A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology 9781463226633

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A Dictionary of the Bible

Gorgias Historical Dictionaries

22

The difficulty of locating historical dictionaries has long been a source of frustration for scholars. Gorgias Press seeks to address this difficulty by the introduction of a series of historic dictionaries. The Gorgias Historical Dictionaries series makes available classic sources at affordable prices.

A Dictionary of the Bible

Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology

Volume 4 Edited by

James Hastings With the Assistance of

John A. Selbie

A

1 gotgias press 2010

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright© 2010 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1898-1909 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

A l

2010

ISBN 978-1-61719-217-3

ISSN 1935-3189 Reprinted from the 1898-1909 New York edition.

Printed in the United States of America

A

Dictionary of the Bible

P R E F A C E

IN issuing t h e last volume of t h e DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, the E d i t o r

desires

to record his sense of t h e goodness of God in enabling h i m to c a r r y it

through

to t h e end, a n d to beseech H i s blessing on t h e use of it, t h a t H i s N a m e

may

be glorified.

been

H e desires also very

heartily

to

thank

all those who

have

H e t h a n k s t h e P u b l i s h e r s for their con-

associated with him in i t s production.

fidence a t t h e beginning, for t h e liberty t h e y have left him, a n d for t h e perfect courtesy of all their intercourse with him. MORRISON & GIBB, and patient

personal

their

interest.

H e t h a n k s t h e P r i n t e r s also, Messrs.

employees, for their skilful w o r k m a n s h i p a n d

And

he

thanks

all

the

Authors.

Chosen

their

because

they were believed to be able to give t h e best account of t h e subjects e n t r u s t e d to t h e m , t h e y h a v e done their work in such a way as to vindicate their

choice;

while t h e relations between t h e m and t h e E d i t o r have been most agreeable throughout.

He

thanks

them

all, b u t

especially

closely associated in t h e oversight DRIVER,

Dr.

II.

B.

SWETE,

and

those

with

whom

he has

been

most

of t h e w o r k — D r . JOHN A. SELBIE, Dr. S, K

Dr.

W.

SAHDAV.

There

is

another,

DAVIDSON, but he has passed beyond the voice of e a r t h l y g r a t i t u d e .

Dr.

A.

B

LTST OF A ß B R E V I A T I O N S L

Alex. = Alexandrian. Apoc. = Apocalypse. Apocr. = Apocrypha. Aq. = Aquila. Arab. =Arabic. Aram. = Aramaic. Assyr. =s Assyrian. Bab. = Baby Ionian. c. = circa, aoout. Can. = Canaanite. cf. = compare, ct. = contrast. D=Deuteronomist. E = Elohist. edd. = editions or editors. Egyp. = Egyptian. Eng. = English. Eth. = Ethiopia. f. = a n d following verse or p a g e ; as Ac if. = and following verses or pages: as Mt ll 20 *Gr. = Greek. H = L a w of Holiness. Heb. = Hebrew. Hel. = Hellenistic. Hex. sa Hexateuch. Isr. = Israelite. J=Jahwist. J" = Jehovah. Jerus. =Jerusalem. Jos. asJosephus.

II.

Old

LXX = Septuagint. MSS = Manuscripts. MT = Massoretic T e x t n. =note. N T = New Testament. Onk. = Onkelos. OT = Old Testament. P = P r i e s t l y Narrative. Pal. = Palestine, Palestinian. Pent. = Pentateuch. Pers. = Persian. Pliil. = Philistine. Phcen. = Phoenician. Pr. Bk. = Prayer Book. R = liedactor. llom. = Roman. Sam. = Samaritan. Sera. = Semitic. Sept. = Septuagint. Sin. = Sinaitic. Symm. = Symmachus. Syr. = Syriac. T a l m . = Talmud. Targ. s=Targum. Theod. =Theodotion. T R = T e x t u s Receptus. fcr. = translate or translation. VSS = Versions. Vulg. — Vulgate. W H = Westcott and Hort's text.

BOOKS OF THE

Testament. Gn = Genesis. Ca=Canticles. Ex = Exodus. Is — Isaiah. Lv =s Leviticus. J e r = J eremiah. Nu=Numbers. La=Lamentations. Dt = Deuteronomy. Ezk = Ezekiel. Jos=Joshua. Dn = Daniel. J g = Judges. Hos = Hosea. Ru = R u t h . J l = Joel. 1 S, 2 S = 1 and 2 Samuel. A m — Amos. 1 K, 2 K = 1 and 2 Kings. Ob = Obadiah. 1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 and 2 Jon = Jonah. Chronicles. Mic = Micah. Ezr = Ezra. Nah = Nahum. Neh = Nehemiah. Hab » Habakkuk. Est=Esther. Zeph = Zephaniah. Job. H a g = Haggai. Ps = Psalms. Zee=Zeckariah. Pr=Proverbs. Mai = Malachi. Ec = Ecclesiastes. Apocrypha. 1 Es, 2 Es = 1 and 2 To = Tobit. Esdras. Jth=Judith.

GENERAL

BIBLE

Ad. E s t = Additions to Esther. Wis = Wisdom. Sir =s Siracli or Ecclesiasticus. Bar=Baruch. Three = Song of t h e Three Children.

Sus = Susanna. Bel = Bel and the Dragon. Pr. Man = Prayer of Manasses. 1 Mac, 2 Mac = l and 2 Maccabees.

New Testament. Mt=Matthew. 1 Th, 2 Th = 1 and 2 Mk = Mark. Tliessalonians. Lk —Luke. 1 Ti, 2 Ti = 1 and 2 J n = John. Timothy. Ac = Acts. T i t = Titus. Ro = Romans. Philem = Philemon. 1 Co, 2 Co = 1 and 2 He = Hebrews. J a = James. Corinthians. Gal = GaIatians. 1 P, 2 P = l a n d 2 Peter. Eph=rEphesians. 1 J n , 2 J n , 3 J n = l, 2, Pu —Philippians. and 3 John. Col = Colossians. Jude. Rev = Revelation.

L I S T

Till

III.

O F

A B B K K V I A T I O N S

ENGLISH

Wye. = W y c l i f ' s Bible (NT r„ 1380, OT e. 1382, Purvey's Revision 13881. Tind. = Tindale's N T 152« and 1534, Pent. 1530. Cov. = Coverdale ; s Bible 1535. Matt, or Rog. = Matthew's (i.e. prob. Rogers') Bible 1537. Cran, or Great=Cranrner's ' G r e a t ' Bible 1539. Tav. = Taverner's Bible 1539. Gen. = Geneva NT 1557, Bible 1560.

IV.

FOR

THE

A1IT— Ancient Hebrew Tradition. A JSL = American Journal of Sern. Lang, and Literature. AJTh = American Journal of Theology. A T=Altes Testament. £ £ = Bampton Lecture. BM = British M nseum. BBP=Biblical Researches in Palestine. GIG — Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. C7X = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarurn. 6'/,S'= Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. CO7T= Cuneiform Inscriptions and tlie OT. DB = Dictionary of the Bible. EHH= Early History of the Hebrews. i M P = Geographie des alten Palästina. GGA — Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen. G£JV= Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. GJV= Geschichte des Jüdischen \ 7 olkes. G VI= Geschichte des Volkes Israel. HCM- Higher Criticism and the Monuments. J i £ = Historia Ecclesiastica. HGiIL = Historical Geog. of Holy Land. HI-History of Israel. HJP = History of the Jewish People. HPM-History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. HPN= Hebrew Proper Names. /t/'Gr = Israe!itische und Jüdische Geschichte. , / ü £ = Journal of Biblical Literature. .////'A —Jaiirliiirln'r fiir deutsche Theologie. JQR = Jewish Quarterly Review. JItAS=Journal of the "Royal Asiatic Society. JRL — Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. JThSt = Journal of Theological Studies. KAT=T>ie Keilii schritten und das Alte Test. KGF= Keilinschriften u. Geschichtsforschung. KIB = KeilinschriftHche Bibliothek. LCBl = Literarisches Centraiblatt. LOT- Introd. to öhe Literature of the Old Test.

VERSIONS

Bisli. = Bishops' Bible 1568. Tom. = Tomson's NT 1576. Rhem. — Rhemish N T 158-2. Dou. = Douay OT 1609. AV = Authorized Version 1611. AVm = Authorized Version margin. EV = Revised Version N T 1881, UT 1885. RVm = Revised Version margin. EV = Auth. and Rev. Versions.

LITERATURE

NHWB = Nenhebräisches Wörterbuch. NTZG = Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte. 0.Y —Ot.inm Norviceuse. O P = O r i g i n of the ¡'salter. OTJC= The Old Test, in the Jewish Church. PB = Polychrome Bible. PEF= Palestine Exploration Fund. PEFSt = Quarterly Statement of the same. PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Bibl. Archieology. P Ä i ? = Real-Encyclopädie für protest. Theologie und Kirche. QPB = Queen's Printers' Bible. 11B = Revue Biblique. 1,'K.J~ Revue des Etudes J uivea. H P - - Rceords of the Past. 7i',S'—Religion of the Semites. SB0T= Sacred Books of Old Test. SK— Studien und Kritiken. SP = Sinai and Palestine. iSTFT^ Memoirs of the Survey of W. Palestine. ThL or 7'A£iT=Theol. Literaturzeitung. r A r = T h e o l . Tijdschrift. TS—Texts and Studies. TSBA — Transactions of Soc. of I !i U. Archaeology. T i / = T e x t e und Untersuchungen. WAI= Western Asiatic Inscriptions. WZKM= Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZA — Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. ZAW or ZATW= Zeitschrift für die Alttest. Wissenschaft. ZDHG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen ländischen Gesellschaft. ZDPV— Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina Vereins. ZKSF— Zeitschrift f ü r Keilschriftforschung. Z/iTir=Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft. ZNT IK—Zeitschrift f ü r die Neutest. Wissen schaft.

A small superior number designates the particular edition of the work referred to, as KAP,

MAP IN VOLUME I V CANAAN

AS DIVIDED AMONG

THB T W E L V E T E I B B S

.

.

.

facing

pageil

LOP.

AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL. TV

Jewish of t h e

R e v . A R T H U R THOMAS C H A P M A N , M . A . , F e l l o w , Tutor, and Hebrew Lecturer, Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

R e v . A L E X A N D E R ADAMSON, M . A . , B . D . , D u n d e e .

R e v . R O B E R T H E N R Y C H A R L E S , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of B i b l i c a l G r e e k i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of D u b l i n .

ISRAEL A B R A H A M S , M . A . , E d i t o r of t h e Quartal// Review, and Senior Tutor Jews' College, London.

R e v . W A L T E R F. A D E N E Y , M . A . , D . D . , Professor of N e w T e s t a m e n t E x e g e s i s i n N e w C o l l e g e , London. V e n . A . S. A G L E N , M . A . , St. Andrews.

D.D.,

the

R. E.,

D.C.L.,

of

Rev.

G . A . COOKE, M . A . , f o r m e r l y Magdalen College, Oxford.

Landes-

Rev.

H E N R Y C O W A N , M . A . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of C h u r c h H i s t o r y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A b e r d e e n .

The

l a t e R e v . A . Ii. DAVIDSON, D . D . , L L . I ) . , P r o f e s s o r of I J e b r e w a n d O r i e n t a l L a n g u a g e in N e w C o l l e g e , E d i n b u r g h .

Archdeacon in

C o l . C L A U D E REIGNIEII CONDER, LL.I)., M.R.A.S.

W.

BACHER, P h . D . , P r o f e s s o r Rabbinersehule, Budapest.

Ilev.

JOHN S. B A N K S , P r o f e s s o r of S y s t e m a t i c T h e o l o g y in t h e H e a d i n g l e y C o l l e g e , L e e d s .

R e v . \ V . EMERY B A R N E S , M . A . , D . D . , F e l l o w of P e t e r h o u s e , a n d H u l s e a n P r o f e s s o r of D i v i n i t y , Cambridge. JAMES VERNON B A R T L E T , M . A . , P r o f e s s o r of Church History, Mansfield College, Oxford. G R A F W I L H E L M VON BAUDISSIN, P r o f e s s o r T h e o l o g y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of B e r l i n .

of

Fellow

of

R e v . T . WITTON DAVIES, B . A . , P h . D . , M . R . A . S . , P r o f e s s o r of H e b r e w a n d O l d T e s t a m e n t Lite r a t u r e in t h e B a p t i s t C o l l e g e , B a n g o r , a n d L e c t u r c r in S e m i t i c L a n g u a g e s in U n i v e r s i t y College, Bangor. R e v . W , T . D A V I S O N , M . A . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of Systematic Theology in t h e Handsworth Theological College, Birmingham.

R e v . L L E W E L L Y N J . M . B E B B , M . A . , P r i n c i p a l of St. David's College, L a m p e t e r ; formerly Fellow a n d T u t o r of B r a s e n o s e C o l l e g e , O x f o r d .

Rev.

R e v . W I L L I S JUDSON BF.ECIIKR, D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of H e b r e w L a n g u a g e a n d L i t e r a t u r e in A u b u r n Theological Seminary, N e w York.

J A M E S D E N N E Y , M . A . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of Systematic Theology in t h e U n i t e d F r e e Church College, Glasgow.

The

l a t e R e v . \V. P. DICKSON, P r o f e s s o r of D i v i n i t y i n t h e Glasgow.

Rev.

SAMUEL ROLLES D R I V E R , D . D . , L i t t . D . , C a n o n of C h r i s t C h u r c h , a n d R e g i u s P r o f e s s o r of H e b r e w in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of O x f o r d .

P . V . M . BENKCKK, M . A . , F e l l o w Magdalen College, Oxford.

and Tutor

of

Rev. WILLIAM HENRY BENNETT, M . A . , L i t t . D . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of O l d T e s t a m e n t E x e g e s i s i n H a c k n e y and N e w C o l l e g e s , L o n d o n ; somet i m e F e l l o w of S t . J o h n ' s C o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e . Rev. EDWARD RUSSELL BERNARD, M . A . , C h a n c e l l o r a n d C a n o n of S a l i s b u r y Cathedral; f o r m e r l y F e l l o w of M a g d a l e n C o l l e g e , O x f o r d . Rev.

JOHN H E N R Y B E R N A R D , D . D . , F e l l o w of Trinity College, and Archbishop King's L e c t u r e r in D i v i n i t y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Dublin.

FREDERICK J . BLISS, B . A . , P h . D . , D i r e c t o r of t h e P a l e s t i n e E x p l o r a t i o n F u n d in J e r u s a l e m . R e v . W . ADAMS BROWN, M . A . , P h . D . , Professor of S y s t e m a t i c T h e o l o g y in U n i o n T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary, New York. K . B U D D E , P h . D . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of T h e o l o g y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of M a r b u r g . Rev.

WILLTAM CARSLAW, M . A . , M . D . , Lebanon Schools, B e y r o u t , Syria.

of

the ! I ix

D . D . , LL.I).» U n i v e r s i t y of

R e v . DAVID EATON, M . A . , D . D . , G l a s g o w . Rev.

WILLIAM EWIXG, M . A . , m e r l y of T i b e r i a s , P a l e s t i n e .

Glasgow,

for-

R e v . GEORGE FERRIES, M . A . , D . D . , C l u n y , A b e r deenshire. R e v . ROBERT F L I N T , D . D . , L L . D . , P r o f e s s o r of D i v i n i t y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of E d i n b u r g h . R e v . A L F R E D ERNEST GARVIE, M . A . , B . D . , M o n trose. R e v . JOHN GIBB, M . A . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of N e w T e s t a m e n t E x e g e s i s in " W e s t m i n s t e r C o l l e g e , Cambridge. G . B U C H A N A N G R A Y , M . A . , P r o f e s s o r of in M a n s f i e l d C o l l e g e , O x f o r d .

Hebrew

R e v . ALEXANDER GRIEVE, M . A . , P h . D . , Forfar. FRANCIS L L E W E L L Y N G R I F F I T H , M . A . , F . S . A , . S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e A r c h a e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y of t h e E g y p t E x p l o r a t i o n F u n d .

AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL. IV

X Eev.

HENRY

MELVILL GWATKIN,

M.A.,

D.D.,

Fellow of E m m a n u e l College, and Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge.

Rev.

G.

HARFOI:D-BATTEKSBY,

College, O x f o r d ; Liverpool. J . RENDEL

HAKEIS,

Vicar

M.A.,

of

Hill,

Fellow

and

Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge.

R e v . ARTHUR

CAYLEY

HEADLAM,

RHODES

JAMES,

M.A.,

Litt.D.,

Fellow and Dean of King's College, and Director of t h e Fitzwilliam M u s e u m , Cambridge. R e v . ARCHIBALD K . S . K E N N E D Y , M . A . ,

NESTLE,

Ph.D.,

D.D.,

Professor

at

Professor

of

Maulbronn. R e v . THOMAS N I C O L , M . A . ,

D.D.,

D i v i n i t y and Biblical Criticism in t h e University of Aberdeen. W . NOWACK, P h . D . , Professor of Theology in t h e University of Strassburg. R e v . WILLIAM P .

D.D.,

Pro-

fessor of S y s t e m a t i c Theology in t h e versity of Aberdeen.

PATERSON, M . A . ,

Uni-

R e v . J A M E S PATRICK, M . A . , B . D . , B . S c . , E x a m i n e r

for Degrees in D i v i n i t y in t h e University of St. Andrews.

D.D.,

Professor of l i e l ' i e v and Semitic L a n g u a g e s in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of F.dinburgh.

Cam-

W . MAX MÜLLER, P h . D . , L L . D . , Professor of Old T e s t a m e n t L i t e r a t u r e in t h e Reformed Episcopal Church S e m i n a r y , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

B.D.,

EDWARD HULL, M . A . , L L . D . , F . R . S . , F . R . G . S . , l a t e Director of tlie Geological Survey of I r e l a n d , and Professor of Geology in t h e Iioyal College of Science, Dublin.

Senior

Classical M a s t e r in t h e Leys School, bridge.

EBERHARD

M.A.,

Rector of W e l w y n , H e r t s ; formerly Follow of All Souls' College, Oxford.

MONTAGUE

D i d s b u r y College, Manchester. R e v . J A M E S H . MOULTON, M . A . , D . L i t t . ,

Balliol

Mossley

M.A., Litt.D.,

R e v . R . W A D D Y MOSS, P r o f e s s o r of C l a s s i c s i n t h e

Rev.

JOHN PATRICK,

M.A.,

D.D.,

Professor

of

Rev. II. A. A. KENNEDY, M . A . , D.Sc., Callander.

Biblical Criticism and Biblical A n t i q u i t i e s in t h e University of E d i n b u r g h .

FREDERIC G . KEXYON, M . A . , D . L i t t . , P h . D . , of

A R T H U R S. P E A K E , M . A . , P r o f e s s o r i n t h e P r i m i -

t h e D e p a r t m e n t of M a n u s c r i p t s in the British M u s e u m , l a t e Fellow of M a g d a l e n College, Oxford. EDUARD

K Ö N I G , P h . D . , D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of

Testament Bonn.

Exegesis

in

the

R e v . J O H N LAIDLAW, M . A . ,

D.D.,

S y s t e m a t i c Theology in Edinburgh. Rev.

WALTER

LOCK,

the

M.A.,

Old

University

of

P r o f e s s o r of

New

D.D.,

College,

Warden

of

Keble College, and Dean Ireland's Professor of New T e s t a m e n t Exegesis in t h e University of Oxford. ALEXANDER MACALISTER, L L . D . , M . D . ,

tive M e t h o d i s t College, Manchester, and L e c t u r e r in Lancashire I n d e p e n d e n t College; sometime Fellow of M e r l o n and L e c t u r e r in Manslield College, Oxford.

W I L L I A M FLINDERS I ' E T R I E , M . A . , D . C . L . ,

THEOIMIII.US

to t h e Church of Scotland a t Beyrout, Syria.

Rev.

HUGH

MACMILLAN,

M.A.,

D.D.,

LL.D.,

Greenock. T h e l a t e R e v . J O H N MACrHERSON, M . A . ,

Edin-

burgh. R e v . D . S . MARGOLIOUTH, M . A . , F e l l o w of

New

College, and L a u d i a n Professor of A r a b i c in t h e University of Oxford.

R e v . J O H N T U R N E R MARSHALL, M . A . ,

Principal

of t h e B a p t i s t College, Manchester. R e v . A R T H U R J A M E S MASON, M . A . , D . D . , L a d y

M a r g a r e t ' s R e a d e r in D i v i n i t y in t h e University of Cambridge, and Canon of Canterbury.

PINCHES,

LL.D.,

R e v . A L F R E D P L U M M E R , M . A . , D . D . , M a s t e r of

University College, D u r h a m . R e v . F R A N K CHAMBERLIN PORTER, M . A . , P h . D . ,

D . I ) . , Professor of Biblical Theology in t h e D i v i n i t y School of Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y , New Haven. R e v . HARVEY PORTER, B . A . , P h . D . , P r o f e s s o r

in

t h e A m e r i c a n College, Beyrout, Syria.

R e v . GEORGE M . M A C K I E , M . A . , D . D . , C h a p l a i n R e v . J . A . M'CLYMONT, M . A . , D . D . , A b e r d e e n .

GOLDRIDGE

M . K . A . S . , London.

F.R.S.,

P.S.A., Fellow of St. J o h n ' s College, and Professor of A n a t o m y in t h e University of Cambridge.

Pro-

fessor of Egyptology in University College, London.

Rev.

GEORGF. POST,

M.D.,

F.L.S.,

Professor

t h e American College, Beyrout, S y r i a .

in

IRA MAURICE PRICE, M . A . , B . D . , P h . D . , P r o f e s s o r

of Semitic L a n g u a g e s and L i t e r a t u r e s in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago. R e v . CYRIL H E N R Y PRICHARD, M . A . , l a t e C l a s s i c a l

Scholar of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and L e c t u r e r a t St. Olave's, S o u t h w a r k .

T h e l a t e R e v . GEORGE T . P U R V E S , D . D . , L L . D . ,

Professor of N e w T e s t a m e n t L i t e r a t u r e and Exegesis in P r i n c e t o n Theological Seminary, New J e r s e y . WILLIAM M. RAMSAY, D . C . L . , L L . D . , L i t t . D . , Professor of H u m a n i t y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Aberdeen, H o n o r a r y Fellow of E x e t e r and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford.

JOHN MASSIE, M . A . , Y a t e s Professor of New T e s t a m e n t Exegesis in Mansfield College, Oxford ; formerly Scholar of St. J o h n ' s Collego, Cambridge.

R e v . H E N R Y A . R E D P A T H , M . A . , R e c t o r of

R e v . SELAH MERRILL, D . D . , L L . D . , U . S . C o n s u l

R e v . ARCHIBALD ROBERTSON, M . A . , D . D . , L L . D . ,

a t Jerilsalein. Rev.

GEORGE

MILLIGAN,

M.A.,

B.D ,

Perthshire. R e v . W I L L I A M MORGAN, M . A . . T a r b o l t o n .

Caputh,

St.

D u n s t a n ' s in t h e E a s t , London. R e v . FREDERICK

R E L T O N , A . K . C . , V i e a r of

St.

A n d r e w ' s , S t o k e N e w i n g t o n , London. Principal of King's College, London, Fellow of T r i n i t y College, Oxford.

late

J . W . ROTHSTEIN, P h . D . , D . D . , Professor of Theology in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Halle.

A U T H O R S

OF

ARTICLES

IN

VOL.

xi

IV

S T E W A K T D I N G W A L L FORDYCE SALMOND, Rev. JOHN TAYLOR, M.A., Litt.D., Vicar of Winchcombe. M.A., D.D., F.E.I.S., Principal and Professor of Systematic Theology in the United Free H E N R Y ST. J O H N T H A C K E R A Y , M . A . , E x a m i n e r Church College, Aberdeen. in the Board of Education, formerly Divinity Rev. WILLIAM SANDAY, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Lady Lecturer in Selwyn College, Cambridge. Margaret Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Rev. THOMAS WALKER, M.A., Professor of Hebrew Christ Church, Oxford. in the Assembly's College, Belfast. Rev.

Rev.

AKCHIBALD

H E N R Y SAYCE,

M.A.,

LL.D.,

Fellow of Queen's College, and Professor of Assyriology in the University of Oxford.

R e v . JOHN A . SELBIE, M . A . ,

D.D.,

Marycnlter,

Rev. B. B. WARFIELD, M.A., D.D., Professor of Theology in Princeton University. L i e u t . - G e n e r a l S i r CHARLES W A R R E N , G . C . M . G . ,

Kincardineshire. K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Engineers. C. SIEGFRIED, Ph.D., Geh. Kirchenrath and Pro- R e v . A D A M C . W E L C H , M . A . , B . D . , G l a s g o w . fessor of Theology in the University of J e n a . Rev.

JOHN

SKINNER,

M.A.,

D.D.,

P r o f e s s o r of

Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis Westminster College, Cambridge.

in the University of Durham, and formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford.

Rev. H. J . WHITE, M.A., Follow and Chaplain of Merton College, Oxford.

R e v . GEORGE A D A M S M I T H , M . A . ,

D.D.,

LL.D.,

Rev.

M.A.,

D.D.,

Professor of Hebrew in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. VINCENT

HENRY

STANTON,

Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. JOHN F. STENNING, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew and Theology, Wadham College, Oxford. Rev.

GEORGE

BARKER

STEVENS,

Ph.D.,

D.D.,

Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology in Yale University. Rev. \V. B. STEVENSON, M.A., B.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Introduction in the Theological College, Bala.

ST.

GEORGE

Oxford.

STOCK,

M.A.,

Pembroke

T h e l a t e R e v . H E N R Y ALCOCK W H I T E , M . A . , T u t o r

in

College,

Rev. NEWPORT J . D . W H I T E , M . A . , B . D . , L i b r a r i a n

of Archbishop Marsh's Library, and Assistant Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew in the University of Dublin.

R e v . O W E N C.

D.D.,

Prin-

Rev. A. LUKYN WILLIAMS, M.A., Vicar of Guilden Morden and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Durham. L i e u t . - G e n e r a l S i r CHARLKS W I L L I A M W I L S O N , R.E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D.,

F.R.S.

R e v . FRANCIS HENRY WOODS, M . A . , B . D . , V i c a r

of Chalfont St. Peter, and late Fellow and Theological Lecturer of St. John's College, Oxford.

R e v . J A M E S STBACHAN, M . A , S t . F e r g u s .

HERMANN L. STRACK, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Theology in the University of Berlin.

WHITEHOUSF, M . A . ,

cipal and Professor of Biblical Exegesis and Theology in Cheslmnt College.

Rev.

JOHN

Syria.

WORTABET,

M.A.,

M.D.,

Beyrout,

VOL. IV.

Map

DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE PLEROMA (irMipwfxa 5 Lat. plenitudo, supple- the completeness with which the Son represents mentum, pleroma; A V a n d IiV 'fulness').—A word the Father ; it is the fulness of life which makes of common Greek usage, which is raised to a semi- Him the representative, without other intermediary teclmical meaning in relation to God in certain agencies, and ruler of the w hole universe ; and it is books of the N T connected with Asia Minor (Eplie- the fulness of moral and intellectual perfection sians, Colossians, J o h n (prol.)). This meaning w hich is communicable through Him to man ; it may have been given to it first by St. P a u l ; but is consistent with a gradual growth of human his absolute use of it in Col l 19 , without any faculties (Ll; 2'°), therefore with the phrase iavrbr explanation added, suggests t h a t it was already tuevuaev of Pli 27, which is perhaps intended as a in use among the false teachers against whom he deliberate contrast to it [KEXOMSJ. One further is writing. Li^htfoot conjectures t h a t it had a application of the phrase is made in Eph I23, where Palestinian origin, representing the Hebrew it is used of the Church, rb ir\ijpw/j.a rod ret ttdvra iv Here the genitive is perhaps The word itself is a relative term, capable of Traaiv wXripov^oi'. many shades of meaning, according to the subject subjective—the fulness of Christ, His full embodiment, t h a t fulness which He supplies to the with which it is joined and the antithesis to which it is contrasted. It denotes the result of the action Church—emphasizing the thoroughness with which of the verb TXr/povv ; but irXrjpovv is either [a] to iillthe Church is the receptacle of His powers and up an empty thing {e.g. M t 1348), or (6) to com- represents Him 011 earth. The analogy of the word with the genitive of the plete an incomplete thing {e.g. Mt 5 17 ); and the other uses of the 13 verbal substantive in -/¿a may express either (1) person (Eph 3 " 4 ), and the stress throughout these books 011 Christians being filled by Christ (Eph the objective accusative after the verb, ' t h e tiling lillcd or completed,' or (2) the cognate accusative, 8'» 4» 6», Col 1» 2'» 4», J11 1« 8"), favours this 4 view. But the genitive may be objective, ' the the state of fulness or completion, the fulfilment, the full amount,' resulting from the action of the complement of Christ,' t h a t which completes Him, 1 10 9 2fi verb (lio ll -' 13 15* , 1 Co 10 ). It may em- which fills up by its activities the work which His pliasize totality in contrast to its constituent withdrawal to heaven would have left undone, as parts; or fulness in contrast to emptiness {Ktuufia); the body completes the head. The analogy of the stress laid on the action of the Church or completeness in contrast to incompleteness or body, the 10 11 deficiency (tWep^xict Col l 24 , 2 Co 11", f/mj/ia Ko ll 1 -). (Eph 3 -* ), St. Paul's language about himself in A further ambiguity arises when it is joined with Col ! J ' (ai>Tava.T\7}pti Tit u/rrepriptaTa ruv ¿-COY TOU a genitive, which may be either subjective or xpurroii), support this, and it is impossible to decide objective, the fulness which one thing gives to between the two. The former view has been most another, or that which i t receives from another. common since the thorough examination of (lie In its semi-technical application it is applied word by Fritzsclie (Jlom. ii. pp. 4(>'JI1'.) and Lightprimarily to the perfection of God, the fulness of foot (Cvl. ad loc. and Additional Note), and is still His Being, ' t h e aggregate of the Divine attributes, taken by von Soden (ILnitl-Cviitin. rid loc.) and virtues, energies'; this is used quite absolutely in Maepherson [Expositor, 1800, pp. 462-472). hut Col l i y {EV ai'ToJ EVSOKRICREV IRAV TO TRX-JPW^A KATOT/CTJAAI), the latter view, which was that of Origen and but furthordeimed (l)as IRAVTO TTXRIPOJ/XA TT)S ^OTTJTOS, Chrysostom, has been strongly advocated of late ' t h e whole completeness of the Divine nature,' in by Pileiderer (Pindivism, ii. p. 172), T. K. Abbott Col 29, (2) as TRA.V TO irX-rjpoj/xa TOO Qtov, ' t h e whole (Ivlcrnatiovnl Critical Comm. ad loc.), and most (moral) perfection which is characteristic of God,' fully J. A. Kobinson (Expositor, 1898, pp. 241-25!)). in Eph 3W. Secondarily, this same -rrX^pio/xa is Outside the X T the word occurs in Ignatius in a transferred to Christ; it was embodied perma- sense which is clearly influenced hv tiie NT, and nently in Him at the Incarnation (Col l111); it still apparently in the meaning of the Uivine fulness, dwell« permanently in His glorified Body, ev O.VT(2as going forth and blessing ami residing in the KO-TOIKTI aIO/XCITIKQS (Col 21') ; it is TO TrXljptOflCL TOV Church [Eph. hlscr. TJ iv\oyi)pihri (V /ieyeOti Bead xpurrov (Eph 4]S), the complete, moral, and intel- warpis r X ^ / t a n , and Trail. Inscr. fr mi amrcifo.ucu lectual perfection to which Christians aspire and fK TV wKr/pti/um, almost = fi/ Xpiartp [but see T igiit13 ,J with which they are filled. (Epli 4 , Col 2 tart iv I foot, ad loc.]). cu'TO tt>7t\'>:/>oju.ampd0, viol Xafiaelfi, emanations which proceed from God, but are A . . . aXapdd . . . ). In 1 Es 534 the LXX has separated alike from Him and from the material viol .a, ' the whole Pleroma of the seons ' contributes each after B, 33 etc., Copt.] 7ronjrai) Lightfoot thinks its own excellence to the historic Jesus, and He St. Paul meant poets belonging to the same school appears on earth ' as the perfect beauty and star as his Stoic audience (Dissertations on Apost. of the Pleroma' (t€'A€l6tu.tov /cdXXos k.o.1 &