A Greek and English lexicon to the New Testament : in which the words and phrases occurring in those sacred books are distinctly explained, and the meanings assigned to each authorized by references to passages of scripture, and frequently illustrated and confirmed by citations from the Old Testament and from the Greek writers [New ed.]

Citation preview

LaGr.D

GREEK AND ENGLISH

pciw, from ?

and from Xoproc to fytoc. have restored the accents to the Greek 2 but I fear that my distance from the press, and my consequently never seeing more than the first proof, will have caused

'YaxivtiLvoQ to 'YTToort'XAw, I

;

many errors of the press both on this and other points, for which the reader's pardon. Horsham, Jan.

2,

I

am

answerable for the note on xXfjpos IV. preferred affixing the points to the Hebrew ; but as it was found, on it of the work, that it would have been necessary to procure new types to carry into effect, and that delay would have thence arisen, the plan was abandoned.

should likewise

ii

must entreat

1829.

mlu-r, especially, that I 3

I

li;ivr

PREFA C E TO THE

REPRINT OF MR. ROSE'S EDITION.

PARKHURST'S Lexicon

to the

New

Testament was considered, even

in its original

The additions and form, as a valuable auxiliary to the labours of the student. improvements which it has since received, cannot fail to have rendered it still more acceptable and useful.

Mr. Rose,

By

the unwearied pains of that eminent scholar and divine,

now

presents a copious storehouse of materials for the elucidation and illustration of the sacred text ; and will remain a lasting monument of his learning,

diligence,

it

and research.

The

as likely to arise

Preface,

carefully corrected in this

errors of the press, to

which he has alluded

in his

from restoring the accents to the Greek, have been edition. His wishes have also been carried out in the

affixing of the points to the

Hebrew.

This task has been kindly undertaken, and

by the Rev. Dr. M'Caul, Professor of Hebrew in King's College, from whose pen the following observations are subjoined, for the inform-

ably executed,

London

;

ation and guidance of the reader

" With regard

:

Hebrew

roots assigned by Parkhurst, the student will observe that, in consequence of his rejection of the system of the vowel-points, they sometimes differ considerably from those given in modern Hebrew Lexicons. to the

In such cases, the reader must be led by the weight of evidence and analogy, and Parkhurst's conjectures accordingly. He will, however, often

receive or reject

them both sagacious and valuable anticipations of that system of comparative etymology which now obtains in the Indo-European languages, and which has of 1 late been applied to the Hebrew and its sister dialects ."

find

In order to distinguish the few observations, that have been now inserted, from the additions of Mr. Rose, the following mark has been adopted f t:

Gesenius' Thesaurus, and last edition of his Manual Lexicon ; Fiirst, Chaldee Lehrgebaude, Concordance, und Lexicon ; Herbst's Conjecturse Etymologicae ; Lepsius' Sprachvergleichende Abhandlungen ; Pott's Etymologische Forschungen ; Benfey Uber das Verhaltniss der agyptischen 1

Sprache, &c. &c.

PREFACE TO THE REPRINT OF MR. ROSE'S EDITION.

x

Appendix of the Proper Names occurring in the New Testament, which were (with a few exceptions) omitted by Parkhurst, accompanies the present edition. The materials for this have been supplied by the Lexicon of Dr. Robinson, pub-

An

lished at Boston, in America, 1836.

With this statement the work is again put forth, in the well-grounded hope that the advancement the labour bestowed upon it will not fail of the end proposed, " which of the student in the all- important study of the Holy Scriptures, are able to

make him wise unto

salvation,

through

faith

which

is

in Christ Jesus."

London, April 1845.

DR. M'CAUL having been prevented by absence and other circumstances from seeing the proof-sheets, Hebrew and Syriac have escaped detection, which will be corrected in a future edition.

errata in the

PAGE. COL. LINE.

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225

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309

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482

1

65

554

2

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577

1

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PREFACE TO

THE FIRST EDITION.

ABOUT seven years ago was published an Hebrew and English Lexicon, with a Grammar prefixed and I must with gratitude acknowledge that the favourable ;

reception given by the public to that work has been a considerable support to me in going through the following laborious performance ; the general design of which is

to facilitate

New

an accurate and

Testament to

we

all

those

critical

knowledge of the Greek Scriptures of the

who understand

English.

how

long the Reformation has been established among us, and reflect that the Church of England has always professed the highest regard for both the volumes of the inspired writings, it may appear justly surprising that the If

consider

attainment of the languages, in which those sacred books were originally penned, has not been long ago made as easy as possible to English Protestants and it is still more astonishing that the very first entrance on studies so delightful, and so ;

important, has been kept in a great measure barred against common Christians, by requiring, as a postulatum for their admittance, that they be previously acquainted

with Latin.

As

a sincere friend to sound Protestantism, in contradistinction, I mean, from

the abominable errors and superstitions of popery on the one hand, and from the unscriptural, absurd, and wicked reveries of the enthusiastic, self-illuminated sects

on the other, I could wish it might be seriously weighed on the present occasion, whether the extraordinary respect still shown by Protestant nations to the Roman, in preference to the sacred Hebrew and Greek tongues, be not in truth a noxious relic of popery. Since the time and pains which youth commonly spend on a language of such real difficulty as the Latin, might, with the assistance of proper Grammars and Lexicons, be abundantly sufficient for their instruction in the Hebrew

of the Old, and in the Greek of the

New

Testament, and might enable them to

read, in their original purity, those divine writings, Protestants, and, are founded.

what

is

of yet greater

moment,

on which their profession as and hope as Christians,

their faith

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

xii

lias, from the times of the Reformation down to this day, been learned and pious men, will hardly be disputed by any who imand yet it is partially reflect on the history of literature and religion among us to introduce their certain that have endeavoured few, very few, countrymen equally

That our country

blessed with

many

;

to a direct acquaintance with the languages

What

delivered.

first

poor assistance has

till

in

which the Sacred Oracles were

at

of very late years been offered to the

mere English Protestant for enabling him to understand the original of the Old Testament, it is not my present business particularly to declare with regard to :

the

New,

somewhat more has been attempted.

indeed,

"

I

have now before

me

a

A

Greek-English Lexicon, containing the Derivations and various Significations of all the Words in the New Testament, &c., by T. C., late of C. C. C., in Oxford London, printed in 1658." Who was intended by the small octavo, entitled,

:

know

not; but in Calamy's Abridgement of Baxter's Life, p. 188, " An it is said, that Mr. Joseph Caryl, author of Exposition, with Practical ObserBut it is vations, on the Book of Job," had a hand in the work just mentioned. initials

T. C.

I

the less wonderful that the editor, whoever he was, did not choose to put his name at length to the title-page of this Lexicon, since it is, in truth, only an abridged translation of Pasor's

;

which material circumstance, however, the translator has

not been ingenuous enough to acknowledge, nor, so far as I can find, has ever once mentioned Pasor's name. At the end of the Lexicon, besides a Greek and English Index, and a grammatical explanation of the second chapter of Romans, are added an English Translation of Pasor on the Greek Dialects of the New Testament, and On the whole, as this Lexicon has most another of the common Greek Grammar.

no doubt a valuable work, so it cannot be imperfections, and particularly that very consider-

of the excellences of Pasor's, which

denied that

it

has likewise

which

able one

all its

is

from ranging the Greek words, not alphabetically, but under

arises

a method which must to a beginner occasion a great deal of unnecessary trouble. But the most remarkable work of this kind furnished by the last century is Symson's Lexicon and Concordance, printed likewise in 1658, their respective roots

;

under the titles of " Lexicon Anglo-Grseco-Latinum Novi Testaand of "'H THS KAINHS AIA9HKHS 2YMOQNIA, or An Alphamenti/'&c., betical Concordance of all the Greek Words contained in the New Testament, by in a small folio,

Andrew Symson

;"

a performance

this,

which, whilst

it

exhibits the prodigious

no very high opinion of his genius or skill in the art of instruction. If, indeed, the method and ingenuity of this writer had been proportionable to his industry, one might, I think, almost affirm, that he would have rendered all future Greek and English Lexicons to the New Testament in a labour of

its

author, can give one

but by injudiciously making the English translation the great measure superfluous basis of his work, and by separating the etymological part of the Greek from the he has rendered his book in a manner useless to the young scholar, explanatory, ;

and, in truth, hardly manageable by any but a person of uncommon application. After the greater part of the following sheets had passed through the press,

I

" Concordance to the Greek Testament, with got a sight of Dr. John Williams's the English Version to each Word," printed in 1767 of which I shall only observe, ;

that the Doctor's that,

had his t;iiirc

method

and his plan so very different from mine, Concordance been published sooner, I could have derived no great

from

it.

is

so concise,

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

xiii

The above-mentioned are all the English Lexicons to the Greek Testament that can find to have been yet published and as I have freely and impartially delivered my sentiments concerning them, it may be reasonably expected that I should now give some account of my own work. I

;

Proper names then being excepted, (of which, however, I have inserted some of the principal,) the reader will here find all the words which occur in the New Testament, whether Greek, Oriental, or Latin, placed in alphabetical order, together with the gender and genitive cases of substantives, and the terminations of adjectives, which respectively denote the manner in which they are declined. As to the verbs, I

perfects, and other principal further consideration, upon judged it would for the benefit of the learner, whenever he was at a loss for the tenses of a

had once some thoughts of adding the

first futures,

tenses, as Schrevelius has done, but,

be more

verb, carefully to attend to its characteristic,

hope, he will rarely

and then to have immediate recourse to

of meeting with full information. have further endeavoured accurately to distinguish the primitive from the derived words, and that the learner may instantly, by a glance of his eye, discern the

the

Grammar, where,

I

fail

I

one from the other, the former are printed in capitals 1 the latter in small letters. By primitive words are meant such whose derivation can be fairly traced no farther ,

Greek and by derivatives, those that are plainly deducible from some other more simple word, or words, in that language. It must be confessed, that etymological writers have, by their forced and whimsical derivations, drawn upon themand as selves part of that contempt which has been so liberally poured upon them in the

;

;

Greek Lexicographers

to the

in particular,

absurdities as their attempting to assign

nothing has run them into such

Greek derivations

to primitive

risible

words of

It were no difficult matter to produce instances of this sort from that tongue. most of the Lexicons hitherto published, but the learned reader will easily recollect

enow

;

and, for

their mistakes,

my own part, I very willingly forbear to expose men who, with all have deserved well of learning and of religion, to the petulancy of

The truth of the case is plainly this, that ignorance and the contempt of fools. whatever were the nature of that confusion at Babel, yet it is as evident as any matter of fact can be, that the traces of great numbers of Hebrew words are preserved not only in the Greek and Latin, but also in the various languages which 2 spoken in the world, and particularly in the Northern tongues, where one should least expect to find them and in relation to the Greek in particular,

are

still

:

I

will venture to

Greek 3 1

add, after long attention to the subject, that almost all the primitives, which virtually include the whole language, may be naturally and

N.B.

The

Oriental and Latin words which occur in the

New

Testament are likewise printed

ought to be considered as primitives with respect to the Greek. See Thomassin. Prsefat. in Glossarium Hebraicum, pars iv. v. pp. 96, 97That what I have above said may not be deemed a novel opinion, I think proper to remark,

in capitals, since they also 2

3

that the learned author of the Port-Royal Grammar, Preface, p. 8. edit. Nugent, speaking of the Hebrew, says, it " is the most ancient of all languages, from whence the Greek itself derixes its

And

origin."

selves thus

:

the writers of the Universal History, vol. xvi. p. 53, 8vo edit., express them" That the most ancient Greek tongue approached much nearer the Eastern languages

than those dialects of

it

used by even the oldest Greek

classics,

appears from the obsolete radices

of that tongue, which generally discover a near relation to the East. The proximity of the earliest Greek language to the Oriental tongues was well known to Isaac Casaubon and Erpenius, and

may

be so to any who examines the Greek roots with proper attention."

See also the learned

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

XIV

This, if I am not greatly mistaken, I have 1 with respect to such primitives as are used in Lexicon demonstrated in the ensuing the New Testament and these, it must be observed, comprehend a very large part And though I am far from presuming of all the radicals in the Greek language. that in such a number of derivations no oversights have escaped me, and have of their propriety, yet it is not a few proposed some with a declared doubtfulness easily

deduced from the Hebrew.

;

mistakes, .

quas aut incuria fudit,

Aut huinana parum

cavit natura,

that can, with any equitable judge, invalidate the general truth which I have endeavoured to establish on the evidence of many plain and indisputable particulars.

the Greek primitives being thus throughout referred to their Hebrew roots, the relation between those two languages is clearly shown ; and I cannot but hope

By

my work may both prove a recommendation of it to those who already understand Hebrew, and incite others to undertake the easy task of acquainting themselves with the rudiments of that original tongue. this part of

When the primitive words in Greek are once settled, it is no difficult matter for a person, tolerably skilled in the language, to refer the derivatives and compounds to their respective radicals. Here, indeed, former Lexicon- writers have contributed ample assistance, and I have scarcely ever seen reason to branch of our business.

differ

from them

all

in

this

Etymology, however, is but a small part of the Lexicographer's task. To assign the primary sense of every radical and derived word, and thence to arrange in a regular order the several consequential senses, and to support these by apposite citations or references, explaining likewise, in their proper places, the various HOC opus, me labor est ; in the particulars phrases and idioms of the language consists mentioned the main just difficulty of writing a Lexicon, and by the manner

which they are executed must its merit or demerit be principally determined. All I can say for myself in these respects is, that I have honestly and conscientiously done my best nor have I knowingly and wilfully misrepresented a single word or expression, nor paid a regard to the opinions of any man, or number of men, whatin

;

than they appeared to me agreeable to the Sacred Oracles, and to the analogy of the Greek tongue. Where more senses than one are assigned to a word, these are distinctly placed in several paragraphs, with the Roman, and in some cases, with the common, ever, further

numeral figures prefixed and every sense, which occurs in the New Testament, is authorized by citing or referring to the passage, or passages, where the word is so ;

This method, at the same time that it presents the more advanced scholar with the evidence on which each particular meaning is attributed to every word, applied.

doubt not, be also found by experience to conduce greatly to the ease and advantage of the beginner. At least it seems to me far preferable to that followed will,

I

Gale's Court of the Gentiles, pt. i. book i. ch. 12. entitled European Languages, especially the and Latin, from the Hebrew." [Vitringa, Observ. Sacr. lib. i. cap. vii. and Dr. Greg. Sharpe's Seventh Letter on learning the Hebrew Language, and his Hebrew Lexicon and Index.]

Of these, however, I would be understood to except tound, that is, immediately from 1

some few which are formed from

tlr

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

xv

others, of huddling the various senses of a word together, and learner to assign the distinct meaning of it in a particular passage as leaving the he can. On the other hand, I have endeavoured to avoid a fault which, I think,

by Mintert and

Stockius's over- diligence has sometimes betrayed him into, namely, of multiplying the meanings of words too much by divisions and sub-divisions, which, I apprehand, tend rather to perplex than to instruct.

Among lation

the various attacks that have been, of late years, made upon Divine Reveinfidels, it is not to be wondered that the style of the

by open or disguised

Testament has not escaped their malignity, and it inspired penmen of the New must be owned that some well-meaning Christian writers have undesignedly contributed to propagate and confirm the notion of its barbarousness, by calling many forms of expression Hebraisms, which do indeed agree with the Hebrew idiom, but which are also found in the purest of the Greek classics, who cannot be supposed to have had any direct acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue. Numerous instances of such phrases are given in the course of the following work and to illustrate this :

subject a little further, I would beg the reader's attention to the three following * observations. First, that in the apostolic age Greek was the most universally

spoken and understood of any language upon earth but secondly, that in all the Eastern parts of the world it had undoubtedly received a strong tincture from the :

Hebrew and

Oriental tongues

:

and

lastly, that

the books of the

New

Testament

were written not only for the benefit of this or that particular Church, or people, Such being, in the time of the but of the whole world, both Jews and Gentiles. apostles, the real state of the

to the Evangelical writings,

Greek language, and of mankind in respect to it and defy the utmost wit and malice of the enemies

we may

of God's Revelation to point out a wiser method of communicating the Scriptures of the New Testament to the world, than that which the Holy Spirit has actually

namely, by causing those Divine Oracles to be penned in such a Greek the same time that it might in general be understood by every man was acquainted with the Greek language, was peculiarly conformable to the

employed,

style, as, at

who

idiom of the Jews and of the Eastern nations latter circumstance will

still

more

;

and the adorable propriety of if

evident,

we

this

reflect that in the apostles'

appear 2 days the world, both Jewish and heathen , had been for nearly three hundred years in possession of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament [at least of the Pentateuch] the Greek of which translation did likewise greatly abound in Hebrew and Oriental forms of expression, many of which are adopted by the ;

Evangelical writers. Let us suppose that a person whose native language was Greek, and who had read some of the best Greek authors, but was entirely ignorant of the Eastern tongues, had met with some or all of the sacred books of the New Testament soon after

their

qualified

1

publication

would

:

the principal difficulty,

find in understanding their style,

Thus, about sixty years before Christ, Cicero

tells

a

I

apprehend, which one thus arisen, not from the

would have

Roman

" Greek was read audience, that

among almost all nations, whilst Latin was confined within its own narrow limits. Grseca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Latino, su'is Pro Archia Poeta, 10. finlbus exiguis sane continents" edit. Gruter. 2

[See Whitaker'g Origin of Arianism,

p. 213.]

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

xvi

Oriental idioms occurring therein, (for most of these are used also by the purest Greek classics, and the meaning of others is so plain as not to be easily mistaken,) but from the peculiar senses in which they apply single words; as, for instance, or believing in God; ciKaioffvvr] for imputed righteousness ; Kriaig for or production from nothing : and it will be necessary to observe, that, in delivering that blessed doctrine which was to the Greeks foolishness, it was TTtoric, for faith,

creation,

absolutely impossible for the sacred writers to express themselves at all, concerning the most essential points, unless they had either coined new words, or used such old ones as they already found in a new sense; new, I mean, to the mere Gentile

Greeks, who were unacquainted even with the notions these words were intended to convey, till they had learned them from the explanation of the terms themselves, or from the previous preaching of the Gospel, but by no means new to the Grecizing

Jews, and to all those who had read the Septuagint translation, since the same words had been there applied in the same senses. The writers, therefore, of the New Testament, or rather (with reverence be

it

spoken

!)

the Holy Spirit, whose

penmen

they were, wisely chose, in expressing evangelical notions, to employ such Greek terms as had been long before used for the same purposes by the Greek translators of the

Old Testament

faulty in

many

:

and thus the Septuagint

particulars,

became, in

this

version,

however imperfect 1 and

respect, not to the first age of the

succeeding generations, the connecting link between the language of the Old and of the New Testament, and will be regarded in this view as long as sound judgment and real learning shall continue among men. But it is time to return, and give the reader an account of the assistances I have

church only, but also to

all

used in compiling the ensuing work. In deriving, then, the Greek primitives from their Hebrew originals, I have received considerable help from Thomassin's

Methode d'Etudier et d'Enseigner la Grammaire et les Langues. I have, however, seen but too frequent reason to dissent from the derivations proposed by that and have often substituted others more probable (I hope) in their room. In the explanatory part, besides continually consulting the common Lexicons, and 2 many of the best commentators and critics, (a list of whom may be seen below,) writer,

1

"

lation

"

It is certain," say

our English translators in their preface, " that (i. e. the perfect, but that it needed, in many places, correction."

was not so sound and

LXX) And

trans-

again

:

Seventy were interpreters ; they were not prophets. They did many things well as learned men ; but yet, as men they stumbled and fell, one while through oversight, another while through ignorance ; yea, sometimes they may be noted to add to the original, and sometimes It is evident the

to take 3

from

it."

Alberti (Joan.) Observationes Philologicse in Sacros Novi Foederis Libros. Blackwall's Sacred Classics, 2 vols. 8vo.

Lugd. Bat. 1725.

Bocharti Opera omnia, a Leusden, &c. 3

vols. fol. Lugd. Bat. 1G92. Bos (Lambert) Ellipses Grsecse, edit. 7ma, Lugd. Bat. 1750. Doddridge's Family Expositor, 6 vols. 4to. Elsneri (Jac.) Observationes Sacrac, 2 torn. 8vo. Traject. ad Rhen. 1720. Fell's (Bishop) Paraphrase and Annotations upon all the Epistles of St. Paul, Oxford, 1684. Gregorii (Joan.) Novum Testamentum cum Scholiis Greecis, Oxou. 1703. Lardner's Credibility of the Gospel History, vol. 1st and 2nd.

Leigh's Critica Sacra. Locke on St. Paul's Epistles. Martinii

Cadmus Groeco-Phoenix. |

Mintert

PREFACE To THE FIRST EDITION.

xv ii

to a considerable variety of other writers, I have also of the best Greek authors in the original, with a direct several carefully perused The writings of Josephus, in particular, view to the improvement of this work.

and occasionally recurring

1

have furnished many passages for illustrating not only the phraseology, but likeAnd here I would, wise the histories and predictions of the New Testament 1

.

once for all, request the forgiveness of the candid and ingenuous, if, on some occasions, I seem to go too far beyond my title-page, and instead of a Lexiconwriter turn commentator.

In mitigation of this offence

(if such it be) 1 must beg view was to throw on the inspired books of the my grand light New Testament, and to make them easily intelligible to the English Christian and that from this, my principal scope, I hope it will not be found that I have often

leave to plead, that

;

deviated.

And if an author might be permitted to speak a word or two more in own performance, I would in this place humbly recommend the Grammar and Lexicon, first, to all those who may have an inclination to

favour of his

following learn the Greek language, though previously unacquainted with Latin secondly, to those who having formerly acquired some knowledge of Greek at school, but :

having afterwards intermitted such studies, are in more advanced

life

desirous of

thirdly, to the consulting or reading the evangelical writers in the original who will certainly meet with many things and universities schools our of youth :

;

in this

which are not to be found

in the

common

Lexicons, and which,

tend to give them right apprehensions with regard to

many

I trust, will

both of

particulars,

and fourthly, may I add, that I am in hopes this work Christian faith and practice may be of some service to my younger brethren of the clergy ? who are not only here presented with a critical explanation of all the words and phrases in the New Testa:

ment, and with the

illustration of many difficult passages, but are also generally referred to the larger expositions of such writers, both of our own and other countries,

as seem to have excelled on the several subjects of sacred criticism. After all, I am thoroughly sensible that a work of this kind must, from

its

very

nature, be capable of continual

improvement, and really apprehend that it is almost an absurdity to talk of a perfect Lexicon or Dictionary I have accordingly endeavoured, while the sheets were printing off, to supply such deficiencies and :

correct such mistakes as

had before escaped me

;

and

it

seems but a

fair

request

Mintert (Pet.) Lexicon, &c. Francof. ad Mcen. 1728. Pasoris (Georg.) Lexicon, &c. Poolii Synopsis. Raphelii (Georg.) Annotationes in S. S. ex 2 torn. 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1747.

Xenophonte, Polybio, Arriano,

et

Herodoto.

Schmidii (Erasm.) Concordantiae N. T. Stockii (Christ.) Clavis N. T. edit, quinta.

Lipsia?, 1752.

Suiceri Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, 2 torn, folio. Amstel. 1682.

LXX

Tromii (Abrah.) Concordantise Grsecse in Interpretes, 2 torn, folio. Westenii (Joan. Jacob.) Novura Testamentum Graecum, cum Lect. Var. et Commentario, 2 torn, folio. Amstel. 1751.

Whitby on the New Testament, 2 vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1761. Wolfii (Jo. Christ.) Curse Philologicse, &c. 5 torn. 4to. Hamburg, 1739. 1 I have also made considerable use of the works of Lucian, which are generally cited according to Benodictus's edition in 2 tomes 12mo, Salimirii, 1619.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

xv iii

that no one would pass a final judgment on my interpretation of any particular word or expression, till he has consulted not only the Lexicon, but the Appendix 1 . I

cannot conclude without expressing a cheerful hope of approbation from the and Christian reader but as for those qui se rerum omnium primos esse

truly candid

:

putant, nee tamen sunt, who imagine themselves to be much more accurate and accomplished scholars than they really are, and therefore assume a privilege of hastily condemning or insolently sneering whatever does not exactly coincide with their

own

to such

sentiments,

gentlemen as these

MQMEI26AI and

I

pfov IOTIV

would just whisper

T)

MIMEJ29AP

in the ear,

2

they doubt the justice of applying the proverb to the present case, I would them to select a few such words as occur pretty frequently in the Greek Testabeg ment, and endeavour to go through their various acceptations in the manner of this Lexicon; and, if their pride has not quite eaten up their good-nature, I dare say if

two or three trials of this kind will, at least, turn their contempt of the Lexicographer into pity, and incline them to think that even some considerable and obvious mistakes might be justly pardonable in a work, which, they will be convinced, must have required so long and so close an application. that

But whatever censures malignant criticism may pass on the ensuing performance, or whatever reception it may meet with from my countrymen in general, praised be the Father of Mercies and the God of all Comfort, who, amid a variety of avocations and infirmities, hath enabled me to bring it to a conclusion. And may the blessing of the

same God attend

it

to the heart of every reader

!

May He

prosper

own

it

to his

glory, to the diffusion of Divine knowledge, to the promotion of Christian Amen and Amen. practice, to the salvation of souls !

1

N.B. In

2

" It

is

this

Second Edition

the

appendix

is

digested into the body of

easier to blame, or sneer, than to imitate."

tlie

work.

ADVERTISEMENT TO

THE SECOND EDITION

IN order to give the reader some distinct information in what respects the present Greek and English Lexicon differs from the former, it may be proper

edition of the

to observe, 1st, That the typographical errors of that edition are in this carefully corrected. 2ndly, That the Appendix is here digested into the body of the Lexicon so that, on any occasion, there will be but one alphabet to consult. ;

of the Rev. 3rdly, That, since the former edition, the author was, by means with the favoured of rector William Salisbury, Moreton, Essex, sight of a manuscript

Greek Lexicon

to

the

New

Testament, in three thin volumes folio, written in

Latin by the Rev. John Mall, formerly an eminent schoolmaster at Bishop's StortOn a careful ford, Herts, and by him evidently designed and prepared for the press.

and attentive perusal

it

appeared a judicious and valuable work.

in the library of St. John's

College,

Cambridge

;

It is

now

reposited

and hopes are entertained that

some member of that respectable and learned society will ere long present it to the it would certainly be a valuable accession to sacred literature, by supplying in a great measure to the younger student the want of those eminent scriptural critics, Raphelius, Eisner, Alberti, and Wolfius, not to mention others public, since

therein quoted. However, as Mr. Mall and myself had drawn our information from nearly the same sources, and our plans were in some respects different, I could derive but little additional assistance from his Lexicon for the improvement of the present publication. 4thly, That, in this edition, some parts of the preceding, which seemed wrong or exceptionable, are expunged, many altered, and many additions made, chiefly from the accurate Kypke's Observationes Sacrse, and from works lately published in our

own language; such

as Bp. Pearce's Commentary, Mr. Bowyer's Conjectures, George Campbell on the Four Gospels, Michaelis's IntroTestament, translated by the learned Mr. Marsh, and by him

(4to, edit. 1782,) Dr.

duction to the

New

enriched with

many

critical

and instructive Notes. a 2

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION.

xx 5thly,

That the most material and best authenticated various readings, particuMill's, Wetstein's, and Griesbach's editions of the Greek Testament, are

larly

from

here

fairly,

and may,

though it is

briefly,

presented to the reader's consideration and judgment more advanced student diligently to consult those ;

hoped, incite the

elaborate and critical editions, and

may

particularly induce

him

to

peruse Mr.

Marsh's excellent publication above mentioned. Lastly, That, in the whole, about a hundred and ten pages are now added to the Greek and English Lexicon.

NOTICE CONCERNING THE FIRST OCTAVO EDITION.

THE

reader will please to observe, that in this Third Edition the typographical that some explanations and positions contained therein, which seemed erroneous, are here expunged or rectified and some

errors of the former are carefully corrected

;

;

from Kypke's Observationes Sacrae, and from Dr. Macknight's luminous and valuable Commentary and Notes on the Apostolical

additions made, principally

Epistles

a work highly meriting a place in the library of every Christian divine.

"EPPQSO.

PLAIN AND EASY

GREEK GRAMMAR, ADAPTED TO

THE USE OF LEARNERS,

THOSE

WHO UNDERSTAND NO OTHER LANGUAGE THAN

A

Minus sunt ferendi

NEW

EDITION, CORRECTED

ENGLISH.

AND IMPROVED.

Artem (Grammatical scilicet) ut tenuem ac jejunam cavillantes, qute Fundamenta fideliter jecerit, quicquid superstruxeris corruet Necessaria Pueris, jucunda Senibus, dulcis Secretorum Comes, et quse vel sola omni Studiorum lianc

nisi Oratori future

:

Genere plus habet Operis quam Ostentationis. QUINTILIAN. Institut. Orat.

Utinam essem bonus Crrammaticus ! esse

bonum Grammaticwn.

Grammaticce.

Non

lib.

i.

cap. 4.

1.

Sufficit enim ei qui Auctores omnes probe vult intelligere, aliunde Dissidia in Rdigione pendent quam ab Ignoratione

Prima SCALIGERANA.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

PREFACE

xxv

Sect.

Of Of III. Of IV. Of V. Of VI. Of I.

II.

VII. VIII.

IX.

X. XI.

XII. XIII.

XIV.

XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX.

XX. XXI.

XXII. XXIII.

the Letters and Reading Words, and first of the Article Nouns Substantive, and their Declensions the Gender of Nouns Substantive Heteroclites, or Irregular Nouns

1

3 4 9 ib.

Nouns Cognate, Feminine, Patronymics, Gentiles, Possess! ves, Amplificatives, 10 Diminutives, Verbals, and Compounds Of Adjectives and their Declensions 11 Of the Comparison of Adjectives, &c 13 Of Pronouns ,15 Of Verbs, and first of Verbs in o> 16 Of the Passive Voice of Verbs in w, and first of the Auxiliary Verb ei'/u 22 Of the Middle Voice of Verbs in w, and of the Deponent Verb .27 Of Contracted Verbs 29 Of the Second Conjugation, or of declining Verbs in /u 32 Of Irregular Verbs in /u 36 Of Defective Verbs 39 Of Impersonal Verbs 45 Of Adverbs and Interjections 46 Of Conjunctions 47 Of Prepositions ib. Of Syntax, and first of Concord ib. Of Government 50 Of Infinitives and Participles 57 Of the Construction of Adverbs and Interjections ib. Of the Construction of Conjunctions and Prepositions 58 General Observations for rendering Greek into English ib. Of Dialects, and particularly of the Attic ib.

XXIV. A Grammatical

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

.

Praxis on the

first

Chapter of

St. John's

Gospel

.60

PREFACE.

BEING

desirous of assisting

the original Greek of the

my countrymen, to the best of my abilities, New Testament, I have thought proper to

in learning publish the

is drawn up in the plainest and easiest manner I could It is true indeed that and adapted to the use of the mere English reader. we already have several Greek Grammars written in our own language and could I have found any one of these that would have answered my purpose, I should have

ensuing Grammar, which devise,

;

been very glad to have referred

my

readers to

it,

and to have saved myself the

trouble of compiling a new one ; but all the Greek Grammars I have yet seen in English proceed upon a supposition that the learner already understands Latin. Thus,

though in the preface to his third edition he remarks that he has offered to his countrymen THE FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR IJN ENGLISH, yet in the course of his work he renders most of the Greek examples not into English but for instance, Dr. Milner,

Latin, and at page 8 observes, that he has omitted the definitions of things common to Latin and Greek, because the young scholar is supposed to be acquainted with his Latin Grammar and the author of the Port-Royal Grammar, at the " beginning of the 7th book, which treats of the Greek Syntax, professes to comprise no more precisely than what the Greek varies in from the Latin, judging it quite

them from

;

unnecessary to repeat how an adjective agrees with its substantive, or a verb with its Edit. nominative, and such other rules as are exactly uniform in both languages."

Nugent,

p. 315.

Let

me

add, that every

man who has thought much upon

such

a curious and extensive subject as grammar may justly claim some indulgence to his own notions concerning it, and ought to be allowed his own peculiar method of

arranging his conceptions, and communicating them to others. What I have just alleged (not to insist on other reasons that might be urged) will, I hope, be deemed a sufficient apology for my adding another Greek Grammar to those already published merit of the excellent

and

from designing in the least to detract from the grammarians who have preceded me, I very thankfully the almost continual assistance I have received from them. Besides the acknowledge common Greek Grammar, I have throughout consulted the Port-Royal, Dr. Busby's, Dr. Milner's, and Mr. Stackhouse's but am most especially obliged to Mr. Holmes, ;

far

;

though in deducing the tenses of verbs from their theme I have preferred the common method, as appearing to me more easy and simple than his; and have in the syntax endeavoured to illustrate the government of Greek verbs, by the of a force

preposition

PREFACE.

xxvi understood, in a fuller

and clearer manner than

kind that has come to

my

In making use of this

is

done in any other work of the

knowledge.

Grammar, the

rules

and examples, which are printed

in the

and Greek

types, should be carefully distinguished from those that are printed in the smaller. The former are the principal and most necessary, and larger English

are it

1

all

will

that even the youngest scholar needs to learn by heart as for the others, sufficient to read them over attentively two or three times, and to consult :

be

Grammar

the

But since

for

this

them as occasion may require. work may not improbably fall into the hands of some persons who,

though destitute of the benefit of a master, selves with the original language of the

some more particular and minute

am

(I

yet be desirous of acquainting them-

New

Testament,

directions, to assist in

I shall, in

this place,

add

such a truly laudable, and

persuaded) by no means impracticable, undertaking.

It will first

may

be necessary, therefore, for such persons, after carefully perusing the two Grammar, to make themselves perfect in the declension of the

sections of the

They should then proceed

article, Sect. II. 14.

to the Illrd Section,

and commit

memory the examples of the three declensions of simple nouns, Tirf and t,v\ov but, on this first application to the Grammar, Xoyoc deXtytv and CTW/XCI I would advise them not to trouble themselves at all with the contracted nouns likewise to

;

:

;

under each declension, nor with the Attic nouns under the second. The principal IVth Section are so plain and easy, that reading them over two or three

rules of the

times will be sufficient

As

;

and Sect. V. and VI. should

at present

be entirely omitted.

for the declensions of uncontracted adjectives, in Sect. VII., they can occasion

supposing him already perfect in declining the the contracted and irregular adjectives in this Section should be left for future consideration; but the principal rules and examples in Sect. VIII. and IX. are to be now learned. The beginning of Sect. X. will require

the learner but

little

difficulty,

uncontracted substantives

particular attention,

:

and the

active voice of a verb in

oj

must be gotten by

heart.

The

In principal of the following rules should also be committed to memory. Sect. XI., after reading the two first rules, the verb elpi and the passive voice of

w must likewise be learned by heart, nor can the principal rules in this section be dispensed with. If the directions hitherto given have been duly observed, the formation of the middle voice, and of the deponent verb in Sect. XII. will be very a verb in

easy the principal rules, however, will here also require the same attention as in the preceding sections and the learner, to try his knowledge of the Greek verbs, may now attempt to draw out several schemes or trees, as in Sect. XII. 16, but must not ;

;

be discouraged

if

he finds that at

perfect in the formation of the

first

he makes some considerable mistakes

Greek verbs requires long use and practice

:

to be in the

language, and greater readiness in the rules for forming the tenses than can reasonSect. XIII. XIV. XV. and XVI. should be as ably be expected from a beginner. yet omitted, and an attentive reading or two will suffice for the four following This brings us to the Syntax, Sect. XXL, in which the learner should sections.

1 Only observe that the examples of the active and passive voices of TVTTTOJ (Sect. X. and XI.) and of the auxiliary vei'b ei'/zi (Sect. XL), though absolute! iti-cittary to be learnt by heart, are >i

printed in a swa/fcr character, in order that each of them might bo presented to the learner at one view.

PREFACE.

xxvii

And the general observations in Sect. XXII. the principal rules. and his careful well repeated perusal but the XXIIIrd Sect., Of repay hope, And now he may, without further Dialects, is designed for his future instruction. commit

to

memory

will, I

;

Praxis in Sect. XXIV., and should endeavour preparation, proceed to the Grammatical by the references to the foregoing parts of the Grammar, and by the assistance of the Lexicon, to

make himself

perfect master of every

word

in

it,

except only the

and verbs, the verbs in p, and the anomalous ones and even for when all these, they occur, he would do well to consult the Grammar. Having thus mastered the first chapter of St. John, he may, with the assistance of the contracted nouns

;

English translation, go on to the second to account grammatically for every

word

1

and following chapters, still taking care manner of the praxis ; and as he

in the

advances in reading, he must also peruse in order such parts of the Grammar as were before omitted, and learn by heart the examples of the contracted substantives, of the contracted and irregular adjectives, Sect. VII. of the contracted Sect. III. ;

;

XIV., and XV. I would also particularly recommend to him, for six or seven months at least, to write down the Greek words (especially the primitives) that occur, and their English interpretation, in opposite columns, and to endeavour, by frequent repetition, thoroughly to connect these in his mind. And thus he may, ere long, be enabled, even without the assistance of a verbs,

and those

in pi in Sect. XIII.,

master, to read the

and obtain the

New Testament in the

satisfaction of

Christ and his apostles, in

2

language

wherein

it

was

at first written,

examining for himself what were the real doctrines of the words not of a fallible, though truly excellent,

translation, but in those of the infallible,

because inspired,

ORIGINAL.

Hoole's edition of the Greek Testament, in which the primitive roots of the Greek words are printed in the margin, seems the best for the use of a beginner. 2 I would here be understood to speak of the language of the New Testament in general, with1

out dogmatically deciding that the Gospel of St. Matthew was originally written in Greek ; on which subject the reader may do well to compare Dr. Lardner's History of the Apostles and Evangelists, chap, v., with Dr. George Campbell's Preface to St. Matthew's Gospel.

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE LEXICON EXPLAINED.

Att.

Attic.

and

in other texts.

et al.

(et alibi)

et al. freq.

(et alibi frequenter)

freq. occ.

(frequenter occurrit) denotes that the

inter al.

(inter alia) besides other texts.

occ.

prefixed to one or

word

and

in

more

many

other texts.

word occurs frequently.

references, denotes that either the

word

itself,

or else the

in the last-mentioned sense, occurs only in the text or texts referred to.

as

were,

q.

(quasi) as

q. d.

(quasi dicas) as if one should say.

if,

it

/

-I

A

A

LIGATUR ES

L o R

XPL

E

ABBREVIATION A NE /

/.)

r

ft

cfy

/

f

70V rov

K .j

5

?

*

n

fC

e/

A ///'

T(

67/7

cxr

///'

^/

r > ^ $ and three double letters, made of g or 05 % made of yg, Kg, or ^g 5 and ;//, of /3g, TTQ, or 0g.

letters, K, y, % ; and the dentals, or teeth -letters, T, 5, 9, are related respectively, and frequently ;

>

;

;

;

i. e. one labial for another labial, as TT for (3 or $ ; one palatine for another palatine, as K for y or x 5 or one dental for another dental, as T for 5 or G. 10. If in a word one mute follows another, a tennis is put before a tenuis, a media before a media, and an aspirate before an aspirate, as rirvTrrai, for Tervtyrai, he teas smitten ; efldojjiog, for ETrrcytog, tJte seventh ; iTixpQrjv, for IrvirQ^v, I was smitten. 1 1. Every word having a vowel or diphthong for the first letter is, in most printed books, marked at the beginning either with an aspirate, i. e. a rough breathing ('), as opog pronounce horos, or with a vitvolh one ('), as opog pronounce oros. 12. The former only of these breathings is of necessary use, and may be considered as a real 2 l letter, which was anciently written H , then \-, and for expedition (') whence the other side of the letter, -\, in quick writing ('), was taken to denote the smooth breathing. [It occurs in this form in the most ancient editions of the Greek writers. The spiritus was introduced by the Alexandrian grammarians 200 years B.C.] 3 13. Almost all words beginning with v or p are aspirated, or marked with a rough breathing ; and if there be two ps in the middle of a word, the former is marked with a smooth, the latter with a rough breathing, as t pp'oxro pronounce errhoso, Tropp'w porrho. 14. Of the marks over words, called accents, I shall only observe, that the acute (') marks the the depression of it, and the circumflex (~ ) first the elevation of tlie voice in a syllable, the grave elevation of the voice, then the depression of it, in the same syllable, and is therefore placed only on

exchanged for each other,

;

Q

long syllables.

15. A diuresis (") divides diphthongs, and shows that the vowels are to be sounded separate ; as avTTvoq, pronounce a-upnos. 1 6. A diastole (,) distinguishes one word from another ; thus TO,T(. and the is distinguished from TOTS then. 17. An apostrophe (') is the mark of the vowels a, e, t, o, or more rarely of the diphthongs at, ot, being rejected at the end of a word, when the word following begins with a vowel, as aXX' tyw for aXXd yw ; and observe, that if the first vowel of the second word have an aspirate breathing, a preceding tenuis or smooth consonant must be changed into its correspondent aspirate or rough one, (comp. above 11.) as d \yarfj or Xyord. af make a in the genitive, especially proper names, as Boppdg, 0w/ia, TLijfyag, AOVKCLQ, G. Bopp'a, Ow^a, Kjj^a, Aovica. [In old Greek (Horn. II. 0. 85), from the Nom. j, two ao and tw, occur, of which the 1st remained in Doric (Find. Pyth. iv. 21), the 2nd in Ionic forms, in some This form is always monosyllabic ; see the and, cases, in Attic. (see Herodotus, passim) It was, of course, originally written to, and hence came the Attic contraction first line of the Iliad. From the 1st form ao, arose the Doric genitive a, which is retained in ov, and the ^Eolic form tv. proper names and some other nouns by the Attics.] and there are contracted nouns of 13. Contraction is the drawing of two final syllables into one every declension. In this the general rule of contraction is, to cut off the vowel before the terminaG. r)c yaXer/f, yaXtjjff, D. ry tion throughout all the cases ; thus, N. 17 yaXsrj, yaXij (a 12.

Some nouns

in

;

:

weasel),

yaXsy, yaXy, A. rr\v yaXsrji/, yaXrjv, V.