Волоконно-оптические сети 5-88405-023-2
В книге рассмотрены физические принципы волоконно-оптических сетей (ВОС), их компоненты: оптические приемные и передающи
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Russian Pages 331 Year 2001
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. .
-
.:
-
2001 267 .
1. 1.1.
1.2. 2. 2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3. 3.1.
3.2. 3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
.............................................................................................................7 ............................................................................................................................7 ................................................................................................................ 7 ...................................................................................................................... 9 ......................................................... 10 ......................................................................................................10 1..................................................................................................12 .........................................................................................................................13 .............................................................................................................13 .................................................................................... 15 ............................................................................................................. 15 ..............................................................................................16 ...................................................................................... 16 (cutoff wavelength) .............................................................................. 20 .................................................................................................................................. 23 .................................................. 27 ........................................................................................... 28 ........................................................................................................... 29 ....................................................................................................... 30 .................................................................................... 33 ......................................................................................35 ..................................................................................... 35 .............................................................. 39 2.............................................................................................................................46 ...............................................................................................47 ................................................................................................................47 ................................................................................................................... 47 ..................................................................................................................... 49 , , .................................... 54 ......................................................................................................... 55 SC............................................................................................................................................... 55 ST ............................................................................................................................................... 56 FC............................................................................................................................................... 56 I ............................................................................................................................................ 57 .................................................................................................................. 58 ........................................................................................... 58 ( ) .................................................................................................... 59 ................................................................................................ 59 ........................................................................................................60 .............................................................................. 62 ..............................................................................................................64 (tree coupler) .............................................................................. 65 (star coupler) .......................................................................... 65 (tap)...................................................................................................................... 65 , ......................................................................... 66 WDM ...................................................................................69 WDM ............................................................ 70 WDM ...................................................................... 72 ..................................................................................................................73 ......................................................................................... 73 ........................................................................... 74 .......................................................................................................... 74
3.6.
3.7.
4. 4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
5. 5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
.................................................................76 ............................................................................................................................ 76 .................................................................................................... 77 ................................................................................... 78 .............................................79 ............................................................................................................. 79 ....................................................................................................................... 80 ( ) ............................................................. 80 ( )............................................................................. 84 ............................................................................................... 84 ............................................... 86 ................................................................................................................. 87 .................................................... 88 ................................................................ 90 3.............................................................................................................................91 ....................................................................93 .......................................................................................93 .................................................................... 93 ........................................................................................................ 94 ....................................................................................................................... 95 ........................................................................................................... 97 ....................................................................................................... 99 ...........................................................................................99 ................................................ 99 ...................................................................................... 101 ...............................................................................104 .............................................................................................................. 108 ............................................................................................. 110 .......................................................................................111 ............................................................................................................. 111 ............................................................................................................. 111 ............................................................................ 113 ........................................................................................................................114 EDFA ..............................................................................................119 ........................................................................................ 120 ............................................................................. 121 4...........................................................................................................................122 ....................................................................................................................124 .................................................................................................................124 FDM................................................................................ 124 ................................................................... 125 ( ) ................................... 131 ........................................................................................ 133 .....................................................................................134 .............................................................................................................. 135 .............................................................................................................. 136 ISDN.................................................... 141 .25 ........................................................................................................................ 142 Frame Relay ........................................................................................ 143 Cell Relay.............................................................................................. 144 .............................. 144 OSI .................................................................................................................145 IEEE 802 .............................................................................................................. 147 5...........................................................................................................................148
6. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3.
FDDI ........................................................................................................................................149 ........................................................................................................................150 FDDI..................................................................................................152 ............................................................................................................154 FDDI........................................................................................................... 157 6.4. .......................................................................................160 OBS............................................................................................ 161 OBS ..................................................................................................................... 163 6.5. PMD............................................................................................164 MMF-PMD, SMF-PMD TP-PMD.................................................................... 165 PMD ....................................................................... 166 ....................................................................................................... 167 ................................................................... 169 6.6. PHY ................................................................................................................................169 ............................................................................................................ 170 ............................................................................... 170 .................................................... 174 ................................................................................................................. 176 ........................................................................................................... 177 ................................................................................................................ 178 6.7. MAC ...............................................................................................................................178 ................................................................................................................... 179 ................................................ 180 ................................................................................. 184 6.8. SMT .......................................................................................................................185 .......................................................................................... 185 RMT .................................................................................................... 186 , F ............................................................ 187 FDDI...................................................... 187 ................................................................................................. 190 6...........................................................................................................................192 7. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet..................................................................................194 7.1. Ethernet.................................................................................................................................195 Ethernet ........................................................................................................... 195 .......................................... 197 CSMA/CD .............................................................................................................. 200 IEEE 802.3 ....................................... 205 AUI........................................................................................................................................................206 7.2. Ethernet ............................................................................................206 AUI Ethernet................................................................................. 206 FO/M.....................................................................................................................................................208 Ethernet UTP (10Base-T/10Base-FL, 10Base2/10Base-FL) ........ 208 , ............................................................................................. 209 ( )................................................................................................. 210 ............................................................................................................................. 213 7.3. Ethernet .........................................217 Ethernet ( 1) ....................................... 217 Ethernet ( 2) ....................................... 218 7.4. Fast Ethernet .........................................................................................................................222 Fast Ethernet.................................................................................... 222 Fast Ethernet ................................................................................. 223 Fast Ethernet................................................................................................ 226 7.5. Fast Ethernet .................................227 FX .........................................................................................................................................................228
/
.........................................................................................................230 7.6. Ethernet....................................................................................................................231 7.7. Gigabit Ethernet ( IEEE 802.3z 802.3ab) ........................................................232 Gigabit Ethernet .............................................................................. 233 ............................................................. 236 MAC ......................................................................................................................... 239 ............................................................................................................ 240 ................................................................................................... 241 ...................................................................................................................... 241 7.8. Ethernet ...............................................................................243 7...........................................................................................................................250 8. ..........................................................................................................253 8.1. ...........................................................................................253 8.2. ..................................................................................255 DWDM ...................................................................................................... 255 DWDM................................... 259 8.3. EDFA..............................................................................262 EDFA ........................................................................ 263 EDFA ........................................... 269 EDFA.......................................................... 270 8.4. WDM/TDM ...........................................................................................................274 ........................................................................................................... 275 ............................................................................................................. 276 SDH....................................................................................... 276 ........................................................................................ 277 8.5. ...........................................................................................................277 2 2( 2 2) ...................................................................... 278 n n .............................................................................................. 279 ................. 281 8.6. .................................................................................................................284 8.7. ..........................................................................285 SMWL ...................................................................... 287 ............................................... 288 8.8. AON ......................................................................................................290 AON .................................................................................................... 290 AON ..................................................................... 293 AON ....................................................................... 293 8.9. AON ......................................................................................................298 ................................................................ 299 ........................................................................ 300 8.10. AON ......................................................................................................................301 8.11. AON........................................................................304 8...........................................................................................................................306 9. ............................................................................................................309 9.1. ....................................................................................310 ............................................................. 311 ............................................................................ 313 " " .......................................................................... 314 " " ......................................................................................... 314 9.2. HFC ......................................................................................................................................315 802.14....................................................... 315 ....................................................................................... 316 .................................................................................... 316 ................................................................................... 317
9.3.
9.4.
......................................... 317 Homeworx...................................................................................................319 ....................................................................................................... 319 ........................................................................................ 320 Homeworx ...................................... 323 ....................................................................................... 325 Homeworx ............................................................... 326 DV6000......................................................327 9...........................................................................................................................330
1. 1.1. -
(
,
) -
,
" -
".
-
, -
.
, ,
, , . . , .
14
10
[ ]. . . . 0,2-0,3
1,55
. 100 -
[4].
. . , ,
( ,
. .).
,
. . .
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-
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)
, 9000,1
. ,
1,5
,
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-
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-
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, .
Э
.
, ,
,
, . 2:5. . -
. 4000
( )
10
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, , ,
, 25 -
/
. .
. .
. ,
, .
,
. ,
-
,
. -
.
. . . , -
,
,
. .
,
.
,
. ,
. .
.
,
, 1
?
(109
/ 2) [9].
,
,
,
125 1
.
,
.
,
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,
,
. , (kevlar1). ,
,
.
. ,
, .
,
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. 1.1. ( ),
, ,
, ,
-
(
. , . . .
, , .
1.2.
(
)
(
) "
. "
"
" . LED
ILD. . . . . p-i-n , ,
c . , ,
. . , . ,
, . , . ,
, .
. .
, ,
. -
. -
. ,
. , ,
.
,
.
,
, ,
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, .
,
, .
1.
,
,
,
, . .
. 2.
, . (
4-8).
-
, .
-
( (
). ,
) 2-10
.
(
)
. (
,
)
.
.
1
1. A. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
. . Green. "Optical Networking Update", IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, no. 5, June 1996, pp. 764-779 W. Pollack. "Speed Record: One Trillion Bits a Second", D2 The New York Times, March, 1-st, 1996 / . . : , . , . . - .: , 1994. - 160 . . Mariani. . 2000, 76-80 . 1-2, .: " ", 1994 - 112 . . . . : / . - .: " ", 1996. - 84 . , 1996. : / . . . . - .: 200 , J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. - 477 p. X. Li. "Soliton-Based Optic Fiber Systems", WPI EE535 Telecommunications and Transmission Technologies Course Homepage, April, 1996, http://bugs.wpi. edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/li/li.html W. Hioki. Telecommunications, 2nd ed.,Prentice Hall, 1995. - 501 p.
2. 2.1. , , . MMF | (multi mode fiber)
: SMF (single mode fiber).
(step index multi mode fiber)
(graded index multi mode fiber).
(step index single mode fiber)
SF (standard fiber), DSF (dispersion-shifted single mode fiber), NZDSF (non-zero dispersion-shifted
single mode fiber) . 2.1. .
,
, . . , . . . . 2.1 ,
(
), ,
,
.
5
, -
,
, . ,
,
-
,
. .
( − − − −
. 2.1):
) 8-10/125 (
50/125 ( . 2.1 ); 62,5/125 ( .-2.1 ); SF ( . 2.1 ); DSF 8-10/125 (
. 2.1 );
−
NZDSF ( ). 2.1.
MMF 50/125
MMF 62,5/125
SF (NDSF)
(Ethernet, C (Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Fast/Gigabit (Ethernet, Ethernet, FDDI, Ethernet, FDDI, Fast/Gigabit ATM) ATM) Ethernet, FDDI, (SDH,ATM) ATM), SDH)
800
NZDSF
DSF
1600
,
, SDH,ATM),
: 850, 1310
1550
,
. 2.8 [1].
.
(50/125 50
62,5
62,5/125)
,
. 850
-
.
1310 .
(SF) λ>λCF (λ>λCF ( ).
8-10
. ) 1310
1550
. -
. 1310
,
. . 0,2-0,25 λ0 -
0,3-0,4 / , 1550 . (DSF) , -
/
1550
,
. ,
. 2.1
.
, ,
.
100 1550
.
,
. NZDSF
DSF
, (
) "
,
" -
. , (EDFA).
EDFA
1530-1560 . DSF, -
NZDSF, , . , : SF -
1310 1550
1530-1560
.
,
, NZDSF ,
, DSF 1530-
1560 SF. SF
,
NZDSF, . -w
(
,
(
,
),
-
,
, ).
2.2. , , ;
, ;
:
.
. . ,
, n1
. 2.2.
n2
,
.
, ∆=(n 1-n 2)/2n
-
2
2
2 1
∆: (2-1)
,
, . n1
n1eff. ,
: 1, Θ1-
n1sinΘ1 = n2sinΘ2, n1 -
2, Θ2 -
.
(2-2) , n2 -
(
), (n2 =const). . 2.2
. ΘC -
(n1 > n2), , (Θ2 = 90°).
ΘC =arcsin(n2/n1). (
: (2-3)
2), ,
. (
1),
. , ,
. ,
.
.
ΘA
,
,
NA. ,
, NA = sin θA
:
(2-3)
-
9 . ,
:
NA = n12 − n22 = n1 2 ∆
( 2 − 5)
NA( r ) = n12 − n 22 = n1 2 ∆ ,
0
.
, NAEFF = n (0) − n / 2 2 1
,
(2-10),
( 2 − 6)
2 2
n1(0) -
. .
, ,
V, V=π⋅d⋅NA/λ
(2-7)
d-
. .
.
, -
-
.
/
n
m(
nm).
nm
n-
( ), a m -
(
). :
(
, (
(
nm),
nm
m),
m
)
.
, –
Z,
EHnm, –
Z,
nm.
,
,
m
,
m
nm -
nm
[10]. ,
,
.
,
.
: V < 2,405 ( I0( ), [1, 2]). H
11.
,
.
. 2.2 (2-7).
, . 2.2, 1550 .
(2-8), 1310
.
,
,
,
,
, .
. . .
(2-8)
850
, ,
. 850
,
,
.
.
,
8/125 : 1310
1550
,
. 2.2. V Step MMF 200/240 Step MMF 100/140 Grad MMF 62,5/125 Grad MMF 50/125 Step SMF (SF) 8,3/152 : step SMF (single mode fiber) ;*Corning [4]
n1 NA ∆ (%) 0,39* 0,29* 2,1** 1,47** 0,28** 1,25** 1,46** 0,20** 0,36** 1,468** 0,13** MMF (multi mode fiber) [3]; ** -
. , " . 2.3.
1550 V=158,09 58,77 35,46 20,26 2,187
λ( ) 1310 187,06 69,54 41,96 23,98 25,88
850 288,29 107,18 64,67 36,95 3,990 ; step
; grad MMF ,
V < 2,405
V
,
"
V
,
2.3. V 0-2,405 2,405-3,832 3,0832-5,136 5,136-5,52 5,52-6,38 6,38-7,02
NM 1 4 7 9 12 14
11 11,
01,
01,
21
11,
01,
01,
21,
12,
11,
11, 11, 11,
01, 01, 01,
01, 01, 01,
21, 21, 21,
12, 12, 12,
11, 11, 11,
31,
21,
41
31,
21,
41
02,
02,
22
31,
21,
41
02,
02,
22,
31,
11,
01,
01,
21,
12,
11,
31,
21,
41
02,
02,
22,
31,
51
13,
11,
01,
12,
11,
31,
21,
41
02,
02,
22,
31,
51
13,
31
51
7,02-7,59 7,59-8,42
17 19
V
12, 01, 12,
31 21, 31
41,
61
Nm
: 2 2 1 2 1 ⎛ πd ⎞ 1 ⎛ πd ⎞ 2 Nm = V = ⎜ NA ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ( n1 − n22 ) 2 2⎝ λ ⎠ 2⎝ λ ⎠
(2 − 8) ,
. :
.
⎛ n1 [1 − 2 ∆( r / a ) 2 ]1 / 2 , 0 ≤ r ≤ a n( r ) = ⎜ ⎜n a≤r≤b ⎝ 2 ,b2 1 ⎛ πd ⎞ 2 N m = ⎜ ⎟ (n1 − n22 ) 2⎝ λ ⎠
( -
)
(2-9)
:
( 2 − 10)
. 2.3 :
,
,
.
(cutoff wavelength)
, ,
. .
,
. .
, (λ F) (λ
CF).
. ,
. -
λ
, λ F.
.
. , .
CF
=π⋅d⋅NA/2,405= 1,847⋅d⋅n1√∆ . λ F, λ CF
(2-7), (2-8)
λ F λ (transmitted power method) [5, ].
Am ( λ ) = 10 lg mm
λ
(2-9)
2 .
PS ( λ ) Pm ( λ )
F
. CF
,
( 2 − 11)
; Ps -
;
-
. . ,
m(λ),
.
. 2.4,
(1). (2), m(λ)
(2)
(1)
0,1
. .
TIA/EIA CCITT [1, 2, ]. - 200
, 2°. ≤10
; 1000
0,20; , 1600
; 10 . λ F ,
2 140
, ,
. 2.5 . 140
. ,
(2-7),
.
λ 22
CF
. ,
140
,
.
76
1 -
λ
,
. 2.5 . ,
2.5.
,
, 140
.
λ F; )
: )
F
: .
(
)
, . , ;
;
, ,
. 2.6.
. 2.6.
.
:
( :
/
)
α=αint + αrad + α =αabs + α sct + αrad αabs
(2-12)
(
),
,
.
,
,
(
)
. , 1480
. 2.7. -
,
.
. . . 1,6
-
,
, . 2.7. 1970 (99,9999%),
αsct.
. 800
1,5
/
. . .
,
,
. . .
λ,
. 2.7.
4
. 2.7.
, (
1500 Corning Optical Fiber, [7])
, ,
1550
. δOH (λ) 1480
rel λ
α=
-4
+ δOH (λ) + Ce
- k/λ
: ,
,
k = 0,7-0,9
( REL= 0,8 ). . 2.8
;
4
/
;
= 0,9
/
;
( 850, 1300 1550
,
1480
)
.
. 2.8. (
αrad
)
,
, ,
,
. 20% ,
.
, .
, , . v=c/λ, dv/dλ= - c/λ2 ,
,
(3*108 / ). ∆λ λ0
λ, ∆ν ,
12
(35*10 1550 , 0,2 / ,
: ∆ν = ∆λ/ λ20. λ0=1550
) ,
λ0= 1300 ∆λ= 200 ,
∆λ= 200 ∆v=25
. 2.8.
∆v=35
, .
, 25
/
, .
, . . - WDM.
WDM ( -
(
), ,
).
.
. - DBR 0,8
0,1 . , 1530-1560 EDFA,
-
40
- 40 /
10
. [8]. - TDM, 100 -
TDM 4
/ (
, 40
) [9]. .
,
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
. -
2 τ ( L) = tout − tin2
L 1 −
−
,
/
[10].
.
,
: (
τmod), τw),
,
(
−
τmat).
(
, . τ = τ2mod + τ2chr = τ2mod + (τmat + τW)2.
:
2
(2-13)
,
. 2.3 ,
(
). (2-9) :
L -
( -
10
5
,
).
,
. ,
L > Lc
.
, . 2
.
.
∆ ,
,
. ,
, W
. [1]: W = 0,44 / τ
(2-16) *
,
.
. ( 1
W-
)
.
, .
, . -
. .
:
λ d 2 n1 = ∆λ ⋅ L ⋅ M ( λ ) τ mat ( ∆λ , L) = ∆λL c dλ2 τ wt ( ∆λ , L) = ∆λL
( 2 − 17)
[1]:
2n 1 = ∆λ ⋅ L ⋅ N ( λ ) cλ2 (λ) N(λ) , ∆λ ( ) .
( 2 − 18)
2
D(λ) = + N(λ).
/(
*
(λ)
).
, , ,
. 1310 ± 10
( ) D(λ)
(λ),
(λ) .
,
λ0.
, ,
λ0 Corning
. . 1
(800-1600
MMF, 1200-1600
SF
.
DSF) ,
(
λ-2.
,
,
2 ). ,
,
, .
(Sellmeier, [4]): τ(λ) = ,
+ λ-2 + ,
τ(λ), : D(λ)=∂τ/∂λ=2(Bλ+Cλ-3)=S0 (λ-λ04 /λ3)/4, λ0 = ( / )1/4 (
/
2 .
),
. 2.10. (2-19)
, λ, -
S0 = 8B , .
τ(λ) =
+Bλ+C.λ.lnλ,
D(λ)=∂τ/∂λ=B+C+Clnλ=λ0 S0 ln(λ/λ0), λ0 =
, λ0 -
-(1+ / )
, τchr(λ) = D(λ).∆λ,
S0 = C/ λ0, S0 -
(2-19) λ.
∆λ -
. (∆λ = 2
, .
. 2.4 . 2.4. λ,
, τmod 4141) 414 414 9733) 973 973 0 /
MMF 50/125 MMF 62,5/125 SF
850 1310 1550 850 1310 1550 1310
, /( D(λ) 99,63) 1,0 19,2 106,74) 4,2 17,3 < 1,8
)
∆λ=2 958 1062 1058 441 452 451 >120000
, * , W=0,44/τ ∆λ=4 ∆λ=35 766 125 1062 1050 1044 540 414 114 452 450 450 384 61000 6900
),
8/152 DSF 8/125
1550 1310 1550
0 0 0
17,5 21,2 120000
6300 5200 65000
720 594 7400
, -
/
-
,
. . 2.4. Ethernet
2.1. 10Base-FL 20 .
.
∆λ = 35 125 20
50/125 31 , 4
4 ,
⋅
(850
.
,
,
3
.
)
/
. ,
Ethernet 10Base-FL
2 (
62,5/125, ),
∆λ = 50 FDDI
Ethernet ( 2.2. FDDI PMD
2 ,
62,5/125) 1310
). .
4 /5 ∆λ = 35 (1310 ) 62,5/125 450 ⋅ , 225 , 125 , 2 , FDDI PMD
.
(
-
(450
⋅
∆λ = 35
,
452
125
, . , ⋅
∆λ = 2
), .
,
1310
. 2.3.
4 /5 (1310 8/125
Fast Ethernet 100Base-FX FDDI 125 .
) 120000 1200
,
⋅ 125
.
∆λ = 2 100
.
,
,
,
100
.
25
0,4 62,5
/
. ,
1550 ,
25 0,25
/ , ∆λ = 2
100
. ⋅
)
(1310 8/125
12600
100 Fast Ethernet. ∆λ=2
.
.
,
126
. , DSF.
(SF),
∆λ = 1 . А 622 622 778
, 2.4. .
0,1
(1550 ) 8/125 100
⋅
252000 , 2520 ,
(STM-4)
/ /
8 /10 , ∆λ =
. (12600 20) 778 ∆λ, = 0,1
100
.
, (1550
)
, .
2.5.
100
DSF.
) ∆λ = 0,1 (1550 ⋅ (20 2400 20 120 , ,
⋅
120000
DSF 8/125 ) 100 20 -
. 100
,
.
/
,
.
τpmd . 1
( /(√
τpmd=T√L .
τ2pmd
)),
τpmd
(2-13).
τpmd
, (
)
0,1 .
2,4 .
/
,
.
,
, 2.11
, ,
. ,
.
. 2.11 .
τpmd, , , .
, . (>2,4
/ )
-
τpmd
. (
)
,
. . L0 , τpmd T = 2 =0,5 /√ ,
2.6.
∆λ =0,05 =25
.
/(
⋅
, ), L0 =(T/D⋅∆λ)2
. τchr =D⋅∆λ⋅L L > L0 L < L0 ,
,
τchr
τpmd =T√L,
,
(>100
. / )
.
2.7.
Lmax W=100 = 1,0 Lmax
/√
, , .
(2-16) =(0,44/WT) =(0,44/(100⋅10 ⋅1⋅10-12))2 77 . 2
9
,
.
: τpmd =T√L 20-25), (> 2
). . , , Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
,
( -
. 7.3):
, 1-
[5].
. 7.3.
(CSMA) (collision backoff) (nonpersistent)
.
,
,
. ( . .
, , ),
1.
,
2. ,
2.
-
-
( )
1. .
,
, ,
,
. (
,
,
), , ,
.
, . . ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, .
-
,
. 1-
(1-persistent)
. 1-
, ,
, . ,
. , ,
1.
,
,
2; ,
2.
,
, ,
,
. ,
1,
1"
".
, ,
,
( ),
,
,
, (p-persistent)
-
,
. .
.
: , (1- )
1.
.
; ,
2.
,
,
1; ,
3. .
1.
, ,
.
n
,
,
. ,
,
,
n .
np > 1, .
, ,
, 1,
,
. n,
,
, ,
,
,
.
n
.
, ,
. ,
, (1 . 9 .
=0,1,
)/
, ,
,
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD [3] -
. , ,
(
)
.
, .
.
CSMA/CD
. (
. 7.4 ):
,
1.
, ( . .
.
,
,
),
-
2. ,
1);
( 2.
, , ,
,
3.
; ,
,
,
-
(12
).
,
, - jam;
,
,
jam-
4. ,
1. IFG (mterframe gap) , . ,
,
9,6
,
,
,
. Jam-
(jamming
-
).
,
jam,
, ,
jam-
, . Jam-
, SF (safety margin) .
jamCRC
, (802.3), 1
0
62 1.
. 7.4. ) .
CSMA/CD (
MAC):
; )
7.5 " " ( ( 10Base5 10Base2 A (DTE ) t0 . (DTE ), , , . t 2 = t1 + ∆ ,
). , t1 ,
( ). .
jam,
t3 jam-
.
. 7.5. CSMA/CD
Ethernet
Ethernet
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
64
. ST (slot time) ,
, . ,
Ethernet IEEE
802.3. -
. ,
,
. t1=tP - ∆ .
tP . t3 = 2tP - ∆ . , ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
, ,
. .
, , 2tP RTD (round-trip delay). , ,
,
, RTD . :
time). , . . 0,1
1
, 10 Ethernet [4]:
/ .
(bit
,
1.
512-
,
; ,
2. -
576
(512
SFD); ~
3. , 575
, ,-
,
. Ethernet
, . .
RTD
; RTD < 575
. , , 64
1500
,
, , ,
( ,
"
"
,
,
).
jam-
,
CSMA/CD , .
,
. , ,
. ( )
U RTD/ST, [5]: 1 1 U= ≈ 1 + ( e − 1) RDT / ST 1 + 1,72 RDT / ST -
. (
(
RTD
. 37%,
RDT = ST) , ST) ,
,
1. ,
, ,
,
,
,
15. . IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD,
,
1-
,
.
, .
,
.
. ( ,
51,2 ), (N - 1
N-
-
), R = min(N,BL), BL (backoff limit) , 10. 16, . CSMA/CD
K
0≤R< 2 ,
16
,
, . .
-
,
1, (
), 2,
,
,
2
.
,
,
.
-
, ,
.
25 2
-
[6].
, . (
. 7.4
).
,
, ( MAC
).
. , .
,
,
, SDF
FCS
, FCS ( ,
CRC-32). .
.
(
), ),
( . .
Ethernet
.
7.1.7 7.1.
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 ,
/
10 ( )
,
(
)
51,2(512) ,
jam-
(
)
9,6 (96) 16 10 32 1518 64 20-150
, , , Jabber-
,
,
IEEE 802.3
1985
,
IEEE 802.3, :
(
6
) 13
(
BNC (10Base-2), AUI (10Base-5,
) -
). (10Base- ),
- RJ-45 -
: 75
(
- (10
) 10Base-F,
d36), ST (10Base-F). . ,
: − 10Base-FP -
1
33.
. . (
),
. , . − 10Base-FB. 2
"
-
" -
. , ( 15) − 10Base-FL -
. 2 "
-
, "
, -
. 10Base-FB)
( .
(
100
,
),
-
10Base-FL. Ethernet. Ethernet d36, 10Base-FP 10Base-FB ).
. 7.2 (
10B
7.2. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 10Base5
10Base2
AUI
BNC
10Base-T RJ-45 (MDI MDI-X)
10Base-FL ST
UTP (50
(50
)
)
mm/sm*
cat.3
/ onoff **
500
,
185
100
30 (
( ) 10
-( "
) 5
,
,
100
Mm - 2000, sm ***
-
")
-( "
-
")
62,5/125 50/125
0,4-0,6
,
: MDI .
; MDI-X /
RJ-45
MDI. * 10Base-FL,
850 1310 -
(mm) (sm)
**
.
, ,
*** Ethernet. ,
7.2. AUI
100
Ethernet Ethernet
.
AUI (attachment unit interface) Ethernet, PLS (physical signaling) (physical medium attachment), . 7.6. ( 10Base-T,
, 10Base-FL),
. MDI
(transceiver) -MAU (media attachment unit,
). ,
,
. . PLS ,
( )
AUI 15-
AUI , . . ( ), ,
15 ( AUI
)
, ,
, MDI, -
MAU. , MAU
. 1 50
. ,
. 4, 7, 8, 14
,
15
4 12,5 . 10 -
15
. AUI.
. 7.6.
Ethernet, AUI Ethernet ( MAU: "
"
) 10Base5 ,
, ;
10Base2 (BNC) -
;
10Base-T (RJ-45) -
FL ( -
;
10Base-
ST) ( ). .
Allied Telesyn [7], NBase [8], SVEC [9], Surecom [10], Transition Networks [11]. NBase , 2 110 ( 7.3, . 7.7 ).
. 7.7.
: ) 10Base-FL/10Base-T [11] ) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet [12]
Ethernet [8], )
7.3.
NX300FO
Nbase FO/MX
FO/S
FO/S X
FO/SY
FO/SZ
Mm
Mm
sm
sm
sm
sm
850
1300
1300
1300
1300
1550
-28
-28
-28
-28
-28
-28
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-19/-14
-19/-14
-19/-14
-10/0
0/6
0/2
9/14
9/14
9/14
18/28
28/34
28/30
4
2
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,2
0-2
0-5
0-18
15-35
30- 60
40-110
FO/M
NX300FO/X , ,
mm sm
-
, , ,
, (min/max) ,
(min/max)
,
/ ,
Ethernet
UTP
(10Base-T/10Base-FL,
10Base2/10Base-FL)
, . ,
, .
,
. 7.7
,
19", . 7.7 .
, . ,
,
Ethernet,
Ethernet,
Fast
, . 10Base-T/10Base-FL ,
(1-3 ,
). , .
,
,
, MDI. Ethernet BNC (10Base2/10Base-FL), , . , -
, .
, . 50
.
Ethernet : Adaptec[13], IMC [14], LANCAST, NBase, NetOptics [15], FOCI -
. -
, "
(
-
-
",
, "
-
". ,
) NIC (network interface controller, . DTE (data termination
network interface card). equipment,
). ( ) -
BNC.
, , .
RJ-45
(
MD1). Ethernet.
AUI ,
, . Ethernet (
. 7.8.
, 7.8).
PCI
RJ-45/FO ST mm [7]
Ethernet 6
,
-
-
,
. , .
(
)
(repeater) -
, .
,
,
. 7.9 . (12, 16 24
. RJ-45),
BNC
AUI.
, 8
RJ-45). OSI (
(4
, . 7.9 ),
Ethernet FDDI (DAC, SAC, NAC),
MAC (
. 7.9.
OSI)
Ethernet: )
; ) OSI
RJ-45,
RJ-45
MDI
MDI-X, 1-8
,
RJ-45 RJ-45 .
8
.
. :
17, 8.
4-
1. 2; 10
:1
, 2-
4, 5;
3-
3, 6;
-
2,
.
MDI (
,
DTE)
1
2.
, 2
MDI-X
, 1.
RJ-45
.
, 5-5, 7-7, 8-8.
1-3, 2-6, 3-1, 6-2, 4-4, RJ-45
MDI. 1
2,
MDI-X, . , 3
. 7.10 2
,
RJ-45 (
2.
Jabber, 1,2 .
1
3
MDI,
MDI-X). Ethernet . 1518
, ,
. ( ,
)
,
,
.
(jabber signal -
,
), , .
jabber-
.
, 20 150 . Jabber-
,
" -
" -
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, [16].
, (10Base-FL)
(10Base-T) , ,
.
. . Ethernet
,
.
,
,
. 10
/ , "
(
10Base-T
(
10Base2
"
10Base-FL.) , 10Base5).
"
"
, , , . ,
. "
"
. 7.10.
,
. 7.10.
, : )
; )
; )
, ( ), (
. 7.10 ,
).
,
,
( "
-
"),
, .
( ,
,
.
) 1 (
. 7.10
(collision presence).
), , ,
, .
jam ,
1 .
2, .
1, 3. . 7.6 ,
. CD
,
2
1
2 1,
,
. ,
(
. 7.10):
1. , (
, );
2.
, ( , ).
OSI
. .
-
. (non-blocking),
Ethernet , . . ,
,
,
. 7.11.
. 7.11.
Ethernet
[16] -
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
-
,
,
-
, ,
. (broadcast), . . 1, ), . .
, ( . : on-the-fly -
(cut-through, SAF (store-and-forward, ).
1. 2. switching ,
( -
,
); buffered
. 7.12 ),
,
, .
,
140-150 (
-
64
(1,4-1,5 ,
),
, .
).
,
Ethernet
, Ethernet , ,
. , .
cut-through , ICS (interim cut-through switching ). , . . 64 (512 , 512 , . , . 512 (> 5,12 ), ICS cat-through, . ICS ICS 64 . . , , ( . 7.12 ), , , , (destination address, DA) FCS, ( , " " . , Ethernet Fast Ethernet, Ethernet-FDDI . 1512 (1512 64= 96768 , ≡1 ). , , , , .
). ,
,
.
, ). ,
. -
. .
,
. . 2, 3
,
1
5. , 2, 3
5.
, (
,
TCP/IP), .
, . (flow
control)
. (
, back pressure),
,
,
Ethernet . 7.13.
-
1 2, 3
5. ,
.
,
2, ,
, . ,
.
, Ethernet, CSMA/CD.
. 7.12.
. 7.13. RJ-45 , , 10Base-T/100Base-TX,
MDI-X, :
-
,
, .
7.3.
Ethernet
Ethernet, (
> 2,5
), (> 2), .
1 -
. ,
1.
.
,
. ,
2. Ethernet (
1)
1
, Ethernet.
1
, [4, 17]. .(
1. IEEE 802.3
9
, ,
2.
,
AUI
(
.) . 7.9 ),
, (DTE). ( -
Ethernet
-
. MAU
) DTE AUI
3. , 4 ( (MAU
( MAU ,
)
5 ), 2
2 ,
).
4.
25 (
50
,
-
-
5.
). DTE
,
(
10Base2 /
10Base5)
(" "10Base-FL
", .
10Base-T
/
10Base-FL). 500 .
DTE
6. −
,
: (10Base-FL) 1000 ;
−
(10Base-FL)
−
DTE
400 ; ( , . ). Ethernet,
/
. 7.14.
. 7.14.
Ethernet 1
2;
- 4, (AUI
- 2,
- 5, ) - 2,
50 , 2, . . ,
1
3( 2
-
-
). 1.
1
,
3 4.
.
, 3
, AUI 3
, 1
). . 2.
3 Ethernet (
2)
2, 1,
,
1, 2. 1.
2 (DTE) :
Ethernet [4, 18]. RTD ; 575 IFG -
49
.
-
,
-
,
RTD.
DTE
,
,
.
. 7.4 DTE1 DTE2 , RTD .
. , DTE1
.
DTE2 ,
,
RTD
575
. RTD=Base+RTDM⋅L
L RTD
2
,
. 7.14: RTD(1, 2) = 30,73+89,8+4,88+2⋅33,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+176,3 = 468,71 RTD(2, 1) = 26,55+89,8+4,88+2⋅33,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+188,48 = 476,71 RTD(1, 3) = 30,73+89,8+4,88+(12-2) ⋅0,1026+2⋅33,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+156,5 = 449,936 RTD(3, 1) = 12,25+89,8+4,88+(12-2) ⋅0,026+2⋅ ,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+188,48 = 463,436 RTD(2, 3) = 26,55+2⋅33,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+(12-2) ⋅0,1026+156,5 - 351,076 RTD(3, 2) = 12,25+2⋅33,5+(500+500) ⋅0,1+(12-2) ⋅0,1026+176,3 = 356,576 SF (safety margin) 575-max (RTD). Ethernet SF 0 5 , ( . 7.14) SF = 575 - 477 = 98 . 5 50 ,
. 7.4.
, 500 185 100 2000 48
10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-FL
Base** 11,75 11,75 15,25 12,25 0
RTD (
) [18]
Max*** 55,05 30,731 26,55 212,25 4,88
Base 46,5 46,5 42 33,5 0
89,8 65,48 53,3 233,5 4,88
Base 169,5 169,5 165 156,5 0
ADI**** * RTDM 1 . ** Base -
Max 212,8 188,48 176,3 356,5 4,88
RTDM* ( / ) 0,0866 0,1026 0,113 0,1 0,1026
, {DTE
),
. *** ****
-
. AUI
2 .
.
2 ,
RTD
.
7.1 (
,
. 7.15
).
Ethernet, -
.
. . .
L.
: RTD+SF = 26,55+33,5+L⋅0,1+176,3+5=575 2000
SF = 5
.
L=3336 ,
,
.
, .
, . . 7,15 ).
7.2 (
2000
L = 3336 . , ,
,
7.1, .
L1 L2. . RTD+SF = 26,55+33,5+33,5+(L1+L2)⋅0,1+176,3+5 = 575 7.3 ( . 7.15 ). , ). .
. SF = 5 : L1+L2=3001 . L (
.
. .
1 2 ): RTD = 12,25+156,5+33,5+L⋅0,1 ): RTD = 12,25+156,5+L⋅0,1 , 33,5 . , , . .: ) RTD+SF == 12,25+156,5-33,5+L⋅0, 1+5 = 575
(2 (1
33,5 (0 = 4347 .
:
.
L
. IFG
96
, ,
, .
. 96
CSMA/CD. , ,
,
. , ,
. -
, .
,
, , , SVV (segment variability value),
, ,
,
. ,
. 7.15.
49
Ethernet
.
-
IFG ,
,
, SW ,
IFG. . , IFG. 7.5.
IFG (
),
SVV,
(10Base2, 10Base5) BOK(10Base-FL), (10Base-T)
16
11
10,5
8
SVV , SVV ( 1, 2) = 16+11+8+8 = 43 SVV ( 2, 1) = 10,5+8+8+11 = 37,5 SVV(y e 1, 3) = 16+11+8 = 35 SVV(y e 3, 1) = 10,5+8+11 = 29,5 SVV ( 2, 3) = 10,5+8 = 18,5 SVV ( , 2) = 10,5+8 = 18,5 , SVV 2. 1 , 5 , SVV=16+11+11+11 = 49 .
. 7.14:
49
, , :
7.4.
N , / .
L
.
.
N-2,
SVV = 10,5+(N-2)⋅8. N = 7, SVV = 49 ( ).
N = 6, SVV = 42,5 50,5>49).
,
N =
(5
, 1.
L
,
(
RTD ( ) 10Base-FL
10Base-T ,
, . 7,4).
( RTD+SF = 15.25+(N-2) ⋅42 +165+1⋅0,113+5 == 575 N=6 L == 1962 .
): . Ethernet,
7,4,
5, ,
, 10
. .
, (n>20)
, 1/n
: 10
/ ,
2
1/n . , . 7.4.
Fast Ethernet
Ethernet − − − −
IEEE 802.3u [19, 20]:
Fast Ethernet,
CSMA/CD, Ethernet; -
, ,
; Ethernet; ,
, 10/100 Fast Ethernet, Ethernet
Ethernet, . Fast Ethernet. А
Fast Ethernet
/ , Fast
. 7.16
Fast Ethernet. 100Base-T IEEE 802.3u , , ( , FX, T4). Ethernet, ( ) PLS ( . 7.6), Fast Ethernet AUI. PCS, . , , , 4 /5 NRZ1 100Base-FX. MII Fast Ethernet. MII (medium AUI independent interface) Fast Ethernet Ethernet. MII . . II Fast Ethernet. 40. II 0,5 . ( , RJ45), . , , .
. 7.16,
Fast Ethernet, Mil Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet
(
Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u . 7.17. . 7.6): 100Base-FX, 100Base-
100Base-T4.
. 7.17.
Fast Ethernet -
100Base-FX.
FDDI PMD,
6. Duplex SC.
100Base-FX . 7.6. Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u [19] 100Base-FX Duplex SC
100Base-TX RJ-45
100Base-T4 RJ-45
UTP Cat. 5
/
UTP Cat.
4 /5 NRZI
4B/5B MLT-3
3, 4, 5 8 /6 NRZI
2
2
4
≤ 100
≤100
≤ 412 (mm) ≤2 (mm)* ≤100 (sm)* : mm -
, sm -
*-
.
100Base-TX.
5. FDDI UTP PMD, 6. RJ-45, : MDI ( , ) Ethernet, ). MDI Fast Ethernet. 3. 2 4. RJ-45 , 100Base-TX, .
10Base-T, MDI-X (
1 10Base-T, RJ-45 ,
. 100Base-T4.
UTP Cat. 3
.
Fast
,
Ethernet . 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4
, ( 1, 3
Fast Ethernet UTP Cat. 3
. 7.18 ). 4,
-
2, 3 4. Ethernet.
,
1
2 3
4 ,
, . ,
5. 33,33
/ .
8 /6 . , / ,
33,33 .
30 ,
(
)
(ternary) 8 /6 [16]; 8
.
,
.
,
) 6 .7.18 , : (100⋅6/8)/3 = 25
,
(
,
(
)
,
. 100Base-T4
. Fast Ethernet 100Base-T4 ( 100
100Base-TX , 100Base-T4
/ ),
. ,
100Base-TX
100Base-FX.
. 7.18. )
100Base-T4: ) 6 /8
;
Fast Ethernet
Ethernet: /
, ; ;
; ); -
Fast Ethernet, ( .
(
Ethernet) AUTONEG,
, , II (100Base-FX, ,
PCS. PMA, PMD , 100Base-T4). 100Base, II.
,
,
. 100Base,
1. RJ-45
/
100/10
,
. . 100Base-FX (
Transition Networks .) SC ( ST) (media converter) -
IMC, Adaptec,
. , .
, 100Base-T4,
, , 100Base-TX/100Base-FX.
, TX/100Base-FX, RJ-45 (100Base. − −
, ). Fast Ethernet RTD , .
I. 4
TX/FX, II.
TX/FX;
RTD < 67
. 100Base-
: 130
: RTD < 92 4- (
,
4
.
,
TX/FX. 4
, TX/FX,
I.) , 100/10
/ (
Fast Ethernet RJ-45 100Base-
T4). up-link
. Fast Ethernet 100Base-FX, FDDI ,
(155 . Fast : 3Com, Bay Networks, Cabletron, DEC, Intel, NBase,
/ ), Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Cisco . 7.5.
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet Ethernet). 1
( ,
. Ethernet,
, ,
, . 1,
2.
, 2.
1,
,
1
1 . 1D)
5 -
(
, .
, ,
. 7.7).
. 7.19.
1 , 1 , 1 , 1D:
. 7.19 [21]. 1 [
(1 )
"
-
",
. (
,
-
),
.
, 412
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
(
,
,
). 7.7.
1 , 1 , 1 , 1D:
1
[22]
FX
412 2000 , 110 * 1 TX/FX 160 UTP 4 131 1 TX/FX 208 1D TX/FX 111 : FX - 100Base-FX, TX - -lOOBase-TX, T4 - 100Base-T4, * FX, FX,
,
Nbase.
: I (
1
I
),
1
1D -
II. ,
. 2
RTD . 512 . Ethernet (575
Fast Ethernet
RTD
),
, Fast Ethernet DTE,
. ,
Fast Ethernet
, (
Ethernet). RTD RTD
, .
. 7.8
1
Fast Ethernet
. , 0,5 DTE. ( . 7.7)
( D
. 7,8)
2
, ,
1 ( . 7.19). 1 : RTD = 100+412⋅1,0 = 512 FX, 1 : RTD= 100+100⋅1,112+140+160⋅1,0 =511,2 TX/FX 1 : RTD = 127+100⋅1,112+140+131⋅1,0 - 509.2 - UTP T4 1 : RTD = 100+100⋅1,112+92+208⋅1,0 =511,2 TX/FX 1D: RTD = 100+205⋅1,112+2⋅92=511,96 TX/FX ( 1 2) 1D: RTD = 100+105⋅1,112+2⋅92+111⋅1,0 =511,76 TX/FX ( 2 3). RTD 512 , 2. Fast Ethernet 2 ( , 7.20). 7.5-7.7 , 10 . 7.8 : 100 100Base-T4. 7.8. RTD Fast , [21] Ethernet
/ RTD, ( DTE / FX) DTE / DTE /
( ( ( I II ( II ( I (TX/FX II (TX/FX UTP Cat. 3***, 1 UTP Cat. 4***, 1 UTP Cat. 5, 1 ,1
/ 4) 4
)*
100** 138** 127** 140 92 67 130 92 1.14 1,14 1,112 1,0 DTP Cat. 5.
FX)
TX/FX) 4) ) )
*
. ** ***
. 100Base-T4.
. 7.20.
Fast Ethernet
7.5.
I (TX/FX), 10 , ( . 7.20 ). . RTD = 100+20⋅1,112+2⋅140+L⋅1,0 = 512
.
. 7.8 L= 109,76 .
:
7.6. II (TX/FX), 10 , ( . 7.20 ). . RTD = 100+20⋅1,112+2⋅92+L⋅1,0 = 512 . L = 205,76 . 7.7. II (TX/FX) , 10 , ( . 7.20 ). . L = 308,88 . . RTD = 100+10⋅1,112+92+1⋅1,0 = 512 7.8. 1 2 , . 7.20 . . . RTD = 127+(L1+ L2+ L3 + L4) ⋅ 1,112+67+140+92 = 512 . . , Fast Ethernet, SM 5 , . . 10 , Ethernet
L = 77.33 =5 , - 50 .
7.6.
Ethernet
( ) . . -
(
T4) -
100Base-
. "
.
"
".
Ethernet,
",
, . , MAC.
(
/
)
, . . MAC
. -
, . CSMA/CD, (
(
. 7.4 ). ,
. 7.21), MAC,
, ( 1995
) ,
, ,
Ethernet
. , IEEE 802.
1997
,
,
-
,
[23]. -
.
,
:
1.
(
)
,
IFG,
96
,
, . 2.
20
/
Ethernet. 3. (
98%)
. ,
4. 100
,
, , ,
5. (
:
,
,
. 7.21.
. .).
(
MAC)
Ethernet 100Base-FX
10Base-T (
10Base-FL, . )
,
Ethernet/Fast 100Base-TX AUI II ,
, -
MAC. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet, 7.7.
Gigabit Ethernet (
1996 Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z.
IEEE 802.3 1996 11
IEEE 802.3z
802.3ab)
(3Com, Bay Networks, Cisco,
Compaq, Granite, Intel, LSI Logic, Packet Engines, Sun, UB Networks Technology) Gigabit Ethernet Alliance - GEA [24]. ,
VLSI
−
:
Gigabit Ethernet, Ethernet ;
− −
Fast Ethernet ;
. GEA
100
. IEEE 802.3
. 802.3z [25]. А
Gigabit Ethernet
. 7.22 Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet , , 8 /10 [26], ,
Gigabit Ethernet. -
,
1000Base-LX/SX/ , 1000Base-T /T2 [27]. PCS, GMII (gigabit media independent interface). MAC
GMII
,
II 10, 100
1000
/ .
8,
.
, GMII
,
,
-
,
, GMII
.
, ,
,
Gigabit Ethernet
,
. PCS.
"1000Base8 /10 , ,
PCS ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel. 8
, , Gigabit Ethernet
FDDI, , 10-
.
,
, 10(
512
).
1000
-
PCS
DTP Cat.5 100 Level One Communications [28, 29]. .
. 7.22.
/ 2, -
Gigabit Ethernet, GMII Gigabit Ethernet
. 7.23. А ,
Gigabit Ethernet PMD.
Gigabit Ethernet 5, . PCS
, (
) PMD
PMD. / .
, 802.3Z (1000Base-X) 802. b (1000 1000Base-X. 1000Base-X Fibre Channel -
4 - ), (
. 7.23), ,
. Fibre Channel
, 4-
. ( Channel
/
FC-0 ( ) Gigabit Ethernet. , Gigabit Ethernet. 4 /5 , Fibre Channel, .
)
8 /10 4 /5
, 0 (
FC-1 Fibre
FDDI.
1(
),
), .
1000
-
,
− 1000Base-SX 770-860 0 ,
[30]: , ON/OFF ( -17 ,
− 1000Base-LX 1270-1355 -3 ,
) 0
ON/OFF ( -19 ,
) -3 (STP "twinax")
-13,5 9 .
/
. 7.9 , 1000Base-SX ( HFCT-5305, λ = 1300).
.
;
,
− 1000Base-CX .
LX (
/
-10 9
;
Hewlett Packard HFBR-5305, λ = 850) 1000Base-
7.9.
Gigabit
Ethernet [31]
,° , , , /
, ,
/
,
1000Base-SX λ=850 min max
1000Base-LX λ= 1300 min max
0 4,75 -10 0 9 -
0 4,75 -13 -3 9 -
70 5,25 -4 -17 0,85 0,26
1000Base-X 7.10. 7.10. /
70 5,25 -3 -20 4 0,45 .
( 1000Base-LX ( 1300 )
(9 ) (50 )*** (62,5 )*** (50 ) (62,5 ) (62,5 ) ; STP 150
1000Base-SX ( 850 ) 1000Base*
,
⋅
),
*,
500 320 400 200 160 (25
5000** 550 400 500 275 220 25
),
**
, /
100
***
(
.
.
-
)
1250
8 /10 , 625 . -
/ . 2-6
.
. 7.10
,
.
, NBase
Gigabit Ethernet . . , Gigabit Ethernet,
40 1550
DFB- -
,
[32].
62,5/125 50/125. Gigabit Ethernet
,
. 1000Base-LX
1000Base-SX , . (
30-50
).
. . . Gigabit Ethernet ,
1250 - 0,8
.
, ,
622,08
/ (STM-4, 777.6 Gigabit Ethernet
8 /10 , ). , ,
. . .
(
), . ,
,
, ,
,
. DMD.
, (
. 7.24 ). :
(
,
,
)
.
DMD
, ,
.
, (
1300
) [33, 34]. .
100-
,
DMD, 1000Base-LX.
, Gigabit Ethernet
.
-
,
,
( (
, . 7.10). (mode conditioning patch-cords), ,
)
.
,
- Duplex SC Duplex SC,
,
Fast Ethernet, SC,
-
:
, Duplex SC-Duplex SC. , Duplex
. .
, .
,
10-15
, 1000Base-LX
(
. 7,24
) [35, 36].
, .
. 7.24, : (DMD)
) ; )
1000Base-SX.
1000Base-SX
, . Gigabit Ethernet
1000Base-T -
5
100
.
, 250
/ .
,
, 1 ,
(dual duplex) 1000Base-T. / UTP cat.5 , 1000Base-TX.
, . 1000Base-T,
: 5-
QAM-25,
-5;
-
. 7.25),
,
. [37].
-5. 5-
?
44
. - 00, 01, 10, 11. , , 125 .
4,
2 , (
250
. .
6
/
.
P802.3ab. 1999
-
.
. 7.25.
4-
-4
MAC
MAC CSMA/CD,
Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet. (
)
. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
64
. ( -
, 51,2
.
). 512
-
Ethernet RTD,
, ,
512
(
). Ethernet 512
Fast Ethernet
64 ( Fast Ethernet 1
5,12
, -
= 0,01
).
, ,
: 1.
, ( ,
, (
2. .
); ),
Fast Ethernet Ethernet.
, , . Gigabit Ethernet ,
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
,
, . ,
20 , Gigabit Ethernet . Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet. , Ethernet Fast Ethernet,
. 8
512
, ,
"
" (carrier extension).
, "
".
. ( -
512
)
,
,
512
, . LLC
. .
512 .
Ethernet
. 7.26.
. 7.26 .
Gigabit Ethernet
SDF: Start of frame Delimiter DA: Destination Address S : Source Address L: ( : ( FCS: Frame Check Sequence -
802.3) Ethemet_II)
, Gigabit
-
, Fast Ethernet
.
448
. (512-64)
. NBase Communications , bursting), /
Gigabit Ethernet . (packet . 512
, ,
. 96
,
– (
. 7.27 ).
,
, . , 1518. ,
,
, ,
(
. 7.27.
Gigabit
. 7.27 ).
: )
Ethernet: , , . (1000Base-FL, 1000Base-SX) Duplex SC, 1000 UTP cat.5 1999 .
; )
,
100
Gigabit Ethernet. SBus . G-NIC, 1. 64/32-
PCI,
Packet Engines [38]: PCI-
33 2
2.
/ . ,
,
. 3. IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3z . : Windows 95 (NDIS3); Windows NT (NDIS4, NDIS5, Intel DEC Alpha ); Novell NetWare (ODI 3.12 ); Solaris (2.5x, PCI SBus); DEC UNIX (4.3 BSD); SGI IRIX (5.3 6.2); HP-UX (10.20); Linux; FreeBSD. . Ethernet , MAC. RJ-45 (10Base-T, 100Base- ), , 1 , . Gigabit Ethernet , . CSMA/CD , . ( . 7.28). . , , MAC . , , ( ). CSMA/CD, . , -
. ,
100 ,
,
. 7.28.
Gigabit Ethernet ,
, ,
. ,
802.3 ,
MAC . , , . .
Gigabit
Ethernet: − − − − − − −
; ,
IEEE 802.3 ; Ethernet, Fast Ethernet; ; 3;
QoS IEEE 802.1q
RSVP; .
Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet : 3Com, Acacia Networks, Alteon Networks, AN-COR, Cabletron, Cisco Systems, Essential Communications, Foundry Networks, GigaLabs, Hewlett Packard, NBase Communications, Packet Engines, Rapid City Communications, XLNT Corp. [39]. 7.8.
Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet. : Fast Ethernet
Ethernet, Ethernet, (
,
Gigabit Gigabit Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet
. 7.29). 550 ,
, UTP Cat.5 -
802.3 -
.
100
(
. 7.10).
- 7.29.
Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet
Gigabit
Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet (
. 7.30).
802.1Q,
. Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet.
, 10/100
/ (N = 8-16),
1000
/ (
N =
4-8). (
) Gigabit Ethernet up-link
. Fast Ethernet,
,
Gigabit Ethernet ( . 7.31). : 802.3 );
;
, (IEEE 802.1Q);
(IEEE RSVP .
. 7.30.
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
. 7.31.
Gigabit
Ethernet Э
. 7.32 (
.
Ethernet.
,
)
, :
RTD,
, -
,
,
15-25, 50-100 Ethernet
. MAC,
. ,
.
. 7.32.
: )
)
;
( ); )
(
(
802.3 )
. 7.32 ).
, , -
Ethernet -
;
Fast Ethernet, ,
, "
"
. .
( )
, .
, . . , ,
. ,
, Ethernet, ,
. ( ). (
. . 7.2). ,
CSMA/CD, . Ethernet
(
. 7.32
"
). ( MAC. .
802.3
" IEEE 802.3 ) Gigabit Ethernet ,
,
Fast Ethernet ,
Ethernet.
,
,
. VLAN (virtual LAN) ,
.
, .
VLAN ,
.
,
. .
, ,
,
,
, . ).
-
(
. .
IP, IPX ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
. ,
,
, . IEEE 802.1Q, . -
(tag switching) [40]. ,
(
(12
) ,
2 (3
:
)
TR (1
);
).
1 ( ,
. 7.33).
2 V1,
-
.
V1
. 7.33.
IEEE 802,1Q − MAC Address Tagging ; − Frame Type Tagging ( − Layer 3 Tagging ; − Policy-based Tagging -
: -
,
IP
-
IPX); I
, IEEE 802.1Q Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE 802.1Q. RSVP. .
.
,
, ,
. . Internet.
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) . RSVP
TCP/IP, Internet, RSVP QoS (Quality of Service), .
, RSVP ,
, . /
-
RSVP -
:
(
7.34 ).
, QoS.
. ,
, . ,
RSVP ,
.
,
RSVP
QoS .
QoS
, ,
. RSVP , , .
, -
, . , ,
(
. 7.34
).
RSVP ,
, . RSVP Internet. RSVP , ,
, . ,
, RSVP ,
.
. 7.34. )
RSVP
,
QoS; )
Ethernet OSI, Ethernet, , . QoS,
RSVP
,
. IEEE 802.1Q Gigabit Ethernet QoS RSVP , RSVP
. QoS
. QoS,
, ,
. 10G Ethernet (
10
/ ), ,
2001 [41]. 10/100/1000/... ,
Ethernet ,
.
7
1. N. Abramson. "Development of the ALOHANET//IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-31, March, 1985 2. Digital Equipment Corp., Intel Corp., and Xerox Corp. The Ethernet: A Local Area Network, Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 1.0, Sept., 1980.; Version 2,0, Nov., 1980 3. ISO/IEC Standard 8802-3. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications [ISO publication of IEEE Standard 802.3], 1996 4. .1.5.2 Maximum Collision-Fragment Size, Annex B. ISO/IEC Standard 8802-3, 1996 (E) 5. W. Stallings. Local & Metropolitan Area Networks. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 1997. - 605 . 6. D. Boggs, J. Mogul, Ch. Kent. "Measured Capacity of an Ethernet: Myth and Reality". Digital, Western Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, 1988, pp. 1-20 7. Media Converter and Media Conversion Kits. Allied Telesyn, 1997, http://www.alliedtelesyn.com/prod12t.htm 8. PDF Documents: Enterprise Switches, Switches, Expansion Modules, Hub Data Sheets, Giga-HUB Modules, Transceiver and Adapter Data Sheets, Miscellaneous Manuals, White Papers, NBase Advertisements. NBase Communications, 1998, http://www.nbase.conn/pdf/ 9. Products and Ordering. SVEC's product list, 1997, complete http://www.svec.com.tw/Products/producte.htm 10. Ethernet Transceiver / Repeater. SURECOM Technology, 1998, http://www.surecom-net.com/product/pro-8.htm 11. Media Conversion Products - Go the Distance with Fiber. Transition Networks, 1998, http://www.transition.com/products/converterJndex.html 12. 10&100Mbps "twister" Media Translators in Standard Rackmount Chassis. Lancast, 1998, http://www.lancast.com/7000.html
13. Networking Products. Adaptec, 1998, http://www.adaptec.com/support/overview/networking.html 14. Products: Media Conversion, Media Conversion, Media Conversion Switches, Bridges/LAN Extenders, Hubs/Repeaters, Transceivers & Network Interface Cards. IMC Networks, 1998, http://www.imcnetworks.com/ 15. Welcome to Net Optics Global Source. NetOptics 1998, http://www.netoptics.com/ 16. F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems. AddisonWesley, 1996. -907 p. 17. 7.4 10-Mbps Configuration Guidelines: Model 1, Quick Reference Guide to Charles Spurgeon, 1995, http://wwwhost.ots. Ethernet. utexas.edu/ethernet/10quickref/ch7qr_5.html 18. 7.5 10-Mbps Configuration Guidelines: Model 2, Quick Reference Guide to Ethernet. Charles Spurgeon, 1995, http;//wwwhost.ots.utexas,edu/ethernet/10quickref/ch7qr_6.html 19. IEEE Standard 803.3u. Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Medium Attachment Units, and Repeater for 100 b/s Operation, Type 100Base-T, 1995 20. . , . . Fast Ethernet: , , . BHV, 1998. - 444 . 21. System consideration for multi-segment 100Base-T networks. IEEE Standard 802.3u, 1995. -pp. 281-287 22. H, Johnson. Fast Ethernet: Dawn of a New Network. Prentice Hall PRT, 1996. - 310 p. 23. IEEE Standard 802.3x. Specification for 802.3 Full Duplex Operation, 1997 24. Gigabit Ethernet Alliance 1998, http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org/ 25. "Gigabit Ethernet Standard Makes Considerable Progress To Meet June Ratification Date." Gigabit Ethernet Task Force Resolves All Comments To Gigabit Ethernet Draft Standard. 1998, http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org/news/releases/031698.html 26. Draft Standard IEEE 802,3z. Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Repeater and Management Parameters for 1000Mb/s Operation, 1998 27. Gigabit Ethernet over Category 5. 1997, http://www.bicsi.org/gigabit.html 28. ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A. "Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard", October 6,1995 29. H. Koeman, A. Bennett. "Relationship [Between] Near End and Far End Crosstalk in Modular RJ-45 Connectors". Contribution to TIATR41.8.1-97-08-46, 8/1997 30. R. Seifert. Gigabit Ethernet: Technology and Applications for High-Speed LANs. Addisson-Wesley, 1998. -411 p. 31. HP 850 nm Gb/s (Gigabit) Ethernet Fiber Optic VCSEL 1 9 Transceiver. Hewlett Packard, 1997, http://www.hp.com/HPCOMP/fiber/gigabit/prelim/hfbr5305_p.html; HP 1300 nm Gb/s (Gigabit) Ethernet Fiber Optic Laser 1 9 Transceiver, Hewlett Packard, 1997, http://www.hp.com/HP-COMP/fiber/gigabit/prelim/hfct5305J3.html 32. Backbone/Enterprise Switching Solutions. NBase, 1998, http://www.nbase.co.il/ 33. D. Cunningham. "Modal Bandwidth Investigation: Examination of the Fundamentals of Multi-mode Fiber Behavior with Laser Sources". Presented to IEEE 802.3z, November 1997.
34. H. Frazier. "Results of Field Measurements of Optical Fibers", presented to IEEE 802.3z, November 1997 35. Differential Mode Delay - Gigabit Ethernet - Transmission Distances, 1998, http://www.computercrafts.com/White%20Papers/differentiaLmode_delayJnfo.htm 36. Differential Mode Delay Q&A, Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, 1998, http://www.gigabitethernet.org/technology/overview/dmd.html 37. Gigabit Ethernet Over Category 5: Part I - Proposed Signaling Schemes, Part II Channel Environment and SNR Margin. Scope Communications, 1998, http://scope.com/white15.htm; http://scope.com/white19.htm 38. G-NIC™ Network Interface Card. Packet Engines, 1998, http://www.packetengines.com/products/gnic/default.htm 39. Vendors of Gigabit Ethernet equipment, 1998, http://www.infotech.tuchemnitz.de/paetz/ge/ 40. An Introduction to VLAN Tagging, 1997, http://www.lanoptics.co.uk/tagging.htm 41. High Performance Network Buying Decisions: A Walk-Trough the Evaluation Parameters of Gigabit Ethernet and ATM Networks. Packet Engines, 1998. -13 p.
8.
(1
/
) .
: ,
, . 5-8
,
,
. AON (All-optical Networks) , ),
, ,
( .
, ,
. [
, ,
WDM, EDFA, ), , . , , : Lucent Technologies, Alcatet, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard, NEC, NTT, Nortel. Siemens [1-4]. 8.1.
, AON, , ,
1 0-
.
,
EDFA . AON. .
, -
. (
), . 20 1
5
100
,
0,1
.
-
1
10
. InGaAsP,
, pin1300
100 / , (DFB), 10
1550
/ .
. ;
( , (dispersion shifted fiber, (non-zero dispersion shifted
standard fiber, SF), DSF), fiber, NZDSF), 50/125 62,5/125.
.
NZDSF,
-
DSF. 2
.
,
,
,
. ,
, .
FDDI, Fast Ethernet 125 ), (STM-1 ), STM-4 622 ) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 / , , / ). , STM-64 (10 / ( . . , WDM, , (DWDM) 40 .
.
, ( 155
100
/ , 194 778
/ , / (
1250 ), STM-16 (2,5 / ), , 8.2).
/
, . , . (
.
. 8.4)
. EDFA, 980
1480
,
.
1535 30-38
.
EDFA
1560
, ,
WDM
,
(
. . 8.5)
, ,
. 2 2 4 4, 8 8 16 16. , , .
, ,
(
) -
, , .
. (
.
.
. 8.6)
,
1 ,
-
2, 1
2
2
, .
. 8.1. 8.2. DWDM
DWDM ( :
−
WDM) 1550
EDFA (1530-1560 ∆λ,
−
,
); (3,2 / 1,6 / 0,8
0,4
). ,
DWDM (
),
32-
DWDM,
(
)
,
,
WDM / . ,
, / , .
,
DWDM
1310 ).
1650
WDM , 1550
(
(
) DWDM
(
)
.
DWDM
WDM, 8.1.
DWDM . 8.1 .
AON
.
.
-
, AWG (arrayed waveguide grating). , . , , , ,
(λ1, λ2, ... )
-
-
,
.
,
-
,
, ,
AWG
. . , -
(
. 8.1
). , .
DWDM
, .
,
(
, . 8,1
),
10-12 > 1,
λ=1550
hv,
/G
1
1,28 ⋅ 10-19 0,8 ' 1,28 ⋅ 10-8
. ,
). NF (noise figure) / P P NF = S in / S out PN in PN out ,
PN in = hv ⋅ ∆v.
/ (SNRout):
(8 − 3)
-
ASE∆ν
,
: ,
. [10]
, 6,6252 ⋅ 10-34 ⋅ λ 1530-1560 / ), nsp nsp= η = 1
/
- 48,9 (SNR,„)
,
PS out / PS in = G NF =
N out
-
1 ASE (1 + ) hv G
:
(8 − 4 )
=ASE∆ν+hv ⋅ ∆v.
EDFA ,
nf=101gNF. G = 1.
1 (0
: nsp/η=1
)
. nf , n=2, 1
),
, (101g2 ) (
3 5,5
-
.
,
. -
.
-
, NF1 NF2. PN out=hv∆v ⋅[NF1G1G2 + (NF2 - 1)G2] , , PS out=G1 ⋅ G2 ⋅ PS in NF = NF1 + (NF2 - 1)/G1
NF
G1
G2
-
(8-5)
(8-6) (8-7)
,
, . . -
G
(8-4), .
ASE
. 8.5
[11].
. 8.5,
EDFA
, ASE .
EFDA ∆ν (
.
,
. , 100
, 50
) (
~ ), ,
1 ASE⊥
, ( ASE
II
=
-ASE⊥∆ν.
tot
= ASE⊥.
).
(
ASE=ASEII +ASE⊥ = 2ASE⊥ . tot-
-
, . . out
,
). in,
(
).
(8-4)
G. . 8.4 EDFA, Laser, IP Fibre Devices
( . IPC -
)
IPG IRE-POLUS [12].
8.4.
EDFA EAU-200
EAU-350
[12] , ,
DWDM
1530 Pout sat
(
in=
-3
1570
),
: EAU-200 EAU-350
23,0 25,5
23,5 26,0
42 ,
(λ=1545
)
1553-1567
(Pin= -3
),
±0,3
,
0,2 nf
1545-1565
,
in=
-4 = in +4 ,
/
5,5 6,0 0,2
,
50 /
/
SMF-28™ FC/PC, FC/SPC, FC/APC 1,5
pig-tail-a, ,
965 1 100 500000
, , ,
(
)
1000000
5
7 12
20 ° , ,°
-30 -30
,° ,
+65 +80 3 95
.
,%
0 115 21 165 0.3
, ,
Bellcore
EDFA
,
, ,( (
/ .
. 8.6). )
.
,
-
,
,
WDM. , .
(
)
,
. ,
,
.
. 8.6. . 8.5 .
EDFA
8,5,
EFDA G
*
NF
* *
out sut
** ∆G * **
; : , PMD
,
EDFA
. 8,7 , EDFA.
G
,
( (
g(λ) ( ).
)
N0(λ) .
. 8.7. EDFA. α( L (
)
EDFA
/
), α ⋅ L .
, α ⋅ L=10lg(Pout i – 1 / Pin i)
EDFA
:
g=10lg(Pout i / Pin i) N − N0 ), g = 10 lg( out i α ⋅ L=10lg(Nout i – 1 / Nin i) N in i in, out i, .Nin i.Nout i , i .
(8-8) / (8-9)
(8 − 10) / (8 − 11)
Pout
sat.
, -
( ) , (
, ,
= Pout i = Pout sat. Nout i =Nout
i
α ⋅ L = g. - 1 +N0.
)
out i - 1
,
(8-10) Nout
, . . : snrk=10
k-
.
,
(8-11),
0
Nout 0=0 (Pout sat / Nout k)=10lg(Pout sat / kN0) ,
/
: snrk=pout sat-nout-10lgk (
)
(8-12)
nout=101gNout=n out id ∆ν + nf= - 134/1 + 10lg∆ν + g + nf ( . (8-12), SNR SNR / . ,
)
∆ν EDFA.
, . ,
,
: ATM/STM-1, ATM/STM-4, Gigabit Ethernet, STM-16, SNR, , - STM-16. 8.4.
WDM/TDM
SDH 2,5
/
10
/ . 80 STM-16
32
, 8
STM-64.
− −
− −
32
8
STM-16
STM-64:
; (1,5/2/6/8/34/45/140
/ ); SDH .
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13) (8-14), S(L) ,
[10]:
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(
2
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. 8.9 )
]
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,
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:
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n-
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. 8.9).
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, (n,in). Delta Dn,2, Banyan Yn,2
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Omega Ωn,2, (
, 8.13) [18, 19].
: D2,2=X2,2, Dn,2=X2,2 x Dn/2,2. Delta, Banyan Omega nC nL . 8.9),
,
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Delta 16 16; ) Omega
. Banyan
,
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.
,
. 8.9)
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)
,
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. 8.14 .
,
,
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, (
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nL
n - Cantor nC
nL
.
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: nes Cantor
; )
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Benes
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n log 2 n 2
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/
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) :
;
- 100 10
;
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( Electric Industry [21]). [22]. DSF
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/
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10 / ATM/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet . ., " " " " ? , . -
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laser transmitters) / heterodynes). (
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); (
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), , .
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v - δ)
v + δ),
v), (
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);
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AON ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
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, , ,
WDM.
, . ,
WDM
,
-
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IBM: Rainbow-1 (1991 Rainbow-1 -
А
PS/2. Micro Channel
) Rainbow-2 (1995 32
IBM
.
−
:
− −
; 1505
1545
; -
50 −
) [28].
/ ;
.
10 250
, 200
/
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, -
λ .
−
λ
2. (
.
,
), −
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−
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), , λ
−
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,
.
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:
; Rainbow-1 Micro Channel,
PS/2 Rainbow-2
, -
;
Rainbow-2
1
/
15 32. AON, , ,
,
,
[29]. CSMA. AON , . ,
AON .
-
,
, . . AON
-
, -
, , ,
. ,
200. 20
,
, 4000
,
DWDM , .
. AON
AON ,
. 8.18. (
) , , ,
.
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, WDM
.
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, . AON
,
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( , ),
(
)
.
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,
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,
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,
, 8.20.
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. S2,
. . 8.20 ).
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. 8.20 ).
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,
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F
G λ1
,
λ2 -
, . 8,5). . , 8.20 .
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(
, . 8.21),
[29].
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. AON
AON
.
. 8.22.
, ,
)
(
. .
-
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,
. . . . −
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/
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:
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, . ,
"
"
. , . −
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, ,
−
,
AON. AON
. ,
−
,
. . ,
−
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BSPS (bit-sequential packet switching) ,
,
.
BSPS ( ,
1
0 -
). ,
.
, . .
2
, .
,
,
, . SWANET (SelfBSPS BSPS WDM, , . 8,23), SWANET ,
routed Wavelength-Addressable NETwork) [30], SWANET ( BSPS
.
, ,
. . (
k, )
,
k-1
.
,
(
)
k.
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,
. "
, , . , . .
SWANET
-
. 8.23.
SWANET [30]
BPPS (bit-parallel packet switching): SCM (sub-carrier multiplexing)
BPPS.
, . ,
, ,
.
SCM (
. 8.24 ).
SCM , SCM
,
,
. , . .
. SCM . , . . ,
,
, ,
. SCM
,
,
. . , /
, -
. 2,5
40
/ ,
/ 3
[31]. , [32].
,
,
( (
)
. 8.24 ). SCM
.
-
, ,
.
-
,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
. 8.24. ; )
: )
8.10. А
AON
: ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
[2]. , , , 8.26).
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,
, -0,
-1
-2 (
.
. 8.25.
. 8.26. -
,
AON. , . . 1
2: (622
: Fast Ethernet 1,55
100
-
.
/ )
1,33
,
. . , ,
, . -0.
AON (
)
.
, /
-0
,
. ,
-1,
.
Rainbow-1. . 8.27.
-0
. 8.27.
0
-1.
AON . . . 8.28.
-1
. 8.28.
1
-2.
AON, . , . (AON (AON
), ).
-2 . -2
. 8.29.
-2.
λ1, λ2,... B
B
B
(
)
B
. (WDM DEMUX) ,
, . ( -
),
-
, .
, . , ,
. , -
EDFA.
8.11.
AON
, ,
: IBM, AON (All-Optical Networking), AT&T, DEC, MIT Campus, MIT Lincoln Lab ( ); ACTS Photonic Technologies Area, Alcatel Alsthom Recherche, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, France Telecom-(CNET), Royal Institute of Technology, University College of London, University of Athens, University of Ghent, University of Ulm, Ericsson, Siemens ( ), Oki R&D Group .
. 8.29.
2
AON, [18, 29]: − VERTICAL (VERtical cavity laser Technology for Interconnection and AccessLinks), 1,3 / 1,55 , −
. WOTAN (Wavelength-agile Optical Transport and Access Network), , "
-
" . − − − −
− −
− − − − − − −
. BROADBAND (Broadband Loop),
-
. PLATO (Photonic Links in Atm and Optical systems). KEOPS (KEys to Optical Packet Switching), . UPGRADE (High Bitrate 1300nm Upgrade of the European Standard Single-Mode Fibre Network). PHOTOS (PHOtosensitive Technology for Optical Systems). CAPITAL (Customer Access Photonics and Integrated Technology for Active Low cost Devices). PLANET (Photonic Local Access NETwork). MIDAS (Multigigabit Interconnection and Advanced techniques). HORIZON (Horizontal action transport networks). FAST (Ftuoroaiuminate Amplifiers for Second Telecom window). ESTHER (Exploitation of Soliton Transmission Highways for European Ring). BLISS (Broadband Lightwave Sources and Systems). OPEN (Optical Pan-European Network) , . . ,
− −
. HIGHWAY (Photonic Technologies for Ultra High Speed Information). COBNET (Corporate Optical Backbone Network),
( −
)
. METON (Metropolitan Optical Network), SDH
−
, . FOTON (Paneuropean Photonic Transport Overlay), . "
−
-
"
, SDH . MEPHISTO (Management of Photonic Systems and Networks) (TMN) , (WDM)
−
, . MOON (Management of Optical Networks) .
8
1. All-Optical Networking Consortium: WDM Description. 1996, http://www.ll.mit.edu/aon/aonwdm.html 2. . Krause. "Migration to All-Optical Networks". Alcatel Network Systems, 1998, http://www.usa.alcatel.com/telecom/transpVoptical/techpaps/migration/ 3. Photonic Technologies Area: BilIBoard, 1998, http://www.intecrug.ac.be/horizon/bitlboard.htm 4. WDM Cross-Connect Technology, Oki Electric Industry, 1996, http://www.oki.co.Jp/OKI/RDG/Engtish/kikaku/okayama/main.html 5. Optical wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer (Wavelength router). Oki Electric Industry Co., 1996, http://www.oki.co.jp/OKI/RDQ/English/kikaku/okayama/eWAG.html 6. S. Cortez and M. Dickerson. "Enabling the all-optical network". America's Networks, 1998, http://www.americasnetwork.com/issues/98issues/980201/980201_ optical.html 7. DWDM Channel Spacing: Do You Know How Much Capacity You're Realy Getting? Alcatel Network Systems, 1998, http://www.usa.alcatel.com/telecom/transpt/optical/techpaps/ad9804/ 8. MultiWave Sentry 4000; DWDM transport system. ClENA Corporation, 1998, http://www.ciena.com/products/mwsentry4000.html
9. Technical Application Note, No. OA1-001: Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers in Networks. 1998, http://www.ditechcorp.com/notes/An0a1.htm 10. , . . . - M.: , 1991. - 575 . 11. Testing Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Article 12, Hewlett-Packard Journal, December 1997, .http://hpcc923.external.hp.com/hpj/97dec/de97a12.htm 12. Fiber Amplifiers for Telecommunications, Catalogue IRE-POLUS Group, 1997, http://ire-polusgroup.com 13. 8-Channel -192 or 32-Channel -48? Optimizing the WDM/TDM Solution. Alcatel, 1998. http://www.usa.alcatel.com/telecom/transpt/optical/techpaps/ad9801/ 14. . . Kissa, D. J. Fritz, "AOTFs Route Traffic in WDM Networks". Lightwave, June 1996 (pp. 64-66). 15. Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters. Brimrose, 1998, http://www.brimrose.com/aotf.htm 16. Space Packet Switch. Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University ot Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore MD-21250, 1998, http://coe1.engr.umbc.edu/'choa/switch.htm 17. Optical Loop Memories. Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore MD-21250. 1998, http://coe1.engr.umbc.edu/choa/loopmem.htm 18. . . , . . . : ..: , 1997. - 232 . 19. J. Turner. Design and Analysis of Switching Systems. 1997. - 220 . http://www.arf.wustl.edu/'jst/cs/577/intro.html 20. F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, AddisonWesley, 1996. -907 . 21. Wavelength converter. Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd., 1996, http://www.oki. co.jp/OKI/RDG/English/kikaku/vol.l/okayama/eWC.html 22. All-Optical Frequency Conversion. All-Optical Networking Consortium: WDM Slide Presentation, 1996, http://www.ll.mit.edu/aon/WDMSIide20.html 23. Three All-Optical Network Types. IBM, 1995, http://www.research.ibm.com/wdm/motive/roadmap.html 24. J. Yoo., S. Banerjee. "Design, Analysis, and Implementation of Wavelength-Routed All-Optical Networks: Routing and Wavelength Assignment Approach". 1997, http://boni.eecs.stevenstech.edu/homepage/papers/ieee_survey1/survey.html 25. Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD), Alcatel, 1998, http://www.ans.alcatel.com/cc/techprs/fnlpmd2.htm 26. What is PMD? Understanding Polarization Mode Dispersion, Corning TPD -Library, 1994-1998, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/nv1072.html 27. M. O'Mahony, et. al. "The Design of a Eropean Optical Network". Lightwave Technology, Vol. 13, No. 5, 1995, pp. 251-256 28. H. Dutton, P. Lenhard. High-Speed Networking Technologies: An Introductory Survey (Fiber optics, SDH/Sonet, High-speed LAN principles). IBM Corp., Prentice Hall PRT, 1995. - 600 p. 29. J. Hudgings & J. Nee. "WDM All-Optical Networks EE228A Project Report", EE228A Project Report, 1996, http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jnee/ee228a/
30. L.A Backman. "Applications in Optical Communications: Optical Transmission of Millimeter-Wave Signals; and, An All-Optical Wavelength-Routed Switching Network". Ph.D. thesis. University of California, Berkeley, 1996 31. A, Budman, E. Eichen, J.Schalafer, R. Olshansky, and F, McAleavey. "Multigigabit Optical Packet Switch for Self-routing Network with Subcarrier Addressing", in OFC'92 (San JOse, CA) 1192, paper Tu04, pp. 90-91 32. D.J. Blumenthal, P.R. Prucnal, and J,R. Sauer. " Photonic Packet Switches: Architecture and Experimental implementations". Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.82, no.11, November, 1994, pp.1650-1665 33. , Fuerst "Optical Layer Planning Requires Flexibility". Lightwave, October 1997 (pp.50-52).
9.
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9
1. P.W. Shumate. Ch.2 Telecommunications, Cable Television, and Data Link Systems: (Broadband Access), in Optoelectronics in Japan and the United States, 1997, http://itri.loyola.edu/opto/c2_s4.htm 2. The Cable Connection: The Role of Cable Television in the National Information infrastructure. CableLabs, 1995, http://www.cablelabs.com/WPapers/cableNII,html 3. IEEE Project 802.14/a Draft 3 Revision 1: Cable-TV access method and physical layer specification. Edited by Ivan Reede, Matt Brandt, and Jeyhan Karaoguz. (EEE 1998. - 216 pp. 4. Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC) Telephony, ADC Telecommunications, 1998, http://www.webproforum.com/adc/tp01.html
5. Components of the HFC Network. Scientific Atlanta, 1998, http://www.webproforum.com/sci-atlanta/tp01.html 6. H. Nguyen, F. Yao. Hybrid-Fiber Coax. Project 1 4984: Telecommunication Networks, 1996, http://fiddle.ee.vt.edu/courses/ee4984/Projects1996/nguyen_yao/nguyen_yao.html 7. Homeworx™ Hybrid Fiber/Coaxial Access Platform. ADC Telecommunications, 1997, http://www.adc.com/Products/BCDproducts/Hwx-Home.html 8. DV6000™ Universal Digital Transport. ADC Telecommunications, 1998, htt://www.adc.com/Products/DV6000/