard Hamilton
Pop Art in the United States
Jasper Johns
Robert Rauschenberg
Andy Warhol
Roy Lichtenstein
Tom Wesselmann
Wayne Thiebaud
Sculpture
George Segal
Claes Oldenburg
Niki de Saint-Phalle
Marisol Escobar
Op Art
Minimalism
Donald Judd
Dan Flavin
Agnes Martin
Eva Hesse
Conceptualism
Joseph Kosuth
Sol LeWitt
Action Sculpture: Joseph Beuys
31 Continuity, Innovation, and Globalization
Return to Realism
Chuck Close
Richard Estes
Duane Hanson
Ron Mueck and Constantin Brancusi
Performance
Gilbert and George
Laurie Anderson
Architecture
The Geodesic Dome: R. Buckminster Fuller
Post-Modern Architecture
Environmental Art
Robert Smithson
Andy Goldsworthy
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
Urban Environment
SOCIETY AND CULTURE: Government Funding and Censorship
Installations
Feminist Art
Judy Chicago
Kiki Smith
Elizabeth Murray
Race and Gender
Bob Thompson
Romare Bearden
Kara Walker
Yasumasa Morimura
Plus ça change . . .
Anselm Kiefer
Maya Lin
Nancy Graves
Bruce Nauman and Marcel Duchamp
Cindy Sherman
Video Art
Notes
Glossary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Literary Acknowledgments
Picture Credits
Index