A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C [2]

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A HISTORY OF

MACEDONIA VOLUME II

550-336 B.C.

N. G. L. HAMMOND Hon. Fellow ofClareColug,, Cambridg, AND

G. T. GRIFFITH Fellow ofGonvill, and CaiusCollege,Caml,ridg,

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON 1979

PRESS

Oxford UnivmiJ.,Pms, WaltonStnet, Oxfordon 6op ODOIUIUIICDOMOI.AIOOW

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YOalt TOllOOffO laUIOuatell

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JALIATA -0 GALCUTT4 1C4DaM

PREFACE

&OHO TOiltYO 1t4A4C1Q

-DAllUIALAAIIICAftTOWN:

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Oxford UnwtTsilyP,m 1979

No part oJtlris JIIJ,lwuio11 may bt np,odMud sy~, or transmilttd,in a9 form or ~ ~ IMIIIS, ~J«horne, ~• ~fa,, ,-dui&, o, otl,mz,ise, widwvttlwprior J,mnissiDnoJOxford UnuvrsilyPrus

'·--Mt npls ~d. st«td in a ,~

British Lfbruy Catalop:lq ha PabUcadoa Data ~ond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lempricrc A hutory of Macedonia. Vol. ll: 550-336 B.C. 1. Macedonia - History - to 168 B.C. ll. ~ccdonia - History - 168 B.C.-1453 A.D. I. Title II. Griffith, Guy Thompson 938'.1 DF261.M2 77--30!105 IIBN O-lg-814814-3

al

Printtdin GreatBritain tlw UnwtTsilyPrus,Oxford ~ Eric Bueldq Prinur to tlw Unuvrsily

I TO IV AND XX are from the pen of N. G. L. Hammond, who had the good fortune to be appointed Visiting Johnson Professor at the Institute for Research in the Humanities, at the University of Wisconsin, for the academic year 1973-4-.These chapters were written under ideal conditions there. His colleagues at the Institute were a constant inspiration, and above all he owes a debt of special gratitude to Professor C. F. Edson of the University of Wisconsin, who placed at his disposal a profound knowledge of Macedonia, discussed innumerable problems, and read the typescript with a sympathetic eye. His enthusiasm and his insights have added much to these chapters. The same may be said of his co-author G. T. Griffith, who has made valuable comments on many points. Many friends and colleagues in America have helped with particular subjects and matters of detail, and mention should be made especially of Professors E. Bennett, H.J. Dell, R. Drews, P. Ducrey, L. Gunderson, P. A. MacKay, D. G. Mitten, W. Moon, and H. Thompson. The typing was done with scrupulous care by Mrs. Wanda Schultz of the Institute for Research in the Humanities. In September 1972 N. G. L. Hammond was invited to attend the First Colloquium on the Illyrians at Tirana and travelled up the Shkumbi valley and then to Pogradec, Koritsa, and Tren. He received every kindness and much help from his Albanian colleagues, especially Frano Prendi, Dhimosten Budina, Zhaneta Andrea, Neritan Ceka, and Gjerak Karaiskaj. In August 1973 he was invited to attend the Second Conference on Macedonia at the Institute for Macedonian Studies in Salonica, and received much help and encouragement from his Greek colleagues, especially Professors Andronikos and Petsas. He benefited greatly also from attending the Third International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, held at Sheffield in April 1973. He is particularly grateful to Professors M. Garasanin and F. Papazoglou in Yugoslavia and to Professors C. Danov and G. Mihailov in Bulgaria for their kindness in sending him copies of their books and oflj:>rints;to Mrs. SigridJalkotzy-Deger in Austria and Professor J. Bouzek likewise; and to Professor S. I. Dakaris and Mrs. Julia Vokotopoulou for keeping him abreast of discoveries in Epirus. One advantage of undertaking a regional study of this kind is that it brings an author into contact with so many delightful and helpful people. N. G. L. Hammond's part was completed in August 1974-.A few HAPTERS

C

vi

Preface

Preface

additions were made later, when he heard of the Asyut hoard from Dr. C. M. Kraay and was given information most kindly by Dr. M. J. Price, who is to publish the catalogue of the hoard. Work published between August 1974 and October 1975 has not been taken into account.

N. G. L. H.

vii

The typing of my sometimes untidy material has been done bea?~fully by (first) Miss Margaret Webb and later by Mrs. Patnc1a McCullagh, and I thank them both. Finally I owe most of all _to the two main supports of my existence, ~y Colle~e, and my wife; to whom and to our family I offer my port:Ion of this b~ok. Both authors join in special thanks to Mrs. Soma Argyle of the Oxford University Press.

G. T.G.

G. T. Griffith writes: My first thanks are to Hammond for havillg honoured me by the invitation to join him in this volume, but also for a wealth of constructive criticism and discussion of my chapters, and for much patience in bearing with my indecisions. Inevitably there are a few things on which in the end we do not agree, and I have called attention to this where it has seemed necessary. In the spelling of names I have followed the lines mentioned in the Preface of Volume 1, except that I have not used the Latinized forms of a few Greek names which seem not to take kindly to it. The age of Philip (and Demosthenes) has long attracted able workers and writers. Schaefer's great work is still indispensable. Among the more recent writers I have gained most from Beloch and Momigliano, and then from Wiist and Geyer, Bengtson and Hampl. To all of these, and perhaps to others, I owe more, certainly, than the sum of my references to them for particular points or topics (and especially as one tends to refer sometimes in order to disagree). G. L. Cawkwell, too, on Demosthenes, and Marta Sordi on Thessaly leave me greatly in their debt; and a younger generation of English-writing scholars working on this period have done much good work in recent years which has been a great help to me and sometimes an inspiration. My thanks are due to Dr. A. H. Jackson for kind permission to refer to his unpublished dissertation (Cambridge, 1970). Dr. R. D. Dawe, Professor Charles F. Edson, Dr. C. M. Kraay, Professor D. J. Mosley, Sir Denys Page, Professor H. W. Parke, the late Sir Edward Robinson, and Professor E. G. Turner have been kind enough to advise me on particular points or problems. I have profited greatly from the discussions and criticism of Mr. J. R. Hamilton, Dr. D. H. Kelly, Professor R. D. Milns, Dr. T. T. B. Ryder, and Mr. A. G. Woodhead, all of whom have found time to read drafts of certain chapters or sections; and I thank Mr. Woodhead also for much good advice about inscriptions. Professor P. A. Brunt did me the singular kindness of offering the loan of his own lecture notes, a stimulus and a source of enjoyment as well as of practical assistance. For all these offices of friendship I am grateful indeed.

Addendum:Our best thanks are due to Professor M. Andronikos for his kind permission to reproduce on the jacket the photograph of the small ivory head from the royal tomb at Vergina (Aegeae).

CONTENTS LIST

OF MAPS

LIST

OF PLATES

xv xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

AND SELECT

PART

(by N. THE

xvii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ONE

G. L. HAMMOND)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACEDONIAN AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

I. THE TRADITIONS MACEDONIA

AND THE

LANGUAGES

STATE

OF EARLY

The royal house of the Macedones 2. The royal houses of Upper Macedonia and adjacent areas 3. The tribal systems of the Macedones and their neighbours 4. Legends and genealogies invented by Hellenistic writers 5. The languages of the Macedones and of other peoples in 1.

~~~es II. THE

GROWTH

III.

OF THE

MACEDONIAN

DEVELOPMENTS

THE EVENTS OF MACEDON

14 22

31 ~

STATE

AND

550 TO C. 480 1. The historical events and the movements of peoples 2. The coinages of tribes, cities, and kings c. 550-480 3. The archaeological evidence for 550-480

ECONOMIC

3

OF

479

TO

FROM

399

AND

C.

THE

55 69 91

INSTITUTIONS

1. Alexander extends and defends his kingdom, 4 79-452 98 2. The coinage of Alexander and other Balkan kings 104 3. The events of the reign of Perdiccas c. 452-413 115 4. The events of the reign of Archelaus c. 413-399 137 5. The archaeological background and the influence of Greek culture, 480-399 141 6. The institutions of the Macedones and their neighbours 150

399-359 1. Problems of the succession to the throne 399-393 2. The reign of Amyntas III 393-370/6g 3. Alexander, Ptolemy, and Perdiccas + Archaeological evidence and relations with Greece, 399359

IV. A PERIOD

167 172 18o

6. Neapolis 7. Cities of Chalcidice 8. Abdera, Maroneia, Aenus, Cardia

189

G. T. GRIFFITH,

THE V. THE VL THE

REIGN

ACCESSION FIRST

except for Ch. xx)

OP PHILIP

THE

ADVENTURES

ABROAD

(358-355)

XII.

AND THRACE

IX. THE

PEACE

X. GREEK I.

2.

OF

CITIES

THE

ARMY

3. The Phalanx, including the Footguards (i) The Footguards (hypaspists, finally) (ii) The Macedonian infantry levy (pezhetairoi,finally)

(353-352)

4. Macedonian light infantry 5. Allied troops 6. Mercenaries 7. The siege-train

WAR

XIII.

PHILIP

AMONG

THE

GREEK

The Delphic Amphictyony The Greek States 3. Philip and Persia 4. Stabilization or expansion? 1.

2.

346

OF THE NORTH

Amphipolis Pydna

AND

Introductory The Cavalry (i) The numbers and the name 'Companions' (ii) The squadrons (ilai)

1.

(352-348} I. The Olynthian crisis of 352-351 2. Philip in the west: the Illyrians and Epirus 3. Philip and Athens + The war of 349 5. Olynthus: the end OLYNTHIAN

PHILIP

2.

The alternatives 2. Interlude in Thrace: spring 353 3. The decision in Thessaly 4- Thrace again: the autumn campaign of 352 5. The first settlement in Thessaly: 352 and the years after THE

383 392 395

OF PHILIP

1.

VIII.

OF THE KINGDOM

2. Justice 3. King and Companions

SECOND

Thessaly 2. Amphipolis 3. Epilogue: Methone THESSALY

GOVERNMENT

King and people

I.

1.

VII.

379

TWO XI. THE

(by

358 361 362 364 365

3. Crenides-Philippi 4. Potidaea, Methone 5. Cities of the eastern Pieria

OF INSTABILITY

PART

xi

Contents

Contents

X

XIV.

EXPANSION 1.

2.

Illyrian War ( ?) 345 The Peloponnese

STATES,

346

xii

3. The Persian question

4- Athens and revision of the treaty (,pa,wrthosis) 343-342 I. The incidents of 343: Elis, Euboea, Megara 2. Epirus and north-west Greece 3. Halonnesus: the last straw? 4- Persia again

XV.

PHILIP

IN GREECE,

XVII.

POLEMOS

I.

dPOLEMOS

545 554 566 581

2. Philip in Thrace, 342-340 3. Perinthus and Byzantium : the Athenian reaction 4. Philip's Scythlan expedition XVIII.

THE

Alf PHICTYONIC

WAR

Amphissa 2. Elateia: the winter campaign 3. Chaeronea I.

XIX.

PEACE 1.

2.

585 589 596

IN GREECE

The treaties with the defeated states The 'League of Corinth'

XX. INTERNAL

ORGANIZATION

MACEDONIAN HAMMOND)

CONQ.UESTS

OF

MACEDONIA

IN THE BALKANS

AND

(by

OF

N. G. L.

Internal organization of Macedonia 2. Territories added by Philip, and the frontiers of his kingdom 3. Military security, economic development, and unity under the king 4- The organization of the Balkan empire I.

XXI. DECLINE

AND

FALL

The half-brothers of Philip

APPENDIX

2.

Amyntas, the son of Perdiccas

APPENDIX

3. The pezhetairoi

APPENDIX

4- Afterthoughts on the Letterof Philip

APPENDIX

5. Chronological note on the Amphissa case, 340339 6. Philip's intervention at Eresus

GENERAL

Euboea

(337-336)

647 652

657 672 675

699

1.

SOME DATES

(342-340)

xiii

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

344-342

XVI. THESSALY,

Contents

IN THE

INDEX

REIGN

OF PHILIP

II

722

731

LIST OF MAPS 1.

The Macedones and their neighbours soon after 550

65

2.

The Macedones and their neighbours c. 508

66

3. The Macedones and their neighbours soon after 478 4. The routes used by the forces of Xerxes and by those of Sitalces

67 1 28

5. Demir Kapu and Markove Kule

146

6. The head of the Thermaic Gulf and the fort on Mt. Cissus (inset)

198

7. Chaeronea 8. The fortifications of St. Erasmus by Lake Lychnitis

597 653

9. The frontiers and the gold and silver mines of Philip II's kingdom 10.

Macedonia and adjacent areas

LIST OF PLATES

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

(al md)

Not every title mentioned in notes or text is listed here.

The coins of the Thraco-Macedonian region in the early period n. Coins of the Macedonian kings I.

III.

ABBREVIATIONS

are those listed in

Abel AD AE

The western frontier area of Philip II, seen from the satellite

AHR AI AM

Anderson

ANS MusN Arch. Anz. AS/ ATL

Badian Bellinger, 'Philippi' Bellinger, 'Thessaly' Beloch Bengtson, GGI _,(

Bengtson, Staatsu.

Bengtson, St,ategie Berve Best BMC

Bosworth, 'Asth.'

LSJ•except

as follows:

O. Abel, Malcedonienvor Konig Philipp (Leipzig, 1847) J1pxcuo,\oy,,cov .::fEi\rlov J1pxcuoi\oy,,c-q 'EfrrJJUpls AmericanHistomal.Review Archaeologia Iugoslauica APXAIA MAKE.&ONJA etc. = AncienJ Maudnnia: Papersread al the First Intematwnal Symposium. • . August 1g68(Institute of Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, 1970) J. K. Anderson, Military Theoryand Practicein the age of Xenoplwn(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970) AmerieanNumismatil:SocietyMuseum Notes Archiiologischer Anuiger in JDAI (q.v.) Aneiml Society and Instuutions:Studies presented to Victor Ehrenberg(Blackwell, Oxford, 1966) B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, and M. F. McGregor, TheAthenian TributeLists (Harvard, 1939-53) E. Badian, 'The death of Philip II', Plwenix 17 (1963) 244 ff. A. R. Bellinger, 'Philippi in Macedonia', American NumismaticSocietyMuseumNotes 11 ( 1964) 29 ff. A. R. Bellinger, 'The Thessaly Hoard of 1938', Cong,esso internazionaledi numismatica,Rome, 1971, 2 (Atti) 57-6o K. J. Beloch, GriechischeGeschichte,2nd edition, vol. 3. 1 and 2 (Berlin and Leipzig, 1922-3) Geschichte,2nd edition (Munich, H. Bengtson, Griechische 1g6o) H. Bengtson, Die Staatsvertriigedes Altertums: ii Die Vntriigeder griechisch-romischen Welt von 700 bis 338 v. Chr. (Munich and Berlin, 1962) Zeit (Munich, H. Bengtson, DuStrategiein de, hellenistischen 1937-52) H. Berve, Das Akxandemich auf prosopog,aphischer Gnmdlage, vols. 1 and 2 (Munich, 1926) J. G. P. Best, ThracianPeltastsand their Influenceon Greek Wmfare (Groningen, 196g) Caialogueof Coinsin the British Museum A.B.Bosworth, ')U;8ET AIPOl',CQN.s.23 (1973) 245ff.

xvili Bosworth, 'PUM' Briant Brunt

BS BUST BVSA CAH

Casson Cawkwcll, 'Demosthenes' Cawkwcll, 'Olynthus' Cawkwell, 'Peace' Chroust Cloche Cloche, FE Cloche, PEA

Co1Iart CP Crum Daux Dindorf8, 9

X

Dobesch Ellis Ellis, PT

Ellis and Milns

Epinu

Abbreviations andSelectBibliography

Abbreviations andSelectBibliography A. B. Bosworth, 'Philip II and Upper Macedonia', CQ N.S. 21 (1971) 93 ff. (Paris, 1973) P. Briant, Anlip,a, u Borgt14 P.A. Brunt, 'Euboea in the time or Philip II', CQ N.S. 19 (1969) 245 ff. Blll1an Studiu Bui.tin i Uniwniklil SJtullrrwu Trranb &ri4 Shi.meal ShoglTon(Tirane) ,

Errington FG,H

\( Focke R. L. Fox Franke

Bmdru iil,,r du Vnlumdlungm ur Siidisisdrm Akadnn· pliil.-laist.E'4su ie,

ClassiealPhilolDgy R. H. Crum, Philip II of Maudtm and the City.State Diss Columbia, 1 g66 (not seen) ' · G. Dawe, 'Remarques sur la composition du conseil amphictioniquc', BCH 81 ( 1957) 95 ff. W. Dindorf (ed.), Dnnosthenes,vols. 8 and 9 &holia g,aeeaex codi&ibus auetaet emendata(Oxford, 1851) G. Dobesch, Der panl,ellmisch, Gedankein 4. Jh. o. Chr. und 'Philippos'des lsokrates(Vienna, 1g68) J. R. Ellis, 'Amyntas Perdikka, Philip II and Alexander the Great', JHS 91 (1971) 15 ff. J. R. Ellis, 'Population-transplants under Philip 11' Mak 9 ( 1969), 9 ff. , J. R. Ellis and R. D. Milns, Tu SpeetreofPhilip (Sydney 19~ ' J. R. Ellis, Philip II andMaudonianImperialism(London 1976) was not available for our use, unfortunately • N. G. L. Hammond, Epirus (Oxford, 1967)

ur

R. M. Errington, 'Macedonian "Royal Style" and its historical significance', JHS 94 (1974) 20 ff. F.Jacoby, Die Fragmmt1 gri,ehisdienHistMiker(Berlin, I 923-30; Leiden, I 94,0-58) F. Focke, D,mnstl,messtudun;Tubinger Beitrage zur AitertuJDSWissens 5 (1929) Robin Lane Fox, Alexandn the Great (London, 1973)

ur

P. R. Franke, 'Geschichte, Politik und Munzpragung im fruhen Makedonien' Jahrb.f. Num. u. Geldgesdi.314 (1952) 99 ff.

Gaebler andG.

Cambridi• Anci.mlKUIM;1, vol. 6 (Cambridge,

1927) S. Casson, Maudonill, Thrau and myna(Oxford, 1926) G. L. Cawkwcll, 'Demosthenes' Policy after the Peace of Philocratcs', CQ.N.s. 13 (1963) 120 ff. and 200 ff. G. L. Cawkwell, 'The defence of Olynthus', CQN.s. 12 (1962} 122 ff. G. L. Cawkwell, 'Acscbincs and the Peace of Philo-crates',REG 73 (1g6o} 416 ff. A.-H. Chroust, Aristotu1 (London, 1973) P. Cloche, Kistoire d4 la Macidoinejusqu'a l'awnem£nt d'Alexandr•le G,-and(Paris, 1g6o) P. Cloche, Un Fondal.nw d'empi,,: Philipp, II roi d4 Maddr,ine(Saint-Etienne, 1956) P. Cloche, La Polilique&an,b• d'Alhb,,e.sd4 404a338 avant J.-C.{Paris, 1934) P. Collart, Philip/Jes,vilk d4 Maddr,ine(Paris, 1937)

xix

Geyer

~

Geyer, RE Mak. Geyer, RE Phil.

GGM Glotz Gomme

G&R GRBS Griffith, Mercenaries Griffith, 'Thessaly' Grote Gutschmid Hamilton Hammond, 'DSW' Hammond, 'SO'

HG' Hampl ✓ Hampl,GS

HBNum Head andH.

Hesp.

H. Gaebler, Die anlikm Mun.un Nortf-Gried,mlands3, MakedoniaundPaumia2 (Berlin, 1935) F. Geyer, Malc,donimbis zur Thronbesteigung PhilippsII (Oldenburg, 1930 = Historische Zeils&hrift, Beiheft 19) F. Geyer, 'Makedon.ia' in RE 14.1 (1928) 638--771 F. Geyer, 'Philippos' in RE 19 (1938) 2266-303 C. Muller, (JugraphiG,-auiMinD'res (Paris, 1855-61} G. Glotz and R. Cohen, Histoire grecqu, 1-3 (Paris, 1925-36) A. W. Gormne, A. Andrewcs, and K. J. Dover, A Hi.storieal Com,n,nta,Jon Thucydides(Oxford, 1945-70)

& JlorM Gmk, RomanandBytantw Studies G. T. Griffith, Tu Mercenariesof the HellenisticWorld

GneCI

(Cambridge, 1935) G. T. Griffith, 'Philip of Macedon's early interventions in Thessaly (358--352 B.C.)', CQN.S, 20 (1970} 67 ff. G. B. Grote, History ofGree" (London, 1846-56) A. Gutschmid, KleineSchrijten(Leipzig, 1889""94) J. R. Hamilton, Plutarch,Alexander;a Commentary (Oxford, 1969) N. G. L. Hammond, 'Diodorus' narrative of the Sacred War', JHS 57 (1937} 44-ff. N. G. L. Hammond, 'The sources of Diodorus XVI: part one', CQ..31 (1937) 79 ff. N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greeceto 322 B.C., 2nd edition (Oxford, 1g67) F. Hampl, Der Konig Makedonen(Diss. Leipzig, 1934) F. Hampl, Die griechische Staatsvertriige d4s 4. Jahrhutukrts o. ChristiG,b. (Leipzig, 1938) HamburgerBeitriigezur Numismatik B. V. Head, HiswriaNllffl(J1Uffl, 2nd edition (Oxford,

ur

1911)

H,sp,ria

Abbreviations andSelectBibliography

Abbreviations andSelectBibliography

XX

Hoffmann and H. Hogarth IGBR

]DAI ]IAN KalJcris andK. KiCDaSt

K.romaycr, AS

Larsen, GFS Larsen,RG

Launey

Le Rider

0. Hoffinann, Dw M~,

ihn Spradieund ihr Volkstum

(~ttingcn, 1900) D. G. Hogarth, P/ulip andA.kxanderof Maadon (London, 18g7) G. Mihailov, Inscriplion,sGra«U in Bulgaria rtperlae, 1-4 (Sofia, 1g61-70) JaJ,,budadu Dlfll.sdlmatduiolDgischtn lnstiluts

Journal intmralionalde r ardiiologitnumismatique J. N. K.alleris, Lu ..4nM1sMadtlonims i (Athens,

1954) D. Kienast, Philipp II oon Maktdonun unJ das Rtich tier ~ {Munich, 1973) J. Kromayer and G. Veith (cdd.), Amw &hladufelder in Griewnland (Berlin, 1903--31} J. A. 0. Larsen, Grnk FederalSlates (Oxford, 1g68) J. A. O. Larsen, Rtp,,s,,,Jaliw GoonnmenJin Greekand (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955) RomanHwor:, M. Launey, Rtdurdres su,- l,s armits lulUnisti(juu, , and 2 {Paris, 1949-50) 'Ttts0r de monnaics trouw a Thasoa', BCH 8o (1956) I ff.

Mak

Mcucc8ovllc&.

Markle

M. M. Markle III, Tht Peaceof Phil«rates, Diss. Princeton, 1970 (not seen} id., 'The strategy of Philip in 346 B.c.', CQN.s. 24 (1974) 253 ff. J. M. F. May, Tht CoinageofAbtUra(London, 1966) J. M. F. May, Aw,s; HistoryandCoinage(Oxford, 1950) J.M. F. May, Tht CoinageofDamastum (Oxford, 1939} I. Milrulcic, Pelagonija(Skopje, 1g66) R. D. Milns, 'Philip II and the Hypaspists', Historia16 (1g67} 509 ff. Enlretims HardJ 22, Alnttndre l, Grand (Geneva, 1976), 'The army of Alexander the Great', 87 ff. R. Meiggs and D. M. Lewis, GreekHistoricalInsaiptums (Oxford, 196g) A. Momigliano, Filippoil Maudone (Florence, 1934) A. Momigliano, Quarto ctmtributo- etc. (Rome, 1g6g) 225 ff. A. Momigliano, Terz:,oeontnbulo alla storia degli studi dassid e del mondoo.ntieo(Rome, 1g66) Numismati&Chronicle A. D. Nock, Esstr,son R.eligwnandtlu Andmt World, 1 and 2 (Oxford, 1972)

May, Abdera May,Ainos May, Damo.stu,n Milrulac Milns Milns,AAG M-L,GHI / Momigliano, FM Moroigliano, QC

Momigliann, TC NC Nock, Esstr,s

PAE

Ilpo.,cT,tCO. ri}s lv .Mlhp,cus)tPXcuoMyi,djs'E-ra.t.pEl.as

Parke

H. W. Parke, GreekMmena,y Soldiers(Oxford, 1933)

Parke and Wormell

PCPhS Perlman, 'Coins'

xxi

H. W. Parke and D. E.W. Wormell, The DelphicOracle 1 and 2 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1956) Proaedingsof tlu Cambridge PhilologicalSociery s Perlman 'The coins of Philip II and Alexander the Great and Pan-Hellenic propaganda', NC s. 7• 5

dicir

(1g65) 57 ff.

Perlman,PA Petsas Pokorny

Pomponas and P.

pp Pritchett, GSW Raymond and R. RE REA

REG Rtv. arch. Juv. beigede num. Juv. man. RFIC

RIL Robert, l!tudts Robert, HeUenica Robinson, O?,nthus

y Roebuck RPh Ryder,KE

SA SA.WW

X Schaefer

S. Perlman (ed.}, Pl,ilip and Athens (Hcffcr, Cambridge, 1973) Pb. M. PetsaS, 'Pella: literary tradition and archaeological research', BS 1 (196o) 113 ff. E. Pokorny, Studim oa grwchisclunGeschichteim sedu_ten undfunftm Jah,uhnt du vierlenJahrluuukrtsv. Chr., Diss. Grcifswald 1913 I. K. Pomponas, 'H avyylvc,a. Ma.1cc8o1mdjs,ca.1Mv,cyvaiKfis 3io.MIC'roV ,C(U ~ avfMTJv,1e71 ,ca-ra.ywyt/ 'TWV M4Kf8&vwv (Athens, 1973)

n

IA pa,oladel passato W. K. Pritchett, The GreekState al War (Univ. of California, 1971-4) D. Raymond, MacedonianRoyal Coinageto 413 B.C. (New York, 1953) Pauly-Wissowa, Realen&ye/opadie RetJuedu iludts ancimnes &mu des etudtsgncques

Juvue archJologique Juvuebelgede ,iumismatique luVUJJ numismaJique Rivistadi filologiae di istruzione cla.ssita ]undicontidell'Jstituto Lombardo,Cla.ssedi Lettere, Sciente 11WTali e storiche L. Robert, Etudts lpigraphiques et philologiques(Paris, 1938) L. Robert, Hel/eni&a. Jucueild'lpigrap~iede numismatique et d'antiquitlsgrecques(Limoges and Pans, 194o-65) D. M. Robinson (and others), Excavations ':' O~us (Baltimore, 1930--52:Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology) Carl Roebuck, 'The settlements of Philip II with the Greek states in 338 u.c.', CP 43 ( 1948) 73 ff. RetJuede philologu T. T. B. Ryder, Koim Eirene(University of Hull Publications, Oxford, 1g65} StudiaAlbanica Sitzungsberidittder Akademie der Wissmschaften in Wien, philos.-hist.Klasse A. Schaefer, Demostlunes undseineZeil,2nd edition, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1885-7)

:ail

Abbreviations andSelectBibliograp1!,

Schmitt, Slaalsv.

H. Schmitt, IJw S~du

Allnwms, 3 (Munich and

Berlin, 1969) Schwalm SDAW

Sealey

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