A Dictionary of the Targumim: The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature 9781463232344

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A Dictionary of the T a r g u m i m

Kiraz Historical Dictionaries Archive

The difficulty of locating historical dictionaries has long been a source of frustration for scholars. Gorgias Press seeks to address this difficulty by the introduction of a series of historic dictionaries.

A Dictionary of the Targumim

The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature

Compiled by Marcus Jastrow

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com G&C Kiraz is an imprint of Gorgias Press LLC Copyright © 2012 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1903 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2012

ISBN 978-1-61143-498-9

ISSN 1935-3189 Reprinted from the 1903 London and New York edition.

Printed in the United States of America

TO

MY

W I F E IN

LOVE AND GEATITUDE

PREFACE. —

#

—

The literature embraced in this Dictionary covers a period of about one thousand years, and contains Hebrew and Aramaic elements in about equal proportions. The older Hebrew elements, which may conveniently be called the Mishhaic, and can in part be traced back to the first, if not to the second, century B. 0. E., may be considered a continuation of the Biblical Hebrew—Biblical Hebrew tinged with Aramaisms. It is therefore apt to throw light, more directly than its successor, on many obscure words and passages in the Bible; nevertheless, the material for Biblical exegesis deposited in the later literature is an inexhaustible mine, which still awaits exploitation by sympathetic students. Besides the Mishnah and the Tosefta, the Mishnaic period embraces Sifra and Sifre, Mekhilta, and the older elements preserved in the Gemara, of which the prayers incidentally quoted are a very essential and interesting part. The later Hebrew elements in the Gemara and in the Midrashim lead down to the fifth and the eighth century respectively, and to a larger degree than the earlier Hebrew sections are mixed with Aramaic elements, and with foreign words borrowed from the environment and reflecting foreign influences in language as well as in thought. The Aramaic portions of the literature under treatment comprise both the eastern and the western dialects.1 Owing to the close mental exchange between the Palestinian and the Babylonian Jews, these dialects are often found inextricably interwoven, and cannot be distinguished lexicographically. The subjects of this literature are as unlimited as are the interests of the human mind. Religion and ethics, exegesis and homiletics, jurisprudence and ceremonial laws, ritual and liturgy, philosophy and science, medicine and magics, astronomy and astrology, history and geography, commerce and trade, politics and social problems, all are represented there, and reflect the mental condition of the Jewish world in its seclusion from the outer world, as well as in its contact with the same whether in agreement or in opposition. 1

For these Aramaic elements the traditional (though admittedly incorrect) term Ohaldaic (Oh., ch.) is retained in the Dictionary, wherever the designation is required for distinction from the corresponding Hebrew forms.

VI

PKEFACE

Owing to the vast range and the unique character of this literature, both as to mode of thinking and method of presentation, it was frequently necessary to stretch the limits of lexicography and illustrate the definitions by means of larger citations than would be necessary in a more familiar domain of thought. Especially was this the case with legal and with ethical subjects. Archaeological matters have often been elucidated by references to Greek, and Roman customs and beliefs. The condition of the texts, especially of the Talmud Yerushalmi and of some of the Midrashim, made textual criticism and emendations inevitable, but the dangers of arbitrariness and personal bias had to be guarded against. Happily there were, in most cases, parallels to be drawn upon for the establishment of a correct text, and where these auxiliaries failed, the author preferred erring on the conservative side to indulging in conjectural emendations. For the Babylonian Talmud Raphael Rabbinowicz's Yariae Lectiones was an invaluable aid to the author. The etymological method pursued in this Dictionary requires a somewhat fuller explanation than is ordinarily embodied in a preface. 1 The Jewish literature here spoken of is specifically indigenous, in which respect it is unlike the Syriac literature contemporary with it, which is mainly Christian, and as such was influenced, not only in thought but also in language, by the Greek and Latin tongues of the religious teachers of a people itself not free from foreign admixtures. Foreign influences came to Jewish literature merely through the ordinary channel of international intercourse. It is for this reason, if for no other, that the Jewish literature of post-Biblical days down to the ninth century may be called original. Hence it is natural to expect that, in extending the horizon of thought, it also extended its vocabulary on its own basis, employing the elements contained in its own treasury. Starting from such premises, the investigator had to overhaul the laws regulating the derivation of -words whose etymology or meaning is unknown from known Semitic roots; every word of strange appearance had to be examined on its merits both as to its meaning or meanings and as to its origin; the temptation offered by phonetic resemblances had to be resisted, and the laws of word-formation common to all other original languages as well as the environment in which a word appears had to be consulted before a conclusion could be reached. The foremost among these laws is that a word is imported into one language from another with the importation of the article it represents or of the idea it conveys. Unless these conditions of importation are apparent, the presumption should be in favor of the home market. Take e. g. the word tftiC"© and its dialectic equivalent Nii'OC'X, which means 1

The attempt to make "biliteral roots the basis for radical definitions of stems was found too cumbersome and too much subject to misunderstanding, and was therefore abandoned with the beginning of the third letter of the alphabet.

EREÍ'ACE

YII

(a) a recess, an alley adjoining the market place to which the merchants retire for the transaction of business, also the trader's stand under the colonnade, and (b) an abscess, a carbuncle. The Latin semita, which since Musafia has been adopted as the origin of simta, offers hardly more than an assonance of consonants: a footpath cannot, except by a great stretch, be forced into the meaning of a market stand; and what becomes of simta as abscess? But take the word as Semitic, and ti'OO, dialectically = t2ÜU51, offers itself readily, and as for the process of thought by which 'recess', 'nook', goes over into 'abscess' in medical language, we have a parallel in the Latin 'abscessus.' How much Latin medical nomenclature may have influenced the same association of ideas among the Jews is a theme of speculation for students of comparative philology or of the physiology of language. A superficial glance at the vocabulary of this Dictionary will convince the reader that the example here given represents an extremely numerous class. The cases may not always be so plain, and the author is prepared for objections against his derivations in single instances, but the number of indisputable derivations from known Semitic roots remains large enough to justify the method pursued. The problem becomes more complicated when both the meaning and the origin of words are unknown. Such is the case e. g. with the word 0""'SC&Í in the phrase (Num. R. s. 420) n W ü l DTSOK "j&V!, he turned the isperes and leaped. Levy, guided by Musafia, resorts to atbl~3>, is sieve, the verb bz^X, to sift, shake, to confound (compare the metaphor in Amos IX, 9), and •j'lSbziy, mixed multitude. I t would have been superfluous to refer here to that well-known enlargement of stems by suffixed b, were it not that even for so common a utensil as a sieve foreign languages have been ransacked, and arh'la or 'arb'la has been found in the Latin cribellum. The enlarged stem finds a further extension in bn^O, for which verb and its derivatives the reader is referred to the Dictionary itself. Reduplications of entire stems or of two letters of triliteral stems are well known. But there appear also reduplications of one letter employed for enlargement, anbrm-snbjib}, rWir^rvabTSb, which may be explained as contractions, find a counterpart in ittMn, thresher or grist-maker, which is a reduplication of IDII or 12512)1. These reduplications are especially remarkable for the transpositions of the radicals with which they are frequently connected. The stem appears as a reduplication of »"TO, ittft, in the sense of lowing, roaring, and figuratively of longing for and howling against. But it also occurs as a transposition of JT^, a reduplication of with the meaning of rolling around. b"úb'0, from bb32, interchanges with Db'ob, 1

This n&ansit has nothing in common with D3S18 (apita4=ú6pápira£, ápráyicrj), 'the water clock', which appears in Gen. E. s. 4. In Kelim XIV, 6, and XXX, 4, where a metal harpax and a glass harpax are respectively mentioned, the Árukh has preserved the correct reading tts&lK, where the editions have 0313!*. The latter reading has misled the commentators into identifying the word with in&DiSS, and it forced Maimonides, who realized the difficulty of a 'glass hopper', to assume the meaning of a hopper-shaped vessel, a funnel,

XI

EREFACE

signifying to talk against, murmur: 030!, apocopated !j&3, is a transposition of *]D5D. biabtD interchanges with übtab in the nouns bupblB and frabffib. -with their Aramaic equivalent armiblBb, and in the contracted forms tWfflb and rmtabli).1 It need scarcely be said that these outlines of Talmudic etymology by no means exhaust the subject. They have been given a place here for the purpose of showing the basis upon which the work has been constructed, and as a justification of the author's deviation from the views hitherto prevailing on the subject under consideration. A few remarks on FOREIGN WOEDS in the literature which for the sake of brevity is here called Talmudic, may not be out of place in this preface. The intercourse between the Jews of the Talmudic ages with Greek and Latin speaking gentiles was not only that of trade and government, but also of thought and ideas. Along with the apostles and teachers of young Christianity, and even before their time, Jewish champions of religion and morality lectured in the private rooms of princes and princesses, noblemen and matrons. Instances of intimate association of prominent Jewish teachers with emperors, kings, philosophers, and scholars and their families are related in the Talmudic records in numbers large enough to account for the adoption of words like philosophy, astrology, epilogue, &c., not to speak of such terms as were borrowed by the Jews together with the objects or ideas which they represent. A footstool was called hypopodion, a tablet pinax; the profligate gourmand's emetic taken before meals, or rather between one stage of the banquet and the other, was called by its jocular name áiroxoxTapíCeiv (to play the cottabus), and adopted in the general medical sense; and so forth. This accounts for the large number of Greek and Latin vocables in the socalled Jerusalem Talmud grown up under the Greco-Roman influences of the Csesars, and more still in those Targumim and Midrashim which were compiled in the Byzantine empire. The Agadah, taking its illustrations from the daily environment, speaks of Censar, Augustus, duces, polemarchi, legiones, matrona, schola, &c., -while in legal discussions the institutions of the governments, in so f'ar as they influenced or superseded the Jewish law, had to be called by their foreign names. Agoranomos and agronomía, angaria and parangaria, epimeletes, epitropos, bulé, and innumerable other terms were embodied in the Jewish vocabulary, although not always dislodging their Hebrew or Aramaic equivalents. Owing to copyists' mistakes and acoustic deficiencies of transmission in distant ages and countries in which these foreign words were but vaguely understood, the student has on this point to contend with a vast number of corruptions and glossators' guesses at interpretation. In most cases, however, these corruptions are recoverable through the medium of correct or differently corrupted, parallels. i See Jastrow, Transposed Stems, Drugulin, Leipzig 1891, and the Dictionary under the respective words. B*

XII

PBEFACE

"'insnüÄ ('nrülö«, 'lUIX, Gittin 20a), not recognized by the commentators, and probably no longer understood by the Babylonian Rabbis, who received the word from Palestine together with the legal subject with which it is connected, fortunately finds a parallel in a worse copyist's corruption in the Jerusalem Talmud, namely Efiawa p"T:nn (Yer. Gittin IY, 45d), and both in tfüploitf (Treatise Abadim, ed. Kirchheim, ch; IY). A combination of these corruptions together with an examination of the subject under discussion leads to vindicta or vindicatio(-nis) (see Revue des Etudes Juives, 1883, p. 150). It should be said, however, that this is one of the worst corruptions the author has met with. Another class of corruptions owes its existence to the natural tendency to adapt foreign words to the organic peculiarities of the people. The people pronounced Andrianos or Andrinos more easily than Hadrianos; unkeanos was morei congenial than okeanos, agard'mos and agromos are popular mutilations of agoranomos; S p ^ b a and Kp'nSbi are organic transformations of lectica; although the correct forms Hadrianos, okeanos, &c. are by no means infrequent (see Collitz, The Aryan Name of the Tongue, in 'Oriental Studies', Boston, 1894, p. 201, note). Otherwise the foreign consonants are transliterated as faithfully as can be expected with national organic peculiarities as different as the Aryan and the Semitic. Transpositions of rd and dr, frequent even in Hebrew or Aramaic homewords, or sch for x (chs), need hardly surprise any one. Thus CbTHH and fcib^Tn go side by side with t-b^US, for hydraulis; "¡TXTpÖ stands for xenium; D1t)D1D!Dl1 for dyschistos, and so forth. As to vowels, the Greek t] and the Latin e are, as a rule, represented by the Greek oi by 1 or whereas the Greek eu frequently appears, as I"1. The Greek u and the Latin u keep their place as midway between vowels and consonants, so that they may be transcribed by 1, or ¡2, The last is especially the case in diphthongs, so that DtfiÜtl is met with alongside of Düllbü, and DttVbll. for ßouXsUTY]?. Short vowels, except in cases of heavy accumulations of consonants, are most frequently ignored. This omission of vowels, congenial as it is to the Semitic spirit, means a loss of soul to the Aryan words, and offers difficulties not easily overcome. The laws of transliteration of Greek and Latin loanwords are exhaustively treated in Samuel Krauss, „Griechische und Lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud, &c." (Berlin, S. Calvary & Co., 1898). It is to be regretted that the proclivity to find Latin and Greek in words indisputably Semitic has led the author into a labyrinth of fatal errors. Persian words are now and then encountered in the Talmud as remnants of the first period after the Babylonian exile, when the new Jewish commonwealth was organized under the Persian empire, and more still as modern arrivals of the time when Babylonia grew to be the centre of Jewish lore. Arabic elements of direct importation, barring explicit linguistic references, came along with Arabic objects of trade, but there should be a considable reduction

PKEFACE

XIII

from the number hitherto accepted in Talmudic lexicography. The Hebrew and Aramaic of the Talmudic period had little to learn from a people which after the close of the Talmudic era became the world's teacher. The difficulties besetting the study of Talmud and Midrash will be overcome in the degree in which modern scholars will take it up for philological and archaeological purposes as adjuncts of those who are too much engrossed in its practical and doctrinal side to allow themselves time for what seems to them unessential. But even what has been heretofore rediscovered, as it were, thanks to the labors of Leopold Zunz, Samuel Loeb Rapaport, Heinrich Graetz, Zacharias Frankel, Michael Sachs, Solomon David Luzzatto, Abraham Greiger, M. Joel, Joseph Perles, Alexander Kohut, and a host of others, is enough to prove the marvellous familiarity of the Rabbis with the events, institutions, and views of life of the world outside and around their own peculiar civilization. What is more, we have been familiarized with the philosophical impartiality and sober superiority with which they appreciated what was laudable and reprehended what was objectionable in the intellectual and moral condition of the 'nations of the world', as they called the gentile world around them; kings and empires, nations and governments, public entertainments and social habits, they reviewed through the spy-glass of pure monotheism and stern morality. In conclusion, the author begs to state his indebtedness to Jacob Levy's Targumic and Neo-Hebrew Dictionaries, where an amount of material far exceeding the vocabularies of the Arukh and Buxtorf's Lexicon Hebraicum et Ohaldaicum is accumulated, which alone could have encouraged and enabled the author to undertake a task the mere preparation for which may well fill a lifetime. Thanks are also rendered here for the munificent subventions which enabled the author to publish a work by its nature requiring great pecuniary sacrifices. To the list of subscribers mentioned on the title sheet of the first volume, the following should be added: Mr. Emanuel Lehman, Mr. Louis Stern, the Honorable Isidor Straus, the Honorable Oscar S. Straus, all of New York, and Judge Mayer Sulzberger of Philadelphia (additional subscription). It gives the author considerable pleasure to place among the subscriptions a gift of the school children of the Congregation Rodef Shalom of Philadelphia, on the occasion of the seventieth birthday of its Rabbi Emeritus. The author also expresses his gratitude to the friends who have assisted him in the arduous task of proof reading, among whom special mention is due to Miss Henrietta Szold, of Baltimore. He also acknowledges his obligation to the Rev. Dr. S. Mendelsohn, of Wilmington, N. 0., for the index of Scriptural citations appended to this work, a contribution which, the author is confident, will be welcomed by all Biblical students. The religious sentiments inspiring the author at the completion of his labors of five and twenty years are too sacred to be sent abroad beyond the sanctuary of heart and home. Philadelphia, May, 1903.

MARCUS JASTROW

Hebrew or Aramaic Abbreviations in Talmud and Midrash, including abbreviations of the most frequently occurring names of Rabbis. st"K=iaiss dnnaix 6"niK "iK^nanx (mnaiit) s"m«=b)sisîi maux -¡a nnix i"îa=nian tea a"Jh=a"n 3' , ya=mi3 tea n a s p I3în B"s>a=fiB ten B"a=i1B N1ia(in benediction) n " a p n = s i n -¡ma tumpn « " n s a ^ n a n s n ins «ma (in ^ i n a •¡IHI benediction) n"!*"!—1nasn tasti 3i"hB3=73>n ins «nia (in "iat=na , is , i=t6c. benediction) x"m=nax nm 3"sai 3"&a=i3Bai anas issa onra 3>"B3=^»ÏS 13B3 . x"ii=cnnaisi idii n"a=ian p , ian na, an na b i g l a i , ni^i3i=(Êc. n " 3 i = s a i n 131 f a n n a ^ n a n nana t"xi=,m nx nx ÎT ©"na^waiD iana (ian p ) b"T=aia»i ni3ï f u r o t , oainst u;"a=iisaiB nia nanab) !x"a)a=bina'ix ixair n i a

•SH

n"aji=am3n natiiu ni x"n=nas i n t n s i n Y'a ^fifteen tt"i = iainaiN ilJi SMnJ=t:imB3n

oil

n"ii=nini D"1l=t3"l n " i = m a i n im n"i = nniU5> naiaia (benedictions) i3"i=anj oil 'ii=mm, read isnx n"niti=3>nn n s i a"st=aio nsi a"ni=-pJ2ba lisn i » i (prayer) tt"ii«=nnxi nnx ba s"3=bma -¡na «"n3i}™iU33i6< masna s3 a " 3 = o p a te. s»"3=stab3) i>13 B"3=iaiba 13 a"3=13ia ba a"nnb=obwa oman m stb p"nb=ianpn -¡lasb n"nb=snn incb ia"3b=,)3iB bs sb b"b=ib nab a"b=si3>aia sb ' n"ab=^nstfi •)» onb (Hisitn) (benediction) n"nab=nam nann n a b

XVI a'Visbl =Kah bbisb a"msb s"b=i!Oiiï xb p"b=xiiap aè ï)"b=&«1B «il, lîffl SÒ n"b=nffisn ¡«b V ' & « = w a b W K iras i"saa=dii lisaa i " n = i a a i •)&« «"la^iaa m i (ha) n"ia=hiiìi m i a a"na=a"rea B5"iia=niï5n iait a i iö"»=iiaö lana n"i=a5in m i ii3"iû=b*.aii3 bffi n"i=win 1 r\"lB = îibun Sal» (bene„ }=aia taii a ï s B"1=11£1B '1 diction) 3"S=|M IS i"l=SlBini 1,131111 '1,1Ö111, n"n=a"ìin a"s=-|hii3 bs, m u a bs &o. büisaiai ' 1 n " n = - [ i i n nbsn b"i3S = rnblai. diaaia l a i s , i"aii=iK3i p '|3ni"i p i a'Tin-^OTian ni'Tin liais, mias V a - n ^ i b p sawn 'i n"n—-b3n Tabri, i i i a b n a"ï=H3a bs b"i=i2)"pb » i l caan ; " ï s = ! t ï t m i a s m i s , n a i s a"i=liì=T"sis r's=nii ¡nias i " s = m bs

List of Àbbreyiations. a.=and. a. e.~and elsewhere. a. fr.=and frequently. a. 1.- -ad locum, a. v. fr.=and very frequently. Ab. -Abotk (Miahnah). Ab. d'll. N.—Aboth d'Eabbi Nathan (a late Talinudic treatise). Ab. Zar.=Abodah Zarah (Talmud). abbrev.=abbreviated or' abbreviation. add.=-additamcnta(Ho3afah to Pesik.E.) adj—adj ective. adv.=adverb. Ag.Hatt.=Agadoth hat-Torah (quoted in Rabbinowicz Varise Lectiones). Alf.=Alfasi (Hilkhoth Babbenu Alfasi). Am.=Amos.

Ar.=Ai-ukh (Talmudic Lexicon by E, Nathan Bomi). Ar. CompL=Arukh Completum ed. Alexander Kohut, Vienna 1878-85. Arakh.=Arakhin (Talmud). art.---art,icle. B. Bath.=-Baba Bathra (Talmud), v.Kel. b. h—Biblical Hebrew. B. Kam.=Baba Kamma (Talmud),v.Kel. B.Mets.=Baba M'tsi a (Talmud), v.Kel. B. N.=Beth Nathan (quoted in Eabbinowicz Yaiiae Lectiones). Bab.=Babli (Babylonian Talmud). Bart.=Bartenöra, Bertinora (commentary to Mishnah), beg.=beginning, Beicr.=Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alter-

thumsforschung, by Michael Sachs, Berlin 1852—54, 2 vols, v. Beil. a. Hildesh. Bekh.=B'khoroth (Talmud). Ber.—ll'rakhoth (Talmud). Berl.—Berliner (editor of Targum Onkelos). Berl. Beitr.=Berliner Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens, Berlin 1884. Bets.--Betsah (Talmud). B'huck.=B'hukkothay (a pericope). Bicc.=Biccurim, Bikkurim (Mishnah bot.=bottom of page, [and Tosefta). B'resh.=B'reshith (name of a perioope). B'shall.=B'shallah (name of a pericope). c.=common gender.

XVI a'Visbl =Kah bbisb a"msb s"b=i!Oiiï xb p"b=xiiap aè ï)"b=&«1B «il, lîffl SÒ n"b=nffisn ¡«b V ' & « = w a b W K iras i"saa=dii lisaa i " n = i a a i •)&« «"la^iaa m i (ha) n"ia=hiiìi m i a a"na=a"rea B5"iia=niï5n iait a i iö"»=iiaö lana n"i=a5in m i ii3"iû=b*.aii3 bffi n"i=win 1 r\"lB = îibun Sal» (bene„ }=aia taii a ï s B"1=11£1B '1 diction) 3"S=|M IS i"l=SlBini 1,131111 '1,1Ö111, n"n=a"ìin a"s=-|hii3 bs, m u a bs &o. büisaiai ' 1 n " n = - [ i i n nbsn b"i3S = rnblai. diaaia l a i s , i"aii=iK3i p '|3ni"i p i a'Tin-^OTian ni'Tin liais, mias V a - n ^ i b p sawn 'i n"n—-b3n Tabri, i i i a b n a"ï=H3a bs b"i=i2)"pb » i l caan ; " ï s = ! t ï t m i a s m i s , n a i s a"i=liì=T"sis r's=nii ¡nias i " s = m bs

List of Àbbreyiations. a.=and. a. e.~and elsewhere. a. fr.=and frequently. a. 1.- -ad locum, a. v. fr.=and very frequently. Ab. -Abotk (Miahnah). Ab. d'll. N.—Aboth d'Eabbi Nathan (a late Talinudic treatise). Ab. Zar.=Abodah Zarah (Talmud). abbrev.=abbreviated or' abbreviation. add.=-additamcnta(Ho3afah to Pesik.E.) adj—adj ective. adv.=adverb. Ag.Hatt.=Agadoth hat-Torah (quoted in Rabbinowicz Varise Lectiones). Alf.=Alfasi (Hilkhoth Babbenu Alfasi). Am.=Amos.

Ar.=Ai-ukh (Talmudic Lexicon by E, Nathan Bomi). Ar. CompL=Arukh Completum ed. Alexander Kohut, Vienna 1878-85. Arakh.=Arakhin (Talmud). art.---art,icle. B. Bath.=-Baba Bathra (Talmud), v.Kel. b. h—Biblical Hebrew. B. Kam.=Baba Kamma (Talmud),v.Kel. B.Mets.=Baba M'tsi a (Talmud), v.Kel. B. N.=Beth Nathan (quoted in Eabbinowicz Yaiiae Lectiones). Bab.=Babli (Babylonian Talmud). Bart.=Bartenöra, Bertinora (commentary to Mishnah), beg.=beginning, Beicr.=Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alter-

thumsforschung, by Michael Sachs, Berlin 1852—54, 2 vols, v. Beil. a. Hildesh. Bekh.=B'khoroth (Talmud). Ber.—ll'rakhoth (Talmud). Berl.—Berliner (editor of Targum Onkelos). Berl. Beitr.=Berliner Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens, Berlin 1884. Bets.--Betsah (Talmud). B'huck.=B'hukkothay (a pericope). Bicc.=Biccurim, Bikkurim (Mishnah bot.=bottom of page, [and Tosefta). B'resh.=B'reshith (name of a perioope). B'shall.=B'shallah (name of a pericope). c.=common gender.

I i l S T OS

Cant.=Cantioum (Song of Songs). Cant. E.=Canticum Eabbah (Midrash Shir hash-Shirim or Hazitha). ch. =Ohaldaic. Oh. Chron.—Chronicles. Book of. cmp.— compare (mostly referring to association of ideas). comment.=eommentary or commentaries. comp.=compound or composed. contr.=contracted or contraction. contrad.-=contradistinguished. corr—correct. corr. acc.—correct accordingly, corrupt—corruption. Curt. Griech. Etym.=Curtius Griechische Etymologie. Dan.=Daniel, Book of. Darkhe Mish.-Frankel, Hodegetica in Mishnam, Leipzig 1859 (Hebrew). def.=defining or definition. Del.—Delitzsch, Friedlich. Del. Assyr. Handw. = Delitzsch Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, Leipzig 1896. Del. Proleg. = Delitzsch Prolegomena eines neuen Hebräisch-Aramäischen "Wörterbuchs &c. Dem.=D'mai (Mishnah, Tosefta a. denom.—denominative. [Y'rushalmi). Der. Er.=Derekh Erets (Ethics, a late Talmudic treatise, Eabbah [the great], Zuta [the small]). Deut.=Deuteronomy, Book of. Dent. K.=Deut,eronomy Eabbah (Midrash Eabbah to Deut.). diiF. I n d i f f e r e n t interpretation or differ.) differently interpreted, dimin.—diminutive. Du.=Dual.

XVII

abbreviations

foreg.=foregoitig. fr —from. freci.—frequently. Fr.—Friedman (edition). Frank.—Frankel, v. Darkhe, and M'bo. Gem.=G'mara. Gen.—Genesis, Book of. gen. of—genitive of. Gen. E.—Genesis Eahbah (Midrash Eabbah to B'reshith). Ges. H. Diet.—Gesenius Hebrew Dictionary, 811' German edition. Gitt.—Gittin. Gloss—Glossary. Hab.=Habakkuk, Book of. Hag.=Haggai, Book of. Hag.=Hagigah (Talmud). Hall—Hallah (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y'rushalmi). Illf.-IIifil. Hildesh. Beitr.=fiildesheimer Beiträge zur Geographie Palestinas, Berlin 1886.

Hithpa,=Hithpael. Hithpo.—Hithpolel. Hör —Horayoth (Talmud). Hos.=Hosea, Book of. Huck.=Hukkath (a pericope). i'lull.—Hullin (Talmud), inten*.—intensive, introd.—introduction (Kmrpr®). If.: -ifaiah, Book of. Isp.=Ispeel. Ithpa,=Ithpaal. II,hpe.=Ttlipeel. Jer.=Jeremiah, J3ook of. Jon.—Jonah. Jos.=Josephus. Josh.—Joshua, Book of. Jud —Judices, Boole of Judges. K.A.T. |=Keilinschriften und das Alte ed.—edition or editions (current edi- KAT | Testament by Schräder tions, opposed to manuscripts or (second edition), Giessen 1883. especially quoted editions). Kel.=KeUm (Mishnah and Tosefta, the Ed.=Eduyoth (Mishnah and Tosefta). latter divided into Baba Kamma, ellipt.—elliptically. M'tsi a, and Bathra). Erub.—Erubin (Talmud). Ker.-K'rithoth (Talmud). esp.=especially. Keth.=K'thuboth (Talmud). Esth.=Esther, Book of. Kidd.=Kiddushin (Talmud). Esth. E.—Esther Rabbah (Midrash Tiil.—Kilayim (Mishnah, Tosefta and Eabbah to Esther). Talmud Y'rushalmi). Ex.=Exodus, Book of. Kin.=Kinmm (Mishnah). Ex. R. = Exodus Eabbah (Midrash Koh.=Koheleth, Book of Ecclesiastes. Koh. Ar. Compl. = Kohut in Aruch Eabbah to Sh'moth). ex pi.—explained, Completüm. explan,—explanation. Koh. E.=Koheleth Eabbah (Midrash Ez.=Ezekiel, Book of. Eabbah to Ecclesiastes). Fl.=Fleisher, appendix to Levy's Tar- 1. e.=loco citato or locum citatum. gumic or Talmudic Lexicon. Lam.=Lamentations, Book of.

Lam. E . = Lamentations Eabbah (Midrash Eabbah to Lam.; Ekhah Eabbathi). Lev.=Levitious, Book of. Lev. E.=Leviticus Eabbah (Midrash Eabbah to Leviticus, Vayyikra Eabbah). M.Kat.=Mo'edKaton (Talmud). Maas. Sh.- Ma'iiser Sheni (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud Y'rushalmi). Maasr.=Ma'asroth (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud Y'rushalmi). Macc.—Maccoth, Makkoth (Talmud). Maim.—Maimonides. Makhsh.=Makhshirin (Mishnah and Tosefta). Mal.=Malachi, Book of. marg. vers.=marginal version. Mass.=Massekheth (Treatise). Mat. K.=Matt'noth K'hnnnah (commentary to Midrash Eabbah). M'bo=Frankel, Introductio in Talmud Hierosolymitanum. Breslau 1870 (Hebrew). Meg.—M'gill ah (Talmud). Meil .=M''ilah (Talmud). Mekh.=M'khilta (a Midrash to portions o£ Exodus). Men.=M'nahoth (Talmud). Mic.=Micah, Book of. Midd —Middoth (Mishnah). Midr.=Midrash. „ Sam.=Midrash Samuel. „ Till.=Midrash Tillim (Midrash to Psalms, Shoher Tob). Mikv.=Mikvaoth (Mishnah and Tosefta). Mish.—Mishnah. „ N.orNap.=Mishnab,editioNapolis, „ Pes.=Mishnah, editio Pesaro. Mishp.;Jlishpatim (name of a periMs.=Manuscript. [cope). „ F.=Manuscript Florence. „ H.= „ Hamburg. „ K.= „ Karlsruhe. „ M.— „ Munich. „ 0.= „ Oxford. „ E.= „ Eome. Mus.=Musafia (additamenta to Arukh). lTah.=Mahum, Book of. Naz.=3>Tilzir (Talmud). Neg.==N'ga'im (Mishnah and Tosefta, also a subdivision in Sifra). Neh,=Neheimah, Book of. Neuh. G6ogr.=Neubauer Geographie du Talmud, Paris 1868. Ned.=N'darim (Talmud). Nidd.=Niddah (Talmud). Nif.—Nifal. C

xvni Nithpa —Nithpael. Kum.=Numeri, Book of (Numbers). Num. R . = N u m e r i Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Numbers, B'midbar Rabbah). Ob.=Obadiah, Book of. Oliol.—OLol otli (Aliiloth, Mishnah and Tosefta). onomatop.=onomatopoetic. opin.—opimon. opp.=opposed. Orl.= c Orlah (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y'rushalmi). otli.: oilier, another, others. P. Sm. — Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus. P a r . = P a r a h (Mishnah and Tosefta). Par,—Parashah, referring to Sifra. part.=participle. Perl. Et. S t . = P e r l e s Etymologische Studien, Breslau 1871. pers. pron.—personal pronoun. Pes.=P'sahim (Talmud). Pesik.=P'sikta d'R, Kahäna, ed. Buber. „ R.—P'sikta Rabbathi (ed.Friedman). „ Zutr.=P'sikta Zntrathi, ed. Buber. Pfl.==Löw,AramäischePflanzennamen, Leipzig 1881, pliraseol.=pbraseology. Pi.=Piel.

LIST CW ABBREVIATIONS r . = r o o t or radix. R . = R a b , Rabbi, or Rabbenu. R.Hash.=Rosh hash-Shanah (Talmud). R.S.=RabbenuShimstion (commentary to Mishnah). Rabb. D. S.=Rabbinowicz Dikduk6 Sof'rim (VariEeLectiones&c, Munich 1867-84). R a p . = R a p a p o r t , '.Erekh Millin (Talmudic Cyclopedia, first and only volume). ref.=referring, reference. R u t h R . = R u t h Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Ruth). 8— Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Boston 18.70. s.=section (Parashah). s. v.=sub voce. Sabb.=Sabbath (Talmud). Sam.=Samuel, Book of. Schr.=Schrader, v. KAT. Sef. Y e t s = 8 e f e r Y'tsirah (Book of

Creation, a Cabalistic work). Shebi.=Sh'biith (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Y'rushalmi). Shebu.—Sh'buoth (Talmud). Shek.=Sh'kalim (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y'rushalmi,also a pericopeinP'sikta). Sm. Ant,=Smith, Dictionary of Greek and RomanAntiqui ties.Third AmeriPl.(=plUra1' can Edition, New-York 1858. pr. «.---proper noun. S'mah—S'mahoth, Treatise (Abel Rabpr.n.f.=proper noun of a female person, Snh.=Sanhedrin (Talmud). [bathi). pr. n. m —proper noun of a male person, Sonc.=Soncino. pr. n. pl.=proper noun of a place, Sot.=Sotah (Talmud). preced. -preceding. sub.=subaudi. Succ.=Succah (Talmud), „ art.=preceding article. suppl—supplement(Hosafah)toPesikta „ w.= „ word. prep.=preposition. Rabbathi. prob.=probably. Taan.=Ta c anith (Talmud). pron.=pronoun. Talm.=Talmud. prop.=properly. Tam.=Tamid (Talmud). prov.—a proverb. Tanh.=Midrash Tanhuma. P r o v.--Proverbs, Book of. „ ed. Bub. = Midrash Tanhuma Ps.=Psalms, Book of. (enlarged), edited, from manuscripts, q. v.—quod vide. by Buber, Wilna 1885.

Targ.=Targum. „ 0 . = T a r g u m Onkelos. „ Y.= „ Y'rushalmi (or Jonathan). Targ. I I = T a r g u m Sheni (to Esther). Tem.=T'murah (Talmud). Ter.=T'ruinoth (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y'rushalmi). Toh —Tohäroth (Mishnah and Tosefta), Tosaf.=Tosafoth (Additamenta to Talmud Babli). Tosef.=Tosefta. „ ed.Zuck.—Tosefta editio Zuckermandel, Pasewalk 1881. Treat.=Treatise (tracta tus,Massekheth, one of t h e appendices to Talmud Babli). Trnsf.=Transferred. trnsp.=transposed or transposition. U k t s . = Uktsin (Mishnah and Tosefta). usu^=iisually. v.=vide. Var.=Variant. var. lect.=variatio lectionis. Ven.=Venice. vers.--version. Yien,=Vienna. w.=word. Wil.=WiIna. ws.=words. Y.=Y'ruslialmi (Palestinean Talmud). Yad.=Yadayim (Mishnah and Tosefta). Yalk.=Yall:ut (Collectanea from Talmudim, Midrashim &c.). Yeb —'Y'bamoth (Talmud), Y'lamd.=Y'Iamdenu (a lost book, corresponding to Tanhuma, quoted in Arukb). Zab.=Zabim (Mishnah and Tosefta). Zakh.=Zakhor (a pericope in P'sikta). Zeb.=Z'bahim (Talmud). Zech.=Zechariah, Book of. Zeph.=Zephaniah, Book of. Zuck,=Zuckermandel, v. Tosef. Muckerm.=Zuckermann Talmudische Münzen undGewichte,Breslau 1862.

By the designation (Talmud) are meant Mishnah, Tosefta and G'mara of Talmud Babli and, eventually, Talmud Y'rushalmi. By (Mishnah and Tosefta) or (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Y'rushalmi) is meant a Talmudic treatise in the collection of Mishnah &c., to -which no disoussions in either G'mara or respectively in the Babylonian are extant.

H Aleph, the first letter of the alphabet, interchanging with other gutturals, e. g. a a s , a a n , a a n , a » ; «rrèK, txrrbs &c.. Si often used to form second roots of verbs S"S, e. g. BBS, b o a . Si' frequ. prosthetic, e. g. .Villi*, bill, v. "X Si sometimes inserted to replace a radical, as «13, esp. in verbs f S , as TptW fr. tym, b ^ p fr. Sip &c. Si frequ. (in Talm. Y.) dropped in t h e beginning of words, e. g. tG=t«t< ; "ia="iati. SÌ affixed to the end of Cbald.. nouns, corresponding to prefixed n in Hebrew (status emphaticus), e. g. XSN— y Si as numeral letter, one, as '¡* MX = nnst RÌ!* one letter: Sabb. 104 a ; a.fr. [Editions and Mss. vary, according to space, between t h e full numeral and t h e numeral letter, ' 8 for i n « , n n x ; ' 3 for Oil«, d'ina), mil) &c.]

"Si, "^Si, "ìYevrj t .

(Assyr. A-bu, Schr. K. A. T., p. 247) Ab, t h e fifth month of the Jewish calendar (of thirty days) beginning between t h e eighth of J u l y and the seventh of August, and ending between t h e sixth of August and t h e fifth of September. B . Hash. I, S, '31 S S bs for announcing t h e beginning of Ab messengers are sent out, for t h e sake of the fast. Ib. 18 b a s o t h e ninth of Ab, anniversary of Temple destruction. Taan.IT, 6 at« 0335(i)a with the beginning of Ab. Ib. 2911 a t « i W a BiaiHtrt let him try to berelieved of(the law-suit) in Ab. Meg.5 b ; a. e. S S i l l rn. (b. h.; r e x , cmp. at?), const. T3K, att; [embracer], father, ancestor, progenitor; teacher; chief, leader; author, originator. Ex. 11. s, 46 end att V i l a n the educator is the real father. Lev. E . s. 1 '31 n a 3 n f l "VSX, t h e father of all wisdom, . . t h e father of prophets. Y. Ned. Y> 39 l l 'a Bar bvb'ram. Hall. 38 a . I'laSSl, v. n a ^ . T Q S t , v. wax. pr. n. m. Abbud'yana, gentile name (referring to idolatry). Git, 1 l a . a m - a a , «priiax,

iktiasi,

a

v.&i^m

^amias,

v.

- m . (cmp. bias; tax, }/"as) Euphem. for buttocJts, extremity. Erub. 53 b ; v. Has*. 1*

4 "l113SSi m. (b. h.; interj.=iix) woe! ah! Num. E. s. 10 (ref. to Prov. XXIII, 29) 'till m n the woe and the ah. pr. n. m. Abuyah, known as the father of Elisha, v.~ssrtst. Y. Hag. II, 77 b ; a. fr. "P^Stf Y. Sabb. V, 8h hot. Ar., read 'pt»{ or I^BX. b n m x i mourning, v. bte^. b i a « n b i n s m. (^a*1, cmp. tei) the gate for carrying grain into the house, wagon-gate, gate-way. PI. diViaifi Tosef. B. Mets. XI, 10 nx ',ipiT: 11« '31 "iX erl. Zuck. (ed. faxtt) you dare not* divide gateways between heirs unless there is the required space for each. oh. same, esp. (coiresp. to h. TWi Xiao) city gate-way which is opened for wagons &c.; fortified place where judges sit&c.; omp. ISffl.—M. Kat. 22a begin to count, the days of mourning 'XI X3a?3 from the time ye turn your faces from the city gate-way (to go home while the corpse is carried to the grave-yard). Keth. 17a; Meg. 29a when people form a lane "iSI 'So X"D" n. yh'Avlas, in Cilicia, mentioned as onte of t h e northern border places of the land of Israel. Targ. Y. I Num. XXXIV, 8 i x p b i p l ON; Y. I I ibid, 'bpT '11X1 Xainrf(the district of) A. of the Cilicians. Tosef. Shebi. IV, 11 Stnai ^ S ed. Zuck. (Var. BbtX); Sifr6 Bent. 51 K n a i xblb; Yalk. Deut. 624 xna*i «bib; Y. Shebi. VI, 36c x n a - dblx. [Probably identical with

Í35SS? Py]03 Cilicise, ElóXca t5¡c; KiXtxia;.] [Sifré Num. 131 oblxa sosaD; Y. Snh. X, 28 d nblxa n n a l b S. of U l a m ; Bab. ib. 64a &bx p Xaa&(?).] b i o i m s pr. n. m. (Eo|xoucjo;) Eumusus. Y.Meg. I l l , 74 a hot., rendered in a secret letter nab 3ia welllearned; v. Sipi^ax. &1D/3DSJÍ pr. n. m. (E5]j.a^o?) Eumaehus, Y. Snh. I l l , ' e n d , 21 d .

an Amora.

" j n x f. (b. h., Y c o m p . "OX, v. Ges. H. Diet. s. v.) stone. Sahb. 10 a ; Pes. 12 b '=1 'X p l l i a like throwing a stone into a leather bottle (has no effect, or is indigestible). Num. E . s. 22 (prov.) into a well out of which you drank 'X 13 pTiin bx cast no stone.'—naits jewel. B. Bath. 16l ; a . f r . p i BiJnx, const. -:-i>. G e n . R . s. 68 'X STUBS Di'jffl. Ib. 'it ™ W l'n ninxr-.a D» (read lübaj) if these three stones shall grow into one; a. fr. Compounds and combinations: W 3 Stone Chamber, name of a Temple compartment. P.arahIII, 1.—'rbl 'X, V. flit.—ansian 'K (flsia 'H, k(Sla v. USa) Stone of Losers (Claims), a place in Jerusalem w h e r e lost and found things were deposited and claimed. Taan. I l l , 8; Y. ib. 66 d h o t . ; B. Mets. 28b—"iDart or n p a n 'K auction place (for slaves). Sifrc Dent. 26. Sifra B'har ch. VII, s. 6. Yalk. Lev. 667 h p b n 'X.—S*aba 'X a stone used for closing a pit etc. Nid. 69 b "a 1X3 the corpse was put- on a closing (immovable) átone; a. e.—Wiap'XasioMe rooted in the ground, opp. ilffllbn. Y. SotahIX,23 c top.—Íi1ü3n 1J3K v. 151s.—¡"axiiá 'X magnetic stone, load-stone. Snh. 107 b ; a. e.—fiiSffirt 'X stone-dial, Kel. XII, 4; a. e.—hjfllü '¡< foundation stone, stone Sh'thiya which in the second Temple occupied the place of the Holy Arc. YomaV, 2 (3); v. Gem. a.l.—tli3fflin ü^aas immigrant stones, i. e. stones brought over f r o m another ground. Tosef. Shebi. I l l , 4 ; cmp. Shebi.,Ill, 7 a, Y. Gem. a. 1—hlSlbfl 'X v. sup. Í^Siap 'K. —!~ralpn preserving stone, a stone believed to protect against abortion. Sahb. 66 a .—[For other combinations see respective determinants.] I ^ S t , üíDSífí ch. same. Targ. Gen. X X V I I I , 18; a, fr!—Pi: ¿ p a x , I53X, flsax. Targ. Ex. X X V I I I , 11; a. fr. Dev. B . s. 18; a. e.—X&3X1 'X weight-stones, to prevent t h e sheaves heing blown away. "B. Bath. 69 a , —xbrrert 'X black marble stone. Kid. 12a. [Targ. Prov. XXIII, 28, read with Ms. Luzz. ^ a t B ttiaa and captures foolish sons.] [Y. B. Bath. II, 13c fl-ñ ... corrupt a. defective.] 1 5 S m., only in Du. EWax (b. h , y p , v. f a , cmp.

'SX) 1) the potter's turning implement—2)

the passage of

the embryo, vagina. E x E . s. 1 (etym.) iblñffi a p a 13 (some ed. nsps incorr.) where t h e child turns (to come to light). [Oth. etym. v.,ibid. a. Sot. ll' J .] v. p x ch. " i X Q i X Sahb. lO0 b , v. IMS. ISD^SÍ m. (b. h., t¡33, Y'ú3, omp..'pa) belt. B. K a m . 94 b . Yoma 6 a ; 12 a ; a. fr.—PI. d-SJKl«. Zeb. 18%

Oitf»»« pr. m. Abnimos, Nitrios, a gentile philosopher, friend of E . Meir [prob. identical with the cynic philosopher Oenomaus of Gadara]. Gen. E . s. 65; a. e. "»-nan Hag, 15 b Train '3. " " i W O S N ' Targ. Y. II Deut. XTV, 18, read with Y. I srraat», v. 'sitt XiTOZit, ¡ S n i Q I X f. (pa) understanding, speculation. Meg.' 241' iVr, "hi ' s a (Ms. M. 'aisa) it depends on the speculative faculty (not on the physical sight). Ab. Zar. 28 b ibn 'Vl 'isa (Ms. M. S ^ i l SQ^S, cmp. Tosaf. a. 1.) an affection of the eye-sight is connected with (has influence on) the mental faculties; (oth. opin., cmp. "as, the fat surrounding the heart). ttlfcj (b. h.; y a s , cmp. to stuff; to fatten, feed (act. a. neut.)' B. Mets 86 b (expl. abusim,'I Kings V, 3) a"»a 1111«, "pbaiitttJ which people fatten with force. Ib. 'Dl ' p l a W /Si!) that stand feeding as they please. Sabb. X X I V , 3 (155 b ) 'aVji&aiS 'pS you must not (on the Sabbath) stuff the camel; expl. ib. you must not mate '31 - m a DISK a manger of her stomach (fill up to swelling); a. fr.-—Part-, pass. Was (=littj). Meg. 9 a , a. e. (one of the changes said to have been made by the authors of the Septuag.). I (a[3aaxaVTa) unbewitched! may no harm befall you! Y . Ab. Zar. I, end, 40 b IS!* S3 'X he did not say abascanta, but etc. Y. Ber.IV, 18° top (corr. acc.). s ^ s s n ,

v.

m. pi. (Sia) blains, pustules. Targ. 0 . Ex. I X , 9*(Var. 'psiasas f. pi.). -72$,,

v. i s a .

(nsa) search, begging, the appearance of the poor for their share in the crop. PI. n v s a s . Peah 'IV, 5 '31 ' a s 'S (Y. ed. IV, 3 ':31S) three times a day the poor would come (cmp. etym. Y. ib. 18 b top). [Oth. comment, ref. to etym. in Y. 1. c. a. Targ. Obad. y. 6: "the owner appears" &c.] ^ S p X m. ( = s 3 s a s , cmp. p a ) tin. Targ. 0 . Num. X X X I , T22. pHbi m. (b. h.; v. past, cmp. "JUi"),' (thick, whirling) dust, powder. Sabb. I l l , 3 fiiill p a s the (heated) sand on- the roads. Hull. 91 a . Cant. E . to III, 6 ; a. fir.—''S QilSian the refuse of writing material, or the colored sand strewn over the writing. Sabb. XII, 5 ]ip$)aa a r c '21 if one writes (on the Sabb.) with a fluid or sap of fruits (instead of ink), or in the sand on roads or in the writer's powder,—Trnsf. (cmp. pas) connection, something akin to, shade of, as S i n y\tib 'S a shade of slander; 'S m m a shade of usury; fiiSiatB btt) 'St an agricultural occupation indirectly related to those forbidden in the Sabbath year; v. inir.—Pl. ilipas. Tosef. Ab. Zar. 1,10 "ji-t ' s s a i s (ed. Zuck. n i s p a s ) the word abalc in its figur. sense is applied to four things; cmp. B. Bath. 185 a ; B. Mets, 61 b ; 67 a ; Succ. 40 b .

8 p l S , Pi. pas, pa^S (denorn. of foreg.) to cover with powder, esp. plants, for fertilizing.. Shebi. II, 2 "i^asa (cmp. Y . Gem. a. 1.). M. Kat. 3 a . Y . Sabb. VII, 10" top. —Part. pass, pais?? powdered. Y. Bicc.I, 63 d bot. ttlpSlSa (read '31SB) grapes fertilized with powder. [Ar. "to remove the dust"(?)] Hithpa. a. Nithpa. paSKi, 'Sti: to he covered, or cover one's self with dust. Gen. E . s. 43.—Metaph. to sit at one's feet as a disciple. Aboth. I, 4. pS!S!, • p*QNi ( l / a s , as, cmp. "¡as, pari) l ) to entangle, twist, twine. Men. 42 a p a i s inb p i a s (perh, p i a s Pa.) he twined (the show-fringes) with loops.—2) (neut. v.) to be attached to, cling to (idolatry etc.). Snh. 64 a ; Ab. Zar. 14 b . Ib. 17 a SaiM na 'S he was very deeply attached to- sensuality. pnX,

ch.=h. pas. Targ. Ex. XX, 9 ; a. e. Tosef. Mikv, V, 7, read pias. v. p a s ch.

fTlfctpSfci, V. p a s h. îlp^SS! f. (b. h.; v. pas) spices, spice-box. IMg. ïip?S bail (peddlar's spice-box) a great scholar. Cant. E . to III, 6 end. pr. n. m. (ESxoXoç) Eucolus, father of E . Zechar'iah. Git. 56 a ; Lam. B . to IV, 2. Tosef. Sabb, X V I (XVII), 6 (Var. Sblaas, Olbpias). Cmp. OlblpiBS. r i p D S Men. 33 a , read s n p a s , v. next w. f. pl. (pas) loops, leather rings, on bedsteads for the reception of cords; in door cases, for, hanging doors in. Ned. 56 b ; Snh. 20 b . 'S3 IT511 a couch is called dargesh, when it is carried in and out (to be put up and taken apart) by means of loops (through which the cords are fastened) ; opp. mittah, v. SJIiia.— Men. 33 a , Erub. ll' b ed. (Ms. M. ShpSS, v. Eabb. i>. S. a. 1. note), explain, "VS l a i n 'an indication of hinges'.— Macc. 23 a (loops in the punishing scourge). " Q i t or "Qi Hif. -rain, v. "iia. • "ÛiJ (yas, pressed, thick.

v. a a s ;

cmp. laa, - a n ) to be bent,

Pi. l a s , i a i s l) to strengthen, harden (cmp. ycx). Snh. 109b (play on Abiram, Num. XVI, 1) 'al ' a lab ^Sï) Ms. M. (Eashi laab, ed. l a s s ) he hardened his heart against repentance.—2) (denom. of i a s ) i o measure wings, to define city limits, for Sabbath distances, in cases of wing-like projections beyond the line. Erub. V, 1 l ï ^ a T"iasa .(accord, to Eab's spelling, while Sam. read •p'iàs.a, "v. Y. ib. 22 b , Bab. ib. 53 a ) how do we measure outskirts of a city in order to draw the Sabbath line? ; v. etymol. définit. Y. a. Babl. 11. cc. a. Y . Ber. VII, 12 c top.—3) (b. h. Hif.) to soar, take wings. Gen. R. s. 42 (play on Shemeber, Gen. XIV, 2) '31 lasaffi Ar. s. v. 12Sau; (ed. n i l s mniu) he took wings to fly and obtain wealth.

-os ch, Ithpe. "OWik} (v. next w, a. foreg.).£o be winged,' to soar. Targ. J'obXXXIX, 29. " O S , ( " l l " 1 ^ ) m. (b. h. wing,\\ ~ax: cmp. C]S, S]S3) l)limb,, "i"X, "p-iaix limbs, parts (of an animal). Shek. VII, 3 meat found. "'X in entire limbs (o pp. hiS"Wl cut slices). Sabb. 82 b 'Kb tistrna. ni^X Ms, M.\ (ed. nsix 'xb) does not make unclean when dismembered. Kef. XVIII, 9 (parts of a bedstead).—'« 'X as sing. Hull. 11b. Treat. S'mah. II, 12.—Ber. I, 1 the fat '¡XI and. other pieces of the daily offerings. Ohol. I, 8 'X H"a"i 248 limbs (joints).—4) balance of a load, ballast. Sabb. 154b, v. "an.—Oh. xia^x. " Q i t m. (v. "dX; b. h. ms5>) lead. Snh. 52» fibTS l£ a string (bar) of lead.' Hull. 8 a n p s a 'X lead directly from the mine (hot). Y. Sabb. VII, 10b bot.Kel. XIV, 5 'Dl isattj 'xn the lead hanging down froth the neck of the animal (as ornament or mark). Git. 19 a ; Sabb. 104b 'xa lana if he wrote the document with lead (solution); a. fr. - 2 N ; , ¡ o n a O ^ n a ) ch. same. Targ. Ex. XV. 10. Taig. YT. Lev. XX^ 14; a. e.—Snh. 64 a '31 1W11S cast ye him into a kettle (of lead) '31 w o a i and coyer him with lead (or heavy load ; ed. Witt) incorr.; Ms. M. omits xiax"!; oth. var. v. Eabb. D. S. a. 1.). Git. 19a 'SO (-writing) with lead pencil, 'XI X^aa with a solution of lead. r : «• limb,' v.

txia^x. : -

v, x - a i x . ^ " t l i i , Targ, ProY. XXX, 31 Ms. the cock, cmp. 13t«.a. T iaJ; v. SMS. adv. ("3) outside, freq. with prefix "r, opp. 1S15S.T i u l l . 130ab Ab. Zar. 2lj 'X« XS?a arms!» for the king to wait outside (of the court-room). B. Hash. 81' 'X . . . Hpiafe. Ber. 18b "X a w sat outside (of the gathering of the righteous in heaven). Cmp. " J T Q N , "OJiVQii, Erub. 62a, Var., v. ' ^ - Q X , v.

ch.

m. pi. (denom. of "OX, cmp. i l T o n ) l) '(cmp. 7QX Pi.) wings or corners of city walls (h. nss), pinnacles, mural turrets. Sabb. l i a ed. (Ar. H x r a x , ' read i"fi6t"Q»; Ms. M. ^ I ^ l « ; Var. lect. v. Rabb. D. S. a. 1. note) 2) (v. "DX a. nan) balance, freight arranged for balancing, ballast. B. Bath 24 b 'lVOXa "ilaiX •TOa im Ms. M. (ed. "roxa) I may say, the small kegs were placed among the large for balancing purposes. v. w o * . -

Tps-ins D W Q K J - V . ries^ia. «ansa, Kanna f. hash or brine of a certain fish ('A6pa|u'i?). Succ., 18a (Ms.M. a. ed. "13X, v. Eabb. D. S. a. 1.) [Bashi : 'a very small fish'.] m. (prob. a. geogr. term) ibrosi, name of a species of olive of medium size, also called ^ i a x q. v. Ber. 39" its name is not egori, nil*'Ms. M. (ed. • w a x , Ar. ed. Koh. i s t i a x ) but its original name is ibrosi or as some say i6i"OS Ms. M. (ed. W a S ) ; Y. Bice. I, 63cl bot. bfffix -(si-m's). V. 'jftfi'lGBK • • n r D i i , v. m. (Pers. àfròsah) a dish of flour, honey, and oil; a word in a marginal note in Ms. M. to Ber. a 37 , quoted in Ar. and in Bashi to 3615 bot. (iV'aynait, corr. acc.), defining n n p p a n . V. Eabb. D, S. a, 1. * I T l " Q N , rP"Ofc, a. fr. " » p i p » 'S •pbiiVja the extend (spend all t h e time of) my widowhood in my sale of movable chattel made binding by dint of imhusband's house. movable property jointly sold; cmp. Splp.—Kid. 2611 "UN I I i n s 'S by means of somebody else (taking possession in behalf of the absent person). Ib. 27 a '¡S'Wa "va ch. same; to he lengthened. Targ. Y, Ex. XIX, 13; Deut. XXX, 6. Denom. SMIllS. 'X is it necessary t h a t he must say, 'Acquire movT p S S I I I , KTJ1H! able b3' dint of acquiring landed property'?—Pes. 113° m. (foreg.) long staff, whenc? 1) crutch. S"5>a S^aS 'it bs every claim t h e legality of which rests Targ. i l Sam. I l l , 29 (some ed. US).—2) pole used, as a on some additional circumstance (e. g. a loan collectible yoke to carry burdens on the shoulder. B. Mets 83 a only on producing the note of indebtedness) requires ; ' S 3 1111 Ar., Ms. H., Oxf. &c. (Ms. M. S I T S , ed. S1SS, collection (cannot be considered actual property until y. Eabb. D. S. a. 1. note) who carry a burden on a yoke. collected).—Sabb. 116a lBllpl Sin a r a ' s the parchment Bets. 30 a (v. E a b b . D. S. a. 1. note 3); Sabb. 148a Ms. is sacred only on account of the sacred character of M. marg. ShlSK! (v. Eabb. D. S. a. 1. note 6). V. OTSR. what is written on it.— Shebu. 40 b , v. S11S; a. fr. HJS ("Ijpbi) m. CiSSl) 1) tie, knot. Succ. 10b, a. fr. ' S -j^is must be tied together. Ib. m i n if the a n a « , v. • tieoftheLulabbecameloosened. Erub. lOlhsq.TOSabiaiia D T a & X l J « , v. SioWSS, end. (a. twice 'iPS, Eabb. in D. S. a. 1. w m a ) when the door pin is handled by pulling the cord knotted to it.—2) ' m. ( = f a a i s , h. S^aa, bi3>as) calix. or corolla bunch. Y. Ter. II, 41 b Sa23tD ' S a bunch of herbs t h a t of flowers. Y. Kil. IX, 32a top "«lOp 'Si t h e cissaros became unclean.—3) surgical bandage. Sabb, 53a. blossom (v. Lat. Diet. s. v. cissaros, Gr. Diet. s. v. ^puTIN, ch. same. Succ.. 33 b '=1 « r p ^ S a '">S aav0s;j,ov) "a woolly substance growing on stones at the Dead Sea, looking like gold, atid being very soft; its (fem. I) it requires a substantial binding.

11

OitJDm opp. to M i l l s tied bunches. [Tosef. ib. I l l , 8 "nails ed. Zuck., piles of garlic, v. lilS.'] [Num. R, s. 4 beg. D^ian a m n i s , v. •'lias.]

i t f T J S , v. - i i x HI. « T U N y or r r u a f. (135, 5 absorbed or dropped = n i i n ) tale, story, lesson, esp. Agadah, t h a t class of Kabb. literature which explains t h e Bible homiletically, opp. to Halakhah or legal interpretation (Sis^ii, M. Kat. 23 a 'Nl 'affl a legal tradition and an Agadah (homily). Y. Yeb. XII, 13 a . Y. B. Bath. VI, 15° iOH 'K fiUDa/it is a traditional Agadah.—Y. Git. I V , 45c "SW . . . 'fa, ""'"I -who among us can enter into w h a t thy grandfather said?—'S ten a lecturer on Agadah. Gen. E , s. 94; a. f r . — i r t n f i l l s t h e Agadah on Psalms. Ib. s. 33.—P/. rrillK, 'SX. Lev. B. s. 22, beg.; a, fr.—Cmp. »nils.

r m j « f. (b. h. ¡ i l l s , v. foreg.) 1) bundle, lunch. B. Mets. I, 8. Succ. 3 3 b ' 3 1 Vi2) 'S3 as a bunch of herbs is t i e d ; a. fr.—2) band, union; faction. Lev. E . s. 30; Gen. E . s. 88 SlhS 'S one brotherhood.—PI. r.'Wls. P e a h VI, 10; v. foreg. Makhsh. VI, 2 '31 {TO bffl ' s ' (herb) bunches which have been lying in the market houses; v. Tosef. ib. Ill, 8.—Yeb. 13,J (ref. to w a r n Deut. XIV, 1) 'K 'S HBSH x i do not form yourselves into religious factions. Ber. 4 a 'X 'x in companies (amusing themselves).—3) 'X WS pr. n. of a family, Beth-Aguddah. Mass. Sof'rim IV, 1 ' K i l l ) . . , the scribes of the family Beth-Ag.

n ^ J K r p l . TiiWN Tosef. Makjish. HI, 8 ed. Zuck., v. nwaxl''' i

m

" p m

bllJiSSi m. (=¿114) thumb. to III, 6."

v.

?"U!Sj m. (b. h.) nut. Git. 64 b (as signs of mental responsibility) lbiiW 'X if you throw a nut to it, and the child picks it up (at t h e same time throwing a pebble away); a. e.—Pi.fiMl'SK, const. Mil«. Orl. Ill, 8 'Sii ISS&hl when the nuts are burst open. Ib. 7 "¡15 Mils crack-nuts (eatable); a. fr. [Tosef. Sabb. XIV (XV), 1 WSbMB HIS ed. Zuck., read p l i x , v. 'pSirt.] [For etymol. cmp. DSS.]

C H J I K , Y. BSMJ oip ^ x ( S p i l l S , popular corrupt. '13X, cmp. "'pbMjjs) m. (eedicus=cognitor sive defensor civitatis, esp. in Asia Minor) state's agent, syndic. Gen. E . s. 12 rftffl STO >5! r m a a (ed. ' I W ; iblB rn, corr, acc.) when an ecdicus is in t h e country, he holds the authority over t h e public road (curator vise, v. X*a). Yalk. Ps. 794 (a. Ar.) ""AN, corr. acc.—PI. "pf?''!««, '-X. Cant. R. to VII, 9 (ed. OX). m. (v. 151 a. si"1!, P. Sm. 23) worm-wood (Raslii: horehound). Ab. Zar. 29a Ar. a. ed. (Ms. M. 80151«, w i t h l ) , i n a prescription against asthma. Targ.Y.I Deut. XXIX, 17 '11X (Var. '11K); ed. Vienna pL.SJJWK (UK). «pro« f. ch. (=h. n i l s ) 1) Agadah, homiletic literature. Kam. 60 b opp. T«hPOaUJ. Sotah 49a hMMB »ill 'Ml SSI (abbr. the kaddish (prayer) after lectures. Y. Sabb. X V I , 15c.—2) the Haggadah, i. e. the recitations for the Passover night. Ps. 115b s V ^ m ' s Haggadah and Hallel. Ib. 116 b '31 'X I s s i who recited t h e Hag. in t h e house of B. Joseph (who was blind) ? H i X m. (¡IIS to Sting, v. SIS, ] / l S = l t 1 , v. llfi) thorn, thorn-bush. Y. Shebi. VH, T 37 b top.—Pi. Y. Kil. V, 30 a bot.; v. " ' ^ j l l ^ adv. inside, .amid, v.. " s r a * . Hull. 130 ab . Cmp. "5. i i J i J i i m. ( l i s , v, ¡ i i s = h . llifi q. v.) cleft, fissure. SOal ' S cataract, water-falls (issuing from a Assure). Lam. E , to I, 17 (play on hogeg ibid. Ps. XLII, 5) "pins '31 ' S Ar. like t h e cataract t h a t rests neither &c. [Ed. SS1S1]. T i & i m.(11SI)band'. Y.Sabb.VI,8 a bot.; Y.Yeb.XII, 12 d top">,) outside-door, city-gate. B. Bath 8a Ar. (ed. 'SSK f. ( i " ¡ o p í ) m a r k e t - p l a c e , cowrt-session, oowrt. —PL -ibix, all must contribute towards keeping the city gates in PI. rSxms'iS Git. 88lj,bi153 ba (ed. nwmii* -eorr. acc.) repair.; B. Mets. 108a (Ms. M. gentile courts. f.("ilN) prop, store-room, henoe the compartv. s ^ w a a. inn. . ments of thè nut-shell. PI. tYimiK. Pesik. R. s. 11 as the nut has'X 5318* four compartments (Yalk. Cant. 992 fiYíün). D ^ J i i m. (b. h".; Vast, sec. r. of 11«, cmp. lin, liy) "H/tfii inf. of 'TlSt.—imSK for v. s m s . • reminded things, raiwdrops. Hag. 12b 'X p r t s (alius, to Job XXXVIII, 28) the upper store in heavens con"HlJiSt, m. (v. lias, rnilN) fit for storage, taining the rains. [V. Var. lect. in Rabb. D. S. a. 1, of good quality. Kel. XYII, 8 the olive (as a size note 200.] standard) . . . neither large nor small, but of medium size, 'N ill Which is the kind called egori. Ber. 39a; Y. ^"DJX read "pli^S. Bicc. I, 63d (etymol.. expían.) fv.^WhaN. Yalk. Deut. 851 » T f i E & l » f. (t]1Jl) engraving, setting. . Targ. Y. Ex. 'X tvt. Gen. R. s. 91, end ma myrrh fit for storage. XXXI, 5. T i —PI. ym5K Num. B. s. 4 beg. 'inimi» ÜiBfi, read ' p ™ on are all storage wheat (opp. nSlS^B). Cmp. TiSK. " ^ b j i i , v. stg^ia.. i * ™ II

,0 be bent, whence d 3 S t l ( h . t i l S ; Yv-'> v - Qo5> to be in g r i e f . Targ. Ps. CXIX, 28.

m & r ™ , Y. È r t a l i , r w s , n j x , v. nw. - t sKTin&i, srñru&í

f. (mi, ms) fighting.

Targ. Ps. CX, 3; a. e. • p a j t f , Snh. 91a, v. fte^;—Y. Kil. IX, 32a v. stint]» m. (xaTO((ipáxTY¡í, cataraeta) cataract, cascade—íf. N^apBlK Y, M. Kat. I, beg. 80b 'X 'pV'K 'pi ña. what is your opinion about those cascades ? -

D 3 H I I m. (b. h.; Y. foreg. a. 'iais?) ant/thing bending and peeling, whence 1) leek, or leek-like plants, opp. to mm) young grain &c. Kid. 62b this refers only to shahath 'S3 tax but not to agam. Ib. iKhl SaiUa ^tw sin s s i s i a i «3125^ 'S (Ar. xiisiai) what proof have you that agam in this case has the meaning of onion-plants ? (Answ. ref. to-frois Is. LVIII, 5).—2) (b, h.) reed, reedland (juncetum), dwelling places of wild beasts, opp. a'lto cultivated land; Taap. 22a,

D3S

order

13

m. (Baa) a field which requires clearing in to be made arable, uncleared ground containing

Targ. II Esth. I, 2.-2) (pa) NMjSSj f. protection,'guard. Num.B. s. 12; Midr. Till, to Ps..XCI,2

roots of trees &c. Ab. Zar. 38a 'K3 nsn nx rV2Bl set fire mahasi (Ps. 1. c.) means ''Max my

guard.

to an uncleared field. Y. ib. II, 4411 bot. b*narv 'tt a field (Tosef. 6SW) m. (013, DDa to swell, v. b5 III, on which palms stood, the roots of which must be ; cmp. hisn) pear, pear-tree. [In oth. Semit. dial, except grubbed up. Syr., plum, Fl. to Levi Talm. Diet. 's. v.] Y. .Kil. I, 27a '«as« bot.; Tosef. ib. 4. Ib. II, 15 (Var.ttiai