A Christian Bahira Legend 9781463231255

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A Christian Bahira Legend

Classics in the History of Early Christian Literature

68

Classics in the History of Early Christian Literature brings back into print book-length standard texts and research monographs on the earliest literature of Christianity. Classic editions of the works of the Fathers of the Church, translations into modern languages, critical monographs on individual texts, and surveys of the ancient literature have all been done; they are often referred to; but many of them are difficult for a modern reader to access, as they moulder in the pages of periodicals of limited circulation or availability.

A Christian Bahira Legend

Edited and Translated by

Richard J. H. Gottheil

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com G&C Kiraz is an imprint of Gorgias Press LLC Copyright© 2012 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1898 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2012

ISBN 978-1-61143-334-0 Reprinted from the 1898 Leipzig edition.

Printed in the United States of America

I Sy

A Christian Hy

Bahira

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legend.

Ootthsih

T h e t e x t s which I here publish are a curious e v i d e n c e of h o w historical tradition may b e p e r v e r t e d f o r p o l e m i c a l purposes. T h e story o f the Christian M o n k B ' h l r a 1 ) and his m e e t i n g with M o h a m m e d is m a d e the basis f o r a s e r i e s o f a p o c a l y p t i c v i s i o n s and o f p r o p h e c i e s d e s i g n e d t o s h o w that t l i e r e w a s n o t h i n g at all o r i g i n a l in the t e a c h i n g s o f the p r o p l n - t / ) that b e w a s an a r c h - f r a u d , and that h e w a s i n s t i g a t e d to p r a c t i c e this f r a u d b y his m e n t o r , w h o w i s h e d — in this m a n n e r — t o b r i n g t h e i g n o r a n t A r a b s t o t h e k n o w l e d g e of one God. It is a f o r m o f p o l e m i c s n o t unusual in the; M i d d l e A g e Literature. The apocryphal life o f Jesus ( l ' o i r d h t > t h yeshBa} served a somewhat similar p u r p o s e t o t h e J e w s . T h e A r a b i c t r a d i t i o n s in r e g a r d t o B'htra have b e e n c a r e f u l l y g a t h e r e d , especially b y NOldf.ke i ) S»kiiKuU (Ajj Lrbrn Atohammrfts IT, 3S1) nay«, (lie nun« ¡i-f "iVjbitaeati" I.he means 'LArimae^n1 'J, at I then proceeds tu COQQOCt il with the Arabic ¿lafrir-ah ' » h c - c a m ^ l «Templed from being ridden" (Lahe), -which lie ¡ileii »Hppoaejc til t>4 Crtjiji e tit to "ari ascetic"* ! Hut NOi DE kK ! aFi showe (ZDMG Xli, 704) (hat it is nothing more than tli( Aramaic [>j,ri. pas»» ¿¡'frira i. '"lilfscl**. Mut^Qdi puncluitfa Bubaira i. r, the Arabic ilirnicutivc fonia. The correct explantation of the name ('.* toj) fa giveji in the notes to the ¿'ihrfat, 1 [ t -T tfr, also NlCOT-i-, < > CW. Afatiuscr. B-bl. BoM, 11, 507, cot. I. a) Butliiti, r- g., »peaks of a Christian who n i d : "Mohmnmeil know» nothing more than that which 1 have wiilti-vi foT hltti"'. totted by Sl'RE.NC5lf K, toe. c it.

1

1 go

R . fjfxthfii

a n d SPEENGER. 1 ) I t w o u l d b e i n t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e m in

outside m y this p l a c e .

purpose

to e n t e r

T h e w h o l e s t o r y is e v i d e n t l y m a d e u p o f t h r e e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s ; w h i c h , in t h e S y r i a c , hang- t o g e t h e r s o m e w h a t L o o s e l y ; but, in the A r a b i c , h a v e b e e n w o v e n i n t o T h e first — and oldest — p a r t a m o r e consistent whole. is a s i m p l e a c c o u n t o f t h e m e e t i n g - o f I s h o ' y a b h , t h e a s s u m e d a u t h o r , w i t h B e fciir&. I n it H ' h l r u r e l a t e s t o J s h d ° y a b h t h e r e a s o n o f his s e t t l i n g - in A r a b i a , h i s v i s i o n o n M o u n t S i n a i , h i s v i s i t t o t h e E m p e r o r M a u r i c e a n d K ingr Chosroes. B'hirS continues to be persecuted because of his v i e w s i n r e g a r d t o t h e w o r s h i p o f o n e c r o s s ; 2 ) i s d r i v e n out of Beth Armiiye, and settles for g o o d a m o n g s t the Ishmaelites, t o w h o m b e p r o c l a i m s a r e i g n o( ten w e e k s » A f t e r s e v e n d a y s K*l.ura dies.-5) IJ SI'RKNOKA,

ibtti.

II,

367.

380;

ZDM(J

V I I J, 557;

IX,

799 :

XII.

fj-qq. Mas'Cdi's Afcatftntu of Goidt tr. SPKKXCKR, >4') 2} It it evident from the persistence with, which he rem ma ID 1 II la idea lhat it cont»in«d a ijursi.ioa which profoundly agitated the Clutch of hi* lime and Iiis t-out» try. 3) Tin* legend, as we have ¡1 here, Bubsta.nLia.I1y ajjree» with I lie Arsibic authorities. It would be an interesting study to foliuw its paih through tbe Byx.a 111 ine ¿faronographers and the popular ehartsotts into nrnJcrn iiteraluTe. I cite, mcruly a* ail instance., George Phratilies (ed. H. G. N IKH 1.1:1 K, Bonn S S^S.I p. 2Q5 • tjr si s Tiff ifrsvAaftfias &vof£UT* JSipyittgj Slot xatcojtiaitav Jx t A'iiirarficiirotfJKiJlnBf tStitnai xac rpiktut iTir iiji Miuaiiffl ifyziv ytr ^rgjiov fii/vt*, xcti wtw Jiaf^^yyttitr. THED|>H^NRL (ETL. OK BQOR 18S3I p. 3 3 4 : avTf} fiora'xiir tim litu ttateojTtoTiar I f i p i d i w forrToe o t ^ o w r a , rpiXov aiSrijf, At'v^yyuX^r o ^ l f ativin Ptai Ifl iSVo^ta tpC liyjifiw • - • • CtVTI] S-i Jipcor*} ¿>r$aft£>-rj rvv Idyor mf TpEVfjriCTti.'ofri' K S L A N R , AIIABI, Storia

I I , i n . 205 i c q . ; J~>K R A C V , ChrestotfuUhit arabe I I , 2-Q.S tki Afitsvlrntxni di St'cnln, IT, J4.. Seef farther, the .lutliomentioned in D O I T , Sufipfrmmt, II, 5-2^ : and W E L L H A D M H , S'»fs*en,

1-iliei IV, 127.

1 I V o l . I, p. 70. 2 j A s alsu in i h r D a n i e l

A p o c a l y p s e ; see

4

beluw.

A rlimlitn Halt irk le|;tml.

193

13ul. it i n t h e t h i r d p a r t o f S y r i a c B , is the n u m b e r 25. is, m a d e u p in v a r i o u s w a y s . In the first p a r t o f t h e S y r i a c M s s , it is d i s t i n c t l y s a i d t h a t b o t h the w h i t e a n d t h e b l a c k a n i m a l s h a v e 1 2 h o r n s ; a n d this is r e p e a t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s . T h e B a n u H i s h e m a r e , in this c o n n e c t i o n , t h e A b b a s i d e r u l e r s o f B a g d a d . T h i s w o u l d i n c l u d e the t i m e f r o m A b u A b b S » ( 7 5 0 ) to a U M u s t a i n ( 8 6 i — 8 6 6 ) . T h e bull r e p r e s e n t s , a a is s a i d , M a h d i b a r F a t i m a h . O n e , at o n c e , thinks of t h e F a t i m i d e d y n a s t y of E g y p t . T h e vision s p e a k s of e i g h t king's; and there w e r e just eight k i n g s (from U b e i d a t l a h , 9 0 9 , to al - M u s t a n s i r , 1 0 9 4 ) in this d y n a s t y . This,, h o w e v e r , l e a v e s a g a p b e t w e e n the last A b b a s i d e a n d t h e first F a t i m i d e m e n t i o n e d in t h e v i s i o n ! T h e A r a b i c v i s i o n c o u n t s d i f f e r e n t l y : t h e w h i t e lion h a s i 2 h o r n s , tine b l a c k w o l f 3 , a n d the bull This a n d if to this w e a d d t h e p a n t h e r , g o a t , lion, m a k e s 20; a n d man, w e h a v e the n u m b e r 24. B u t in t h e t h i r d p a r t , t h e A r a b i c m e n t i o n s 7 k i n g s of the B a n u H a s h e m i 1 2 • J7 + 5 I c a n o n l y g u e s s a t t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e " 5 " puzzle. T h e l k h s h i d e d y n a s t y ( f o u n d e d b y M o h a m m e d al I k h s h i d ) w a s m a d e u p o f five k i n g s ( 9 3 3 - — 9 6 9 ) . S o alno w a s t h e d y n a s t y o f the R . a s s i d I m S m s of t h e Z a i d i t e s e c t of ShlTtes { f o u n d e d b y - S a ' d a in Y e m e n a t t h e t i m e o f the Chaliph Ma'mun). T h i s last s e e m s s o m e w h a t o u t s i d e of t h e r a n g e o f v i e w o f o u r a u t h o r s ; t h o u g h the B a n u Y o k t A n (in t h e f o r m of a g o a t ) s e e m to r e p r e s e n t the p e o p l e o f Southern Arabia. T h e l a t e s t addition, to M s B s p e a k s of 3 6 k i n g s . I d o not k n o w in w h a t m a n n e r the t a f e is m a d e . In r e g a r d to the first t w e l v e , I t h i n k w e can. s e e in t h e m t h e first t w e l v e o f t h e U m a y y i d C a l i p h s — t h e f o u r so-called " o r t h o d o x " caliphs being omitted as not being of t h e f a m i l y o f M o h a m m e d . . T h e t w e l f t h w o u l d b e "Ya^id I I I — 7 4 4 A - D . — a • " r e i g n o f t e r r o r " it w a s c a l l e d in A b b a s i d e s u r r o u n d i n g s . . 1 ) T o w a r d s the e n d , the s t a t e m e n t l)

The

Apology

of

ai-ICiruti,

tr. W. MuiR, pp. 1 6 . 75.

5

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is made that in the y e a r 1055 fette A r a b i c has >050) of the Seleucid E r a , the A r a b s would rise and s l a y thetr king". It Is e x p r e s s l y said that with this y e a r the reign of the Ishmaelites will come to an end. Our author is, perhaps, thinking of W a h d II, who was murdered by conspirators in his palace. Ibrahim reig-ned only for three months, when he was deposed by Mar wan IIIbis latter was, however, not acknowledged b y the Abb-asides; and might, therefore, well be omitted in the count. The preceding- suggestion a a r e , in a measure, born out by the mention of the different colours in conjunction with the different kingdoms. •) T h e first animal in the vision is called the w h i t e beast (in the A r a b i c "the white lion"); and in the second part mention is m^de of the •'white kingdom of the sons of Ishmael". White,, we k n o w , was the colour chosen b y the Umayyids. T h e second animal is a b l a c k one (in the A r a b i c "+a black she-wolf"). In the second part, the "black kingdom of the sons of" I iashem" is mentioned, lilack was the colour of the A b basides. The third animal — the bull — has no colour. The panther, which, in the A r a b i c , takes the place of the lamb clothed in the skin of a wolf, is said to be clothed in b l o o d ; in the second part this is paraphrased b y " t h e red kingdom of the sons of S u f y i n " . l i e d was the colour of the Charijite rebels; a l s o , according to W E I L , of the rebel al S u f y a m who rose up at the time of Ma'miin. y ) I am unable to say whether either of these two is inttinded here. In the S y r ine text of the first part the Mahdi ibn A i shah is followed by a man "clothed in y e l l o w " , 1 ) O n t h e « ' h o l e s u b j e c t of i b e • ! i fTe r-em c o l o u r s u JL=»4>

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