A Geneaology of the Kings of Derge

Citation preview

Josef KolmaS

A GENEALOGY OF T H E KINGS OF DERGE SDE-DGE'I RGYAL-RABS

Academia, Prague

DISSERTATIONES ORIENTALES VOL. 12

Ed&

curant

I. Hfbek, A. Paltit, D. Zbavitel

moderante L. Zgwta

A GENEALOGY OF T H E K I N G S O F DERGE SDE-DGE'I RGYAL-RABS

TIBETAN TEXT EDITED WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION BY JOSEF KOLMAS

Published by the Oriental Institute in Academia, Publishing House

of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

Prague 1968

Yref ace

PART ONE

Bibliographical Note Derge: A Short Historical Survey Appendix 1. Genealogical Table Appendix 2. L i s t of Abbots i n Lhun-grub-steng Monaeteq. Appendix 3 . Tibetan Chronology Notes

PARll TWO

System of Transliteration Tibetan Text Notes

S e l e c t Bibliography Finding-list of Chinese Characters

One of the most urgent taeka facing the Btadent of Tit a n hietory is, and w i l l probably remain f o r a long t h e , tha discovery and e a t i n g of original Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l eourcer, t o be followed i n due course by t h e i r translation, Although much haa already been done i n t h i s f i e l d e e ~ a e i a l Qin respect of the sources . f o r t h e historg of Tibet proper etill much remaim t o be done. So f a r hardly any such work has been undertaken in connection with original Tibetan sources f o r t h e hibtory ad p a r t 8 of Tibet other than Dbus and G.teang, such aa Eastern Tibet o r ghan. (the former Chinese prodnee of ~ e i - k ' a ~ [I]) (md Northeaetern Tibet or Mdo-amad (eometimee called Amdo the preaent-day Chineee province of Ch8inphal [2]), etc, aim therefore, i n publiehing this early nineteenth century te* of a Genealogy of t h e K i n g s of Derge (Me-dge)ie t o make available a valuable source which ha8 hitherto been almoet unknown o r inaccessible t o scholars otitside Chlna(3naa t h i s t e x t is readily available, I hope t h a t scholara w i l l be encouraged t o study it f u r t h e r and perhape t o t r a n s l a t e it: such work should throw m w l i g h t on several aspects of T.ibetan his tor^., since Derge was f o r a long time b r frr the moet Inf l u e n t i a l p o l i t i c a l and cultural centre in Eaetern Tibet, At present, I s h a l l l i m i t myeelf t o p u b l i ~ h l n gthe Tibet a n t e x t at this work, and i n addition, t o supplementing it wlth an introductory bibliographical note together w i t h a

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chapter on the hietory of Derge and its ruling house. I hope work, even i n t h i s imperfect form, w i l l contribute t o that our b e t t e r knowledge both of Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , end the history of Derge, once the most powerful principality i n t h e Sino-Tibetan marchee, I received a cow a9 the t e x t of t h e present Genealogy of the Kings of Derge (~de-dne'i raral-rabs) i n . 1961 from a Lirlng Buddha of the Sku-'bun monasteq i n Arndo through t h e courtesy of q y Mongol friend, Mr. E . Zugder. I afterwarde collated this t e x t with another, r e l a t i v e l y well preserved copy of the same work, which I found in t h e Tibetan b o o b collection of the Palace of Nationality Culture (Min-tau wen-hua kung (3 1) i n Peking (Accession No. 618). In 1964, an American Tibetologist, W, E, Gene W t h , then worldng i n Bmeterdan, waa kind enough t o lend me h i s Xerox copy of ~ d a - a e ' i raral-rabs made from a microfilm of an original print i n t h e l i b r a r y of Professor G, Tucci i n Rome. With the aid of t h i s I made a second, detailed revision of m;y manuscript. Finally, during my s t a y i n London i n 1965, Mies Averil F, Thompson of the India Office Litbrarg made accessible f o r me a copy of Sde-dae'i rmal-rabs kept i n t h i s l i b r a r g (Teichman Collection, L, 148/37), During my examination of t h e India Office t e x t , and subsequent collation of it with my manuscript, I w a s much helped by hk, Samten G. Karmay (Bsam-gtan Bgyalmtshan Mkhar-rme), Lecturer i n Tibetan i n the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, It was he who called mgy attention t o numeraua misprints, orthographical e r r o m and other ehorti It is a pleasant duty f o r me t o express sincere thanke t o a l l individuals and i n s t i t u t i o n s who helped me i n t h i s or t h a t way i n preparing t h i s edition. In addition t o those mentioned above my sincere thanks are aleo due t o Professor R e A, Stein of P a r i s f o r kindly lending me the much needed copy of the ~'ana tao Seh-k8an [4]from h i s private librar'g, and t o Profeseor J, W, de Jong of t h e Australian National University, Canberra, t o whom the idea of editing t h e present t e x t owes i t s origin,

I should a l s o l i k e t o express m y gratitude t o Dr, K. H, J. Gardiner of the Australian l a t 10- 1 University , Canberra, who was kind enough t o look wer the Englieh text of the present work. The characters in the Finding-list are i n the ealllgrapw of M r . Chou Hung-hsiang [83], t o whom the author is greatu indebted, Dr. Joref Kolma6

The Australian National University, Canbema.

June 1%6,

PART

I

"Tibetama s h ~ r 8,-8~ Professor G, !l?ucci i n hie Tibetan Painted Scrolls, p, 139, "a particular Interest, I f not procieely a great accuracy, i n maording facte, and t h i s 11them t o t h e Chineee, rather than t o the Indiane, a This f a o t rill r i l l i n g l y be admitted by a l l thoee who b o a anything of Tibetan h i e t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . With the exaeption of the rsligious and philoaophical l i t e r a t u m , represented mostly translatione from Sanskrit rorke, and folk-literature onl~ very eeldom written d m , however tha works on hietom repreteent perhaps the moat widely diffused and moat favoured litergenre i n Tibet, For good reaeone, theref om, student8 of Tibetan abroad have devoted much attention t o these rorka, 2 editing and/or translating of them. Historical work6 by Tibetan author8 iron the fourteenth century onvarda, m e inevitably influenoed by the teaohinge of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaiem which permeated t h e milieu i n which they originated, and they i n t h e i r o m turn serve the same religious a i m and purpoeee. A common negative feature of a m a o r part of Tibetan h l e t o r i c a l worka which obviously d i m i nishee t h e i r actual value in comparison with contemporary Chlneae or Arabic historiography, i e t h e i r scant attention t o f a c t e of p o l i t i c a l and economic hietory, and moetly uneritical or even time-eerping approach t o t h e sources ueed, a res u l t of t h e i r predominantly rellgioue aharacter, Nevertheleas, In view of t h e notorioue paucity of first-hand h i s t o r i c a l

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aourcea, such a8 i m c r i p t i o m , m h i v a l documento, etc., the hiatorical worm br l a t e r M a t authore represent o u r most 3 valuable eource of inforraation, In m i t e of a l l t h e i r poseible mthodological and other shortcaminga, the value of these and other similar chroniclee coneUte i n t h e i r being based on both o t b r e a r l i e r and contemporary eourcea which have not aarvived into our o m times, and on a r e l i a b l e oral tradition, md eometimee on personal obeervation and evaluation of h i s t o r i e a l event6 by t h e author8 themelvee and t h e i r contemporaries, !Che well-known Soviet ~ i b e t o l o g i s t ,Profeesor A, I. Vostrikov (1909-1937). rrhoee untimely death wery student of Tibetan muet Inlannt, put forward the following syatem of c l e sification of Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , taking i n t o consideration the claeeification drawn up by the indigenous aut h o r e themselves, ae well ae going on the reeults of hia mu study of Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l works available i n the r i c h col4 leotiom d Runnlan Tibetica: 1, lnnnla in which hietorical evente, especially thoee immediately linked with the personality of the king, are r+ 5 corded in s t r i c t chronological order (lo-rm), 2, Historical worka based on the principle8 of genealog ~ . To this group belong the so-called Royal Genealogies, or Genealogieo of Kings (raral-rabra or rmal-PO 'i adm-rabs) , genealoglers of the nobles (30-robs), and, generally, the elan or family genealoglee (pdunerabe). 3. The various monastic chronicles w h i c h describe the sucoemive changes of superior6 i n individual monasteries (pdep-=be), or narrate the s t o r i e s of the aucoeaaione of the S D I C P ~ - U ~ Ior Incarnate being8 of a monasterg ( ' m e - r a b a or ebee-rabe ) , 4. Chronological etudies which try t o aecertain the year of hddha'e entrance into nim%a, and/or attempt t o erect a chronological framework f o r the subsequent p o l i t i c a l and religious history of Tibet (batan-rtsie) , 5. General historical works on the origin and spread of Buddha's doctrine (ch08- 'bsunq), presenting ecclesiaatical

histow

t o Secular h h t o q , (Theme ohoc'brun~8 rapresent w far the most widely ramified group of the 'Mbgtan h i e t o r i a i l soumom, ) 6 , mu6mu8 - o r b of a biographical o r autobiographical character (-thar), narrating the l i f e atories of outstmding, eepecially religiouu, perronalitiem. With thio group sometimes mnged rarioue colleetiona of rules, disciplines, i n e t r u c t i o ~ ,t r a d i t i o ~ .etc., ae derived from ( t h o b - w or direct4 related ( F A outstanding ) teachere, 7. Wort. of auxiliary or encyclopaedic character, mcb lists of name ( m b ~ - r r . l man^^), l u t e oi t i t l e s (*ah=tho) and the lib, 8, Literwork8 treating legendary and hirstoricalthemu, variously t e r m d 'tales' ( l o - r m ; t o be dimtinyiohed ira the lo-rm already mentioned, see 1. above), legends'(@uam d ) and the like, 80mtima even the indexee o r oatalogueo of the Kaujur (BkaO-'-1 and the Tanjur (Bmt.p-'-), a~ we11 as rorka dealing with topography and geograpw (00 called dhr-chag) ere also included together with himtorim1 literature, To what category should the rork i n queetion ba attributed? Its frill t i t l e - r u n s : h a 1 ma-abronu r d e 4 a choa-kyi r i m won-mi man-thu. t ~ ~ w l nor-bu'i e ~ s ~hrenrr-ba 'dod d m rab ' ~ h e lhe-bm-ba. !hie l i t e r a l l 7 translated *am: "A rmm-tbar af the eucceseion of the illuetrioue rulers, the religiaua ldngp of Sde-dge (Derge), called The durrpicioue Boeary of Gem Exceedingly I n c r e a e w all .Wiehes." Tho work i r also b o r n rmdbr its a b r i u e d t i t l e , ~ d c d m ' irmal-rabo "Genea1og)r of the Kin@ of D g r g m , " in which f o r m it rill be quoted thraughovt the text of the preeent 8tuw. R w m its t i t l e alone it would appear t h a t t h i s work 8hould in f a c t be ranged with the mar-thar wow o r biographies (6, above). However, when r e analyse its aetual contents ee well as the inner structure of the work, and take into acoount tne f a c t t h a t the native b i b l i o ~ a p h e r sthemaelves it the margin on each verso side with a name rwal-rabs -- genealogg -101

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there ha no d a u ~ t~hat80everthat this work belong8 t o t h a t large diviaion of Tibetan hiatoriota1 l i t e r a t u r e grouped here a s genealogies (2. a b ~ v e ) .F'rofellsor A. I. Voatrikov p o b ted out long ago t h a t mum-tham by t h e i r v e ~ gm t u r e a r e V ~ V o l o r r e ~related with the pdan-rabe and 'khnuraurabe types of m t o r i o a l l i t e r a t u r e , and indwd t h a t Tibetan authors themsalvse often uee the term --thar t o denote worka other than 6 thme of a e t r i c t l y biographical character, This may emlain the apparent diearepanby between the t i t l e of the work and the t o belo~g, genre t o n h i ~ hit -om. the colophan, i f . 55&56ar we learn t h a t the author of W d a e 'i rraal-rabe w a s T~he-dbang-rdo-rjerig-'bin, called b r hi8 mligioue name ma~~-pa-kU~-dga '-eang8-rwaa-bat =-pa8 irgyal-mteban, H e was the uhief representative of the forty-third generation at the Derge ruling house (born i n 1786; the date of hie death ie tmlmown). H i s work waa cpmgleted "on the auepicious 7 day of the month p o - b h n W of the aa-by1 (earth-mouse) year of 8 the XIVth aerage~arcgeycle, i,e, i n 1828 A,D,, i n the Great Mc+ nastery of Ihun-grub-~teng, lying ea~twardof the town of Derge. When f i n i e b b , the work was carved i n wooden-blocke by a oopybt (TI-ae-pa) named ~ u p ~ a ' - ~ h u n - t a h o g a - r ~ a - m t 8 h o . Aa fsr as I have been able t o dilrcover, ~ d e - a e ' i raralrabe i e known i n one version only, printed from the woodenblocks whioh are etored i n the printing hauee of Derge monastery, It l a not clear how soon a f t e r 1828 (when the work wae written) the P l r 8 t p r i n t s of Sde-dae'i raral-rabs were made, although, eince it i a l i e t e d amongst other Tibetan historical r o r l t s in a book on the hietorg of Buddhism i n Amdo, Deb-ther 9 rwa-nrteho, uompleted i n 1865, it n u t have been composed prio r t o t h i s date. A l l the varioue text8 of Sde-@e*i rmal-rabs which I have seen a r e produced i n the traditional elongated oblong shape of Tibetan -lographa, and coneiet of fifty-six leaves. On each aide &.every leaf, both reato and verso, there are six l i n e s of text, On t h e laft mrgin of each recto side the pagination is printed [from $gig (1) t o ma-dmq (%)I, whereaa on the mreo eide tb 8ame left-hand margin bears the bibliographical of ki-8,

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category rmal-raba @genealogyof kings' (see abwe). The Me-&e8i r r a l - r a b e is written thrmghout i n a lum l a r rythmic s t y l e , each l i n e consieting gemrally of nine, but very occasionally of elsven, t h i r t e e n , seventeen o r even trmQone 8yllable8, a i e usual i n Tibetan prosody. In the t r a n e l i t e r a t e d t e x t given below t h e structure of the original hae been preeerved 80 t h a t each verse is printed on a separate l i n e , In the original there a r e also a number of footnotes (eeventy-two i n a l l ) whioh e i t h e r include material l e f t out of tbs text i n accordance with tbe exigencies of m e t r e , or e h e explain obscure paeeages, 'Pheee footnotes, and the colophon of the book, are written in prose; the footnotes being printed in small l e t t e r s immediately a f t e r the word o r erpression t o =hi& they belong, I have indicated these footnotes by consecutive numbere, ths footnotee themeelves being given separately a i t e r t h e main body of t h e tsrt of ~ d e - d u e 8 irmal-rabs. The work i r not divided i n t o chapter8 (le'u) , as is ueual with other T i b c t a n h i s t a r i c a l works, but it f 10- i n one continuoue narrative almost u n i n t e r ~ p t e d l y(in t h i s regerd its etructum is -miniecent d the Chronicle of t h e m t h Dalai -), Following the conventional introductory eection t o m i a t ing of eulogies and invocatione (ff, l b 2b), the hietory of in rethe Derge ruling house is described from its begmate antiquity u n t i l the f i r a t half of ths nineteenth century, l e e , the time when 8 d e - d ~ e . i rwal-rabs ras compoaed. This the main p a r t . of the work again f all8 i n t o two sectione, ! h e f i r s t ( i f , 2b6 42b 2, give8 a hi8tory of those genemildom of the Derge family tht have preceeded the author's genemetiem 2 (forty-two generations i n a l l ) , second part ( f f , 42b 49b4) is e n t i r e l y devoted t o describing the author'^ o m g e n c r a t i o n and i a f u r t h e r divided into t h s following f i v e sub-eect i o m : 1, an account of tbe author'e younger s i s t e r , Bje-bteup 2-3 )I 2 , an account d the author's first dbang-mo (fol. 42b 3-6 ); 3, an account of hie eecond wife from Rang-byon ( f o l , 42b 1-4 ); 4, an account of the author wife from Lcags-la ( f o l , 43a 3 himeelf (ff, 43a4 48b )I and 5, an account of the author's 3 4 49b ), The work is further 8upplefour children ( f f , 48b

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m d e d with a short t r e a t i e e dealing with the succession of abbot* (pdan-rabe rim-ea) i n the family'e chief monaetery 4 I&up-gruktete* ( i f . 49b 52b1), a brief d e ~ c r i p t i o nof the elan of Gad-tho8 whose member8 served ae hereditaxy s t e m $t the 1 5 House of Derge f o r maw generations (ff, 52a 52b ), and a pusage on bla-yi mchod-unaa o r 'highest prieate'(ff. 52b5 5 3 54b4). !Che colophon is found on ff 54b 56a Tsha-dbang-rdo-r je-rig- 'bin's rork, although composed arr early as 1828 and published, as I have a m a d y indicated, no l a t e r than 1865, did not a t t r a c t much attention from Tibet a n echolare u n t i l just over a quarter of a centurg ago, when 10 As f a r as I have Chinese Tibetologists began t o study it, beten able t o -certain, it raa a certain Ou-yang Wu-wei [8], writing under the name Wu-wei, who completed the f i r e t translation o r rather paraphraee of this book i n t o another l a m - 0 ( a i r n e e ) i n 1940-44. His version ie both incomplete and (frequentu) inacourate, It wae published under the t i t l e Te-ke t 'u-ezu 8hih-chuan i-chi [9] 'Annotated t r a m l a t i o n aE' the succeuion of the chieftains of Dorge' i n the j o u r n a l g8ana $ao seh-k8.n f o r 1945. Jen ~ai-ch'iang [lo] i n 1947-48 u t i l i s e d Wu-weiea pioneer rork and, supplementing it with hie own extensive reeearch i n historical geography, produced a synthetic study e n t i t l e d Be t'u-azu shih-D'U [ll] 'A genealogical table of the chieft a m of ~ e r g e ' , which appeared i n instalments i n a monthly journal, ~'ann Tsana yen-chiu Seh-k'an [12]. (Both these joluc nala, published i n &'eng-tu [U], SZU-ch'uan [14], during World War Two or shortly a f t e r , are practically unobtainable in Western libraries,) Borne infomation on the history of Derge, gathered from both Tibetan and Chineae sources, is contained also i n L i Anche8s otherwise exclusively anthropological study, Dene: A S b ds of Tibetan Powlation, published i n the Southweetern J o u r pal of Anthro~olow,University of Hew Mexico, Albuquerque, 197. Amonget European scholars, s o far ae I know, only R, A, Stein i n hie Becherches sur 186pop6e e t l e barde au Tibet and

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Les t r i b u s anciennee dee 1aarche6 elno-tib6tai-r (both thare books w e n published i n 1959) gave the f u l l t i t l e of &.-drr't w a l - r a b s supplemented wlth necessarg bibliographical data, In the t e x t of h i e two monographs, Profemor R. A. Btein occaeionally quot ee ahort passages f r o m me-&e i rraal-rabr I n 11 -- (For full bibliographical data on t h e French translation, t i t l e s mentioned abwe see the Bibliograp4.) It iB q y aim i n ths present volume, t o m e t out the firmt unabridged edition of t h e Tibetan text of BdeaRe i rmal-rabq A s I have already etated, t h e t e x t published b r e ha8 been prepared by collating four eepsrate copies of one and the 0work, copies which a s f a r a8 t h e i r oontente and form are concerned, were absolutely identical, but o f W e r e n t provenrru?s, diff esent age, and differing i n the types of paper and printing techniqu~s. In t h i s way, and than- t o t h e help provided Tibetan informant, Mr. Samten G. Karmay, it r8s made p o s by e i b l e f o r me t o eliminate most of eventual problem8 of orthography a t a preparatory etage, s o that it ha8 not been necereary t o burden the preeent volume with footnotes of t h a t kind, Naturally, i n some individual caees of the numerous pereonal and geographical names t o be met i n the t e r t , t b poseibility of different spellings of theee name8 by different Tibetan author8 cannot be f u l l y precluded,

There are f o u r t r a d i t i o n a l divieione of Tibet proper: Gteang and Mnga8-ria i n t h e r e s t , Dbue i n the aentm, snd Xhame i n t h e e a t , Of these Kham is the greateet i n e r t e n t , stretching from Rgya-mda' (~'ai-chao [15] in Chinese), a b w trading e t a t i a n situated aome 200 miles northeast of Ihaea,to Dar-rtse-mdo @+hien-lu [16] or ~'ang-ting [17] i n Chineas) i n the province of SZU-ch'uan. It is, however, doubtful if Kham wa.a ever a p o l i t i c a l division; and though eome writera r e f e r t o Chab-mdo (Ch8a-mu-to [18] or Ch'ang-tu 1191 i n Chinese) as if it were t h e capital, it is probable t h a t it never had ri p o l i t i c a l centre such as Dbus poaeeesed i n I&asa,Gtsesg i n G ~ S - k a - r t e e and Mnga'-ris i n ear-'brog. The early hietorg of K h m is l i t t l e h o r n . I t e modern history begins with the Manchu conquest of Tibet i n the early waa a congeriee of lay eighteenth century. A t t h a t ti- -me and lama s t a t e s which came under the domination of the ChinEmperor a t the same t i m e a8 did the Dalai Inmn, In t h e f i n a l settlement, the whole t e r r i t o r y of Khams was divided into two d i s t i n c t parts: the part of Kham west of the Chin-aha [20] River (the headwaters of the rangtee) waa administered by the Lbaea Government and the Chinese Ambane, whereae the part east of the Chin-aha River wae made nominally subject t o t h e looal authorities i n SZU-chOuan.Generally speaking, i n t h e i r policg tow& various Tibetan t r i b e e i n this part of Khmn8, t h e chu emperors of China resorted t o a scheme of buffer s t a t e e in

order t o p o t e c t t h e i r western f r o n t i e r , confirming t h e chieftaim (t'u-8zu [2l]) i n t h e i r f i e f s . The p o l i t i c a l system thus up continued almost unchanged till the end of the ChOing [22] dynaety i n 1911, The only s i g n i f i c a n t modification which 000-d during this period was the acquisition of fia-row (-hi [23] i n Chinese) by the Ihasa Government i n the mid12 nineteenth century, Among the native p r i n c i p a l i t i e s i n the eastern part of Khams, rhich are sometimes inaccurately c a l l e d 'kingdoms', was the p r i n c i p a l i t y of Derge. Like the other p r i n c i p a l i t i e s i n this region Derge managed t o maintain both i t s de f act0 independence and i t s peculiar lay and eccleeiasticaP form of government over a long period. Derge seem t o have been the olde s t surviving p o l i t i c a l u n i t i n t h e area and its ruling family exercised both temporal and r e l i g i o u s control oyer about 78,000 square kilometrea on both s i d e s of the Chin-sha River, c o m t i t u t i n g a 'kingdom0, the l a r g e s t and most i n f l u e n t i a l of its kind i n Khame. In 1909 t h e so-called kingdom of Derge came t o an end when t h e Chinese intervened t o terminate a f r a t r i c i - . d a l war which had been raging i n Derge f o r some f i f t e e n years; they deposed tho i in^' Rdo-rje-seng-ge (1877-1926) and exiled him t o &'eng-tu, while the other claimant, do-r j e - ~ e n ~ - ~ e ' e younger brother, Byams-pa-rin-chen, f l e d tio Lhasa, The area was then divided i n t o f i v e d i f f e r e n t administrative u n i t s un73 der Chinese m g i s t r a t e a . The town of Derge l i e s on the l e f t bank of the Chin-sha River, approximately 9 8 O 30' Belong., and 32O A . l a t . It stands a t a n - a l t i t u d e of some 3,000 metree o r 9,850 f e e t above sea level, From time immemorial, the town of Derge has been an i m portant t r a f f i c centre on t h e route8 connecting Inner China rlth Tibet, and the province of Ch 'ing-hai with t h a t of Y&nan [42]. The town's fa- i n the ahole Lamaist world was based both on the well-lmown Derge printing houeea (cf. t h e famous Derge edition of Kanjur and Tanjur published there f o r the first tim i n the .fire* half of the eighteenth century, f o r which see below p. 39) , and on t h e e k i l l of b r g e 'a craftsmen carvers, metalsmiths, armourera, e t c .

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The name of the town and principality of Deqe ( c m c t b s p e l t Sde-dge, but sometime8 a180 Bde-dge and M c b g ) rae brived from t h e e l l i p t i c a l expression ede b i t U e bcq o r 'fsde and t e n &g', n-ly t h e four aocompli8h.sntia and the tan

virtues,

14

a compliment paid t o the celebrated monk mod--r i n - c b n of the twenty-fifth generation of the Derge r u l i n g family by t h e Lama Blo-groe-rgyal-mtshan, callad ' ~ h a g - ~ a 15 (1235-1280). religious teacher of Khubilai Khan. The hietorcg of Derge and i t s ruling house can be tentat i v e l y divided i n t o f i v e periods atretching from t h e a e r l i ~ m t times u n t i l the time of t h e composition of ~ d e - & e 8 im a l 16 rabs i n 1828. P i r s t p e r i o d. Rom the legendary origins of t h e Derge r u l i n g family t o the first half of the thirteenth centurg A.D. (up t o and including. the twenty-second generatid. 6 e c o n d p e r i o d. Ekomthe conversion of the Derge family t o the teaching af the Sa-ekya-pa sect of Iam a i s m i n the first half of the t h i r t e e n t h century t o the tmw+ femnce of the s e a t of the main branch of t h e family from Sadmar t o Lcags-ra i n t h e second half of the f i f t e e n t h century (twenty-third t o t h i r t i e t h generatione), T h i r d p e r i o d. Derge'e f i r s t attempts a t expansion m d the foundation and gradual enlargement of the family's chief monastery of Ihun-grub-steng during a period from the second half of the f i f t e e n t h centurg t o the f i m t half of the seventeenth centurg ( t h i r t y - f i r e t t o thirty-8-h generations ) , P o u r t h p e r i o d . The olden Age8 of Derge, including i t s first o f f i c i a l contacts with the Mongola and Manchus i n the f i r s t half of the seventeenth century and the printing of Kanjur and Tanjur i n t h e f i r a t half of the eighteenth century (thirty-seventh t o f o r t i e t h generatiom). F i f t h p e r i o d . Beginning of the decline of the Derge house, from the f i r e t half of the eightesnth ce* t u r g t o tbs time oP t h e composition of ~ d c d n e ' irmal-rab8 ( f o r t y - f i r s t t o forty-fourth generatiom).

-

-

-

-

-

-

FIRST PERIOD.

(Sde-@e'i

rgyal-rabe, ff

. 2b - 4b)

According t o t r a d i t i o n , t h e house of Derge derives from the well-known lineage of 'G-, whose aeat was i n Central T i bet. Two different hypotheses are put foxward i n the Sde-&e 'i rmal-rabs, ff. 2b 3a, t o etxplain the o r i g i n of the ' ~ a far m i l y i t s e l f , Ons view, derived, according t o t h e t e x t , f r o m t h e opinion of a certain Ye-bzang (i.e. ~ e - i e s - b z a n ~ - ~ oa)s expressed i n h i s book ( 1 ) Man-chad r i m smroe 'bum, and a s also s t a t e d i n the D k a ~ c h a qof Kan jur, f o l , l o l a , is t h a t the '~arfamily is descended f o m Iha-sde dkar-po (God-Clan-White) of t h e Sgo clan, who was t h e maternal uncle ( h n p p o ) of those four clans, viz. Sga, 'h, Sbra, and Gdong, from which, acccmS ing t o legend, a l l living beings i n Tibet take t h e i r origin. Iha-sde dka-po also calle d '0d-gsal-lha (Light-BrightnessGod), i e said t o have come down t o earth from heaven i n response t o the prayers of t h e people for a m l e r , and t o have becorn, t b r u l e r of the eighteen tsho chen or groups' of Rngu-chen-rwal-mo, dispersed everywhere above (stod, i.e. 17 i n the west) and below (smad, i.e. i n t h e east). The same v i a t h a t the '~arclan w a s deecended from t h e 'heavenly lineage' (lha r i m ) Sgo is alao maintained by a certain te-brung18 pa and Sangs-rgyaa-rgya-mteho, a celebrated Lama of the Sas e a - p a monastery a t Ngor ( i n Gtsang) However there ie another hypothesis, put forward by a leacne d physician ( 'tsho-byed mkhas-dbanq) , Gu-ru ' ~ h e,l accofiin8 t o which the ' ~ a rlineage derives its origin from t h e greatancestor Bong-dge of the FUang family of hen-Po which sprang 19 from t h e 'big clane(rus chen) Sbra. The author aP ~ d e - ~ e 'rapal-rabs i is obviouely inclined t o a w e ~ the t more f l a t t e r i n g theory according t o which h i s

-

,

-

.

forefathem descended from a divine progenitor, Lha-ede d l e a ~ c po, called 'Od-gsal-lha. rS We learn from S d c W e ' i rroal-rabs, fol. 3a, t h a t th p m genitor of tb Derge family appeared miraculou8l.y on the top of ~iag-ra-lha-rtse mountain i n the east. Believing him t o have comb from heaven, the people gave him the name Gnam-tsha'brug (Sky-Hot-Thunder). Nothing is known about h i e son, Blamw-ohen-po, and grandson, Stong-mes-khri-chage , other than t h e i r names. 1Pbs f i r e t f i g u r e i n Gmam-tsha-'brug's posterity f o r whom there is h i s t o r i c a l evidence i n both Tibetan and C h i nese sources, is his great-grandson, '~arStong-btsan-plbzung. Stong-btaan-yul-bzupg, h o r n i n the two an^ [44] hi20 s t o r i e e ae Iu-tung-tsan [45], rrae the chlef mlnieter (blon chsn) of the king Srong-btsan-sgam-po and was responsible f o r introducing t h e princess BhrIrutI from Nepal and the princeee wen-ch'eng [49] from China Sr~ng-btean-a~am-~o'a court i r the f i r s t half of .the seventh centurg, both princessea becoming the wives of the Tibetan ruler. According t o t h e an^ records, Iu-tung-teen h d f i v e sons: 1. t h e eldest called Tsan-hsi- jo DO]( 2. Ch'in-ling [51]; 3. ~ s a n - ~ ' b2]: o 4. ~si-to-lcan(fi) [53]1 and 5. Polun p].With the exception of Tsan-hsi-jo who-died when -1 young, the others lived t o hold t h e highest positions in the 21 state. Reither Sde-dge'i r p a l - r a b e nor any other Tibetan source mabe, as far ae I know, a mention of any eon of Stongbtsan-yul-bzung alias h-tung-t aan, apart from Yon-tan-rgyal-

-

inf;

,

fore a r i s e s a s t o which one of the f i v e som mentioned above should be identif led with Yon-tan-rgyal-bzw. The most accept able solution of t h i e problem seem t o be t h a t propoeed by ~ai-ch'iang (Te-k* t 'u-am shih-p'u, no. 13, pp. 16-17) rho takes Yon-tan-rgyd-bzung t o be Tsan-hsi-jo [ * t s & r e ~ ~ t - ~ z & ~ t h e first-born son of h-tung-tsan. Tsan-hei-JO, who diedyoW would thus have escaped the calamities which a f t e r 699 om* came h i s younger brothers (Ch'in-ling, rho f e l l into disgrace and was compelled by the king t o commit suicide: ~ e a n - ~ ' o ti1 , that time administrator of Eastern Tibet, and who then f l e d

others t o China; where and how t h e two remaining brothers ended t h e i r days being unknown), It would therefore seem t h a t only the offspring of T s a n - b i - j o would have had a good cbance of survival i n Centma1 Tibet, If Yon-tan-rgyal-bzung i s ident i f i e d with Tsan-hsi-30, then t h e l a t t e r ' s son as s t a t e d i n the r'ang annals, Yang-ptl-chih 6 5 1, may be identified rit h a eon, Khri-bzang-dum-bu, given i n SdeYon-tan-rggal-bz O f the Khrl-bzang-dum-bu's two sons, mi&e'i raral-rabe. &-khri-lcags is s a i d t o have held t h e office of tshal-pa 23 m i - d p o n o r ' m i a r c h of ishal-pa' i n Central Tibet, A signif icant event i n the hietorg of t h e Derge family occurred when ghri-bzang-dun-bu's grandson, Lha-rje-byamspa'i-dpal, called A-mye-byam-pa-dpal, l e f t Central Tibet, the land af hie forefathers, i n h i s old age (sku-tshe smad-la, lit e r e l l y 'in t h e lower p a r t of his l i f e ' ) , and went t o Kham where he s e t t l e d down i n Man-brag-ra i n t h e area of Gling, on t h e upper stream of Chin-aha River. In h i s youth &a-r je-byamspa'i-dpal is aaid t o have studied under t h e 'second Buddha' v ( i.e. Padmasambhava) , (Sanp;a - r m anis-pa) , padma- 'bm-gnas who flourished i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t of the eighth century, being counted amongst the f oremoat disciples (thugs sras, l i t e r a l l y ' e p i r i t u a l eon') of t h i s teacher (according t o ~ d e - ~ e 'r@i rabe, f 01, 3b). A-mye-byams-pa-dpal himself was evidently still an adherent of the pre-Budchiat religion of Tibet Bc~n and undoubtedly brought it with him t o Eastern Tibet. He is s a i d t o have died a t 184-years of age leaving behind a reput a t i o n f o r eaintlinese, H i s body was not cast away (i. e. exposed) but taken s t r a i g h t t o heaven (aku-lus ma spanRs mkha' 2 4, e ~ y o da;he~a). Neither the Sde-ae'i rmal-rabs nor any other Tibetan scurce known t o me, indicate8 which generation of t h i s lineage ahould be taken as the f irat of t h e Derge family, Similarly, no consecutive numbering w a s applied b r the author of ~de-dne'i pwal-rabs t o the individual generations, However, t o serve the purpoees of the present survey of the history of Derge and its ruling house, I have chooeen A-qye-by--pa-dpal, the f i* mmber of the family t o s e t t l e i n Eastern Tibet, a s a conve-

v'

-

-

--

--

nient point from ahiah t o begin numbering the g e l m r a t l o ~of the Derge house. The generatiom preceeding kmye-by-padpel, being uoetly of eemi-legendary character, I have left 25 unnumbered. ~ - ~ e - b ~ a n s - p a - d ~ a progeny l's from the sea* t o twentyfiret generation inclusive, resided i n Idan-brag-ra wlthout interruption. Apart from t h e i r names, we can gather from M e d~e'i rmal-rabs no f u r t h e r infomation on the individual representatives of these generatiom, with the exception of Chub pa' i - r t s e of the seventeenth generation, called Dpal-mi-lqamspa phyi-ma o r Dpal-gyi-byams-pa the I a t e r . Ulna hie famoue predecessor of the similar name, A-we-byama-pa-dpal of t h e f i r s t generation (hence ~ p a l ~ i - b y a a s - p a ' aa t t r i b u t e 'the ~ a t e r ' ) , he reached ths grand old age of 180 and wa.8 taken 26 s t r a i g h t t o heaven, Judging only f r o m t h e outward appearance af t h e l~rmnre 61ven, it would seem t h a t t h e f i r s t six generations of the Derge family, i. e, up t o Dpal-gyi-blma-&is inclusive (approximately the first half of the ninth century), adhered t o t h e Eon r e l i gion, whereas from the seventh generation o m a r d e , t h e teaching of t h e prereform &ing-mpa s e c t of Laslaiem, eometimee called Red s e c t , w i l l have prevailed i n Eastern Tibet. This hypothesis is suggested by t h e continuous use of the word blama Lama -- in the name6 of t h e individual representatives of the Derge family s t a r t i n g with Dpal-gyi-bla-ma in the seventh generat ion. During the time of Dpal-mi-rtee-mo of t h e twenty-second generation, the s e a t of the family was tmneferred from Ldan27 brag-ra t o he-mdor.

- --

SECOND PERIOD.

(~de-dne'i raval-rabq, f f . 4b

ion-nu-rdo-r je,

- 6a)

c a l l e d Choe-sdings-pa, t h e f irst r e re*{ sentative of the twenty-third generation, beoame a monk, and one of h i s teachers is s a i d t o have been the famoua S a - s e a pandita, gun-dga'-rwal-mtshan (1182-1251). the fourth hiertmch of tb Ba-sQa-pa s e c t , f mnded by 'Khon Dkon-nchog-rgyal-po in 29 With him t h e Sa-sea-pa s e c t f o r t h e first time appeam 1073, upon t h e etage of the Derge history, the Derge r u l i n g house from t h i a time onwards becoming fervent supporters of its teachings. !Phe Sa-sea-pa s e c t i n its t u r n made a considerable cont r i b u t i o n t o t h e e e t ~ 5 l i s h m e n tof ~ e r ~ e s' ps i r i t u a l and worldly powem: indeed, the adherence of t h e house of Derge t o t h e new s e c t suggests a far-sighted policy which may well have been calculated t o strengthen t h e family's position i n Eastern T i bet. The Sa-sea-pa s e c t , and i n p a r t i c u l a r i t s hierarchs, Saekya pandita and even more h i e successor, Blo-groa-rgyalmtshan, generally c a l l e d ' ~ h a ~ s - (1235-1280). ~a became f avour i t e s with the Mongol Khans, l a t e r ~Gan 0 6 3 emperors of China (1271-1368), IPhese r u l e r s conferred many privileges on t h e Sas e a - p a eect, thus helping t o increase i t s p o l i t i c a l power and influence in Tibet. Since t h e houee of Derge a l s o consisted of devotees of the Sa-sea-pa s e c t it i e not surprising t h a t Mongol support of the Sa-swa-pa had the f u r t h e r i n d i r e c t e f f e c t ,t of favouring t h e expaneion of Derge. 1 ~she-dbang-rdo-rje-rig-'dein points out a divergence of opinion uoncerning t h e succemion of t h e next two generations, t h e twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth (approximately the middle of 30 the t h i r t e e n t h century), According t o him, and a l s o according - i mtshan- ~ b e W , P A t o t h e author of Spe dae'i nduna-r w the succession of t h e Derge family i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r period

..

..

-

ran as followe (chief representative8 of geaerationa undelc lined) : [23]

~i on-nu-rdo-r

[26 ]

Zla-ba-baa---DO

I

je

~ e - & e s - b z a n ~ - ~ o Gtaw-tor- 'byp

I

Eight other aona and daughter8

Immediately a f t e r t h i s the m e - d ~ e * irwal-raba also quotes, from an unspecified source, a variant t r a d i t i o n , which names ae the chief representative of the twenty-'third generat i o n not ~ t s u ~ - t o ~ ' b u m but , h i s elder brother, ye-ies-bzang31 whose offspring i n t h e twenty-fourth generation were two po, brothers (mched a-. s ) , Beod-nnmn-rin-cbn-dpl-bzang-po and Rqu-pa-sgu-ru. Thua this veraion omits one f u l l generation of 'he h r g e family, v i e , Dar-ma-yon-tan and Dpal-mi-rgyal-mtehsn 32 \see above), bod-name-rin-chen, the second representative of the twenty-fifth generation in t h e f u l l e r version, was a pereon of considerable importance who even managed t o become f o r a time 'Phaga-pa'a attendant. I n r e t u r n f o r the eervlces he rendered, *~ags-~ helped a bod-name-rin-chen t o get from Khubilai Khan a s e a l f o r the office of Md-amad atom-dpon o r *Chiliarch of

'.

Mdo-mad (Amdo) It is known from t h e h i s t o r y of Mongol-Tibet a n r e l a t i o n s t h a t Khubilai Khan had, i n 1276, put ' ~ h a ~ s - ~ a , h i e spiritual teacher, in charge of t h e whole of Tibet, then a d d e d i n t o t h i r t e e n administrative u n i t s called khri-bekor 33 in Tibetan and wan-hu-fu 1571 i n chineee. B8od-name-rin-chen waa very probably entrueted with supemrisory power8 over one euch -- r e l a t i v e l y large -- u n i t i n Eastern Tibet, whoee centre was Sa-admar (Red Earth) s i t u a t e d south of t h e present-day Paiyi. (Dpal-yul). Baod-name-rin-chen b u i l t i n Sa-dmar a monastery called Sa-dmar-dgon doetinod f o r t h e followera of t h e Sa34 . A t t h a t time a180 t h e family l e f t its seat a t ekya-pa s e c t , he-mdor and moved f o r a while t o Sa-dmar, This episode of pol i t i c a l collaboration with t h e Mongol r u l e r e of China led t o t h e f u r t h e r strengthening and consolidation of t h e secular power of the Derge family, Bsod-name-rin-chen' 8 nephew, Zla-ba-bzang-po the chief repreeentative of t h e twenty-sixth generation, i e s t a t e d exp l i c i t l y t o have received t h e o f f i c e of stow-dpon which wae 35 conferred upon him 'as before'(snaar b6in) by t h e Emperor. By t h i e time t h e power of t h e Sa-sea-pa eect haa already begun t o decline in Central Tibet, while t h e influence of its r i v a l t h e Karma-pa s e c t (founded by Due-gm-mkhyen-pa, 11101193) was s t e a d i l y increasing, Nevertheless t h e house of Derge continued t o be strong eupporters of Sa-sea-pa even now, and were evidently anxious t o secure Imperial favour, a s represent e d by t h e o f f i c e conferred on Zla-ba-bzang-po, i n order t h a t they might be able t o r e l y upon t h e power of the Mongol Emper o r s , who likewise remained devoteee of Sa-akya-pa, f o r support i f need be, Sa-dmar served a s a s e a t f o r the main branch of the Der e 96 family from the twenty-fifth t o t h e twenty-ninth generation. Afterward.8 t h i s place was occupied by a c o l l a t e r a l branch of an elder brother of the chief t h e family (Dge-'dun-rgyal-mtshan, repreeentative of the t h i r t i e t h generation, and h i s descendants 39 of whom only @on-po-gzunge is named i n Sde-da;e'i rmal-raba), where- the main branch of t h e family (mod-nams-bzang-po, t h e chief representative of t h e t h i r t i e t h generation and h i s

,

offspring) moved further north t o Lcag*ra, cloae t o presentDerge (some f i f t m n kilometre8 south of i t ) ,

THIRD

PERIOD.

Blo-gros-rtob8-ldan, called Bo-thar, of the t h i r t y - f i r s t gemration, i e credited rith having l a i d the f oundationa of t h e power of t h e family i n its new stronghold, although it would appear from the story given i n Sde-&eel rmal-rabe t h a t t h e c r e d i t f o r t h i s should r e a l l y go t o hie daughter, Ydees38 ldan, According t o thla, a king of the neighbowing country of Gling, who was seeking the hand of Hdees-ldan, offered Bot h a r i n exchange as much of hie own land ae he could plough in one day, Bo-thar promptly put two mdsos (breed between the yak-bull and t h e common oow) t o the plough and togethar rith a nobleman (mi-draq) of Gling began t o plough t h e land, u t e r t in8 from 'Khor-lo-mdo (north of Chabmdo) in the morning and ending a t SM~-mda' ( i n t h e northern v i c i n i t y of Lcaga-ra) i n t h e evening, Thue the Derge family i e s a i d t o have f u r t h e r enBo-thar wee larged its t e m i t o r y , and -- ae the legend runs given a nickname b t h a r bu-moa Otehenge or * b t h a r s a t i s f i e d by h i s daughter Bo-thar, becoming 'klng*(ri-bdaa), chose -1-mlae(8ilver Terrace; t h e predecessor of the l a t e r Derge) f o r hi8 aeat, This wae t h e f i f t h eucceseive ruling seat i n the hietory of t h e Derge family (preceeded by Ldan-brag-ra, he-mdor, Sa-dmar, and Lcage-ra). It waa about t h i s time -- the middle of the that Bo-thar invited the renowned monk, f i f t e e n t h century 40 Thang-etong-rgyal-po, t o eelect a e i t e f o r the building of a monasterg which w a e l a t e r destined t o become the Great Mona.8t e r y of Lhun-grub-steng, the f oremoat centre of the &-sea-pa sect i n Khame, But a t t h i e time only 108 c e l l 8 f o r h-sea-pa inmates, a ceremonial number, were erected, The period of ma1

--

.

-

grandeur of t h i e monastery commenced only w i t h t h e thirty-seventh generation, when t h e abbacy wae o f f i c i a l l y established t h e r e (eee below), Of BO-thar'e two eons, the first, Dpal-ldan-eeng-ge, beoame a monk i n Ngor, one of t h e l a r g e s t monasteries of the Saerua-pa s e c t i n Gtsang. He returned t o Khms only i n old age. The second son, ~gyal-mtshan-'bum, succeeded t o the family'e e s t a t e , and a l s o enlarged it, ~ u n - d '-rin-chen ~a of the thirty-f i f t h generat ion improved t h e family's chief monastery of Ihun-grub-steng by adding a new temple t o it, c a l l e d zung-'brel o r the 'Double union' temple, which henceforward became t h e nucleua of the Great Monastery. This temple rrae l a t e r commonly c a l l e d the H e - d ~ e lha-khanq o r 'Derge ~ a t h ~ d r a l ' . With Lhun-thub, the repreeentat ive of the thirty-sixth generation who l i v e d i n t h e first half of t h e seventeenth century ( t h e end of t h e Ming D9] dynasty i n China), t h i s period of the hiatory ab tb Derge family may be coneidered t o end.

FomH

PERIOD.

With the thirty-seventh g e ~ e z a t i o nbegins 'the golden .be' of Derge: a period which eaw tbe expaneion of the secular pmm of t h e r u l i n g house and aimltaneouely great r e l i g i o u s activity. Perhaps the moat important f a c t o r i n t h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n arf the mid-seventeenth century which made such a development possible w e t h e comparat ively favourable a t t i t u d e rrhich Guiri Khan ( 1582-1653 1 c a l l e d Gu-irX ~etan-'bin-choa-41-rwal-po in Tibetan), r u l e r aP the ~56o-tMongols and an a l l y of t h e Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngag-dbang-rgya-mteho ( 1617 1682), adopted toward representatives of the Derge family, He supported the Dalai Lama and h i s Dge-luge-pa eect (founded by Btsong-kha-pa, l-3571419) agai.net the Karma-pa s e c t supported and protected by the

-

last Ming emperor. of China. But although his1 Khan, a Dgelugs-pa devotee and s i n c e 1642 the r u l e r of Tibet, w a e a me* c i l e s s pereecutor of both followers of the Karma-pa eect and t h e adherent6 of the ancient Bon r e l i g i o n , it eeem t h a t he cherished no h o s t i l i t y against tho Sa-sea-pa sect. On t h e COX+ t r a r g , both he and h i s succeesore pursued a policy o f tolerat i o n toward.8 t h e Sa-aQa-pa aect which allowed i t s undieturbed devel.opment i n t h e new p o l i t i c a l circumstances. T h u ~the coup d'dtat of 1642 i n Central Tibet and the p o l i t i c a l changes which t h e r e ensued from it, had no r e a l e f f e c t upon t h e Derge family, another indication of i t s v i r t u a l l y independent p o s i t i on. Of the six sons t o which ~hun-thub's wlfe had given birth, four, viz. xun-dga8-rwa-mtsho (known a s Sde-dge bla-ma o r 'lama of Derge ') Egw-pa-phun-t shogs , Iha-srung , and Karmab ~ a m - ' ~ r u bchoae a monastic career and became famous p r i e a t ~ . The other two, viz. ~ l u - ' p h e l and Karma, remained a t t h e family's eeta3e and a i r e d a llumerous progeny. Of the brothers who entered r e l i g i o n , Byams-pa-phmtshogs, commonly c a l l e d bla-chen or 'the Great Lama', is eupec i a l l y celebrated f o r h i s work i n cospleting t h e construction of the family's monastery a t Ihun-grub-steng. It was aleo Byama-pa-phun-tshogs who, thanks t o t h e help of &ri Khan and others, added new and l a r g e t r a c t s of land t o h i s family'a former holdings, t hue augmenting t h e i r e s t a t e s considerably. The author of ~ d e - d g e ' i rmal-rabs gives the following l i a t of t e r r i t o r i a l a c q u i s i t i o n s acquired by Bysms-pa-phun-tshogs (mostly l o c a l i t i e s s i t u a t e d i n the mighbourhood of b r g e ) : b e - i o d , Sbe-war, Be-ri, War-mdo tshu-ri, W a r - a d o pha-ri, Ku-ae sd* Sbo-lu, Sga-r je, Dpal- .bar, &ing, Ku-se sde-gsar, Dpal-yul , Tsam-mdo , Dbon-st od pha-rl, Ye-na, 'Khor-lo-mdo , chab, '~som-thog, Lcags-ra, Rab-brtan, Yid-Bung, Lha-w-dpon, 41 and Hor-po. The e s t a b l i ~ h m e n tof a regular s u c c e ~ a i o nof abbots i n t h e great monastery of Lhun-grub-steng i s a l s o sssociated with Bgam-pa-phun-tshogs. Although he himself was v i r t u a l l y t h e first abbot of the completed Id?un-grub-stew monastery, i n the S d e - a e ' i rggal-rabs the f i r s t place i n t h e succession of

,

abbot6 (pdan-rabs d m - D O ) of t h i s monastery is given t o hi& nephew, ~un-dga'-phun-tahoge, t h e second son of ~ l u 'phal br 42 the l a t t e r ' s f i r e t wife. ' &om t h e time of Bsod-nams-rin-chen of the twenty-fifth g e n e r a t i h , when t h e secular and s p i r i t u a l powers i n the Dew f d l were ~ f i r e t merged together, till t h e time of Lhun-thub of the thirty-sixth generation, it was p r a c t i c a l l y alwaya one and same person t h e chief representative of t h e reepective generation -- i n whose hands t h e performance of both functions was concentrated, This t r a d i t i o n underwent a radical change when t h e Great Monasterg of Ihun-grub-eteng was completed aqd its abbacy established, &om t h i s time onwards there were two centres i n Derge: the centre of secular power, exercised by t h e chief lay representative of each respective generation, and the centre of s p i r i t u a l power, exercised as a r u l e (with a few exceptions only) by t h e first-born son who became a monk. Thie s p i r i t u a l headship, a t l e a s t a t the beginning, was normall y transferred from uncle t o nephew. I n cases where there was only one representative i n a generation (e,g. as was the case with Kun- 'grub-bde-dga '-bzang-po of t h e f orty-second generation), both offices, secular and s p i r i t u a l , were held concument l y ~ u n - @ a ' - ~ h u n - t s h o ~was s succeeded i n h i s off i c e of abbot (khri-chen) of Lhn-grub-ateng by h i s cousin, Che-mchog, the 43 Sangs-rgyasfirst a on of ~ l u >he1 '8 younger brother, Karma. batan-pa followed a s t h e t h i r d abbot, being t h e son of Klu'phel 'a second wife , a f t e r whom mod-nams-phun-tshogs of the thirty-ninth generation became abbot (see table).

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TABIE SHOWWG THE SUCCESSION OF THE EARLIEST ABBOTS

OF W-GRUB-STENG MONASTERY

( 17th-18th CENTURD8)

[Abbote underlined, Secular Repreeentatives of generations numbered ]

Kun-dga '!rgya-mtaho

[A ]

i

I&ame-pa-phun-teho~s Two other son8 garma

I [C] Che!mchoq

b. Second wife

a. First wife

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I

Beod-nms-phun-t shoge

I

Two other eons

w

[39 ] Dbang-Ahen-rngon-PO Two other eons

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Bod-mm-phun-tahoge was a contemporary of Lha-bzang Khan (1697-1717). t h e l a a t ~ % o tMongol r u l e r of Central ~ i b e e . It was Lha-bzang Khan who, with t h e connivance of t h e Manchus, deposed f i r a t the mgent ( sde-arid) Sanga-rgy~s--rgya-mtsho (1679-1705) from power i n Ihasa, and l a t e r on aleo the Sixth Dalai Lama, Tahangs-dbyaqs-rgya-mtsho (168301706). both men baing h o r n f o r t h e i r stubborn anti-Mongol and anti-Manchu a t t i t u d e . Thua having freed himself of h i s p o l i t i c a l opponents, Iha-bzang Khan proclaimed himself regent and chose as t h e new Dalai Tamn h i s favourite, a monk of t h e Lcags-pa-ri medical college i n Lhaea, who wcu, i n s t a l l e d under t h e style ye-iesrgya-mtsho i n t h e s e e of Potala i n 1707. In token of t h e i r disapproval of Lha-bzang Khan's arbitr a r y behaviour, t h e lamas of Bmdo and Khams chose Skal-bzangrgya-mteho (1708-1757), a native of Li-thang i n Eastern Tibet, a8 t h e Seventh Dalai Lama. Skal-bzang-rwe-mtsho had t o be hidden f o r some time l e s t Lha-bzang Khan's emissaries, searching everywhere f o r t h e child, should f i n d him out: during t h i s time t h e young Dalai m a who, with his family had t o leave L i - t h a q and move t o Amdo, was ranted a temporary asylum i n Derge by 94 Bsod-name-phun-tshogs. When, a f t e r t h e f a l l of &a-bzang Khan and h i s puppet Dalai Lama i n 1717, the legitimate Dalai Lama again took o f f i c e i n Ihasa, he repayed Derge aonastery generously f o r t h e help it had given him, However, a t t h i s moment B~od-nams-phun-tshogs was already dead (on t h e t e n t h day of the dbmg month of t h s &nu-rta [wood-horse ] year of t h e XIIth sexwhich is i n f a c t t h e earliest agenary cycle, i.e, i n 1714 A.D, 45 exact date t o be found i n Sde-dRe'i rmal-rabs), The Derge family reached t h e height of i t s power and glor y i n the times of Bsod-nams-phun-tshogs' nephew and successor, Batan-pa-tshe-ring of the f o r t i e t h generation. Consequently also, t h e author of ~ d e - a e ' i rmal-rabs devotes a great deal of apace t o the personality and work of t h i s r u l e r ( f f . 22b 31b). Batan-pa-tsbe-ring was born i n t h e s a - r t a (earth-horse) y e a r of t h e XIth cycle, i.e, i n 1678, and lived t o the age of 46 Since h i s elder sf*-one ( h a cu r t o a ~ c i g ) ,dying i n 1738.

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and only brother, won-po-tshe-ring, died when p m g , at--* *she-ring throughout hie l i f e functioned ae both the head of the family and t h e abbot of Ihun-grub-eteng monastery. The author of M e - b e 'i rmal-rab8 give6 f i m t , on f f 2% 25b, description of sta an-pa-tshe-ring'o character, hie a b i l i t i e 8 and ]mowledge, where and under what teachera he rae eduoated and how he had devoted tbe whole of h i s life f o r t h e s p i r i t u a l advancement of h i s sub3ecta. After t h i e , he discusses in some length t h e f olloring two 'ronderiul achievement8' (mo-mtshar mdead-pa o r n~o-mteharmbad-~hrin) of Betan-patshe-ring: a, The acquisition of new t e r r i t o r y , and the fir& polit i c a l contacts with t h e Manchu governmelrt i n Peking ( i f , 25b 27a). b, Bditing of Kanjur and Tanjur and other h a i s t r o r h +? first printed i n Derge ( f f . 27a 31bJ. The first t e r r i t o r i a l acquieitiona made by vane-pa-phuntahogs of t h e thirty-seventh generation i n the mid-seventeenth century ( see above, p .33 ) were now furUmr augmented by the t e r r i t o r i e s recently acquired by Batan-pa-tshe-ring from Tibetan t r i b e s south and north of Derge aa well ae i n southern parts of Ch'ing-hai province. !Fhe author of Sde-We'i m a l raba enumerates the following places taken over i n Batan-patshe-ring's time.: Dge-rtse, Upper (etod) and h e r (mad) 48 Rdsa-chu-kha, Khy+*brog, ~ a - b h i , and Rma-rong. T h e Dergo gained control over a greater t r a c t of t e r r i t o r y than it had ever done before. Batan-pa-tshe-ring, t h e r e a l founder of ~ e r g e ' sp o l i t l c a l power, was f l a t t e r i n g l y called by hie contemporaries 'the second Srong-btsan-agam-po' (Srona-btsan-saap 49 po Gig-pa), A t the same t i m e also t h e Derge ruling houee established i t e first o f f i c i a l contacts with t h e Manchu --'in China. In t h e i r turn theae contacts led t o a certain r e e t r i c t l o n o r modification of the h i t h e r t o almost absolute independence of t h e Derge 'kings Following t h e expulsion of Deungar armles f r o m Central Tibet i n 1720 and establishment of strong Manchu-Chinese garrclem

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there, t h e whole area of t h e Eastern Tibet o r Khams, u n t i l t h a t time v i r t u a l l y a forgotten land, came suddenly t o the f o r e in t h e m i l i t l u c g and p o l i t i c a l echemee of the Chinese tent r e l a u t h o r i t i e s , A l l , t h e count- connecting Tibet pmper with SZU-ch'uan, t h e military and f i n a n c i a l b a s i s f o r t h e Manchu power i n Tibet, was temporarily placed under Chinese control. It ale0 s e e m that a t *his time already Chinese magilstratee were introduced as edministrators i n some d i s t r i c t s , However, soon it became c l e a r t h a t Chinese bureaucratic machinerg wae p r a c t i c a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e and very expensive t o run i n such remote and p a t h l e s ~regions, Ilheref am, i n 1725, the S t a t e Couna i l discussed a memorial s e n t by 'lieh ~nung-ch'i [623, the Governor-General of Szu-ch 'uan and Shen-hsi i63 1, proposing a reorgarization of Chinese administration i n t h e f r o n t i e r dis t r i c t s of Tibet, This reorganization consisted, a s I have alrsady said, in t h e d i v i s i o n of Eastern Tibet i n t o two more or l e s s equal parta, separated from each other by t h e Chin-aha River. The eastern p a r t was t o be incorporated with China proper, but t h e administration was t o be e n t n i . ~ t e dt o t h e local c h i e f t a i n s (t'u-szu) under t h e nomin&l supervision of t h e Chinese. The western p a r t was t o be given back t o t h e Government of & ~ a , The emperor Yung-cheng gave h i s sanction t o thirr proposal, and a c e r t a i n Chou Ying [64 1, who was then a Prarinc i a 1 Commander of t h e Imparia1 Despatch M f i c e ( h u e i - t ' q t ' i - t u [ 6 5 ] ) ,was sent out t o take care of t h e d e t a i l s of the 50 new arrangement. Within t h e framework of these measures, Bstan-pa-tsher i n g ( i n contemporChinese sources c a l l e d Tan-pa-tz'u-ling [66]), being cqnief.bain of t h e l a r g e s t p r i n c i p a l i t y t o t h e east of Chin-sha River, made his homage t o t h e Manchu emperor in 1728 and wae given t h e t i t l e of ~e-er-ke-t 'e an-fu-szu [67] o r ' ~ o m i e s i o n e rf o r the Paclf i c a t ion of ~ e r' ~ !Phis e t i t l e was changed in 1733 i n t o hssan-wei-azu [68] o r ' T r a n q u i l l i s ~ t i o n 5? omm missioner', a promotion of three degrees i n rank. Bstanpa-tohe-ring is f u r t h e r said t o have been cemToweredt o act general r u l e r of Amdo and Kbam and w a s granted a golden .seal, a hundred pieces of s i l k c l o t h and f i v e thousand ounces of

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eilver"(mdo lrhama e m i - r ~ e - r u dbanp;-bskur ~ e e r - m ithaa-la t an porn-brwa-~hract M - e r m e t o r u - ~ h r w -a heal), !?he t i t l e of &a.u-wei-ezu w a e mtained i n the Derge family u n t i l 1909. In t h a t year Chao Er-feng, a f t e r bnving sueceesfully carried out an administrative ~ e f o r mi n Derge (the so-called k i t ' u h e 1 l i u [72]), rhich, a. a matter of f a c f , wae tantamout t o abolishing the former native principality, made a proposal. t h a t t h i e t i t l e be changed t o a nmw hereditary t i t l e of hua l i n a e r ~ ' i r ihsien ti= t a i tu-szu L73] or ' ~ i r e t Captain C a r r y i n g on t h e Head a Peacock-f eather Deaoration of 53 the Second ~ a n k ' , In addition t o establishing r e l a t i o n s with t h e W c h u s , Betan-pa-tshe-ring undertook a c u l t u r a l enterprise of t h e f i r s t magnitude, earning f o r Derge and i t s ruling house imperiehable fame i n t h e whole m i s t world, i , e , the firet editing of t h e two collections of t h e Tibetan Buddhist- canon, t h e Kanjur and t h e Tanjm, The order t o prepare theee collections f o r publication w a s issued Bstan-pa-tshe-ring i n t h e ea-bya (earth94 bird) yeof the XIIth cycle, i.e, i n 1729. The o a a i n g of wooden matrices and the subsequent printing of t h e wbole collection of more than 4,000 separate t i t l e s l a s t e d f o r a f u l l f i v e years, The firat copies of Kanjur ( i n 103 -volumee) and Teajur (in 209 volumea) printed i n Derge were made available i n the chu-glang (water-ox) year of the XIIth cycle, i , e , in 55 1733 Of t h e other well-known p r i n t s e i c h were produced i n t h e a ape Derge printing house i n t h e days of Batan-pa-tehe-ring, cia1 mention should be made of the Collected Works of the Five Masters of the Sa-sea-pa sect, called Sa-sba bkao- 'bum, in fifteen volumes ( ~ ; l e ~ ~ - b a mA )s , already seen, the h r g e family had constantly professed the teaching of the Sa-sea-pa sect and a s s i s t e d its propagation i n every way. The Collected Works of t h e Five M~iateracontain two volumes of writings of Sa-chen h n - d g a O - s ~ n g - p o (1092-1158), three volumes of writings of 3 5 ~ son, Bsod-nams-rtae-mo (1142-1182), four volumes of writing13 of another of h i s sons, Grags-pa-rgyal-mtshan (1147-l216), three volumes of writings of t h e Sa-skya pandita, ~un-dgaO-

conetruction of nor monaaterieo and templor on a r m l l e r reale in the vicinity of h r g e . In hie t h e alro the print* hdwtrg i n Derge made great stridee, and from t h i r period dater the rare edition of Kanjur produced in golden lettern. In order t o 80-e the continuation of the faaily in tha male line (both hie elder brothen l e f t no male o f f s p r w ) , Blo-gro8-rg~a-mteho eridently on the recommendation of hi. teachere and request of his m l n i ~ t e r orather than from gepuipe affection -- married a woman by name ma-iim-db-mo, halllng 60 from eomewhere in the eaot of ghnma. q t o yeare l a t e r , ip 1768, ehe gave b i r t h t o hie ean and eucceeeor, d ~ woa s given Blo-groe-wa-mt oho dled the name K m - 'grub-bde-a'-bzang-po. a t tbs age of flfty-two, in the h i n u - r t ~ (wood-horoe) year of 61 the XIIIth cycle, i,e, i n 1774. Af'ter lo-grog-rgya-mtaho '8 death, his epiritual p a r paseed t o hie eiater, the nun Dbyang~-can-8grol-ma, r h o t h ~ s became the f i r s t abbes6 of Ihun-grub-eteng n o n a s t e ~ . She retaixmd this off ice throughout Kun- 'grtab-bde-dga'-b~~-~o' . minority, u n t i l her death i n an odour of aanctiw in the ma-~a month of the m e r t a (fire-horse) year of the XIIIth q c l e , 1.e. 62 In 1786. ~un-'grub-bde-dga'-bzang-po, the unique repreeent ative of the forty-aecond generation of the Derge home, was the father of ~ehe-dban6-rdo-r je-rig- ' b i n , the author of Sde-he 'i m d rabe, who thue is able t o deecribe the event6 connected r i t h h u from hie own erperience, so that his story i e given in parati- detail, ~ u n - ' g r u b - b d e - d ~ a ' - b z a ~ ~ ocommonly , knom a8 ma-dbanq or of 'ruler', wae born i n the '~sowthogpalace on the f i f t h the cho-'ohm1 month of the sa-by1 (earth-moue) year of the XIIIth arcle, i. e. i n 1768. When a boy, he rae of we* cons t i t u t i o n and often seriously ill, When he wae six yeare old, hi8 father died and ~un-'grub-bde-dga8-bzang-vo '8 education was entrusted t o hi8 aunt, the abbe88 DbyangS-can-egrol-~. After the l a t t e r ' s death, in 1786, when he ~ 3 . 8h e t e e n , Khn* ~ b - ~ e - d g a ' - b z a n g - ~took o aver both s p i r i t u a l and eecular power in Derge himself. In the e a - s ~ r e l (earth-POD-Y) Ye-,

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i n 1788, l i k e many of h i s predecsssors, he undertook the tiring journey t o Central Tibet t o c a l l on famous Lamas and visit numerous shrines. From gun-'grubbde-%a'-bean&-po h marriage with Tshedbang-lha-mo (concerning whom see below) were born four childt h e second son and the f i r e t daughren, Of these only two survived t h e i r parents; the first son and the second daugh64 KU- '@;r~b-bde-d~a'-bzan~-~o himt e r dying soon a f t e r birth. s e l f died while e t i l l young, a t t h e age of twenty-t'hree, on the month of t h e Ica~s-Bhsi (iron-dog) yetenth &v of t h e of t h e 1111th cycle, i .e. i n 1790. Since h i e only son and legit-te successor, Tshe-dbangdo-r je-rig- 'dain, was a t the t i m of Kun-'grub-bde-dga8-bzaqp death only four years old, s p i r i t u a l and seculalt power i n Derge wao seized by h i s mother, the young widow, Tehe-dbanglha-mo. She came from a family of a c s r t a i n physician (dpoa66 Although Tshe-dbangtshang) i n the near-by town of Dpal-yul. rdo-rje-rig- 'dsin pays many compliments t o h i s mother's memory, it is apparent t h a t c e r t a i n s t r a t a of t h e lay and monk populat i o n of Derge d i s l i b d her openly. The increasing favour which a f t e r her husband's death she bestowed upon t h e monks of the F&ing-ma-pa s e c t and t h e i r main centre i n Derge -- t h e Rdsogechen monastery (founded i n 1685) -- led t o open h o s t i l i t y t o her amongst t h e ministers of the l a t e ~ u n 'grub-bde-dga'-bzpo who i n accordance with the t r a d i t i o n i n t h e Derge fmily preferred t h e Sa-sea-pa sect. Finally, Tshe-dbang-lhamo wae forced, i n 1798, t o give up t h e powers she had u m p e d , and was confined in Dbon-stod where she soon died. These events foreahadowed a s e r i e s of i n t e r n a l c o n f l i c t s i n t h e Derge f am which were t o mark future generations and cause its decline, Aa I have already s a i d , of t h e four children of ~ u n - ' g r u b bde-dga'-b~an~-~oand Tshe-dbang-lha-mo, only two sumrived then. v i a . a son she-dbang-rdo-rje-rig-'dsin ana a daughter Rjeb t sun-dbang-mo she-dbang-rdo-rje-riS- 'dsin, the chief renrnnantative of t h e f mty-third generation and l a t e r the author of Sde-dRe 'i rwal-rabs, was a talented boy, whose education was looked i.0,

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a f t e r by the minletere of hie l a t e father, and who mceived an exbenaive and profound trainiug from learned LAmnn from a l l 68 t h e Emtsrn Tibet. 1x1 t h e ee-rta (earth-horee) y e a r of the XIIIth cycle, i e. 1798, Tshe-dbang-do-rje-rig- 'b i n aged twelve, took over the abbot '8 duties from hie mother. Six years l a t e r , a f t e r reaching adulthecd in the ihg-bi (woodmouse) ye-, i.0. 1804 -- hie poeition was f u r t h e r otrengthened by a decree of the Emperor Chia-ch'ing ] (17%-1820) p69 claiming him secular r u l e r as well, In the period betreen 1798 t o 18W t h e l a y affairs of t h e Derge family were conduct e d by 'Pehe-dbang-rdo-r je-rig- 'dein'e miniatere. From Sde-dne'i raral-rabs, f f . 42b 43a, re also learn t h a t Tehe-&bang-rdo-r je-rig-'dsin married M c e . Hie f i r s t wife from Rang-byon brought him four children and then died, His aecond wife came from k a g s - l a (Ung-cheng [78] in Chinese), but no chil6ren are recorded of t h i e mamiage, m e four children of h i s f i r e t marriage were: 1, Dam-tehig-rdo-rjetahe-ring-mam-rgyal, born i n the lc-8-luq (iron-sheop) year, i,e, 1811; the chief representative of the forty-fourth gener a t i o n and Tshe-dbang-rdo-r je-rig- 'dsin's heir. 2. Daughter (name unlmom); she w a a born in the i i m - ~ h(wood-hog) ~ year, i,e, 1815. 3. Tshe-dbang-phun-tshogs-betan-eeong, born i n t h e chu-rta (water-home) year, i , e , 1822, 4, Tshe-dbang-xd+ rjc-aaOdul, born i n the chu-lw (rater-sheep) year, i.e. 1823, m e s s four m t h e last representatives of 3he Dsrge family mentioned i n the Sde-dReOirwal-rabs, and they are only 70 noticed brief ly , However, the author of Sde-d~e'i raral-raba gives a rathe detailed account of h i s decision, made when he w a s forty, t o abandon secular a f f a i r s and go i n t o retiremeat ae a monk i n U1un-grub-steng monaateq. Thia he did in the me-khsi (firedog) year of t h e XrVth cycle, l e e , 1826, and a t t h a t time, connection w i t h h i s takine; a vow as dm-along or f u l l odainc 3, monk on the twenty-fifth day of the tha-elnnr month -- he received a new, religioue name, ~jams-pa-w-dga'-eange-r~m bstan-pa'i-rg)-al-mtshan. This event represents the l a s t biographical statement

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made i n the We-drte 'i r a a l - r a b s about Tahe-dbmg-rdo-rje*'&in, the chief repreeentative of the forty-third generation of the Derge family and concurrently its hietoriographer, Here alro the story of the h r g e family, expounded i n t h i m work, canes t o the end. And indeed, there is a certain connection between Tahcdbang-rdo-rje-rig- 'dsln's entering the monastem md compiling this Genealogy of the 'king.' of Derge, f o r a+ cluaion -m worldly intereats and r o m i e s enabled the author t o concentrate entirely on writing the history of h i s family, .hioh he began in t h e h i n u - s ~ r e l (rood-monkey) year, i.8. la%, and finiehed f eur years l a t e r , i n the ea-byi (earth-mouse) year, 72 In this mrk, ae he hlnmelf gratefully acknowledges, i,e, 1828. he received a mbetantial a i d from h i e younger mister, Rje73 bteun-dbang-no [born i n the me-lv (fire-sheep) year, i.e. 17871.

Apart f r o m the Prythological and legendary ancestors a f t h e Derge family and those generatione who resided i n Central Tibet, altogether forty-four generations are l i e t e d i n the SdeQe'i raral-rabs, startiq with Iha-rje-byam8-pa'i-dpal rho rae the first t o s e t t l e in Khams, and coming dorm t o Dam-tehigrdo-r j e-tahe-ring--rggal (buth inclusive) The t o t a l sum af a l l representatives of t h e main branch of t h e family, whose names are explicitly quoted i n we-dae'l rmal-rabs, is seve* seven. This figure ie comparatively m a l l , because i n the case of the f i r s t generatione (from t h e first t o the twenty-second) the author gives only one name f o r each generation, Besides those members of the main branch of the Derge family whose name8 are given explicitly, there are another seventeen both male and female membere whose names are not given, so t h a t the =in branch of the family -- aceording t o the present source t o t a l l e d altogether ninety-four membere. Of the collateral banches of the Derge family only eight male representative a r e l i e t e d by name. Of the remainder i n the Sde-dae'i rmal-rabs (ff. 49b 56a1, there is l i t t l e t h a t i e of h i s t o r i c a l interest apart From a brief account of the sucoeasion of the abbots of mun-grub74 steng monastery (ff , 4% 52a) ; a ehort passage on the

.

-

-

-

history of the Gad-thog family from which the .+called ~ e * E(! Or &+blon ('stewarde') were traditional^ drawn t o 8eme 75 and f i n a l l y the colophon the Derge family (ff. 52a 52b); (ff, p b 56a) mentioned already above.

-

-

Appendix 1.

GENEAI0GICA.L

TABU3

[In cases where there are more representatives in one generation, the name of the chief representative is underlined.]

Lha-ade dkar-po,

a l s o called '0d-g~al-lha

'~ a r Bla-mchan-chen-po

Gar Stong-mes-mi-chags Stong-bt aan-yul-bzung Y on-t an-rgyal-bzung

[ 1st generation]

&a-rje-byms-pa'i-dpal,

also called

[, 2nd generation]

[ 3rd generation] [ 4th generation] [ 5th generation] [ 6th generation] [ 7th generation]

[ 8th generation] [ 9th generation] [loth generation ] 111th generation] [12th generat ion]

Grage-pa-rggal-mt ehan

[13th generation ]

Dkon-mchog-rgyal-mt ehan

[14th generation]

Dge- 'dun-rgyal-mt ehan

[15th generation] [16th generation ] [l7th generation]

[18th generat ion]

Grubpa 'i-rtee, a l s o called Dpal-&byams-pa phyi-ma

[ l w h generat icn ] [20th generation ] [21st generat ion] [22nd generat ion ] [23rd generation]

1, ~kon-nu-rdo-rje Chos-sdings-pa

, also

called '~ar-chen

3. Gtsw-tor- 'bum [24th generat ion ]

[25th generat ion

[26th generat ion ]

Zla-ba-bza=-DO and eight other brothers and s i s t e r s

[27th genera3 ion ]

[28th generat ion ]

[ 2 W generat ion ]

1, Bsod-nema- 'bum 2, Dkar-chen Bya.r~-chub-~bum

[30th generat ion ]

[Jlat generation]

Blo-acobrtob8-ldan a l i a e ~lag-h-meqpge, a160 called Bo-thar and three other bmthera end e i e t e r s

[32nd generat ion]

1. A daughter, Mdaee-ldan

[33rd generation]

hen-chen A-ema and three other brother8 and e l a t e m

[35th generation]

1. ~un*a'-rin-chw

[36th generation]

&UP-thub

[37th generat ion]

1. ~un=dga'-rgya-mt~o 2. Klu-'phel

3. mama-pa-phun-t show 4, Karma 4.1. Che-mchog 4.2. Rdor-legs 4.3. G . p - r g y a l 4.3.1. ~ ~ a ~ - d b a n g - b h a - i i a

5.

Ua-erung

[38th generation]

l e t rife:

2nd wife : [3%h generation]

Sange-rgyas-bat an-pa

1. Mod-nams-phun-t~hogs (d. 1714)

2. D ~ ~ R - c ~ ~ ~ - ~ R (married o ~ - D o Uryana-bdhi)

[Wth generation]

1. eon-po-t ahe-ring 2, Betan-~a-tehe-rinq (be 1678, d. 1738)

[41st generat ion]

1, Beod-name-mgon-po 1.1, Choe-eeong-mgon-po daughtera

and eeveral

3. B1-moe-rma-zateho

(b. 1722, d. 1774), nuamled Elma- he-dbang-mo

4, A daughter, Dbyange-can-sgrol-ma, also called R je-bt~\1n-n~a~-dbang-b~tm-~a'isgron-me (d, 1786)

[42nd generation]

Kun- 'grub-bde-dga o-bzawpo (b. 1768, d. 1790). mazried Tehe-dbang-lha-mo

[43rd genemtion]

1. Son (died young) 2. ~8he-dbana-rdo-r;ie-riu-'bin,

aleo

called ~ame-pa-kun-dga'-ssng~r~ubartan-pa'i-rgyal-mt8~ (b. 1786)

3.

A daughter, RJe-btoun-dbang-mo

(b. 1787) 4, hughter (died young)

[44th generat ion ]

1. M-tahia-rdo-rSe-t8h+ring--rea.1 (b. 1811) 2. Daughter (b. 1815)

4. !Pahe-dbang-rdo-r je-dgza-*du (b. 1823)

Appendix 2,

LIST

OF ABmS

IN IXUN-GRUB-STENG

MomAsllm

[37th generation ] b 8 t h generation] D8th generation]

3. Sangs-rgya.~-bstan-pa 4. Beod-nams-phun-tehoge

5. Betan-pa-tshe-ring

C38th generation] [3%h generat ion ]

(d. 1714)

(b. 1678, d, 1738)

[40th generation ] [41st generation ]

7. Blo-groe-rgya-mteho (b. 1722, d. 1774)

[ 4 l s t generat ion ]

8, Dbyange-can-egrol-ma

[ 4 l s t generation]

(d. 1786)

[42nd generat ion ]

[42nd generat ion ] 11. Tehe-dbang-rdo-r je-rig- 'dsin (b

- 52 -

.

1786)

[43rd generat ion]

In order t o f a c i l i t a t e an easier convereion of the Tibetan chronologg i n t o Westem chronological t e r n , a table ham been provided, This table covere the years from 1678 -- the rta (earth-horse) year of the 11th eexagenary cycle to 1828 -- the sa-bsi (earth-mouse) year of. the XITth s e u g e n q cycle, These two year8 represent the two extreme chronologi~sl data t o be found i n ~de-d.ae8irwal-rabs (ff, 23a and 56e. respectively), The cbxonolog~calscheme adopted by the author of S d c a e ' i rpjal-rabe is based on the e m - y e a r uycle (rab-bmaq) commonly ueed i n time-reckoning i n Tibet f r o m the eleventh century onwazde, Each year (J&)of such a cycle i 8 designated by combinatione of names of the f i v e elemnte, namely (fim), i q (rood), some(water), and i ea (earth), l c w a (iron), (male) and gg (female) groape, times f u r t h e r divided into with the names of the f o l l o w i q animals: a (ham), ' b w (dragon), sbrul (serpent), (home), lug (sheep), sore of (mae), s ~ m (monkey), l &g (bird), mi (dog), p h q (hog), and e t a s (tiger). Thus the twelve animals being joined r i t h the f i v e elements make up a cycle of eixty diifarent combinatione, The f i r s t year of t h e 1st sexagenary cycle is t h e me(fire-hare) yeas and comesponde with 1027 A,D.

-

-

-

-

-

zui?A cycle;

m8-y 0s ea- *bmg sa-ebrul lcage-rta 1cage- lug dhu-spre chu-bya

6ing-~i iing-phag me-byi me-glang ~sa-stag sa-yoe l c a g r 'brug lcage-sbrul chu-rt a chu-lug king-apre iing-bya me-I&yi me-phag ea-byi

ea-glang lcaee- tag

lcage-yoe chu- *brug dhu-~b-1 iing-rta king-lug me-apre

- -

XIIth cycle

XIIIth cycle

XrVth CYcle

-

XIth cycle

me-by a ea-khy i ea-phag 1cage-byi lcage-glaw ch-st ag chu-yoa hing- 'brug 6ing-ebml me-rta me-lug ea-epre ea-bya lcags-khyi lcags-phag chu-byi chu-glang iing-stag iinp70s

me- %rug

me-sbrul sa-rta

ea-lug lcage-apre lcags-bya O~U-khyi chu-phag 6ing-by1 iing-glang me-stag

111th wcle

NOTES

1, A l l Chinese t e r m i n t h i s work are marked a t t h e i r f i m t

occurrence with a consecutive number i n equare bracket6 [ ] which refera t o t h e Finding-list of Chlneae charactera (eer below)

.

2.

A. I. ~ o s t r i k a r ' ebook, Tibetskaja istoriEeah.la literatcontain6 a good aurvey of Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e and work done i n t h i s f i e l d outside Tibet, This book waa

compiled i n 1936, although it w a s not publiehed u n t i l 1962, long af'ter i t 8 author'e death. See also anqther a r t i c l e by the same author, K b i b l i o m a f i i tibetekod literahmy, In B i b l i o ~ r a f i j aVoatoka, lVoa.24 (1933). pp. 1945. An English version of t h i s appeared under t h e m t i t l e , Some cofiections and c r i t i c a l r e m a r k a on Dr. Johan van p an an's Contribution t o the b i b l i o ~ r a ~ofb Tibet, i n Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. 8 (193537). pp.51-76 3.

E.8,

t o quote only those of them vhich a m generally knom

and accessible:

-

~ba-bied of the 11th 14th century. [Edited d t h a French r d d by BOA. Stein, Une chroniaue ancienne de bSam-yae: 8 ~ a - b i e d ,Paria 1%1,]; B U - a t a ' ~Chor'byuq from 1322. [Traxmlated by B. Oberm i l l e r , Histom of B u d d . 1 ~ (Ch08-h-) b~ BP-&on, 2 d Heidelberg 1931-32, ] 1

NOTES

1, A 1 1 Chineme t e r m i n t h i e work are marked a t t h e i r f i m t occurrence with a oonaecutive number i n square bracket6 [I which r e f e r s t o t h e Finding-list of Chinese charactere (ee below).

~ o e t r i k o v ' e book, Tibetelraja ietori8eska.la l i t e r a t u r a containa a good survey of Tibetan historical l i t e r a t u r e and work done i n t h i e f i e l d auteide Tibet, This book r a e compiled i n 1936, although it not publiehed until1962 long a f t e r i t 6 author'e death. &e ale0 anpther a r t i c l e b~ the eame author, K b i b l i o m a f i i tibetekod l i t e r a m , in Bibliouraf'ija Voatoka, Noa.2-4 (19331, pp. 1-5. An Englieh vereion of t h i e appeared under the , t i t l e , Some corrections and c r i t i c a l r o m a r b on Dr. Johan van Ifanen88 Contribution t o the b i b l i o ~ r a ~ hofy Tibet, i n Bulletin of t h e School of Oriental Studies, vol. 8 (193537). pp.51-76

2.

A.I.

3.

Beg. t o quote only those of them which are generally knom and accessible:

-

Sba-bhd of the 11th 14th century. [Edited r i t h a Prsnch rb-6 by BOA. Stein, Une chroniaae ancienne de ~S~IB-YM: e b b i e d , -Paris 1961.1;

BU-aton'* Choc'bm from 1322. [ h a x m h t e d by 1. Obe* mill-, ~ i a t o z e sof B~ddhiem(Chor-h-) bv W1-&ons 2Heidelberg 1931-32. ] :

~un-dga'-rdo-r j e '8 Deb-ther ->DO from 1346. [Tibetan t e x t edited by the Namgpal I n e t i t u t e of Tibetolow, Gangtok 1961, Wanelated i n t o Japanese by S. Inaba and H. Sat5, Hcran-Teputeru (Hu Lan Deb 'Pher) Chibetto Nendaiki,Kyzto 1964. Cf. also g. B i r a , Some remarks on t h e Hu-lan d e w h e r of ~un-&a' rdo-rle, in Acta Orient. Huw., vol. 17 (1964). pp. 6981o]t

-

&on-mu-dpal '8 Deb-ther won-DO from 1476-78. [Tramlat ed by G, B. Roerich, The Blue Annals, 2 vola., Calcutta 1949 and 1953I t -PO

la-gros-rgyel-mtehan8 B Rmal-rabe bon m i

p m from the end of the 15th century.

b m i t e d by S. C.

m

Dae, m a 1 rabs bon m i .bsub m a s , Darjeeling 1915: of. ale0 B. Laufer, b e r e i n tibetieches Geschichtmerk der Bon~o, i n 1.0Pao, 86r. 11, vol. 2 (1901). pp. 24a.19 Baed-mum-rgyal-mtshan 's Rmal-rabs-rl38ms-bi

-

'bm-tshul

-

m - l o w [short t i t l e : Mlh. 'b1 -1 from 1508. m t e d by B. I. Kuznetsov, Rwal rabs ~ e a ba'i l me lo= (The Clear -or of Royal G e n e a l ~ i e e ) ,Leiden 1966 (see also my review, In the -in of Bo I. ~uznetaov's Edition of The Clear Mirror of Royal Genealo~iea, i n Archiv orientblni , vol, 35 (1967). pp. 467476). Translated i n t o Chinese by Liu ~ i - c h ' i e n , Hsi-teanq chew chiao shih chien [5], i n K*t a o =ah-k'an. vols. 2-9 (193941). and by Wang I-nuan, H s i - t e w wana-t 'unn chi [6], Shanghi 1955 (3rd edition). P&ly translated by B. I. Kuenecov, Tibetakala 1etovia'"~vetloe zercalo carskich rodoalovnschw hningrad 1961. ]1

Ftsal-ba'i

-

w

,

Chronicle of t h e Flfth Dalai Lama from 1643 of which there is an excellent Chinese edition, Ga~s-can-yul-gyi sa-la evyod-pa'i nrtho-ria-kyi r m a l blon fiso-bor br;iod-pa'i debt h e r rdsogs-ldan gkon-nu'i dp;a'-&om dpyid-bi rgyal-mo'i plu-dbsanne kes-ba-ba, with a Chinese s u b t i t l e Hai-taaqg w m ch'en chi [7], Peking 1957:

,

La-dwms rwal-rabs from the 17th c e n t u q , [Edited and traml a t e d f o r t h e f i r e t time by E, Schlagintweit, Me ~ a n i von ~ e

Tibet, i n Abhaadlwen der ~hiloeo~hlrch-~hilolo~lm~han Claaee der k i h i ~ l i c hk ~ e r i e c h e nAkadomio dar Wireeruehaiten, vol. 10 (1866), pp. 797-879 (Tibetan t e x t , pp. 1-19). Newly edited and tranelated by A. H. Francke, d a t i ~ u i t i e s of Indian Tibet, vol. 2, Calcutta 1926 (editor F. W. 'Phomas). Cf. a b o L. Petech, A Studs on the Chronicles of h d a k h , Calcutta 1939.];

-

~e-6es-dpal--b-yor's (the 80-called Sum-pa mkhm-PO) D D ~ beam lrion b z q from 1748. [Edited (Part 1 and 2) by. 8. C D a s , P a Sam Jon Zan~. Histom of the Biee. mom88 and Downfall & Buddhism by m a Khanao, Calcutta 1908. Pert (containing a historg of Buddhism i n China and Mongolia with the re'u-miq o r chronolodcal tables) w a s edited by ~ o k sh e mmdra, ~pa~bsam-ljon-bed, in hta-pitaka ~ e r i e a vol. 8, New Delhi 1959.]; ~lo-bzang-choe-~i-6i-ma '8 (the so-called mu'-bkrren Hutukhtu) Grubmtha* bl-mi me-lofrom 1802. [Partly edited and translated by S. C. Dae, Contribution8 on the R e l i ~ i o n ,History. eta. of Tibet, i n Jonrnal of t h e Royal Asiatic Society of Ben~al,vol. 50 (1881), P a r t 1, pp. 1251, and vol. 51 (1882), Part 1, pp. 1-75 and 87-128.1. 4.

See Tibetskaja istoriEeekada l i t e r a t u r a , p. 51 e t seq.

5.

G. 'Pucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls, p. 139, c a l l e this eort

of hietory yi~-tahang. 6.

See Tibetslraja istoriEeskaja l i t e r a t u r a , pp. 109 and 114, Etyllaologically mam-thar or rather m a a - p a r t h a ~ mean8 ~ a 'complete escape; f u l l emancipation' (from t h i e pamaing world), hence biogmphy, story of one's l i f e . See 8. 0. Das, A Tibetan-EzlRlish Dictionars, p. 757b.

7.

Gro-bzin zla-ba'i tehee dge-bar i n Tibetan. AcaordiPg t o S. C. Daa, A Tibetap-lish Dictionan, p. 24%. ~ b i i zla-ba or po-biin zla-ba is synogpmou~with zla-ba bdun-w or the seventh month. See also H. A. ~&chke,

h

A Tibetan-En~llahDictionary, p, 49la. The Tibetan month pro-biin corre8pond.a with 16 A g u s t 15 September in the Christian calendar, On t h e twelve lunar months of t h e T i betans eee C, Vogel, On Tibetan Chronolow, pp, 229-230,

-

8.

On the application of Tibetan sexagenary oycle and i t e convereion i n t o Western chronology see Appendix 3,

9,

D e b t h e r rwa-nteho, vol. I, f f , 4a 19a (taken from A, I, ~ o s t r i k o v ' 8 Tibetah.ia istori6eeka ja l i t e r a t u r a , p. 281, note 497: see a180 pp. 70 and 202, note 289). On Deb-ther rma-mteho, 8ee A, I, Vostrikov, op. c i t , , pp, 16 and 105, In h i s e a r l i e r a r t i c l e , K b i b l i o w i i tibeteko;i l i t e r a m (eee note 2 above), p, 27, note 5, Profeesor A, I. Bostrik w wrongly gave t h e date of compoeition of t h e Debther rwa-mteho as 1833, This has probably been taken over from B. Baradi jn's Statuja Majtrei v Zolotom cbrame v Lavrane, i n Bibliotheca Buddhica, vol, 22 (Leningrad 1924). p. 05,

-

10, In 1936 Profecreor A, I, Voetrikov i n Tibetskaja istoriEeekaja l i t e r a t u r a , pp. 70 and 202, note 289, mentions t h e chronicle of t h e Derge family amonget other chronicles of feudal f amiliee quoted here and there i n varioue Tibetan sources, especially i n Deb-tber rma-mtsho mentioned already above. He c l a s ~ i f i e sS d e - d ~ e ' i rmal-raba amongst the p d w - r a b e group of Tibetan h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , However it would appear t h a t he had not Been a copy of t h e book himself, 11. In addition t o the copies of ~ d e - a e ' i rwal-rabe which I have alreaay l i e t e d i n Preface I must also mention another i n t h e l i b r a r y of Profeesor B, A. Stein i n Paris, abose existence rae kindly made known t o me by Professor Stein himself i n a l e t t e r written some years ago, 12, Such a division of Khama c o m t i t u t e d a source of standing

tension i n Sino-Tibetan relatione, and led continually t o hoetilitierr especially i n t h e 1860's ( t h e na-rong incident)

and then again a t the end of t h b

a'in& d y ~ u t y .]rollowing

~ u c c e e e f u lcamgaigne of General Chao b f e n g [24] in 190519U, which ended in a temporary etreqthening of the Chinor poeition In these remote reglone, Fu Bung-mu [25], once Chao's aaaistant and l a t e r hi6 mcceeoor am High Bordar Commiaeioner (plen w u t a cn'en [26]), momorialired the 'Phrone t o suggest t h a t a new prolrince be created, taking i: a l l t h e t e r r i t o r y of mame and called Hai-k'mg ( l i t e r a l l y 'weetern Kham'), with i t 8 adminietrative centre In ' ~ a * thang (Pa-t 'ang [27 ] or Pa-an [28 ] i n Chineee) For furtbb d e t a i l s sea J. K o l d , C h m ' ehih kao on Modem Hietom o Tibet (1903-1912). pp. 86-92. Thia proposal of Fu --mu vaa not put i n t o effect u n t i l 1939, and then the capital o the new province was eetabliehed i n ~'ang-tiw instead of '~a'-thang. In 1955, t h e province of H ~ i - k 'was ~ abdeha and i n t h a t part of it which lay west of Chin-sha Bivsr, a new administwtive unit w a s created, called the Ch'mqptu Region (Ch'ana-tu ti-ch'ii [29]). The r e s t of the former province w a s annexed t o neighbouring ~zu-ch'uan. In 1965, the ~h'ang-tu Region wae incorporated i n the t e r i t o r y of t h e n e w l y eetabliehed Tibet Autonomous Region of China, -

.

13. The t e r r i t o r y of t h e former native principality of b r g e (Te-ke t'u-szu [30]) was divided, i n 1910, i n t o the follow ing f i v e parte: 1. Te-hua [31] i n the centre (Derge proper 2. ~ a i - g i i [)2] (Dpal-yul) i n the aauth: 3. Tang-k'e b3 ] ( an-khog) in t h e northwest 1 4. Shih-chOs 04 ] ( ~ e - h e ) , a t i l l f u r t h e r north: and 5. ~ ' u n g - ~ * u[35] ( m u - p h u g ) I n the west. See J. KolmaEi, C h c i ehih ~ kao on Modern Hietom of Tibet (1903-1912). pp. 89-90. In 1914, Te-hua ( t i l l 191 a prefecture (chou [36 I), since then a d i s t r i c t (h8ien D7 w a s r e - n m d Te-ke [38]. In some older Chinese source8 hrl is dso sometimes called ~e-el.-ke-tee ['g], Keng-ch'ing [40j, or Lung-ch'ing [41]. In booke by European writere, it name oocura mostly in the following forme: Derge, Dergu6,

14, The four Unda of accompli~hments(t8ha.w~-pa'i ede b i i ) , a s enumerated i n ~de-dae'i rmal-rabe, f o l , 5b, are: 1, wealth, 2, w i l l power, 3, emancipation, and 4, religioua dootrim, While t h e t e n virtue6 ( d m bcu or dm-ba bcu) are as follows: 1, not t o take l i f e , 2, not t o take what i e not given, 3, t o o b e e m moral purity (theee three pertaining t o the body); 4, t o speak t h e t r u t h , 5, t o speak gently, 6, not t o break a promise, 7, not t o speak elander (four belonging t o the mouth); 8, not t o covet ~ t h e r s ' ~ r o ~ e r t y , 9, not t o think of doing injury t o others, 10. t o regard the pureet doctrine (three belonging t o t h e mind), Cf, S, C. Dae, A Tibetan-Emlieh Dicrtionars, p, 270a.

15. According t o tbe DBa~cchaqof Kanjur, f o l , 102a, t h e name Derge oame i n t o common uee only from t h e time of' the t h i r t i e t h generation of the Derge family onrarda (approximately i n the mid-f i f t e e n t h century), 16, The following outline of t h e history of the house of Derge, and t h e annexed Genealogical Table a r e based exclusively on t h e m t e r i a l contained in t h e sde-dge8i rmal-rabs. I should make it c l e a r , however, t h a t a t t h i a stage of work neither t r a n s l a t i o n of ~de-&e'i rwal-rabs nor its c r i t i c a l analysis, nor t h e evaluation of data it contains has been made an object of study, I n caaes where it w a e possible e i t h e r t o corroborate the d e t a i l s contained i n sde-dge'i r w a l rabe by t h e uee of other h i e t o r i c a l sources, t h i a additi o n a l information has been incorporated i n t h e form of f ootnotes.

-

17, Acaording t o Re A, Stein, L e s t r i b u s anciennea des marches sino-tibbtainea, p, 21, note 48, Rngu-chen-rgyal-mo is s a i d t o be the r i v e r ~ ' 0 ~ - h (7) o in the Sino-Tibetan marchee, which flows i n t o the Chin-ch'uan [43 1 River (Rgyal-mo-rong in Tibetan) north of Ta-chien-lu, 18, He is quoted i n Sde-dae'i rmal-raba, f 01. 3a, as saying

t h a t t h e progeny of Lha-sde dkar-po increased enormously

from ' ~ a rBong-btsan-wl-bzw (concaming hi. m e belor). In h i s time (7) already twenty-one group8 were knom. 19. According t o the Chronicle of tb Fifth Dalai Iirarr ( m e note 3 above), p. 163 (Cf'. G. Tucci, Tibetan Painted B c m U , p. 634). Stong-dge was the f l f t h i n &.cent from U q ~ - l d o ~ + stag-btean, the ~ h o l o g i c a founder l of the Rl-8 family. C f , ale0 R. A. Stein, Lee tribue anciennee Uem mrchee 6tibbtaines, p.21, note 49.

an^

shu [46] o r 'old ~ ' a n g~ i a t o r y ' (the Bm-pu pel-yao [47] edition, Shanghai 19311, vol. l % A , fol. 2b, and Hein T'anu shu [48] or 'NOW !!!'- ~ i a t o ~ ' ( t h8-e edition as above), vol. 2 1 6 ~ .f o l . 2b. For tranelation aee P. P e l l i o t , Hietoire ancienne du Tibet, pp. 4 and 84. For the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e name k-tung-tean v l t h the Tibetan 'GU Stong-btsan-yul-bmng, which ha. been already established, see Jen h i - c h 'iang, Te-ke t 'u-mu 8hih-D 'U, No, 13, p.16. Cf. also Be Laufer, B i r d divination emonp: the Tibetans, i n ~ ' o u n nPao, vol. 15 (1914), p.96.

20. See Chiu

21. Sea Chiu T ' shu, r o l . 19611, f o l . Ja, and Hsin ~'ann shu, vol. 216A, f o l . 3b. For t r a m l a t i o n eee P. P e l l i o t , Himtoire ancienne dn Tibet, pp. 7, 11, and 85. 22. See Sde-dae 'i raral-rabs, f 01. 3b. I n ~de-drre'i ~dumc-rab* Bsi mtshan-phre~, p, 1, Khri-bzang-dm-bu is said t o be the 8on of Lha-gcig-a&n-ldem-bu. He is f u r t h e r said t o have had two sons, m i - g 6 e r and ~-mye-byama-~a'id~al.miG e r again had a son, Khri-lcage. According t o t h i e eource, the eucceeeion i n t h e Derge family i n t h i s particular period was a s follows (chief representatives of generation8 underlined) :

I I

ha-gcig-sGan- ldem-bu

I

Dpal-mi-y on-t an Jen ~ai-chOiang,Te-ke t 'u-em shih-P'U, No. 13, p. 16, gives a quite different table:

Aa can be easily seen, both t a b l e s differ aonsiderably from our Genealogical Table given i n Appendix 1. The succession which is identical with t h a t dieplayed i n Appendix 1, is glven only by Wbl-wei, Te-ke t'u-szu shih-chum i-chi, pp, 34 and 41. It i a evident t h a t even the Tibetan authors themselves were not clear about the succession of the first descendants of 6tong-btsan-yul-bzung,

23, See Sde-dae'i rwal-rabs, f 01. Jb. 24. See Sde-dne'i

r r a l - r a b a , f 01. 4a.

25. In me-dne 'i a d - - r a b a - b i

mtshan-~hrenq, the genealogy of t h e Derge family starts with t b w h o l o g i c a l '~ar (ham-tsha-'brug. Wu-wei, Te-ke t 'u-azu shih-chum i-chi, p, 41, drew up h i s genealogical list i n the same way. In

Sen ~ a i - c h ' i a n g 8 s opinion, T c k e t 'u-IBZUe h i h - D ' ~ , Hoe 13, p.18, however, '~ar-chen A-we-dge-ba-dpal I 8 t o be taken a s the f i r s t generation. Thue, f o r example, he gives Baodnnms-rin-chen, whom I include i n t h e twenty-fifth generat i o n , a s a representative of t h e twenty-eeventh generation, I have not been able t o discover what principle Id An-che and B, A, Stein used i n establishing t h e i r s y s t e m of numb: ing t h e separate generations of the Ikrge family, Aceordlne t o Li An-che, f o r emuuple, t h e bod-nams-rin-chen mentioned above, should be counted ae the twenty-ninth generation (se h i s De~e:A Studs of Tibetan Population, p, 280). rrhereae Re A, Stein takes t h e same man as belonging t o t h e t h i r t i e t generation (see h i s Recherche8 Bur 1 * 6 ~ 0 ~ e6te l e bardo au Tibet, p.221). 26. See ~ d e - ~ e rmal-rabs, 'i f o l . 4b.

27. See ~de-dge'i rpyal-rabe, f 01. 4b. I have bean unable t o i d e n t i f y t h i s l o c a l i t y in Eastern Tibet, 28. See ~ d e - & e 8 i rwal-rabs, f f . 4b-5a. From t h e twenty-third genemtion onwards it became customary i n the Derge family f o r t h e f imt-born son t o enter a monastery, t h e other sonr being charged with tb taak of ensuring the s u m l v a l of tht family by begetting posterity, Whether t h i s cuetom already existed before the twenty-third generation, it i s impoeaibl t o say on t h e evidence at t h e Sde-dne'i r r a l - r a b e alone, since t h i s only gives one name f o r each o f . t h e e a r l i e r gent r a t i o n s , i.8, the representative through whom the l i n e passed,

29, See L i An-che, The S a b a Sect of Lamaism, ~ ~ 7 4 ,

30. See ~de-dg;e8irmal-rabs, f o l . 5a. 31. See Appendix 1, under twenty-third generation.

32. T h i s version seems a l s o t o be confirmed by a statement i n t h e Dhr-chaq of Ean jur, f 01. 101b, according t o which

ye-6ea-bseng-po is s a i d t o have had two eons of whom Beadname-An-chon 18 named erpliaitl;p. 8. 8 . Stein, Recherche8 sur l 8 b o v 6 e st l e barde au Tibet, pp. 220-221, had evidently followed t h e eecond version when he spoke about '~ar-chen Choa-ldings( s i c !)-pa a s t h e representative of the twentpninth generation and bod-nams-rin-chen aa t h e representative of t h e nert, i.e. t h e t h i r t i e t h generation. See also note 25 above.

33. See Ju, B. Rerich, Monaolo-tibetakie otno8eni;ia v XI11 i XIV m. (in t h e miecellaqy F i l o l o ~ i j ai i e t o r i d a mong;ol'-

agich narodov, Moalrva 1958, pp. 333-3461, p.341.

34. The term Szu-ma-er-kan

c h b m i n wan-hu-fu [58 ] used i n the can period t o denote an officer i n charge of Amdo region (in f a c t , Mdo-smad s t o n e d ~ o n ;see t e x t above) suggests t h a t t h i e poet was named a f t e r t h e monastery (Szu-ma-e= Ban = Sa-dmedgon).

-

35. See Sde-dge'i rwal-rabs,

f 01. 5b.

In the Dhr-chaq of Kan-

-

jur, f 01. 101b, a variant of t h i e o f f i c i a l t i t l e appears Sa-dmar etong-dvon o r 'Chiliarch of ~a-dmar'. This term is c l e a r l y i d e n t i c a l i n reference t o t h e term Mdo-amad stowdpon. See t e x t and note 34 above.

36. ~de-dge'i rpsal-rabs, f o l . 5b, gives t h e name of t h e chief representative of t h e twenty-seventh generat ion i n t h e farm BgVal-bzang-po. a here evidently an abbreviation of a bi-syllabic word ( t h e second eyllable of the word being l e f t out of t h e verse on metrical grcrunds), is supplemented i n Sde-Ue'i n d u n n r a b e - b i mtshan-~hrenq, p. 3, and i n the Dhr-chaq of Kanjur, f o l . 101b, with a s y l l a b l e 'be (Rgyal-ba-bzang-po). On the other hand, both Wu-wei, Te-ke t'u-szu shih-chuan i-chi, p. 35, and Jen ~ a i - c h ' i a n g Te-ke t'u-am shih-D'U, No. 13, p. 22, reconstruct t h i s name i n t h e form of Rgyal-mtehan-bzang-po.

,

37. See S d e - a e ' i rmal-rabs, f 01. 6a.

38. According t o Dkar-chaq of KanJur, f 01. 102a, Blo-gro* stobe-ldan was the second of bod-namm-b~ang-~o' 8 four children. 6de-ae'i m a l - r a b a , fol. 7a. give. a b o t h e name ~ l r r a - 6 i s - e e n ~ - ~under e which he 18 a100 known. Bot h a r i n Tibetan is eridently a word of foreign origin, derived parhap. f r o m the old-Mongolian ba'atur (baatar i n Khalkha Mongolian), meaning 'bra-; a hero'.

39. See Me-dae 'i r r a l - r a b s , f o l . 6b. A .lightly d i l f erent version of the same s t o r y is given by Id An-che, h ~ e : A Study of Tibetan P o ~ u l a t i o n ,p. 281. C f . also R. A. Stein, Recherches nu. l ' b o ~ ~e te l e b a r b an Tibat, p. 221, 40. According t o G. I)ucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls, pp. 163 and 550, Thang-eton(sic l )-rgyal-po, the famoue 'builder of iron bridges ' (lcans cam-pa) lived between 1385 and 1464.

,

-

41. See ~ d e - h e ' i rroal-rabe, f f . lob l l a , which a100 lndi. cates, how t h e t e m i t o r i e s I n question were acquired, Cf also Wu-wei, Te-ke t 'u-em shih-chum i-chi, p. 36, Jan ~ a i - c h 4 i a n g ,Te-ke t 'u-sm shih-P'U, No. 14 pp. 26-28, and R. A. Stein, Reoherche~sur l W 6 ~ o de et 10barde au Tibet 9 PPO 222-2240 42. See Sde-dne'i -a-rabs, f o l . 15a. For the succeesion o. t h e Derge abbots given passim throughout t h e &ole Sd* dneei r w a l - r a b s and summarily on f 01. 4 9 , eea Appendix 2 below. Accordi~lgt o R. A. Stein, Recherche. sur 1 ' 6 ~ 0 ~ e t l e barde au Tibet, p. 222, Bym-pa-phun-tshage i a s a t o have died i n the me-lw (fire-sheep) year of the ZIth cycle, i.e. i n 1667. However, this author takes bam6-pac phun-tshoga a s a representative of the forty-second gene ration.

43. Karma of t h e thirty-seventh generation and hie offepr* represent a c o l l a t e r a l branch of t h e h r g e family. Sde-

.

-

&e'i raral-rabs discusses it more f u l l y (on f f 15a 20a) than with other mch branches, doubtlees becauae of i t s t w o outstanding membera, vlz. Che-mchog of the thirty-eighth generat ion ( w h ~became the eecond abbot in Lhun-grub-stengb and h i s llephew ~~ag-dban~-blcra-&ie, eon of Che-mchog's younger brother G.yu-rgyal. ~ga~-dbang-bkra-&is was a lama noted throughout Khams f o r h i s learning and virtue.

a.Acoording

t o L. Petech, China and Tibet i n t h e early 18th centups, p. 17, this event took place i n 1714. Since a t t h a t ti- Derge had not yet established any o f f i c i a l cont a c t s with t h e Manchu Court, Iba-bzang Khan's a l l y , no r e p r i a a l e were t o be feared from t h e Chinese central a u t h m i t i e s f o r this a c t of Bod-nams-phun-tshogs,

45. See Sde-dne'i r w a l ~ r a b a ,f o l . 22a. According t o S. C. Dae, A Tibetan-Emlish Dictionary, p. 915a, d b n ~ zla o r d b n rg 1pu zla-ba is t h e ninth month of t h e Tibetan calendar eormtimes a l s o called thar-skad (sic! Cf. S. C. Das, loc.

c i t e ; perhaps a mispring f o r tha-skar?) zla-ba. See also H. A. ~ & c h k e , A T i b e t a n - w l i a h Dictionary, pp. l l l b and 49la. According t o C. Vogel, On Tibetan Chronoloag, p. 230, t h e month tha-skar corresponds w i t h 16 October 15 l'?wenber i n t h e Western calendar. The kina-rta year of the Tibet a n sexagenary cycle (see Appendix 3) may correspond in Weschronology with t h e years 16%, 1714, 1774, etc. Since Byams-pa-phun-tshogs, t h e grand-uncle of Bsod-namaphun-tshogs, was a contemporary of ~ u i r Khan i (died 1653), and he himself was a contemporary of Lha-bzang Khan (reigned 1697-1717), and had offered an asylum t o the inf a n t Dalai Lama (born 1708). then it i s c l e a r l y impossible f o r him (i.e. bod-nams-phun-tshogs) t o have died i n 16% or e a r l i e r . A s f o r t h e l a t e r date, 1774, proposed by Wu-wei ( ~ e - k et 'u-szu shih-chuan i-chi, pp. 37 and 43 : he gives the h i n ~ - r t ayear a s equivalent t o the thirty-ninth year of ~h'ien-lung [60], i.e. 1774. It was Jen ~ a i - c h ' i a n g , Te-ke t'u-szu s h i h - ~ ' u , No. 15, p. 21, who f i r s t pointed out b t

-

by convereion of t h e dates In Sde-dRe i w a l - r a b s i n t o

t r a d l t ional Chinoee chronolow, h - r e 1 had miscalculated one f u l l a m - y e a r cycle.) it met be borne in mind that t h e Manchu Emperor Yung-cheng [61] (1723-1735) u a n f e m d an o f f i c i a l t i t l e upon Bettan-pa-tehe-ring, the second son of Bod-name-phun-tehoge ' younger brother, in 1728 and 1731 respeotively (see below), and acuording t o Sde-dgeOi rabe, f o l . 31b, Betan-pa-tehe-ring died a t the age of sixty-one i n t h e ea-rta (earth-horse) year which, i n view of t h e f a c t t h a t he waa given office in 1728 and 1733, car only be taken ae 1738 (see below). If the date of bodnams-phun-tshogs' death is taken as 1774, t h i s would thus imply t h a t he survived by thirby-six years a eon of h i s younger brother, who ie h o r n t o have died a t the age of sixty-one, which i s c l e a r l y unreasonable.

-

f o l . 3lb. we-dne'i ~d--rabs46. See ~ d e - & e 8 ir-1-rabs, b i mtehan-phrenq, p. 5, etatee explicitly: re R C ~ Rea rt l o r niens -- 'he died, when sixty-one, In the earth-horse year8. The sa-rta year of t h e XIIth cycle correeponde rit t h e year 1738 (see Appendix 3 ) . Sen ~ a l - c h ' i a . , Te-ke t ,, szu shih-p'u, No. 14, p. 23, and Li An-che, Dem: A Study p i Tibetan Powlation, p. 281, both wrongly give t h e year as 1739.

43. Short biogmphy of man-pa-tshe-ring Dlnnr-chaq of Kanjur, ff. 103a

- 106a.

i e also given in

48. See sd&dge8i r p a l - r a b e ,

f o l . 26b. The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of these l o c a l i t i e s p i t h t h e i r modern names w a 8 done by Sen ~ai-ch'iang, Te-ke t 'u-ezu ehIh-~)'u, NO. 14, pp. 28-29.

49. See Sde-dgeOi rmal-rabe, f o l . 26b.

50. See L. Petech, China and Tibet in t h e e a r l s 18th centum, pp. 89-90. On huei-t 'unq and t 'i-tu 609 W. F. Mayela, Chinese Government, No. 182, xiv (p , 21) 51. See Ch'ina-ehih-ho

, No.

440 (p

.

60)

[69], vole 518, f o l . l5b. According t

W, F, Mayera, The Chinese C)om-ent, Nos, 331 and 334 (p. 42). ~ p - m r - ~ h i h[70] l - ~ rae ~ ~ t h e lowest of t h e f i n mnka conferred upon native chieftaine by t h e c e n t r a l go-

vernment. among t h e the t i t l e 1733 ( t h e paan-ma-ei

Ha%m-wei r-&Ihl-Bm 1711 held the second place mame ranks. In ~ d e - a e ' i r a a l - r a b e , f 01. 27a, hoiian-rei-ezu, vested in Betan-pa-t~he-ring i n eleventh year of Yung-cheng), i e transcribed as

,

52. See Sde-dae'i

rmal-rabs,

f o l . 27a. "

53, See, among others, Hu Chi-lu, ~ s i - k ' m c h i a w n su-ku-lu [74], p. 30, Li 1-3011, ~si-k'ana t m - l a n [751, P. 132. Cf, a l e o E, Teidumn, Travels of a Consular Officer i n Baatern Tibet, p, 25,

9,See Dkar-chasr; of Kanjur, f o l , 106b. 55.

I. V o s t r i - a kov, Tibetslcaja istorfEeskaja l i t e r a t u r a , p, 127, and p. 317, notes 610 and 611-613. See Dkar-chaq of Kanjur, f o l . 112a, C f , a l s o A.

56, See A. I. Vostrikov, Tibetskaja ietoriEeskaja l i t e m t u a , pp, 18rC-185, note 186, Cf. a l s o U An-che, The Salqya Sect of miem, ppe 74-76.

57. Sdb&e *irpsal-rabs

, f 01. 32b,

describes how Bstan-patshe-ring's f i r s t son, Bod-nams-mgon-po, married t h e s i s t e r at t h e Seventh Dalai Lama Skal-bzang-rgya-mteho. Thie lady gave b i r t h t o h i s eon, Chos-seong-mgon-pa, and several daughters, In t h e c h u - m i (water-dog) year, i,e. 1742, he i s s a i d t o have v i s i t e d Central Tibet, where, among other things, he called on h i s brother-in-law, the Dalai Lama, and t h e Sa-sea-pa monasterg, There is no indication t h a t Bsod-name-mgon-po ever exercised any secular o r s p i r i t u a l power i n Derge, and since both he and his son died young, t h i s branch of t h e Derge house came t o an end,

. See S d b d ~ e-' irwal-rabe,

f o l . 33b. ~ i i - t a O ~ O ~ - D Oo r 'me Great ~a-zing' (ibid.) i e a o o m p t r e n d a r m of th, Chinsee expree~ionTa Ch'ing [76] o r he m a t ~ h ' i ~ 8

(m=m) '.

59. See ~de-&e'i raval-rabe, f f . 33a and *a.

61. h e Sde-ae'i

rwal-rabe, f o l . 37b.

62. Informat ion c oncerming Dbyangs-can-egrol-ma, h o m a b o under the name B je-bt mn-ngag-dbang-b~tan-Pa 'i-~gron-me (aee Sde-&e8i r-1-rabe, f 01. 37b), i a scattered t h r Me-dae'i mwal-rabsl e.g. fol. 32a (her laligioue traini n g ) , ff, 37a-38a (her appointment a~ abbeus of Ihun-grub s t e w and her death in 1786). etc, The date of her death i e again etated on fol. 39b, however, there i s an evident misprint i n the text: instead of the comect me-rta, the wrong ma-rta is given. Sa-~a, the fourth month of t h e T i betan calendar, corresponde with 16 May 15 June in the Weetern calendar, See C, Vogel, On Tibetan Chronolow, p, 230.

-

-

63. See Sde-dRe 'i rwal-raba, f o l . 38a. I have not been able t o discover any other reference t o a month cho-'vhxul ( l i t e r a l l y 'magical, miraculous ') i n ~ i b e t s p .presumably the word mat be ueed a s a synonym f o r one of the other The date of Kunmonths, but which one i a uncertain, 'gmb-bde-dga '-b~ang-~o '8 conception as w e l l a s the typm story of a dream which h i s mother, ma-iicdbang-mo, h.d a t t h a t moment, is wrongly put i n the ea-pha& (earth-hog) year, which would comepond w i t h 1779. The correct date is the me-phaq (fire-hog) year of the 1111th c y c h colc responding with 1767.

--

64. See Sde-be 'i rwal-raba,

fol. 39b.

-

65. See ~ d e - a e'i m a l - r a b e , f 01, 41b. Dbo, the second month

-

of t h e Tibetan calendar, corresponds with 16 March 15 A p r i l i n the Weatern aalendar. See C. Vogel, On Tibetan Cbonolow, p. 230.

67. See L i An-che, De~e:A Studs of Tibetan Population, p. 282 e t eeq. Cf. a l s o Cheim-shih-kao, vol. 518, f'f. 15b 16a, and Li I-jen, ~ 8 i - k ' m tsuna-lan, p. 132.

-

68. See Sde-dae8i rmal-rabs, f o l . 43b. 69. Although not s t a t e d e x p l i c i t l y i n 8de-&e8i rmal-mba (of'. f01. 43b), t h e emperor had most probably conferred upon him t h e hereditary rank of h6an-wei-am (see above). Cf. a l s o me-dae'i adunnrabe-lwi mtehan-~hrenq, p. 8. It is interesting t o note here how seldom the author mentione tihie rank. Evidmtly, since it w a e imposed on t h e members of t h e Derge family by t h e Chinese @perore, t h i s rank w a s not coneidered somthlng of which t o be proud. 70. me f i d ment ion aP she-dbang-do-r je-rig-' dein's children i e made i n Sde-&e8i rmal-raba on f o l . Ma. More det a i l is given on f'f. 48b 49b.

-

71. A detailed account of ~ehe-dbang-rdo-r je-rig-'dsin'e

becoming a monk is given i n Sde-d~e'i rwal-rabs, ff. 46a 48b. On the tha-ekar month see note 45 above.

72. See colophon of

~de-he 'i rmal-rabe,

ff

-

. 55b - 56a.

73. See me-&eri rwal-rabs, f 01. 42b.

74. SQWAppendix 2.

75. m e anceetore of t h i s family of hereditary stewards, Tshe'

'

teha-bo- ug s two sons, Karma-ekyabs and 0-lu-sung, came t o Derge i n the time of the fi r e t abbot of &UP-grub-steng, ~ u n - d ~ a ' - ~ h u n - t s h o ~ofs , t h e thirty-eighth generat ion. It rcu he rho changed t h e i r name8 t o gun-dga8 a f t e r h i s o m

-..

-

One at the brothera, ~un-dga8-don-gob, became late:

on the f i r e t in the s u c e o ~ i o nof the em-callad per-pa. Bee ale0 R o A o Btein, B.oharohee .pr l ' b o ~ 6 eat le b & au Tibet, pp. 215-216.

P A R T

I1

SYSTEM

OF TRATJSLI!TEBblPIOA

The eystem of transliteration employed ie as f o l l m ~ : kha cha tha

tsa

dsa

;a

The above system ia employed for the romanization of all Tibetan words and all tibetanieed Sanshit worda in the text.

-

1. The letter 'a, whether it ocaur8 as a prefix or a postfix is alwaya transliterated by mean8 of an apostrophe ['I: otherwise it is written with the appropriate vowel. 2. When the letter

4 ie

eubjoined to a syllable to mark the length of a vowel (in worde of Sanskrit origin), it is transliterated by means of a dash [ '] put over the

respective vowel.

3. Words i n which t h e prefix R- is combined with a ayllable beginning with t h e i n i t i a l g , are t r a n s l i t e r a t e d with a dot written a f t e r the prefix g=: (8.g. on on, etc.). 4. The lon-yiq or

reversed l e t t e r s ' representing the Sanskrit cerebrala are marked with a dot underneath t h e respective letter.

5. The S a n e h i t v i s a r ~ ais reproduced by means of a symbol

. , and the

similarly, t h e a n u s 6 r a by means of an am a n u n ~ i k aby means of an ;o o

6.

.

h

-

:

0

In transcribing punctuation m a r k s , t h e f ollosing rules were observed:. i.

*she< o r 'syllabic dot' is expressed by a space betmen syllables )

ii.

& or

'perpendicular stroke' is expressed by / , and &a 6ad or 'double perpendicular stroke' by //

iii. On technical grounda I have been obligea t o omit some

of the more complicated punatuation marks, such as or 'head', tshea-had o r 'dotted &', sbml-;ad or sad in the shape of a snake', ~ D U I L &ad R o r 'heaped , etc.

-

8 8

I have not tranecribed e i t h e r t h e basic numeral6 ( i n words) given on t h e left-hand m r g i n of every recto side of a leaf, o r t h e bibliographical categorg rmal-rabs ( of

t h e kings') written on the left-hand margin of each verso side. Pages, both r e c t o and verso, are represented i n the t e x t by means of f o l . l a , l b , etc., respectively.

// DPAL SA SKYOaG SDE DGE CHOS KYI RGYAL PO RIM BYOH GYI BNAM THAR DGE LEGS NOR BU'I

'PHEL ~ Z S BYA BA ~ h G 6SO //

la

[fol, l a ]

PEHZNG B ~ I'DOD DGU IUB

//

[Text under t h e picture on the l e f t eide]

/ rgyal ba &* -a

thub pa l a na mo /

[Text under the picture on the right s i d e ]

/ bcom ldan 'dm ma ku ru kulle l a na mo /

/ / / / / 2a

om m a sti s i ddham / r b a l kun mkbyen b k e e ' i rang gzuge 'jam p'i db-s dur emrig b l a go8 'chang ba gangs ljonge k y i / thub betan h n mor byed dang ahye dguci ekyabe / legs 'byon gnas gear 'jam mgon epyi boa mchod /

[fol, 2a]

[Text under the picture on the l e f t eide]

/ sa ewong ede dge b l a ma warns pa phun tehogs l a na mo /

/

[Text under the picture on t h e r i g h t s i d e ]

/ sa abyong ede dge bla ma khri chen Bangs rgyaa betan pa l a na mo /

// r i g s gaum sprul pa'i r o l gar ea s e a pa / / thee gsun smra ba'i dbang phyug t h a r r t s e r j e / / sdom gsum ldan p a * i gtaug rgyan akyabs kun 'due / / yar klungs rdo r j e 'chang l a ding nag 'dud // 2b

[fol. 2b] [2] s a sawn skye dgu'i b l a m a 6 - a ' i tog / bka' badu 'grel biad mdsad po byang sems dang / / pan grub l o ohos rgyal mes dbon soga / / bsian 'gro'i dge legs 'byung gnas rnams l a 'dud /

tsa

[3] / dpal ldan brtan g.yo kun khyab kye rdo r j e / / dua Q i 'khor l o bde mchog dpal gsang 'dua / / yang phur badsra bhe r a tshe dpag med / / rgyud sde b i i y i dkyil 'khor lha l a 'dud / [4] / &an pas d i n g g i mun s e l rdo r j e gur / / r a l gcig 'dod kham dbang phyug dpal mgon ;a1 /' / pu t r a dmag z o r nor slryon~ chos rgyal dang / / beg gdod lcam &a1 dam can rgya mtshor 'dud /

[5] / arid gsum dbang sdud r i g s byed tshogs lqyi bdag / 'dod rgyal rnam mang tho8 sras dsambha lha / / nor rggun nor l h a rgya mtsho'i tshogs soga l a / / g u ~pas 'dud do bis p a ' i dpal s t s o l c i g [6] / gtsang m a 'chi med r i g s l a a eon pa'i b r w d / / d r i med chos ldan sdom brtson grub ~ a ' ibrgyud / / phul Isyun@; dge etobs ldan pa s a skyong brgyud / / 'phags chos sum ldan r i m byon lan brgyar bsngags /

[7] /

rang 'dod ken bra1 stoba 6ugs b t s m po dang / / m a nor lung mthun chos spyod 'dsin s p e l gyis / / bod chen bder bkod rgyal bstan dar brtan s p e l /

- 80 -

/ rang r i g s gong ma'i maam thar barn b i n bad / [8] / de dag r i m par byon pa'i l o r g p a tshoga / / ena tehoge mchie la6 dpyad g m Bag pa y i / / ego nae a 6 h g por d r i l ba tshad maOigtam / / dge legs nor phreng 'dod dgu rab 'phel spro /

,a

[g] / bod chen ljonge 4i 'gro ba 'di dag kun / / ega 'bru sbra gdong b i i 1a.s chad mod b a n g / / de dag kun gyi [fol. 3a] / Sang por 'oe pa y i / / t s h e r i n g gnam gyi mthong naa 'od gsal Iha / / beam b i b m i y i r j e bor phebe pa y i / / ;ang po l h a ede dkar po ego r i g s l a e / / chad de etod emad pbyoge m yod nang naa / / rngu chen rgyal mo taho chen bco brgyad lae / / i e s sogs mdor bstan brjod pa ye bzang pa / / man chad rim amroe 'bum dang bka' betan gyi / / dkar chag rnams au geung Bing i e drung pas / / l h a babs n a s brggud stong btsan p l bzung nas / / da l t a ' i bar du r i m par b a n g s pa dang / / de las rngu tsho Ger gcig w i e t e h u l bhad / / #tsho byed mkhae dbang gu ru 8phel lags Q i e / 1 / rue chen sbra l a e 'phen po rlang byung iing / / stong dge i e s nas brggud pa yin par bied / / de ltar gdung rms ngos 'dein pang luge dang / / sku phreng mtshan g s a l yod med sna tshogs iig / mchie Qang 'dir ni dpal ldan ea ngor gyi / / ecan brgyud mnga8 bdag bstan erung bran 'khol ba'i / / grub dbmg sang8 rgyas rgya mtaho8i ;a1 enga nae / / stong btsan l h a r i g s ago y i gdung r i g a la8 / / gsung dang de mthun r j e s 'brangs 'chad pa l a / / bod ljonge 'gro 'di chags nas r i n g i i g naa / / #chi med lam nas 'od geal l h a y i bu / / 6ar phyogs biag r a l h a r t e e c i r t s e mor babe / / de dus m i mama kyis n i nam mkha' l a e / / babs de'i rgyu mtshan byas t e de ;id l a / / mtehan *gar gnam teha 'brug ces bya bar grags /

3b

4a

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

de y i khyad choe dang po l h a babe b e / 'bod pa'i &an t s h i g s legs b r i s pa rnama n i / t h a r pa cha mthun [fol. Jb] 'brae bu l a s slqyes pa / eems rg;yud k i king dul l a gteang ebra dang / ldan pas 'gro rmongs &an l a s khyad du / bengage s o e&m na de y i r i g s son kun / byinge dang m i 'dra ba iig dgos p a r mngon / 'chi med gion nu de y i brgyud pa 'gar ./ b l a mchan chen po de e r a s ' g a r stong mee / k h r i chags de a r a s phyag na pad dkar 'chang / m i r j e ' i t s h u l bstan erong btsan sgam po'i due / blon p o 8 i mchog g i ya gyal gsang bdag g i / rnam eprul stong btsan y u l bzung Bes grags pa / 'di dang 'jam dbyangs s p r u l pa thu m i y i s / rgya b a l yul nas a-re ma / rnam Gie spyan drangs t s h u l dang chaba gcig tu / aton p a ' i kal skyin jo 6Zk y i d bdin nor / bho t a ' i bsod nams w o n du spyan drangs t s h e / choe blon etong btsan yul bzung 'di ;id Qis / r i g pa'i 'phrul g y i s ya mtshan mdaad p a ' i t s h u l / 'gran bra1 bsam gyis m i khyab s t o n pa y i / &an pa'i grags pas l h a m i kun l a khyab / i i b par rgyal rabs geal me aoge l a a g s a l / de y i s r a s po yon t a n rgyal bzung nae / l h a gcig s5an ldem bu dang khri bzang durn bu / 'di l a e r a s $is 'khrungs pa'i gcig 60s n i / k h r i ~ e k hrr i lcags nas 'phel dbua phyogs Qi / t s h a l pa k h r i dpon b m ba y i n Bee grags / gcig 60s 'gar chen a mye dge ba dpal / de e r a s l h a r j e byams p a ' i dpal i e s pa / sangs rgyaa 6 1 s pa padma 'byung gnas lqyi / thugs s r a s r t a mchog r o l pa'i bka' babe pa / rgyal ba mchog dbyangs r t o g s pa mchog ldan pa / g.yu sgra s6ing po bod [fol. 4 a ] // ;pul rab byung rtse /

ta

/ 'khon s t o n klu dbang arung kes rnam gsum gyi / / slob ma'i mchog gyur zab geang theg pa'i r t s e /

4b

/ & o g ~ pa chen po'i bstan pa'i mnga' bde,g (gur / / sku tehe emad l a lrhnmn kyi ldan brag r a / / gling chen iee par pheba nas tagrub pa &ad / / rgyal ba byame pa mgon pos ;a1 bstan nas / / byama choe ede lnga dngoe su e t e a l ba aanP / / de bkin dpal chen r t a mgrin a 1; ya'i / / kal gzigs r t a mchog s g r ~ brten d r i l bu eer / / r t a ekad sgroge pa 'khrol ba t o m gyl mod / / y i dam k i khro dngos 8u 'byon pa dang / / rdo r j e phur ba'i egrmb r t e n d r i l bu nag / h a sgra egroge pa 'khrol bas dgra bgegu rnema / / t s h a r gcod nus ldan dam can epyi b y a d par / / r i g s Qi erung m a bee khrab bran bkin 'khol / / engags 'chaw he ru ka de lchamn phyogs 4i / / yul skad a we byams pa dpal kee grage / / 'chi med grub pas dgung l o brgya brgyad cu / / r t s a b k i ' i dua ,su d r i l eer r t a ekad can / / bsnams nas 8ku lue ma epangs mkha' epyod &iege / / de s r a s dpal gyi yon tan de y i erae / 2 / dpal gyi phur bu de era8 dpal 'byung gnae / / de aras dpal ggi 608 rab de y l eras / / dpal gyi bkra 618 kes grage de dag Qang / / m i tri 6 s ;id dang dbyer med pa'i / / grub b s e s ha s t a g byung king manggaai mtehan / / d r i l bu h b sgra can bennmn sku dngoe su / / wang phyoga lcang l o can du giegs par grags / / de ;id Qi s r a s dpal gyi bla ma dang / / de s r a s b h a ;is b l a m a de y i eras / / yon t a n bla ma kes dang de y i B r a 8 / / 6es rab b l a ma i e s dang de y i era6 / 3 4 [f01. 4b] byang chub b l a m a de srae grage -a1 ba / / de s r a s dkon mchog rgyal mtshan de yi cram / 5 6 / dge 'dun rgyal mtehan de eras byam8 rg~an pa / / de sraa ye rgyal do eras grub pa'i r t e e / / dpal gyi byam pa phyi mar &rage de yang / / mchog g i grub thob dgung l o brgya b r g ~ a dcu / / bkea due lcun gyis mthun enang grub pa ru /

/ sku l u s ma spang8 bya rgod t h u l pa kig / mnabs t e dga' ldan bypa'i drung du giegs /

5a

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

mai tri'i mtshan can phyi ma de y i sraa / 7 ' 8 9 10 dpal bum de era8 dpal grage de y i s r a s / dpal gyi rdo r j e i e s su graga pa b m / de l a s c h d de epo bo phu lung g i / sde pa ka pa bee pa yod par bhad / dpal gyi rdo r j e de s r a s 'gar dpal gyi, / bsod nams de Brae dpal gyi r t a e mo'o / de nas m e mdor iea pa bdugs &is chags / r t s e mo'i mtha' can de l a aras gsum gyi / grub pa'i dbang p h p g &on nu rdo r j e $es / 'gar chen chos sdings par grags de ;id n i / slob dpon a-de wa'i sprul par mags / 'jam p a ' i dbyange dngos s a ekya pandi t a / ' b r i gung ' j i g r t e n mgon po grags dang / 8gom ston gtsug t o r 'bum sogs b l a mar bsten / gsang angags ganmR pa mang nos grub pa b 6 e s / a m i de wa dE ki kalbha dra / badsra bhe a: badsra k1 1; ya / badsra p; n i ' i ;a1 gzigs choe rgyal dang / phur e m g o l a sogs dam can h e l a 'khol / tsii ri t r a dang dwags po 'gar phug soge / byon nas angage kyi b r h l iugs spyod pa swong / lha 'dre mthu chen dbang badus bran du byaa / spo bo soge BU s u e bo'i tshogs mang por / rdsu 'phrul thabe 4 i e [fol. 5a] // dge ba'i s a bon btab / phrin laa kin t u rgyas i i n g s a ekya pa / sogs l a 'bul s e e 1 rgya cher mdsad ces thos / de'l gcung 'gar chen ye 68s bzang po dang / sgom eton gtsug t o r 'bum kes bya ba cis / s6ing stobe mthu r t s a l mad du byung baOo/ gtsug t o r 'bum s r a s d a r ma yon t a n Bee / skyes chen grub dbang iig byon de y i gcung / ston sgom dpal gpi r w a l mtshan lugs zung mkhae / de l a eras gsum byon pa'i o rgyan par /

5b

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birwa pa y i s kal betan kal gdam~~ eteal / b s rtogs dbang phyug chen po kig b p n g thoe / d e O igcung dge along beod nam r i n chen dang / rngu pa egu ru yin par b6ad pa dang / chen ye i e e bzang po der / yang n i arae cis byung ba dge along rdo r3e ' b i n / sgom s t o n beod ~lftmerin chen dpal beang po / rngu pa egu rm mched Gis yin par geunge / sgom s t o n dam pa beod name r i n chen n i / gteug l a g zung g i g h n g l a mkhyen rab rggae / ya rabs epyod t a h u l mdsange p a 8 i yon t a n ldan / gang dee bod & * a thub pa che / k h w gsum chon k y i rgyal po s a skya pa / ' p o mgon chos rgyal p a O i iabe pad du / bcar tshe 'phage mchog choa k y i rgyal po y i e / i a l nas sde b i i dge b c u O iyon t a n gyie / p m pa'i ekyee bu phebs i e e bka' s t e a l pa8 / sde dge i e s pa'i mtahan b a n g de nas thoge / l a s tshan bcu gsum thog m a r gaol dpon gyi / khur blangs tabs pad yun bsten mchog de #i/ chos kyi e r a s gyur 'phage pa dbang phyogs Qi / rgyal po ee chen gan g y i mchod [fol. Sb] gnae eu / phebs nas bod khame ma lue dbang mdsad ekabe / ' j a ' s a 6 e l tham l e t s h e dgu ba dang / nor bu gsum pa sogs b s t s a l nae / rtag mdo smad stong dpon r e a l por dbang be& r o / de nas s a dmar dgon du dge #dun ade / s t o w phrag tsam aQong bstan pa'i g i i chen bteugs / 11 b i i i e e pa ni / mtshan d e ' i r t e n ' b ~ u n g nor dang 'dod pa t h a r pa choa t e bki / s r i d 6 i 0 i dpal 'byor kun gyi rgyu 'bras tshang / & i e e ekye nae e u e ba'i phreng ba ru / bde ba kho na thob pa'i rgyuOam lam / de'ang chos kyi legs tshogs gtsor ston t a h i g bdag bstan pa phyi dar e b b 8 lqyi gangs ri mchog dee / rab byung #bum ede'i gtsug rgyan rab byung rten can beod nama r l n chen l a /

wi

/ '-0 bar nge8 i e e lung gie w e d m rteal / / de l t a r thuge bcapge rim phebs lcaga rar elebe /

6b

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/ / / / / / / / / / / /

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de tehe chen po bdag drung b e bya bae / pl de 'dein ekabe dang 'phrad de 'i blon tshul / gnang due yul eder dge mtshan c l yang gaal / de 'draa rgyu mtshan byae t e thaple cad Qis / ede dge b e byaOimi du rab begrags t e / 3 lung don chea gaal gyur / Ophagschen bla m a ' i de l a eras b i i byon pa'i mchog gyur [fol. 6b] pa / blo gros Btobe ldan bo t h a r tea pa byon / de la s r a e mo mdeea ldan kig byung ba / gling dpon de yie kal ngo'i a r i d 'dain bias / de y i mo r i n ea king Gin rmoe i i g de'i 'khrie grong khyer durn bcas ebyin khas blangs / de tehe rnam dpyod r t a a l rdaoge bo t h a r ggie / Gin n o s lhag min l t a bar dpon drung g i / m i drag cig khrid mbo 6 i s moe dor bcas / nam langs 'khof l o mdo nae rmoe btaug ded / dgonga mo lcags r a &an mdaOi rten rdor slebs / kha ohad j i bkin b s k s pas b&ad med etek / de ltar blo gros goms pa'i stabs cig &is/ 14 s a khyon de'khonge yul grur rang dbang thob / de nas #&or 'bangs mtha' dag chos mthun gyie / bawangs pas kun gyia gtsug g i nor bur bkur / bo t h a r bu mos 'tehengs h a grage pa de / lcam mo phyi l a btang bas 'tshenge pa yin / dharma badsraa lung betan de j i b i i n / mngon ggur dngul mda' i e s pa yul gyi ~nchog nang g i phyogs mtshams b b a h e rtags brggad b b a / 6ar phyea lho spungs nub 'den byang ewob pa / sa r d o chu bing #brag soge dge bcu8i dpal / g.yas ri g.yu 'bmg nam m a r P' -O 'dra'i gdong / a r i d na z l a bra1 &an wags sgra che iing / lugs zung p h r i n las rdo r je 'i me char ggie / phas rgol dgra ede t h a l bar &om pa'i *age / g.yon ri glang chen nor bus legs brgyan gdong / s r i d ii'i phun tshogs bstan 'gro'i dpal s t e r ~ t c r g s/

7a

7b

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nub phyoge egrom bu sengge begyings ba'i gdong / lugs a s khrima 4i [fol. 7a] // nga ro mthon po yie / s d i g spyod wa skyes klad pa 'gems p a ' i r t a g s / lho phyogs mdses byed rma bya r a ba'i gdong / thabs ldan s r i d skyong chos bstan rgyas p a ' i rtags / g.yas g.yon chu 6 i a mdun du 'dus pa n i / khams geum dbang edud chos rgyal 'byung ba'i r t a g s / de ru m i bdag bo t h a r bkugs gtan 'jags / de nae mchog t u dge ba'i b l o gros r t s a l / rgyas t e grub pa yongs kyi 'khor 10s sgyur / 'chi med grub pa thang stong rgyal po de / r t a a gsum epyi gzugs padma sam bha wae / bod dang bod chen 'gro ba'i dkn mdsad par / b s h l dang ego 'grigs @as der spyan drangs phebs / snod bcud p m a g.yang phun tshogs rgyas p a ' i phyir / e r i b s ri 'i 'khris na nor bdag klu y i dbang / r t e n bcas de b t u l mthun rkyen bsgrub par bsgos / des Qang dam bcas grub dbang b l a go8 Qis / mtsho baube steng du gtsug l a g khang chen b r t s i g s / dge 'dun b s t i gnas brgya dang r t s a brgyad biengs / gtsug l a g de r u chos akyong bsam 'phel nor / ;ing swong t e a tur mu kha'i l j a g s bsgen gnang / de l t a r o rgyan &is pa grub thob Qis / padma'i lung b i i n gnas g i i dam pa ' d i r / rwal s a chos sde r g y a l po sdom brtson g y i s / r i m p a r slqyong na thog mtha' bar dge iing / a r i d ii'i l e g s tshogs lhun &ub s a steng ' d i r / bstan 'gro'i phan bde 'byung bar ngea gzigs nas / bo thar mtshan l a blma ;is sen8 ger goo1 / dgon pa'i ming l a lhun grub steng kes bsngags / dge l e g s rab lphel bstan g6i dang po tshugs / de yang sde dger chos tehugs dge ba y i / [fol. 7b] gban t s h i g s mngon sum grub pa g6is pa y i n / / bo t h a r s r a s g a s byung ba'i che ba n i / / b l a m a dpal ldan seng ge i e s s u mags / / gang des rgyal bas lung bstan ngor chen gyi / / gdan sa brgyad pa mkhan chen rgyal ba mchog

8a

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l h a mchog eeng ge l a sogs dam pa beten / mdo sngags ghmg l a tho8 baam mthar phyin cing / sgrub pa'i s h n g po lhur mdead dngul phu y i / brag phug seng ge rdsong du sgrub gnas gnaw / de l a b r t e n nas da l t a rdaong phu y i / brag l a seng ge rdaong 6ee 'dogs pa yang / dam pa de y i mtshan la8 byung thoe / de y i mched ya rgyal mtshan 'bum i e s par / a r m b i i byung ba'i dpon chen a snga y i / s r a s mchog jo dan nam mkha' lhun bzang kee / b l a m a mang bsten gdnma p a * i mdsod chen '&in / 'jam dpal W o s pa lhag pael l h a r bzung ;ing / r t s a s w a g s dung phyur bzlas mtshame l j a g s thog l a / lcags Qi ril bu rang rdol byung ba dang / bskyed r i m brtan pas Ge bar gnas dag g i a / rdo r j e 'jiga byed dngoa su mjal Sea thoe / de'i gcung ya rggal 'phel l a s r a s gsum gyi / che ba b l a m a kun dga8 r i n chen pas / i a r chen byams pa Bun dga* bkra 6 i s sogs / yongs 'dsin mang bsten zab chos bdud rtsi biee / y i dam mang dang khyad par chos swong g i / bsGen pa bkws t s h e egrub pa'i khang ba l a s / m e 'od 0p8ro ba kun gyia mthun anang grub / lung r t o g s yon ~ Q I Ikun wi bdag ;id dee / l h a khang b l a brang zung 'brel gsar btab mdead / dur smrig 'chang ba'i rab byung 'due pa'i sde / mang du bsags sogs batan pa dar rgyas mdsad / de nas sde dge l h a khang [fol. 8a] // pa kee grass / de y i don gyis da l t a gzungs giug gi / par l a sbyin bdag sde dge l h a khang pa / b l a dpon des pa byung ba 'di b i i n y i n / d e O igcung nam mkha' rdo r j e lhun grub e i e / rdor lhun pa l a s r a s Gis byung ba n i / khyim thabs 'dsin pa karma amng i e s dang / dge s a r b i r kes grage dea e wab pa / l h a mchog seng ge bsten nas zab choa nos / r t e n l a rab byung grags pa lhun grub mtshan /

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 8b

ermng ma'i dbang po rdo r j e gur gyi mgon / thugs dam s6ing por mdsad paa lhag pa'i lhar / dran pas s h g g i mun e e l rdo r j e gur / dgyes 6a1 mngon bstan l u s dang g r i b b i i n 'grogs / de tehe sgrub pa'i d e n l a geang mgon 'di / biengs nas rab tu gnae par mdsad pa'i tshe / ye 60s mgon po mngon sum thim pa y i / byin r l a b e g s i byin 'bar ba'i aman sku ;id / da l t a mgon khang chen mor b&s 'di y i n / sngon dua ljongs 'dir 'tshe ba'i pha r o l gyi / dpung tshogs byung t s h e mgon khang b l a ma y i s / drag po'i bskul bcas thog khar gdan drangs t e / ;a1 n i dgra phyogs ston par mdsad pa'i t s h e / mgon po r t a nag bcibs t e mngon sum du / dmag dpung &om t s h u l bstan p a r kun gyis mthong / de ma thag tu dpung rnams rang iir song / ya mtshan che b a ' i s6an grags phyogs kun khyab / de nas bzung s t e da l t a ' i bar dag t u / phyogs ' d i ' i t s h u l ldan bstan dang bstan 'dsin gyi / phrin l a s mdsad cing bdag gi'ang bstan 'gro dang / rang g i 'dod don p i n las ;us pa deg 'bad med 'g.rub pa myong bas grub pa y i n / gong g i nam mkha'i e r a s l a bsod nams 4i / / 1jon pa [f 01. 8b] w a s pa lhun thub ces pa dang / / bud med a e o n bra1 mtshan ldan s k a l ldan lcam / 15 / kun dga' ra bar m i yi nor bu mchog / s e e s chen mched drug 'khrungs pa'i che ba n i / / padma *ithugs s r a s rdo r je bdud 'joms kyi / / rnam *phrul rig '&in rgod ISpi ldem 'phru can / dngos grub rgyal mtshan kes de'i s p r u l pa'i sku / / ede dge b l a ma kun dgaO rgya mtsho i e s / / gang des 'jam dbyangs rnam ' p h ~ ls a s e a pa / / 'jam dbyangs bsod nams dbang po r t s e gdong g i / / bdag chen kun dga' baod nama lhun grub pa / / agar chen mthu stoba dbang phyug e w& pa / / 6ar pa bdag chen Bun dga8 b h a h i s dang / / spyan Bnga kun dga' don grub k h r i srong g i /

9a

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pa b h a h i s atobe r w a l dang / r i g 'dein mchog g i dbarg po 'ja' tehon / r t o g s pa'i d b w phTug dbeng drag rgya mtaho .oga / yongs ' b i n bsten nas gsang engage gear diwgi / gAAmn pa rgga mtsho gean beam sgom mthar phyin / padma'i r w a l tehab h z nag me 'bar gyis / z l a gam dgu brteega g n a ~l a lung bstan gnang / ri m o d smin -01 gling btab sgfub g n u mdaad / gian y a w u rgyan Bangs was cis pa dngos / 'ja' tahon s a n g poe b l a elob tshoge 'khor ekabs / zan la8 che mchog padma thod phreng g l / phyag r t a g e s a g s gzuge bcoe nas khyed rang g i / brgyud pas 'di 'dra'i phyag r t a g a ' c u na dge / geungs bkin phyis s u pdma'i lung 'bin pa / 'khrul med g t e r chen klong geal &ing po y i e / sdigs tham g t e r blangs sde dger phul mdead pa6 / s r i d dang choa lqyi dge l e g s 'phel brtan du / [fol. 9a] // naa da lta'ang de gnae 'dl'o j i l t a j i e6ed 6es bya'i g n e lhun mkhyen / r i a bra1 'gro la byems ldan b r t s e ba che / mthu etobs nus p a ' i dbang phyug chen po e t e / gzung ' d i n #thing ba rang sar g r o l ba y i s / bden r t a g s ri mo s r a mkhregs brag ri l a / 'j i m p a ' i phung por brdeia 'dra'i iabs r j e a biag s d i g can 'byung po'i tehoga rnam dam l a btag khro gtum dregs pa*i dmag tshoge h e l a bkol / rab 'byam phrin las rnam bbi thogs med pa8 / phyoge 'di'i bstan dang batan '&in sde bcae l a / 'tshe byed log smon dgra sde t h a l bar brlag anod bcud thub bstan rab byung sde dang bcaa / de ' b i n sde dge b l a m a mad tri'i mtshan / l t o s bcna choe a r i d phyoge la8 rnem rgyal mdead / khyad par gtaug l a g bsam 'grub mthong 6 . 1 che / biengs dus s a 'dul grub nas rab p s dang / lhun grub steng gteoa phyoge dang phyogs bra1 @ gdul bya mama l a zab rgyae chos 'khor bskor / spros bcas cho g a 8 i phyag l e n phra i i b dag

rnam '~-1

-

by-

9b

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legs 'dome bstan l a bka' &in che bar mdsad / mya ngan 'da' t s h u l bstan t s h e dpon aogs b i s / sku gdung iugs 'bul bgyis t s h e ngo mtshar l t a a / du ma r i n g b s r e l rang byon dpag med byon / de dag biugs pa'i mchod r t e n r i n po che / da l t a phur khang sbugs eu bkugs 'di 'o / Gis pa dpon &en klu 'phel kes pa byung / gsum pa rgyal ba kun gyi mthu stobs kun / kun 'dus gsang bdag phyag na rdo r j e ;id / s6igs dus ma rungs gdug pa Bun 'dul ;ing / stobs bcu mnga' ba'i bstan pa [fol. 9b] r i n po chs / sde bcas dar ;ing 'gro kun t h a r p a ' i lam / m i phyir sdom brtson rgyal p o ' i t s h u l #chang ba / b l a ma byams pa phun tshogs kes byar byon / tshogs g6ie rab rdsogs s e e s thob yon t a n ggi / bdag a d che des s l a r yang rang