A Century of Challenge: A History of the Ontario Veterinary College 9781487595715

Citation preview

A CENTURY OF CHALLENGE In lively fashion Mr. Gattinger records the development of the Ontario Veterinary College, the oldest continuously operating veterinary school in this hemisphere. Viewing its hundred-year history from the perspective of today, he sees the College and the profession it serves moving in response to the times, from a discipline centred mainly on the study of equine diseases to a highly specialized field of endeavour contributing to the research and technological advances of the modern age. Under its five principals the College has in each era of its history been the training-ground of experts in an important aspect of the agricultural industry, and its adaptation to changing conditions and to the personalities of its successive leaders, in Mr. Gattinger's view, makes it a striking example of the theory put forward by Professor Toynbee of growth through challenge and response. In celebrating its hundredth anniversary the College thus pays tribute to its founders and to the several generations of teachers and research workers who have served it.

A SERIOUS CASE-EBNST BOSCH (The Bettmann Archive)

VETERINARY SURGERY, 1962-RoBERT DABBY

TO ALL THOSE WHO HAVE, IN ANY WAY, ALLEVIATED THE StJFFERING OF ANIMALS, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

A CENTURY OF CHALLENGE

A History of the Ontario Veterinary College

F. EUGENE GATTINGER Published for the Ontario Veterinary College by University of Toronto Press

Copyright, Canada, 1962 University of Toronto Press Printed in Canada

Preface DURING MY FIRST TWO DAYS at the Ontario Veterinary College (some ten years ago), I was taken on several tours of the campus which quickly gave me a sense of respect for the art of veterinary medicine. I had, for example, arrived in time to observe first-hand the late Dr. W. J. R. Fowler's famous "roaring" operation. During succeeding weeks, as I set about the task of cataloguing the College's library books, I became increasingly aware of the profession's dependence upon the lessons of science which now complement at every point the veterinary art. Within two months of my appointment, I received a Christmas greeting from a professor who had recently guided me through the forest of bibliographical references which had issue in an academic thesis. On the card, scrawled perhaps in a moment of pique or frustration (teaching English in a university has its soul-destroying moments ) were the words: "I envy you—teaching English to cows!" This book was set a-brewing from that date. I have no illusions that it will proclaim to everyone's satisfaction the role of the veterinarian in society or even that it tells precisely how O.V.C. reached its one hundredth anniversary. The book itself may reveal only that its author is a proselyte—and this for all the wrong reasons, being no veterinarian himself. But my interest in this subject is set within a wider context. No person aware of the technical literature which supports the veterinary profession can fail to note that the history of its development in Canada has still to be written. United States histories such as L. A. Merillat and D. M. Campbell's Veterinary Military History (1935), B. W. Bierer's Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (1955), and J. F. Smithcors' Evolution of the Veterinary Art (1957) find no counterpart in Canada. Although this book records only the development of the profession at one college, it may, perchance, indicate the direction which a history of the profession in Canada might take.

vi

Preface

Further, I have been struck by the truth that the O.V.C.'s development has, like that of many of our institutions and customs, fallen midway between the British empirical road to "progress" and a preponderant reliance, by our southern neighbours, upon rationalist principles. The history of the O.V.C., at least as it relates to the forty-year régime of its founder, Andrew Smith, provides just one more footnote to Leslie Roberts' Canada: The Golden Hinge. The College's development has been unique in North America in many ways, some few of which I have attempted to illustrate. That the O.V.C. should be the oldest continuously operated veterinary college in the Americas would seem to offer just cause both for sober reflection and for the more ephemeral festivities which a centenary occasions. This celebration will be significant within a wider context than the O.V.C. or the veterinary profession, for we are a people preparing to celebrate our birth as a nation. The Ontario Veterinary College pre-dates Confederation by a five-year period which I have found to be a fascinating, still unrecorded chapter of Canadiana. It is doubtless axiomatic that the story of Canada's first century will emerge from the records of individuals great and ordinary and from the achievements of its provinces, counties, industries, and institutions of learning, to name only a few. Like states, corporate bodies are governed by the light of history. But like individuals, corporate bodies may also be inspired by what they think to be their past. The time had in my opinion arrived when letters, official documents, and the profession's supporting technical literature could bear a searching analysis. That this book fully satisfies these aims would be too much to hope. I have taken liberties with my subject matter and with the subjects themselves, though not, I trust, in a manner which will work a falsification of documented events or of contemporary reactions to those events. Such licence as I have assumed stems from my own biases and opinions, from those predilections to which everyone is subject be he principal actor, casual observer, or historian. My interests do not run to

Preface

vü

a naming of names in a carefully dated chronology of events which I take to be a sexless kind of history that can breed neither questions nor, ultimately, answers. I take the view that history is made essentially by men who create their own web of existence within a framework of certain goals and aspirations however petty or exemplary these may be. Hence I have concentrated upon O.V.C.'s five Principals in a quite arbitrary manner. The parallel development of the College and of the profession in Canada is a coincidence which has, perforce, received only passing notice. The history of veterinary medicine in Canada is the subject for quite another book which, let us hope, will soon get itself written. Further, I have cast my lot with those who believe that outside the framework of tension nothing worth-while has ever been achieved be it in the creation of genuine art, the development of human personality, or the emergence to stature of a corporate body. Hence I have been at some pains to highlight examples of what Professor Toynbee has aptly called "the challenge-response" feature of human endeavour. For my personal belief that the veterinary profession has a high destiny in tomorrow's world I make no apologies and offer no reservations. But the likelihood that the symbol of the wheel with which the book closes will be interpreted as meaning that the O.V.C. has "arrived" or that her one hundred years may be chronicled as progress gives me some concern. Just as nineteenth-century thinkers deduced progress in many areas of life from concepts of organic evolution, so twentieth-century North Americans are easily led into untenable progress theories of history based upon mere technological gains. Progress, as J. B. Bury has shown, is in many ways an illusion. Of current trends in veterinary medicine we can at least say with certainty that numerous discoveries and applications of modern technology occasion many more problems than they solve. During recent years, significant losses of cattle have resulted from bloat (ruminai tympany). The incidence of this disease is directly related to the improvement of pastures by heavy

viii

Preface

applications of fertilizers and the use of high-producing leguminous pasture plants. Intensified milk production predisposes dairy cattle to mastitis, and antibiotic treatment, although effective against Streptococcus agalactiae, has apparently triggered a sinister population explosion of haemolytic staphylococcus. This is only part of a much larger complex. The indiscriminate use of drugs has encouraged the development of resistant micro-organisms whose challenge-response ingenuity gives the veterinarian a new connotation for the term "wonder drug." Clearly, these were not problems when, in 1862, Principal Smith established a veterinary school about an equine centre of interest and based his teachings upon the theory of spontaneous generation of disease. The wheel is meant to symbolize both the accomplishments and the ideals of the veterinary profession. Hence my reliance upon T. S. Eliot's implied prophecy of failure for such historians as set their faces resolutely to the Past without regard to the potential of the Future and to the practical, flux-ridden present moment of time. Like poetry, music, and mathematics, it would seem that history must be written from that point where the spatial and temporal axes of Being intersect. So much, then, for my chief sources of error. As a non-veterinarian, I have been conscious of one other which is nicely exemplified in a retort by the great English lexicographer, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Asked by a lady of Plymouth how he came to define "pastern" as the knee of the horse, Johnson fixed her with a cold stare and said "Ignorance, Madam—pure ignorancel" F. E. G. April-gowks' Day Guelph, Ontario

Acknowledgments i MUST FIRST ACKNOWLEDGE the assistance of Mrs. D. King Smith who placed at my disposal pictures, medals, certificates, letters, fragments of Andrew Smith's diary, and other primary source material of real value; also of Maynard and Rochfort Grange who provided similar material as well as technical papers and many helpful suggestions for the revision of chapter m. I acknowledge dependence, for the contemporary period, upon the O.V.C. Bulletin, in which connection much credit must go to Dr. A. A. Kingscote '28 who inspired its founding in 1951 and to Dr. J. S. Glover, '20 whose editorial zeal continues to enhance its value. For the photographs which appear in this book I am primarily indebted to the O.V.C. Photography Section including Dr. H. J. Neely '51, T. B. Gellatly, H. P. D. Wynen, and the unfailing cheerfulness of Mary Fazzari; I have to thank the Bettmann Archive Inc. for permission to reproduce the steel engraving of Bosch's "A Serious Case." Art work on the frontispiece and end papers has been done by Mr. Robert Darby, L.F.A. (London); caricatures, as well as art work on the "chess graph," are by Paul Buchanan, assisted by Barbara Hume; art work on the remaining graphs and illustrations is by Brian Patterson, A.O.C.A. Graduates from all parts of the world responded to an appeal for their "recollections of events" and they have often supplied details essential to the story. O.V.C. student members of the Delta Chapter (Guelph) of the Omega Tau Sigma Fraternity read microfilmed copies of early Canadian newspapers and journals; Dr. K. F. Wells '38, Veterinary Director General, and his staff provided historical data relating to the Health of Animals Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. My thanks go to Dr. Kaye Lamb's staff of the National Library, Ottawa, and most especially to Martha Shepard, Director of Reference Services for work relating to rare veteri-

x Acknowledgments nary books in Canada; to Dr. G. W. Spragge and his staff of the Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives for assistance relating to secondary source material; to Florence Partridge and the staff of Massey Library, Ontario Agricultural College; to Librarian G. A. Johnston, Osgoode Hall, Toronto, for information relating to statutes and sessional papers; to Librarian C. H. Stewart of the Department of National Defence, Ottawa, for pictures and historical details relating to the Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps; to archivist L. H. Hanawalt of Wayne State University for information on Dr. E. A. A. Grange; to Dr. M. A. MacGregor, Department of Agricultural Economics, O.A.C., for advice on matters statistical; to C. E. Ramsay, Assistant Director of Public Information, American Veterinary Medical Association, Chicago; and to W. G. R. Gates, Registrar, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, for British archival material. I am obliged to Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., for permission to quote from Stephen Vincent Benét's John Browns Body; to Faber and Faber for permission to quote from T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets; and to Oxford University Press for permission to quote from Arnold Toynbee's Civilization on Trial and A Study of History. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Jean Houston, Associate Editor, University of Toronto Press; of Brenda Taylor, O.V.C. Reference Librarian, who searched bibliographies, made numerous critical suggestions, and compiled the index; of Frances Stewart, Assistant Registrar, who combed academic records and rewarded me with many gems; to Pauline Smith who managed details regarding correspondence; to Monica Bonnell and Mary Bergin who typed from illegible notes; and to my wife who worked on tie manuscript and galley-proofs and who, for many months, submitted her marriage vows to every test.

Contents PREFACE

V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ÍX

PLATES

I. The Ontario Veterinary College: Pre-Confederation Beginnings II. The Smith Era: 1862-1908

xiii

1 17

III. E. A. A. Grange: Transition and War

53

IV. C. D. McGilvray: Reconstruction and Consolidation

79

V. Andrew Leslie MacNabb: Expansion, Phase I VI. Trevor Lloyd Jones: Expansion, Phase II

109 123

APPENDIXES A. Casualties in Two World Conflicts

154

B. Graphs of Student Enrolment

154

C. From Generation unto Generation

157

D. Crest, Motto, and College Song

158

E. Memorial Plaques to Principals of the O.V.C.

160

F. Faculty Appointments, 1862-1962

162

G. Key Documents, Statutes, and Revisions

172

H. Ontario Veterinary Association: Key Documents, Statutes, and Revisions

181

I. Statute of O.V.C. Affiliation with the University of Toronto

203

J. Recommendations of the Royal Commission of the University of Toronto Regarding Ontario Veterinary College (1906)

204

xii

Contents K. Degree D.V.M.—University of Toronto Statute No. 1739 (1946)

205

L. Alumni Association: Letters Patent, 1949

207

NOTES

209

INDEX

217

Plates Between pp. 32-3 PLATE H. 1. Hon. Adam Fergusson. 2. Professor George Buckland. 3. Principal Andrew Smith. PLATE n. A few of many medals which Andrew Smith won during a busy lif etime. PLATE m. Some of Principal Smith's students who did well. PLATE iv. 1. Principal E. A. A. Grange. 2. Class executive and officers of Science Association, O.V.C., 1913. Between pp. 96-7 PLATE v. 1. Officers and men, 2 Div. Mobile Veterinary Section, BUZET, Belgium ( 1919). 2. Horses in war. PLATE vi. 1. Principal C. D. McGilvray. 2. Members of Principal McGilvray's Faculty. PLATE vii. 1. Dr. R. A. Mclntosh. 2. Dr. F. W. Schofield. 3. Dr. H. E. Batt. 4. Dr. R. L. Gwatkin. 5. Rifle Drill under Dr. H. E. Batt for Company "D" ( 1940). PLATE vin. 1. Reading Room, MacNabb Memorial Library. 2. Principal A. L. MacNabb. 3. Doorway of MacNabb Memorial Library. Between pp. 128-9 PLATE ix. 1. Members of Principal MacNabb's Faculty. 2. Principal T. Lloyd Jones. 3. Assistant Principal J. A. Henderson. PLATE x. The Scottish tradition at O.V.C. PLATE xi. The home of O.V.C. PLATE xii. O.V.C. graduating class, 1962.

This page intentionally left blank

A CENTURY OF CHALLENGE

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter One

THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE: Pre-Confederation Beginnings What we call the beginning is often the end And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from .. . Any action Is a step to the block, to the fire, down the sea's throat, Or to an illegible stone: and that is where we start. T. s. ELIOT, Four Quartets, "Little Gidding"

THE CLOCK TOLLS 12:00 NOON TO RESIDENTS OF the City of Toronto on Tuesday, March 8, 1859. Members of the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada take their places about their Chairman, E. W. Thomson. The Hon. Adam Fergusson is just now proposing a resolution: 1. That the establishment of a Veterinary School in Canada would be attended with great benefit to the Agricultural and general population. 2. That a communication shall be opened with Professor Dick of Edinburgh, regarding the arrangement. 3. That a Committee shall be appointed consisting of the President, Professor Buckland, Mr. Denison and the mover, to correspond with Professor Dick upon the subject, and to ascertain the expectations of a competent person in regard to emoluments, and to report Mr. Dick's answer to the first meeting of the Board after receipt of the same. Hon. Mr. Fergusson, in moving these resolutions, expressed to the Board his deep anxiety to have a respectable Veterinary School established in Canada, and his conviction that, if properly conducted, it cannot fail to be followed by most important and beneficial consequences. Mr. Fergusson further stated that he had received a communication from Mr. Dadd of Boston, highly recommending a young man from the township of Dumfries, Canada West, as a pupil of his, and qualified, in his opinion, to become a highly useful veterinarian. Mr. Fergusson had also received a letter from the young man's father upon the subject. The Board, feeling much impressed by the importance of the subject, resolved to communicate with the original Veterinary School of Edinburgh, and requested Mr. Fergusson in the meantime to intimate these resolutions to Mr. Dadd and Mr. Gibb.1

The Board turns its attention immediately to a communication from Mr. Burgon of Thornhill who has "discovered a mode of complete eradication of Canada Thistles." The thistle, as every Canadian farmer knows, is an extremely tough organism which, notwithstanding the best botanical information, he believes to have come from Scotland! Scientific agriculture is not for the farmer—not yet; he knows by instinct and from long experience that there is some kind of symbiotic relationship between Scots and thistles. In any event, it is instructive to watch diplomatist Fergusson at work. For many, many years, he has been advocating veterinary education in Upper Canada. The G. H. Dadd to whom he refers "is a self-taught veterinarian . . . of deplorable

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 3 ethical standards" whose Boston Veterinary Institute, after four years, has just closed its doors.2 Clearly, student Gibbs from Canada West is caught somewhat short of a Diploma; Dadd is attempting to find him a berth in Canada; and Mr. Fergusson is impressing upon members of the Board that there are young men in Canada anxiously waiting to be enrolled. Student Gibbs may be taken to symbolize, for the Ontario Veterinary College, that "single barn-swallow that never made a summer." He does not appear to have graduated. As the Board continues to debate the future of agriculture in Canada, Mr. Andrew Smith passes through St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh, on his way to "digs" from the Edinburgh Veterinary College. * Is all this swotting, he muses, worth the effort? Certainly he is winning most of the academic medals offered in competition. He is obviously being deferred to by "Willie Dick"—indeed, it was painfully evident today in anatomy lab—the lads are clearly taking him for a "lickspittle"—wish he would desist! And what of the notice in the North British Agriculturist concerning an opening in Canada—muckle cold in the colonies—bad enough, surely, here in Scotland! Wonder what Mrs. Killoch will serve for supper! Ah, here's "the Master" on the stairway with the slops again—must be a quarter to six—why the divil doesn't he act like a man and make her carry them out? Damned if I'll not give him my hand tomorrow if that pail rubs my breeks! Mr. Smith, senior student, sets his books on the study table. His eye 'falls, as if by ritual, upon the silver medal above the lamp as the wick takes flame. "Kirkmichael Cattle Show—1852 -For the Best Two-Year-Old Colt or Filly." He owed his own people a great deal and it was now more than rumour that he would win the Highland and Agricultural Society Medal—Aye, that was it! Back to Ayrshire it would be, close by Dalrymple and his father's farm—McEachran would get the Canadian appointment anyway. *Now knovm as the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh.

4 A Century of Challenge Andrew is suddenly aware that he is day-dreaming, a weakness all too common lately. He stirs uneasily on the hard-backed chair, reaches for Strangeway's notes, and decides to make an assault on Arthritis Chronica Déformons Tarsi before the usual dose of mutton for supper. Foreknowledge of his appointment as a lecturer in Upper Canada within a few short months would clearly have troubled a productive evening of study. Prediction by a soothsayer of his high destiny in such a position as the father of veterinary medicine in Canada and as the founder of the first continuously operated veterinary college in North America would doubtless have disturbed more than Smith's study. Institutions of learning do not take their origin merely from decisions of board meetings. Before studying the practical results of the resolution which Fergusson drafted for a veterinary school, we might turn momentarily to consider some of the forces at work in Canada which had begun to emphasize the need for veterinary education. The circumstances which created a demand for a veterinary college in Canada were inherent in the country even from the time of the French conquest, one hundred years earlier. While it is true that standards of British veterinary education were mediocre even as late as 1800, nevertheless the British "occupation troops" in Quebec possessed veterinarians of more than passing ability. Inevitably, these men helped to shape the early development of the profession in a manner which was indigenous to Canada. It is notable that of four men on O.V.C.'s faculty in 1867, two had been veterinarians with the British Army. With the arrival of settlers in large numbers by 1800, the livestock population in North America began to increase at a rate which may be gauged by statistical figures for the United States in the 1860's. These reveal twice as many cattle, four times as many hogs, and twice the equine population of Prussia, Great Britain, and Ireland combined.3 The population of Upper and Lower Canada by 1860 exceeded 2,000,000; according to Professor John Gamgee, there were "300,000

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 5 horses, 1,040,000 horned cattle, 1,500,000 sheep, and 700,000 swine in Upper Canada."4 Gamgee goes on to speak of "the very inviting character of Canada" to those who wish, as veterinary surgeons, to exercise unlimited scope for their skills. Or, to bring the matter closer to home, we learn that on Wednesday, March 5, 1862, there were 280 cattle on the grounds of the Guelph Monthly Cattle Fair. Buyers were present from such distances as Brockville and Montreal, finished cattle averaged 36 cwt. (an ox went 40 cwt. ), and prices ranged from $50to$70.5 Livestock populations and fairs of this order necessarily brought the demand for qualified veterinarians into sharp focus; but there were other forces at work as well. Prime amongst these was the American Civil War which illustrated on every hand, military, civil, and domestic, the need for persons qualified in the veterinary art. But the Civil War had, as well, immediate and specific effects in Canada relating to veterinary education. The war created a demand for serviceable horses, over and above the demand by settlers for draft horses and oxen. A thriving trade in horses developed quickly. Jack Canuck seems to have learned, on this proving ground, how to extort dollars from his southern cousins; it was experience which bore real fruit a century later in the manipulation of stock and bond sales against non-existent mines and other "properties." In 1854 a five-year-old farm horse was fetching £20; by 1857 this figure had moved to £50.8 It has not yet been determined whether the horses had Confederate or Yankee sympathies. Their owners sold them to the South or to the North with a fine sense of impartiality—indeed, with a political objectivity and military disinterestedness in American affairs which was anything but typically Canadian. Further, it was soon learned that horses could be rendered "serviceable" by the insertion of glass eyes or by applying "Dunbar's Discovery," later known as "foot-butchery," on such animals as revealed symptoms of lameness. Quackery itself forced Canadian farmers and those in responsible positions of government to call for the training of

6 A Century of Challenge veterinarians. From 1850 forward, newspapers, farm journals, and the Transactions of the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada record, with growing alarm, the need to "rid ourselves of the quack doctor." In his annual address to the Provincial Agricultural Association, John Barwick finds it "no exaggeration to state that many thousand pounds' worth of stock is annually destroyed in Canada through the pretended skill of those whose aid is sought to alleviate the sufferings of domestic animals."7 No voice was more insistent on this matter than that of the Hon. Adam Fergusson whose efforts are soon to command our attention. Further, the Civil War placed a high demand upon beef and pork which, coupled with animal plagues in Europe, occasioned premium prices for livestock products. Informed Canadians began to underline the benefits which an improvement in breeds, husbandry, and veterinary services might ensure. Though the period under review pre-dates Robert Koch by a generation, veterinary and medical professors of veterinary colleges were aware, through historic records and their own experience, that animal disease was communicable. While they felt that "the zero-cold of our winters . . . interferes with the vitality" of lung murrain and Foot-and-mouth disease, still, North Americans had before them the South African example in which lung murrain swept the cattle "off the face of the earth" in 1855.8 The exhortations to action by the Hon. Adam Fergusson* were effective. He was able to style himself "a Canadian Farmer" and took every opportunity to do so. Here was a man of rank and influence in Scotland who had toured Canada in 1831 and emigrated to Waterdown, Ontario, with his family in 1833. A second tour of Canada and the United States was •Born Woodhill, Perthshire, Scotland (1782); studied law; toured Canada (1831); emigrated with six sons to Waterdown, Ontario (1833); livestock breeder; founder of Fergus, Ontario (1834); Legislative Council, Upper Canada (1839); Legislative Council of United Canada (1841); founding President of Agricultural Association (1846); founding President of Board of Agriculture (1851) which established a Chair of Agriculture in the University of Toronto; key influence in the inauguration of Canadian National Exhibition; died 1862.

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 7 made in 1833 and, in the following year, Fergusson wrote his Practical Notes Made during a Tour in Canada which revealed him to be an informed critic on agricultural matters. Inasmuch as the O.V.C. was destined to find a home in Guelph, his assessment of this area is of more than passing interest. On May 11, 1831, he left York (Toronto) for Guelph via Hamilton. During the next day, passing through "the horrors of corduroy roads, cedar swamps, windfalls," he lost his way, and arrived in Guelph at 3:00 P.M. to find that the town . . . has been laid out on an extensive scale . . . [which] at present wears a stagnant appearance, and conveys somewhat the idea of the cart preceding the horse. . . . The town has been hurried forward, in the hope of settling the land. A vast deal of capital has been expended upon the roads, etc. which must have so far benefited labourers and tended, in some measure, to enable them to purchase lots; but, at present, a very desolate complexion marks Guelph, as a city which may be very thankful to maintain its ground, and escape desertion.9

Obviously, Fergusson had not the same "vision" which possessed Gait of the Canada Company! He spent the evening with Mr. Prior, visited Gait, Fergus, and then Waterloo township which he found to be . . . settled mostly by Dutch. . . . I was delighted with the cultivation . . . each farm might be from 200 to 300 acres, laid out into rectangular fields and not a stump to be seen. The ploughing was capital, the crops most luxuriant, and the cattle, horses, etc., of a superior stamp, with handsome houses, barns, etc. and orchards promising a rich return. Waterloo satisfied me above all that I had yet seen of the capability of Canada to become a fruitful and fine country.10

He noted that "farms only partially improved" were fetching $8 or 40 shillings per acre. A 30-acre plot sown to winter wheat would easily repay the price of the farm and allow "Mr. Walter Smith . . . £-50 or £.60 besides . . . from the first crop alone." Fergusson concludes this section with the observation that in 1824, 10,000 bushels of Ontario wheat had been shipped from Burlington Bay and that export in 1830 had reached 150,000 bushels. Every detail of his book, together with the personality of the author which it reveals, explain Fergusson's successful launching of the O.V.C. thirty years later.

8 A Century of Challenge As early as 1856, Fergusson began an active campaign for a veterinary school in Canada. In an article of this date he noted the satisfactory progress which veterinary medicine was now making in Britain after long neglect. He observed, further, that Veterinary Science . . . has proved of incalculable service to the breeder of valuable stock. Comparative Anatomy and Pharmacology have lent their powerful aid, and it will become an important duty of the Board to promote, encourage, and superintend the establishment of a Veterinary School in connection with our Provincial University.11

He goes on to decry "the mongrel mixtures" of Devons, Herefords, Lancashires, and Normans which are "entirely devoid of established qualities upon which the breeder can rely, or feel any confidence that 'like will beget like'." In an article12 dated December, 1857, Fergusson outlined details of the founding of the Edinburgh Veterinary School, later The Royal (Dick). This article is instructive as throwing light on many parallels with O.V.C.'s early development. It reveals that Fergusson was himself a student under Dr. John Barclay, Founder; that Dick was a brilliant anatomist who put the medical students "to the blush"; and that Fergusson and Barclay had earlier been instrumental in establishing the Veterinary School while they were directors of the Highland Society of Scotland. The school, he noted, soon prospered and now has become a "sort of University." Various parishes sent up young men for education who spent their hours at Dick's forge. The medical professors "supplied them with tickets to their classes" and diplomas were issued, on the basis of "examinations which were no mere sham" to those students who were found to merit such distinction. Their mentors "often marvelled at the acquirements of raw country lads." Fergusson went on to paint a picture of Canadian losses resulting from bad husbandry and lack of veterinary services. He stated that Scotland was similarly situated only a few years earlier and gave specific illustrations of work now being done by Dick's students. He concluded his paper with a practical application of this to the Canadian scene which bears quota-

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 9 tion as paralleling at many points what took place between 1862 and 1867 in Upper Canada: I know not whether the breeder and farmers of Canada will feel as zealous as I do upon the subject. Petitions for aid and advice should flow in from all agricultural societies to the Bureau and Board of Agriculture. The thing may be very easily done, and in a few years every part of Canada may possess intelligent and well educated veterinarians, and men who will shoe our horses in a proper way. The school may in some way be controlled by the Bureau and Board, and perhaps form a rider to the agricultural class. I am not sure, also, in such a Province as Canada, whether medical men, who must expect in many cases to be established in rural districts, would not find veterinary science of some importance; and whether they might not find that a successful treatment of a valuable mare or a prize cow, might not prove as valuable an introduction to the farmer, as the best they could do for any biped in the household. If you approve of this suggestion, I trust you will forward its accomplishment by all the means in your power. There can be no doubt, that it would prove equally useful and creditable to Canada. I observe that our neighbors in the States are engaged with similar enterprise, and I only wonder with their splendid horses, herds, and flocks, that they have not sooner carried it into operation.

Numerous attempts to establish veterinary colleges in the United States before 1862 had failed, as we shall see. It is significant that this request of the Board which urged the farmers of Canada to endow a veterinary college is cited as "the first evidence of agricultural interest in veterinary education in North America."13 By March 20, 1859, Fergusson informed the editor of the Agriculturist that, in accordance with orders from the Board of Agriculture, he had written to his former instructor, Professor Dick, concerning the immediate establishment of "a scientific and practical school of veterinary instruction, as an appendage to our Chair of Agriculture."14 Shortly thereafter, George Buckland found himself in Scotland arranging matters with Dick personally. We must surmise that the Board, or Fergusson, deemed it appropriate that Professor Buckland of the University of Toronto should make final arrangements, or that Fergusson had been dissuaded against making the voyage. His once splendid vitality was now being sapped by illness and age.

10 A Century of Challenge It was, in any case, fortuitous that the master-planner was in Toronto. In a manner too often typical of administrative affairs, arrangements by late August of 1861 had almost come a cropper. On June 11, the Board of Agriculture resolved . . . That Mr. Andrew Smith, Veterinary Surgeon of Ayrshire, Scotland, be appointed as Veterinary Surgeon to the Board and Mr. Buckland be authorized to write and inform him of the resolution of this Board, giving him all the particulars and suggesting to him to be here before the exhibition this Autumn.15

The Board had been informed that the government was providing its own Horse Stables for the proposed school. Clearly, the Coach-and-Four was now in full career down the Canadian corduroy road, headed straight for a veterinary college. Suddenly, on August 15, a whiffle tree broke, wheel brakes were applied, and another "consult" of the Board began, this time at Tecumseh House, London, C.W. The situation was grave. Principal Smith would be embarking from Scotland twenty days hence and the government had just now found it necessary to renege on the promised college buildings. The Secretary of the Board explained that he had been forced to grant "immediate possession of the Government House Stables . . . for the use of the Military," now arriving in Toronto. Indeed, the Hon. H. H. Killaly, Department of Public Works, had demanded the Board's immediate withdrawal. Justice had suddenly quitted the veterinary for the military cause! Under instructions from Fergusson, the Secretary addressed a letter to the Hon. John Ross, Minister of Agriculture, . . . representing the embarrassing position in which the Board had been placed, in consequence of having been induced, through obvious requests of the Province, and encouragement afforded by Government, to enter into negotiations for the establishment of a Veterinary School and now being deprived of a building, without which, or similar accommodation, the school could not be carried on. . . . [They] desired to be informed whether the Government would afford aid to the enterprise in lieu of that heretofore given and now withdrawn.16

That, surely, would bring results! In a gesture of emphasis, Professor Buckland produced letters "from Mr. Smith, the Veterinary Surgeon appointed by the Board, accepting the

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 11 offer made him." Later, and in a somewhat more relaxed mood, members of the Board living in Toronto agreed "to make such temporary provision for the Veterinary Surgeon when he arrives as may be necessary." And thus it fell out that the O.V.C. was born in Agricultural Hall under the aegis of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Toronto, and that the "Aggies" had to "move over" and make room for the "Vets." This would not be the only time that O.V.C. would share campus space with this Faculty. Many have argued that this early and enforced propinquity with agriculture was both logical and appropriate. This history will record the belief of many others in the profession, even one century later, that O.V.C. might better have had its beginnings "in the Government Horse Stables." But regardless where the "Vets" were located, the close association with agriculture at this time was pre-determined. Principal Smith arrived in Toronto on September 23, 1861. By October 3, 1861, "Veterinary Surgeon Andrew Smith, Licentiate," affixed his shingle "at King and Simcoe Street." He made it known that he was "by appointment, Veterinary Surgeon to the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada." He had commenced his profession in Toronto and could be consulted by letter "on the diseases of Horses, Cattle, etc." or personally at the office of the Board. Failing that, he would be found at Mr. Bond's Livery Stables on Shepherd Street. Six weeks later the Board's general plan was made public in a report which is instructive because it focuses upon a controversy regarding whether O.V.C. commenced in 1862 or 1864. Official and unofficial documents reveal that the first class graduated in 1866; this would seem to point to an 1864 beginning—but the matter is not so clear cut. The Transactions of the Board for December 16, 1861, carried an editorial entitled "Popular Instruction in Agriculture and the Veterinary Art" together with a letter from Secretary H. C. Thomson. These noted that a four-week course would commence on Wednesday, February 12, to comprise 26 lectures by Mr. Andrew Smith on Veterinary subjects and 72 lectures by Professor Buckland in

12 A Century of Challenge relation to Scientific and Practical Agriculture. Attendance was free,* board and lodging was available in Toronto for $3.00 per week, and the object of the course was "to afford an opportunity to young and enquiring farmers of becoming acquainted with the principles of their important art." Mr. Smith's qualifications were then outlined and it was explained that the Board had brought him to Canada . . . with a view not only to the establishment of a private practice, but also to the initiation of what it is hoped will ultimately become a Canadian Veterinary School. The present attempt, therefore, is simply introductory, and the important objects contemplated by the Board will, it is hoped, be obtained by degrees.17

Smith's first lecture in Canada was delivered under the title "The Progress of Veterinary Science"18 with members of the Board of Agriculture in attendance. He outlined the history of the profession from Hippocrates forward laying special emphasis on St. Bel's influence upon British veterinary education; he contrasted veterinary with human medicine; and he concluded with the assurance, based upon Dick's experience, that "teaching the young farmer how to treat his stock does not do away with the services of the Veterinary Surgeon." Even from the beginning, it is clear that two courses were, in fact, being offered and that students who showed promise in the general (more often called "familiar") lectures could continue at the school in "Mr. Smith's advanced lectures."19 This general course carried forward a level of study which Professor Buckland had been giving at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Toronto. In 1859-60, for example, an outline of the curriculum20 reveals Buckland's use of Youatt's Treatises on the Horse, Cattle, Sheep, and Pig as well as Low's Practical Agriculture and Domesticated Animals. From 1862 to 1864, journals carried notices of the "familiar"1 lectures and these notices were followed by descriptions of . . . extended courses of study for such as wish to prepare themselves for the practice of the veterinary profession. . . . Prof. Smith will answer *By 1863-4, advertisements read: "Fee for the Veterinary course, $5.00; the others, free." f Defined at the time as "pertaining to the family or household; domestic; on an intimate, family footing" (Oxford English Dictionary).

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 13 enquiries. . . . after passing a final examination under an appointed Board of Examiners, a Diploma will be given, certifying that such students are competent to practice the veterinary art in Canada. . . . Young men from the country can enter the class without being subjected to examination either before or at the close of the course.21

That this was the intended plan and the manner in which the college, in fact, developed, is borne out by the continuation of the "familiar course" for some years after "Diplomas in the Veterinary Art" were offered. On September 24, 1867, J. P. Wheeler, President of the Agricultural Association, referred to the four veterinarians who graduated "at the end of last term . . . and the three that graduated last year [1866]." He concluded his public address by noting that the Board has, . . . with the assistance of some Professors in the University College, provided a certain amount of instruction in anatomy, diseases and breeding of lines of stock, and the scientific and practical principles of agriculture, specially adapted to young men intended for, or engaged in, Canadian farming.22

He noted that this course "occupies only six weeks in the depth of winter"; it was free, and he hoped that many more would "avail themselves of so valuable an opportunity." Thus do Transactions of the Board and numerous notices in contemporary periodicals confirm the correctness of the observation made in 1936, that Le principal du Collège vétérinaire d'Edimbourg, Dick, lui recommande un de ses plus brillants élèves, Andrew Smith, qui consent à s'expatrier et qui donne, de 1862 à 1884, deux séries de cours aux élèves du Collège d'agriculture, en même temps qu'il élabore le plan d'une Ecole vétérinaire.23

From all the evidence available, it is clear that persons wishing to establish veterinary colleges in North America at this time could adopt one of two alternatives. They might employ the rationalist method which calls immediately for qualified lecturers, notwithstanding their short supply; which demands high entrance requirements at a time when rural young men are not likely to have achieved them; and which obtains "degree granting privileges" in advance of determining whether such privileges are practicable and whether the

14 A Century of Challenge "founder" is a quack or veterinarian. No less than seven veterinary colleges founded between 1852 and 1877 failed to survive, for numerous reasons including some or all of those listed above.* Fourteen veterinary schools had closed in the United States by 1900 and between the 1850 and 1860 census, "hundreds of 'practitioners' decided they were veterinarians . . . because they had 'graduated' in some way or other," usually being merely engaged in the control of livestock diseases.24 The alternative was to adopt the empirical and practicable method planned by Adam Fergusson and carried out by Andrew Smith. Significantly, these gentlemen were products of what philosophers have come to call "the common sense school" of Scottish thinkers. The general or familiar course of 1823-4 which had been made available to farm boys in Scotland had provided the stepping-stone to the granting of degrees in the Edinburgh Veterinary College four years later, April 23, 1828.25 Again, just as in Canada, the popular course was left on the curriculum after the degree course commenced. Over and over again it is emphasized in official pronouncementsUn Canada from 1862 to 1864 that students who did well in the general, or short, course could register for the degree course if and when sufficient numbers were available. Such a plan became feasible in 1864 and, as we shall see, a Board of Examiners was named which, in the spring of 1866, declared that Messrs. Wm. Elliott of Rockwood, George Kemshall of Ingersoll, and Robert Robinson of Tormore (Maltón) were "qualified to practice the Veterinary Art." Affixed to the masthead of their diplomas was the date "1862" and this date was not challenged in either British or American contemporary literature. Did any, or all of these three graduates, spend the winter of 1863 in the agricultural, or the "familiar" course? We cannot now know. The probability, based upon the operation of Fergusson's announced plan, is very great. *1852, Philadelphia (Jennings); 1855, Boston (Slade); 1857, Boston (Slade & Dadd); 1857, New York (Cooper); 1866, Pennsylvania (McClure); 1866, Montreal (McEachran); 1877, Columbia (?). f These are supported by editorials and paid advertisements in two of the main newspapers of the day, the Leader (Toronto) and George Brown's Globe.

Pre-Confederation Beginnings 15 As to the vexing question "When does a college really start?" we are reminded of Burke's statement on civil and political wisdom relating to George Ill's management "of the Present Discontent" in America. "Though no man," he says, "can draw a stroke between the confines of day and night, yet light and darkness are upon the whole tolerably distinguishable." Robert L. Jones, who has thoroughly canvassed the development of agriculture in Ontario, provides possibly the best answer to this interesting question. He notes that the general course commenced in 1861-2 and that "a regular course . . . was inaugurated . . . in 1862." He outlines the veterinary curriculum and the College's subsequent success, adding: The teaching of agriculture at the University of Toronto failed because farmers considered it too theoretical for their sons. This criticism could not be made of the Veterinary College which to some extent took its place.26

In any event, it was clear to all by 1864 that O.V.C. might, in reality, become a force in the land—might, indeed, exercise a preponderant influence upon agricultural development in Canada. But by 1862 the architect of this empirical plan had died. Adam Fergusson's vision, his charm, and his ability to assess and become an inseparable part of his Canadian environment—all these converge in explanation of his singular success in establishing a veterinary college in North America one hundred years ago. Fergusson is described for us, by one who knew him personally, . . . as he was in his green old age, radiant with health, his cheeks covered with a tracery of carnation veins, his eye clear in its blue as the light of the morning, his manly figure above six feet . . . his new Market coat and dress of breezy rusticity in keeping with his character as a country gentleman. We can easily see him, and hear him too, when as "a Canadian Farmer" . . . he counselled farmers to amend their tillage, . . . to give attention to drainage, to observe exact laws of rotation. . . ,27

This silhouette against the Canadian sky was not soon to be forgotten. The Ontario Veterinary College stands as one of several monuments to his wisdom.

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter Two

THE SMITH ERA: 1862-1908 Growth is achieved when an individual or a minority or a whole society replies to a challenge by a response which not only answers that challenge but also exposes the respondent to a fresh challenge which demands a further response on his part. ARNOLD TOYNBEE, A Study of HlStOTlj

An encounter between two personalities in the form of challenge and response: have we not here the flint and steel by whose mutual impact the creative spark is kindled? ARNOLD TOYNBEE, Civilization on Trial

THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE HAS BEEN built out of conflict. In the drama about to unfold, identification of the protagonist is immediate and unmistakable. That man is Andrew Smith. He is at the footlights only a few minutes before he is confronted by one whom he identifies equally soon as the antagonistes. Duncan McEachran was the first professor whom Principal Smith named to the faculty, he remained only three winter sessions, and for approximately forty years he was Dean of a rival veterinary college in Montreal. Yet, in a manner which is only now becoming evident, he played an indispensable role in the development of the O.V.C. as a centre of higher learning. Both Smith and McEachran were outstanding men. Each was possessed of a strong personality, the essence of which was soon thrown into the sharp relief of contrast. Smith did not disregard science—indeed, the names of persons whom he appointed to faculty positions bear out public assertions that he regarded science highly—but he was essentially a practical man whose interest in education was with the veterinary art, not the science of veterinary medicine. McEachran espoused the scientific point of view and called, perhaps long before it was practicable, for higher entrance requirements, for a threeyear course, and for a close affiliation with the medical faculty and with research scientists. Out of the plus-and-minus quality of the ensuing debate there arose a developing, workable compromise now known as the Ontario Veterinary College. The debate itself was not new. It had, a generation earlier, engaged the minds of two equally dominant Scottish personalities, also "Deans" of rival veterinary colleges. One of these was Andrew Smith's mentor, William Dick, the founder of the Edinburgh Veterinary College; the other was John Gamgee, a graduate of the Royal Veterinary College, London, who held the Chair of Anatomy under Dick in 1857 and, within one year, had left Dick to found a rival college in the same city under the name of the New Veterinary College. Though Gamgee "was able, even brilliant, his scheme was foredoomed to failure."1 The college continued until 1865 when it became

The Smith Era 19 the Albert Veterinary College in London "where it ultimately ceased to exist." The perspective of history would appear to indicate that Garngee was too progressive for Dick's liking. He had already established for himself a reputation throughout Europe on cattle plague and had become, in reality, the founder of Veterinary Sanitary Science based on his study of pleuro-pneumonia in 1850. In 1866, he demonstrated the value of taking regular thermometric readings on livestock under observation.2 He instigated the first International Veterinary Congress (Hamburg, 1863) and founded the Edinburgh Veterinary Review. Gamgee balked at Dick's theories on spontaneous generation of disease; but their differences went far deeper, relating as they did to the fundamental issues of veterinary education. Gamgee took the stand that throughout the United Kingdom entrance requirements were too low, that veterinary courses should embrace three years, and that the sciences of physiology, histology, chemistry, and botany as well as materia medica and clinical lectures had been very indifferently served before the advent of the New Veterinary College.3 Under the heading "Synopsis of Course Lectures on Veterinary Medicine and Surgery,"4 Gamgee laid out a curriculum which must surely, in 1859, have frightened his own professors. In addition to this, such matters as cramming, total hours of instruction in the various subjects, periodic examinations throughout the school year, private tutorial "grinding sessions," total clinical hours—all these came within the purview of his searching "anatomy" of veterinary education.5 When he turned to discuss the three-year course, it became evident that his attack was launched directly at Dick though he used the ill-famed Coleman of London (three-month courses!) as whipping-boy.6 No more searching or disturbing analysis of one "Dean's" curriculum by that of another Dean can be found in veterinary literature—unless it be McEachran's surgical explorations on the corpus collegium, O.V.C. Yet, however idealistic his appeal, Gamgee's reasoning was sound and his presentation was proof against rebuttal. He had

20 A Century of Challenge a clear, honest, and vigorous mind. To answer him was to become enmeshed—enmeshed inevitably on the side of the Devil. An illustration of Gamgee's strength in debate is perhaps in order, not only as an example of his technique, but more especially because it is central to the very issue upon which McEachran closed with Andrew Smith and which, one century later, continues to occupy the minds of responsible and enlightened faculty members at O.V.C. In one of many papers which he wrote at this time, Gamgee commenced to discuss the mundane matter of shoeing a horse's foot. Before many paragraphs, he found himself, as if drawn by a magnet, on the inevitable subject, Science and Art, Theory and Practice . . . [allow] a few minutes consideration on these terms, so generally employed, yet so frequently with an incorrect appreciation of their real meaning. Professor George Wilson, in his opening address to the Edinburgh students the other day, has given us a most happy simile. "I can," said the learned Professor, "best illustrate my conception of the mode of which science and art alternately aid the progress of knowledge, by a reference to the schoolboy's game of leap-frog. Science and art are grave players at such a game. At this moment it is art which has shot far ahead; but then it stops and bends its strong back, and rests its hands on its knees, while science, availing itself of the offered fulcrum, vaults overhead, leaving art far behind, and then bends its willing shoulders, and repays to art the service which it has rendered." Speaking of their relative merits, the Professor added, "The one is not the superior of the other—the one is not the antagonist of the other."7

Debaters of this ilk are likely, under provocation, to muster whole cadres of philosophers to their assistance. Dick chose, perhaps wisely, to remain very quiet. So did Andrew Smith when Time and McEachran turned him on the spit. Surely, they must both have argued, their antagonists would finally desist—would finally go away. And so they did, their veterinary colleges and all! Nevertheless the contributions of both Gamgee and McEachran to veterinary education can be measured as a "response factor" of their challenges to the Royal (Dick) and the Ontario Veterinary College respectively. It is within the context of this debate, then, that our eyes fasten upon Professor Dick, now seated in his study. Slowly, deliberately, he tries to arrive at a solution to the problem

The Smith Era 21 which his friend, Adam Fergusson, has imposed upon him. He should really have preferred to postpone the decision until tomorrow—this had been a tiring day—he had had another brief encounter with Tom Strangeways, nothing, really, but . . . later, they had all learned that Queen Victoria had given royal assent to the New Veterinary College, and one of the students had (inadvertently he hoped) reminded him of the mortifying public prosecutions inspired by Gamgee on the subject of student fees. But he must think upon the problem in handdeferment was now impossible—Professor Buckland, Fergusson's emissary from the University of Toronto, was in the hallway, awaiting his pleasure—should he send McEachran or Smith? True, Smith had been recommended, but he wondered. ... As everyone knew, Smith had swept the board academically, won all the important medals—that meant nothing, of course, in relation to this colonial appointment—in any case, McEachran was brilliant, too brilliant to require or even suffer the ordeal of studying for examinations—Smith was really a plodder, a persistent thorough student—that was all it meant. McEachran was like (could it be possible?) rather like Gamgee—would he, too, be pressing this "veterinary science" theme in Scotland within a few years? Tempting, surely, to "promote" him beyond the Atlantic—but no, he could not do that to Fergusson—anyway, the appointment required a veterinarian who could temporize, a flexible person; yes, a mollifier would be needed during formative years of the college—McEachran was a brilliant person, an idealist who would raise the professional standard, but he'd have Board and Government and University at loggerheads in no time—it would be Smith, not McEachran— Smith was the man of the moment for Upper Canada—yes, it would have to be Smith, much as he wished to see him remain in Scotland—Professor Buckland must be told this very minute, before he allowed himself to be tempted otherwise ... But first, he would prepare a letter introducing Smith to the Board of Agriculture—difficult business, this—perhaps he might best stick to generalities—safest in the long run, though he had no reservations about Smith . . . Professor Buckland is being shown into his study. William

22 A Century of Challenge Dick replaces a quill on the inkstand. He rises to meet his guest as he blots dry a single page of "Edinburgh Veterinary College" letterhead upon which he has written a certification . . . that Mr. Andrew Smith, attended all the classes here, during the last two sessions with great regularity and attention. He gained the first medal, and several others. From the knowledge he acquired and his natural talents and intelligence I am satisfied he will prove himself an excellent Veterinary Surgeon. WILLIAM DICK Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery

The die was cast. As Buckland and Dick exchanged pleasant, insignificant amenities, a college which was to develop a unique reputation in North America had moved one step closer to reality. Tempting as it may be to follow, immediately, this Edinburgh graduate to his new position in Canada, we cannot evade the ever-persistent question, "What kind of man was Andrew Smith?"* As might be expected, his actions—and his reactions—during forty years of active professional life in Canada were very much a product of his Scottish background. Census records dated March 31,1851, reveal him to have been the son of James and Agnes (née McNider) Smith. As an only child, he early felt the full force of a strict moral code which, inevitably, stamped his character. From early youth he learned much about rural life and the problems which daily confront the farmer. The scope of his father's farm operations may be "Born "of the lands of Torr," Dalrymple, Ayrshire, Scotland (1834); fanner; Secretary of Dalrymple Agricultural Society (c. 1856-8); graduate, Edinburgh Veterinary College (1861); Secretary, Edinburgh Vet. Med. Society; founder, Ontario Veterinary College (1862); Veterinary Surgeon of the Provincial Agricultural Association; Dominion Government Inspector of Stock for Ontario; Veterinary Surgeon of the Toronto Field Battery; founding member and Master, Toronto Hunt Club (1883-94); Master, St. Andrew's Lodge, A.F. and A.M. (1875); Chairman of the executive (from date of founding), Ontario Jockey Club; founding member of Toronto Exhibition; President, Toronto Exhibition (1901, 1902); honorary degree D.V.Sc., University of Toronto; member: Caledonian Society, St. Andrew's Society, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (later named a Fellow), Senate of University of Toronto; Honorary Governor of Toronto General Hospital; director of Consumers' Gas Company; also member, at different times, of the National Club (horse breeders') at city, provincial, and Dominion levels; an outstanding judge at horse shows throughout North America ( Kentucky, Chicago, Madison Square Gardens) as well as overseas.

The Smith Era 23 gauged by census figures which record the employment of a dairy maid, a house maid, and three agricultural labourers. In 1857, apparently before leaving Dalrymple for the University of Edinburgh, Smith took the precaution of obtaining a letter of recommendation which bears quotation in full. I have known Mr. Andrew Smith since his infancy, having baptized him. Since that time, he has, for the most part, resided with his parents, in this, and the neighboring Parish of Kirkmichael. His Father is a very intelligent Farmer, and must have given him excellent instructions in that department. Mr. Smith was educated at the Parish School of Dalrymple, and was taken Local notice of, as a most expert Arithmetician, by Mr. Gordon, the Government Inspector of Schools, when he visited here. He is now, and has been for some time past, an actual Farmer, and is so much respected, that when the late excellent Secretary to the Dalrymple Agricultural Society resigned his Office, Mr. Smith was chosen as his Successor, and during the two years he has acted in that capacity, he has given, I understand, great satisfaction. Wishing Mr. Smith great success, wherever his lot may be cast, I am, ROBEHT WALLACE, Minister of Dalrymple, Ayr May 23, 1857

A letter from an academician and another from a clergyman should, one might have thought, been sufficient to recommend Smith to the outposts of Empire. But on the chance that these miscarried—and in any event, he was going to America where somewhat different standards of measurement were appliedmight it not prove prudent to carry, with these two letters, another from a banker? And so the thing was done: This is to certify that the Bearer, Mr. Andrew Smith, son of Mr. James Smith, Lessee under the Marquis of Ailsa, of the Lands of Torr, parish of Dalrymple, is well known to me, that he has received a good education and been finally fitted by his studies at the College of Edinburgh for exercising the profession of a Veterinary Surgeon—and that from his natural ability,—his educational training, general intelligence and good character I cannot doubt he will discharge the duties of the position to which he is about to be called—that of Veterinary Surgeon in the locality of Toronto with credit to himself and with satisfaction to his Employers.— I give this Certificate with the more pleasure, that his family is connected with my own. Royal Bank, Maybole, 27 August 1861 (signed) WILL BROWN

24 A Century of Challenge This will not be the first time that Mr. A. Smith will have dealings with the world's bankers. At 9:00 A.M. on September 5, just eight days after receiving Brown's letter, Smith leaves Torr for Dalrymple station having seen a number of his acquaintances on the way. To his diary he admits being "indeed sorry at leaving home, the old folks, and the sweet Village of Dalrymple." He comes on to Glasgow from Ayr "in rather a dull mood," admitting to "many and sometimes sad thoughts." In Glasgow by 1:00 P.M., he has his trunk conveyed to the Belfast steamer "Giraffe" (cost: 1/6) and then, from the agent of the Montreal Steamship Co., purchases a passage to Canada. From this hour until 7:00 P.M., he has a great deal to do in Glasgow. In Buchanan Street, he purchases a ticket for Londonderry; he then buys a quantity of veterinary instruments; at the National Bank he gets gold for his notes; he has tea with "my dear friend in Elmbank Street"; he is later accompanied to the "Giraffe" by a mysterious Miss McLean. Clearly, there is neither time nor occasion for the smallest cloud of nostalgia. He gives his hand-luggage to the steward; he returns to Elmbank where he "remained for some time"; at 7:00 P.M. he takes the train for Greenock having "bade farewell to Glasgow and to my dear, dear friend." But now the black clouds return. He leaves Greenock for the "Giraffe" which . . . in a few minutes was steaming down the Clyde. . . . I remained on deck for some time thinking how my Father and Mother were standing the departure of an only child, but I fondly hope if it is the will of God, we shall meet again.

He arrives Belfast at 5:00 A.M., takes the train to Londonderry where at 3:00 P.M. he boards a tender which carries him 18 miles down Loch Foyle to the waiting "Anglo Saxon." That vessel clears the harbour, he records, "as darkness set in ... and as I bade farewell to the Old Country." The City of Toronto would very soon learn one way or another of Smith's arrival. Readers of the Canadian Agriculturist, the Canada Farmer, and other farm journals would read about courses of instruction now being made available to their

The Smith Era 25 sons. Persons walking by Mr. Bond's Livery Stable in Shepherd Street would see the practitioner's fresh-painted sign. And it would require no especially alert reader of the daily and weekly papers8 to become aware of a new advertisement which invariably read as follows : HORSE INFIRMARY & VETERINARY ESTABLISHMENT CORNER OF BAY AND TEMPERANCE STREETS TORONTO, C.W. A. Smith, Licentiate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, and Veterinary Surgeon to the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada, begs to return his thanks . . . for the Public's continued support. Also, begs to announce that Veterinary Medicines of every description are constantly kept on hand—such as Physic, Diuretic, Cough Cordial, Tonic, Worm Balls. . . . The constituent components of the Cough Balls have been found (by Professor Dick of Edinburgh) most serviceable in alleviating many of the symptoms of Broken-wind or Heaves in Horses . . . also available, Colic Draughts, etc., a mixture of which owners of Horses should always have beside them. ... HORSES BOUGHT AND SOLD ON COMMISSION

Lest there be any misunderstandings, it had better be stated at the outset that the financing of the O.V.C. venture for the next forty years—and this was to include real estate, buildings, equipment, faculty salaries, and all—was to come from Smith's own pocket. Clearly, there would be no "treasury boards" in the event of an emergency. The College would have to pay its own way—and pay it did! The first person whom Smith appointed to the faculty of O.V.C. was Duncan McNab McEachran.* Numerous sources of information state that he had much to do with establishing the Ontario Veterinary College. He himself tells us that he was with the College from its inception and lectured at O.V.C. "for three sessions."9 During this time he practised his profession "Born at Campbelltown, Argyleshire, Scotland (October, 1841); entered Edinburgh Veterinary College (1858); graduated with degree Veterinary Surgeon (1861); general practitioner in Woodstock, Ontario (1862-5); lecturer O.V.C. (1862-5); commenced course of lectures on Veterinary Science in McGill Medical School (1866); founded Montreal Veterinary College (1875); named Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (1875); advised establishment of first Canadian government quarantine station at Point Levis (1876); Veterinary Surgeon to the Montreal Field Battery of Artillery; Justice of the Peace for Province of Quebec (1886); travelled and lectured widely throughout North America; contributed to numerous professional journals.

26 A Century of Challenge at Woodstock, Ontario, from which centre he lectured widely at farmers' meetings and contributed regular articles to the agricultural press. He wrote a manual of veterinary science and, with Smith, was co-author of a book entitled The Canadian Horse and His Diseases (1867), which soon went through two editions. His departure from Ontario was the occasion for a public dinner in Woodstock at which the Board of Agriculture honoured him for his services to the province.10 During the first year, we are told, Dr. Smith was the only member of the veterinary faculty, Dr. McEachran being merely a part-time lecturer. Within the next several years the faculty was composed of four members.* Professor Smith lectured in "Anatomy and Diseases of Farm Animals"; Professor Buckland lectured on the "History, Breeding and Management of Domesticated Animals"; Professor McEachran may be presumed to have lectured on the subject specialties of his later Montreal period, namely, physiology, surgery, and materia medica. Finally, instruction on the horse was also provided by J. J. Meyrick, V.S.,11 member of the Royal Artillery which served in Canada from 1861 to 1868^ J. J. Meyrick became widely known in 1880 with the publication of his essay on the Belooch breed of horses, said to be descended from the Arab.12 Meyrick's publication Stable Management and the Prevention of Disease among Horses in India was translated into Urdu. His book A Veterinary Manual for the Use of Salootries and Native Horse-Owners in India won him distinction for its content and also for his ability to write it in the language of Hindustani.13 This veterinary officer should also be mentioned as having devised the Veterinary Wallet carried in the field by farriers.14 "Readers are referred to Appendix F, for a fable of faculty members and their subject interests. Lists are offered at five-year intervals excepting where alternative terminal dates provide more reliable listings. tjames Joseph Meyrick entered Royal Artillery as Veterinary Surgeon (1860); served in Canada (1861-8); in India (1868-81); appointed Principal Veterinary Surgeon to forces in Egyptian War ( 1882 ) ; first veterinarian to win Commander of the Bath Medal; won Khedive's Star; sportsman; student of art who did an album of botanical paintings in Egypt; authority on lives of Mohamet and Napoleon; died 1925, aged 90.

The Smith Era 27 During this formative period of the College's Me, Smith and McEachran engaged in debate which tested their friendship to the very foundations. Nevertheless, in the best tradition of the old school tie, each maintained for the other an abiding respect—at least for his opponent's point of view. Their ultimate separation was, however, implicit from the beginning. Not until many years later, when McEachran was busy establishing his own college in Montreal, did the exact nature of the debate reveal itself. All the details of McEachran's challenge are thoroughly canvassed fifteen years later in the American Veterinary Review. Readers of these issues of the journal will be struck by the similarity between McEachran's arguments and those of Gamgee. There are, however, overtones which render it distinctly and peculiarly North American—and it is not long before Liautard, Law, and several other veterinary educators in the United States feel that they must, perforce, stand and be counted. Dr. A. Liautard was Dean of the American Veterinary College which had successfully launched the American Veterinary Review in 1877. This official organ of the United States Veterinary Medical Association proved a most useful forum for McEachran who had, only two years earlier, built his Montreal Veterinary College on Union Street and was now establishing quite progressive facilities for the clinical instruction of veterinary students. He is able to say, and loses no opportunity of doing so, that his college offers a three-year course, something which is not yet considered feasible in the United States, or believed necessary in Great Britain, Saint Bel's teachings notwithstanding. As for Toronto—he is forced to say it with some chagrin as a Canadian—Principal Smith allows students "to graduate" after attending two sessions which, if a student enters in January rather than October 20 (as some do), will give him a mere nine or ten months in the school.15 Like Gamgee before him, McEachran sets forth a detailed curriculum of study, most of which, he points out, is now available to students in Montreal. He concludes this paper by referring to the standards adopted by the Education Com-

28 A Century of Challenge mittee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1876 and illustrates how far short this code falls of European standards. The specific example given is that of Prussia. Smith must have read, with more than passing interest, that McEachran would turn his attention to the subject of veterinary education in Canada in the next issue of the Review. Principal McEachran begins the promised paper with the highest compliments for Smith, the man and professional veterinarian, who, he believes, has achieved a great deal in establishing a school* in such a virgin country as Canada. This, however, proves merely to be a springboard for the attack: . . . while I would desire to give Professor Smith a very great deal of credit for what he has done for Veterinary Science in Canada, I would not be doing my duty to the profession were I not to give him also his just share of censure for refusing persistently to make reforms in the curriculum of his school, which the advancement of science has long ago demanded.

McEachran then moves, in the manner of a classical rhetorician, from the general statement to the specific example: In a letter dated June, 1870, from a member of the profession, holding the degree M.D. and M.R.C.V.S., then residing in Toronto, who examined the students weekly at Professor Smith's request, during the session 1868-69,1 am informed that, though the students attended a few lectures on Physiology by an eminent teacher, they knew next to nothing of the subject; they had attended no lectures on Elementary Chemistry, and were equally ignorant of that important study; and he further informs me that Professor Smith, on being remonstrated with, declared, that a knowledge of Chemistry would be of no use to them in practice. In consequence, the gentleman referred to, declined to act as an examiner, or accept an invitation to the annual dinner, protesting against sending any one of the students of that year to the country as fit to practice—yet we find that no less than seven received the diploma of Toronto School that year . . . the examiners who assisted at the last examination in Toronto, made them (the examiners, mostly former students) blush for the low standard on which they themselves had been graduated.16 *In McEachran's papers, reference is constantly made to himself as "Principal" of the Montreal "College"; Smith is referred to as a "Professor" of the Toronto "School." This may be taken as representative of McEachran's penchant for journalistic "slanting," a subtle type of emphasis reminiscent of the Gamgee manner.

The Smith Era 29 And thus it continues. The Toronto school has been in operation for fifteen years, yet no provision has been made to collect the usual requisites such as a library, anatomical and pathological specimens, diagrams, teaching models, or a museum. Professor Smith refuses to associate his school with the University medical faculty. Professor Smith takes great care not to spell out his curriculum in a prospectus for the obvious reason that the curriculum is appallingly thin. Finally, McEachran and Liautard have privately urged Dr. Smith to improve his course and to lengthen it. They have asked him to meet with them in order to raise standards throughout Canada and the United States. His non-compliance most surely "gives the writer to understand that he [Smith] would do nothing whatever that would risk lessening the number of paying pupils, the interest of the profession as a profession being to him a secondary matter."17 Within the next few months, deans and practitioners from all over North America join the fray. Smith writes not a word. McEachran alludes to a recent graduate of the Toronto school, now the principal of a veterinary college in Iowa, who had been refused entrance at Montreal and subsequently graduated from Toronto in eleven weeks! There could be no mistake that this gentleman was Mr. M. Stalker. The battle rages with new fury. There is still no word from Toronto. Perhaps the school has indeed folded! But no, Mr. Stalker allows himself to be "smoked out." He can stand it no longer! It is, he says, surprising enough to find my head in the hands of one Dr. McEachran of Montreal, but it is quite alarming for a young graduate to see this head of his employed as a battering-ram to knock the foundations from under the Ontario Veterinary College. I suppose that even the irate Doctor will be willing to acknowledge that I have been in good professional hands this once, and that I am indirectly contributing largely to the advancement of Veterinary science by changing his little star from its present condition of second magnitude. Now, Mr. McEachran cannot know the Ontario Veterinary College as I do. It will not fail. . . . I cordially second every effort that I believe to be an honest one for the elevation of the profession; but I must confess that I look upon this as a personal attack on Professor Smith for no other crime than being pre-eminently at the head of the Veterinary profession in Canada.18

30 A Century of Challenge Stalker explains that he had never made application to the Montreal College and could not, therefore, have been refused entrance. He had actually spent a total of four years at College, two more than McEachran himself. Meanwhile, Editor Liautard apparently feels that he is himself being pressed by McEachran. He explains that the American Veterinary College is just now instituting the three-year course, a plan which his Board of Trustees had been studying long before Professor McEachran's series of articles. Indeed, a circular was being mailed at this very moment announcing the achievement. Meanwhile, Liautard would be obliged if McEachran would explain to readers of the Review by what species of argument it could be proved that Montreal was subjecting her students to outside examiners. This challenge was not taken up. J. T. Duncan, V.S., then a member of the Examining Board for Ontario and later to be appointed an anatomist on Smith's faculty, comes to the defence of O.V.C.:19 Perhaps the course should be lengthened, but it is notable that Edinburgh and London qualified veterinarians in two years who soon demonstrate their eminence all over the world. Principal Smith has won everyone's admiration and gratitude for establishing a building, providing facilities, and offering courses which compare favourably on each count with Edinburgh and London. It is well known that Professor Buckland submits all incoming students to a rigid matriculation examination; veterinary students are required to pass practical examinations [clinics] before graduating; and Principal Smith has lately been filling the various departments of his college with professors of ability, most of them connected with the medical colleges of Toronto.

But Liautard had now established his three-year-course— had McEachran's articles perhaps been read aloud to Liautard's Board of Trustees?—and the time had arrived for him to put an end to the tiresome debate which, he said, was no longer current! He had decided to give the final rebuttal to the Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, not, however, before having taken "the liberty to remove or alter a few expressions which we did not think ought to find place in our columns."

The Smith Era 31 The letter is itself disappointing. Clearly, Smith has no intention of lengthening his course of studies and he subtly evades all the fundamental issues embodied in McEachran's challenge. McEachran's articles were merely, he says, advertisements in the guise of scholarly reports; McEachran has misrepresented Stalker, Coleman, and Duncan; sixty students are now attending O.V.C., more than can be found in any similar institution in America.20 In the 1890's enrolment figures at the O.V.C. stood close to four hundred. There was no dearth of students and the College's reputation stood so high, many argued, that a three-year course would not have influenced enrolment appreciably. Smith, however, remained adamant, and the course was not lengthened until 1908 when the College was made a public institution upon his retirement. Nevertheless it is notable that on the remainder of McEachran's recommendations Smith took slow but deliberate action, always tempering his decisions and timing his moves to the shifting winds of expediency. He did, indeed, vindicate William Dick's high confidence as it related to matters of practical wisdom. D. M. McEachran has been recognized as pre-eminent amongst veterinary educators in Canada. His contribution through example and by way of tenacious challenge of Smith's policy, however idealistic, has been more difficult to measure than his tangible benefits to veterinary science. But it is exactly this ephemeral aspect of his contribution which is perhaps the more real and the more lasting for all that. We have said that Principal Smith was able to gauge the expedient moment for overt action. Like all successful administrators, he acted on the theory that changes in policy would "take" only after the boilers of public opinion had established a head of steam sufficient to provide momentum during initial stages of innovation. Many examples of his uncanny administrative sense crowd upon us for attention. The manner in which he goes about setting up a Board of Examiners may be taken as typical and instructive of his technique. Our scene must now revert to the 1862-3 period when the

32 A Century of Challenge O.V.C. was located at Agricultural Hall. It was, he argued, well enough for McEachran, (now an associate on the teaching staff) to state the case for outside examiners. Their value to the College was axiomatic. But was the Board of Agriculture prepared to sanction the innovation? Would the public condone the demands of such standards in 1863? And what of the students themselves? Could they, at the present level of clinical and formal instruction, meet the requirements of outside examiners? If the answer to these questions was "no," then he, as Principal, had no right to risk the possible demise of the College. As events proved, answers to his questions were not long in arriving. Nor did these answers, couched in the forthright language of the day, suggest the slightest equivocation as to meaning. As early as 1862 readers of the Canadian Agriculturist were offered an editorial reprinted from the Field which compared the veterinarian to the human surgeon, which stressed the need for a thorough foundation in physiology, and which cited the comparative study of animals as the veterinarian's unique obligation. In order to meet the standards of human medicine—nay, they should in many areas go beyond merely meeting these—it would be necessary to administer challenging examinations and it would also be most necessary "to effect a strict observance of the rules for the regulation of the Veterinary College."21 These references were made, be it noted, to a privately owned veterinary college in Canada. By 1863, pressure was beginning to mount. It soon became insistent and, what is more significant, it now began to come from official quarters. At a meeting of Directors of the Agricultural Society for the Branch of Victoria County, the following resolution was carried and subsequently forwarded to the Board of Agriculture: The Directors consider the institution of a Veterinary course of instruction, in University College, a movement of great importance, and sincerely wish it success; but they would remark that the law for the protection of the duly qualified practitioner is in an unsettled and unsatisfactory state; and they suggest to your Board the propriety of calling the attention of the Government to this subject, as at the present moment the

1. Hon. Adam Fergusson

2. Professor George Buckland

3. Principal Andrew Smith

PLATE I

A few of many medals which Andrew Smith won during a busy lifetime: Best Two-Year-Old Filly, 1852; Practical Chemistry, 1860; Junior Anatomy, 1860; General Chemistry, 1861; Senior Anatomy, 1861 (a similar medal, not shown, Best General Examination, 1861); Industrial Exhibition (C.N.E.), Founding Member, 1878, President two years; named life-long Honorary Director, 1907. PLATE II

1. Dr. W. J. R. Fowler, Dr. T. H. Ferguson, and Dr. L. A. Merillat

2. Dr.J. G. Rutherford

4. Dr. S. F. Tolmie

5. Principal Andrew Smith Some of Principal Smith's students who did well. PLATE III

6. Dr. J. A. Campbell

1. Principal E. A. A. Grange

2. Class executive and officers of Science Association, O.V.C., 1913. Seated: G. G. Anderson, vice-president, class executive; W. W. Forsyth, president, class executive; Dr. E. A. A. Grange (Principal), honorary president; A. G. Murray, president, Science Association; E. A. de Varennes, vice-président, Science Association. Standing: E. Skinner, secretary-treasurer, class executive; H. R. McEwan, secretary-treasurer, Science Association. PLATE IV

The Smith Era 33 Province is at the mercy of a lot of quack doctors, whereby great annual loss is felt and expense incurred.22

The matter had clearly reached a stage where negotiation between the Board and Principal Smith might achieve tangible results. On March 29, 1864, the Board was able, in its turn, to carry a resolution . . . that a Board be appointed to examine the pupils of the Veterinary School who shall have attended the lectures of that institution for four winters, or the school two winters and two summers, and obtained a certificate to that effect; That the Board be composed of the following gentlemen, viz: Colonel Thomson, Practical Agriculturist, George Buckland, Esq., Professor of Agriculture, James Bovell, M.D., and Andrew Smith, Veterinary Surgeon; That the Students shall be required to have received a good English Education before entering the school, to be of good character, and shall not be qualified to receive certificates till 21 years of age; That the certificate given by the examining Board shall be counter-signed by the President of the Board of Agriculture, and sealed with the official seal, and shall be considered a proper qualification for a Veterinary Surgeon to practice the Profession in Upper Canada.23

Established in the manner just described, this Board of Examiners had expanded in size to eight members by 1866, four of whom were on medical faculties of the University of Toronto.24 The thing had been done in the fullness of time and, we observe, it had been accomplished some ten years before McEachran's insistent call in 1877 for Smith to name outside examiners. In this circumstance, it becomes clear why Andrew Smith refused to be drawn into the debate made public in Liautard's Review. Incidentally, it is the same Board which examined and recommended diplomas for three gentlemen who, in 1866, became the first officially recognized class of O.V.C. graduates. Because 1867 marks the birth of Canada as a political entity, a picture of the O.V.C. at this time may prove interesting as well as illustrative of the College's development. We turn our attention to the experiences of a typical freshman who commenced his college career a year before Confederation at a time when the Fenian raids were at their height, and when terms of the B.N.A. Act were being hammered out at the Westminster Palace Hotel Conference in London. The O.V.C.

34 A Century of Challenge was five years old when Mr. John H. Sanderson of Richmond Hill, Ontario, became one of "twenty-one young men registered for a course, sixteen of them with a view to studying the Veterinary Art as a profession." Official records one year after Confederation reveal that eight of these gentlemen came up for the final examinations in March and were successful in obtaining the diploma.25 In reporting this matter to the Board of Agriculture, Principal Smith listed the names of his five members of faculty and gave it as his opinion that the eight successful candidates for the diploma had stood up well under the rigid tests set them by the Board of Examiners. Amid applause and general congratulations, Mr. Sanderson received a diploma which served him well during 62 years of active professional life in Ontario26 and which is of more than passing interest in our own day (see Figure 1). This document reveals the actual name of the College as "Upper Canada Veterinary School," it acknowledges the founding date as "1862" and, by implication, it suggests that Secretary Hugh C. Thomson of the Board had been too busy with the mundane affairs of office to recognize, on the parchment at least, Canada's emergence as a nation. To be sure, these were busy times for the Board and for Principal Smith who was just now negotiating the first of what turned out to be many dealings in real estate which the College's rapid and continuous growth made necessary. Accommodation at Agricultural Hall had proved quite inadequate and he was considering the purchase of John Worthington's parcel of land on Temperance Street at a cost of $5,500. His new college building would be erected on this site for the class of 1869-70; but, meanwhile, how was he to come by much needed accommodation in 1867? At a meeting of the Board of Agriculture, we find the Secretary reading a letter "from Mr. A. Smith, Principal of the Toronto Veterinary School, . . . asking for the aid of the Board in placing the School upon a better footing, by procuring a suitable building for lecture and dissecting rooms and museum. Moved by Dr. Beatty, seconded by Professor Buckland, That Mr. Smith be paid $150 for the coming session in lieu of an accommodation

FIGURE 1. Facsimile of diploma issued to Mr. John H. Sanderson in 1868.

36 A Century of Challenge that may have been provided for the classes and operations in this building, provided that he furnishes suitable premises for his classes at his own expense. Carried.27

The Principal was clearly involved in much more than the teaching of "Anatomy and Diseases of Farm Animals." Indeed, his numerous purchases of land and his almost constant preoccupation with the problems of razing old college buildings to make way for larger ones is, in its own right, a success story. Because it typifies O.V.C.'s growth during the entire century and because it provides an additional facet to Andrew Smith's personality, a brief digression into such mundane affairs as investments may not be amiss at this point. It has generally been assumed that students of the 1861-2 "familiar" course were accommodated in Agricultural Hall but, because that building was not yet completed, Principal Smith found it necessary to rent a building on King Street West. By late February, 1862, the three-storey Agricultural Hall on Yonge and Queen had taken sufficient shape, incidentally, to elicit from George Brown's Globe a most critical review: . . . this ugly and uncouth architectural performance [had] cost . . . $14,000, $2,000 above the original estimate. It should be a matter of congratulation to the gentlemen composing the Board of Arts that they are not in this affair associated with those of the Board of Agriculture.28

Principal Smith rented space but made no investment in this building, the ground floor of which was shared by "Fleming and Buckland, Seedsmen" and the Upper Canada Agricultural Society. It is notable that Fleming and Buckland paid rent in the amount of $800 to the Board of Agriculture of 1866.29 We have noted that by 1867 Agricultural Hall had become overcrowded and the Board of Agriculture gave Principal Smith $150 to rent additional space. Shortly thereafter, he purchased his first parcel of land at $5,500 from the Jesse Ketchum estate on Temperance Street. Ketchum had been a temperance advocate and deeds of future owners of his property bear a condition-of-sale clause stating that no liquor

The Smith Era 37

FIGURE 2. Section A: the shed where dissections were carried out; also 8 single stalls, 4 box stalls, and infirmary—pre-1869. Section B: the area occupied by the building in Section A by 1869. Section C: structure added to section B by 1876. Section D: structure added to sections B and C by 1889-90; access is had through wall to B and C.

38 A Century of Challenge was to be sold thereon by the purchaser. Official records do not reveal this to be one of several reasons for the College's removal to University Avenue in 1915. Principal Smith had a building erected on this land which provided for a small infirmary of eight single stalls and four box stalls, a room for dissections and another for clinical demonstrations (see Figure 2). It was at this time that the name "Ontario Veterinary College" was first used.30 Heretofore it had been called, officially, "Upper Canada Veterinary School" and, more loosely, "The Toronto Veterinary College." Enrolment figures and the expansion of the course necessitated the alteration of the original building almost at once (Figure 2, section B). The façade had either been completely changed or the structure had been rebuilt. The ground floor was now given over to offices and rooms for the assistants. In 1876 a third storey was added over the earlier flat-roofed building; this provided for a museum and a lecture hall to accommodate 200 students (section C). It is interesting to observe, in passing, that the city of Toronto was beginning to look with some pride at the College's growing influence. At the commencement exercises of 1881 Mayor McMurrich of Toronto speaks of its rapid growth since 1862 and begs to be permitted to say, further, . . . that the citizens of Toronto were to be congratulated upon the fact that the College had been established here, because this was the centre of the Dominion, and consequently it should be the centre of education (applause). But he was glad to observe that the College had more than a Dominion reputation; that it stood, in fact, very high in the estimation of their cousins on the other side of the lines [sic] who came here annually in large numbers to attend the institution; and this was the kind of annexation to be approved of (applause) .31

By 1885 total enrolment in the College had approached 300. Principal Smith was forced to rent space for his students in Temperance Hall and in the same year he invested $8,000 in another parcel of land adjoining his school. Before he could begin to build, enrolment had approached 400 and he found it necessary to rent additional temporary space in Richmond Hall.

The Smith Era 39 Freshmen arriving at O.V.C. in the fall of 1889 found a new four-storey addition adjoining the former college building ( see Figure 2, Section D). A contemporary reporter tells us that This building . . . contains two large lecture-rooms, rooms for microscopic and other demonstrations, and every convenience for the thorough teaching of all departments necessary in the equipment of the veterinary surgeon, both as a scientific and practical man. The whole of the new building is so connected with the present college as to give very large and almost perfect accommodation. The establishment forms undoubtedly the finest college building for veterinary purposes in America, and good authorities give it as their opinion that few even of the great European colleges can furnish more admirable facilities to their students than are afforded by this college.32

It should perhaps occasion no surprise to learn that Principal Smith's estate realized "in excess of $150,000" for this entire site in 1924. The buildings were razed to make way for "a modern garage of unique design."33 This news is not known to have greatly disturbed O.V.C. students who, ten years earlier, had found accommodation in a handsome new building at 110 University Avenue. Their stay on the University of Toronto campus was, however, to be short-lived. The histories of early veterinary colleges in the United States reveal that until the proprietary college made way for publicly supported institutions, failure of most ventures was an invariable rule. On the face of it, O.V.C. would seem to have been just one more such experiment. But a close reading of public documents reveals an evolutionary development of O.V.C. which is distinctly Canadian, falling as it does somewhere between patterns set in Britain and the United States. We shall now consider this development, particularly as it relates to an assessment of Principal Smith and to a number of important decisions at the turn of the century, which, because they had been long delayed, changed the course of O.V.C.'s history in a dramatic, though perhaps inevitable, manner. It will be recalled that Smith commenced his professional work in late 1861 under the Board of Agriculture, a constituted authority of the Province of Upper Canada. While it seems clear that the Principal of the newly formed college was ex-

40 A Century of Challenge pected to balance student fees against capital costs, records reveal that his venture was, in many ways, subsidized. In 1867 the Board advanced him $150 to permit the rental of additional space; public accounts for the year 1866 reveal the Board's expenditure of $289 against an item headed "Veterinary School Salaries, etc."34 It is amusing and refreshing to see an earlier item "Travelling expense, Mr. A. Smith: $3.91." The Board's source of at least some of this money derived from grants. This matter is referred to in a report of the Board of Agriculture ( 1866) relating to a recent class of veterinary graduates. Secretary Thomson observes that "the 2/2 per cent reserved from the grants to the [Agricultural] Societies, and placed at the disposal of the Board for the promotion of ... instruction and information . . . has been, as the Board believes, economically and advantageously employed."35 In 1880, we learn, the college received a grant from the government in the amount of $2,000 "for the formation of a veterinary museum and library."36 But the relationship between Principal Smith's college and the public interest was a good deal closer than such public accounts would themselves imply. We have noted that by 1866 a constituted Board of Examiners was issuing diplomas to graduates of the College. On March 4, 1868, royal assent was granted passage of "An Act for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Horticulture, Arts, and Manufactures."* This Act establishes the Agricultural and Arts Association whose Council is granted, on behalf of the new Province of Ontario, a number of responsibilities. Under section 19, clause 5, the Council is empowered to "establish a Veterinary School, and pass by-laws and adopt measures to allow persons desirous of practising as Veterinary Surgeons to undergo an examination, and upon proof to the satisfaction of the Council that they possess the requisite qualifications, may grant certificates of capacity to such persons to practise as Veterinary Surgeons."37 But even before passage of "The definitive text of this and subsequent acts, revisions, etc., including Veterinary Practice acts and amendments may be consulted in Appendixes G and H.

The Smith Era 41 this Act, as noted on Mr. John Sanderson's diploma of 1866, the issuing authority was the Board of Agriculture and, significantly, President Christie and Secretary Hugh C. Thomson of the Board offer their signatures after that of Principal Smith. Within several years the Act of 1868 was amended38 to afford more specific indication of the academic subjects to be covered in qualifying examinations for the diploma. This Act also authorized veterinarians to levy professional fees for attendance at courts of law as witnesses. The O.V.C. did not fall under statutory review again until 27 years later. An "Act respecting Veterinary Surgeons" of April 16, 1895,39 stated that the Ontario Veterinary College as organized under the Agriculture and Arts Association might continue "to exercise such powers as have been delegated to the said College" by the Association. The Act then specified that "the President of the Agriculture and Arts Association shall, from January, 1896, sign the diplomas of all students whom the examiners recommend as being competent to practice." This section of the Act clearly indicated a growing trend towards public ownership of the College. The final section of the Act defined the penalties for those who wrongfully assume the title of veterinary surgeon; it authorized payment to the treasurer of the Ontario Veterinary Association of such recovered penalties; and it stipulated that legal actions against offenders must be taken within one year after the alleged offence. An amendment during the following year made it clear that the President of the Agriculture and Arts Association had power to sign diplomas of O.V.C. students until April, 1897.40 In a manner which once more underlined his administrative and business sense, Principal Smith strengthened his proprietary interest in the College. There have been many references within the veterinary profession to a private charter which, it has been assumed, Andrew Smith was granted in 1862. This error is perhaps understandable; but it may be accepted as a sign that the Goddess Clio deals harshly with those who

42 A Century of Challenge

FIGUBE 3. Facsimile of parchment issued to graduates of O.V.C. under the Agriculture and Arts Association.

lack archival instinctl There u>as a "private charter," if such it may be called, but it made its appearance on December 19, 1896, in letters patent incorporating Andrew Smith and four others . . . for the said purposes, to acquire the necessary real and personal property, including the business, rights, privileges and powers of the College now carried on at the said City of Toronto by the said Andrew Smith, under the name of the Ontario Veterinary College, and generally to extend the business of the said College and to do and perform all acts, matters and things necessary . . . by the name Ontario Veterinary College (Limited), with a total capital stock of forty-five thousand eight hundred shares of twenty-five dollars each.41

Thus it could properly be said in 1906 that "from 1862 to 1896, the issuing of diplomas in veterinary science was under direct Government control, and for the past ten years the

The Smith Era 43

FIGURE 4. Parchment issued to graduates following establishment of the O.V.C. joint stock company in 1896. Affiliation with the University of Toronto was tentative until 1908 when the "Charter" was surrendered.

work has been in the hands of a private corporation having special statutory recognition."42 These letters patent are the "charter" which Principal Smith is purported to have surrendered when, in 1908, the government of Ontario assumed jurisdiction over the College. Incidentally the joint stock company was composed, in addition to the Principal, of the following persons: James Thorburn, Physician; David King Smith and John Thomas Duncan, Physicians and Surgeons; and Henry Hopkins, Veterinary Surgeon. It is interesting to note that Dr. Smith (Sr. ) himself held in excess of 99.5 per cent of the shares. By the turn of the century, the demand for a three-year course had become quite insistent. The annual meeting of the

44 A Century of Challenge Veterinary Medical Association had been convened in Ottawa on September 1, 1903. During the second day of the conference, sixty-three Canadian veterinarians met separately to consider the subject of veterinary education. The Montreal Veterinary College had just closed its doors and the O.V.C. was now the only institution in Canada devoted to the teaching of comparative medicine. The meeting had barely opened when a number of questions began to crowd in on the chairman: "Should not the standard of matriculation at the O.V.C. be raised?" . . . "Should not the course be lengthened to three years?" . . . "Do not present demands on the profession require a change if we are to maintain our pre-eminence in veterinary education on this Continent?" . . . "What were Professor Smith's comments on these suggestions?" Professor Smith is not impressed! Organized veterinary medicine in Canada is not yet an effective force; there are financial problems to be considered; the whole judicial aspect of the problem is complicated; it is one thing to advertise higher entrance qualifications, but another to find students so qualified; the requirements being suggested are higher than in other schools on the continent; it could mean the end of the Ontario Veterinary College.43 There is a long silence. Agreement with the Principal's views is voiced by one other member present, Dr. D. King Smith, loyal son of the Principal and jointstock owner of the Ontario Veterinary College ( Limited ). But progress is a relentless force. A curriculum committee of the Ontario Veterinary Association headed by Dr. J. G. Rutherford 79 was formed to study matters of curriculum revision with the Principal. This Ontario Veterinary Association had been incorporated by an Act of March 11, 1879.44 The Act marks the first official stage of the development of organized veterinary medicine in Canada. The Association had been inaugurated on September 24, 1874, and its first meeting under the name "Ontario Veterinary Medical Association" had taken place on December 17, 1874.45 While the Act incorporating the new Ontario Veterinary Association may not at first glance seem to be relevant to the development of the Ontario

The Smith Era 45 Veterinary College, this Association did play an important part in raising the status of the profession through matters judicial, regulatory, and academic. It can be said, to the Association's credit, that it continues to function in this vital role in 1962. College and Association objectives continue to be inextricably interwoven in a healthy challenge-response conflict which operates to their mutual benefit. It is therefore characteristic that, of eleven persons listed as "petitioning for the incorporation," no less than five were faculty members of O.V.C. These names included that of Principal Smith and his successor, E. A. A. Grange. The first meetings were held at the College, as might be expected. But it is much more to the point that this same Association began, as soon as it had quackery in retreat, to press for matriculation examinations and, on a few occasions before the government "take-over" in 1908, to call for a three-year course. It is quite clear from a reading of these minutes that out of respect for what the Association took to be Principal Smith's unassailable record as a college administrator, his academic policies were seldom challenged. The Principal not only "stood on his record" but he was possessed also of an authoritative personality which bred confidence as well as a healthy respect in other men. No higher tribute to the man can perhaps be found than that of "Resolution No. 3" of this very Association to the Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, which recommends the transfer of the College to government ownership. This document of 1905 is perhaps the proudest monument to the Association, couched as it is in the language of one of Smith's most famous students, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, and dealing as it does with academic matters which are fundamental to the veterinarian's public and professional status. Resolution No. 1 asked the provincial government "to take control of Veterinary education, and to assume at least part of the expenditure required to put it on a satisfactory basis." Resolution No. 2 advised establishment of a Faculty of Comparative Medicine of the University of Toronto to be endowed from

46 A Century of Challenge provincial funds and student fees in order to establish "a standard equal to that obtaining elsewhere in British Possessions." But it was Resolution No. 3 which threw a beam of direct light upon the contemporary situation while at the same time it highlighted Smith's unique contribution to veterinary medicine in Canada: That the work of establishing and maintaining the Ontario Veterinary College (an institution which has been of the greatest benefit to the live stock interests, not only of Ontario, but of the whole North American continent) having been hitherto carried on by the sole efforts and at the expense of one individual, Prof. Andrew Smith—this Committee is of the opinion that in the making of any new arrangements, that gentleman's interests should be carefully conserved, and would suggest that he should be appointed Dean of the above proposed Faculty of Comparative Medicine; and further that the premises occupied by him as the Ontario Veterinary College should be utilized by the University in the teaching of Comparative Medicine.46

Changes, sometimes of quite disturbing proportions, are inevitable in the development of public institutions. Such occasions usually provide an opportunity for the organization to rid itself of older men by promoting them "upstairs" in sinecured positions, or by kicking them down the stairs. With the passage of this resolution it had become manifestly clear that, at age 69, Andrew Smith was being selected as the person to lead the O.V.C. through a difficult transitional period and forward to even greater responsibilities. In the forty years of his public and professional life, Dr. Smith had laid proper claim to this honour. During his principalship, many of the 3,000 veterinarians whom he qualified helped to establish a reputation for the O.V.C. in North America and abroad. In 1881, Principal Smith was named an Honorary Associate Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, the governing body of the veterinary profession in Britain. The following year the Ontario Veterinary Association opened a subscription for contributions to a testimonial in his honour.47 The response was spontaneous; the result was a full-length portrait, now the possession of the O.V.C. This painting was

The Smith Era 47 executed by George B. Bridgman, noted Canadian artist who later won a gold medal in world competition in Paris. This portrait of Smith and another commissioned by students are said to be representative of the artist's best work. An O.V.C. exhibit at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in the year 1886 in Britain merited two bronze medals. The exhibition continued for six months during which time it attracted 5/z million vicitors.48 By the turn of the century, an increasing number of references in veterinary literature attest to the influence of his graduates in the United States, either in academic position or in organized veterinary medicine. His death on August 15, 1910, brought encomiums from every section of the community: " 'Andy' Smith, as he was affectionately termed, was the most widely known veterinarian in America, having passed three thousand students from his school, who are located all over the United States and Canada, whom he had the happy faculty of remembering whenever and wherever he met them."49 Every student has his own cherished illustration of Principal Smith's phenomenal memory for names and faces. "Fancy meeting you here, Mr. B . I have not seen you since you graduated in 1892." The ensuing handshake took place in a New York theatre lobby, twelve years after the graduation of a student who had, meanwhile, grown a long beard in order to cover a throat ailment.50 He was, quite naturally, greatly revered by students. Year after year succeeding representatives of graduates begged him to receive "this humble token of esteem"—portraits of himself, scrolls, medallions, and paintings of his favourite horses which had become known in the racing fraternity throughout North America: "War Cry," "Inspiration," "Helen Pennett," "Lady D'Arcy," "Brown Dick," "Lady Reel," "Vespucius." Numerous graduates attest to his boundless capacity for tact, his gentle nature, and his ability to gauge the weaknesses and, withal, the feelings of others. If a student failed to pass his examinations, it was routine to pour out his woes in the Principal's office. In the words of one graduate, "Smith was virtually a

48 A Century of Challenge father to all. Such students never left disappointed: they received sympathy, a promise of lasting friendship, much wise counsel—but sorry, no parchment!" Dr. F. W. Schofield '10 commenced college immediately after Principal Smith's retirement. He recalls . . . seeing him on many occasions, seeming to be on perpetual tours of inspection. . . . he spoke very quietly saying little more than "good morning". . . . I sat at the back of the huge lecture hall, amongst the Z's. . . . this very quiet little gentleman would make his way up the stairs, tiptoe across to an empty seat. . . . one might feel a desk move slightly and all at the back of the room would know that The Great One had arrived. . . . he would sit very quietly, rather like a sphinx. . . . five minutes before the lecture was over, he would disappear down the back stairs. . . . ten minutes after the lecture, one might see him on his way up the stairs again, this time to tell Dr. Lamby of certain mistakes he had made in his lecture, of the need to emphasize matters differently, of the need to instill in students greater care in diagnosis....

Smith's reputation as a diagnostician became legendary in the profession. Whether he were with a group of six upper classmen in a clinic surrounding a horse, or whether he found himself in an amphitheatre seating 300 students, the method never varied. It was a technique which was, in many ways, to be mirrored for another half-century in the clinics of Dr. W. J.R. Fowler'99. Take your time, gentlemen—look this animal over—don't give me your conclusions—not yet—we have plenty of time—remember, even if the leg is broken, we examine the horse's foot—why is that, Mr. R ? Nail puncture? Yes, perhaps—well gentlemen, is anybody ready—there's plenty of time....

Smith's caution in diagnosis became, at length, something of a personality cult. Time after time, students would attempt to trap the Principal. An intrepid student would suddenly, and as if under great stress, rush forward importuning: "Please, Dr. Smith, what time is it?" Slowly and with careful deliberation, the watch was retrieved by way of a heavy gold chain. "Well now, the time is" . . . there was a long pause . . . the watch would then be held face forward to the waiting student. Then, as his audience laughed its approval, he would say "You tell me!" A very old game had been played once more.

The Smith Era 49 The lead actor had proved true to form. The object lesson was never forgotten. But there was more to this man—a great deal more. His care in diagnosis was symptomatic of something much deeper than a need merely to cure an animal. Smith had to be convinced of new ideas with his own eyes. Every innovation, every new theory, had to be proved to his own satisfaction before he would countenance change. To the growing exasperation of many of his colleagues, he proved a difficult man to convince. There was perhaps some justification for Principal Dick's views on the subject of spontaneous generation of disease in the 1850's. But at a time when the germ theory of disease and when the discoveries of Robert Koch and Pasteur were being scientifically applied to disease problems, Principal Smith was still telling students in the lecture hall that anthrax was caused by inadequate ventilation! B. anthracis had been isolated and proved to be the cause of anthrax in 1877, but Principal Smith seemed unconvinced. In 1881, reporting to the Ontario Agricultural Commission on "the fatal epidemic of tuberculosis," Principal Smith's emphatic statement is that . . . the cattle of this country are entirely free from any contagious disease whatever . . . some people go so far as to say that it is a contagious disease, but my experience is the reverse; I would not term it a contagious disease. My opinion on this point differs from that of some of the veterinary surgeons in the United States. Professor Law, for instance, holds tuberculosis to be contagious. My own experience, however, is that it is not, and I have evidence sufficient to satisfy me.51

Thus, while persons outside the profession lauded his gentle nature and his liberal spirit, veterinarians and educators quickly became aware of what they took to be an inexplicable tolerance for the views of others—inexplicable in the light of Smith's cautious, over-riding conservatism. He was a practical man, interested in the art of veterinary medicine and not in veterinary science per se. Nevertheless, he paradoxically surrounded himself with professors having a high standing in their separate specialties. He never, as Princi-

50 A Century of Challenge pal, assumed the pose of an authority on all realms under his purview. The full measure of Smith's contribution can be gauged only against the public's image of the veterinarian in the midnineteenth century. The general public and, indeed, all but a few men in public service, looked upon the treatment of diseased lower animals as a task to be entrusted to the menial and ignorant. The name "veterinarian" was invariably confused in the public mind with such terms as "stablemen," "farriers," "mere blacksmiths," and "quacks." In refined company and in professional literature, the more delicate term "empirics" was applied. Most leading men in departments of government in Upper Canada had no conception in 1860 of veterinary medicine as a science—indeed, how could they have? The Canadian public had, by this time, become alarmed about the effects of sweeping animal plagues in Europe. Adam Fergusson had been calling for veterinary education since 1840, but now, in 1861, the government decided to act—it would, in fact, do the expedient thing. A veterinarian was called; he was authorized to finance a private school on student fees and such monies as his professional services might win him in Toronto. The government had "met" its responsibility and the general public was left with the illusion that all necessary steps to guard against animal disease had been taken. While it is doubtful whether the government could have applied any other solution, still it must be recognized that such a private school, to be a successful venture, required large student enrolments and this, in turn, placed a premium on high entrance requirements. Smith's ability to keep O.V.C. going; his successful application of an empirical method to the increasing challenges for improvement; and a shrewd, calculating kind of Scottish wisdom which placed a high value on the need to employ "specialist" instructors—all these, when studied in relation to contemporary political, public health, and economic circumstances, help to explain his pre-eminence in North America.

The Smith Era 51 World affairs during the mid-nineteenth century, whether in business or government, were entrusted to benevolent, enlightened despots. If ever the veterinary profession in Canada required such a leader, it was in the 1860's. In Andrew Smith, the profession found its man. No overbearing hungry ambition marred a self-interest which was essentially enlightened. He was conciliatory by instinct and long practice; but he, at no time, had the slightest idea of making compromises which, as he believed, might threaten O.V.C.'s development or continued existence. At age 73, when, one might assume, he had earned the right to rest, he found that his College was being challenged from all points of the compass. Everyone, it seemed, was clamouring for the three-year course and for public ownership. Organized veterinary medicine in Canada and the United States was becoming more than insistent; deans of other veterinary colleges were calling for changes they thought long overdue; gentle hints began to appear in British veterinary journals; and now the University of Toronto, desiring one more fullfledged faculty, had brought out a report which threatened to submerge all!* If the thing must be done—and apparently there was now little room for doubt—then it had better be done with nobility. But just before the final plunge, something of the former stiffening attitude returns. Must he agree to the government's offer? . . . $10,000 for the good will of the Ontario Veterinary College, the surrender of the charter, and the museum belonging to the college . . . all apparatus used in instruction or investigation . . . and books now in the library to be purchased on such terms as may be mutually agreed upon later. . . . The buildings . . . to be leased to the Government for a term of five years . . . the amount of rental to be determined by arbitrators. .. .52

Were these terms really fair? Could he give assent to the two companies named as arbitrators? Whom, he wondered, would •For the "seven-point" recommendation of the University of Toronto Royal Commission ( 1906 ), see Appendix J, p. 204.

52 A Century of Challenge these two elect as an independent arbitrator "should there be a disagreement"? Three weeks later, the Principal agrees to commence negotiations "for taking over by your Department of the Ontario Veterinary College" according to the terms of February 20. Further, he writes, As soon as the new Principal is appointed it will be a matter of great pleasure for my staff and myself to have him meet the students and give him all the information we possibly can with regard to the details of the working of the College for the remainder of the Session; and I may say, it will always be my object to do anything I can to further the interests of the Ontario Veterinary College which I myself established and to which I have devoted the best years of my Me. My best wishes will always be for its continued success.53

And so the thing had been done. Once more he had brought into play, this time in the sunset of his life, those very attributes of personality which had already placed him in high esteem. Once more his protagonists were to become aware of this unique combination of traits that never failed him or his college: shrewd business acumen, an overwhelming charm, and a faultless temper, even under the most trying challenge—that is to say, the last challenge. From this time forth, as he knew, and as history was to prove, the character of the Ontario Veterinary College would be profoundly altered. In the back of his mind there lurked a foreboding possibility of the O.V.C.'s disintegration. But in the actual transfer, he had himself presided over matters with characteristic dignity.

Chapter Three

E.A. A. GRANGE: Transition and War "A man's first obligation is to be a Gentleman."—ANON.

AT A MEETING OF THE FACULTY COUNCIL OF THE Ontario Veterinary College in 1954, there fell under reviewimmediately following discussion of the timetable—the more sobering subject of the College's history. It had been decided to hang brass plaques in the oak-panelled corridors of the MacNabb Memorial Library, itself soon to be officially dedicated. The question had arisen: Would not this be an opportune time to honour College principals, since departed? There was, quite naturally, no question as to the wisdom of a large plaque in memory of the first Principal in whose name the Andrew Smith Memorial Medal had, in 1930, been established.* Neither would there be any wavering in the matter of Principal McGilvray and Principal MacNabb, both of whom had already been honoured by students and graduates. But what was one to do about Principal E. A. A. Grange about whose contribution to the O.V.C. little was known? Everyone present knew very well that he had been Principal for a short ten-year period from 1908 to 1918; they knew that, in 1908, it had proved difficult to find anyone in the world possessed of a desire to have the position; they were almost certain that the appointment had been a political one—or, at least, that Dr. Grange had a close friend in Dr. F. C. Grenside 79. One other fact was known to all: he was a gentleman of the first order—a gentleman by birth, education, and reputation. This, of course, was something. Could it be that he had proved little else as Principal of the O.V.C.? Might it not be wise to defer discussion about a plaque for a time—perhaps for a long time? Yes, that seemed wise in the circumstances of history. But once again, History was to deal an interesting "reversal" upon a College which had apparently preferred to "make" rather than to "record" its history. This decision by the Faculty Council troubled the thoughts of at least one of its members. Surely members of Council lacked a sense of historicity. Were there, he wondered, open "blanks" in history—periods during which responsible people "Details of this and several other awards, together with names of winners, may be consulted in Appendix E, p. 160.

Transition and War

55

made decisions out of sheer cupidity and contrary to intelligent self-interest? Was it logical to assume that Dr. Grange's contemporaries would appoint someone who was not fully qualified? He doubted that. He doubted it very much. He would go to Dr. Jones with an offer to finance personally a brass plaque to Principal Grange. There would be only one proviso: the gift must remain strictly anonymous. Now, because in the academic community nothing ever remains anonymous above thirty-six hours; and inasmuch as this gentleman's gift has been amply vindicated by the historic record itself; and, finally, because the gift characterizes the personality of the donor who is, by turns, much feared by students and highly regarded by graduates, his name (though he will abhor the suggestion ) had better come to public notice. He is Henry T. Batt '33. Dr. Edward Alexander Andrew Grange0 was one of seventeen men who graduated from the O.V.C. in 1873, the seventh class of graduates to win the official diploma. The following year, which marks the founding of the Ontario Agricultural College, Dr. Grange began to "deliver tri-weekly lectures on . . . the Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals."1 By 1876, President William Johnston of the O.A.C. began to organize the separate departments of the College. Dr. Grange was named Head of the Department of Veterinary Science by December; he was planning at that time to move into "the just •Of Irish descent, son of Lt.-Col. George J. Grange (Sheriff of Wellington County, Ontario, and President, Guelph and Gait Railway). Born London, England ( 1848 ) ; educated in private schools including Dr. Tassie's School, Gait, Ontario; graduated O.V.C. (1873); Head, Dept. of Veterinary Science, O.A.C. (1875-82); founder and Dean, Dept. of Veterinary Science, Michigan Agricultural College (1883-97); first Michigan State Veterinarian (1885-?); President, Michigan Veterinary Medical Association ( 1887 ) ; Dean, Detroit Veterinary College ( 1897-9 ) ; lecturer to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( 1898-9 ) ; services retained by various racing commissions including New York, Saratoga, and Washington; veterinary research, New York State (1899-1908); granted M.Sc. degree Michigan Agricultural College (1908); Principal, O.V.C. (1908-18); member of numerous veterinary and other scientific societies; elected honorary member, Alpha Psi Society, Cornell University; voted honorary member of the New York Alumni Assn., Cornell University (1911); died July 25, 1921, in Toronto; buried from St. George's Church, Guelph.

56 A Century of Challenge completed Veterinary Science Building." Lectures in veterinary science were being delivered daily at this time by Dr. Grange, both to first- and second-year students. He held this position for seven years and proved popular with students and faculty colleagues, an attribute for which he won singular notice in each of President Johnston's reports to the Minister of Agriculture. The report of 1879 was typical: "In that [Department] of Veterinary Science, I can but repeat what I have always said, that it was a most fortunate choice which secured for the students of the Institution so accomplished, careful, and systematic a lecturer as Dr. Grange. During the past year, as always before, no department was more thoroughly taught than this."2 Everyone, it seemed, was pleased with Dr. Grange, but as the years went by it became increasingly clear that the O.A.C. would not be able to retain his services. He knew his own worth and, like President Johnston, knew it to be well above $600 per annum, the going rate for departmental heads. He reminded the President of this and Johnston, in his turn, lost no opportunity to remind Queen's Park of the likely and obvious outcome. By 1883 Dr. Grange had left the Guelph campus and the Annual Report to the Minister makes no attempt to veil President Johnston's disappointment: E. A. A. Grange, V.S., who was one of the finest professors appointed to lecture in the O.A.C. remained at his post for a little over seven years, but never succeeded in getting a higher salary than $600.00 per annum. He did his work well and faithfully, hoping that in the course of time his efforts would meet with something like adequate remuneration. In this however he was disappointed from time to time; and not seeing any very good grounds to hope for more liberal treatment in the future, he at length resigned his position with us and went to Lansing, Michigan, where they were glad to get him in their Agricultural College for more than twice the salary that we paid him.3

In the light of future events, it is perhaps appropriate to record that Dr. F. C. Grenside 79 accepted Dr. Grange's former position at $600 per annum. He remained Head of the Veterinary Science Department for eleven years whereupon Dr. J. Hugo Reed '82 was appointed to the position.4 Principal Andrew Smith of the O.V.C. in Toronto was himself an out-

Transition and War

57

side examiner on the veterinary science courses oflEered successively by Dr. Grange, Dr. Grenside, and Dr. Reed. The calibre of instruction in veterinary science being offered to agricultural students during these years at the O.A.C. is itself an informative subject.5 Meanwhile our interest lies with Dr. Grange who, by 1883, was establishing for himself the singular honour of founding what was to become the School of Veterinary Medicine of Michigan State College. This pioneer work was being undertaken some twenty-six years before the establishment on the campus of a Division of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Grange soon found that he would indeed be earning his attractive new salary. Almost immediately he found himself to be at the centre of activities organizing a new department. With "great interest and anticipation he watched the construction of the first building . . . to be used for the instruction of agricultural students in veterinary science" at Michigan State. Within three years he had moved into the building. With feelings "of great satisfaction and pride," he wrote, "The Spring of 1886 may be looked upon as the most important epoch of our history in the Veterinary department . . . for it was at the beginning of this term that we took possession of our new quarters."6 Dr. Grange remained at this post a total of fourteen years. Successive Bulletins of the Michigan State Agricultural College attest to his many and varied professional interests. What is more, they reveal anything but a closed mind to the advances then being made in veterinary science. In 1887 he concerned himself with the incubation period of "a new contagious disease among horses in America" (Maladie du Coit); he recorded observations on a disease affecting the eyes of sheep in the same year and the following year did experimental work with oxygen as a therapeutic for heaves in horses. By 1891 his attention had turned to foot-rot in sheep and to glanders and farcy. Bulletin No. 133 of 1896 outlined die discovery of the tubercle bacillus and described a series of experimental trials by which Dr. Grange hoped to prove the validity of tuberculin tests. A subsequent Bulletin described the work being carried on in his Veterinary Department and included discussion of such topics

58 A Century of Challenge as bacterial types, sterilization, and the preparation of cultures.7 By 1887, Dr. Grange was able to record his election as President of the Michigan Veterinary Medical Association and his pleasure at having been invited "to read papers upon veterinary topics at both of its meetings this year."8 During the period from 1885 to 1896 in Lansing, Dr. Grange had the distinction of being the first person to be appointed State Veterinarian of Michigan. A perusal of his reports to the State Live Stock Sanitary Commission illustrate his profound knowledge, at that time, concerning the detection and treatment of disease in animals. The Commissioners, in their letter of transmittal to the Governor of the State, observe that the State Veterinarian's report "is interesting and instructive." This was an understatement. Dr. Grange was one of those rare public officials who can make bulletins and reports readable. His classical scholarship and ability to make wide-ranging comparisons from science, medicine, and literature remind one of Sir William Osier. Nor was he afraid to state his case with vigour and directness, regardless how controversial it may be: "For my part, I believe that tuberculosis never was hereditary, is not now, and never will be."9 Dr. Grange then provides a complete description of the disease including definition, history, aetiology, avenues of infection, symptoms of infection, treatment and prevention in cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, and birds. In the light of these achievements, we may well believe that the official notice of his resignation from Michigan State Agricultural College after fourteen years was no mere fob to formality: Dr. E. A. A. Grange, the consulting Veterinarian, under whose wise and energetic administration the Veterinary Department of the College had attained a high degree of excellence and made for the College a good reputation in that line of work was called to an influential position in Detroit.10

At the age of forty-nine years, Dr. Grange was named "Principal" of the Veterinary Department of the Detroit College of Medicine, a position which he held between 1897 and

Transition and War

59

n

1899. His official title was: Principal, Professor of Anatomy, Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics. This school closed its doors in 1899 after 8 years of operation. Archivist Leslie H. Hanawalt12 notes that the Detroit College of Medicine had under its direction three smaller departments, namely, Dental Surgery (closed 1909), Pharmacy (closed 1906), and Veterinary Medicine. "There was," he adds . . . occasionally some conflict between the lesser departments and Medicine. . . . The official reason for closing the smaller Departments was that they did not pay their way with student fees; at least regarding Veterinary Medicine we know this to be true. . . . further, one graduate states that the students were enticed to Dr. Leonard Conkey's . . . school in Grand Rapids after 1897 . . . which . . . held to lower standards and fees. . . . The highest enrolment of the Detroit Veterinary College was nineteen.

From 1899 to 1908, Dr. Grange was "engaged in veterinary research work in New York State."13 As in Michigan, his scientific interests continued to be wide-ranging including such subjects as artificial impregnation of animals14 and the care and comfort of domestic animals.15 As these titles suggest, he had become interested in the work of various humane societies and his services were for a time retained by the New York branch of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Minutes of the Board of Managers for 1899 indicate that Dr. Grange was granted funds through the Society ". . . for the special purpose of having illustrated lectures delivered on the subject of kindness to animals. . . ,"16 Many of these lectures were given in educational institutions throughout New York City.1T He read numerous papers before groups of veterinarians and farmers "in many States of the Union" upon such topics as "The History of the Horse," "The Evolution of the Horse Shoe," and "The Index to a Horse's Character."18 At this time he was retained by various racing associations including those of New York, Saratoga, and Washington for whom he carried out research projects and track-side tests relating to the doping of race horses. It has now become known19 that in 1902 or 1903, Principal Smith of the O.V.C. visited Dr. Grange in New York and told

60 A Century of Challenge him of his decision to retire "in a few years." He made it clear that he was prepared to recommend Dr. Grange for the position but Dr. Grange was non-committal and the matter was left open. Dr. Grange's stewardship of the O.V.C. is really a story, in microcosm, of man's indomitable urge—perhaps it is a need —to be a success just one more time. It is, in fact, the story of a man who received a call to return to his alma mater after having earned the right to retire from active life with a secure professional reputation. He had for several years anticipated a call to O.V.C. and now the official letter had arrived. He had no illusions about the magnitude of the challenge he was being offered. Indeed, he had thought deeply upon this matter for several months. He had long since suppressed the momentary response to vanity which the thought of a principalship must bring to any graduate of the O.V.C. There would be the very big difficulty even of seeming to fill Principal Smith's shoes. The Temperance Street buildings were obviously inadequate. Classes were large and, he had heard, rather difficult to discipline. He would certainly want to make a clean break, especially from "the old guard" of Smith's faculty. A new, fully modernized building would provide a dramatic break with the past and, at the same time, it would improve administrative matters. There would be many initial adjustments to make in connection with the new three-year course. By now he was deep in thought. This would be a big task, the planning and the erection of a new building—the move— the subsequent stresses of settling in—but surely, he had done the thing at Michigan State and it would be no insurmountable task for him now—and he quite favoured the suggestion in Nelson Monteith's letter of a location close to the University of Toronto—that would add complications of course, but it could, in the end, help to meet "head on" the Ontario Veterinary Association's growing insistence for improved academic standards—Dr. Grenside's letter left no room for doubt that the Association had begun to clamour for immediate action

Transition and War

61

by the new Principal—would they, he wondered, have recourse to the Committee on Education of the American Veterinary Medical Association?—and on the matter of legislation to protect practitioners, the Association had grown openly militant —they had their legislation for incorporation; he wondered why they were kicking up such a dust. He had, by now, firmly resolved to accept the offer—a troublesome doubt concerning his health and the possible depletion of his energies was quickly suppressed—surely, his health would not fail him—he could at least launch the O.V.C. into the modern scientific era even if fate denied him the right to sail the good ship for a time—yes, there would be obstacles, there would be difficulties—perhaps there would be challenges that he had not thought of—no matter, he would write a letter of acceptance—he would break it gently to Bess, his wife—she would fuss about his health, of course, but in the end she would see the point—anyway, she would be much closer to her people in Guelph, only 60 miles from Toronto. Thus was the full measure of the challenge taken. But the divinations of man's finite mind, be they supported by the subtlest reasonings, the wildest speculations, and a wisdom which comes only with experience, have never yet been able to plumb the challenges which lurk beyond the next corner. Dr. Grange could not know in 1908 that he would be called to carry O.V.C. through the stresses which global war would soon impose. Nor could he know that within his faculty there would develop two dominant personalities, each of whom was to make an outstanding contribution to veterinary education in Canada. One of these gentlemen was to emphasize the art, the other the science of veterinary medicine. Their separate contributions would often appear to be diametrically opposed each to the other; but in truth, the goals towards which each strove were of mutual benefit to a vital teaching programme and to the development of Canada's livestock industry. The important place of the veterinary art would be proclaimed by Dr. W. J. R. Fowler '99. His strength and his influence would be formidable, exercised as it were through

62 A Century of Challenge a personality which proved dynamic in the classroom and the clinic, and through a three-year term as President of the Ontario Veterinary Association which period, in retrospect, has been identified as crucial. The place of science on the veterinary curriculum was to be proclaimed by quite a different personality. Dr. Grange could not know that amongst the freshmen to whom he delivered his first lecture was a student who would offer the Principal himself a formidable challenge, who would provide, at times, a complete "obstacle" to progress. This student was destined to carry the challenge to four succesive Principals of the O.V.C. It would be some years before Dr. Grange became aware of Dr. F. W. Schofield '10. He may be excused his inability to predict, or even to prepare for, the awful challenge which l'enfant terrible of the profession was to provide. In short, matters at the O.V.C. had once more been predisposed in a manner which was to ensure a continued conflict of interests. Could the Ontario Veterinary College hope, once again, to benefit from such a conflict? If so, in precisely what manner would her growth be manifest? The answer to these questions now commands our interest. The morning sun broke upon the upper windows of the Ontario Veterinary College buildings on Temperance Street, Toronto, on October 9, 1908, with promise of a delightful day. A rain-washed sky stood reflected in pools of water on the cobbled street below. As usual at 10:30 on a Friday morning, an attendant was at work on the marquee of the Gaiety Theatre, across the street from O.V.C. A team of Percherons was backing a dray-load of newsprint into a warehouse on Bay Street. Traffic was beginning to increase on the roadway. Women pedestrians hurried along the streets to the Jewish shops on Richmond. To everyone in this section of Toronto it was a quite ordinary day—to everyone that is except a group of senior students and faculty members assembled outside the infirmary of the Ontario Veterinary College. An air of excitement pervades the

Transition and War

63

entire group as a dog-cart drawn by a black hackney swings off Temperance Street into the quadrant having passed a motor car. The driver is clearly "to the manner born" with his horse. The stable groom attempts to restrain the restive horse while Dr. E. A. A. Grange, new Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College and now the undivided centre of interest, steps off the buggy stirrup to the ground. Students have now begun to crowd to the windows of the infirmary, the dissecting room opposite, and the lecture hall above. As Dr. Smith moves forward to offer his hand, these young men begin to analyse the confusion of a first impression. Dr. Smith greets the new arrival as a former student. It is apparent that this "student" has been long absent; it is also perfectly obvious that he has been a success. A black top-hat contrasts dramatically against long sideburns, now almost white. The gentleman wears a high wing collar, an ascot tie, and a Prince Albert coat with satin-lined lapels. Tight-fitting peg-trousers, grey spats, and black, kid leather shoes complete his dress, unless one takes account, as most do, of the umbrella, the kid gloves, and the pince-nez on cord. Principal Grange smiles warmly, almost shyly, at nearby students as he passes. The door of the College closes upon the official party and the field is thrown open to unrestrained speculation. A tall South Dakotan thinks to break the spell with the observation: "He won't Grangerize easy, that one!" Nervous laughter is interrupted by a Torontonian who is affronted by the Republican overtones of what he takes to be an indiscreet pun. "Anyway, he is an American!"—"Not very likely, he ain't! He came from Gait, Ontario; graduated from O.V.C. in 73"— "What! He must be all of sixty!"-"He's a dandy, too"-"We'll soon bring 'im off that"—"Lay you odds he'll have the lot of you bowing in a week"—"Not like Smitty, he won't"—"Grange, eh?-"Yeah, The Granger"-"How about The Ranger?" —"Daddy Grange, that's it"—"Ya, Ya, 'Daddy Grange' is good, good enough for now, anyway." But it was "Daddy" Grange that stuck. Most of his students

64 A Century of Challenge still use the epithet "Daddy" and, with very few exceptions, their way of saying it betrays overtones of respect. The casual observer to this scene might be excused for supposing that Dr. Grange's age and dignified bearing would alone ensure discipline at O.V.C.; such an observer would soon be undeceived. These were the days when the pranks of O.V.C. students and of the "Meds" uptown were recorded in Toronto newspapers with alarming frequency. One must visualize a very large lecture hall with a capacity to seat 400 (see p. 37 above). Only a long, undulating line which had been drawn on the floor with a piece of chalk separated freshmen from "upper" classmen, who had access to the hall by way of a front stairway. Freshmen came into the room rather cautiously by way of the back stairs, a plan calculated to preserve an ante helium atmosphere as long as possible. In the opinion of several "rousers," the time to test the new Principal's metal was on the first day of classes. Accordingly, every freshman, each in his own turn, was strapped to the operating table and spanked. Those who resisted, and there were many, were severely whipped. This, of course, had become routine at O.V.C.; it was part of "the system" and Principal Grange was advised to remain below stairs until the ceremony was over, as it soon would be. But the class of 1910 had spirit. Indeed, they showed uncommon bravery as they set about the task of cutting the lids out of every sophomore's "topper." This treachery was shortly discovered and led to open, undeclared war. Doors were broken, the entire building was soon being taken apart, and human bodies were being dropped from uncompromising heights. When, much later, the hall was cleared of boys and police, Principal Grange made his way past the debris along the stairs. He pushed back a door which hung crazily on one hinge. The picture which his eyes now discovered provoked his unrestrained disappointment. On another occasion a negro house painter was captured on Temperance Street, taken aloft and painted from head to foot with his own paint. Then, as one graduate recalls the incident:

Transition and War

65

"By George, if he didn't go and tell the police!" Ten plainclothesmen moved into O.V.C. off Temperance Street as if awaiting the inevitable call. They began to use their billies, were mobbed by the boys in their turn, and reinforcements were required to quell the ensuing riot. Court hearings quite naturally followed. Ringleaders were fined against assault and against property damage. The money was quickly raised by the entire student body, and the pranks continued. A pedestrian was lassoed about the waist "by one of the big fellows from the West" and, with help from several others (probably from the East—certainly not from Toronto! ) he was lifted to the second floor and laid out as a specimen for dissection. After breaking away, this man had still sufficient spirit to make his way towards Dr. Grange's office. This would never do. He was re-captured and locked into one of the horse ambulances. "After lectures were over," recalls one graduate, "we let him out and say, he never stopped running all the way down Temperance ... never heard of him again." And so it continued. We are told that even in the new building, pedestrians on University Avenue were frequently called upon to evade half-dissected limbs of horses which descended upon them from the anatomy laboratory above. In the classroom students talked, read the newspapers, and shuffled their feet until Dr. Grange would slowly close his notebook and leave the room. Many of his lectures would commence: "Gentlemen, the disease we are about to discuss is shrouded still in the deepest of mystery." Some graduates admit sadly today that they often wonder what the disease really was. It was useless to observe, as some faculty members did, that riots in Andrew Smith's day were quelled at the mere entrance into the room of the Principal. This was a new generation of boys who no longer venerated Victorian principles of respectability. What they apparently required, at least by way of discipline, was the technique of the sergeant-major. This they were soon to have, but it came to them, sadly, in a game of more consequence than that of veterinary education. It must not be assumed that Principal Grange had con-

66 A Century of Challenge signed the College to mob violence or that he had lost the confidence of the public whom he served. Quite the contrary. In 1912, four years after his appointment, the Ontario Veterinary Association noted with satisfaction that the able supervision of the College by Principal Grange . . . commanded both admiration and respect . . . [he] is imbued with the finest ideals and purposes of the profession and this assures the maintenance of the highest standard of education and the deepest and broadest interest for the protection of the Live Stock interests of Canada . . . [he] has proved an efficient Principal of the O.V.C. . . .20

It was during this time that the Ontario Veterinary Association began to press more insistently for protective legislation. While they had long since won official incorporation, they had not yet "obtained the much coveted Legislation" by which the profession could be protected against quackery. Further, President Fowler observed that whereas formerly the Association was allowed every recovered fine of $50 against proved cases of false practice, they now received nothing. He noted that prosecutions were rare and that cases proved unnecessarily litigious because the present Act was inadequate. Some of the Western provinces had already left Ontario behind in this matter and he hoped that the advent of a Dominion Veterinary Association would force the issue. There were now 600 practitioners in Ontario and they needed immediate protection, concluded Dr. Fowler. Dr. Grange quite naturally became involved in this struggle. He was himself an active member of the Association, was host to all the meetings, and was considered to be an effective liaison with interested governmental departments. Successive presidents of the Association informed members of Dr. Grange's continuing though futile efforts on their behalf. This legislation did not come until 1920, seven years later. But, on another of the Ontario Veterinary Association's goals, Principal Grange's efforts were, unfortunately, considered to be unsuccessful. It will be recalled that as late as 1912 the Association was apparently quite satisfied with the standards of entrance and graduation examinations at O.V.C.

Transition and War

67

In 1913 the matter was not raised and we may assume that all was well. But at the meeting of the Association on February 4, 1914, affairs took a sudden turn. It was noticed that representatives of veterinary associations from most sections of Canada were present including Dr. F. Torrance* (Veterinary Director General); Dr. S. F. Tolmie (B.C.); Dr. W. E. Martin (Manitoba); Dr. Evans (Central Canada Veterinary Association); Dr. Wright (Saskatchewan); Dr. McEwan (Alberta); Dr. J. B. Hollingsworth (Central Canada Veterinary Association). The agenda included such subjects as federal legislation to protect veterinarians, the formation of a Dominion Veterinary Association and, finally, the meeting would be asked to determine "the best way of raising the academic standards of the O.V.C. immediately." The Veterinary Director General, Dr. Frederick Torrance, was the keynote speaker on the subject of O.V.C.'s present plight. His words capture the tension of the moment. "Every Canadian veterinarian," he believed, . . . would regret the removal of the O.V.C. from the list of colleges accredited . . . by the American Veterinary Medical Association . . . matters should be rectified at once in order that graduates of the O.V.C. would not long be barred from enjoying the privilege of membership in this International Organization . . . matriculation standards would have to be raised immediately.21

Dr. J. G. Rutherford '79 said that he had advocated higher standards for twenty years; he had hoped for a change when the College was taken over by the government and the university, but in this he had been disappointed. But it did seem curious that when the Committee on Education of the A.V.M.A. visited the College, "Dr. Grange got on his dignity and told them to procure an order from the Department of Agriculture."22 Dr. Grange was ill at the time of this meeting and his response is therefore not on public record. One wonders whether it might not have brought up such points as the criticism he was receiving from veterinarians for his appointment to faculty °Dr. Torrance and Dr. J. G. Rutherford are the only Canadians to have been elected President of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

68 A Century of Challenge of such University of Toronto instructors as Dyce W. Saunders, K.C. (Veterinary Jurisprudence), Dr. Paul L. Scott (Pharmacology), and Dr. Charles Temple (Physician), and the fact that his suggestions to recruit veterinarians from the United States to his teaching staff were encountering static opposition. His defence might also have answered a number of questions: Had the Committee on Education prepared him for the visit of inspection? Had they arrived at a time when he was pressed by contractors, builders, architects . . .? Did not the A.V.M.A. Committee require authorization from the Department of Agriculture to make such an inspection? Might it not have been fair to await O.V.C.'s removal to the new premises where the three-year programme could be properly instituted? The whole matter is surrounded by enough mystery to make the biographer cautious. It appears, however, that when Dr. Grange asked the A.V.M.A. Committee to arrange their visit through the Minister of Agriculture, they "crossed the O.V.C. off the list without visiting the school."23 Certainly, in the light of earlier reports, their action hardly appears logical: The efficiency of the teaching is indicated by the success of some of the graduates during the past year. In Missouri fifteen went before the State Board of Veterinary Examiners, and, although many had graduated from leading American colleges, the only one to pass was a graduate of the Ontario College. Similarly at Vancouver, B.C., all the candidates were rejected except an Ontario graduate. Illinois has decided to waive the usual State Board Examinations where an Ontario certificate is the credential. Similar encouraging recognition of the Ontario College has been received from other States.24

The meeting of the O.V.A. adopted several resolutions: one of these would obliterate the London (Ontario) Veterinary Correspondence School; another would enforce higher entrance standards for the O.V.C.; another would call upon the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council to exercise his authority "to name an Advisory Board to advise and assist the Minister of Agriculture in the management of the said college." It is notable that this Board was never named and that the O.V.C. regained accreditation immediately.

Transition and War

69

Aggressive supporters of organized veterinary medicine in Canada have argued that Dr. Grange suffered something of an eclipse following the accreditation debate. They have also desired to take all credit for rectifying matters. An objective assessment of the man and his times would argue that Dr. Grange had reconciled numerous demands in a satisfactory and effective manner. Doubtless the truth lies somewhere between these extremes. In the words of a faculty wag, the incident certainly underlines the importance of the Principal's position: at age 66 he could not yet enjoy the luxury of one day in bed with "La Grippe." That Principal Grange was forward-looking and progressive in matters of veterinary education may be surmised from a paper which he read before the American Veterinary Medical Association immediately before the war. In it he appeals for the standardization of veterinary college curricula throughout North America. "I do not wish it to be understood," said Dr. Grange, . . . that I have any particular objection to the curriculum of any college, but I do think that if a uniform standard of teaching in the different years of the course could be brought about it would facilitate matters as far as reciprocity of credits is concerned and would, I trust, improve our system of education. . . . I have made my remarks brief, but am in hopes that sufficient has been said to suggest the advisability of uniform curricula in our colleges.25

During these pre-war years the handsome new veterinary building which was rising on University Avenue and which had been Dr. Grange's dream since 1908 consumed much of his time and energy. This building was of modern design built on the L-shaped plan and covering an area of 10,077 square feet with four storeys over a full basement. It provided mechanical ventilation throughout, thermostatic temperature control, a gas-operated incinerator large enough to consume two horses, and a freight elevator with a capacity for five horses. Granolithic floors, huge sky-lights, stainless steel operating tables for large and small animals, steam-controlled sterilizers, ten standing and six box-stalls, an amphitheatre

70 A Century of Challenge

FIGURE 5. O.V.C.'s new home in 1914 at 110 University Avenue, Toronto.

to accommodate 175 and an assembly hall to accommodate 500 students—such were the features of the new home into which the O.V.C. moved in 1914. The building quickly won notice from informed critics as the best then available to veterinary students in North America,26 and proved itself to be an architectural and a functional success. It might have served a generation of O.V.C. scholars and, in any event, it had been planned with an eye to modifications well beyond that limit. But fate seems somehow to have turned Dr. Grange's triumph into a lost cause. Seven years after moving into these handsome university quarters, the O.V.C. was packed off to Guelph. Many other challenging prospects for future development in veterinary education were pressing for attention during these years. Under the leadership of Dr. J. A. Campbell, small animal medicine began to assert its right to a place on the curriculum. Its growing importance is attested to by clinics at O.V.A. meetings from 1912 forward under such capable

Transition and War

71

surgeons as Dr. J. A. Campbell '00, Dr. W. J. R. Fowler '99, and Dr. G. G. Saunders '07. The critical reception of a paper by Lieutenant-Colonel W. J. Morgan '93 on the "Relation of the Veterinary Practitioner to the Household Pet" (Feb. 5, 1914 ) may also be read as a portent of things to come. At this time, Dr. J. A. Amyot served as a lecturer in pathology at the University of Toronto and Director of the Provincial Board of Health; he was destined to become one of those members of faculty who has won the universal respect of every O.V.C. graduate between 1900 and 1920. He employed three medical students each summer; Dr. Schofield '10, who soon found himself working in Dr. Amyot's Bacteriology Laboratory was the first veterinary student to be so employed. In less time than it takes to say "microscope," Dr. Schofield was pleading a need for experimental animals at the O.V.C. Dr. Grange was of the opinion that white mice and guinea pigs would suffice for the research project which Dr. Schofield had in mind. Dr. Schofield wanted pigs and, failing that, perhaps calves. And what would Dr. Grange think of some pens for horses? Horses! Was the man mad? Did he know there was a war on? And pens! No, it was quite impossible. In characteristic fashion, Dr. Schofield went to the Minister of Agriculture* who, in turn, convinced Dr. Grange of the need for stable room and for experimental animals. And so it turned out that Dr. Schofield commenced his research work on joint-ill in foals, later transferred the entire work to the Board of Health, learned that abortions in mares were common in Ontario and that many foals were born with sub-clinical *Dr. Schofield has always "gone direct to the Minister." Following World War II it was routine procedure for him to telephone the Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Ottawa: "Ah, the Hon. Mr. Harris—Frank Schofield of Guelph—Yes, but what of the political climate, Walter—but elections are really no difficulty to those who prepare. . . . Now Walter, I have a Roumanian family coming. . . . Yes, six of them including the grandmother, a dear lady—Yes, but one of your little minions is holding them up in a cold shed at Halifax—you will?—Thanks Walter—Oh, Walter, how are the papers coming on my lovely German family—fine! Thank you—Good-bye Walter, good-bye."

72 A Century of Challenge infection, and demonstrated the prophylactic value of S. Aureus and B. Coli vaccines. True, all very true, but Dr. Schofield was a "difficult" man to live with. He made a point of being difficult. To Dr. Grange it appeared that new challenges to his administrative efforts would sooner or later overwhelm him. Suddenly these matters were, of necessity, deferred in order to meet a much more insistent problem. The Dominion Veterinary Association, protective veterinary legislation, expansion of facilities for small animal medicine, support of a research programmeall of these were, with one dramatic pistol shot in Sofia, no longer important. Here, suddenly, was another demand which called for attention. For reasons of patriotism, national survival, and professional oblige, no man could turn his back to this challenge—least of all the principal of a veterinary college. Retirement age? The thought was never for a moment considered. A war had enveloped the Ontario Veterinary College; it was a war in which every participating nation would place high priority upon trained veterinarians. On August 3, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany. The impact of this declaration upon the Ontario Veterinary College may be easily imagined as we stand on the hillside overlooking Valcartier, Quebec, twenty-nine days later. As if by magic, a tent-camp to accommodate 32,000 men and 5,000 horses already stretched across the horizon. In every direction the eye beheld men, horses, and vehicles in a state of motion: telephone wagons, light ambulance wagons, pontoon and trestle wagons, Maltese carts, travelling kitchen wagons, S.A.A. carts, Canadian militia water-carts, and very ordinary but indispensable Canadian farm wagons. A large section of the camp was given over to open corrals fenced with stakes cut from bush on the camp-site. Four thousand horses had already arrived, each one of which required the attention of farriers, grooms, shoe-smiths, first-aid sergeants, and veterinary officers. Horses were inspected for contagious disease, affected animals were isolated, all were inoculated with a prophylactic streptococcus.27 But the remount

Transition and War

73

depot had been inadequately improvised: influenza broke out and open-air sick lines, isolation areas, and finally, a Remount Depot Convalescent Camp were established to handle all cases of debilitation. Veterinary officers were counter-signing cheques in payment to farmers of approximately $175 for every horse that had proved "sound in wind and limb and free of all blemishes." Such officers as brought their own horse received the same amount. One officer had an animal valued at $2,000 and a by-stander records that, following a heated discussion, the horse was led into the corral as a cheque for $175 was made out by the Principal Veterinary Officer. The Valcartier drama would be enacted at different times during the next four years, but each time on a larger scale, at an increased tempo, and in a different setting. It would be reenacted on Salisbury Plains within view of tumuli, dolmens, barrows and ditches, the prehistoric relics of early Britons, Romans, and Danes. It would be re-enacted in April, 1915, at the site of an old brickyard near the historic port of Le Havre where, under Commanding Officer Lieutenant-Colonel Ashton B. Cutliffe, '92, the personnel of No. 1 Veterinary Hospital covered a quagmire bog with concrete floors upon which they built stables and dressing sheds, operating rooms, a pharmacy, a laboratory for the manufacture of vaccines, and fumigators, every building being supplied with water (H & C) and electricity.28 It would be re-enacted on a heroic scale and on a stage of duckboards, mud, wire, and flesh, with a torn backdrop curtain upon which could be seen the shadowy likenesses of the Somme, of Vimy, of Passchendaele, and of Amiens where Canadian soldiers and horses proved themselves to be as necessary to victory in a "war of movement" as they had been in the earlier "war of positions." But setting aside for the moment such drama, the part which the Ontario Veterinary College played in all this may be gauged from the stark and lifeless statistics of the War Office: ". . . of 145 officers in the Canadian Veterinary Corps, the majority were graduates of the Ontario Veterinary College;

74 A Century of Challenge and in addition, 203 Canadians held commissions in the Imperial Veterinary Corps.29 Dr. Grange volunteered for active service in 1914 having been a Captain in the Wellington Field Artillery in 1874. He was naturally, at age 66, turned down. By 1915, Dr. Grange was attempting to raise money in Canada to purchase special equipment for the Canadian Veterinary Hospital at Le Havre. One such subscription amounted, within a short time, to $6,000 from which harness, twenty horses, an ambulance, and a transport wagon were purchased.30 The administration of the College under war conditions proved very difficult. By July 25, 1916, Dr. Grange stated that seven of his faculty were at the front and that already 130 graduates and 140 undergraduates were in military training at the University of Toronto.31 Dr. Grange was constantly being interviewed by students who had decided to join infantry or other regiments rather than await graduation. He did his best to keep them at the College long enough to qualify in the Veterinary Corps. But the Imperial Veterinary Corps was very soon pressed for help and arranged with Dr. Grange to release final-year students whose progress in studies merited commissions.32 Dr. Grange had already modified the curriculum to ensure that most of the third-year course was devoted to such matters as canine and feline animals, meat inspection, and fur animals. Many of those who left before graduation (including Dr. Ronald Gwatkin '19 who later became a faculty member of O.V.C. and an outstanding veterinary research scientist ), returned in 1919 to qualify for the diploma. Others fulfilled their duties in the Veterinary Corps and did not, subsequently return to the O.V.C. One such was Colonel R. S. Timmis, some of whose war experiences may be taken as typical. Within days of Britain's declaration of war, Colonel Timmis, then a lieutenant, was pitched into the centre of "the organized chaos" at Valcartier as a cavalry officer. By September 23 he was supervising the loading of 620 R.C.D. horses into the 7,000-ton cargo ship S.S. "Lakonia." The Chief Veterinary Officer was Major (later Lieutenant-Colonel) T. de M. Tas-

Transition and War

75

chereau, graduate of 1886 from the Montreal Veterinary School. There were 35 men on board including officers, N.C.O.'s, and crew. Taschereau and Timmis realized immediately that circumstances on board were calculated to make the voyage a nightmare, mainly because matters had been arranged under near-panic conditions. Horse transports for sea voyages require to be stocked with hay, straw, and bran; the "Lakonia" had tons of oats, the very thing one does not feed in quantity. Ventilation below decks was almost non-existent. Horses had to be backed into stalls after removing front mangers (an arrangement which made the removal of dead horses a gruesome struggle). There was no drainage and it was impossible to muck-out all of the manure for lack of access. The boat had been used for cattle and, notwithstanding constant treatment, the veterinarians had 100 cases of ringworm on arrival at Salisbury. The lower plank of each stall was six to eight inches from the floor, just high enough to trap a horse's limb. The loading timetable was badly organized and two horses died at the dock in Quebec City for lack of proper care. The voyage was to take seventeen days but, as events proved, these conditions had to be tolerated by horses and men for twenty-seven days. Some of these problems were, by superhuman effort, rectified. The boat was anchored down river and bran, several barrels of vinegar, and tons of hay were taken aboard. Disinfectants were liberally applied to control flies which growing quantities of manure encouraged. Some stalls were rearranged. Sails were improvised over top-deck ventilators in order to force down-draughts into the holds. Horses cannot vomit and Timmis recalled being told at O.V.C. that vinegar would control sea-sickness in animals. He began immediately to administer one ounce per day in the water. The results were gratifying. But men can get sick—even Chief Veterinary Officers—and vinegar does not help. It soon became clear that Taschereau was sick—very sick. He suffered from mal-de-mer until Plymouth was sighted. Timmis, even with Gaspe in view, was given the key to the dispensary and all the authority that went with it.

76 A Century of Challenge Horses had to be treated for ringworm, eye colds, pneumonia, strangles (one hundred cases amongst young remounts), indigestion, and lymphangitis. During one bad night, Timmis was called upon to relieve a sick signaller on bridge duty, visual contact with R.N. escorts in the convoy being necessary at all times. On another occasion the ship's captain asked him to read a War Office message which, because he knew the Playfair Code, was no problem. "The Captain," recalls Timmis, "shared his only bottle of champagne with me." Under such circumstances, many O.V.C. students improvised significant contributions to the 1914-18 war effort. Back at the College, students were "hitting the books" as never before. Amongst the first six graduates to receive their commissions in the R.A.V.C. in 1915 were Dr. Thomas Childs, Dr. G. A. Rose, Dr. M. J. Neely, Dr. F. Parmenter, Dr. D. V. Reed, and Dr. H. E. McGee. As they left for overseas on the stormy night of March 11, they beheld a gaunt young man making his way through the entrance of Union Station, Toronto. He came running up, hair dishevelled, coat buttoned askew, and quite out of breath. He was soon handing out copies of a book entitled Daily Light. Inside each of these books were inscribed the words: 11/3/15

To Dr. Neely [etc.] . .. From his friend Frank W. Schofield. "My grace is sufficient for thee For my strength is made perfect in weakness" (II Cor. 12:9)

Many of these young graduates were called upon to fill responsible posts within days of arrival overseas. LieutenantColonel T. C. Evans '08 was named Pathologist at the Army Veterinary School in Aldershot; Captain E. A. Watson, a qualified bacteriologist, was transferred from his appointment as Veterinary Officer with the 7th Brigade, C.F.A., to organize a laboratory at No. 6 Veterinary Hospital (British) at Rouen.33 After four years of heroism and ugliness, the war ground to a halt. This war, so far as veterinary medicine was concerned,

Transition and War

77

provided the last great epoch for the horse. Ordnance, artillery, transport, Red Cross, medical and cavalry units—all depended upon the horse in every phase of military operation. Any veterinary college which allowed its academic programme to falter at such a time would have endangered the nation's survival. Principal Grange of the O.V.C. retired at age 70 in 1918 having registered a response to this challenge in a manner befitting his forty-five years of devoted public service. But like thousands of men on the grey dawn of November 11, 1918, he realized that he had been called upon to sacrifice high professionnal ideals to the futile preoccupations of war. Once again, and as so often during his work with the Ontario Veterinary College, the true magnitude of his contribution to veterinary medical education had been attenuated by circumstances not of his own making. But he had proved himself to be a gentleman, a scholar—and in his own way, a soldier. When Principal Grange laid aside the robes of office in 1918, Canadians were much more aware of the veterinary profession than they had been in 1908 when he assumed that office. The veterinarian's relationship to other professional colleagues— the doctor, the scientist, the professional agriculturalist—was not yet fully recognized, even by the veterinarian himself. That would require many years of diligent application to legal, business, professional, and ethical matters. But meanwhile, Dr. Grange's person itself had done much to enhance the public image of the veterinarian. Further, a World War had provided the veterinarian with a large theatre of operations in which he was able to demonstrate the value to the community of his unique professional training. By 1918 the veterinarian found himself to be at least several paces from the barnyard door about which were still ranged "your common farriers, horse-traders, shoesmiths, and quacks." Within the context of the veterinarian's contribution to allied victory, two rather curious circumstances call for attention. The first of these concerns numerous attempts to offer the public

78 A Century of Challenge a fully documented history of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps. This is one of the significant chapters in Canada's history of World War I. It has yet to be written. The second relates perhaps more to matters poetic than to mundane, historical prose. When, in 1939, King George VI unveiled the National War Memorial on Confederation Square, Ottawa, it was found that the name of every corps in the Canadian Army had been embossed on a bronze plaque—every corps, that is, but one: the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps. Many veterinarians were understandably disturbed,34 particularly when authorities in Ottawa revealed that it was too late to rectify the error. The omission may not be so ironical as it at first appears. The monument depicts a group of horses straining to move a gun-carriage from a shell-hole. This provides the symbolic centre of Canada's monument to her war dead. Those who planned it may well have decided that a reference to the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps on a bronze plaque would be read as a mere tautology. If so, the monument provides one of those rare occasions when a governmental committee is found to have exercised aesthetic judgment.

Chapter Four

C. D. McGILVRAY

Reconstruction and Consolidation In addition to replacing medical faculty with veterinarians, C. D. McGilvray did one other important thing: he got O.V.C. out of Toronto. The veterinary colleges throughout the world which are located within large cities have an unsolved problem on their hands. F. w. SCHOFIELD, Interview, August 12, 1959 Another factor which . . . [has] stood in the way of the advancement of veterinary medicine has been a too intimate association with agriculture. . . . this is not disparaging agriculture . . . one of the oldest and most honourable professions. . . . [but] our profession rests upon . . . anatomy, biology, physiology and therapeutics, the fundamentals upon which medicine rests ... c. A. MITCHELL, C.J.C.M., VIII (1944), 283

THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE ONTARIO Veterinary College would appear to have suffered through neglect of Principal E. A. A. Grange's memory. The matter with Principal C. D. McGilvray may be found to be quite the opposite. Here the difficulty may not be that O.V.C. has forgotten the Principal, but rather that she has remembered him for the wrong things. He was, to be sure, a very different kind of person. Whereas Dr. Grange brought to his office a grace and charm which tended to augment the traditions of gentility already established by Principal Smith, it soon became evident that the O.V.C. would, under C. D. McGilvray, develop a new, hybrid vigour. Here was a man who was guided by the philosophy of the frontier. If he may be said to have applied any rule-of-thumb to action, it must surely have been: "Get on with the job—if necessary, 'shoot first, ask questions later.' " Dr. McGilvray was nothing if not a fighter. Further, he was not one of those persons given to seeing the world's issues in shades of grey, but rather in stark blobs of black and white. He engaged with alacrity whomsoever he took to be his enemy. If he ever hesitated, if he ever compromised, or if he ever apologized or harboured regrets, he must have admitted to such weaknesses only to himself. We are told that, like a bull-calf charging through a paddock gate, Dr. McGilvray could reduce the nicest types of academic or professional "logic" to bare essentials. Time and again he confounded such protagonists as Dr. Fowler, Dr. Gwatkin, Dr. Schofield, and Dr. H. E. Batt by breaking down their objections with a logic, the subtlety of which could be compared only to the twin blades of a pick-axe. Like a terrier at bay, he fought the more tenaciously if it became evident that he had, in his haste, espoused a weak cause. The record of his stewardship reveals that he did not, in fact, espouse very many weak causes. This tenacity, this compulsion "to fight the thing through," sometimes vitiated the good work that he had accomplished in other areas and which has since gone unremembered. In short, Dr. McGilvray seemed possessed of the kind of personality which never allowed him to salvage capital

Reconstruction and Consolidation 81 from a weak cause and seldom gave him "full milage" even on a strong one. Such men are often remembered more for their minor defeats than for the long and hard-won battles of their major achievements. This seems to have happened to Dr. McGilvray. His contribution to the O.V.C. is very real and the time has doubtless arrived when official records which document his tenure should be carefully studied. It may easily be imagined that such a person possessed a highly charged affinity for controversy. For nearly three decades, C. D. McGilvray was the centre of an unending series of controversial issues, each one of which seemed to hang to the skirts of the last. These issues were so finely balanced as to provoke debate which saw one-half of the O.V.C.—indeed, onehalf of the veterinary profession in Canada—balanced in opinion against the other half. The prospect of conflict did not deter Dr. McGilvray. Nor did he evade unpleasant issues or hide behind vicious "governmentalese"—so common in our own day—as "the matter is under advisement," or "the government's policy in this matter...." Before outlining his role in O.V.C.'s removal to Guelph, we might do well to recall one of many stories—and they are legion—concerning his fearless approach to the eradication programme against glanders in Manitoba between 1905 and 1910. On one occasion he had sent two subordinates to a farm where several horses had reacted positive to the "mallein test." The veterinarians returned to say that six fanners were now on the property prepared to support the owner's opinion that his horses should not be slaughtered. "C. D.," as he was already known in Manitoba, drove to the farm with his veterinary assistants immediately. He was not a big man, somewhat shorter than the average in any crowd, but on this day, as he made his way past the knot of stalwart farmers and through the barn door, the set of his chin and the look of truculence and determination in his eyes held the group to a stony silence in which fear and admiration played equal parts. Dr. McGilvray's assistant was asked to back the mare out of the stall. She

82 A Century of Challenge was led to a spot behind the barn and manoeuvred into an attitude which, when the shot came, would carry her lifeless, disease-ridden body to the bottom of a dried-out prairie well. The next horse, says our informant, was much easier "to do." The third horse was led to the scene by the farmer himself. On many occasions in the future, C. D. McGilvray's decorum under stress would engender this kind of loyalty. It was not without just cause that he came "out of the west" to the O.V.C. bearing the name "shot-gun Charlie." He knew very well that students and faculty colleagues called him by this name. He affected to be surprised, hurt, insulted, even annoyed—but the name was, in truth, a charm to his ears. He neither courted the admiration of his associates nor permitted their resentment to disturb him. He felt that he had a job to do and he all but openly defied anyone to prevent his doing it. Veterinary education in Canada was to be confronted by many challenges immediately after World War I. Because the decision to remove O.V.C. to Guelph embraced no mere academic debate, because it was central to the entire McGilvray period, and because it indicated as nothing else could what kind of person headed O.V.C.'s destiny at this time, it will doubtless repay close analysis. Before 1918 veterinary medical education in Canada had a single, unified centre of interest in the horse. After 1918, this animal was being replaced at a rate which may be gauged by a spate of articles, both in professional journals and the popular press, which denied that horses were being supplanted by tractors and motor cars. Further, Canada was becoming increasingly urbanized and a demand for the products of food-producing animals began to expand in geometric progression. The accompanying graphs, based upon statistics for the period under review, are simple to analyse both in relation to general trends and to the probable impact upon the veterinary profession. This seems perfectly obvious to most people in 1962 and, obviously, many in 1918 read the trend towards salaried positions in the profession as an indication that the horse was on the way out. But in 1918 only a few persons understood the full

Reconstruction and Consolidation 83 implications of the challenge confronting veterinary medical education in Canada. One of these persons was Dr. Charles Duncan McGilvray,* recently appointed Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College. He decided, shortly after his appointment, that the Ontario Veterinary College would have to be re-located and that the move would have to take place quickly. Numerous minor issues have since tended to obscure the essential features of the debate which this decision necessarily invoked. These might, appropriately, be dealt with at the present time. It has been suggested that Dr. McGilvray came to an impasse with different members of the University of Toronto faculty who taught Veterinary Studies. It is said that he anticipated greater co-operation with the Faculty of Agriculture in Guelph. Certainly, Dr. McGilvray is known to have confided to a colleague in Western Canada that he was "running into a great deal of interference" in Toronto and in 1920 he seriously considered resigning the principalship. It has been suggested that during post-war expansion the college building on University Avenue was found to be "too valuable a property for such purposes." As early as 1913, incidentally, Dr. Grange had privately been offered $40,000 for his option on the site alone. Finally, it is argued that the Ontario government had decided, under the inspiration of the Hon. Manning Doherty, newly elected Minister of Agriculture in 1919, that the Guelph campus rather than the University of Toronto would become a more appropriate centre of operations for the fast-changing agricultural economy of Ontario. The exact provenance of the decision to leave Toronto, and all the pros 'Born in Glasgow (1872); emigrated to Manitoba (1886); graduated O.V.C. with degree V.S. (1900); graduated McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, with degree M.D.V. (1901); private practice in Richmond, Virginia, later in Manitoba; inaugurated livestock judging schools in Saskatchewan and Alberta ( 1902-5 ) ; Chief Veterinary Inspector and Livestock Director for Manitoba of the Health of Animals Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa ( 190518); named Principal, O.V.C. (1918); named member of the University of Toronto Senate (1920); degree D.V.Sc. (honoris causa) University of Toronto (1922); member, Education Committee, A.V.M.A. (1930-40); degree D.V.M. (honoris causa) University of Montreal (1936); retired from O.V.C. on superannuation, June 15, 1945; died April 17, 1949.

84 A Century of Challenge

A

B

C

Reconstruction and Consolidation 85 FIGURE 6. The graphic representations in A are based on Dominion Bureau of Statistics tables covering value of livestock on farms, expressed in constant dollars. The statistics supporting this illustration are offered in the following table expressed as "animal units" where, for veterinary purposes, one horse or cow is considered to be roughly the equivalent of 7 sheep, 5 hogs, or 100 poultry. TOTAL VALUKS OF LIVESTOCK ON CANADIAN FARMS IN CONSTANT DOLLARS

1921

1931 1941 1951 1960

Horses

Cattle»

Sheep

Swine

Poultry

Total

281 209 147 31 29

228 260 263 535 615

14 19 13 13 12

24 34 44 62 53

26 46 22 28 30

573 568 489 669 739

"Dairy and beef. The dog, who starts as pawn and threatens to become king, represents the "small animal" or cat and dog aspect of the veterinarian's professional work. The figures used here are a composite which are based (a) upon the percentage of gross income for North American veterinarians derived from several types of practice (see B and C: source: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 140 [1962], 367) and (b) upon Dominion Bureau of Statistics records from 1937 onward of total value of dog and cat foods (canned, biscuit, and "other"), expressed in constant dollars: TOTAL VALUE* OF DOG AND CAT FOODS—DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION, CANADA Dollar value

1931 1937 1941 1951 1960

84,173t 280,578 1,195,986

7,393,261 18,065,280

Units (based on constant $)

.3

1.0

3.0 11.0 27.0

"Prior to 1954: "gross value of production"; after 1954: "selling value of shipments." ^Extrapolated figure.

86 A Century of Challenge and cons which have since been thrown up by "sidewalk superintendents," fade to insignificance in relation to the business-like manner in which Dr. McGilvray fought the issue through having once joined battle. Historical records reveal that from 1919 until O.V.C.'s opening ceremony in 1922 in Guelph, he was the person who flooded the Minister's office and the popular press with the essential points at issue, who offered a series of recommendations to action, and who predicted the gloomiest pictures for veterinary education and for the profession if the plan were modified or delayed. In short, the records reveal this to have been "a McGilvray plan." This decision once made and acted upon, unconquered frontiers became apparent at nearly every point on the veterinarian's horizon. Even as early as 1930 it became evident that a once unified "empire" which equine practice imposed had now become fragmented into numerous provinces, not the least of which included fundamental veterinary research, agricultural extension, pet practice, and the application of the science of veterinary medicine to food-producing animals including cattle, swine, poultry, and sheep. This transition, which was not unique to Canada, altered profoundly the obligations and goals of veterinary education. A measure of the thoroughgoing character of this evolutionary process in veterinary education may be gauged by our awareness that even today, forty years after Dr. McGilvray launched the experiment, responsible persons at O.V.C. are daily confronted by the challenging task of balancing these many and divergent interests. The inevitability of the adjustment which Dr. McGilvray was called upon to commence for the profession after World War I is now self-evident. But it would "require no ghost come from the grave" in 1920 to predict that the man to whom such a lot fell would not win the universal approbation of those in whose interests he fought with such dogged tenacity. Dr. McGilvray's appointment to the principalship was heralded with general enthusiasm. He had proved himself an excellent scholar having won six scholastic awards including

Reconstruction and Consolidation 87 the gold medal in his graduating year at O.V.C. He was a gold medallist the following year in 1901 as a graduate of McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago. He had been active in organized veterinary medicine both in Canada and the United States and his work with numerous committees served to enhance his potential for success as an educator. He made no secret of his discipleship to Dr. J. G. Rutherford. Certainly his work in the regulatory field showed that he had mastered that gentleman's lessons and could apply them to practical veterinary problems in Canada with telling effect. With one accord, both in Eastern and Western Canada, Dr. McGilvray was heralded as the prophet who would lead the O.V.C. and the profession into the promised land of the future. "Dr. McGilvray comes to us highly recommended," said the Hon. George S. Henry, Minister of Agriculture, . . . and I am sure he will be well received by the educational and livestock interests of this country. The Ontario Veterinary College being the only English-speaking veterinary college in Canada, draws its students from all the Provinces as well as from across the line, and we anticipate a closer connection with the Western Provinces as a result of Dr. McGilvray's appointment.1

Anticipation from the West was even more sanguine: . . . The appointment is a particularly pleasing one to thousands in Western Canada who know Dr. McGilvray personally, or in his former official capacity, and will prove a happy one for the Ontario Veterinary College as he is one of its most distinguished graduates and a widely recognized authority in the veterinary profession. . . . The appointment is certainly one that will be popular wherever the doctor is known, in the East as well as in the West.2

No one believed this with more conviction than the prophet himself who immediately set about the task of proving it! In quick and dramatic succession, Dr. McGilvray accomplished four objectives which won him wide acclaim in his new office. The first of these involved extension of O.V.C.'s course of studies from three to four years by the autumn of 1918. His request to have entrance requirements raised, however, was not immediately acted upon but within one year and following a persistent line of attack, Dr. McGilvray had wrung from the

88 A Century of Challenge Minister of Agriculture the following carte blanche on matters academic: Nevertheless, we note that you strongly recommend the raising of our entrance requirements, and we believe your arguments in favour of doing so are unanswerable, and indicate very strongly that it would be in the interests not only of the O.V.C. but also in the interests of the veterinarians and livestock breeders that the Ontario Veterinary College should be kept upon the list of accredited Colleges. In view of your recommendations, we authorize you to raise the entrance standard to four years high school work and to take such other steps as may be necessary in order to maintain the O.V.C. upon the list of accredited Veterinary Colleges.3

Dr. McGilvray's second victory lay in his achievement in 1919 of the long-awaited amendment to the act respecting the Ontario Veterinary College (see Appendix G). This amendment made more definite the College's affiliation with the University of Toronto in such matters as standard matriculation entrance, comparable basic curricula, and B.V.Sc. and D.V.Sc. degree-granting privileges. Hard on the heels of this came another victory for Dr. McGilvray, once more of the statutory variety. By April 17, 1920, the new Veterinary Practice Act (see Appendix H) was coming up for third reading in the legislature. The Minister of Agriculture appealed to Dr. McGilvray for any such arguments "as he might advance in support of this Bill. . . should some lively opposition develop."4 Two days later a personal messenger handed the Minister a document entitled "Some Reasons on which to Base Claims for Veterinary Legislation"; at the foot of the document appeared the large cipher: "C.D.M." Any one of the six points enumerated by Dr. McGilvray could bear quotation as models of brevity, clarity, and forceful logic, but veterinarians have always proved partial, perhaps understandably, to the first reason which Dr. McGilvray committed to paper. It read: "Registration of veterinary surgeons is required for the proper enforcement of the Ontario Temperance Act in order to prevent 'short circuiting' and other illicit traffic in liquor by unscrupulous persons representing themselves as veterinary surgeons."5 The profession was itself

Reconstruction and Consolidation 89 quick to acknowledge Dr. McGilvray's essential role in winning this legislation for them.6 But Fortune, still importunate, brought Dr. McGilvray one gift more—a fourth one which, more than the others, gave proof of his fighting ability in behalf of organized veterinary medicine. By November, 1920, and following a flurry of letters and memoranda to the Minister of Agriculture, to the AttorneyGeneral's Department, and to various veterinary associations, he had run the Hodgkins-Haskett London (Ontario) Veterinary Correspondence School off the face of the earth. These letters offered threats, intimidations, recommendations for amendments to the Practice Act, references to the Criminal Code, reams of data on the backgrounds and activities of Hodgkins and Haskett—all of this set down in the bald, direct, and uncompromising prose of which he alone in the profession was apparently capable. Many earlier attempts to foil the London correspondence school had met with failure. Significantly, the Ontario Veterinary Association had decided even in 1907, that Hodgkins and Haskett were "difficult, perhaps impossible, to prosecute."7 The response to Dr. McGilvray's success was succinctly written into one sentence by the editor of Canadian Veterinary Record: "For a wee mon, what do you think of our Principal as a scrapper, boys?"8 By 1921, three years after having assumed the principalship of O.V.C., Dr. McGilvray's reputation was at full flood. From this time forward he felt obliged to accept challenges, the basic issues of which were vexingly equivocal. His "victories" became less complete and Fortune seemed anxious to levy an increasing "toll charge" as the years went by. One such challenge was symptomatic and, perhaps, symbolic of the rest. It involved the decision to take O.V.C. out of Toronto. Extant documents relating to this decision reveal the man McGilvray as nothing else could do. On September 27, 1920, he wrote a letter to Minister of Agriculture, the Hon. Manning Doherty, inviting detailed discussion with that gentleman on eight issues vital to the future development of O.V.C. The tone of the letter betrays what the Principal's sharp words have

90 A Century of Challenge difficulty disguising, namely, his annoyance that these problems have not long since been resolved. He points out that the course had, sometime since, been extended to four years. He wondered whether the Minister was yet prepared to authorize rearrangement of the curriculum, to name new staff appointments, and to give the Principal assurance of "a more permanent teaching staff'? Further, as the Minister knew, the "college practice was now discontinued" and, except for some clinical material "available through my personal friendliness with a few veterinary surgeons in practice in this city," veterinary students were being denied vital clinical experience. Was the Minister prepared to suggest how, in the city of Toronto, the O.V.C. could provide such clinics? How veterinary students could be given instruction in animal husbandry? How contact with breeders and stock owners might be effected by means of a rural extension service? How the O.V.C. could begin to undertake a collateral research and extension programme on diseases like contagious abortion and on costly parasitic infestations in sheep? How O.V.C. could actively assist the educational campaign, in co-operation with the Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, in suppressing tuberculosis and establishing accredited herds? Was the Minister prepared to discuss "a change of location for the College to determine the area most suitable for future development"? What, one wonders, was a Minister of the Crown to do with a man who wrote in such terms and who concluded his letter with an unyielding, parting shot: You intimated that some evening would be most convenient as your time was so fully occupied during the day. I would be pleased to have the conference with you during some evening at your earliest possible convenience. I would also suggest that the conference be held at the College as I have considerable data which I might require to refer to in support of my recommendations. Yours truly, etc. . . .9

By October 5, 1920, Dr. McGilvray reported to the Minister of Agriculture results of a conference held on October 2 at Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, in the office of President J. B. Reynolds. Areas of the curriculum in which each College

1. Officers and men, 2 Div. Mobile Veterinary Section, BUZET, Belgium (1919). Only three identified: front row, third from left, Lieut. J. W. Heppleston; centre ( ? ) , Capt. A. E. Cameron, M.C., V.D.; extreme right, Capt. R. J. Vickers, M.C.

2. Upper left: The arrival of patients from the Front. Upper right: Injecting disinfectant into a shrapnel wound. Bottom: Horses being stencilled for identification in sick lines during advance on Hill 70; Officer i/c Capt. F. A. Daigneault ( Mont. '08 ). PLATE V

1. Principal C. D. McGilvray

2. Members of Principal McGilvray's Faculty. Standing: Dr. V. R. Brown; Dr. J. S. Glover; Dr. W. G. Stevenson; Dr. A. F. Bain; Dr. H. T. Batt; Dr. G. Cairns; Dr. F. J. Cote; Dr. R. T. Ingle. Seated: Dr. F. W. Schofield; Dr. L. Stevenson; Dr. C. D. McGilvray (Principal); Dr. W. J. R. Fowler; Dr. R. A. Mclntosh. PLATE VI

1. Dr. R. A. Mclntosh

2. Dr. F. W. Schofîeld

3. Dr. H. E. Batt

4. Dr. R. L. Gwatkin

5. Rifle Drill under Dr. H. E. Batt for Company "D" (1940) with Cpl. D. B. Butterwick '41 observing. PLATE VII

1. Reading Room, MacNabb Memorial Library; low relief panel by Florence Wyle, R.C.A., S.S.C., and Frances Loring, R.C.A., S.S.C.

2. Principal A. L. MacNabb

3. Doorway of MacNabb Memorial Library; names of War Dead beneath lights (see Appendix A ).

PLATE VIII

Reconstruction and Consolidation 91 would offer instruction to the other were outlined and the mutual advantages of such a plan were explained in detail. Certain features of the plan agreed to in Guelph were, in Dr. McGilvray's opinion, of very great importance. He hoped that the Minister would share his opinion that the 25 acres now being requested for the College site was indispensable to future needs of the O.V.C. The College required an infirmary, isolation Hospital, campus grounds, pastures, and paddocks for animals "being kept for observation and research purposes." But one point, above all others, must be kept in mind: Of the available sites, the preferable location would be west of Brock Road [Highway #6]. In the determination of a site the location selected should be such as would insure the Ontario Veterinary College maintaining its individuality. . . . The relationship between the two institutions should be such as would avoid the Veterinary College being considered an appendage to the Agricultural College.10

This part of the agreement became, for Dr. McGilvray at least, a kind of Magna Carta. On numerous occasions during his "reign" when amalgamation with the O.A.C., especially in the 1930's, was being suggested—or when, perhaps, Dr. McGilvray thought that O.V.C. was about to lose her identity—he would fly to arms, produce all the written documents, and stand by his guns until this horrible spectre had been forced into retreat once more. The documents, the guns, and all the paraphernalia of defence would be replaced in his desk in readiness for the next assault upon the Fortress O.V.C. and Principal McGilvray would emerge from his office to tell members of the staff and faculty that it had been agreed, after all, that "the O.V.C. would never, never, never become a part of O.A.C." By the summer of 1922 Dr. McGilvray provided Doherty with a nine-page memorandum which revealed almost in prophetic terms the development which O.V.C. was to follow in academic, extension, and research areas for the next forty years. Sections of this report headed "Extension of Veterinary Investigational Work," "Extension Lectures," "Short Courses for Veterinary Practitioners," and "Development of a College

92 A Century of Challenge Practice and Clinics" (practitioners Dr. J. Bracey and J. G. Harvey of Guelph could simply be absorbed into the teaching faculty under Dr. W. J. R. Fowler and Dr. R. A. Mclntosh)— all these provided civic and governmental representatives with the kind of material out of which fine speeches were made on opening day. On this occasion—it was a cold December 12, 1922—Dr. McGilvray made his famous "gnashing and grinding" speech: When the move to Guelph of the College was at first suggested, there was gnashing and grinding of teeth in Toronto and the rumor was circulated that the student body would leave the institution and the faculty would be broken up sooner than make the change. . . . clearly, such a catastrophe had not occurred. . . . all the students are here and, although it had been necessary to disconnect many associations on the faculty through inability of a few of the staff members to come to Guelph, their places have all been filled with capable men, the sails are all set, and in spite of any obstacles that were in the path, everything was now going ahead at full speed. . . . we are getting along all right and we will continue to do so. . . .n

It should be noted that the O.V.C. had commenced the fall term in Guelph, several months before the official opening. One of those bearing congratulations to the O.V.C. on her proud opening day was Dr. J. G. Rutherford who alluded to the part played by the federal government in relocating O.V.C. at Guelph. His reference was to federal monetary assistance, details of which the general public was to learn many years later—on the occasion of Dr. McGilvray's retirement in 1945, to be exact: The new College building at Guelph was built with Federal money. When Hon. Martin Burrill had $10,000,000 voted at Ottawa to assist Agricultural Education in the various provinces, he engaged Dr. C. C. James to take charge of the fund. . . . it was agreed to use part of this money to build one Veterinary College for the whole of Canada, that it should be built at Guelph and Ontario should pay the cost of operation, and students from other provinces should be admitted on the same terms as those from Ontario, it being understood that other provincial governments might assist their students in the necessary travelling expenses to attend it.12

Dr. C. C. James, incidentally, was the well-known litterateur,

Reconstruction and Consolidation 93 teacher, and public servant who was Professor of Chemistry, O.A.C. (1886-91) and Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario. The $10,000,000 fund which he was appointed to administer in 1912 had been established under the Dominion Agricultural Instruction Act. The official opening of the College at Guelph was, despite the cold, a colourful affair in which "town" and "gown" played host one to the other. Most speakers parroted as best they could Dr. McGilvray's blueprint for the profession's post-war reconstruction. His own ideals in this matter were perhaps nowhere better stated than in a press bulletin which he prepared for the Ontario Department of Agriculture in 1923: The removal of the Veterinary College to Guelph . . . has not only been a belated recognition of the proper place for this department, but it has already re-born in the profession a decided hopefulness for the future. Veterinary Science is recognizing a fundamental change in the viewpoint of its mission in agriculture. Its graduates are now identified closely with livestock men. They have been thrown into closer relationship with the average farmer . . . and livestock men regard the research work of the veterinary surgeon as an asset to the animal industry... ,13

As Dr. McGilvray saw matters, the veterinarian of the future would be asked to serve a still thriving equine practice, but in addition it would be his responsibility to conserve the health of Canada's livestock, to control costly disease epidemics, to safeguard public health against unwholesome food supplies, to preserve Canada's export trade, and to look to the needs of research, the poultry and swine industries, and, of growing importance, the Canadian fur industry. The first decade of Dr. McGilvray's work in Guelph reveals that this was no mere dream of probable things to come. Rather, it proved a vexing day-by-day challenge, this matter of trying to decide which of many demands upon the College's resources he should support —and to what extent he should support them. That Dr. McGilvray had, during this first decade, justified the profession's prediction of his success may be gleaned from the words of Dr. J. A. Campbell, a man not given to empty platitudes. Following a presentation to Dr. McGilvray of a silver tea service and an illuminated scroll at a testimonial

94 A Century of Challenge dinner in honour of his ten years of service, Dr. Campbell referred to O.V.C.'s Principal as . . . a man who has given the best part of his life for the advancement of his profession. . . . his energy, ability, and loyalty and his unquestioned skill [identify him] as a veterinarian of the highest rank. . . . The livestock industry was demoralized at the time that Dr. McGilvray had taken over the Principalship. . . . he had put the profession on its feet and brought it to its present standard. . . . his demand for proper facilities for research work resulted in the building of the new Health of Animals building and he was largely responsible for improving the salaries of employees of that Branch.14

Significantly, these comments were supported by the President of the Ontario Veterinary Association, Dr. R. A. Mclntosh. We have noted that Dr. McGilvray had helped to discover many areas of service in which the veterinarian could demonstrate his utility in the public interest. Any college principal confronted by this spate of professional frontiers might be expected to encounter difficulties, to experience tensions, and perhaps even to stir up some animosities. Considering the multifarious nature of the challenge and his own predilection for battle, we need register no surprise that Dr. McGilvray soon found himself in difficulties. Upon his shoulders many have laid the responsibility for an early impasse with officials at the Ontario Agricultural College. Others are convinced that Dr. McGilvray alienated the veterinarian irrevocably from his medical confrères at the very time when their mutual benefit, one to the other, might have been realized. These persons tell us that members of medical faculty, including Dr. J. A. Amyot and Dr. D. King Smith, were prepared to move to Guelph but were dropped from the faculty. Others point out the unlikelihood of this: Dr. Amyot was appointed Deputy Minister of Health (federal) in 1919, and the professional services of Dr. D. King Smith, a practising dermatologist, were in constant demand in Toronto where he was called upon to treat mustard gas casualties of World War I. Certainly, it is widely acknowledged that Dr. J. A. Fitzgerald, Director of the Connaught Laboratories and Professor of Preventive Medicine, vowed he would never contemplate appointing a veterinarian to his staff

Reconstruction and Consolidation 95 following his brush with Dr. McGilvray. In meetings of numerous committees of the Ontario Research Foundation, Sir Frederick Banting (who was generally acknowledged to be a capital friend of the veterinarian) would habitually express his opposition by drawing caricatures, page upon page, of O.V.C.'s Principal because, as he said, "McGilvray's character is delightfully easy to delineate." Yet against each of these assessments, graduates and faculty colleagues offer counter-experiences which tend to palliate matters. It is clear that much resentment derives from the opinion that Dr. McGilvray recruited faculty members at the lowest salary possible, that he wished all ranks to be equal, and that, in his opinion, no person at O.V.C. should rank higher than "Lecturer." Nothing can be farther from the truth. Literally dozens of letters—most of them two to three pages in length—were forwarded to the Minister's office in Toronto appealing for increases on behalf of Dr. H. E. Batt, Dr. R. Gwatkin, Dr. R. A. Mclntosh, Dr. W. J. R. Fowler, and others. With each newly appointed deputy or minister, Dr. McGilvray would try again. Often he would resort to ultimatums which laid the faculty member's appointment "on the line"—but to no avail. One depression, he was told in confidential letters from Toronto, had followed another. There simply was no money. Meanwhile, however, his reputation for parsimony grew apace. The central paradox of the McGilvray era concerned increasing demands for research at the very time when funds to support it were unavailable. Still, as Dr. F. W. Schofield repeatedly insisted, one should be able to obtain animals for experimental purposes. But apparently this was not an easy matter and devious means were often employed in the interest of fundamental research. A farmer would offer Professor Schofield "these two sick pigs—if you can keep them alive." There was great incentive to keep them alive: six or eight piglets could be bartered for a sick calf and, with ideal luck, two calves might fetch a very decrepit cow or even a horse. The scientist was then well on the road to making his first great discovery, namely, that Dr. McGilvray wished to know "to

96 A Century of Challenge whom this menagerie of animals belonged." Of course, no one knew whose animals they were, nor, for mysterious reasons, could their origin ever be traced for return. Ultimately, Dr. Schofield would be called to the front office. He would be told some bald truths about administrative procedures, about finances in times of depression, about ethical principles and rules of decorum. Dr. McGilvray would conclude the interview somewhat along the following terms: I'm going to have to take you off the research grant altogether . . . and what's a£l this about you wanting to go to Chicago? A Convention! Now if that isn't just like you, Schofl First you ask permission to see some pigs in the Kitchener abattoir, then you talk me into letting you visit the Smith farm outside Windsor, and here you are off on a jaunt to Chicago! Give you an inch, Schofie, and you'll take the whole continent. No, you can't go.

But Dr. Schofield did go, time and time again, and this to good effect for the College and the nation. The most handsome rebuttal to Dr. Schofield's criticism of the McGilvray policy is provided by his own international reputation as a research scientist. Dr. Schofield's original contribution to scientific knowledge is perhaps unique amongst veterinarians and it has certainly won praise and academic awards from scientific peers beyond the veterinary profession and in numerous countries throughout the world. Or, to put the matter in more specific terms, we might consider the comment of Dr. Ronald Gwatkin who, after observing that money was absolutely unavailable, adds: "Yet we did manage a prodigious amount of research at O.V.C. during those years." For more than a decade, annual reports of the O.V.C. were crammed with results of Dr. Gwatkin's research work on Salmonella pullorum, fowl cholera, avian diphtheria, bacteriophages, disinfection of eggs, tracheitis, and Pasteurella avicada, to name only a few. At a comparably feverish pitch, investigational work was carried forward, usually hard on the heels of a newly organized grass-roots diagnostic service in other divisions of the O.V.C. including pathology, bacteriology, large animal medicine, parasitology and, ultimately, in the division of small animals.

Reconstruction and Consolidation 97 One cannot leave this period without observing that the O.V.C. owes a great debt to Dr. Ronald Gwatkin '19. He was with the College from 1919 until 1928 when he was seconded to the Ontario Research Foundation. We are told, and documents bear it out, that "Dr. Gwatkin proved himself to be the best influence for good during the early years at Guelph." As one graduate has observed, "he did not, as a researcher, flit from one flower to another." Rather, he indulged in painstaking, methodical routines of testing and research which yielded technical papers that have stood the test of time. Further, he in large measure carried the social and professional connections of the College with the outside world. This he did in a friendly, polite manner which brought honour to the O.V.C. His faculty colleagues have always lamented his being "cut out of their midst in 1928." While on the one hand Dr. McGilvray laid great stress on the need to provide increasing extension services—even by 1925 the O.V.C. was providing diagnostic services on a score of diseases which, in turn, created the demand for bacterins, vaccines, agglutination, and other comparable tests—still he found it necessary, paradoxically, to point out that his teaching staff and his budget were too limited to sustain such a programme indefinitely. By 1930 and following a tour of Great Britain, he appealed in desperation for help: . . . after having visited the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College and the Moredun Research Institute, I am of the opinion that the Department [of Agriculture] should, at as early a date as convenient, provide a suitable acreage of land for the maintenance of animals for investigational and research purposes, and also provide a supplementary staff to attend to the increasing routine work . . . and special duties which they are required to perform.15

By 1938 he seemed ready to despair of winning "a definite animal diseases research and investigational branch . . . with sufficient staff, laboratory, and farm facilities to enlarge this service along broader lines throughout the Province."16 With growing frequency, sentences of this kind began to find their way into Dr. McGilvray's public pronouncements by the mid-thirties. His eminent developmental period which followed

98 A Century of Challenge a capable reorientation of the veterinary profession began now to give way to a period of consolidation, disenchantment, and stasis. This was the period by which, ironically, he was to be remembered. During the depression of the twenties he had managed to keep the O.V.C. open even when freshmen enrolment had dropped as low as eight on one occasion. But in the mid-thirties his enrolment problems were exactly reversed and this at a time when he could have no promise of a budget increase or of more laboratory and classroom facilities. By 1937, Dr. McGilvray records that: . . . a total of 234 students were enrolled . . . being the highest level since 1915. The present building was intended to accommodate approximately 135 students . . . unless additional facilities are provided we may require to further restrict the attendance within the limit of the capacity of the building. In any event, the time would appear opportune to further advance the entrance requirements and to lengthen the course from four to five years.17

It is interesting to note, parenthetically, that at about this time Dr. McGilvray was receiving an increasing number of applications for entrance to O.V.C. from women. It is true that he had set something of a precedent in 1924 by accepting Miss E. B. Carpenter of Detroit, only one year after the Sex Disqualification Removal Act had permitted membership to Miss Aleen Gust in the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain.18 By 1934 Dr. McGilvray had admitted Miss G. E. Fritz of Silver Creek, New York, and in 1939 Dr. Jean Rumney of Hamilton became the first of many Canadian girls to graduate from O.V.C. She and Dr. Edith Williams '41 recall their interviews with Dr. McGilvray who affected not to be interested in women applicants. Both, however, felt certain that he would fight in support of their applications, which he did. On the subject of O.V.C.'s admission policy as it affects women, another of the College's highly regarded graduates, Dr. Joan Budd (née Belcher '50) notes that opinions concerning O.V.C.'s objection to women in the profession "are figments of the immature mind."

Reconstruction and Consolidation 99 In 1937 Dr. McGilvray found it necessary to reject 222 applicants and the following year he refused entrance to 350 qualified applicants.19 Even as early as 1935 he had decided that "until the time is considered opportune to extend the length of the course, as much time as possible is being devoted to the basic subjects and to laboratory work in each department." At the closing exercises in 1937 Dr. McGilvray publicly taunted the Minister of Agriculture on the matter: "If Mr. Dewan finds out how much the O.V.C. actually gets from the Department of Agriculture, he will be so ashamed that he will give us more . . . if the O.V.C. were paid for its wide extension service, it could maintain itself. . . ."20 Reporters noted that "Mr. Dewan himself spoke only very briefly in presenting prizes." Dewan knew that once again there was no money but he also knew very well that Dr. McGilvray's reference to service work was correct. The Principal, for example, was supporting a Bang's disease control programme of calf-vaccination on his own with fees paid by co-operating breeders. On February 6, 1941, he was honoured "as a true Scot" for this work; in a speech of obvious desperation that night, Dr. McGilvray admitted that he was being overwhelmed.21 "Like Oliver Twist," he said, "they ask for more." Yet the thing that most of his colleagues saw and remembered was the formula that went into every annual report of this period, immediately preceding his signature: "A high standard of efficiency has been maintained in all departments and at a minimum cost to the Province." As might be expected, students of the "hungry thirties" era would be the last to call this a drab period. They had their own drives and ideals, they had their own "angry young men" who were prepared to offer panaceas for the world's ills. To these Dr. McGilvray gave not only a sympathetic ear, but the hand of encouragement. Under the leadership of Dr. J. P. W. Gilman, a fourth-year student in 1939, the publication Veterinary Digest was commenced. Dr. McGilvray lent his support to the venture with such zeal that he soon found himself

100 A Century of Challenge criticized for attempting to compete with the Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, a periodical which did, at length, come to recognize the student publication as a very real competitor. Dr. J. P. W. Oilman '39 and Dr. G. E. Phillips '40 (Business Manager) recall with some satisfaction a January, 1939, meeting in the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, at which officials of the C.J.C.M. offered to publish alumni and College news as well as assume the Digest's outstanding accounts if that journal would cease publication. "The C./.C.M.," says Dr. Oilman, "was found to be in debt and we were more than solvent. The answer was: 'no sale'." In Dr. McGilvray's opinion, The name and title Veterinary Digest is unpretentious and commendable. It should not be regarded as a rival or competitor of other publications of a specialized character. It should rather try to serve the rank and file of the profession, as its success will largely depend on the support it receives from the profession at large.22

As Principal of the O.V.C. he would assure the publication of his support just so long as it upheld these ideals. Organizers of the venture were given a copy of Dorland's Medical Dictionary, a broken-down typewriter, and a cubby-hole in the infirmary. The student's image of Dr. McGilvray comes through very well in founding editor Oilman's reminiscences on this matter: It is true that "C.D." took real satisfaction from the embarrassment of C.J.C.M. ("Just what they need, Johnny me boy. A good dose of salts, ye see—might wake them up—ye see—see!") However, it is equally true that he made no serious effort at censorship or of influencing editorial policy and that he was genuinely proud of the journal's success which he considered a credit to the college.23

The students who might have ensured the continuation of the Veterinary Digest soon found themselves in military uniforms and publication necessarily ceased. The need for such an organ has since been filled by the O.V.C. Bulletin and the more technical Canadian Veterinary Journal. If the second phase of Dr. McGilvray's tenure may be referred to as "static," the connotation of the word in this

Reconstruction and Consolidation 101 special sense must be considered. Matthew Arnold has observed that societies and institutions are subject to alternating periods of expansion and consolidation, each of which is necessary to the other. A close reading of the record reveals that O.V.C. experienced a period of consolidation between 1930 and 1945. This period was as much perhaps the outcome of Dr. McGilvray's reconstruction and expansion phase from 1918 to 1930 as it was of depression and war. Further, this phase was itself the necessary prelude to the greatest phase of expansion which the O.V.C. was yet to experience. As Principal of O.V.C., Dr. McGilvray was fair and firm, a man of steadfast purpose, of fixed and unwavering objectives. He had a phenomenal memory which put even Principal Smith in the shade. In 1924 on a day following autumn registration, he took the freshman class to Massey Hall where, without faltering, he introduced each student to the instructor in English literature. This attribute naturally endeared him to students. He could remember graduates, veterinary colleagues, even travellers of chance acquaintance. On one occasion a representative of a biological house trapped him in the corridor where the following discussion took place: Traveller: Excuse me, Dr. McGilvray . . . you won't remember me but I'm . .. Dr. McGilvray: Just a minute . . . you are Mr. Simcoe of the B Co. Traveller: You're right! but that was several years ago. Now I am with the C Co. Dr. McGilvray: I knew your namel You can't expect me to know you changed your job. I'm not a mind reader!

As a lecturer, Dr. McGilvray paced continually back and forth, his hands in the pockets of a neatly pressed suit of subdued colour. He lectured throughout each fifty-minute period, without notes, on Contagious Diseases of Domestic Animals and on the Contagious Diseases Act and Regulations. He stuck to facts. He seldom if ever digressed from his subject except to say "I'll tell yae fellas. . . ." He would repeat such phrases as "Infected or suspected of being infected" and "ordinary chan-

102 A Century of Challenge neis of livestock traffic." With predictable regularity he would turn over with loving care the maxims for which he is still recalled: "Laziness is a crime," "Specialize, whatever yae do," "Refuse to be a pessimist," "Become proficient," "Above all, argue the point." In numerous respects Dr. G. D. McGilvray was not only the most controversial but also the most colourful of all O.V.C. principals. He ruled the College without committees and his staff consisted of four persons, all of them dedicated like Principal McGilvray to tireless service. These included his secretary, Miss Adrien LeGrand, his housekeeper and superintendent, Mr. William Graham, who was known and respected by two generations of O.V.C. students, Mr. Joe Barnett of the infirmary, and Mr. Alec Shepherd who acted as principal clerk, registrar, bursar, and general factotum. In later years Miss May Urquhart was required—mainly to "handle" Dr. F. W. Schofield. Each lecturer was expected to give a prize in his subject and most lecturers were reminded at regular intervals that they owed their positions to the Principal. Some few still remember this. They note that under a person of lesser drive, the O.V.C. could several times have closed its doors. Dr. McGilvray seldom visited or bothered departments in the belief that "when yae ask an engineer to build a bridge yae don't tell him how to do it, do yae?" The McGilvray period is recalled as a colourful one for the additional reason that several persons on his faculty have become, even by 1962, characters of legend. Not the least of these was Dr. H. E. Batt 15, who at the age of 12 had left England to sail the seven seas and who, with his Devonshire bride, settled in Saskatchewan just after that province was founded in 1905. He and Mrs. Batt were forced to endure very real hardships, many of which are comparable to those experienced by Dr. A. E. Cameron '08, another graduate who is an honour to the Canadian veterinary profession, a former Veterinary Director General, and one who, bagpipes in hand, symbolizes with grace and humility O.V.C.'s dependence upon traditions of the Scottish school system.

Reconstruction and Consolidation 103 Of Dr. Henry Batt the story is told that at the height of a blizzard on the night of December 29, 1907, it had become evident that Mrs. Batt required medical attention. Dr. Batt made a nightmare journey of eleven miles to North Battleford through darkness, swirling snow and drifts which time and again enveloped his team of horses. He was aware that disturbances of cosmological proportions were abroad that night. Hundreds of students who have been forced, out of necessity, to walk through that valley of the shadow which the O.V.C. calls "physiology" should know that on such a night (coming to us like one of Thomas Hardy's characters off Egdon Heath ) was born a son whom his mother named Henry Thomas. The affection and loyalty of O.V.C. graduates for his father are unique. They recall lectures such as one on the phases of mitosis. As the lecture commenced, Dr. Batt's clinically white lab. coat contrasted with the scrubbed forty-foot blackboard behind him. As the lecture progressed, the board became covered with the varied hues of coloured chalk which, as minutes ticked imperceptibly by, slowly made its way to his hands, to his lab. coat, and to his shirt collar. Erased chalk dust covered his shoes and a smudge of ochre appeared on his nose. The discussion, meanwhile, had ranged from jelly fish to the government of the Philippines, from Milton and Bliss Carman, to the conquest of 1763 or the Great Wall of China which he had inspected personally. The class bell had long since rung but students had forgotten that those at the end of the queue got cold beans for lunch. During many evenings and week ends, numbers of students beyond count recall having sat by the blazing fireplace and having eaten Dr. and Mrs. Batt out of house and home. In his day Dr. Batt provided the O.V.C. with a confidant, a friend, and a faculty member possessed of a liberal and liberalizing mind. The faculty responsibilities which he assumed of his own accord in the autumn of 1939 is typical and worthy of notice. By comparison with O.V.C.'s heroic record in World War I, the role she was offered in World War II was squalid. This is

104 A Century of Challenge not to suggest that there was any shirking of military responsibilities by faculty or students but, rather, that after many months of strenuous training, officers learned that the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps no longer existed. The zeal of such faculty members as Dr. A. A. Kingscote '28, Dr. G. Cairns '25, Dr. V. R. Brown '31, and Dr. H. E. Batt 15 is the more commendable for all that. The veterinary students of company "D" in khaki toques and coveralls had the distinction of being first on campus parade. By November 27,1940, the O.V.C. auxiliary battalion headed by their own 25-man drum and bugle band paraded to City Hall where Principal McGilvray and Mayor Taylor took the salute in review.24 These young soldiers had many and varied experiences in the several contingents of the Army, Navy or Air Force. Prime amongst those experiences of war which many remember is that occasion when "D" contingent marched to Dr. Batt's home where that gentleman, now in advanced stages of cancer, stepped to the balcony in a final salute to the students who had meant everything in his life though he never allowed himself the luxury of sentiment. He proved a stoic on that occasion and to the end. Dr. Batt was an asset to O.V.C. and his like has not yet been seen—unless one excepts Dr. A. A. Kingscote. Such men are rare, even in the academic community which attempts to foster them. Included on Dr. McGilvray's faculty team was Dr. R. A. Mclntosh who, with Dr. W. J. R. Fowler, established a tradition in large animal medicine at the O.V.C. which has continued steadily to develop. Dr. Mclntosh graduated from McKillip Veterinary College in 1909, practised in Morden, Manitoba, and in 1922 assumed full-time teaching duties at O.V.C. He was awarded the B.V.Sc. degree from the University of Toronto in 1929, and held executive posts in many veterinary associations. Dr. Mclntosh was recognized throughout North America as an authority and an effective teacher in large animal medicine. Mention of his name brings to student memory the picture of Dr. Mclntosh seated on an upturned keg, cigar in mouth, battered hat pushed to the back of his head as he sutured

Reconstruction and Consolidation 105 ruptures in a seemingly endless stream of little pigs which farmers brought in for repairs. All the while with an audience of farmers, students, and other faculty members, he worked, joked, and expostulated the art and science of clinical veterinary medicine. Late in Me he submitted to the discipline of lessons in elocution. His lectures often commenced with a poem of his own composition. Sometimes, to tease his class, he would launch immediately into his lecture whereupon the students would set up a clamour until they had the fruits of his literary effort of the previous evening. While he had charge of the pharmacology laboratory, he taught his students the lost art of prescription-writing, employing with great glee those cryptic hieroglyphics which were the despair even of classical scholars. He had been honorary president of many O.V.C. classes who knew him affectionately as "Dr. Mac." He was a man of plain, direct speech; he had a logical mind, he possessed a sense of humour, and he had that brand of honest integrity which, even in his day, was becoming an increasingly difficult attribute to hold. The respect and devotion which students held for Dr. Mclntosh was, at this time, shared by only one other faculty member. That person was Dr. Frank J. Cote '26, who literally and figuratively gave his life to the profession and to the O.V.C. It is said that Mr. Henry Fisher, now O.V.C.'s inexorable stock-keeper, persuaded Dr. Cote to leave his job at the Northern Rubber Co. They were both employed with the firm in 1921 and Mr. Fisher advised Frank Cote to seek an interview with Dr. McGilvray. By 1922, after working as a carpenter's helper on the new infirmary, Dr. Cote commenced veterinary studies. He won nearly every proficiency prize which the course offered, commenced a general practice in Guelph, and by 1928 was invited to give one clinic per week in Small Animal Diseases and Surgery. His appointment to this post affirms another of Dr. McGilvray's many attributes which demands attention at this point. The Principal had over the years made no secret of his dislike

+106 A Century of Challenge of what he called "the pooch and pussy business." In a letter to the Minister of Agriculture concerning the Guelph Kennel Club, he wrote: To be quite frank, I am not a dog enthusiast, which Dr. Nelson and Dr. Batt are aware of. ... I realize that dogs are gaining in public favour . . . but too many members of the veterinary profession at the present time are turning away from livestock practice to small animal practice owing to the fact that the latter is more remunerative. . . . I do not wish to create the impression that the O.V.C. is likewise inclined.25

As late as November 10, 1938, Dr. McGilvray shared the platform with and the opinions of Minister of Agriculture P. M. Dewan who said: "Veterinarians should keep out of the pup and kitten business and my sympathy is with those who devote the knowledge of their profession to something more important . . . to assisting farmers and the livestock industry."26 Nevertheless, as early as 1928 Dr. McGilvray offered a part-time appointment in small animal surgery which Dr. Cote very soon developed as one more facet of modern veterinary practice. Dr. Cote had meanwhile taken post-graduate courses at several United States centres, was Veterinary Public Health Officer for Guelph, and, following his heart illness, was counsellor and "father" to the students in his capacity of college registrar. He is remembered by students and faculty colleagues as a man who had a remarkable philosophy of life and one who exercised a sympathetic understanding and a conscientious devotion to duty. He is not known to have had an enemy. He was one more faculty member which O.V.C. could ill afford to lose. These were some of the men comprising Dr. McGilvray's team: Dr. W. J. R. Fowler, Dr. R. A. Mclntosh, Dr. H. E. Batt, Dr. F. W. Schofield, Dr. F. J. Cote, Dr. A. F. Bain-any of whom the O.V.C. could honour without reservation in 1962 as teachers in the highest sense of the term. Their influence upon approximately 2,000 veterinarians in North America is one more credit to Principal C. D. McGilvray who had the good sense to "let the engineers build the bridges."

Reconstruction and Consolidation 107 This, then, was the McGilvray period and this was the man whom more than the returned soldiers learned to call "The Chief." Everything that has ever been said of the man appears, under analysis, to resolve itself into paradox. There is an ambivalence about "C. D." which renders the subject as thorny in historical perspective as he was apparently intractable in the flesh. He is said to have possessed a colourless, indifferent type of personality; yet he was perhaps the most colourful of all O.V.C. principals, and this at a time when matters in Canada were necessarily drab. He is said to have lacked high scientific ideals or constructive professional policies; yet he reoriented the veterinarian from an equine centre of interest towards a complex professional empire, the numerous provinces to which the veterinarian has not yet laid full claim. Indeed, upon some of these provinces such as poultry and public health, the veterinarian has but a tenuous grip in 1962. He is said to have been "merely sciencey, not scientific"; yet during his stewardship and under imposing economic odds, he established the O.V.C. as the centre in Canada of veterinary service work and veterinary research. He is said to have been a parsimonious, treasury-guarding Scot; yet the late Colonel Thomas L. Kennedy and others who have studied the public accounts in Toronto reveal that by every factor other than the Principal himself, the O.V.C. should have closed during the depression. He is said to have been at times as stolid as he was repetitious and blunt; yet he was possessed of the kind of memory and mental prowess which held ministers of the Crown, faculty colleagues, and students in alternating fear and admiration of what he could dredge to the surface when "pushed too far." He is said to have fought everything and everybody; yet he fought essentially for three things only: for the survival of veterinary medicine as a profession, for the identity of the Ontario Veterinary College, and for the profession's repute within the community comparable to the professional status of teaching, law, and medicine. Katherine Mansfield has said that everyone takes some glee

108 A Century of Challenge in seeing a person proved "dead wrong" who is constantly proving himself "dead right." Very great challenges stood between him and his goals but C. D. McGilvray, the "wee mon," the tenacious, the fighting Scot would not be denied. Many who waited year after year to see him proved dead wrong still wonder what happened. They have been unable to recognize either the challenge or the response. "C. D." was, and continues to be, an enigma.

Chapter Five

ANDREW LESLIE MacNABB Expansion, Phase I In succession Houses rise and fall, crumble, are extended, Are removed, destroyed, restored, or in their place, Is an open field, or a factory, or a by-pass. Old stone to new building, old timber to new fires, Old fires to ashes, and ashes to earth Which is already flesh, fur and faeces, Bone of man and beast, cornstalk and leaf. T. s. ELIOT, Four Quartets, "East Coker"

A TRAVELLER, NEW TO HIS WORK WITH THE A.M.H. Drug Company, has just arrived on the campus. He seeks directions in an outlying building, the obvious source of noise and feverish activity: "Will someone tell me, please, is this the Ontario Veterinary College?" O.V.C.'s badly ulcerated carpenter, Mr. Cec. Weekes, rises slowly from his knees, pushes back a battered 1908 Biltmore hat with a sweep of his hammer which now twitches nervously about the traveller's chest. "I'm going to tell you something, Mac! If you're looking for the Ontario Veterinary College, this isn't it. This is the Ontario Temporary College!" Wiping the perspiration from his eyes with a gnarled fist, Mr. Weekes kneels to the floor and continues, with fury, to apply new boards to new joists in anticipation of the imminent arrival of "new" experimental pigs. As the traveller makes his way to the car, he is able to distinguish, even above the ensuing din, the philosophy of a carpenter: "As usual, I wasn't consulted by anyone—neither by the sow who gave birth to them nor by Principal Jones who authorized Dr. Smith to order them —after the little brutes are sent to Post Mortem, I'll be asked to change this place into an office for some professor with newfangled ideas—serve him right to be put in here...." This carpenter, who hits nails upon heads in his own inimitable fashion, is no fool—though he does add to the sum total of O.V.C.'s comedy of errors. He represents for our purposes a large staff of people who, for nearly twenty years, have been attempting to keep pace with a post-war expansion programme which, in 1962, shows few signs of abatement. In place of Dr. McGilvray's staff of three, more than three score are required to meet the demands of public service which O.V.C.'s extension, research, and teaching programmes impose. D. L. Galbraith, Grace Gray, and Ken Burns on animal admissions; Frances Stewart on student admissions; Grace Roberts on a pay-roll that "simply won't stand still"; Betty Weiler and Agnes Armitage on accounts whose permutations enlist the resources of modern technology; Mary Rae and Peggy Merwin on public relations; and chief amongst these, the Bursar and Secretary, Mr. W. J. Beaty. To him must go a great deal of credit for the smooth operation of the O.V.C. at a time when balanced con-

Expansion, Phase I

111

trol and flexibility, careful husbandry and reserved optimism, the flat refusal or the sanction of encouragement, have been essential to movement at that point of friction where the wheel of progress touches the axle. The O.V.C. does not want for people who are prepared to contrast the last months under Dr. McGilvray with the seven years of Dr. MacNabb's tenure. Depression and war, those twin inhibitors to development, had suddenly given way to the whine of saws, the cacophony of jack-hammers, and the pouring of new foundations for an expansion to accommodate large classes of veterans and augmented public demands for research and veterinary services. Dr. MacNabb's arrival left some persons in a state of permanent shock. In the words of one observer, it surprised no one to learn that, in a moment of some urgency, May Urquhart one morning found it expedient to revive the late Alec Shepherd with a pitcher of water. Andrew Leslie MacNabb* is said to have been partial to the poetry of Robert Browning. We may well imagine that the lines Ah, but a man's reach should exceed his grasp Or what's a heaven for?

must have struck Dr. MacNabb as something he had "tried upon his own pulse." Like Browning, Dr. MacNabb was a devout person and, like many of Browning's heroic figures, he "Born in Beachburg, Ontario (1897); graduated from Business College, Ottawa; served as stretcher-bearer, llth Field Ambulance (gas casualty, Passchendaele) and with No. 1 Forestry Corps (1916-19); graduated O.V.C. (1923); qualified with Michigan State Board (1924); appointed Bacteriologist, Ontario Department of Health (1924); named Director, Division of Laboratories, Ontario Department of Health (1928); served during World War II as Lieutenant-Colonel, named Lab. Consultant for the Canadian Army in Canada (1943-4); received degree Doctor of Veterinary Science, University of Toronto (1945); named Principal, Ontario Veterinary College (1945); membership in numerous veterinary and other associations including Fellow of the Toronto Academy of Medicine, member of the Executive Board of the American Veterinary Medical Association, a charter member of the American Board of Veterinary Public Health, member of the American Society of Immunologists, Honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Great Britain. Dr. MacNabb was named Veterinarian of the Year by the Ontario Veterinary Association in 1948. He was a member of the Masonic Order. Buried February 19, 1952, from War Memorial Hall, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario.

112 A Century of Challenge lived by the philosophy that "it is better to burn out than to rust out." That he was indeed expending himself for the O.V.C. was evident to his family and to his colleagues several years before the tragic event overtook him at the height of his powers in 1952. He was then fifty-six years of age. During two of the seven years which he had given O.V.C., he had been unable to assume full-time duties and his contribution is the more remarkable for having been accomplished in five years. Dr. MacNabb's appointment several months before Dr. McGilvray's retirement in the summer of 1945 gave O.V.C. faculty members and the veterinary profession generally an opportunity to speculate upon the effect of his appointment, based upon his professional record. That record was impressive and it augured well for O.V.C. in that it centred upon a specialty in public health. While Dr. McGilvray and his faculty had established the veterinarian's claim to this area of activity, it was left for Dr. MacNabb to consolidate the veterinarian's role as a member of a complex public health team whose co-ordinated efforts would prove indispensable to health in the modern community. This he was qualified to do. He had the specialized academic training, the unique professional experience in public health work and, what was perhaps most essential to success, he had befriended key personalities in the several communities of research, medicine, and public health in Ontario. Dr. MacNabb had been appointed to the position of bacteriologist with the Ontario Department of Health in 1924 and within four years he was named Director of the Division of Laboratories of the Department of Health. This post, which he held for seventeen years, offered him an administrative experience which was unique in any area of government at that time. The central laboratory in Toronto employed 136 people, many with professional qualifications. Further, under his leadership, branch laboratories were established in Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa, North Bay, Kingston, and Fort William; subsidized laboratories were also established in Timmins, St. Catharines, Peterborough, Kingston, London, and Belleville.1

Expansion, Phase I

113

The details of administrative routine in this position left him little time to undertake scientific research, one of his primary interests. Accordingly, much of his research and writing had perforce to be done on weekends and at night, regardless of commitments on church, school, and civic boards of various kinds. In 1933 a series of technical papers began to appear based upon his research into the early diagnosis of syphilis,2 undulant fever,3 psittacosis,4 and paratyphoid fever.5 He carried out bacterial studies relating to sanitation levels for eating and drinking utensils, on home sterilization of maternity articles, and on the tubercule bacillus. Recognition of his scientific endeavours soon followed. He was named a Fellow of the Toronto Academy of Medicine, and in 1951 became a charter member of the American Board of Public Health. He was active in the American Society of Immunologists and shortly after his appointment as Principal of the O.V.C., he was named an Honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain. Unreserved acceptance by professional colleagues of his administrative policies at the Ontario Veterinary College came within three years of his appointment when, in 1948, he was named Veterinarian of the Year by the Ontario Veterinary Association. When news of his appointment was confirmed, many on O.V.C.'s faculty could recall Dr. MacNabb as a quiet, wellgroomed, and somewhat reserved individual who gave lectures on public health at Ontario Veterinary Association meetings and at numerous veterinary organizations. These lectures were often dry, supported by long columns of figures replete with "plusand-minus" signs. Dr. MacNabb seemed somehow unaware that in his zeal for accuracy and his desire to press the urgency of the case, he had, in fact, overwhelmed his audience. These same faculty members still recall the shock of admiration which followed their return to O.V.C. immediately after World War II. "The whole place," says one, "began to bulge at the walls." At the centre of this activity stood a stocky individual whose personality had been transformed, whose very appearance betrayed a dynamic, restless, and hypertonic

114 A Century of Challenge type of energy which, under stress, sometimes assumed volcanic proportions. If it is correct to observe, as many do, that Canada is the last stronghold of Puritanism, our zeal as a people to "work for the night is coming, when day shall be no more" was exemplified in Dr. A. L. MacNabb. He was the product of a Presbyterian manse and his interest in people was expressed with a missionary zeal which his experience in public health had only amplified. His greatest strengths, particularly of personality, were not registered in the classroom, at public meetings, or even in small intimate groups. But in the man-to-man conflict of the world's business, he could communicate to subordinates the imposing potential of energy which supported his own ideals. He was not easily diverted from long-range plans, the main one of which was to provide post-war Canada with a large number of well-trained veterinarians sufficient to meet the needs of an urbanized, industrial society. To achieve this objective he exercised an administrative flexibility which uninformed persons sometimes read as "inconsistency" or "opportunism." Miss Jean McDonald, Dr. MacNabb's private secretary and herself no mean administrator, notes that the word "opportunist" has come to have unpleasant connotations in the twentieth century. "Nevertheless," she adds, "success in administrative affairs demands the ability to seize an opportunity at the right moment. If this is what it means to be an opportunist," she concludes, "then Dr. MacNabb was one." For weeks after Dr. MacNabb's appointment as Principal to O.V.C., no day went by without several persons being appointed to faculty or staff. It was soon being said that whereas Dr. McGilvray employed people if they were Presbyterian, Dr. MacNabb employed them if they were Presbyterian and efficient. To this Dr. MacNabb responded immediately by employing a young lady of the Greek Orthodox faith. As may be expected, he had first assured himself that she was also efficient. Meanwhile, students began to pour into O.V.C. in numbers comparable only to the palmy days of Andrew Smith in the

Expansion, Phase I

115

1890's. Almost overnight the trailer camp and "Indian Village" came into being. Enrolment figures within a few years approached four hundred and in the 1947-8 academic year, 78 per cent of the student body was made up of veterans of World War II.6 With these students and their many problems of adjustment Dr. MacNabb could easily sympathize. On many occasions his mind went back to that day in 1922 when, as a returned veteran of World War I, he sat on the stairs leading to the College's Queen Anne doorway, head in hands, despaired of meeting the academic challenge which O.V.C. offered. The person who tapped him on the shoulder and led him to the "front office" for advice and encouragement had been Principal C. D. McGilvray. Dr. MacNabb's basic administrative policy was very soon reflected in curriculum revisions and faculty appointments which attempted to regain whatever O.V.C. had lost in her necessary severance of contact with the university community. Dr. J. P. W. Gilman was appointed to take charge of histology and embryology but, significantly, he was offered the part-time assistance of Dr. M. C. Dinberg, Provincial Pathologist of the Ontario Department of Health. Other part-time appointments included Professor R. Birdwhistell, University of Toronto (human geography); Dr. D. S. Puffer, Assistant to the Chief Medical Officer of Health; Dr. L. Little, Guelph (public health ) ; and Dr. A. E. Berry ( sanitary engineering ). During the next academic year the services of Dr. J. A. Campbell '96 of Toronto were retained (zoology), and Dr. C. E. Van Rooyen and Dr. A. J. Rhodes of the School of Hygiene, University of Toronto, laid the groundwork for subsequent expansion by Dr. D. L. T. Smith's department into the rapidly developing area of virology under Dr. C. G. Wills '49. Through the parttime appointment of Dr. A. E. Broome of Kitchener in 1946, both large and small animal clinics at the O.V.C. benefited by consultation and lectures in radiology of a high professional calibre. By 1947 Dr. James M. Mather, Medical Health Officer of Halton County, was offering weekly lectures on public health

116 A Century of Challenge and hygiene and by 1950 senior students were taken on field trips to Halton County Health Unit by Dr. W. R. Mitchell '49, later to be appointed Extension Veterinarian. The trend set for most of these academic disciplines has subsequently been augmented by Principal T. Lloyd Jones '34 who, in 1950-1, assumed duties as Acting Principal during Dr. MacNabb's illness. As events will show, Dr. Jones not only kept these avenues of rapprochement with the University of Toronto open, but he established a number of his own. As might be expected, this period of post-war expansion brought with it tensions which were often amplified by Dr. MacNabb's volatile sense of urgency. As one veteran student put the matter, "we had the feeling that a time bomb had been cached into the O.V.C. and that everyone including faculty, staff, and students were in a desperate search for the fuse." That there were occasional explosions no one will deny. The students themselves were able, within one year of his coming, to acknowledge Dr. MacNabb's singular contribution to O.V.C.'s growth. They had themselves been caught up in the spirit of his enthusiasm and were now, for the first time in many years, publishing their own student newspaper, the Fluoroscope. "This newspaper," they brashly recorded, "is only one more manifestation of the forward strides which have been taken to make the Ontario Veterinary College the outstanding Veterinary College on this continent since Dr. MacNabb became incumbent."7 In a subsequent issue they observed that . . . the bringing of prominent men to the College which provides us a glance into the future of Veterinary Medicine is another step forward which Dr. MacNabb has taken. The only objection that comes to our minds is that these visits of outstanding scientists are all too infrequent . . . [but] the student welcomes this type of lecture in place of some of the "time-filling" subjects that consume him without adding . . . to his education.8

The editorial goes on to cite as an example their exposure to Dr. Jacob Markowitz, Professor of Research in Experimental Surgery, University of Toronto. That this "exposure" affected areas well below the epidermis is attested to by the fact that

Expansion, Phase I

117

two of the students who gave time to Fluoroscope, Dr. James Archibald '49 (editor) and Dr. Harry Downie '48 (cartoonist), are joint-authors with Dr. Markowitz of the book entitled Experimental Surgery Including Surgical Physiology, the fifth edition of which will appear in 1963. It should not be thought, incidentally, that Fluoroscope was given to "soft soap and sodder" for Dr. MacNabb. On one occasion following a series of quite critical editorials, the editor was told by the Dean of Men that he would have to leave his present room in the dormitory for one on the second floor. Dr. Archibald soon found himself next door to the MacNabb apartment and naturally assumed that his editorial brilliance had won him special and deserved treatment. He later found that, in truth, he was being incarcerated and was under the Principal's watchful eye "as something of a subversive influence on the student body." Within one year of his appointment, Dr. MacNabb had won approval by the Board of Governors of the University of Toronto for the Senate to confer the degree Doctor of Veterinary Medicine upon O.V.C. students who met qualifying examinations (see Appendix K). He wished at this time to extend the course, but waited until 1949-50 in deference to veteran students. Meanwhile, however, he lengthened the course by requiring students to return during summer months and by making obligatory a regulated period of internship.9 In anticipation of a new wing to the existing building, he was, in 1946, laying the groundwork for a graduate studies programme at O.V.C. which, under Principal Jones and Dr. J. D. Schroder '42, Chairman of the Graduate Studies Committee, had offered advanced training to thirty-five students by 1962. Candidates for post-graduate degrees are required to do investigational work and present a thesis on a problem relating directly to animal health or to such basic medical sciences as radiology, physiology, and pharmacology. The entire programme is coordinated with the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Toronto which grants the degree. By 1946 Dr. MacNabb had also established at Kemptville,

118 A Century of Challenge Ontario, the first Regional Veterinary Laboratory. This laboratory is now under the direction of Dr. E. B. Meads '51. By 1962 diagnostic laboratory services were being co-ordinated under Dr. W. R. Mitchell '49 from fully modernized laboratories in Ridgetown, Ontario (Dr. R. Doidge '52), New Liskeard, Ontario (Dr. F. C. Nelson '40), and Brighton, Ontario (Dr. R. J. Julian '52 ). The work of these laboratories has been well received by the live-stock industry which, in 1962, is calling for extension of the programme into other areas of Ontario. Such laboratories not only offer service on a regional basis in areas separated from O.V.C., but they are essential at a time when diagnosis of diseases proves increasingly difficult without the supporting facilities of nearby, well-appointed laboratories. In the same year, 1946, Dr. MacNabb had piloted the establishment of subsidized veterinary practices in six Northern Ontario centres offering a service which continues to expand yearly. By 1947-8 he had formed a Department of FurBearing and Small Animals and during the following year he stated that the college had "taken over small animal practice in the Guelph area." It is perhaps significant to note that in 1962 there are two small animal practitioners in the city of Guelph. But as an index of growing demands for this service at O.V.C. in 1948, we read that "the infirmary for medical and surgical treatment received 1,272 cases. Since the Department is intended to be revenue-producing, a fee is charged for this service."10 Dr. MacNabb had, during the previous year, laid plans whereby the College would operate an ambulatory clinic. He assured the Minister of Agriculture, the Hon. Thomas L. Kennedy, that such a clinic was indispensable because undergraduate students required "to have contact with an increasing number of cases of a medical nature under conditions commonly encountered in general practice."11 This objective was not, incidentally, realized until 1953 under Principal Jones. By April, 1950, Dr. MacNabb had negotiated purchase of the Gale Farm, a 46-acre parcel of land which, during the next decade, permitted expansion of O.V.C.'s research programme to meet present-day demands.

Expansion, Phase I

119

It has been noted that Principal MacNabb had acquaintances in academic, governmental, and various professional associations. He valued these connections highly and the O.V.C. was soon to benefit from them. Members of his staff recall that within months of his appointment he had established lines of communication with the Health of Animals Branch through the office of the Veterinary Director General in Ottawa. Letters were being exchanged with executive officers of the American Veterinary Medical Association and with organizations such as the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories. Also, about this time, Dr. MacNabb established rapport with the only other veterinary college in Canada, L'École de Médecine vétérinaire of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, an affiliate of the University of Montreal. These friendly relations have since been developed by Principal Jones to the mutual advantage of both colleges. These are but some of the blueprints for the development of the college which made Dr. MacNabb the man-of-the-hour when O.V.C.'s handsome "west wing" was opened on Tuesday, July 6, 1948. On that occasion words of congratulation befitting his momentous achievement were spoken by one of O.V.C.'s favourite sons, Dr. L. A. Merillat '88. In retrospect, the tributes to Dr. MacNabb's vision and dynamic energy which came to him from all segments of the community and from several continents read, in 1962, like a prophetic farewell. Perhaps nothing on that occasion better symbolized O.V.C.'s vitality as an academic force than the registration of 1,100 veterinarians for a post-graduate refresher course. The MacNabb-Jones period was also to become known as the era of "sweetness and light" in matters affecting relations between O.V.C. and the Ontario Agricultural College. This was symbolized by the appointment in 1945 of Professor E. V. Evans as lecturer in nutrition to O.V.C. students, by an increasing number of co-operative research projects between the colleges during recent years, and by a thoroughgoing curriculum revision under Principal Jones's inspiration which attempts to offer applied agricultural instruction in an

120 A Century of Challenge integrated, stage-by-stage manner throughout five years of veterinary studies. By such an arrangement, for example, veterinary students will be given instruction in applied poultry husbandry, poultry breeding, and marketing at a time when their interest in poultry pathology, poultry diseases, and the application of scientific training to poultry research can be capitalized upon by Dr. A. E. Ferguson '50. Comparable examples might be drawn from other areas of a completely revised curriculum. This revision has demanded forthright, brave planning by administrators and has required the sacrifice of personal grandeur by numerous faculty members who find themselves living in a world in which academic and research results require closely co-ordinated teamwork. This achievement has been central to Dr. Jones's success and to O.V.C.'s growth in terms of more than buildings, increased capital budgets, and the number of staff appointments. But Dr. Jones has himself been quick to stress the part which Principal A. L. MacNabb played in establishing this pattern of expansion: In the seven years in which he held this office, the standards of the school were brought to their present high level. As a case in point, when he took over the Principalship in 1945, the professional staff numbered seventeen; to-day it is sixty. More than half of this staff have pursued graduate studies, as compared with only one-third in 1945.12

By 1950 it had become evident that Dr. MacNabb's health was under heavy toll and on February 16, 1952, the world learned that he had succumbed to a brain tumour. The campus newspaper Ontarion hastily quoted the eight words from Sir Christopher Wren's epitaph in St. Paul's: If you seek a monument, look about you.

At his funeral, fittingly held in War Memorial Hall, Reverend D. G. Patón noted that Dr. MacNabb had "thrown himself with complete abandon into the struggle against all things that menace health and well being; he led a victorious, forwardlooking life." The esteem which professional colleagues held

Expansion, Phase I

121

for Dr. MacNabb was voiced in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association where it was noted that . . . the career of a man with a fine mind was terminated at a time of mounting achievement. . . . Veterinary medicine mourns the loss of a substantial figure of calm dignity in the ranks of educational and general leadership which was felt beyond the borders of his native country.13

In the archives of the Principal's office there was recently discovered a programme of the Ontario Poultry and Live Stock Conference which took place in July, 1950. On it, scribbled in pencil, are the following words: "This was the last event to which Dr. MacNabb made a contribution. He was incoherent at that time. Eleven years fail to remove the sorrow we felt then. T.L.J."

This page intentionally left blank

Chapter Six

TREVOR LLOYD JONES

Expansion, Phase II One hundred years of Celtic reign the OVC has seen; Goidelic clans of Caledon for decades nine In Founding Andrew, Grange, McGilvray, and MacNabb Have had their say . .. But now Brythonic Celt—the "foreign" branch— Holds sway ... (Beth yw ei enw?) Well, I will tell it you. His name, ap Brutus' bones, is "Chones" (Ap John, ap Johns, ap Johnnes, ap Jones) A ceUt of Border Fortress Mold, A flintstone of Sir Fflint. Shall OVC have now your plain Attium fistolosum? Or shall it be flamboyant Agave americana?

ON A FINE AUTUMN DAY IN 1930 AS PRINCIPAL McGilvray made his way to luncheon, his passage through the front door of the college was momentarily obstructed by a deep-sea trunk at one end of which was attached a taxi-driver. Struggling with the door and attempting to shove the trunk out of the passage-way was a perspiring young man flushed with exertion and some degree of chagrin. "Who are you?" asked Principal McGilvray in a peremptory tone. "I'm Jones, sir—come to start veterinary studies." Dr. McGilvray made his way down the concrete stairs and, with a sly grin now hidden from the student, he threw back the comment: "Wael, yae can nae leave that thing here, lad!" The whereabouts of the trunk, which carried all of the young immigrant's belongings, is not now known, but the young man has fastened himself upon the O.V.C. and seems destined to leave a mark upon her. Two years after this incident, O.V.C.'s housekeeper, Mr. Bill Graham, challenged this same student's authority to wear a white laboratory coat. The student explained that he was doing blood counts for Dr. Schofield. To Mr. Graham's ears this response to his challenge sounded more like an excuse than a reason. Stepping behind the student, he took the laboratory coat by the collar and deftly, as if by much practice, divested the young man with neat dispatch. The student neither struggled nor remonstrated. The housekeeper could not know that he had just unfrocked a future Principal of the O.V.C. nor, indeed, could "the Chones boy." The humour of such incidents—and there would later come many more whose significance would go deeper—was not, however, lost upon the young man. His apparently detached sense of the comedy of life has proved to be one of Principal Jones's great strengths as an administrator. Dr. Trevor Lloyd Jones* has now held the chief executive *Born in Mold, Wales (1909); attended Alun County School; also Business Training College, Chester, England (1926-7); diplomate of Llysfasi Farm Institute (1928); graduated from O.V.C. with degree B.V.Sc. (1934); degree M.Sc. from McGill University (1935); named instructor, Department of Pathology, O.V.C. (1935-9); appointed Provincial Animal Pathologist, Department of Agriculture, Alberta (1940-6); Captain, Canadian Army (1943-5); named Professor, Department of Pathology, O.V.C. (1946-50); appointed

Expansion, Phase II

125

office of the O.V.C. for ten years. The post-war expansion activities which Dr. MacNabb commenced have been carried on in a similar spirit and they have been impelled by comparable professional motives in Principal Jones. While his contribution to the college cannot yet be assessed with any degree of finality, it may be possible to mark several distinctive trends which his decisions, under the stress of a fast-changing agricultural economy, have perhaps laid out with some clarity. Even within ten years he has been confronted by challenges of which Dr. MacNabb could only be dimly aware in 1950. Some of his decisions have themselves been challenged and the Ontario Veterinary College is once again witnessing the challenge-response mechanism at work in a debate that is not only vital to its future as an educational force in Canada, but will doubtless become more important and more clearly defined in the years to come. Principal Jones's administrative decisions must be assessed within the context of his professional experiences prior to his appointment. After graduating in veterinary medicine he was, for a time, with the Ontario Research Foundation as a graduate assistant. In 1935 he met post-graduate requirements for the Master of Science degree from McGill University, his subject specialty being parasitology. Between 1935 and 1939 he was an instructor at the O.V.C. in Dr. F. W. Schofield's Department, and in 1940 he was offered his first real opportunity to develop administrative skills when he was named Provincial Animal Pathologist with the Department of Agriculture of Alberta. His Acting Principal, O.V.C. (1950-2); Principal of O.V.C. (1952- ); President, Ontario Veterinary Association (1953); named Honorary Associate, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain (1959); received degree D.V.M. (honoris causa) from University of Montreal (1961). Dr. Jones was named an adviser to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1955); named consultant to World Health Organization of the United Nations ( 1959 ) ; appointed to the International Panel on Veterinary Education of F.A.O. and W.H.O. ( 1961 ). Dr. Jones has been active in various executive posts of veterinary associations in Canada and the United States including the chairmanship of the Council on Education, American Veterinary Medical Association. He has been President of the Guelph Little Theatre, the Rotary Club of Guelph, the Canadian Save the Children Fund, the Canadian Red Cross (Guelph Branch) and the Edward Johnson Music Foundation.

126 A Century of Challenge assignment in pioneering the establishment of a laboratory for diagnostic and investigational work in animal diseases was interrupted by war service between 1943 and 1945 during which time Captain Jones was named to the Directorate of Chemical Warfare and Smoke in the Canadian Army. In 1946 he was appointed an Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology of O.V.C. from which post, in 1950, he was named Acting Principal. Dr. Jones's name had, by this time, begun to appear in veterinary and public health periodicals. In 1935 he undertook a project with Dr. A. A. Kingscote on ascaris sensitivity in man1 and at this time, also, he took an interest in various swine diseases including swine pasteurellosis2 and anaemia.3 He did studies on the use of synthetic hormones4 on foxes as well as Chastek Paralysis5 of the same animal, and his interest in toxicology was evidenced by studies on phenothiazine6 and strychnine.7 With Dr. F. W. Schofield he contributed to the study (referred to earlier) of joint-ill in foals as well as bovine mastitis.8 He quite early registered an interest in the veterinarian's role in public health9 and his views on this subject are reflected in later writings on veterinary medical education generally, as we shall see. As stated earlier, many of the changes which Dr. MacNabb set in train were expanded by Principal Jones. It soon became evident, however, that he had long-range plans for veterinary education, particularly in relation to research, which required a major reorganization of departments. An inspection trip in 1952 to Great Britain, Denmark, and the Netherlands gave him an opportunity to compare veterinary colleges and disease research institutes. Later, as a member of the Committee on Education of the American Veterinary Medical Association, he was afforded the opportunity to study and compare veterinary colleges throughout North America. In 1950 Dr. MacNabb had begun to reorganize the Department of Medicine and Surgery under Dr. J. A. Henderson '36. Commencing in 1952 Principal Jones effected a general regrouping within this department under the separate Divisional

Expansion, Phase II

127

Heads of Medicine, Surgery and Clinics, Animal Reproduction, Radiology, and Small Animal Diseases. Persons generally engaged in extension activities began, by this time, to be posted into one of two separate groups. Some were named to the Research Group which, as we shall see, went through a series of developmental changes until 1948. Their activities were placed under the surveillance of a Research Committee as early as 1953. Other persons were named to the Extension Group and these included workers in poultry pathology, diseases of fur-bearing animals, and the various regional laboratories described earlier. Further, under the chairmanship of Dr. A. F. Bain, there was organized a library service which was expected to meet academic and research needs and, at the same time, provide the services for Canada of a depository library in veterinary and allied sciences. This library, which now employs two graduate librarians and two assistants, was named the MacNabb Memorial Library in remembrance of Dr. Jones's predecessor. It was during these years that death took a heavy toll of O.V.C. faculty members. These included Dr. Frank Cote, already mentioned, Dr. Lionel Stevenson '26, Dr. J. L. Anderson '41, Dr. A. F. Bain '33, Dr. V. R. Brown '31, and Dr. W. J. R. Fowler '99. Dr. Fowler had the unique distinction of having served under each of O.V.C.'s five principals over a period of fifty-five years. He was the first in Canada to practise and to teach domestic animal surgery. Other subjects which he, at one time or another, taught O.V.C. students included materia medica, anatomy, and lameness. He had been many times honoured both by colleagues in Canada and by numerous organizations abroad including the French government which appointed him "Chevalier du Mérite agricole de France." Not only was he recognized as a dextrous surgeon but he was a judge whose services were in constant demand at horse shows throughout North America. He is recalled to memory as "a man who was always on time and never broke his word," and he has been referred to as "one of the fathers of the Ontario Veterinary Association."10 Literally

128 A Century of Challenge thousands of graduates recall, with admiration and some frustration, his ability to do a "roaring" operation during the time that it took students to get settled on the hard, tiered benches surrounding the amphitheatre. Other students recall his sitting on a classroom table doing sutures on his very expensive, immaculately pressed suit trousers or his lapels. To many Canadian veterinarians the horse-centred era during which the Ontario Veterinary College was closely associated with the University of Toronto was the "Golden Age" of the profession. In their opinion, Dr. Fowler was the ideal exemplar of that age. Dr. Victor Robert Brown died on February 14, 1953. He was one of those rare persons who was able to turn his hobbies to effective use in the classroom and the laboratory. He had an interest in photography, oil painting, cabinet work, and all manner of handicrafts, which arts he applied to his professional work with telling effect. He received widespread acclaim as one who could render the study of anatomy interesting. Graduates, and more especially students at the O.V.C., were well aware of their loss: Anatomy, as any veterinary student knows, is a hard subject to master. It is even harder to teach and harder still to teach interestingly. But Dr. Brown succeeded where many others had failed . . . he was original in presenting his material . . . always engrossed in some new idea for a model, a different type of exhibit, another drawing to make anatomy more real for the student. . . .u

With his passing, the Department of Anatomy was headed by one of these same students, Dr. J. H. Ballantyne, who graduated in 1939 and who had worked with Dr. Brown for a period of eight years. It has been said of Dr. A. F. Bain '33 that he was one of the few persons to whom former Principal A. L. MacNabb would confide his long-range plans. Dr. Bain's ability to impart both the fundamentals as well as the minutiae of bacteriology elicited wide admiration from alumni who sensed that his passing in 1953 at the age of forty-three was a tangible loss to the O.V.C.12 His ability as a bacteriologist won him an appointment to the Canadian Army Medical Corps with service in England and

1. Members of Principal MacNabb's Faculty, and others. Seated: Dr. W. R. Reek, President, O.A.C.; Dean W. A. Hagan, Cornell; Hon. T. L. Kennedy, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Dr. J. Farquharson, Clinical Department, Colorado; Principal A. L. MacNabb; Hon. W. E. Hamilton, Minister of Reform Institutions for Ontario. Standing: Dr. J. A. Henderson; Dr. V. R. Brown; Dr. A. F. Bain; Dr. R. A. Mclntosh; Dr. J. A. Campbell; Dr. F. W. Schofield; Dr. C. E. Van Rooyen, Connaught Laboratories, Toronto; Dr. A. A. Kingscote; Mr. Hughes.

2. Principal T. Lloyd Jones

3. Assistant Principal J. A. Henderson

PLATE IX

Dr. A. E. Cameron continues to "pipe the Vets, in." He symbolizes O.V.C.'s dependence on the Scottish school tradition as have the appointments of Principal Andrew Smith and Dr. D. M. McEachran (1860's), Dr. James Thorburn (1890's), and Dr. F. J. Milne ( 1960's) (left to right above). PLATE X

1. O.V.C.'s "new" home in Guelph, 1922 (front view)

2. O.V.C. (rear view) depicting new Medical-Surgical Building, opened 1959

PLATE XI

PLATE XIi

Expansion Phase II

129

the Mediterranean where he survived shipwreck. He had been active in organized veterinary medicine and was a member of numerous professional societies including the New York Academy of Sciences and the United States Livestock Sanitary Association. The reader has, on several occasions, encountered the name "Frank" W. Schofield. The name, like the man, has had a tendency to crop up in veterinary, scientific, and missionary circles at any place in the world during the past half-century. He proves a fine foil for the biographer, first, because he has always provided forthright, often outspoken commentary upon historic, current, and (given the opportunity) apocalyptic events. Second, whenever challenged by the press, by cabinet ministers, by scientists, or by the clergy, his immediate rejoinder has been: "Oh yes, my boy, I did say that. . . yes indeed . . . would you care for elucidation?" Observing that the Schofield era had run its course through part or all the "reigns" of four principals, a former colleague makes the comment that "Schofield had the brightest mind, the quickest wit and the sharpest tongue of anyone at O.V.C." With these weapons he slew all combatants, often including those who turned to run away; these weapons themselves became more deadly with time because Dr. Schofield would appear to be one of those persons who ages only chronologically. His barbs are ground to a fine point upon the hone of a sleepless mind which the biographer engages at his own peril. Two former students of this man recently set themselves the task of honouring his name through the medium of a scientific journal. It is perhaps significant that they limited themselves merely to a bibliography of his technical papers13 which numbered 142—and the search continues. Dr. Schofield's work on haemorrhagic diathesis and the discovery of Dicoumarol have won wide acclaim and require no comment here. Very few subjects relating to the pathophysiological aspects of disease have not, at some time or another, engaged his interests. His subject of concentration has always been veterinary pathology, but he has proved equally competent as a bacteriologist, a lee-

130 A Century of Challenge turer, and a missionary, having, in two widely separated periods of his life, served humanitarian and educational causes in Korea which country awarded him the Order of Merit, a National Foundation Award. Dr. Schofield was able to apply the principles of the scientific method to the most perplexing of problems and achieve results, either negative or positive, which offered promise of more to come. His technical papers themselves reveal the man's penchant for original thought, an ability to present observed facts with clarity, and a disinclination to allow a highly subjective personality to vitiate scientific results. Dr. F. W. Schofield has, quite naturally, won wide public and professional acclaim. In 1950 he was granted the degree Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (honoris causa) from the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich and in 1954 won the Twelfth International Congress Prize of the American Veterinary Medical Association "for exceptional service . . . to veterinary science and the veterinary profession." During the same year the College of Veterinary Surgeons of the Province of Quebec awarded him the St. Eloi Medal and his retirement from the O.V.C. in June, 1955, elicited tributes from many areas of the community to his reputation as "a research scientist, a Christian gentleman, and a great teacher." He is to be recalled from Korea in May, 1962, when he will be awarded the degree LL.D. and on this occasion will address O.V.C. graduates of 1962 in full convocation of the University of Toronto, his Alma Mater. Dr. Schofield's contribution to the science of veterinary medicine is easier to assess than his personality. In many ways he is a twentieth-century Robin Hood having made his way through life by placing under tribute the time, talents, and treasures of some persons in order to relieve the "want" of others, not excluding himself. One summer evening in 1930 Dr. Schofield found himself boarding the Toronto Suburban (Electric) Railway, commonly known as "the radial." As usual he had distributed his largesse to a needy Toronto family and found it necessary to ask Conductor Walter Grieves to "await payment in Guelph on the morrow." Grieves having had the

Expansion, Phase H

131

benefit of much experience, would not pull the cord until "Scoffie" (whom he knew like a brother) either paid or left the coach. Some ten minutes later, and to the hilarity of a packed coach, Dr. Schofield returned with the fare having borrowed it from the Motorman, Mr. Bert Oldfield. In short, Dr. Schofield has been a person of fixed objectives and nothing has stood in the way of achievement. We learn that for many years Drs. H. E. Batt, R. Gwatkin, and A. A. Kingscote would leave their laboratories in spotless condition every evening only to find, the next morning, that the sinks had been dyed with methyline blue, that prepared media had been "borrowed," and that dirty glassware was now deposited in endless lines on the laboratory tables. "There has got to be a showdown," said Dr. Gwatkin, making his way to Dr. Schofield's office. But words seemed somehow to fail as Dr. Schofield, his steel-grey eyes peering above mountains of paper, library journals, and microscope slides, said in a challenging decrescendo: "Ah! Dr. Gwatkin—What do you suppose I have discovered?" Such a man will be feared by some, revered by others, and deferred to by almost everyone. Yet, for an inscrutable reason, some amongst Dr. Schofield's colleagues are themselves unconvinced, outward signs notwithstanding, that he had his face invariably turned to the light. Following Dr. Bain's demise and the retirement of Dr. F. W, Schofield, Principal Jones organized a new department under Dr. D. L. T. Smith '43. This Department of Pathology and Bacteriology was composed of two divisions, namely, the Division of Pathology headed by Dr. J. D. Schroder '42 and the Division of Bacteriology which was placed under the direction of Dr. D. A. Barnum '41. The reorganization took place in 1955 and made more clear Principal Jones's emerging policy which was, on one hand, to centralize executive and administrative responsibilities within a small cabal known as the Faculty Council, and, on the other hand, to co-ordinate to their mutual advantage the work of numerous divisions and groups within a limited number of broad subject areas.

132 A Century of Challenge Consolidation of academic, extension, and research work continued along these lines under Principal Jones, as we shall have occasion to note. The advantages of this policy are recognized by many but its success cannot yet be measured. Meanwhile, it may prove interesting, though necessarily inconclusive, to attempt an analysis of Principal Jones's success to date, based upon personal and administrative attributes. Matters run curiously true to form in all, academic communities and it was not long before Principal Jones was being compared to Dr. A. L. MacNabb. Both had high ideals for the future of veterinary education and both stood ready to make as many gains as possible while the opportunity for expansion served. But whereas Dr. MacNabb exhibited a relentless drive and infectious energy, Principal Jones was found to be capable of playing the game in a deceptively relaxed manner. It was noted that committees were being formed at every hand and students, staff, and faculty were being allowed to work out their own destinies or to hang themselves with the rope now being provided. It was said (and this loud enough for the Principal to hear it) that he was a "committee man" and that he was adopting "the British system of muddling through." So much liberty to action was now abroad that staff complained because "the whole organization was being run to meet the whim of students," faculty members began to suspect that decisions short of policy changes could result from a discussion between Principal Jones and the Building Superintendent, Mr. Charles Gregory, and student disciplinary problems were referred to "the constituted authority, your elected student representatives." Yet as time progressed it became evident that all was not as it seemed. Committees were being used as sounding boards and as market places where ideas were exchanged. When the market closed, it was often found that Principal Jones took decisive steps based upon his own analysis of known facts. Many found that though he seldom checked their work or chided them for mistakes, he was capable, even three years after an event, of indicating the inconsistency between a

Expansion, Phase II

133

subordinate's present plea and an earlier action, long since apparently forgotten. All this was accomplished without excitement and usually with a pun, a wry allusion, or an anecdote. Always it was made clear that not personal animosity but a principle was involved in the discussion. Always, too, the subordinate came away feeling that the door was still open. It was soon evident to most that Dr. Jones possessed a sense of humour which allowed him to see the comedy even of his own situation as Principal. He had had experience in drama, had learned how to "throw away a line," and could, whenever necessary, see the entire O.V.C. stage as an extended Gilbert and Sullivan opera. Clearly, he did not feel so important in his position as to believe everything that he said, either publicly or privately. And by 1960, many who watched this interesting development came to understand with new force Emerson's view that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." The land of his origin, the land of the Noson Lawen and of the Eisteddfod, was soon being identified in everything he did and said. President J. D. MacLachlan of the Ontario Agricultural College recalls that one evening in 1952 as he and Dr. Jones walked through Hyde Park, the Principal stopped suddenly and asked "Did you hear that?" Dr. MacLachlan listened carefully but heard nothing unusual for a London park. His companion, meanwhile, had darted off to one side through the trees. When Dr. MacLachlan finally found him, Dr. Jones was in a ring with eleven Welshmen taking his turn at lead in choral improvisations. "For more than two hours," adds Dr. MacLachlan, "Trevor had no thought of O.V.C., Hyde Park, or me." It is said that during his O.V.C. days a classmate, not too discriminating in matters of accent, took him for a Scot and the nickname "Scotty" was applied with alacrity. Within weeks, we are told, the town of Mold in Wales was as well known to year '34 as Puslinch, Ontario. Nevertheless, he is still referred to by many professional colleagues as "Scotty Jones." As might be expected, T. L. Jones was also the source of

134 A Century of Challenge comedy in the dormitories and classroom. It is recalled that he meticulously took verbatim notes from most lecturers. On one occasion Dr. John Pringle (whose eligible twin daughters upper classmen had named Tibula and Fibula) gave two lectures on a specific type of colic and concluded with the comment: "Now you can believe me, gentlemen, there is no such type of colic in the horse!" Dr. Jones threw his notes into the air and said, simply: "Y Gwyddoniadar Cymreig." He later explained that this was no evil expression—only the title of a Welsh book—but year '34 is not yet convinced. This may not, of course, be the man at all. Only time and assessment by posterity will give us that, always assuming that the Welsh mind can be analysed. It has been said of these people that their impractical idealism at home is expressed, as expatriates, in ideals concerning the brotherhood of man or hopes of harmonizing a world threatened by fire. Certainly Principal Jones has espoused the causes of organizations which hold similar ideals. These organizations include, as we have seen, the Canadian Save the Children Fund and the Canadian Red Cross (Guelph Branch) of which he recently said: . . . this organization puts to rout the skeptics who lack faith in mankind. . . . To be in the organization is to be convinced that man is fundamentally decent. This gigantic plan of "people helping people" the world over is part of the force for good which must prevail for the fulfilment of man's earnest hopes. . . . there is a tremendous stockpile of charity in the world—and without charity, even if we had all else, we would have nothing.14

But his idealism has been pressed into service on a broad international base through organizations which are able, at the same time, to place under tribute his specialized training as a veterinarian. Thus, in 1955, he was assigned to a team of five experts under Sir Thomas Dalling by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to advise the Indian government on matters relating to veterinary education. As a consultant to the World Health Organization of the U.N., he visited eight veterinary colleges and numerous other institutions in four republics of South America, his purpose being to

Expansion, Phase II

135

evaluate the veterinary public health programme at these colleges. His success, and the experience gained on these missions, resulted in his appointment in 1961 to the eleven-man International Panel on Veterinary Education which was organized jointly by W.H.O. and F.A.O. Collateral with departmental reorganization and curriculum revisions which were soon to be effected on a continuing basis by a separate committee, new buildings were being planned and existing buildings were being modified to provide laboratory, classroom, and research facilities. By 1953 a farm service which took the form of an ambulatory clinic was established in the Division of Medicine. This service operates within a radius of twenty miles of the city of Guelph and provides fifthyear students with practical experience on the treatment of livestock diseases under farm conditions. By 1955 Principal Jones had begun to plan for a much needed Medical-Surgical building, the official opening of which provided the highlight at the convention of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association in July, 1959. This building doubled the floor space available to the College and it provided modern facilities for large and small animal surgical clinics, infirmaries, post mortem room, and a radiology section housing equipment which is unique and specially designed for use in veterinary medicine. Completion of this building, together with major alterations in the existing plant which it made possible, had increased potential enrolment from approximately two hundred and forty to four hundred, assuming eighty students in each of five years. Nevertheless, by 1961 the Committee on Admissions found it necessary to reject many qualified Canadian applicants and it was forced to curtail the registration of foreign students. This necessary decision disturbed the Committee, particularly in view of the O.V.C.'s liberal admissions policy in the past as it affected applicants from New England and the Commonwealth, not to mention new-Canadian students and those from the developing countries. Principal Jones and most members of the O.V.C. faculty have strongly supported the idea that Canada required an

136 A Century of Challenge additional college, there being only one other veterinary college in Canada. As the fifties drew to a close it became evident that the projected needs for trained veterinarians by the federal Health of Animals Branch alone would exceed O.V.C.'s output of students. News in 1962, one hundred years after O.V.C.'s founding, that such a college was planned for Western Canada was hailed by students, staff, and faculty with genuine anticipation. By 1956 Principal Jones had become very much involved in the task of piloting the work of the Advisory Committee for the Ontario Veterinary College. This Committee had been appointed by Order-in-Council under enabling legislation known as the Ontario Veterinary College Act of 1908 (see Appendix G), its purpose being to assist the Minister of Agriculture in the management of the College. The Committee's first meeting took place on June 4, 1956, and it soon became evident that the impact of rapid changes in the responsibilities of the veterinary profession would engage the Committee's attention with such matters as small animal medicine and surgery, veterinary public health, food hygiene, poultry pathology, and veterinary research. Discussion under these heads provided the impulse for the major curriculum revisions mentioned earlier and necessitated a demand for higher faculty salaries, an expanded research programme, and, ultimately, the provision at Guelph of a liberal arts faculty within, if possible, a university establishment. No person on the various advisory committees or the overall Advisory Board for the campus pleaded the case for university status and for liberal arts with more elequence than Principal Jones. He took great care to stress, also, the desirability of preserving the O.V.C.'s identity, a subject upon which he had the unanimous support of Board and Committee members. In 1962, under provision of the Ontario legislature's Bill 49, the federation of O.V.C., O.A.C., and Macdonald Institute of Home Economics was thought by some to have brought university status one step closer to realization. A bill to provide for the establishment of an Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario (Bill 50) was

Expansion, Phase II

137

also enacted in 1962. Dr. Jones, however, was not altogether satisfied with all aspects of the projected changes as these related to the Ontario Veterinary College unless they were a necessary prelude to the loftier aim of providing veterinary students with the privilege of rubbing shoulders with students of numerous other faculty disciplines. It should be noted in passing that university status had been a subject of discussion both within and outside the legislature for many years. Matters began to take specific shape, however, following the report15 of a Select Committee on Conservation which had been established in 1949 by the Hon. Thomas L. Kennedy. The Advisory Committee for the O.V.C. in 1956 included such veterinarians as Dr. E. F. Johnston '22, Dr. L. C. Swan '34, Dr. R. Gwatkin 19, and Dr. K. F. Wells '38, Veterinary Director General of Canada. The Committee also included Dr. J. K. W. Ferguson, Director of the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, and Dr. A. J. Rhodes, Director of the School of Hygiene, University of Toronto. This Committee quickly lent support to an over-all research plan which Principal Jones had already begun to inaugurate in 1955. A typical example of the Committee's work is afforded in a comprehensive study initiated by Dr. L. C. Swan16 (and statistically analysed by Dr. J. S. Glover '20) which surveyed changing trends in veterinary education in Canada. A study in depth of the research group's development at the O.V.C. is instructive because it highlights the College's attempt to adapt her programme to certain challenges implied in Dr. Swan's paper. These challenges are new and inescapable. Some of them were adumbrated by Principal Jones as early as 193717 but his philosophy relating to comparative medicine was figured forth in clear, unmistakable terms by 1958. "The medical scientist," wrote Dr. Jones "especially the researcher who confines himself to a study of human diseases, ignores the tremendous advantages of using animals as expendable tools. The veterinarian on the other hand can make better use of the rapidly growing knowledge which results from the strong financial support

138 A Century of Challenge given to research into the diseases of man."18 Dr. Jones cites Hunter, Osier, and Virchow as examples of physicians who pioneered comparative medicine, and he refers to a number of veterinarians who have advanced the cause of human medicine, including Courtice on malaria, Benesch on spinal anaesthesia, and Dr. F. W. Schofield '10 whose work on sweet clover poisoning led to the discovery of Dicoumarol, a blood anticoagulant. Finally, he sees the pathologist and the public health veterinarian as key figures in what he considers to be the necessary object of establishing close rapport between the medical and the veterinary profession whose respective interests centre about "a compassion for suffering" and "the economic need to provide man with meat and raiment." Within the context of such thinking, then, Principal Jones in 1958 named Dr. H. G. Downie '48 as head of the Department of Physiological Sciences. This department was made up of the Division of Physiology under Dr. H. T. Batt '33, the Division of Pharmacology under Dr. W. T. Oliver '49, and the Division of Experimental Physiology under Dr. H. C. Rowsell '49. Its object was to concentrate personnel interested in basic laboratory research in the various medical fields associated with veterinary medicine, to stimulate and co-ordinate research in all departments of the O.V.C., and, finally, to foster research which could be supported by granting agencies outside the Ontario Department of Agriculture. This plan will be recognized as another step in the reorganization of O.V.C. departments by Principal Jones. The challenges to veterinary education imposed by fundamental changes in agriculture and within the veterinary profession itself were not unique to Canada. The matter had been thoroughly canvassed in Great Britain in an extended symposium on the subject of veterinary education following the advent of the Loveday Committee Reports. This symposium engaged the minds of leading authorities who drew several instructive parallels between the development of veterinary education in Britain and North America.19 Sir Thomas Dalling had earlier cited significant implications from a more general, world-wide study of the same problems.20

Expansion, Phase II

139

Numerous persons had made comparable studies relating to the United States, probably chief amongst whom was Dr. W. A. Hagan, former Dean of the New York State Veterinary College. Following a survey of the veterinary educational scene in his own country, he posed in unequivocal terms the question whether veterinary colleges could, or even should, give an ever increasing amount of instruction in the various specialties and thereby sacrifice the teaching of the basic subjects which underlie them. One solution, which he rejected as impracticable at this time, might be lengthening of the veterinary curriculum. Another, he felt, . . . would allow specialization within the basic curriculum. If this were done, those interested in general practice presumably would follow very much the same course outline that we have today whereas those interested in specialties would substitute courses in their special interests. . . . the function of the undergraduate curriculum in veterinary medicine is to supply the foundation knowledge, and the application of such knowledge is a postgraduate function.21

Bringing the matter closer to home and, perhaps, providing a more up-to-date analysis, Principal Jones in 1960 surveyed Canadian veterinary education in relation to the United Kingdom and North America. He noted that in the United Kingdom the veterinary surgeon had established his authority as an adviser on problems in animal production. Canada, and perhaps the United States, had not, for obvious reasons, adopted "the zootechnical approach" common in South America and the tropical countries. Rather, he observed, "In Canada, the traditional role of the veterinarian is to treat disease in individual animals—the clinical approach . . . and the veterinarian has never taken up the responsibility for leadership in animal production precisely because better trained agricultural scientists were already on the job."22 His reference was to graduates in the animal science options of Canada's agricultural colleges. Meanwhile, as Principal Jones saw matters, numerous current developments in Canadian agriculture had left uncommitted a vital area for service to the Canadian livestock industry. These developments included an emphasis upon greater efficiency of livestock production, a trend towards vertical integration of

140 A Century of Challenge the agricultural economy, a shift of interest from the individual animal to a herd and flock concept of production problems, and finally, the self-evident truth that agricultural graduates who had achieved specialty qualifications were being attracted to positions outside agriculture which offered higher monetary rewards. This particular difficulty was rendered still more acute because faculties of agriculture were not, currently, attracting scholars in sufficient numbers to maintain the vitality of essential agricultural options and, ultimately, of graduate studies programmes. All this had the effect, in Canada, of creating a vacuum which, apparently, feed dealers, drug companies, financial entrepreneurs, and others were prepared to fill. In Principal Jones's opinion it behooved the veterinarian to assume this role; but if he were to meet this challenge adequately, the veterinary graduate would be required to know a great deal more about breeding, nutrition, and matters relating to general animal husbandry. Certainly, he would need to be zootechnically oriented. By way of conclusion, Principal Jones posited three essentials which veterinary education must provide if the veterinarian is to be reoriented—perhaps even transformed—in a manner which would qualify him to meet future demands. These included a sound training in clinical veterinary medicine, a liberal education by means of which the veterinarian would become "an intelligent citizen of the world," and an opportunity for qualified veterinarians to take post-graduate training. In some disciplines, notably that of public health, such training should be taken outside the veterinary college itself. With this statement of the problem confronting veterinary educators in Canada most persons at the Ontario Veterinary College were in general agreement. But with Principal Jones's method of achieving these results, at least as they related to his projected research plans, several faculty members stood prepared to offer a challenge with a force and a directness which provides the observer with confidence that in 1962 the O.V.C. is still developing under the stress of a healthy stimulusresponse syndrome and that the pathological forces of decline and fall are not yet laying siege to her corpus academia.

Expansion, Phase II

141

The person who initiated and has since provided impetus to this challenge is Dr. J. A. Henderson whose basic approach to veterinary education was outlined in his address upon retirement as President of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association in July, 1959. His statement of the case captured immediate and widespread interest. Referring to "the present agricultural revolution," he observed that . . . the [veterinarian's] relationship to agriculture, or more specifically to the food animal industry, warrants the closest study now, and . . . the shape of the profession in the foreseeable future will be decided by the decisions and attitudes we adopt in the next few years. In short, we will either adapt ourselves to the changing conditions of h'vestock farming or we will have to learn to accept a diminished role in relation to it.23

Dr. Henderson went on to suggest that the veterinarian's diminished influence within the poultry and swine industries had resulted from the profession's inability to adapt itself quickly enough to changing conditions. In uncompromising terms he suggested that whereas in the early 1900's die veterinarian was an adjunct to the transportation industry, so today his major role makes him an integral part of animal production. For him to assume that role adequately, the emphasis must be placed in that direction during his training period. As the foregoing analysis shows, Principal Jones and Dr. Henderson share similar views on the problem confronting veterinary education in Canada. Where, then, do they diverge? Their divergence is, quite simply, a matter of emphasis and more in the field of research than in teaching. Dr. Jones has encouraged research on a broad front. Dr. Henderson, on the other hand, believes that given the limited budgets now available for research in veterinary medicine, the available time, money, and facilities should be concentrated on the problems of the livestock industry. He concedes, for example, the importance of atherosclerosis as a problem in human medicine but he denies its importance as a veterinary problem. Moreover, he argues that a veterinary college cannot afford to undertake major projects in such fields since they must necessarily divert the efforts and interests of the faculty away from what he considers to be the primary purpose of the profession.

142 A Century of Challenge It is interesting to note that Dr. Henderson's thesis appears to be supported in a statement by Sir Thomas Dalling who had occasion recently to study all phases of O.V.C.'s operation. He noted that . . . while [animal husbandry and animal nutrition] . . . are no doubt dealt with in a suitable manner to meet the requirements of livestock owners and others interested in them, I left with the feeling that some further attention should be given to the needs of veterinary students and veterinarians. The bearing of animal husbandry and nutrition on animal health is being more and more acknowledged and diseases associated with errors in these aspects of livestock raising . . . are limiting factors in the economical development of the livestock industry. . . . The O.V.C. is playing a noble part in the world of research . . . [both in] volume and scope. . . . [but] a few of the projects might appear to be of more academic than practical interest.24

With the rebuttal that a "break through" in these areas would be of mutual benefit both to the medical and the veterinary professions, Dr. Henderson is in complete agreement. His concern, meanwhile, is for the probability that the veterinarian may eventually compromise himself with the agricultural community beyond the "point of no return." Far from filling the vacuum whose existence both he and Principal Jones acknowledge, the College seems, in Dr. Henderson's opinion, to have adopted the stance of a Janus personality which looks to human medicine for approbation, financial support, and a share in its reflected glory but which, at the same time, looks to agriculture for the main justification of the College's existence. The Janus figure has served well enough during the immediate past. The two faces are, after all, part of the same coin, part of the same head. But might not the College of the immediate future find herself in the more uncomfortable posture of a Roman circus rider between two horses? The thrill heightens as the horses threaten constantly to separate, as the rider now balances, now leans to one horse or the other, and now checks one against the other. The rider must, however, be constantly alert to the possibility that he may be forced to choose one stirrup or the other. As the debate continues, an outside observer may be for-

Expansion, Phase II

143

given if he thinks he hears overtones of Gamgee's challenge of Dick in 1850 or of McEachran's challenge of Smith in 1870. He may perhaps recall Professor Wilson's image of two schoolboys playing leap-frog, one representing the science, the other the art, of veterinary medicine. Dr. Henderson's interest, indeed his entire commitment, is oriented in the direction of practical agriculture and in support of those persons in the animal production business who have problems relating to disease, to nutrition, and to general animal husbandry. These, in his opinion, demand research programmes which rely for results upon the application of the scientific method and upon the financial support of the livestock industry. That this debate takes its rise not from a fundamental cleavage in educational philosophy, but from the application of it to veterinary research may be gauged from a recent statement by Principal Jones in which he observes that Veterinary medicine must do what seems to be anomalous; it must reach strongly in two directions. First it must make closer contact with Agriculture . . . and become a partner in the production of food animals which are more efficient converters of cheap food into meat, milk, and other forms of man's food and raiment. . . . Second, he must keep in contact with the profession's link with the medical sciences. He must assist as a researcher and as a regulatory officer in wiping out diseases of animals and man [italics mine] and in the perfecting of techniques— surgical and medical—that will prolong man's survival.25

The casual observer may also be forgiven if he now believes that the Henderson-Jones debate involves a mere distinction without a difference. Those who overheard the Gamgee-Dick and the McEachran-Smith debates no doubt had similar reactions. As the French have taught us in other areas of life, "the more they are different, the more they are the same." The distinction is a subtle one and the historian must perforce exaggerate the separate viewpoints if the distinction is to be made clear. As we have seen, both protagonist and antagonist meet, in 1962, on common ground about which there is no dispute. Their difference is one of emphasis, direction, and degree, not of basic principles; it is one which involves the difficult task of defining the centre of a triangle between the

144 A Century of Challenge separate vectorial pressures imposed by agriculturalists, by those engaged in the many facets of human medicine, and by the average veterinarian in a general practice.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

VETERINARYIENCE

MEDICAL SCIENCE FIGURE 7.

That Principal Jones may be assumed to have struck something solid in Dr. Henderson as antagonist is borne out by the testimony of Dr. D. C. Blood* who has stated that Jim Henderson's objectivity as a teacher and veterinarian is well-nigh impossible to define. He has that type of empathy which permits him to share the point of view of all persons involved in debate on agricultural and veterinary problems. Whereas many teachers and clinicians are inclined to say "when you encounter this disease, do that," Jim Henderson is more likely to say "when you encounter this disease you should, scientifically speaking, do this—but because of the influence of this particular breed society, and because of the dominance of these two men who are strong in the Association, together with evident limitations of this farmer's husbandry practices, it is probably likely that you should adopt the following procedure." . . . Jim Henderson has been the 'Graduate, B.V.Sc., University of Sydney, Australia; lecturer in Veterinary Medicine, University of Sydney (1944-50); post-graduate training, Cornell University (1950-51); Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney (1951-57); Professor, Department of Medicine and Surgery O.V.C. (1957-62); named Professor and Dean of the new Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne (1962-); joint author with Dr. J. A. Henderson of text-book entitled Veterinary Medicine.

Expansion, Phase II

145

influence at the O.V.C. which has stabilized it around diseases of animals and not allowed it to wander off into other disciplines. . . . He provides the fine edge of direction which makes O.V.C.'s teaching programme the best in the English speaking world.26

Both Dr. Henderson and Principal Jones propose solutions by which, in their opinion, a type of veterinarian may be graduated from O.V.C. who can attack with confidence a complex of professional problems which, even ten years ago, were not fully apparent in Canada. Their projected solutions no more concern us here than the question "which of the two is right?" If the O.V.C. has cause to celebrate anything in 1962, it is surely the continuation of a healthy, open debate concerning educational ends and means. Principal Jones has made numerous decisions and we have discussed one of these in some depth. He made a bold decision in relation to veterinary research at O.V.C. and it has given rise to a challenge which, in its turn, provides the stimulus, under stress, for a renewed response. It is this type of struggle which gives to an institution, as to an individual or nation, an identity, a raison dêtre and, to be sure, a name. The reader will recall reference to Dr. McGilvray's achievement in transferring the veterinarian's function from an equinecentred interest to multifarious interests within the agricultural, medical, and public health communities. By 1962 these interests had reached proportions whose complexity can best be illustrated by the diagram of a wheel whose hub represents the O.V.C. (see Figure 8). Pressures of interest are naturally thrust in two directions on each spoke of this wheel and also between varied public interests (as shown on the rim) which the College is called upon to serve. Clearly, the chief administrator of an organization which has reached such complexity may sometimes hesitate before making a decision. The decision, when it comes, may well be anything but categorical and it may, sometimes, be subject to recall. When the panic button is being pressed, be it concerning a rabies scare, the sale of uninspected meats, or the need for

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

veterinary scienc

medical sceince

FIGURE 8.

Expansion, Phase II

147

another veterinary school in Canada—when, in fact, people at every hand are calling for immediate and positive actionsome will doubtless accuse Principal Jones of vacillating. When they do so accuse him, they may only be saying, in effect, that he sometimes finds it difficult to distinguish a hearse from a bandwagon. As an administrator Principal Jones seems possessed of traits which sometimes recall those of Founding Principal Andrew Smith. These include an instinct for the gesture of compromise which usually manages to meliorate both radical and conservative points of view; a capacity for calm under business stress and personal provocation; a charm which is as expansive in public gatherings as it is pervasive in private interview; and an ingrained, almost stubborn practicality, despite a compelling personal idealism. This record has attempted to document the evolutionary changes which the Ontario Veterinary College has undergone since Principal Smith commenced his work in Canada one hundred years ago. The Principal of the College can no longer be seen "by appointment at his office, or at Mr. Bond's Livery Stable in Shepherd Street"; he may now be consulted wherever, in the world, one can catch him. The Principal of the College is no longer the sole faculty member organizing a curriculum about the diseases of a single animal and the needs of a single, specialized fraternity; he is today a member of a faculty team which numbers approximately eighty and which, through his role as co-ordinator, attempts to meet the demands for public service, the complexity of which are, in many respects, unique. These contrasts between the O.V.C.'s function in 1862 and 1962 are dramatic and irrefutable. To read them as the inexorable signs of progress would be to place oneself under the compulsion of grave error. But to read them as a function of a challenge-response dynamic which has been at work in a single institution over a period of one hundred years is to appreciate in some depth the contribution to the Ontario Veterinary College of five successive principals.

148 A Century of Challenge Though 100 years may, in some respects, seem like rather a long time, one does ultimately find that the clock stands at 11:59 A.M., one minute before O.V.C.'s centenary. In what way, we may well ask, are other persons at O.V.C. meeting the challenge to constructive effort? At this moment of time where Century I touches Century II, Miss Nancy Hebden has prepared a shipment of semen ("Thornlea Texal Supreme"—H 435-105) which Mr. J. Veroni will take to Maltón airport for transmittal to the farm "Santa Monica" outside Mexico City; Principal Jones makes his way down Rome's Viale délie Terme di Caracalla returning to his hotel following a meeting of the International Panel on Veterinary Education; Mrs. P. E. Riddell scans an automatic tape writer to check blood vessel activity; Mr. C. J. Van Goozen adjusts the electrically-operated cattle loading ramp; Mr. Bill Harris is mimeographing a final examination paper for fourth-year students headed "Pathology (Special)"; Mrs. Beverley Hamilton adjusts a microscope and presses the key of a mechanical counter to evaluate parasitic infection in a prepared sample; Mrs. M. Van Toledo discharges an inter-library loan to graduate student Jacques Godu; Dr. G. R. Doidge '52 at the Regional Veterinary Laboratory of Ridgetown, Ontario, has just told farmer Balfour of tests which show that his cows died as a result of improper use of a barn spray; approximately 450 miles in an easterly direction, his opposite number in Kemptville, Dr. E. B. Meads '51, has just left a staff meeting and hurries to the post-mortem room where he notes that the jaundiced condition of the cow's body gives some support of the clinical evidence of leptospirosis; back at O.V.C. Dr. K. V. Jubb sets aside the galley-proofs of the last chapter of his two-volume treatise on the Pathology of Domestic Animals; Dr. F. D. Horney '51 has decided that a Caesarean section will not be necessary; Dr. H. Herchen and Mr. A. Szekely of the Department of Anatomy are injecting bronchial and arterial systems of the bovine lung for corrosive preparation of a demonstration model; Dr. C. G. Wills '49 compares two virus neutralization tests to determine the titration of antibody; Dr. J. H. Reed '55 has just paged for assistance in the Small

Expansion, Phase II

149

Animal O.K.—blood pressure has fallen during an operation to lígate a patent ductus—"Charlie" Morrison calmly introduces a needle into the cephalic vein and the surgeon returns to his cutting and stitching; Dr. B. M. McCraw is trying to decide whether he should use his ill-fated examination question ( scientific word derivations ) on the first-year finals; Dr. G. R. Cameron '59 removes a freshly stained starch-gel electrophoretic strip from the bath; Dr. G. K. Roe '50 calls to Harvey Jones for help in the swine clinic; Miss Rita Stickland wonders whether she can manage the growing amount of clerical work in the Department of Physiological Sciences; Dr. F. J. Milne cannot seem to convince the owner that "firing" the legs of this thoroughbred simply won't help; Mrs. E. McGillicuddy files just one more farm service case report; as his laboratory technician, Mr. Ted Fountain, completes white blood cell counts on ninety cattle, Dr. B. J. McSherry '42 ponders the need for a programme to control leukemia in cattle comparable to the T.B. and brucellosis programmes; Dr. R. J. Humble '52 returns from the cellular antigen laboratory (artificial breeder's crime laboratory) having absolved a bull (dead these five years) of blame in a paternity case involving a seven-day-old calf; Mr. Ted Grundy asks Dr. K. A. McKay '58 of Diagnostic Bacteriology whether he should start preparing cultures on specimens forwarded from the P.M. Room; Steve "Gunner" MacDonald and John Alblas have just dropped a $400 glass blackboard while returning it to the Department of Physiological Sciences which will mean two weeks of strained relations between departments; Dr. J. W. Macpherson '45, who pioneered work in low-temperature preservation of semen, is studying the use of liquid nitrogen for freezing, transportation, and field application; Dr. T. J. Pridham '55 explains to a sceptical mink rancher the value of virus enteritis vaccine; Dr. A. J. Cawley '52 is conducting a radiological examination (barium) of the gastro-intestinal tract of a cow; Mrs. Velma Dermo, laboratory assistant, is wrapping pipettes; Acting Principal Henderson has just been speaking long-distance to Edmonton about the shortage of qualified veterinarians in Canada; Dr. G. M. Fraser '54

150 A Century of Challenge of the Ambulatory Clinic is asking two fifth-year students, Mr. C. L. Thomas and Miss J. B. Gale, on what basis they offer pneumonia as a diagnosis of fanner Smulan's cow; Dr. C. A. V. Barker '41, now very interested in the subject of goat semen, has just replaced in his desk drawer a map which provides information on the air routes of the world; Dr. D. L. T. Smith '43 wonders whether O.V.C. should not, perhaps, attempt to find a head librarian who is not so inflexible as the present incumbent; as Dr. M. C. Connell '50 picks his way past several farmers in the crowded waiting room, he thinks with pleasure of the projected new Poultry Pathology and Virology Building; Dr. J. S. Glover '20, retired but tireless worker over the years for organized veterinary medicine, takes great pleasure in depositing a cheque in the amount of $300 from the class of '62 in support of O.V.C.'s birthday gift, Alumni Hall, for which ground will be broken in July, 1962; Research Scientist Ruth Saison feels just now that her work on blood groups in swine and mink would go ahead much faster if she hadn't broken her arm during the Winnipeg Conference; Mr. I. Grinyer records photographically the detailed structure of a single virus particle as technician Nettie Guthrie in the laboratory of Dr. N. A. Fish '42 reads serological tests which reveal toxoplasma as the cause of abortions in a flock of British Columbia sheep; Dr. Leslie Lord '56 has applied his stethoscope to a Dalmatian as its owner, 7-year-old Billy Harper awaits a verdict; Dr. W. R. Mitchell '49 is making preliminary plans to visit the Regional Veterinary Laboratories at New Liskeard and Brighton, Ontario; Mr. Bill Kerr of the stockroom is talking to three young ladies

FIGURE 9. South elevation of the new Alumni Hall.

Expansion, Phase II

151

in the accounting department, not about requsitions; Dr. L. H. A. Karstad '55 transfers blood from the heart of Blandings turtle to the cranial cavity of a chick in his quest for reservoir hosts of disease-causing agents. . .. But just now the clock tolls 12:00 noon across the campus and the Ontario Veterinary College moves into her second century. What might have been is an abstraction Remaining a perpetual possibility Only in the world of speculation. What might have been and what has been Point to one end, which is always present. T. s. ELIOT, Four Quartets, "Burnt Norton"

FIGURE 10. North elevation of Alumni Hall.

This page intentionally left blank

APPENDIXES

Appendix A O.V.C. CASUALTIES IN TWO WORLD CONFLICTS WORLD WAR 1—1914-1918 Faculty Thomas Gregor Brodie ( M.D. ) Charles William Baker 1892 John Leonard Clarke 1896 Charles Cranston Corbeit 1916 Theodore Augustus Girling 1904

William Huston William John Kee Gerald James O'Brien Bernard Routh Poole Thomas Zachary Woods

1915 1916 1910 1891 1904

WORLD WAR 11—1939-45 Horace Leslie Anderson 1916 Philip Jocelyn Pascoe 1935 Norman Harold Victor Brown Verne Hillier Reid 1941 Undergraduate David Brownlee Robertson Joseph Michael Curry 1910 Undergraduate Stewart Wallace Elgie Donald Kilgour Schroder Undergraduate Undergraduate James McLean McKague 1939 Anthony Dominic Traskus 1938 Edwin Gilpin Millidge Robert Ward Woolner 1939 Undergraduate Charles Joseph Mitchell 1942 These names are inscribed on the doorway to the MacNabb Memorial Library. The "Memorial Doorway" is a gift to Ontario Veterinary College of the class of '40.

Appendix B GRAPHS OF STUDENT ENROLMENT The graphs on the two following pages show, first, the enrolment at the Ontario Veterinary College from 1862 to 1962, and, second, a comparison of total graduates in five North American veterinary colleges, 1962.

Number of graduates by years of the O.V.C.

156 Appendix B

TOTAL GRADUATES IN FIVE NORTH AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGES 1962

Appendix C FROM GENERATION UNTO GENERATION "Family-trees that remember your grandfather's name. . ." —Stephen Vincent Benêt An indication of O.V.C.'s age may be had from a number of "grandfather-father-son" combinations, four of which are Usted below. (Records do not always provide given names in full.) GRANDFATHER

FATHER

SON/DAUGHTER

J. A. Roe, '88 Milverton, Ontario

S. Elwood Roe, '23 Atwood, Ontario

Jack R. Roe, '45 Atwood, Ontario

Robert Lawson, '98 Shoal Lake, Manitoba

Delmar J. Lawson, '23 Shoal Lake, Manitoba

G. Arnold Lawson, '54 Shoal Lake, Manitoba

R. R. Laughlin, 13 South Euclid, Ohio + W. M. Laughlin, '19 (brother of R.R.L.)

Newton C. Laughlin, '36 South Euclid, Ohio

Roberta Lucille Laughlin, '45 (married) Robert Henry Fitts, '44

Whitfield Gray, '91 Newton, New Jersey

John S. Gray, '24 Newton, New Jersey

William Charles Gray, '54 Newton, New Jersey + George Robert Gray, '63 (brother of W.C.G.)

Two other families with several graduates of O.V.C. are the Bodendistels and the Hagyards: Thomas Bodendistel Guelph, Ontario Sanford, '30

Justin, '31

Anthony, '35

James, "58 Edward Thomas Hagyard (to Canada from Hunmanby, Yorkshire, 1849) Thomas Horsley, 78

John Robert, '75 Edward Weddall, '88 Beatrix (née Hagyard) Smith Frazer A. Smith, '00

Appendix D O.V.C. CREST, MOTTO, AND COLLEGE SONG The college crest, modified in 1962, is based upon an earlier one designed by Miss E. P. Rolph of the Department of Parasitology and adopted in 1948 following an open competition. The letter "V," in black, predominates and its triangular form contains the elements of the design. It is interwoven with the letter "C" in gold which, in turn, contains the letter "O" in black. The letters "O," "V," "C" are superimposed on three symbolic elements representative of the veterinary profession. On the left is the wing of aspiration, white to symbolize service and sacrifice. On the right, also in white, is a hand which supports the lamp of knowledge. Welding the two halves is the caduceus of Aesculapius, traditional symbol of medicine; the staff is cinnamon brown (burnt sienna) and the serpent may be white or pale yellow. The crest is supported by an attached curved scroll in three parts, bearing in black letters the words of the motto: "Opus Veterinum Civibus." The triangular background of both crest and motto is aquamarine (cerulean blue) and gold. The motto "Opus Veterinum Civibus" was a winning entry in a competition of 1954 won by two students, Dr. W. Medway '54 and Dr. W. G. Whittick '55. An approximate English translation of the motto is generally conceded to be "The craft of the veterinarian is for the good of the nation." The motto is also an acrostic of the college's name. At the turn of the century, Principal Smith caused the motto "Civilitas Successit Barbarum" to be placed on O.V.C. parchments. History records that at this time Toronto police were kept busy with the pranks of the "Vets" and the "Meds." The motto may be read either as a gesture of desperation on the part of Principal Smith or as an evidence of his sense of humour. COLLEGE SONG We are men from old O.V.C. Always loyal, proud we shall be. 'Tis a heritage grand, 'tis the best in the land, To belong to O.V.C. Black and white our banners proclaim As it's won by the sweat and the grit of each Vet Adds renown to your name. Hail! O.V.C. Our O.V.C. As the swift years wing past, may we ever hold fast To the standards you set. 'Though our fortunes flourish or wane,

Appendix D 159 In our hearts we'll remember again Bygone faces of youth and the long quest for truth In the halls of O.V.C. LYRICS: DH. C. B. CALDWELL '49 MUSIC: MR. BILL KENNEY, Manager, O.V.C. Student Shop

Appendix E MEMORIAL PLAQUES TO PRINCIPALS OF THE O.V.C. ANDREW SMITH, F.R.C.V.S. Born Dalhousie Ayrshire, Scotland July 12th, 1835 Founder, Ontario Veterinary College Toronto 1862 Principal 1862-1908 Died Toronto Aug. 15th 1910

Andrew Smith Memorial Medal A gold medal awarded to the student of the graduating class deemed most proficient in the theory and practice of veterinary medicine

1930—William Eardley Swales 1931-Victor Robert Brown 1932-Stewart J. Haslett 1933-Hugh Arthur Fraser 1934—James Ogden Heishman 1935-Wuliam George Davidson 1936-James William Pullin 1937—William Francis Riley 1938-Walter Earl LaGrange 1939-Eric Foster Pallister 1940-Gerald Isaac Steele 1941-Charles Lindsay Coghlin 1942-Robert Connell 1943—Edwin Erb Ballantyne 1944_None awarded 1945-Donald Russell Cherry 1962-Victor Edwin

1946-Ralph Thomas Harrop 1947-Wilbert Joseph Walker 1948—Frank Andrew Hodge 1949-William Alexander Roach 1950—John Malcolm Baker 1951—Robert George Beatty 1952-Henri Lionel Guilbert 1953—No graduating class 1954-Wilfiam Medway 1955-Donald MacGregor EUiot 1956-Owen Raphael Stevens 1957—Philip A. Taylor 1958-Richard B. Miller 1959-Cecil Earl Doige 1960-Albert Bildfell 1961-Robert Arthur Curtis Oswald Valli

In Honour Of EDWARD A. A. GRANGE Principal of The Ontario Veterinary College From 1908 to 1918

Appendix E 161 In Memory Of CHARLES DUNCAN MCGILVRAY Principal of The Ontario Veterinary College From 1918 to 1945 The Charles Duncan McGilvray Award Presented annually to the senior student who by scholarship, leadership, personality, character and interest made a worthy contribution to the college during his undergraduate years. This plaque was placed here by Year '41 1954—Kenneth Robert MacDonald 1958-Lorne E. Greenaway 1955-William Norton Dale 1959-Jon Gudmundson 1956-Niels Ole Nielsen 1960-Donald Dillen Stimpson 1957-Richard B. Philp 1961-William Stanley Bulmer 1962-George Willoughby Allen

In Memory Of ANDREW LESLIE MACNABB Principal of The Ontario Veterinary College From 1945 to 1952 The Andrew Leslie MacNabb Award Presented annually to the senior student who has shown the greatest proficiency in Veterinary Public Health This plaque placed here by the American Board of Veterinary Public Health 1954-Ronald Vincent Hemsley 1958-James M. Ford 1955—Lawrence Ellwood Gray 1959—Paul Frederick Mercer 1956-James Edward Kelso 1960-Clive Collins Gay 1957-Philip A. Taylor 1961-Wallace Malcolm Branan 1962-Lynette Bundy Keur

Appendix F FACULTY APPOINTMENTS, 1862-1962 Space does not permit entry of every appointment during the century. I have, quite arbitrarily, given the appointments at five-year intervals except where records were incomplete or where no calendar was published. For the contemporary period faculty appointments are taken from the 1962 calendar which offers a review of O.V.C.'s present organization. Persons named in this group are not represented in the general list and those named under the heading "Affiliated Officers" and "Ontario Agriculture College" are representative of many faculty members who have, since O.V.C.'s removal to Guelph in 1922, offered instruction to veterinary students in the humanities and general sciences.

SMITH, ANDREW,* Principal 1862-1908 Anatomy; Diseases of Farm Animals; Clinics McEACHRAN, DUNCAN M.* Lecturer part-time, Physiology; Surgery; Materia Medica BUCKLAND, GEORGE* Breeding and Feeding of Animals MEYRICK, JAMES* Diseases of the Horse and Equitation BOVELL, jAMEst

Physiology THORBURN, JAMES t Materia Medica CHOFT, HENRY* Chemistry ELLIS, (?)t Chemistry BARRETT, M.t Animal Physiology GRANGE, E. A. A.,° Principal 1908-18 Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy; Contagious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Hygiene DUNCAN, J. T.* Demonstrator of Anatomy; Anatomy; Histology

'Veterinarian. tPhysician. tGeneral faculty.

x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x xx

x

x x x x

x x x x x x

Appendix F 163 PETERS, G.t Animal Physiology CAVEN, J.t Pathology and Normal Histology KING, A. H.* Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy RICHABDSON, G. G.Î Chemistry SWEETAPPLE, C. H.*

Veterinary Obstetrics; Diseases of Cattle; Curator of Museum and Librarian SISSON, S.° Demonstrator of Anatomy CHAMBERS, G.t Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics AMYOT, JOHN A4 Animal Physiology; Bacteriology SMITH, D. KiNct Practical Microscopy and Pathology; Pathology and Histology; Biology; Pathology FOWLER, W. J. R.* Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy; Veterinary Anatomy; Sporadic Diseases; Obstetrics; Surgery; Materia Medica; Lameness; Anatomy MALLOCH, W. J. O.t Chemistry BHODIE, T. G.t Physiology REED, HENRY G.e Sporadic Diseases of the Horse; Veterinary Materia Medica McKiCHAN, M. D.t Zoology and Demonstrator in Histology; Demonstrator in Pathology KENDRICK, F. B.* Breeds and Breeding of Domestic Animals; Foods and Feeding; Chemistry FAULL, J. HORACE* Botany MURRAY, REGINALD E.° Meat Inspection SAUNDEHS, C. G.° Canine and Feline Diseases; ( Anatomy and Surgery); Canine and Feline Diseases EVANS, THOMAS C." Demonstrator of Anatomy CALEY, D. R." Assistant in Anatomy and Surgery; Surgery; Therapeutics; Restraint

xx xx x xx x xxx x x x xx x x xx

x x x xx

xxxx

xxxxxxx

x xx x xx x x x x

x xx x xx

164 Appendix F PRINGLE, J. N.* Sporadic Diseases of Horses and Cattle; Obstetrics; Dentistry; Principles of Horse Shoeing SCOTT, PAUL L.° Pharmacy CAMPBELL, J. A.° Dairy Inspection; Canine and Feline Diseases WALKER, A. C.* Meat Inspection SHAVER, FLOYD D.t Zootechnics NELSON, H. D.* Demonstrator in Anatomy; Veterinary Physiology WILLSON, H. G.Î Demonstrator MCCULLOUGH, E. A.t

Demonstrator; Parasitology RICHMOND, A. R. B.e Demonstrator CUDMORE, S. A.t Tutorial Instructor McGiLVRAY, C. D.,* Principal 1918-45 Contagious Diseases; Special Therapeutics; Sanitary Service

xx xx xx x x

x x:

x x xx xx x xx x x x xx xxx

MclNTOSH, R. A.*

Diseases of Cattle; Obstetrics; Pharmacy; Therapeutics; Diseases of Ruminants and Swine; Pharmacology FITZGERALD, J. G.t Bacteriology GWATKIN, R.* Bacteriology; Milk Hygiene; Poultry Diseases BATT, H. E.« Histology; Laboratory Pathology; Zoology; Meat Hygiene WEAVER, C. H.« Meat Inspection ADDISON, W. L. T.t Zoology; Embryology; Histology TEMPLE, C. A.t Materia Medica FLEMING, R. R.t Animal Husbandry MACLEOD, J. J. R.t Physiology HUNTER, A.t Biochemistry THOMSON, R. B.t Botany

x x x x x xx x xxx x x x xx x x x x x x x

Appendix F 165 BURTON, E. F.* Physics ALLAN, F. N.t Chemistry TORBANCE, F.* Physiology; Bacteriology; Hygiene SCHOFIELD, F. W.* Pathology; Parasitology; Bacteriology GHENSIDE, F. C.* Horsemanship HARVEY, J. G.° Canine and Feline Diseases STEVENSON, L.* Physiology; Zoology; Fur Bearing Animals COTE, F. J.« Canine and Feline Diseases GLOVER, J. S.° Serology; Milk Hygiene; Poultry Diseases RÜMNEY, W. J.* Diseases of Small Animals POTTER, H. R.* Sporadic Diseases, Hygiene BROWN, V. R.« Anatomy; Hygiene CAIRNS, G.° Sporadic Diseases; Hygiene BATN, A. F.* Bacteriology INGLE, R. T.* Pathology DUHRELL, W. B.* Serology STEVENSON, W. G.* Parasitology; Pharmacology (part-time) MACNABB, A. L.,* Principal 1945-52 Preventive Medicine PHILLIPS, C. E.» Pathology; Bacteriology KENNEDY, A. H." Diseases of Fur Bearing Animals PERRY, FLORENCE H.t Embryology HARE, W. C. D.» Anatomy IHWTN, D. H. G.» Anatomy BELCHER, JOAN* Diseases of Fur Bearing Animals MAPLESDEN, D. C.* Diseases of Large Animals; clinics

x x x x x x x xx x x x xx x xx xx x x x x x xx x x xx x x x x x x x xx x xx x x x

xx x x x x xx xx x x x xx

166 Appendix. F LEGROW, W. R.' Reportable Diseases MATHER, J. M.f Hygiene and Public Health VAN ROOYEN, C. E.t Virology (part-time) RHODES, A. J.t Virology DEMPSTER, G.t Virology (part-time) ANDERSON, J. L. S.* Pharmacology PALLISTEH, E. F." Surgery BEALE, A. J.t Bacteriology BISHOP, E. J.t Radiology CARTER, G. R.* Bacteriology DUNLOP, W. R.» Pathology CRAWLEY, J. F.» Bacteriology GALLAGHER, J. R.s Mastitis NIELSEN, S. W.' Pathology ROBERTSON, A." Pathology SAPEGIN, G.* Diseases of Small Animals STEWART, A. G.t Research—Clinical Chemistry TAYLOR, J. R. E.° Bacteriology

x xx x xx xxx xx x xx x x x x x x x x x xx xx

FACULTY, 1962e ADMINISTRATION TREVOR LLOYD JONES, D.V.M., M.SC. (MCGILL), D.M.V. (MONTREAL), H.A.R.C.V.S., Principal WILLIAM JOHNSON BEATY, Bursar and Secretary FRISTON EUGENE GATTINGEH, B.A. (SASK.), M.A. (SASK.), B.L.S. (MCGILL), Librarian and Registrar ADA JEAN MCDONALD, B.A. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Assistant to the Principal MARY BEHGIN, B.A. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Editorial and Personnel Assistant MARIAN JEAN TAYLOR, Secretary to the Principal 'Unless another university is indicated, degrees have been granted by the University of Toronto.

Appendix F 167 FACULTY COUNCIL TREVOR LLOYD JONES, Chairman JAMES ARNOLD HENDERSON JOHN HUBER BALLANTYNE ANTHONY AUGUSTUS KINGSCOTE HARRY GLENDINNING DOWNIE DAVID LAWRENCE THOMSON SMITH ADA JEAN MCDONALD, Secretary MAcNABB MEMORIAL LIBRARY FRISTON EUGENE GATTINGEH, B.A. (SASK. ), M.A. (SASK. ), B.L.S. (MCGILL), Assistant Professor, Librarian and Registrar BHENDA ANN TAYLOR, B.A. (SIR GEORGE WILLIAMS), B.L.S. (MCGILL), Assistant Librarian MARTINA MARIA LOUISE VAN TOLEDO, DIPL. APOTH. ASSIST. (UTRECHT), Library Assistant AFFILIATED OFFICERS RALPH ALEXANDER KIDD, MUS. BAC., Director of Music WILLIAM FREDERICK MITCHELL, B.S.A., Associate Professor, Dept. of Physical Education VEHNON STANLEY STEVENS, B.A. (MCMASTEH), M.A., Student Counsellor IAN ALEXANDER WHITE, B.S.A., M.S. (MICH. STATE), Dean of Men REV. WILLIAM ATTWOOD YOUNG, B.S.A., Public Relations Officer and Chaplain DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY JOHN HUBER BALLANTYNE, D.V.M., M.S. (MICH. STATE), Professor and Head of the Department Division of Gross Anatomy JOHN HUBEH BALLANTYNE, D.V.M., M.S. (MICH. STATE), Professor and Head of the Division BRUCE MAXWELL McCaAw, B.A., M.A., PH.D. (u. OF MICH.), Associate Professor HEINHICH HERCHEN, DR. MED. VET. (GIESSEN), Assistant Professor OTTO WOLFGANG SACK, D.V.M., Assistant Professor ATTTLA STEPHEN SZEKELY, B.SC. (BUDAPEST), B.A. (BUDAPEST), Assistant Division of Microscopical Anatomy JOHN PETER WALTER GILMAN, B.V.SC., Professor and Head of the Division PARVATHI KOODATHIL BASRUR, B.SC. (BENGALORE), M.SC. (MYSORE), PH.D., Assistant Professor PETER McGEARY MANN, B.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), M.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY JAMES ARNOLD HENDERSON, D.V.M., M.S. (CORNELL), Professor and Head of the Department ALBERT ERNEST BHOOME," M.D. (QUEEN'S), F.C.C.P., Professor and Consultant in Radiology ANGUS CHARLES DUNBAR," Q.C., Lecturer "Part-time.

168 Appendix F Division of Medicine DOUGLAS CHARLES BLOOD, B.V.SC. (SYDNEY), Professor and Head of the Division JOHN FRANCIS COTE, D.V.M., Associate Professor CHARLES KENNEDY HAY ROE, D.V.M., M.S. (ILLINOIS), Associate Professor THOMAS JOHN LYNDON ALEXANDER, B.V.SC. (LONDON), M.V.SC., M.R.C.V.S., Assistant Professor ROBERT ARTHUR CURTIS, D.V.M., Assistant Professor CLARENCE MALCOLM FRASER, B.S.A. (MANITOBA), D.V.M., Assistant Professor RUSSELL ALLAN WILLOUGHBY, D.V.M., Assistant Professor Division of Surgery and Obstetrics FRANCIS JAMES MDLNE, D.V.M. (COLORADO), DR. MED. VET. (ZURICH), M.H.C.V.S., Professor and Head of the Division FREDERICK DONALD HORNBY, D.V.M., Associate Professor DAVID CHARLES POPE, B. VET. MED. (LONDON), M.H.C.V.S., Assistant Professor Division of Animal Reproduction CLIFFORD ALBERT VICTOR BARKER, D.V.M., M.SC. (MCGILL), D.V.SC., Professor and Head of the Division JOHN WILLIAM MACPHERSON, B.V.SC., D.V.SC., Associate Professor Division of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery JAMES ARCHIBALD, D.V.M., M.V.SC., DR. MED. VET. (GŒSSEN), M.R.C.V.S., Professor and Head of the Division ALLAN JOSEPH CAWLEY, D.V.M., M.V.SC., Associate Professor JOHN HAROLD REED, D.V.M., Associate Professor LESLIE HAVERTON LORD, DIPL. AGH. (I.C.A. TRINIDAD), D.V.M., M.S. (CORNELL), Assistant Professor PAUL WILTON PENNOCK, B.S. (NEW HAMPSHIRE), D.V.M., Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY ANTHONY AUGUSTUS KINGSCOTE, D.V.M., D.V.S., Professor and Head of the Department DAVID JAMES CAMPBELL, M.R.C.V.S., Associate Professor JOHN KEITH MCGREGOR, D.V.M., M.SC. (MCGILL), D.V.P.H., M.R.S.H., Associate Professor DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY DAVID LAWRENCE THOMSON SMITH, D.V.M., PH.D. ( CORNELL ), Professor and Head of the Department Division of Pathology JAMES DUNCAN SCHRODEH, D.V.M., M.S. (MINNESOTA), Professor and Head of the Division KENNETH VINCENT JUBB, B.V.SC. (SYDNEY), M.S. (CORNELL), PH.D. (CORNELL), Professor THOMAS JOHN HULLAND, D.V.M., PH.D. (EDIN.), Associate Professor BERNARD JAMES MCSHERRY, D.V.M., M.S.A., Associate Professor Division of Bacteriology DONALD ALFRED BARNUM, D.V.M., D.V.SC., D.V.P.H., Professor and Head of the Division NORMAN ALBERT FISH, D.V.M., D.V.P.H., Associate Professor

Appendix F 169 RICHARD JAMES HUMBLE, B.A. (MCMASTER), D.V.M., Associate Professor KENNETH ALEXANDER McKAY, B.A., D.V.M., M.A., M.S.A., Associate Professor FRANCIS HENRY SAMUEL NEWBOULD, B.S.A., M.S.A., Associate Professor in Research MILTON SAVAN, D.V.M., M.S. (WISCONSIN), PH.D. (WISCONSIN), Associate Professor in Research CHARLES GORDON WILLS, D.V.M., Associate Professor DONALD GEORGE INGRAM, D.V.M., M.V.SC., D.V.SC., PH.D. (CANTAB.), Assistant Professor in Research GOTTFRIED NIKOLAUS GERHARD HERBERT LANG, D.V. (LYON), CERT. BACT. (INST. PASTEUR), Assistant Professor RUTH SAISON, Research Scientist Division of Poultry Pathology ARTHUR ELTON FERGUSON, B.S.A., D.V.M., Professor and Head of the Division MURRAY CAVEL CONNELL, D.V.M., Assistant Professor ROBERT BRUCE TRUSCOTT, B.S.A., M.S.A., Assistant Professor Division of Zoonoses and Diseases of Wildlife LARS HERMAN AMOS KAHSTAD, D.V.M., M.S. (WISCONSIN), PH.D. (WISCONSIN), Associate Professor and Head of the Division THOMAS JASPER PRIDHAM, D.V.M., M.V.SC., Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES HARRY GLENDINNING DOWNIE, D.V.M., M.V.SC., M.S. (CORNELL), PH.D. (WESTERN ONTARIO ), Professor and Head of the Department JACOB MARKOWITZ, M.B.E., M.D., PH.D., M.S. (MINNESOTA), Visiting Professor and Consultant to the Department JAMES FRASER MUSTARD, M.D., PH.D. (CANTAB.), Consultant to the Department Division of Physiology HENRY THOMAS BATT, B.V.SC., M.V.SC., D.V.SC., M.S. (CORNELL), PH.D. (CORNELL), CERT. ECOLE VET. o'ALFORT (FRANCE), Professor and Head of the Division COLIN ROBERT CAMERON, B.A., D.V.M., M.S.A., Associate Professor ARTHUR RENFREE GRAHAM, B.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), M.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), PH.D. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Associate Professor JAMES INGLIS RAESIDE, B.SC. (GLASGOW), M.S. (MISSOURI), PH.D. (MISSOURI), Associate Professor ANNA MAE BIER, B.A. (WESTERN ONTARIO), M.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Laboratory Scientist Division of Pharmacology WILLIAM THOMAS OLIVER, D.V.M., M.SC. (MCGDLL), PH.D. (MCGILL), Professor and Head of the Division HUGH STANLEY FUNNELL, B.A., Laboratory Scientist Division of Pathological Physiology HARRY CECIL ROWSELL, D.V.M., PH.D. (MINNESOTA), D.V.P.H., Professor and Head of the Division GERALD ARTHUR ROBINSON, B.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), M.SC. (WESTERN ONTARIO), Assistant Professor ANNE MCCARTEH, B.A., Laboratory Scientist PATRICIA EDNA RIDDELL, B.SC. (ALBERTA), Laboratory Scientist

170 Appendix F EXTENSION GROUP WILLIAM RICHARD MITCHELL, D.F.C., D.V.M., D.V.P.H., Professor HOWARD JAMES NEELY, D.V.M., Assistant Professor Regional Veterinary Laboratories Brighton RICHARD JEFFERSON JULIAN, D.V.M., Assistant Professor Kemptville EMERSON BLAKE MEADS, D.V.M., M.S.A., D.V.P.H., Associate Professor WILLIAM JOHN BENNETT DITCHFIELD, D.V.M., Assistant Professor PHILIP ARTHUR TAYLOR, D.V.M., Assistant Professor New Liskeard FRANCIS CAHTWRIGHT NELSON, D.V.M., Assistant Professor Ridgetown GEORGE REGINALD DOIDGE, D.V.M., Assistant Professor KENNETH ALEXANDER MCÉWEN, D.V.M., D.V.P.H., Assistant Professor

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE JOHN DOUGLAS MACLACHLAN, B.A. (QUEEN'S), A.M. (HARVARD), PH.D. (HARVARD), F.A.I.C., President HERBERT WILLIAM PETTIPIEHE, B.S.A., M.ED., (CORNELL), Registrar The following members of the faculty of the Ontario Agricultural College give instruction to veterinary students: Department of Agricultural Economics DONALD RALPH CAMPBELL, B.A., B.A. (OXON), Professor and Head of the Department Department of Animal Husbandry GEORGE ELWIN RAITHBY, B.S.A., F.A.I.C., Professor and Head of the Department ROBERT HALLISTER INGRAM, B.S.A., M.N.S. (CORNELL), PH.D. (PENN. STATE), Associate Professor GORDON KEITH MACLEOD, B.S.A., M.S. (COLORADO), PH.D. (CALIFORNIA), Associate Professor MILTON WHITNEY STAPLES, B.S.A., M.S. (IOWA STATE), Associate Professor THOMAS DONALD BURGESS, B.S.A., M.S.A., PH.D. (NOTTINGHAM), Associate Professor JOHN BRUCE STONE, B.S.A., M.S.A., PH.D. (CORNELL), Assistant Professor ROBERT PARK FORSHAW, B.S.A. (BRITISH COLUMBIA), M.SC. (MCGILL), Assistant Professor Department of Botany FREDERICK HOWARD MONTGOMERY, B.A. (MCMASTER), M.A. (MCMASTEH), Professor and Head of the Department STEPHEN GEORGE FUSHTEY, B.SC. (AGR.) (ALBERTA), M.SC. (ALBERTA), PH.D. (LONDON), D.I.C. (IMPERIAL COLLEGE), Assistant Professor

Appendix F 171 Department of Chemistry ROBERT STEWART BHOWN, B.A. (QUEEN'S), M.A. (QUEEN'S), PH.D. (MCGILL), Professor and Head of the Department LEONARD ARTHUR BIRK, B.S.A., M.S. (MICHIGAN), F.C.I.C., Professor RALPH WILBUR FREDERICK HARDY, B.S.A., M.S. (WISCONSIN), PH.D. (WISCONSIN), Assistant Professor Department of English ALEXANDER MURDOCK Ross, M.C., B.A. (QUEEN'S), M.A. (QUEEN'S), A.I.E. (LONDON), Professor and Head of the Department WALTER CARPENTER, B.A., M.A. (MCMASTER), Assistant Professor HAROLD VICTOR WEEKES, B.A. (ALBERTA), M.A. (ALBERTA), Assistant Professor Department of Extension Education HARVEY WILBUR CALDWELL, B.S.A., M.SC. (ED.) (CORNELL), PH.D. (OREGON), Professor and Head of the Department, Director of Diploma Course RALPH WILLARD DENT, B.A., M.A., Associate Professor Department of Nutrition HUGH DOUGLAS BRANION, B.A., M.A., PH.D., F.C.I.C., F.A.I.C., F.P.S.A., O.O.-N., Professor and Head of the Department Department of Physics EARL BRUCE MACNAUGHTON, B.A., M.A., PH.D., Professor and Head of the Department ROBERT STANLEY GAGE, B.S.A., M.S.A., PH.D. (IOWA STATE), Associate Professor

Appendix G KEY DOCUMENTS, STATUTES, AND REVISIONS 1. RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1859 [For this first semi-official document relating to O.V.C.'s founding, see Chapter I, page 2 ff.] 2. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1866 The Veterinary School instituted by the Board [of Agriculture] continues in successful operation, under the guidance of Mr. Smith, V.S., ably supported by Mr. McEachran, V.S., and, in the collateral branches, by Professor Buckland and several of the other Professors of Toronto University. During the past session, seven regular students attended the lectures and anatomical demonstrations, with the view of acquiring a knowledge of the veterinary art as a profession, besides a larger number of occasional students, whose object is to acquire a general knowledge of the arts, as well as an acquaintance with the principles of scientific agriculture. At the close of the late session, three young men, having completed the course of three years' study, came up for their final examination, which they passed, under thoroughly competent Examiners, in a highly creditable manner, and received the Diploma certifying to their ability to practice the profession. All of these young men have at once entered upon an extensive practice, and wifi, doubtless, prove valuable acquisitions in the several neighborhoods where they reside. Considering the brief existence of the school, the Board believes the results, so far, satisfactory, and as affording much promise of good for the future, comparing favorably, as in the opinion of the Board they do, with the early experience of similar Institutions elsewhere in an equal period of time. In the aid and support of the objects above indicated, viz.: the Veterinary School, Professor Buckland's lectures and visits in the various counties, Mr. Donaldson's instructions in flax culture, additions to the Board's library of reference, &c., &c.,—the 2& per cent, reserved from the grants to the societies, and placed at the disposal of the Board for the "promotion of agricultural instruction and information," has been, as the Board believes, economically and advantageously employed. [Ont. Sess. Pap., 1866, vol. 1., no. 5, p. 192] 3. AN ACT FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, ARTS AND MANUFACTURES [Assented to 4th March, 1868] HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1. The Bureau of Agriculture, the Agricultural Association, the Board

Appendix G 173 of Agriculture as Council of the Association, and all Agricultural Societies heretofore recognised and existing in that part of the late Province of Canada called Upper Canada, shall continue, except so far as they may be altered or affected by this Act. BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND ARTS.

2. The Bureau of Agriculture and Arts shall be attached to the Department of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, who shall be charged with the direction of the said Bureau, and shall in respect thereof be known as the Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts. 10. The Council of the Agricultural Association for Ontario shall be composed of twelve members, elected as hereinafter provided; and the Commissioner of Agriculture, all Professors of Agriculture in chartered Colleges and Universities, the Chief Superintendent of Education, the President of the Fruit-Growers' Association and the President of the Association of Mechanics' Institutes of Ontario, or in the absence of the Presidents, then the Vice-Présidents, shall respectively be members ex officio of such Council of the Association. 19. It shall be the duty of the Council: 1. To hold a Fair or Exhibition, annually,... etc. 2. To take measures . . . to procure and set in operation a model, illustrative or experimental farm or farms in the Province, and in connection with any Public School, College or University, or otherwise, and to manage and conduct the same. 3. To take measures to obtain from other countries animals of new or improved breeds, new varieties of grain, seeds, vegetables or other agricultural productions,... etc. 4. And generally to adopt every means in their power to promote improvement in the agriculture of the Province. 5. The Council may establish a Veterinary School, and pass bylaws and adopt measures to allow persons desirous of practising as Veterinary Surgeons to undergo an examination, and upon proof to the satisfaction of the Council that they possess the requisite qualifications, may grant certificates of capacity to such persons to practise as Veterinary Surgeons. [31 Vic., c. 29,1868] 4. AN ACT TO AMEND THE AGRICULTURAL AND ARTS ACT [Assented to 15th February, 1871.] HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 3. That sub-section five of section nineteen of said Act be repealed, and that the following be substituted instead thereof, as sub-sections five and six :— (5.) "The Council may establish a Veterinary College for the instruction of pupils, by competent and approved teachers, in the science and practice of the veterinary art, and pass by-laws and adopt measures for the examination of such pupils in Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica, and Chemistry, and in breeding the domesticated animals: and upon

174 Appendix G proof, to the satisfaction of the council, that they possess the requisite qualifications, may grant diplomas, certifying that they are competent to practice as veterinary surgeons." (6.) "Veterinary practitioners holding such diplomas shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any Court of Law as witnesses in such cases as relate to the profession; and no person who does not possess a diploma or proper certificate from some duly authorized Veterinary College, within or without this province, shall append to his name the term Veterinary Surgeon, nor any abbreviation thereof." [34 Vic., c. 23 (1871)] 5. INCORPORATION OF O.V.C. AS A JOINT STOCK COMPANY BY LETTERS PATENT, 1896 PUBLIC NOTICE is hereby given that under The Ontario Joint Stock Companies' Letters Patent Act, Letters Patent have been issued under the Great Seal of the Province of Ontario, bearing date the 19th day of December, 1896, incorporating Andrew Smith, Veterinary Surgeon; James Thorburn and David King Smith, Physicians, and John Thomas Duncan, Physician and Veterinary Surgeon, all of the City of Toronto, in the County of York, and Province of Ontario, and Henry Hopkins, of the Village of Green River, in the County of Ontario, and Province aforesaid, Veterinary Surgeon, for the purposes following, that is to say:— "To carry on the business of a Veterinary College for the instruction, examination and certification of pupils in anatomy, physiology, materia medica, therapeutics, chemistry, farriery and diseases of domesticated animals and, for the said purposes, to acquire the necessary real and personal property, including the business, rights, privileges and powers of the College now carried on at the said City of Toronto by the said Andrew Smith, under the name of the Ontario Veterinary College, and generally to extend the business of the said College and to do and perform all acts, matters and things necessary or incidental to the carrying out of the above objects or any of them," by the name of THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE (LIMITED), with a total capital stock of forty-five thousand dollars, divided into one thousand eight hundred shares of twenty-five dollars each. Dated at the Office of the Provincial Secretary of Ontario this 23rd day of December, 1896. E. J. DAVIS, Provincial Secretary. [Ontario Gazette, 1896, p. 1638] 6. AN ACT RESPECTING THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE [Assented to 29 March, 1909] HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary College Act. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 1.

Appendix G 175 2. The Ontario Veterinary College heretofore established in the City of Toronto and conducted by the Ontario Veterinary College, Limited, and to which certain powers were given by the former Agriculture and Arts Association, is continued as The Ontario Veterinary College under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 2. 3. The College shall be furnished with all such appliances and equipment as may be necessary for theoretical and practical training in the science and art of veterinary medicine, and in such other branches of education as may be requisite for the intelligent and successful performance of the business of a veterinary surgeon. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 3. 4. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may appoint a Principal and such professors, lecturers and instructors as may be deemed necessary for giving instruction in the College and the promotion of its usefulness, and may pass by-laws regulating and prescribing their respective duties. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 4. 5. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may authorize the making of arrangements whereby instruction in any of the subjects prescribed to be taught in the College may be provided by the University of Toronto or by the Ontario Agricultural College or by any other College affiliated with the University of Toronto. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 5. 6. The government of the College shall be under and according to such rules and regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time prescribe, and such rules and regulations shall contain provisions for the standard and mode of admission, the course of study, the fees to be charged, the sessions, terms and vacations, and such provisions as may be deemed expedient touching the conduct of students. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 6. 7. Every student upon the successful completion of the course of study, upon passing the prescribed examinations and upon satisfactory compliance with the rules and regulations of the College shall be admitted to the standing of a Veterinary Surgeon and shall have all the privileges and rights accorded by statute to a Veterinary Surgeon; and there shall be issued to every such student a diploma granting him the title, degree and standing of Veterinary Surgeon; and such diploma shall be attested by the signatures of the Principal of the College and the Minister of Agriculture. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 7. 8. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may by order make provisions whereby in case of the loss or destruction of any diploma issued by the former Agriculture and Arts Association, the former Ontario Veterinary College, Limited, or by the Minister of Agriculture, a duplicate diploma may be issued to the person entitled to the same. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 8. 9. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council on behalf of the Province may accept, hold and enjoy any gifts, bequests or devises of personal or real property or effects which any person or any government may think fit to make for the purpose of the College. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 9. 10. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, if deemed advisable, appoint an Advisory Board to advise and assist the Minister of Agriculture in the management of the College, and may by Order in Council prescribe its duties and powers and the amounts to be allowed for the

176 Appendix G services and expenses of the members of such Board. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 10. 11. The College is affiliated with the University of Toronto to the extent of enabling the students of the said College to obtain at the examination of the University such rewards, honours, standing, scholarships, diplomas and degrees in Veterinary Science as the University has authority to confer. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 11. 12. The Principal of the College shall at the close of each year present to the Minister of Agriculture a report upon the work of the College in such form as the Minister may approve, setting forth the staff, the course of instruction, the students in attendance, the examination results, the income and expenditure and such general information as shall show the work being done; and this report shall be laid before the Assembly within the first thirty days of tibe session next ensuing. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 12. 13. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may purchase or acquire or lease such buildings and premises as may from time to time be required for carrying on the work of the College. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 13. 14. The lease of the buildings and premises used by the College from one Andrew Smith to the Minister of Agriculture, as representing His late Majesty King Edward the Seventh, and bearing date the twentyeighth day of July, one thousand nine hundred and eight, is hereby approved. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 14. 15.— (1) No person or persons, association, company or organization other than is authorized under this Act shall, by advertisement or otherwise, use the name of the Ontario Veterinary College; and no person or persons, association, company or organization shall, by advertisement or otherwise, use any name similar or analogous to that of the Ontario Veterinary College without first receiving the consent of the Minister of Agriculture in writing. (2) Any person violating the provisions of this section shall incur a penalty not exceeding $50 and in default of payment thereof shall be liable to imprisonment for not less than thirty days. 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 15. [R.S.O. 1914, c. 96] 7. AN ACT TO AMEND THE VETERINARY COLLEGE ACT Assented to 24th April, 1919. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary College Amendment Act. 2. Section 4 of The Veterinary College Act is amended by adding the words "a principal emeritus" after the word "principal" in the second line thereof. 3. Section 7 of The Veterinary College Act is amended by adding the following subsections:— (2) Subsection 1 shall apply only to such students as may have registered prior to November 1st, 1916.

Appendix G 177 (3) Every student registering after said date shall, upon the successful completion of the course of study, and upon passing the prescribed examinations, and upon satisfactory compliance with the rules and regulations of the college, be granted a diploma by the University of Toronto, conferring the title and degree B.V.Sc., the possession of which shall admit him to all the privileges, rights and standing of a Bachelor of Veterinary Science. [Statutes of Ontario, 1919, c. 81] 8. THE VETERINARY COLLEGE ACT, 1937 1. The Ontario Veterinary College shall be operated under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 1. 2. The College shall be furnished with all such appliances and equipment as may be necessary for theoretical and practical training in the science and art of veterinary medicine, and in such other branches of education as may be requisite for the intelligent and successful performance of the business of a veterinary surgeon, R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 2. 3. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may appoint a principal, a principal emeritus and such professors, lecturers and instructors as may be deemed necessary for giving instruction in the College and the promotion of its usefulness, and may pass by-laws regulating and prescribing their respective duties. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 3. 4. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may authorize the making of arrangements whereby instruction in any of the subjects prescribed to be taught in the College may be provided by the University of Toronto or by the Ontario Agricultural College or by any other College affiliated with the University of Toronto. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 4. 5. The government of the College shall be under and according to such rules and regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time prescribe, and such rules and regulations shall contain provisions for the standard and mode of admission, the course of study, the fees to be charged, the sessions, terms and vacations, and such provisions as may be deemed expedient touching the conduct of students. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 5. 6. Every student shall, upon the successful completion of the course of study, and upon passing the prescribed examinations, and upon satisfactory compliance with the rules and regulations of the college, be granted a diploma by the University of Toronto, conferring the title and degree B.V.Sc., the possession of which shall admit him to all the privileges, rights and standing of a Bachelor of Veterinary Science. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 6. 7. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may by order make provision whereby in case of the loss or destruction of any diploma issued by the former Agriculture and Arts Association, the former Ontario Veterinary College, Limited, or by the Minister of Agriculture, a duplicate diploma

178 Appendix G may be issued to the person entitled to the same. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 7. 8. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council on behalf of the Province may accept, hold and enjoy any gifts, bequests or devises of personal or real property or effects which any person or any government may think fit to make for the purpose of the College. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 8. 9. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, if deemed advisable, appoint an Advisory Board to advise and assist the Minister of Agriculture in the management of the College, and may by Order in Council prescribe its duties and powers and the amounts to be allowed for the services and expenses of the members of such Board. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 9. 10. The College is affiliated with the University of Toronto to the extent of enabling the students of the said College to obtain at the examination of the University such rewards, honours, standing, scholarships, diplomas, and degrees in Veterinary Science as the University has authority to confer. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 10. 11. The Principal of the College shall at the close of each year present to the Minister of Agriculture a report upon the work of the Coflege in such form as the Minister may approve, setting forth the staff, the course of instruction, the students in attendance, the examination results, the income and expenditure and such general information as shall show the work being done; and this report shall be laid before the Assembly within the first thirty days of the session next ensuing. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 11. 12. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may purchase or acquire or lease such buildings and premises as may from time to time be required for carrying on the work of the College. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 12. 13.—(1) No person or persons, association, company or organization other than is authorized under this Act shall, by advertisement or otherwise, use the name of the Ontario Veterinary College; and no person or persons, association, company or organization shall, by advertisement or otherwise, use any name similar or analogous to that of the Ontario Veterinary College without first receiving the consent of the Minister of Agriculture in writing. (2) Any person violating the provisions of this section shall on summary conviction incur a penalty not exceeding $50 and in default of payment thereof shall be liable to imprisonment for not less than thirty days. R.S.O. 1927, c. 340, s. 13. [R.S.O. 1937, c. 375] 9. REGULATION NO. 561 ADVISORY COMMITTEE

1. In this Regulation, (a) "Advisory Committee for the College" means the Advisory Board mentioned in section 9 of the Act; (6) "Minister" means the Minister of Agriculture. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 1.

Appendix G 179 2. The Advisory Committee for the College shall be composed of, (a) the Deputy Minister of Agriculture and the Principal of the College; and (fo) six other persons. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 2. 3.—(1) The advisory Committee for the College shall, at its first meeting on or after the 1st day of April in each year, elect from its members a chairman and vice-chairman. (2) When the chairman and vice-chairman are absent from a meeting, the Advisory Committee for the College may elect a chairman from the members present at the meeting. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 3. 4.—(1) The Advisory Committee for the College shall appoint a secretary who shall be, (a) a member of the Committee; or (b) a member of the Public Service of Ontario. (2) The secretary shall, (a) attend all meetings of the Advisory Committee for the College and keep true minutes thereof; (b) conduct the correspondence of the Advisory Committee for the College; and (c) keep a record of all business transactions of the Advisory Committee for the College. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 4. 5.—(1) Meetings of the Advisory Committee for the College shall be called by the chairman or the vice-chairman. (2) Unless otherwise stated in the notice calling the meeting, the meetings of the Advisory Committee for the College shall be held at the College. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 5. 6. A majority of the members of the Advisory Committee for the College constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 6. 7.—(1) The minutes of each meeting shall be signed by the chairman or vice-chairman and the secretary. (2) As soon as is practicable after the holding of a meeting of the Advisory Committee for the College, the secretary shall provide copies of the minutes, (a) for the Minister; and (b) where a board has been appointed by the Minister under The Department of Agriculture Act, for the use of the board. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 7. 8. The Advisory Committee for the College shall, (a) examine the organization and facilities, and the manner of functioning thereof, at the College respecting education, research and extension and advisory services, in relation to the changing needs in agricultural education in Ontario; (b) recommend policies that it considers to be advisable for the operation and development of the College as an outstanding institution of science and education; (c) examine the expenditures of the College; (d) consider and approve the annual estimates of the expenditures of the College before submission of the estimates to the

180 Appendix G Minister and to any board appointed by the Minister under The Department of Agriculture Act; (e) encourage the establishment of endowments, scholarships, fellowships and grants for the advancement of education and research; (/) determine the views of the public with reference to the operation and development of the College; (g) promote a better understanding by the public of the aims and objects of the College; (/») encourage more extensive use of the facilities of the College; and (t) encourage understanding and appreciation of the place of the College in provincial, national and international affairs. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 8. 9. Each member of the Advisory Committee for the College shall be paid an allowance of $25 for each day that he attends a meeting of the Committee, and necessary travelling expenses actually incurred in attending the meeting. O. Reg. 70/56, s. 9. [Regulation 561 under The Veterinary College Act (R.S.O. 1937, c. 375)]

Appendix H ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION: KEY DOCUMENTS, STATUTES, AND REVISIONS [This Association was inaugurated on September 24, 1874, under the name Ontario Veterinary Medical Association. An Act of 1879 (see Appendix H—1 below) offered the newly named Ontario Veterinary Association its first professional and statutory rights, such rights having previously, apparently, accrued from the "College" Act for the Encouragement of Agriculture . .. etc. (see Appendix G—3 above).] 1. AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION [Assented to llth March, 1879.] WHEREAS Andrew Smith, of the City of Toronto, V. S., J. Wilson, of the City of London, V. S., J. T. Duncan, of the Town of Goderich, V. S., W. Cowan, of the Town of Gait, V. S., C. H. Sweetapple, of Brooklin, V. S., C. Elliott, of the City of St. Catharines, V. S., A. O. F. Coleman, of the City of Ottawa, V. S., J. Bond, of the City of Toronto, V. S., E. A. A. Grange, of the Town of Guelph, V. S., J. S. Caesar, of the Town of Port Hope, V. S., J. D. O'Niel, of London, V. S., and others, who are all members of the present existing unincorporated association, known as The Ontario Veterinary Medical Association, have petitioned for the incorporation of themselves and others, as The Ontario Veterinary Association, and to be invested with the corporate privileges and powers hereinafter mentioned, setting out, among other things, that it is expedient that persons, wishing to employ a veterinary surgeon, should be enabled to distinguish between qualified and unqualified practitioners; and whereas it is expedient to grant the prayer of the said petition; Therefore Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. This Act shall be known as "The Ontario Veterinary Act." 2. The aforesaid persons, and all those who may hereafter become associated with them, shall be, and they are hereby constituted, a body politic and corporate, by the name of the Ontario Veterinary Association, having perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to sue and be sued, in all courts of law and equity in this Province, and to acquire, hold, and dispose of real and personal estate for the purposes of this Act; Provided always, that the said association shall at no time acquire or hold any lands or tenements or interests therein exceeding in the whole, at any one time the annual value of five thousand dollars nor otherwise than for their actual use and occupation.

182 Appendix H 3. Every person, resident in the Province of Ontario, and now possessed, or who hereafter may become possessed of any one or more of the qualifications described in the Schedule A to this Act, shall, on the payment of a fee of two dollars to the registrar of the association, be entitled to be registered, on producing to the registrar the documents conferring or evidencing the qualification, or each of the qualifications, in respect of which he seeks to be so registered, or upon transmitting by post to the registrar information of his name and address, and evidence of the qualification or qualifications in respect whereof he seeks to be registered. 4. Any person, who wilfully and falsely pretends to hold a certificate of registration under this Act, shall be liable to a summary conviction before any two or more justices of the peace for every such offence, and shall, on such conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty dollars or less than five dollars, which said penalty, in default of payment, shall be enforced by distress and sale of the offender's goods and chattels. 5. All such fines, when the said association or some officer or member thereof is the prosecutor, together with the fees for registration, shall become and form part of the funds of the said association. 6. The by-laws, rules, and regulations of the now existing unincorporated Veterinary Medical Association of Ontario, now in force, shall be, and continue to be, the by-laws, rules, and regulations of the said corporation, until amended or repealed. 7. The said corporation shall have power to make and establish bylaws, rules, and regulations for its government, as they may deem expedient and necessary for the interest and administration of the property and affairs of the said corporation; for the employment of a registrar and treasurer, and such clerks, officers, and servants as may be necessary; for regulating the mode of voting at all meetings, and for all or any of the purposes within the powers of this Act, and for the administration of their affairs generally, and further to amend and repeal such by-laws from time to time, in manner provided by such by-laws. 8. No member of the corporation shall be liable for any of the debts thereof beyond the amount of the annual subscription of such member, which may remain unpaid. 9. Until others are elected the present officers of the said existing unincorporated Ontario Veterinary Medical Association shall be those of the corporation constituted by this Act, and shall have all the powers given by this Act and by the said existing by-laws and rules, which are not contrary to law. 10. Every person who shall be registered under the provisions of this Act shall be entitled, according to his qualification or qualifications, to practise as a veterinary surgeon in the Province of Ontario, and to demand and recover, in any court of law, reasonable charges, for professional aid, advice, and visits, and the cost of any medicine, or other medical or surgical appliances rendered or supplied by him, as such Veterinary Surgeon. 11. The registrar shall, from time to time, cause to be printed and

Appendix H 183 published a correct register of the names, in alphabetical order, according to the surnames, with the respective residences, in the form set forth in Schedule B to this Act, or to the like effect, together with the medical titles, diplomas, and qualifications conferred by any college or body, with the dates thereof, of all persons appearing on the register as existing on the day of publication; and such register shall be called The Ontario Veterinary Register, and a copy of such register for the time being, purporting to be so printed and published as aforesaid, shall be prima facie evidence, in all courts, and before all justices of the peace and others, that the persons therein specified are registered according to the provisions of this Act; and the absence of the name of any person from such copy shall be prima facie evidence that such person is not registered according to the provisions of this Act: Provided always that, in the case of any person whose name does not appear in such copy, a certified copy, under the hand of the registrar, of the entry of the name of such person on the register, shall be evidence that such person is registered under the provisions of this Act. 12. Any registered veterinary surgeon who shall have been convicted of any felony, in any court, shall thereby forfeit his right to registration, and his name shall be erased from the register, or, in case of a person known to have been convicted of a felony, who shall present himself for registration, the registrar shall have power to refuse such registration. 13. All prosecutions against any one acting in contravention of the provisions of this Act shall take place in accordance with the Summary Proceedings Act, and all moneys payable to the said Association under this Act shall be paid to the registrar, and may be applied for the purpose of carrying this Act into execution. 14. Every person duly registered under this Act shall, when subpoenaed as a witness to give professional evidence, be entitled to the sum of four dollars a day, besides his travelling expenses. 15. This Act shall take effect from and after the first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine. SCHEDULE A.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(Section B.) Graduates of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduates of the American Veterinary College of New York. Graduates of the New York Veterinary College of New York. Graduates of the Columbia Veterinary College of New York. Graduates of the Montreal Veterinary School. Graduates of any of the recognized Veterinary Colleges of Europe. [Statutes of Ontario, 42 Vic., c. 80 (1879)]

2. AN ACT RESPECTING VETERINARY SURGEONS [Assented to 16th April, 1895.] HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:—

184 Appendix H 1. The present Veterinary College, established by the Agriculture and Arts Association, is hereby continued for the instruction and examination of pupils in anatomy, physiology, materia medica, therapeutics, chemistry, and as to the breeding of domesticated animals, and may exercise such powers as have been delegated to the said College by the said Agriculture and Arts Association. 2. The present president of the Agriculture and Arts Association is hereby declared to be president of the said Association from the first day of January, 1896, until the first day of April of the same year for the purpose of signing the diplomas of all such pupils as are recommended by the examiners appointed under sub-section 1 of section 34 of The Agriculture and Arts Act, as being competent to practise as veterinary surgeons. 3. Veterinary practitioners holding the diplomas of the Agriculture and Arts Association shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any court of law as witnesses in such cases as relate to the profession; and no person who does not possess a diploma or proper certificate from some duly authorized veterinary college, within or without this Province, shall append to his name the term veterinary surgeon, or an abbreviation thereof. 4. Any person who wilfully and falsely pretends to be, or who wilfully and falsely takes or uses any name, title, addition, abbreviation or description implying or calculated to lead people to infer that he is, or is recognized by law as a veterinary surgeon, within the meaning of the foregoing section of this Act, or that he possesses a diploma or proper certificate from some duly authorized veterinary college within or without the Province, shall, upon summary conviction before any justice of the peace, pay a penalty not exceeding $100, and not less than $25. 5. All prosecutions under this Act may be brought and heard before and by any justice of the peace having jurisdiction in the locality where the offence is alleged to have been committed, and such justice shall have power to award payment of costs in addition to the penalty; and, in case the penalty and costs awarded by him are not upon conviction forthwith paid, to commit the offender to the common gaol, there to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding three months, unless the penalty and costs are sooner paid. 6. All penalties recovered under this section shall be paid to the convicting justice, and be paid by him to the treasurer of the Ontario Veterinary Association, and shall thereupon form part of the funds of the said Association, and be accounted for as such. 7. Any person convicted under this Act who gives notice of appeal against the decision of the convicting justice shall, before being released from custody, give to the said justice satisfactory security for the amount of the penalty and costs of conviction and appeal. 8. Any person may be prosecutor or complainant under this section, and every prosecution thereunder shall be commenced within one year from the date of the alleged offence. [Statutes of Ontario, 58 Vic., c. 30 (1895)]

Appendix H 185 3. AN ACT TO AMEND THE ACT RESPECTING VETERINARY SURGEONS Assented to 7th April, 1896. HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in section 2 of The Act respecting Veterinary Surgeons, the person who was by the said section declared to be president of the Agriculture and Arts Association for the purpose of signing the diplomas of pupils of the Veterinary College, is hereby declared to be and to have been from the date of the passing of the said Act, and he shall continue to be president of the said association for the purpose mentioned in the said section until the first day of April, 1897. [Statutes of Ontario, 59 Vic., c. 15 (1896)] 4. AN ACT RESPECTING VETERINARY SURGEONS Assented to 24th March, 1911. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Surgeons Act. [Note. Sec. 1 repealed by 9 Edw. VII. c. 96, s. 16.] 2. Any veterinary practitioner holding the diploma of the Agriculture and Arts Association or that of the Ontario Veterinary College or any other diploma or certificate declared by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to entitle the holder thereof to use the title veterinary surgeon, shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any Court of law as a witness in such cases as relate to the profession. R.S.O. 1897, c. 184, s. 2. 3. Any person not possessing a diploma or proper certificate from The Ontario Veterinary College or a diploma or certificate of a college whose diplomas or certificates are declared by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to entitle the holders thereof to use the title of Veterinary Surgeon who appends to his name the term veterinary surgeon, or any abbreviation thereof, and any person who wilfully and falsely pretends to be, or who wilfully and falsely takes or uses any name, title, addition, abbreviation or description implying or calculated to lead people to infer that he is, or is recognized by law as a veterinary surgeon, within the meaning of this Act, or that he possesses a diploma or certificate from any such college, shall incur a penalty not exceeding $100, and not less than $25, recoverable under The Ontario Summary Convictions Act. R.S.O. 1897, c. 184, s. 3. 4. Chapter 184 of the Revised Statutes, 1897, is repealed. [Statutes of Ontario, 1 Geo. V, c. 45 (1911)] 5. AN ACT RESPECTING VETERINARY SURGEONS, 1897 HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. The present Veterinary College established by the former Agri-

186 Appendix H culture and Arts Association, is hereby continued for the instruction and examination of pupils in anatomy, physiology, materia medica, therapeutics, chemistry, and as to the breeding of domestic animals; and may exercise such powers as were delegated to the said College by the said Agriculture and Arts Association. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 1. 2. Veterinary practitioners holding the Diploma of the Agriculture and Arts Association shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any Court of law as witnesses in such cases as relate to the profession. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 3, part. 3. No person who does not possess a diploma or proper certificate from some duly authorized veterinary college, situate within or without this Province, shall append to his name the term veterinary surgeon, or any abbreviation thereof, and any person who wilfully and falsely pretends to be, or who wilfully and falsely takes or uses any name, title, addition, abbreviation or description implying or calculated to lead people to infer that he is, or is recognized by law as a veterinary surgeon, within the meaning of the Act, or that he possesses a diploma or proper certificate from some duly authorized veterinary college within or without this Province, shall, upon summary conviction before any Justice of the Peace, pay a penalty not exceeding $100, and not less than $25. 58 Vic., c. 30, v. 3 part, s. 4. 4. All prosecutions under this Act may be brought and heard before any Justice of the Peace having jurisdiction in the locality where the offence is alleged to have been committed, and such Justice shall have power to award payment of costs in addition to the penalty; and, in case the penalty and costs awarded by him are not upon conviction forthwith paid, he may commit the offender to the common gaol, there to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding 3 months, unless the penalty and costs are sooner paid. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 5. 5. All penalties recovered under this Act shall be paid to the convicting Justice, and be paid by him to the Treasurer of the Ontario Veterinary Association, and shall thereupon form part of the funds of the said Association, and shall be accounted for as such. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 7. 6. Any person convicted under this Act who gives notice of appeal against the decision of the convicting Justice shall, before being released from custody, give to the said Justice satisfactory security for the amount of the penalty and costs of conviction and of the appeal. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 7. 7. Any person may be prosecuted or complainant under this Act, and every prosecution thereunder shall be commenced within one year from the date of the alleged offence. 58 Vic., c. 30, s. 8. [R.S.O. 1897, c. 184] 6. AN ACT RESPECTING VETERINARY SURGEONS, 1914 HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Surgeons Act. 1 Geo. V. c. 45, s. 1. 2. Any veterinary practitioner holding the diploma of the Agricul-

Appendix H 187 ture and Arts Association or that of the Ontario Veterinary College or any other diploma or certificate declared by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to entitle the holder thereof to use the title "Veterinary Surgeon," shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any Court as a witness in such cases as relate to the profession. 1 Geo. V. c. 45, s. 2. 3. Any person not posessing a diploma or proper certificate from The Ontario Veterinary College or a diploma or certificate of a college whose diplomas or certificates are declared by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to entitle the holders thereof to use the title of Veterinary Surgeon who appends to his name the term "Veterinary Surgeon," or any abbreviation thereof, and any person who wilfully and falsely pretends to be, or wilfully and falsely takes or uses any name, title, addition, abbreviation or description implying or calculated to lead people to infer that he is, or is recognized by law as a veterinary surgeon, within the meaning of this Act, or that he posesses a diploma or certificate from any such college, shall incur a penalty not exceeding $100, and not less than $25, recoverable under The Ontario Summary Convictions Act. 1 Geo. V. c. 45, s. 3. 4.—(1) A graduate of a Veterinary College recognized by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may practice in Ontario upon passing all the examinations of the senior class of the Ontario Veterinary College at the time and place of the annual examinations of the aforesaid Ontario Veterinary College. (2) The applicant for such examination shall pay a fee of $25, and shall produce a veterinary preceptor's testimonial certifying that he has practised veterinary surgery under said preceptor for at least six months, or in lieu of said testimonial a statutory declaration certifying that the applicant has practised veterinary surgery for at least one year after graduating from such recognized Veterinary College. 3—4 Geo. V. c. 18, s.31. [Statutes of Ontario, 4 Geo. V, c. 171 (1914)] 7. STATUTE LAW AMENDMENT, 1918 27. Section 3 of The Veterinary Surgeons' Act is amended by adding thereto the following subsection: Assented to 26 March, 1918. (2) All penalties recovered under this section shall be paid to the convicting Justice, who shall pay the same to the treasurer of the Ontario Veterinary Association, and the same shall thereupon form part of the fees of the said Association, and be accounted for as such. [Statutes of Ontario, 8 Geo. V, c. 20 (1918) ] 8. AN ACT RESPECTING THE PRACTICE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Assented to June 4,1920. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:— 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Science Practice Act.

188 Appendix H 2. In this Act,— (a) "Minister" shall mean the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario; (b) "Veterinary Science" shall mean the application of medicine or surgery to the ailments of any kind of live stock except as regards parturition, castration, spaying and dehorning. 3. On and after January 1st, 1921, no person shall practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario without a certificate from the Minister entitling him so to do. 4. Such certificate shall be issued by the Minister upon the recommendation of a board of three members to be appointed by the Lieutenant-Govemor in Council, and to be known as the Veterinary Practice Board. 5. Application for certificates shall be made to the chairman of the Board, and it shall be the duty of the board to carefully examine the evidences submitted as to the standing of each applicant for such certificate, and recommendations shall be made only in the cases of,— (a) Graduates in veterinary science of the Ontario Veterinary College or of the University of Toronto; or (fo) Graduates in veterinary science of any veterinary college recognized by the Board as being at least equal in standing to the Ontario Veterinary College; (c) Persons who at the time of the passing of this Act are habitually engaged in the practice of veterinary science or any branch thereof for gain, and who have so habitually engaged in such practice for a period of at least five years prior to the passing of this Act. 6. The Minister, upon the recommendation of the Board may cancel any certificate upon evidence that the holder thereof has been convicted in the courts of an indictable offence. 7. No person or persons, association, company or organization shall hereafter conduct in Ontario courses in veterinary science for which fees are charged and certificates or diplomas granted without a certificate of authorization from the Minister, and a certificate shall only be issued after investigation by the Board has shown that the requirements of admission and courses of study and instruction are at least equal in standard to that of the Ontario Veterinary College. 8. No person other than a graduate in veterinary science of a recognized college or university shall use the title Veterinary Surgeon or append to his name the term Veterinary Surgeon or any abbreviation thereof, and no graduate in veterinary science shall use any title or degree which has not been conferred on him by a recognized college or university. 9. Any person holding a certificate from the Minister shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any court of law in such cases as relate to the profession. 10. Any person violating any provision of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall incur a penalty of not more than $100 nor less than $50 to be recoverable under The Ontario Summary Convictions Act.

Appendix H 189 11. The Veterinary Surgeons Act is repealed. 12. This Act shall come into force on the 31st day of December, 1920. [Statutes of Ontario, 10-11 Geo. V, c. 51 (1920)] 9. STATUTE LAW AMENDMENT Assented to 8th April, 1926. 27. Sec. 9 of the Veterinary Science Practice Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor:— 9. Any person holding a certificate from the Minister shall be entitled to $4.00 per day when called as a witness in any court to give a professional opinion, or in consequence of any professional service rendered by him. [Statutes of Ontario, 16 Geo. V, c. 21 (1926)] 10. THE VETERINARY SCIENCE PRACTICE ACT, 1927 1. In this Act,— (a) "Minister" shall mean the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario; (b) "Veterinary Science" shall mean the application of medicine or surgery to the ailments of any kind of live stock except as regards parturition, castration, spaying and dehorning. 1920, c. 51, s. 2. 2. No person shall practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario without a certificate from the Minister entitling him so to do. 1920, c. 51, s.3. 3. Such certificate shall be issued by the Minister upon the recommendation of a board of three members to be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, and to be known as the "Veterinary Practice Board." 1920, c. 51, s.4. 4. Application for certificates shall be made to the chairman of the Board, and it shall be the duty of the Board to carefully examine the evidences submitted as to the standing of each applicant for such certificate, and recommendations shall be made only in the cases of,— (a) graduates in veterinary science of the Ontario Veterinary College or of the University of Toronto; or (b) graduates in veterinary science of any veterinary college recognized by the Board as being at least equal in standing to the Ontario Veterinary College; (c) persons who at the time of the passing of this Act are habitually engaged in the practice of veterinary science or any branch thereof for gain, and who have so habitually engaged in such practice for a period of at least five years prior to the passing of this Act. 1920, c. 51, s. 5. 5. The Minister, upon the recommendation of the Board may cancel any certificate upon evidence that the holder thereof has been convicted in the courts of an indictable offence. 1920, c. 51, s. 6. 6. No person or persons, association, company or organization shall hereafter conduct in Ontario courses in veterinary science for which

190 Appendix H fees are charged and certificates or diplomas granted without a certificate of authorization from the Minister, and a certificate shall only be issued after investigation by the Board has shown that the requirements of admission and courses of study and instruction are at least equal in standard to that of the Ontario Veterinary College. 1920, c. 51, s. 7. 7. No person other than a graduate in veterinary science of a recognized college or university shall use the title "Veterinary Surgeon" or append to his name the term "Veterinary Surgeon" or any abbreviation thereof, and no graduate in veterinary science shall use any title or degree which has not been conferred on him by a recognized college or university. 1920, c. 51, s. 8. 8. Any person holding a certificate from the Minister shall be entitled to $4 per day when called as a witness in any court to give a professional opinion or in consequence of any professional service rendered by him. 1926, c. 21, s. 27. 9. Any person violating any provision of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall incur a penalty of not more than $100 nor less than $50, to be recoverable under The Summary Convictions Act. 1920, c. 51, s. 10. [R.S.O. 1927, c. 208] 11. AN ACT RESPECTING THE PRACTICE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Assented to April 2nd, 1931. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931. 2. In this Act,— (a) "Association" shall mean the Ontario Veterinary Association; (b) "Board" shall mean the Veterinary Practice Board; (c) "Minister" shall mean the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario; (d) "Registrar" shall mean the Registrar of the Ontario Veterinary Association; (e) "Veterinary science" shall mean the application of medicine or surgery to the ailments of any kind of live stock or domestic animals, except as regards parturition, castration, spaying and dehorning. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 1. Amended. 3. All persons duly qualified and registered under the provisions of this Act to practise veterinary science shall constitute the Ontario Veterinary Association. New. 4. The Association shall be a corporate body by the name aforesaid, having a comon seal, with power to make by-laws, rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary governing its members, and to fix the fees of admission and annual fees, and shall prescribe the form of certificate to be issued under this Act. New. 5. On and after the 1st day of June, 1931, no person shall practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario without a certificate entitling him so to do. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 2. Amended.

Appendix H 191 6. Such certificates shall be issued annually by the Registrar to recognized graduates in veterinary science upon the recommendation of a board of three members to be appointed each year by the Association and to be known as the Veterinary Practice Board. New. 7. The Registrar shall be appointed each year by the Association and it shall be the duty of the Registrar to issue the necessary certificates and to make and keep a correct register of those receiving certificates each year and to remove delinquents from the register from time to time as recommended by the Board. New. 8. Applications for certificates shall be made to the Registrar and referred by him to the Board and it shall be the duty of the Board to carefully examine the evidence submitted as to the standing of each applicant for such certificate and recommendations shall be made only in the cases of,— (a) graduates in veterinary science of the Ontario Veterinary College or of the University of Toronto; or (&) graduates in veterinary science of any veterinary college or university recognized by the Board as being at least equal in standing to the Ontario Veterinary College, and who have passed an examination conducted by the Board equivalent to that prescribed by the University of Toronto for the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 4. Amended. 9. Persons who at the time of the passing of this Act have received certificates from the Minister under the provisions of clause c of section 5 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1920, or under the provisions of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, R.S.O. 1927, chapter 208, shall be exempt from the operations of this Act. New. 10. The Registrar, upon the recomendation of the Board, may cancel any certificate upon evidence that the holder thereof has been convicted in the courts of an indictable offence, or is of bad repute through disgraceful conduct, or is in default of any fees payable by him to the Association, whereupon such person shall cease to have any of the privileges of a veterinary surgeon under this Act. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 5. Amended. 11. No person or persons, association, company or organization shall hereafter conduct in Ontario courses in veterinary science for which fees are charged or certificates or diplomas granted without a certificate of authorization from the Minister, and a certificate shall only be issued after investigation by the Board has shown that the requirements of admission and courses of study and instruction are at least equal in standard to that of the Ontario Veterinary College, R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 6. Amended. 12. No person, other than a graduate in veterinary science of a recognized college or university, shall use the title "Veterinary," "Veterinarian," "Veterinary Surgeon" or append to his name any of these titles, or any abbreviation thereof, and no graduate in veterinary science shall use any title or degree which has not been conferred on him by a recognized college or university. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 7. Amended.

192 Appendix H 13. Any person holding a certificate from the Registrar shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any court of law in such cases as relate to the veterinary profession. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 8. Amended. 14. Any person violating any provision of this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall incur a penalty of not more than $100 nor less than $50 to be recoverable by the Association under The Summary Convictions Act. R.S.O. 1927, c. 208, s. 9. Amended. 15. The Veterinary Science Practice Act, being chapter 208 of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1927, is repealed. 16. This Act shall come into force on the 1st day of June, 1931. [Statutes of Ontario, 21 Geo. V, c. 44 (1931)] 12. AN ACT TO AMEND THE VETERINARY SCIENCE PRACTICE ACT, 1931 Assented to April 18th, 1933 HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1933. 2. Clause e of section 2 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931, is amended by striking out the words "except as regards parturition, castration, spaying and dehorning" in the third, fourth and fifth lines and inserting in lieu thereof the words "except for the purpose of parturition, castration and dehorning," so that the said clause shall now read as follows: (e) "Veterinary science" shall mean the application of medicine or surgery to the ailments of any land of live stock or domestic animals except for the purpose of parturition, castration and dehorning. 3. The Ontario Veterinary Association constituted by section 3 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931, is continued and hereafter shall be composed of the persons now members thereof and hereafter becoming members thereof in accordance with the said Act. 4.— (1) The Veterinary Practice Board purporting to have been appointed pursuant to The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931, is confirmed in its appointment and continued, and shall be composed of the three persons now the members thereof who shall continue in office until their respective successors are appointed by the said Association. (2) All recommendations heretofore made by the said Board for the issue of certificates under the said Act are hereby confirmed. 5. All certificates heretofore issued by the registrar of the said Association and purporting to have been issued under the authority of the said Act are confirmed and, except in so far as the same or any of them have been cancelled or have lapsed, the same shall continue in force until they respectively are cancelled or lapse, and the holders of such certificates may practice veterinary science thereunder. 6. Section 9 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931, is repealed and the following substituted therefor:

Appendix H 193 9.— ( 1 ) Any person who at the time of the passing of this Act holds a certificate from the Minister issued under clause c of section 5 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1920, or under The Veterinary Science Practice Act (R.S.O. 1927, chapter 208) and does not obtain a certificate issued under section 6 may, notwithstanding any provision of this Act or the absence of such last mentioned certificate, continue to practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario, subject to the following conditions,— (a) No such person shall in his practice use any of the letters, or abbreviations thereof, mentioned in section 12; (fe) No such person shall in his practice use the title or distinction of "doctor" or any abbreviation thereof; (c) Every such person shall in his practice upon any written or printed matter used or issued by him have clearly written, printed or stamped thereon the words "Licensed only under The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1920," or "Licensed only under The Veterinary Science Practice Act, R.S.O. 1927" as the case may be. (2) The Minister may cancel the certificate held by any person entitled to practise under this section, whereupon such person shall cease to practise veterinary science and shall be liable to die penalties imposed by this Act if he thereafter practises veterinary science without a certificate issued under this Act. 7. The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1931, is amended by adding thereto the following section: 130. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council upon the recommendadation of the Minister may make regulations governing,— (a) the Board and its powers, duties and proceedings; (fo) the registrar and his powers and duties; (c) appeals from any decision of the Board; and (d) any other matters for carrying out the provisions of this Act and particularly of section 9. 8. This Act shall come into force on the day upon which it receives the Royal Assent, and section 5 shall have effect from and after the 2nd day of April, 1931. [Statutes of Ontario, 23 Geo. V, c. 66 (1933)] 13. THE VETERINARY SCIENCE PRACTICE ACT, 1937 1. In this Act,— (a) "Association" shall mean the Ontario Veterinary Association; (fc) "Board" shall mean the Veterinary Practice Board; (c) "Minister" shall mean the Minister of Agriculture; (d) "Registrar" shall mean the Registrar of the Ontario Veterinary Association; 1931, c. 44, s. 2, els. (a-d). (e) "Veterinary science" shall mean the application of medicine or surgery to the ailments of any kind of live stock or domestic animals except for the purpose of parturition, castration and dehorning. 1931, c. 44, s. 2, cl. (e); 1933, c. 66, s. 2.

194 Appendix H 2. All persons duly qualified and registered under the provisions of this Act to practise veterinary science shall constitute the Ontario Veterinary Association. 1931, c. 44, s. 3. 3. The Association shall be a corporate body by the name aforesaid, having a common seal, with power to make by-laws, rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary governing its members, and to fix the fees of admission and annual fees, and shall prescribe the form of certificate to be issued under this Act. 1931, c. 44, s. 4. 4. On and after the 1st day of June, 1931, no person shall practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario without a certificate entitling him so to do. 1931, c. 44, s. 5. 5. Such certificates shall be issued annually by the registrar to recognized graduates in veterinary science upon the recommendation of a board of three members to be appointed each year by the Association and to be known as the Veterinary Practice Board. 1931, c. 44, s. 6. 6. The registrar shall be appointed each year by the Association and it shall be the duty of the registrar to issue the necessary certificates and to make and keep a correct register of those receiving certificates each year and to remove delinquents from the register from time to time as recommended by the Board. 1931, c. 44, s. 7. 7. Applications for certificates shall be made to the registrar and referred by him to the Board and it shall be the duty of the Board to carefully examine the evidence submitted as to the standing of each applicant for such certificate and recommendations shall be made only in the cases of,— (a) graduates in veterinary science of the Ontario Veterinary College or of the University of Toronto; or (b) graduates in veterinary science of any veterinary college or university recognized by the Board as being at least equal in standing to the Ontario Veterinary College, and who have passed an examination conducted by the Board equivalent to that prescribed by the University of Toronto for the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science. 1931, c. 44, s. 8. 8.—(1) Any person who on the 2nd day of April, 1931, holds a certificate from the Minister issued under clause c of section 5 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1920, or under The Veterinary Science Practice Act (R.S.O. 1927, chapter 208) and does not obtain a certificate issued under section 5 may, notwithstanding any provision of this Act or the absence of such last mentioned certificate, continue to practise veterinary science for fees in Ontario, subject to the following conditions,— (a) no such person shall in his practice use any of the letters, or abbreviations thereof, mentioned in section 11; (b) no such person shall in his practice use the title or distinction of "doctor" or any abbreviation thereof; (c) every such person shall in his practice upon any written or printed matter used or issued by him have clearly written, printed or stamped thereon the words "Licensed only under The Veterinary Science Practice Act, 1920," or "Licensed only

Appendix H

195

under The Veterinary Science Practice Act, R.S.O. 1927" as the case may be. (2) The Minister may cancel the certificate held by any person entitled to practise under this section, whereupon such person shall cease to practise veterinary science and shall be hable to the penalties imposed by this Act if he thereafter practises veterinary science without a certificate issued under this Act. 1933, c. 66, s. 6. 9. The registrar, upon the recommendation of the Board, may cancel any certificate upon evidence that the holder thereof has been convicted in the courts of an indictable offence, or is of bad repute through disgraceful conduct, or is in default of any fees payable by him to the Association, whereupon such person shaU cease to have any of the privileges of a veterinary surgeon under this Act. 1931, c. 44, s. 10. 10. No person or persons, association, company or organization shall hereafter conduct in Ontario courses in veterinary science for which fees are charged or certificates or diplomas granted without a certificate of authorization from the Minister, and a certificate shall only be issued after investigation by the Board has shown that the requirements of admission and courses of study and instruction are at least equal in standard to that of the Ontario Veterinary College. 1931, c. 44, s. 11. 11. No person, other than a graduate in veterinary science of a recognized college or university, shall use the title "Veterinary," "Veterinarian," "Veterinary Surgeon" or append to his name any of these titles, or any abbreviation thereof, and no graduate in veterinary science shall use any title or degree which has not been conferred on him by a recognized college or university. 1931, c. 44, s. 12. 12. Any person holding a certificate from the registrar shall be entitled to professional fees in attending any court of law in such cases as relate to the veterinary profession. 1931, c. 44, s. 13. 13. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council upon the recommendation of the Minister may make regulations governing,— (a) the Board and its powers, duties and proceedings; (b) the registrar and his powers and duties; (c) appeals from any decision of the Board; and (d) any other matters for carrying out the provisions of this Act and particularly of section 8. 1933, c. 66, s. 7. 14. Any person violating any provision of this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall incur a penalty of not more than $100 nor less than $50 to be recoverable by the Association under The Summary Convictions Act. 1931, c. 44, s. 14. [R.S.O. 1937, c. 239]

14. AN ACT TO AMEND THE VETERINARY SCIENCE PRACTICE ACT Assented to April 14,1943, Session Prorogued April 14,1943. HIS MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows:

196 Appendix H 1. Section 1 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act is amended by adding thereto the following clause: (dd) "Regulations" shall mean regulations made under the authority, of this Act. 2. Section 3 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act is amended by striking out the words "rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary" in the third line, so that the said section shall now read as follows: 3. The Association shall be a corporate body by the name aforesaid, having a common seal, with power to make by-laws governing its members, and to fix the fees of admission and annual fees, and shall prescribe the form of certificate to be issued under this Act. 3. Section 5 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act is amended by striking out the words "to be appointed each year by the Association and" in the third and fourth lines, so that the said section shall now read as follows: 5. Such certificates shall be issued annually by the registrar to recognized graduates in veterinary science upon the recommendation of a board of three members to be known as the Veterinary Practice Board. 4. Section 13 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: 13. Subject to the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council the Association may make regulations,— (a) prescribing the term of office of the members of the Board and the manner in which they shall be elected or appointed; (&) providing for the establishment of a council of the Association and prescribing the number of members thereof, their term of office and the manner in which and by whom each member shall be elected or appointed; (c) providing for the appointment of committees, auditors, employees and agents; (d) prescribing the meetings which shall be held by the Board and the Council, the manner in which the meetings may be called and the procedure to be followed thereat: (e) prescribing the powers and duties, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, of the Board, the Council and the registrar and any committee, employee or agent; (/) providing for the examination of applicants under clause b of section 7; (g) providing for the investigation of any matters pertaining to the conduct of any member of the Association in the practice of his profession, or of any other person in connection with the practice of veterinary science; (h) governing the expenditure or disposition of the funds of the Association, (i) providing for appeals from the Board; and

Appendix H

197

(/) generally for the better carrying out of the provisions of this Act. 5. Section 14 of The Veterinary Science Practice Act is amended by inserting after the word "Act" in the first line the words "or the regulations", so that the said section shall now read as follows: 14. Any person violating any provision of this Act or the regulations shan be guilty of an offence and shall incur a penalty of not more than $100 nor less than $50 to be recoverable by the Association under The Summary Convictions Act. 6. This Act may be cited as The Veterinary Science Practice Amendment Act, 1943. [Statutes of Ontario, 1 Geo. VI, c. 36 (1943)] 15. STATUTE LAW AMENDMENTS 20.—(1) Section 2 of The Veterinary College Act is amended by striking out all the words after the word "successful" in the fifth line and inserting in lieu thereof the words "training for the veterinary profession", so that the said section shall now read as follows: 2. The College shall be furnished with all such appliances and equipment as may be necessary for theoretical and practical training in the science and art of veterinary medicine, and in such other branches of education as may be requisite for the intelligent and successful training for the veterinary profession. (2) Section 6 of The Veterinary College Act is amended by striking out the letters "B.V.Sc." in the fifth line and inserting in lieu thereof the words "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine", and by striking out the words "Bachelor of Veterinary Science" in the seventh line and inserting in lieu thereof the words "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Surgeon)", so that the said section shall now read as follows: 6. Every student shall, upon the successful completion of the course of study, and upon passing the prescribed examinations, and upon satisfactory compliance with the rules and regulations of the College, be granted a diploma by the University of Toronto, conferring the title and degree "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine," the possession of which shall admit him to all the privileges, rights and standing of a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Surgeon). [Statutes of Ontario, 11 Geo. VI (1947) ] 21.—(1) The Veterinary Science Practice Act is repealed and all subsisting regulations made under that Act are revoked. (2) Until the Association is reconstituted under this Act and a notice to that effect is published in The Ontario Gazette, it may, notwithstanding the repeal of The Veterinary Science Practice Act, continue to operate under that Act as if this Act had not been passed. 22. This Act may be cited as The Veterinarians Act, 1958. [Statutes of Ontario, 6-7 Eliz. II (1958)]

198 Appendix H 16. THE VETERINARIANS ACT, 1960 1.—(1) In this Act, (a) "animal" means a living being, other than a human being; (b) "Association" means the Ontario Veterinary Association; (c) "council" means the council of the Association; (d) "member" means a member of the Association; (e) "Minister" means the Minister of Agriculture; (/) "registered" means registered as a member under this Act and "registration" has a corresponding meaning; (g) "registrar" means the registrar of the Association; (h) "veterinary science" means the application of medicine or surgery to any animal, and includes diagnosing, prescribing, treating, manipulating and operating for the prevention, alleviation or correction of any disease, injury, pain, deficiency, deformity, defect, lesion, disorder or physical condition of or in any animal, with or without the use of instruments, appliances, medicine, drugs, anaesthetics, or antibiotic or biologic preparations, and also includes the giving of advice in respect of anything mentioned in this clause with a view to obtaining a fee or other remuneration. (2) Nothing in this Act applies to or affects, (a) the furnishing of first aid or temporary assistance to an animal in an emergency; (Z>) the treatment of an animal by its owner, by a member of his household or by a person regularly employed by him in agricultural or domestic work; (c) the treatment of an animal by an employee of a member under the supervision of the member; (d) caponizing and the taking of poultry blood samples; (e) the study, prevention and treatment of fish diseases; (/) any act done under The Artificial Insemination Act; or (g) the castration of calves, pigs and lambs. 1958, c. 121, s. 1. 2. The Ontario Veterinary Association is continued as a corporation and every person registered is a member. 1958, c. 121, s. 2. 3. The Association may purchase, acquire or take by gift, devise, bequest or donation any real or personal property for the purposes of the Association and mortgage or lease the same, and may sell or otherwise dispose of any real or personal property not required for the purposes of the Association. 1958, c. 121, s. 3. 4.—(1) The council shall consist of not fewer than nine elected members, each of whom shall be a member of the Association. (2) The manner of electing the members of the council, the notification of the electors of the time and place of holding the election, the number of electoral districts and the boundaries thereof, the number of members to be elected by each district, the nomination of candidates, the presiding officer thereat, the taking and counting of the votes, the giving of a casting vote in case of an equality of votes, the tenure of office of members and other necessary details shall be as determined by the by-laws.

Appendix H

199

(3) At any meeting of the council a majority of the members of the council constitutes a quorum. 1958, c. 121, s. 4. 5. The Council shall at its first meeing in each year elect a president, a first vice-president and a second vice-president from among its members, who shall hold office until their successors are elected. 1958, c. 121, s. 5. 6. The members of the council, the president, the first vice-president and the second vice-president, shall be paid such fees and travelling allowances as the by-laws fix. 1958, c. 121, s. 6. 7. The council may appoint and fix the remuneration of a registrar, a treasurer and a secretary, none of whom shall be a member of the council, and any or all of such offices may be held by one person. 1958, c. 121, s. 7. 8.—( 1 ) The council may pass by-laws, (a) respecting the admission and registration of members; (b) fixing the examination fee, the annual registration fee and the penalty for default in payment of the latter; (c) respecting the register of members; (d) prescribing the notice, the time, the place and the order of business of meetings of the members and of the council; (e) providing for the government and discipline of the members; (f) prescribing a code of professional ethics; (g) defining "unprofessional conduct", "gross negligence" and "incompetence", and designating criminal offences for the purposes of section 14; (h) respecting the election of the members of the council and its officers; (i) providing for the establishment and operation of committees; (/') respecting the board of examiners and the examinations; (k) prescribing the duties of the registrar, the treasurer and the secretary; (/) fixing the fees and travelling allowances of the members of the council and its officers; (m) establishing and governing scholarships, bursaries and prizes; (n) instituting and providing means for increasing the knowledge and skill of the members and for maintaining a high standard of professional ethics; (o) providing for and prescribing the terms and conditions of honorary membership and ufe membership in the Association; (p) respecting the management of the property of the Association; (