A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek: According to the Septuagint (Ancient Language Resources) 9781606081662, 1606081667

Citation preview

A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek

Ancient Language Resources K. C. Hanson, Series Editor Arno Poebel Fundamentals of Sumerian Grammar/ Grundzüge der Sumerischen Grammatik Carl Bezold Babylonisch-Assyrisches Glossar A. H. Sayce Assyrian Grammar The Student’s Concise Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Bible Heinrich Ewald Syntax of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament S. R. Driver A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew William R. Harper Hebrew Vocabularies M. H. Segal A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew William B. Stevenson Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic R. Payne Smith Thesaurus Syriacus

J. Payne Smith A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Carl Brockelmann Lexicon Syriacum William Jennings Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament Robert Dick Wilson Introductory Syriac Method and Manual Eberhard Nestle Syriac Grammar Theodor Nöldeke Compendius Syriac Grammar Theodor Nöldeke Mandaean Grammar / Mandäische Grammatik August Dillman and Carl Bezold Ethiopic Grammar Henry St. John Thackeray A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek William W. Goodwin A Greek Grammar William W. Goodwin Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb

Ernest D. Burton Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek J. B. Smith Greek-English Concordance to the New Testament Edwin A. Abbott Johannine Vocabulary Edwin A. Abbott Johannine Grammar W. E. Crum A Coptic Dictionary Edgar J. Goodspeed Index Patristicus Thomas O. Lambdin An Introduction to the Gothic Language

A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint Volume 1: Introduction, Orthography, and Accidence

Henry St. John Thackeray

New Foreword and Bibliography by K. C. Hanson

WIPF & STOCK·

Eugene, Oregon

A GRAMMAR OF THE OLD TESTAMENT IN GREEK According to the Septuagint Vol. 1: Introduction, Orthography and Accidence Ancient Language Resources Copyright © 2008 Wipf & Stock Publishers. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf & Stock, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401. Wipf & Stock A Division of Wipf and Stock Publishers 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3 Eugene, OR 97401 www.wipfandstock.com isbn 13: 978-1-60608-166-2 Cataloging-in-Publication data: Thackeray, H. St. J. (Henry St. John), 1869?–1930. A grammar of the Old Testament in Greek : according to the Septuagint / by Henry St. John Thackeray. New Foreword and Bibliography by K. C. Hanson. Ancient Language Resources isbn 13: 978-1-60608-166-2 xxx + 325 p.; cm. Includes bibliography and indexes. No further volumes. 1. Greek language, Biblical—Grammar. 2. Bible. O.T. Greek—Versions— Septuagint—Language, style. I. Hanson, K. C. (Kenneth C.). II. Title. III. Series. pa713 t5 2008 Manufactured in the U.S.A.

To My Wife Gunai=ka a)ndrei/an ti/j eu(rh/sei; timiwte/ra de/ e)stin li/qwn polutelw~n h( toiau/th.

Contents

Series Foreword������������������������������������������������������������� xi Foreword���������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii Select Bibliography����������������������������������������������������� xvii



Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������� xix Principal Authorities Quoted with Abbreviations�� xxiii



INTRODUCTION



1. 2. 3. 4. 5.



ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS



6. 7. 8. 9.

Grammar and Textual Criticism�������������������������1 Grouping of LXX Books��������������������������������������6 The koinh/—the Basis of LXX Greek����������������16 The Semitic Element in LXX Greek�����������������25 The Papyri and the Uncial MSS of the LXX����55

The Vowels�����������������������������������������������������������71 The Consonants����������������������������������������������� 100 The Aspirate������������������������������������������������������ 124 Euphony in Combination of Words and Syllables������������������������������������������������������������� 129

Contents

x



ACCIDENCE



10. 11. 12. 13. 14.



15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Declensions of the Noun�������������������������������� 140 Proper Names��������������������������������������������������� 160 Adjectives���������������������������������������������������������� 172 The Numerals��������������������������������������������������� 186 Pronouns����������������������������������������������������������� 190



The Verb. General Changes in Conjugation� 193 Augment and Reduplication�������������������������� 195 Verbs in –W. Terminations����������������������������� 209 Verbs in –W. Tense Formation���������������������� 218 Verbs in –W. Present Tense���������������������������� 224 Verbs in –W. Future Tense����������������������������� 228 Verbs in –W. First and Second Aorist (and Future Passive)���������������������������������������� 233 22. Contract Verbs������������������������������������������������� 241 23. Verbs in –MI.���������������������������������������������������� 244 24. Table of Noteworthy Verbs����������������������������� 258



INDEX



I. Of Subjects�������������������������������������������������������� 291 II. Of Greek Words and Forms��������������������������� 300 III. Of Quotations�������������������������������������������������� 310

Series Foreword

T

he study of languages forms the foundation of any study of ancient societies. While we are dependent upon archaeology to unearth pottery, tools, buildings, and graves, it is through reading the documentary evidence that we learn the nuances of each culture—from receipts and letters to myths and legends. And the access to those documents comes only through the basic work of deciphering scripts, conjugating verbs, untangling syntax, and mastering vocabulary. Ancient Language Resources brings together some of the most significant reference works for the study of ancient languages, including grammars, dictionaries, and related materials. While most of the volumes will be reprints of classic works, we also intend to include new publications. The linguistic circle is widely drawn, encompassing Egyptian, Sumerian, Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hattic, Hittite (Nesite), Hurrian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic, Greek, Coptic, Latin, Mandaean, Armenian, and Gothic. It is the hope of the publishers that this will continue to encourage study of the ancient languages and keep the work of groundbreaking scholars accessible. —K. C. Hanson Series Editor xi

Foreword

H

enry St. John Thackeray was a Scholar at King’s College, Cambridge University. He was a masterful linguist of classical Greek, Hellenistic Greek, and the Septuagint as well as historian and biblical scholar. And he made major contributions to the translation and interpretation of Josephus. He delivered the 1920 Schweich Lectures and was also awarded honorary doctorates from both Oxford University and Durham University. Among his original publications are: Josephus: The Man and the Historian. Preface by George Foot Moore. The Hilda Stroock Lectures at the Jewish Institute of Religion. New York: Jewish Institute of Religion Press, 1929. The Letter of Aristeas. Translated into English with and Introduction and Notes. London: Macmillan, 1904. With Ralph Marcus. A Lexicon to Josephus. 4 parts. Publications of the Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation. Paris: Geuthner, 1930–55. “A Papyrus Scrap of Patristic Writing.” Journal of Theological Studies 30 (1929) 179–90. The Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary Jewish Thought. London: Macmillan, 1900.

xiii

xiv

Foreword

The Septuagint and Jewish Worship: A Study in Origins. Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 1920. London: Milford, 1921. Some Aspects of the Greek Old Testament. Foreword by M. Gaster. Arthur Davis Memorial Lecture. London: Allen & Unwin, 1927. Sophocles and the Perfect Number: A Neglected Nicety. London: Milford, 1931.

He was also the translator of five volumes of Josephus’ works in the Loeb Classical Library: Josephus. The Life. Against Apion. Loeb Classical Library 186. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926. Josephus. The Jewish War. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library 203, 210. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927–28. Josephus. Jewish Antiquities, Books I–IV. Loeb Classical Library 242. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930. Josephus. Jewish Antiquities, Books V–VIII. Loeb Classical Library 281. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934. (Completed by Ralph Marcus)

And he was co-editor (with his Cambridge colleagues, Alan England Brook and Norman McLean) of five of the volumes of the critical edition of the Old Testament text of Codex Vaticanus, often referred to as “the Larger Cambridge

Foreword

xv

Septuagint.” Some of these were published after Thackeray’s death: The Old Testament in Greek according to the Text of Codex Vaticanus, Supplemented from other Uncial Manuscripts, with a critical apparatus Containing the Variants of the Chief Ancient Authorities for the Text of the Septuagint. Vol. II: The Later Historical Books. Part I: I and II Samuel. London: Cambridge University Press, 1927. Vol. II: The Later Historical Books. Part II: I and II Kings. London: Cambridge University Press, 1930. Vol. II: The Later Historical Books. Part III: I and II Chronicles. London: Cambridge University Press, 1932. Vol. II: The Later Historical Books. Part IV: I Esdras, EzraNehemiah. London: Cambridge University Press, 1935. Vol. III. Part I: Esther, Judith, Tobit. London: Cambridge University Press, 1940.

—K. C. Hanson

Select Bibliography

Ausloos, H. et al., editors. Translating a Translation: The LXX and Its Modern Translations in the Context of Early Judaism. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium 213. Leuven: Peeters, 2008. Brock, Sebastian, Charles T. Fritsch, and Sidney Jellicoe. A Classified Bibliography of the Septuagint. Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums 6. Leiden: Brill, 1973. Brooke, George J., and Barnabas Lindars, editors. Septuagint, Scrolls and Cognate Writings: Papers Presented to the International Symposium on the Septuagint and Its Relations to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Writings, Manchester, 1990. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1992. Cox, Claude E., editor. editors. VI Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Jerusalem, 1986. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 23. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1987. ———, editor. VII Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Leuven, 1989. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 31. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1991.

xvii

xviii

Select Bibliography

Dogniez, Cécile. Bibliography of the Septuagint=Bibliographie de la Septante: (1970–1993). Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 60. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Fernández Marcos, Natalio. The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Version of the Bible. Translated by Wilfred G. E. Watson. Leiden: Brill, 2000. ———, editor. La septuaginta en la investigación contemporánea: V Congreso de la IOSCS. Textos y estudios “Cardenal Cisneros” 34. Madrid: Instituto “Arias Montano,” C.S.I.C., 1985. Greenspoon, Leonard, and Olivier Munnich, editors. VIII Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Paris, 1992. SBL Septuagint and Cognate Studies 41. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1995. Jellicoe, Sidney. The Septuagint and Modern Study. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. Joosten, Jan, and Peter J. Tomson, editors. Voces biblicae: Septuagint Greek and Its Significance for the New Testament. Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology 49. Leuven: Peeters, 2007. Karrer, Martrin, and Wolfgang Kraus, editors. Die Septuaginta—Texte, Kontexte, Lebenswelten: Interna-tional Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuagina Deutsch (LXX, D), Wuppertal 10–23. Juli 2006. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 219. Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2008.

Select Bibliography

xix

Kraus, Wolfgang, and R. Glenn Wooden, editors. Septuagint Research: Issues and Challenges in the Study of the Greek Jewish Scriptures. SBL Septuagint and Cognate Studies 53. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. Lust, Johan, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie. Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Rev. ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003. Muraoka, Takamitsu. A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint: Chiefly of trhe Pentateuch and Twelve Prophets. Leuven: Peeters, 2002. ———. Hebrew/Aramaic Index to the Septuagint: Keyed to the Hatch-Redpath Concordance. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. ———, editor. Melbourne Symposium on Septuagint Lexicography. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 28. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1990. Olofsson, Straffan. The LXX Translation: A Guide to the Translation Technique of the Septuagint. Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Series 30. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1990. Peters, Melvin K. H., editor. XII Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Leiden, 2004. SBL Septuagint and Cognate Studies 54. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006. Schenker, Adrian, editor. The Earliest Text of the Hebrew Bible: The Relationship between the Masoretic Text and the Hebrew Base of the Septuagint Reconsidered. SBL

xx

Select Bibliography

Septuagint and Cognate Studies. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Soisalon-Soininen. Studien zur Septuaginta-Syntax. Edited by Anneli Aejmelaeus and Raija Sollamo. Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ B/237. Helsinki: Suomelainen Tiedeakatemia, 1987. Sollamo, Raija, and Seppo Sipilä editors. Helsinki Perspectives on the Translation Technique of the Septuagint: Proceedings of the IOSCS Congress in Helsinki 1999. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001. Taylor, Bernard A. The Analytical Lexicon to the Septuagint: A Complete Parsing Guide. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994. ———, editor. IX Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Cambridge, 1995. SBL Septuagint and Cognate Studies 45. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1997. ———, editor. X Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Oslo, 1998. SBL Septuagint and Cognate Studies 51. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001. Tov, Emanuel. A Classified Bibliography of Lexical and Grammatical Studies on the Language of the Septuagint. Jerusalem: Academon, 1980. ———. Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible, and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 121. Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2008.

Select Bibliography

xxi

———. The Text-critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research. Jerusalem Biblical Studies 3. Jerusalem: Simor, 1981. ———. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001.

Preface

T

he Grammar, of which the first portion is here published, has during the last eight years been the occupation of the very limited leisure of a civil servant. It owes its origin to the suggestion of Dr Swete, who has throughout its preparation been the writer’s kindly and encouraging e)rgodiw/kthj. It is due to his good offices that this portion now appears in the form of a separate volume, and it is needless to add that it is his edition of the text, together with the Concordance of the late Dr Redpath, which along has rendered such a work possible. It may be asked: What need is there for the work? Why write a Grammar of a translation, in parts a servile translation, into a Greek which is far removed from the Attic standard, of an original which was often imperfectly understood? A sufficient answer might be that the work forms part of a larger whole, the Grammar of Hellenistic Greek, the claims of which, as bridging the gulf between the ancient and the modern tongue upon the attention of qile/llhnej and philologists have in recent years begun to receive their due recognition from a growing company of scholars. The Septuagint, in view both of the period which it covers and the variety of its styles, ranging from the non-literary vernacular to the artificial Atticistic, affords the most promisxxiii

xxiv

Preface

ing ground for the investigation of the peculiarities of the Hellenistic or ‘common’ language. “La Septante est le grand monument de la Koinh/,” says Psichari. But the Septuagint has, moreover, special claims of its own. Though of less paramount importance than the New Testament, the fact that it was the only form in which the older Scriptures were known to many generations of Jews and Christians and the deep influence which it exercised upon New Testament and Patristic writers justify a separate treatment of its language. Again, the fact that it is in the main a translation gives it a special character and raises the difficult question of the extent of Semitic influence upon the written and spoken Greek of a bilingual people. The period covered by the books of the Septuagint was mentioned. This may conveniently be divided into three parts. (1) There is every reason to accept the very early tradition that the Greek Pentateuch, to which, it would seem, at least a partial translation of Joshua was soon appended, originated in the third century BC. We are, then, in the Hexateuch taken back to the dawn of the Koinh/, to a period when certain forms and usages were in existence which had already become obsolete in New Testament times. Some of these are moribund survivals from classical Greek, others are experiments of the new language on their trial. (2) As to the remaining books, one result which clearly emerges is that the order in which they were translated was, roughly speaking, that of the Hebrew Canon. We may conjecture

Preface

xxv

that the Prophets made their appearance in a Greek dress in the second century BC, Isaiah near the beginning of it, the group consisting of Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve (or large portions of this group) nearer the close: the close of the century also probably saw the appearance of 1 Kingdoms and portions of 2 and 3 Kingdoms. (3) The versions of most of the “Writings” (Psalms perhaps excluded) and the composition of most of the apocryphal books seem, notwithstanding the oft-quoted statement in the Prologue of Ben Sira, to belong to a period not earlier than the first century BC, while books like the Greek Ecclesiastes and Theodotion’s Daniel carry us as far down as the second century of our era. To the third period (at least if we may judge from the character of the texts which have come down to us) we must also probably assign the translations of some of the later historical books, which the Hebrew Canon classed with the Prophets, viz. the bulk of Judges and large portions of 2–4 Kingdoms. Broadly speaking, we may say that the Greek of the first period attains the higher level exhibited by the papyri of the early Ptolemaic age (the Petrie and Hibeh collections), while in that of the second period we may see a reflection of the more degenerate1 style of the papyri of the end of the second century BC (e.g. the Tebtunis collection). In the third period two opposite influences are at work: (i) the growing reverence for the letter of Scripture, tending to the production of pedantically literal 1.  See Mahaffy, Empire of the Ptolemies, 360.

xxvi

Preface

versions, (ii) the influence of the Atticistic school, strongest, of course, in free writings like 4 Maccabees, but which seems also to have left some marks on versions such as 4 Kingdoms. I can claim no special equipment for my task other than a persistent interest in the subject, and am conscious of many imperfections in its execution. In arrangement and treatment I have in general followed the guidance of the late Professor Blass in his Grammar of New Testament Greek, with which special associations have familiarized me. One subject there treated at length is missing in the present work. “Word-formation,” an outlying province of grammar, is, for the LXX, so vast a subject that any approach to an adequate treatment of it would have immoderately swelled this book, which already exceeds the prescribed limits. Possibly an opportunity may arise in the future for making good the omission. It may be thought that too much space has been allotted to Orthography and Accidence. I may plead in excuse that it is in these departments that the papyri are specially helpful and afford some clear criteria as to dates, and it is hoped that the evidence here collected may be of service to the textual critic in the reconstruction of the original text of the LXX. Even the long series of references often have their message in showing the distribution of a usage, fwna/enta sunetoi=sin.

Preface

xxvii

A complete and independent Grammar of the LXX has until quite recently been wanting, and the student has until quite recently been wanting, and the student had to be content with such casual assistance as was given in the New Testament Grammars. The useful treatise of Thiersch, now nearly seventy years old, was limited to the Pentateuch. In recent years the “Septuagintarian” (if the word may be allowed) has had the advantage of a valuable chapter on the language in Dr. Swete’s Introduction, while two Oxford scholars have produced a very handy little volume of selections preceded by a concise by partial Grammar.2 My ambition to produce the first complete Grammar has, through unavoidable delays, been frustrated, and Germany has led the way. I have thought it best to work quite independently of Dr. Helbing’s book,3 the first part of which appeared just over a year ago: indeed most of my book was written before the publication of the German work. I append a list, not exhaustive, of works which have been consulted. Psichari’s admirable essay4 only came into my hands when the pages had been set up. My slight incursions into modern Greek, with which I hope to become more closely acquainted, have convinced me of the truth of his statement that a knowl2.  Selections from the Septuagint, F. C. Conybeare and St. George Stock, Ginn and Co., Boston, 1905. 3.  Grammatik der Septuaginta, Laut- und Wortlehre, R. Helbing, Göttingen, 1907. 4.  Essai sur le Grec de la Septante, Paris, 1908.

xxviii

Preface

edge of the living language is indispensable for a proper understanding of the koinh\ dia/lektoj as represented by the LXX. The pleasant duty remains of acknowledging assistance of a more personal and direct kind than that obtainable from books. Of my indebtedness to Dr. Swete, the “onlie begetter” of this volume, I have already spoken. I owe more than I can say to the counsel and encouragement of Dr. J. H. Moulton, Greenwood Professor of Hellenistic Greek and Indo-European Philology in the Victoria University of Manchester. He has been good enough, amid his manifold duties, to read through the whole work in MS, and his generous and never-failing help has enriched its pages and removed many errors and imperfections. Through the Prolegomena to his brilliant Grammar of New Testament Greek and through private communications he has introduced me to much of the extensive literature bearing on the subject and held up a model of how a Grammar should be written. My thanks are also due to another Fellow of my own College, the Rev. A. E. Brooke, co-editor of the larger Cambridge Septuagint, who has kindly read the bulk of the proofs and offered useful suggestions. In the laborious work of verifying references much help has been rendered by Mr W. R. Taylor, sometime Scholar of St Catherine’s College, Cambridge: he has also prepared the Index of quotations. Assistance of a kindred nature has been given by my sister, Mrs Loring, and by my wife. In conclusion, I must express

Preface

xxix

my thanks to the Syndics of the University Press for their indulgence in consenting to the publication of this portion of the work as a separate volume and to all the officers, readers and workmen of the Press for their constant vigilance and well-known accuracy. —H. St J. T. 18 Royal Avenue, Chelsea January 31, 1909

PRINCIPAL

AUTHORITIES QUOTED ABBREVIATIONS

WITH

Anz H., Subsidia ad co/;-noscendumGraecorum scrmonem vu!J[arem e Pentateuchi versione Alexandrina repetita (Dissert. Phil. Halenses vol. 12), 1894. Archiv = Archiv fiir Papyru.iforschung, ed. U. Wilcken, Leipzig, 1901 etc. Aristeas (pseudo-), Letter of, in the Appendix to Swete's Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, or in the edition of P. Wendland, Leipzig, 1900: the§§ are those of Wendland which appear in Swete, edition 2. Blass N.T.=Friedrich Blass, Grammar of New Testament Greek, English translation, ed. 2, 1905. Brooke A. E. and McLean N., The Old Testament in Greek, vol. I The Octateuch, part I Genesis, Cambridge, 1906. BDB=Brown, Driver and Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1906. CR= Classical Review. Cronert= W. Cronert, Memoria Graeca Herculanensis, cum titulorum Aegypti papyrorum codicum denique testimoniis etc., Leipzig, 1903. Deissmann BS= G. A. Deissmann, Bible Studies, Engl. trans. Edinburgh, 1901. Dieterich K., Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der ,griechischen Sprache (Byzantinisches Archiv, Heft 1), Leipzig, 1898. Dindorf W., Poetae Scenic£ Graeci, ed. 7, London, 1S81. Driver S. R., A treatise on the use of the tenses in Hebrew, ed. 3, Oxford, 1892 : Notes on the Hebrew text of the Books of Samuel, Oxford, 1890: The book of Daniel in the Cambridge Bible, Cambridge, 1900.

Principal A uthoritt'es quoted Enc. Bibl.=Encyclopaedia Biblz'ca, ed. Cheyne and Black, London, 1899 etc. Field F., On'genis Hexaplorum quae supersunt, Oxford, 1875. Gregory Prol.=Novum Testamentum Graece, C. Tischendorf, vol. 3 Prolegomena, scripsit C. R. Gregory, Leipzig, 1894. Hastings BD=Dictionary of the Bible, ed. J. Hastings, Edinburgh, 1898 etc. Hatch E. and Redpath H. A., A Concordance to the Septuagint and the other Greek Versions ef the 0. T., Oxford, 189719o6. Hatch E., Essa;,s in Biblical Greek, Oxford, 1889. Hatzidakis G. N., Einleitung in die neugriechische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1892. Herodiani Techni'ci Reliquiae, ed. A. Lentz, Leipzig, 1867. Herwerden H. van, Lexicon Gr,ucum suppletorium et dialecticum, Leyden, 1902. Indog. Forsch.=Indogermanische Forschungen. Jannaris A. N., An historical Greek Grammar chiefly of the Ath'c dialect as written and spoken from classical antiqzez'ty down to the present time, London, 1897. J. T. S.=Journal of Theological Studies, (London and) Oxford. Kiilker F., Quaestiones de elocutione Polybiana etc., Separat-abdruck azts "Leipziger Studien zur classischen Pht'lologie," Leipzig, N.D. Kautzsch E., Die Apokryf>hen und Pseudepigraphen des A/ten Testaments iibersetzt und herausgegeben, Tubingen, 1900. Kennedy H. A. A., Sources of New Testament Greek or the influence ef the Septuagt'nt on the vocabulary ef the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1895. Kuhner-Blass or K.-Bl. =Au.ifiihrliche Grammatik der gn·echischen SjJrache von R. Kuhner, erster Tei!, Elementar- und Formenlehre, dritte Aull.age in zwei Biinden in neuer Bearbeitung, besorgt von F. Blass, Hannover, 1890-2. Lagarde P. de, Librorum Veten's Testamenti Canonicorum Pars prior Graece (a reconstruction of the "Lucianic text" of the historical books of the LXX), Gottingen, 1883. LS= Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexz'con, ed. 7, Oxford, 1883.

Principal Authorities quoted Mayser E., Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemiierzeit etc., Laut- und Wortlehre, Leipzig, 1906. McNeile A. H., An Introduction to Ecclesiastes with Notes and Appendices, Cambridge, 1904. Meisterhans = Grammatik der Attischen Inschnften von K. Meisterhans, dritte vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage, besorgt von E. Schwyzer, Berlin, 1900. Moulton Pro!.= J. H. Moulton, A Grammar ef New Testament Greek, vol. I ProleJ;omena, 3rd edition, Edinburgh, 1908. Moulton-Geden=W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament, Edinburgh, 1899. Mozley F. W., The Psalter of the Church, the Septuagint Psalms compared with the Hebrew, with various notes, Cambridge, 1905. Nachmanson E., Laute und Formen der Magnetischen lnschriften, U ppsala, 1903. Oracula Sibyllina, ed. A. Rzach, Vienna, 1891. Ottley R. R., The Book of Isaiah according to the Septuagint (Codex Alexandn"nus) translated and edited, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1904-6. Reinhold H., De graecz"tate Patrum Apostolicorum librorumque apocryphorum Novi Testamenti Quaestiones grammatz"cae (Dissert. Philol. Halenses, vol. xiv, pars 1), Halle, 1898. Rutherford (W. G.) NP= The New Phrynichus, being a revised text ef the Ecloga of the grammarian Ph1ynichus, London, 1881. Schleusner J. F., Novus Thesaurus philologico-criticus sz"veLexicon in LXX et reliquos interpretes Graecos ac scnptores apocryphos Vetens Testamenti, Leipzig, 1820. Schmidt W., De Flavii Josephi" elocutione observatz"onescriticae, Leipzig, 1893. Schrniedel: see W.-S. Schweizer Perg.=Schweizer (now Schwyzer) E., Grammatik der Pergamenzschen Inschriften, Beitriige zur Laut- und Flexionslehre der gemeingriechtschen Sprache, Berlin, 1898. Steindorff G., Koptische Grammatik, Berlin, 1894. Sturz F. W., De dialecto Macedonzi:a et Alexandrina liber, Leipzig, 1808.

Principal Authorities quoted Swete H. B., The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagz'nt, ed. 2, Cambridge, 1895-99: Introd.=An Introduction to the Old Testament z'n Greek, ed. 2, Cambridge, 1902. Test. XII. Patr. = The Greek Versions ef the Testaments ef the Twelve Patriarchs etc., ed. R. H. Charles, Oxford, 1908. Thiersch H. W. J., De Pentateuchi versione Alexandrina Hbn" Ires, Erlangen, 1840. Thumb A., Asp.= Untersuchungen iiber den Spiritus Asper im griechischen, Strassburg, 1888: Handbuch=Handbuch der neugn·echz"schenVolkssprache, Grammatik, Texte, Glossar, ib., 1895: Hell.=Die griechz'sche ,Sprache bn Zeitalter des Hellenismus, Beitriige zur Geschz"chtetmd Beurteilung der Ka,v~, ib., 1901. Veitch W., Greek Verbs frregular and defecth,e, Oxford, 1866. Wackernagel J., Hellenistz"ca, Gottingen, 1907. WH=Westcott B. F. and Hort F. J. A., The New Testament in the Orz):i11alGreek, Cambridge, Text 1890, Introduction and Appendix (ed. 2), 1896. W.-S. = Winer's Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Sprachz'dioms, Achte Aujlage, neubearbeitet van P. \V. Schmiedel, I Theil, Einleitung tend .Formeulehre, Gottingen, 1894. Witkowski S., EjJistulae privatae Graecae quae in papyris aetatis Lagidarum servantur, Leipzig, 1906-7. ZNTW = Zeitschnfl fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, ed. E. Preuschen, Giessen. The references to the above and other works are to pages, unless otherwise stated.

COLLECTIONS

OF

PAPYRI REFERRED VOLUME

TO IN THIS

AP=Amherst Papyri, ed. Grenfell and Hunt, 1900--r. BM i, ii etc.= Greek Papyri in the British Museum, ed. Kenyon, 1893- . BU =Aegyj;ti'sche Urkunden aus den Koenig!. Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden, ed. Wilcken etc., 1895- . CPR=Corpus Papyrorum Raineri, ed. C. Wessely, Vienna, 1895. FP=.Fayum Towns and their Papyri, ed. Grenfell and Hunt, 1900.

Collections of Papyri referred to G=Grenfell, An Alexandrian erotic fragment and other Greek Papyri, chiefly Ptolemaic, 1896. GH=Grenfell and Hunt, Greek Papyri, Series II, 1897. GP=Les Papyrus de Geneve, ed. J. Nicole, 1896-1900. HP=Hibek Papyri, Part 1, ed. Grenfell and Hunt, 1906. Leiden Pap. =PajJyn: Graeci Musei ... Lugdteni Batavi, ed. Leemans, 1843-85. OP i, ii etc.= Ozyrhynckus Papyri, ed. Grenfell and Hunt, 1898- • Par.=(Paris Papyri) Notices et Eztraits des MSS, tom. xviii, ed. Brunet de Presle, Paris, 1858. PP i, ii=Flinders Petrie Papyri, in Proc. Royal In"sh Academy, Cunningham Memoirs, ed. J. P. Mahaffy, 1891-93. Teb. = Tebtunz"sPapyn·, ed. Grenfell, Hunt and Smyly, 1902. TP = (Turin Papyri) Papyri Graeci Regii Taurinensis Musei Aegyptii, ed. Peyron, 1826. ii/n.c. = 2nd century n.c., ii/A.D.= 2nd century A.D.,ii/-iii/A.D.=a date falling about the end of ii/A.D. or the beginning of iii/A.D. The abbreviations for the books of the 0.T. for the most part explain themselves. Jd. = Judges, Jdth = Judith. For the signs used to denote the different strata in the last three Books of Reigns K. f:J-y,K. n, K. -ya,K. f:J.ov: LXX uses only the verb l!ix1JAEis the LXX form of apa, which is not used (a before p te~~s to dropped or weakened to E): it is not an alternative for p71uu0>p11yvvµ,1.

?;

8. The Hellenistic (Ionic) inf. xpau0ai appears in 2 M. vi. 21 A beside Attic XPiiu0ai ib. iv. 19, xi. 31, Est. viii. 11 etc.: the Ptolemaic papyri have both forms (Mayser 34 7). The LXX MSS have only the regular forms ava>.{u,cnv, dva>.0>u1swith a in the second syllable ; in the Ptolemaic

§ 6, 11]

The Vowels

77

papyri, however, the augment has invaded all parts and etc. are usual, derivatives of the verb : dv17)\{uKe1v,dv17Aror1Kos and dv~Aroµ,ais almost universal down to ii/A.D., when dvaAo>JLa begins to reassert itself (Mayser 345 f.). The extensive use of these forms under the Ptolemies excites suspicion as to the trustworthiness of the uncials.

9· A and 0. Bi{3>uacpopoc; Est. iii. 13, viii. IO (corrected by ~c.a. to /31/3Atocp.)is supported by Polyb. iv. 22. a and a (Mayser 102, 61) and by the papyrus of r II B.c. {3vf3>..iacpapoic; similarly-formed /31/3>..iaypacpo,, in which the first half of the compound seems to be the neuter plural : but /31/3>..wO~KT/, /31/3AtocpvAa.Ktov. Illiterate scribes confused a and o, much as a and e were confused : assimilation and the weak pronunciation of a in the neighbourhood of a liquid account for many examples (Mayser 60 f.). So /J-OAAOV (=µ,ii)\)\ov) Is. !iv. I l,t: µ,erol;v (for µ,era~v) 3 K. xv. 6 A is a curious example, found in the papyri from i/A.D. (BM 2 177. 11= 40 A.D., OP 2 237 col. v. 11 = 186 4.0., AP App .. I. Pt. I. iii. (c) = iv/A.D.), apparently due to false etymology (t.ll;vs). Conversely fJappii (for fJoppa) Jer. vi. 1 1,t : cf. fJpaµ,ara (for fJpruµ,ara) JI. ii. 23 l,t,

ro. Al and A. LXX writes KAalw, not the old Attic KAaw, and Kalw: for the few exx. in the MSS of KMw K~(J) (rare in Ptol. papyri, Mayser, 105) see § 24 s.v. AlEl (Epic and Ionic) appears in r Es. i. 30 B, elsewhere the Attic aEl, and always aEroc;. 1 r. Al and E. Some time before 100 A.D. ai ceased to be pronounced as a diphthong and was pronounced as e. The interchange of ai and E, which resulted from the change in pronunciation, begins c. 100 A.D. in the Attic inscriptions 1• At about the same date the interchange becomes common in the Egyptian papyri, although the beginnings of it may be traced back in the vulgar language to the second century B.c. •

Meisterhans 34. Mayser 107 cites half a dozen examples of E for a.,,less than a dozen of a., for e, from Ptolemaic papyri, mainly illiterate, beginning about 1 2

161

B,C,

[§ 6,

Tlie Vowels The change seems to have begun in final -a, forms.

-£

I I-

in verbal

The appendices to the Cambridge Manual LXX afford innumerable instances of tbis change, which must, however, be mainly attributed to later scribes. Cod. ~, in particular, abounds in spellings like us ryµ,,p,s=rn'i, ,)µ,ipai, in the prophetical books. B is more free from such spellings especially in the historical books, but even this :VIS has nearly 300 examples (mainly of final -m for-, or final -• for -m), which can hardly all go back to the autographs. The statistics for B, collected from the Appendices to the Cambridge LXX, show a curious rise in the frequency of this usage from the Historical Books to the Psalms group and from this to the Prophetical group. The Pentateuch has 24 examples in all, Joshua to 2 Esdras only r 1, the Psalms 1 and \Visclom group 63, the Prophets 188. A few of the more frequent examples may be noted. 'E~icpvry, has preponderant support as in N.T. (B 6 out of 8 times, A 8/ IO, ~ 4/6) : dcpv!aJ er. xxxvi. 22. A has vop,.,,vlaEx. xi. 1, l>oA£ia (=l>ouA.)Ez. xxix. 18, and conversely l>ia{3ouAijs for l>ia/30>..ijs Sir. Ii. 2. 34. 0Y and 0. Aoova, for ltoiivai (on the analogy of ')'Voova,) Est. ii. 9 B is not attested in the papyri before i/A.D. (FP 109. 4, letter early in i/A.D., &val>oovaiAP 77. 24, 130 A.D., µ,£Tal>oovai OP 2 123. 11, letter of iii/ or iv/A.D.). The uncials always write ots, not rJs (as often in Ptolemaic papyri on the analogy of the oblique cases, Mayser 5). clause, ending with Ta"'!l.al1rwpos,but it can hardly be original: the, writer's sense ofrhythm (cf. Syntax) would be sufficientlysatisfiedby Ta"'!l.a,1rwposdv6v71To1. 1 1

LS cite the same form from Dioscorides. Contrast Moulton Prol. 35 on the text in Rom. v.

1.

The Vowels

92

r§6, 35-

35. OYand Y. The Ptolemaic papyri offer a few examples of their interchange'. In LXX KoAAovpa, "a roll" or "cake," KoAAovp{,, KOAAovp{(e,v are read by B in 2 K. xiii. 6, 8, beside KoAAvp{~,Ko'A.'A.vp{te,v,KoAAvpwv in the same MS (as always in The two forms are attested in the A) in 2 and 3 Kingdoms. single N.T. passage (Ap. iii. 18), and elsewherc 2 • Two examples

of ov for v appear close together in Jer., B*, Aov11-,v&µ,vor (=>..v11-aiv.)xxxi. 18 i,t*vid, which may go back to the compiler of the two portions of the Greek book. B has ~11-iuovfor ~11-iuvIs. xliv. 16 (so in a papyrus ofii/A.D., :\1ayser II8J. AE7rTOVvovuw xxxi.

12

An instance of v for 011 is apparently to be found in 'A.vTpwva," 4 K. x. 27 BA (for AovTpwva,, a euphemism for the Heb. 'draught-house' : cf. latrina = lavatrina). \\'e find also v1w,,ov Sir. i. 3 1-t,\, i')i)).or(=llouAos) 2 T.

I

K. xiv.

21

A,

'I' cxxii.

36. OJ> I. 1:-( has Avxvi=Avxvot Zech. iv. 2 and apparently EL A11£tv is the form assumed by 8110,vin two literary LXX books, 4 M. i. 28 l:{V(8uo,v A), xv. 2, Job xiii. 20 =ix. 33 A, as also in late Attic Inscriptions (329-229 B.c.) 4, in a literary papyrus of ii/n.c. 5 and in some literary Ko,v,j writers (Poly bi us, Strabo, Plutarch). The form seems to reflect a stage in the change in the pronunciation of o, which was on the way to becoming equivalent to v ( cf. 41 infra). It 1s almost the only vestige of the dual remaining in the Koiv0. :\Iayser u8, cf. Thumb Hell. 193 f. Thumb pronounced in at least three different ways 2 Blass N .T. § 6, 4 pronounces the -ou- form to origin. 3 The form is not quotccl in LS. 4 Meisterhans 1~7. 5 Mayser 314, where the literature is quoted. ilveiv but only as a genitive (Rutherford NP§ 185). 1

KOLVYJwas

holds that v in the (as German ii, i, u). \Je certainly of Latin

Phrynichus

sanctions

§ 6, 41]

The Vowels

93

38. 01 and 0. The i in the diphthong oi is sometimes dropped, as it is in ai and u, before a vowel, both in classical and in Kocv-,j Greek 1• Ilo.,v for 1rou,v is the commonest example: the only example noted in LXX is 1roij1n(= 1roiijKTO ib. i:-tAC'

rjvo1-yp,lvor

Is.xiii. 20Bi:-tAQ

2.04

Double augment

[§ 16, 6-

The imperfect is only found in the later form ffvo,-yov-&µriv 3 K. vii. 21, l M. xi. 2 (not Attic av•1ov). 'Opcl.111 keeps the Attic imperf. lwpwv (Mpa 4 M. iv. 24 A: the literary essayist no doubt wrote lwpa ~V), but in the imperf. mid. loses both e and w in the compound .,,.poopwp:qv '\JIxv. 8 (7rpowp. B•h). 'EwpaKa (which appears to be the older Attic form) 1 is universal in the Pentateuch (excepting lop. Dt. xxxiii. 9 B*F), is used in literary books (Dan. O, I Es., Est., 2 M.: once in each) and has preponderant authority in Jeremiah-Baruch: in the majority of the books, however, l6paKa is strongly supported. The perf. pass. lwpap,ai (rare in class. Greek) is so written in L. xiv. 35 (i6p. F) and in the participles 7rapEwpap,ivo, 3 K. x. 3, Eccl. xii. 14, v7repewp.Na. iii. II : the late B text of Judges (xix. 30) has iopaTat. The syllabic augment is dropped in the 1st aor. pass. wpa.0riuav Dan. ® i. 15: otherwise this tense, which is not used before Aristotle, occurs only in the moods. '081111. The LXX translators, in common with other Hellenistic writers, dropped the Attic syllabic augment (lwua, ewu0-rJV, ewua.p,riv,lwup,ai), and wrote Jua (&7reO Job xiv. 20 etc., (&7r-et)wu0riv, &7rwuap,riv,(a7r-et-)wup,m. The only book which consistently has e-is 4 Kingdoms, where its use is a clear case of unintelligent Atticism, because the translator (or scribe), not content with etiwuEV xvii. 21 and a7rewuavTo xvii. 20, has introduced the augment into the inf. a7rewuau0ai iv. 2 7 B and the fut. a.7rewuop,a, xxi. 14 BA, xxiii. 27 B (cf. 9 inf)".

For the late double augment in compound verbs see 8 below.

7. Reduplication. Peculiar forms. Initial p is reduplicated contrary to Attic rule (Ionic has similar forms) in pipip,p,ai Jd. iv. 22 B, xv. 15 B (eK·),Toh. i. 17 B, Jdth vi. 13 A, 1 See Veitch s. v. for the claims of ewpatca-eopatca. The latter is certain in old Comedy and may have always been the vernacular form. 2 The aug. appears also in i~£w..K1J(T6) ,rap- (Ionic for Att. n,e6>): the 1st aor. EZXKvua(,j>..1: aug. ~vExvpaua and l11Ex,, § 16, 8: fut. -(l(T6) Dt. xxiv. 6 B and -ro-ij.sib. AF*, 17 BabAF. 'E118vp.c!ofLCU: fut. lv8vµ.TJ8quoµ.ai (late) and -µ.quoµ.at (Att.), § 2 I, 7: -E8vµ.q8TJV,-u8vp,TJ/J,aLclassical. 'E11V1Tv•a.tofLO.L : the verb appears to be Ionic (Hippocrates, and then not before Aristot., who uses the active): aor. ~vvnv,auO.,,v (or lv.) and ~11v,r11iauap,TJ11 (or lv. ), § 16, 4 and 8 : fut. lvv'11'1•&au8quoµ.m JI. ii. 28. 'El/(A)T'tErio.•: verb frequent in LXX, once in N.T., unattested elsewhere, possibly a "Biblical" creation to render the hiphil of ttN: aug. ,vIDnuaµ..,,,, and ~"-, § 16, 8. •~011Eco '' register," "enroll" (like ri,roypacf,nv), a i1nat AEyOJJ,£11011 in N. i. 18 B f'l1'TJeovovuav,§ 17, 5. 'EirlcrTa.fLO.L: aug. ~mOTaJJ,'I" and v.l. ,,r., § 16, 4: 2 sing. ,,rluTauat and ,,rluTy, §§ 17, 12 and 23, 4. 'Epya.tofLG•:fut. 111TU1 (never Att. ,pyauoµ.m), 20, I (ii): aug. ~pya(oµ.T/v but E'lpyauµ.ai (as in Att.), aor. 11pyauaµ.T/vand Elpyauaµ.T/11, § 16, 5: the perf. is used only with pass. meaning 1 (in Attic it has active sense as well): fut. pass. lpyau8quoµ.a, (class.) Ez. xxxvi. 34. • 'ErEwfco, and ~po.vva.01, § 6, 12: 3rd plur. impf. (as from

f

EpEVVE6>) TJpEVVOVV, § 22,

I,

'EP"lfLOCO: aug., usually ~-, sometimes omitted, § 16, 4. "Ep,rco(,e-): I aor. ,eijp,J,a \Jf civ. 30, with causative meaning "cause to sin"), "produced," "made to swarm" (cf. •eaµ.apTaVELV is unclassical, Att. using ,lp,rvua from lpnvC"' for "crept" (Veitch cites E[p,J,afrom Dio Chrys.). 2 : in Att. the pres. stem in the sz"mpleris confined -EpxofLGL to pres. ind., while the moods, imperf. and fut. are supplied from 1 Including Dt. xxi. 3 acl.µ.a}..,v .• 3iT