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-

621.38(07) 171

. . И

А

ИА

Э

1

. .

2001

И И

[621.38: 620.22] (0.75.8) + 621.382.002.2(075.8) . –

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.

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, 2001.− .1.− 119 . ,

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1709 .

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ISBN 5-696-02048-8

2

, 2001.

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10 …10

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= 1,6·10-19

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( ),

( )

( ),

. 1.2. : 1−

;

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( );

13

3−

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. "– ” (Z=2

Z=1 +

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-

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: ϕ=Ze/r,

+Z r

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( =0). 3(

, ,

Э

.1.2).

λ: λ=h/mv, 2πr (

n1 (n1=1,2,3,...) , 2πr=n1h/mv ,m v–

h–

=0. ).

mvr=n1h/2π,

(1.2) .

v 2

v /r,

, 2 2

2

: Ze /r =mv /r, c 2

r: (1.3)

2

Ze /r=mv . r

(1.2) (1.3) v rn1=n1 ħ /mZe , r n1, . . r “ ” -19 (e =1,6·10 , m =9,11·10-31 ). 0,1 , (1.4) , . (1.3). mv2 =mv2/2 . (1.1) 2 2

ħ=h/2π; n1=1): r1=0,0529 .

:

2

14

(1.4) n l. :( Z=1,

– (1.3)

. ,

:

– n=2 = – n/2, = + n= – n /2+ n= n/2=–Ze2/2r. (1.6) r rn1, (1.4), 2 2 2 4 2 = –Ze /2rn1=(–1/n l )Z (me /2ħ )=(–1/n l 2)Z213,598 . “ ” ( ) , , . , . . , .1.3, , , . , , ( .1.3). .

(1.5) (1.6) (1.7)

,

(1.7)

13,53. (

, ), . . : ∞– 1= – 1=Z ⋅13,53 . (Z=1)

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2

(

13,53 .1.3).

.

, (

).

(1.7) .

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=10,15

10,15 , . 3/2 k ≈0,04 .

:

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1=(1–

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,



, . .

.

-

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-

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. 1.3.

. 1.4.

16

.

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, .1.4

)

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2n

2

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. n=3)=18]

(

18.

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l

.

(

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12 (

-

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4). –

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/

,

t = 500 ). / , – 700 / .

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”: –

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. . .1.9.



, K l

. (

.1.9, ) Cl,

– –



. . (

. (

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I

( Cd (CdS)

VII

).

.1.9, II

VI

B .

(

II :

CdS



VI

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.1.7).

, ,

.



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.

-

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. 1.10.

:

)

; ; )

) ; )

;

)

; ) ; )

22

Ga (GaAs), III

V

B . Ga3+

.

.1.9, 5+

As , GaAs

, As5+



. : 4

IV . 8-

: , , A BIV

,

II

, .1.9,

( ,

III

V

B .

, .

)

,

Ge

Si,

(

.

4 ,

.1.2).

Sn ,

(

)

, .1.9 , , ,



. ;

, .

(

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1.2.

ы

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– . , –

.

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∼1022,

. ,

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, ∼ 10 .

15

(∼10 ,

20

1022 1

1 ).

, 2

1 ∼1013 23

∼3⋅107 (30 ,

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, , , 7

.1.10).

7 –,

( ).

.1.11 ).

(



14 ,

.

( ,

,

),

32 ,

, –

. . 1890

.

. .

, 230, -

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, .1.12

1.13.

ZnS ( (

),

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(

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– a iO3,



3.1.13

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– .



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3),

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.

25

-

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, –



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9100

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. ).

24

.1.11. 14

:

)

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:

; ;

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:

) )

)

; :

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. 1.13. ZnS

CaTiO3

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10

3,5

1. – .

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L,

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120

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1

1

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1

1, 4

, , .

, 1

, ,L

,

1

1

. 1

,

1

1

,L

1, ¼

½, , Z,

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, .

. .

– [010],

[111]

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Cd

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[100], .1.14). , . .

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. 1.15.

:

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;

)

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27

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10

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( =300 10

(“



,

,

)

∼ 10

.

.

. ,

. , . .

15

–3

,

– “

”.

, -

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,

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).

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, ;

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.1.16)

. .

– (

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, . 2

1 – 10 …105

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Si 1

2

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.

. .

( ,

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. 1.17.

29

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. .

,

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)



. , ,

, .

, (

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,

. , . 10–4%

10–6. .

– 3

, 1022–6=1016

, . 1012

1010

3

–3

.



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”. , “

, – Fe, Cu, Ca,



Mg, Na (

. , ,

,

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, (

). ,

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,

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,

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,

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– – , . . . ,

,

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(

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,

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), . (

). ,

,

,

31



,

,

. .

, ,

. . , ∼0,01

. ( . 10

),

,

,

,

.

1.3. – (

,

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,

.

– ,

, ,

.

.

,

,

. , ,

,

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, (

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– . (

)

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1.

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32

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,

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3.



.



, . ,

,

,

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. ( .1.18).

( 2

r,

1

,

-

, m: F

.

∼ 1/r m.

-

, n(n > m): – F ∼ 1/r , . .1.18). n

r, ( re =

)

, F = 0.

min

, . . F = d /dr re

F=f(r) – dF/dre – , , . .

. –

.

,

-

, ,

. . ≈ 200

. .



,

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,

. 0,001…1000

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,

.

ν.

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⋅ /σ,

l, σ –

,

0 < ν < 0,5; ,

33

.

1.18.

.

.

1.20. ,

/( ⋅ )

34

1.19.

ν=0,5 ( ν = 0,25…0,35,

.

,

,

), – 0,1. ”,



σ

, –

,

,

. – .



.

,

– .

: ,

.

, 5

.

, ,

, . , ,









. . ,

,

, .

,

. ZrO2

(

5%).

– ,

. ,

,

SiC “

,

. , .



, . . ( ,

,

).

; –

, .

,

, –

.

, , 2

v: mv /2= 3/2k ,

k=1,38⋅10 35

–23

m /



-

.

70-

. ,

,

?

. –

, , ,



1865

”)

. ” (

. “

“ ” – .

. (

)

? ,

,

. .? ,

S – dS (

) /(

dQ .

⋅K)

. , ,

.

.

, (

)

( ,

), . . .

.

: S=klnw, w–

(1.8) (1.8).

“k” ), (1.8)

∆ /k ),



N( R=kN=8,3145

/

⋅K.

: w=exp(–S/k). (1.9) ∆S (1.9) : w=exp(–∆S/k)=exp(–∆Q/kT)=exp(–∆ /kT) (1.10) (1.10) – , , . – . , exp(–∆ /k ): w∼exp(– ( . “ –

”). – 1

, :

1=α⋅exp(–∆

36

/kT),

α–

.

, 2

(

)

ni 2 2=βni⋅ i=β⋅ni =β⋅ .

: 1=

2,

i 2 i

,

:

ni= i= exp(–∆ /2kT), –3 , 17 19 –3 . 10 … 10





(1.11)

,

,

.

.

, (

D

,

, ,

...)

: D = Doexp(–∆

/kT),

(1.12)

Do –

, ∆

, 2

/

2

( /c), .

=

exp(–∆

I



: /RT), , ∆

I Α

Α



(1.13) –

. (1.11), (1.12), (1.13)

,

, (





) –

. . lnK=f(1/T). , (1.13 ) – , ;

, (1.13): lnK = lnKo–(∆ IA/R)⋅(1/T).

(1.13 ) = –



, , lnK=f(1/T).

«

» .

,

.1.19 . : – . 37

,

.



,

,

.

,

, (

). . , /( 3,K), (∼V ). 1/3

V,

( (1…10 ) λ:λ=1/3 CV⋅l ⋅V . 3-

l

;t–

.

, : λ=Q⋅∆l/t⋅∆T⋅S, 2 , . . . 1 2

, ;S–

, 1.20

Q –

, , ∆Τ/∆l=1 K/ .

, ,

,

,

,

. ( ,

),



. . .1.18),

(

( .1.21). F=0: d /dr = F = 0.

→0 .

, >

min,

≈f(r) r1

,

r’1.

>0

r1...r’1.

, re (n > m), (

,

, .1.21). : α=dl/(ldT).

) α,

(

–1

: α = ∆l/(l∆T).

,

,

,

, . 0

0…200 . 24⋅10–6 –1.

, α =13⋅10–6

,

–1

, ≈ 0.

0

20 ... 900 , , f(r)

m .

38

α=0,5⋅10

– –6

–1

=

(

,

α=30…70⋅10 –

)

–6

α=3…5⋅10-6

–1

–1

,

. . σ ∼ (λσb)/( α).

, α: R

.

. 0,5⋅10

–6

–1

)

( .

(

( ).

α=

.



)

, . . 23778-

7601-78, 79,

13659-78,

15130-86,

9411-91 . n (

χ(

)

)

λ=546,07 n .

– ,

).

n

(

µ≈1:n2=ε, ε µ – . 2 2 2 n χ=2πγ /ω, γ – : n (1–χ )=ε , χ – ( ω γ – δ ): δ = c / 2πωγ . n2=µε,

, ω – .

ν3: ν3=(n3–1)/(n1–n2), –

(

n1, n2, n3 λ1, λ2, λ3. ),

, . ( )

,

. τ –

. τ – ∗

39

,

. ,

.1.21. 1− 2 −

: ; .

.1.22. 150

40



0,5

ρ –

,

. λ–

.).



– τ, ρ, λ –

. –

,

,

, τ, ∗

λ

10

τλ∗,

λ

λ

( ∗

–( ad )

). τλ∗=10–( :

;

, λ≈1,5

τ+ρ+λ= 1. –

,

,

: τ =10



.

ρ

. ,

,

λ=(4πχ)/λ

aλ d )

,

;

d ,

– .

–1



–1

,

. ,

(

.1.22. δ=0,1

. 2,2

. ) ,

,

,

,

0,8 . . , , –

. (ε , ε ) nx= ε x

. ,

ny= ε y (µ=1).

( (

). , )

,

ε =ε .

: , ,

vo=c/ εo v0 ,

), : ωn( )+ωρ( )=1.

(

Fρ( )

,

(2.1): ωρ( )=1–ωn( )=exp( – F/kT)/(1+exp( – F/kT))=1/(1+exp( F– /kT)) (2.1) (2.2) , , , ( , ). – F F. k , (2.1) (2.2) ωn( ) ≈ exp(–( – F/kT)); ωρ( ) ≈ exp(–( F– /kT)).

-

(2.2)

: –

– –

.2.1. ,

,

– . :

F≈(

.

+ )/2= i. .

i –

48

, ∆ = –

– intrinsic –

(ni)

(pi) . (1.10):

, . , , Si).

1,1

,

ni=pi=A⋅exp(–∆ /2kT), . .1.19. ln ni=f(1/T) – , . . , ( 3 Ge (0,72 ∆ , . : γ=e(niµn+piµp).

, ,

(2.3) )

, , µp < µn.

, ,

(ni=pi),

-

, . . s (5 s

– .

Si (4

,

.1.2)

) (

Si). . s,

,

,

,

Si.

∆ .

, ,



. ,

,



,

,

0



.

,

. Si=10 …10 c 11

12

Ge=1010 c , , GaAs≈1013c GaAs ni=1,4⋅107c –3. ,

–3

, , (

,

).

–3

, ,

–3

. –



( ,

),

ρ = 10 O ⋅ .

i-GaAs

6

,

.

r

, GaAs

(

, ).

SiO2 “



”, . .

(



).



=∆ /2. ,

-

.

– .

,

,



. -

, . .



≈∆ /2

=hν

∆ .

3…4

, .

. , –

, (

,

)

.

.

, (

)

,

.

, 3…4 . (0,0000001%)

,

.

,

u



=∆ /2.

τ

,

t

10 10–3

.

53

13

τ –3

10–6 .

, n

,

p–

-

. -

,



. .

(

n–

)

.2.5.

N n=A1exp(–∆ /2kT) (2.3), ∆ 1∆ ,

, , , hν = hc / λ

=∆

λ =1,24/∆ ,

54

– .

, . :

(2.5)

55



, λ –

.

Si ∆ =1,1 –

.

(λ> λ )

, ( .1.22). λ =1,23/1,1=1,1 . GaP λ =0,6 . ,

λ

, , Zn (∆ =3,5 . (2.5) , .

,

-

, ) λ =0,3

, . p–n-

,

(

),

.

,

GaP

, –

,

.

Ge



Si .

∆ ∼1,5 II YI B .

III

, –

(

BYI(Ga As

.), , (∆ µp).

, ,

,



Si. . GaAs. , .

,

. .

, ,

,

,

. ,



. ,

,

,

,

.

.

: ,

10 1

.2.10

2(

3,4,5,6. V3–4 = V5–6 V3–5 = V4–6 = 0. V3–5 V4–6, ( n– ,

), –

(

–11

,

-

. .

.2.10).

, J ).

2

1( “ . 2.11).



.



. . 59

,

FA=veB, .

:veB = =Vo/L – “

, =µ

: (2.6) .

γ:

F = . , , v = µEo – ”.

,

,

2.6) ,

,

-

γ = JL’/(V3–4hd)

(2.7) V5–6.

, , . . .

J V

V (V3–5, V4–6).

V3–5 = V = d = µ E d, (2.8) =V3–4/L’=J/(hdγ) (2.9) (2.7). (2.9) (2.8): V3–5 = JBµ/(hγ).

d: : γ= nµ:

V3–5 = JB/(enh), o

n=JB/(ehV3–5). (2.8)

(2.10)

(2.10)

, ,

.

. µ.

, n ∼400

/

(

∼10–12 .

,

,

-

), . ±20 %. ,

, (ρ, µ, n)

,

, ,

. –

( V – ), : C = S × (ε 0 × ε × n) 2V ,

– , S – (

±10%.

. –

ε0 –

).

( –

), (n,p) .

60



61

, (

),

(Si, Ge) (

.2.12).

.

( ),

( (

γ

).

.2.5).

,

(

,

, ρ

, ). : ni = ρi

,

γi = eni(µn+µp).

. .

,

,

,

. -

Zn(ZnSb) µn/µp≈100.

,

. ZnSb p–

,

, -

. (no, o)

.

-

, “

– .

” “

” ,

. , ∆n,

,

, ∆p: ∆n = n–no, ∆p = p−po.

, –

.

(

)

q ( ),

– rn = – dn/dt = – d(∆n)/dt.

r: (2.11) ( “

. .

62

”). :

.2.12.

( =300 )

.2.13. 1 −

; 2 −

: ; 3,4 −

63

,

: ,

. ,

,

Ge

.

10 ∆ (∆

. ≈∆ /2 ( , ≈k ),

(

)

). . o

.

,

,

,

(

).

, .

, . . ,

.

.

, (

.

,

,

, 1…2

),

, (

)

. . ,

,

. ,

.2.4. , . , ,

.

,

)

( ,

, , .

∆n(∆p)

,



109 ).

1015

–2

( -

rn(rp):

).

, (2.11) (2.12)

τn = ∆n/rn.

(2.12) (

: rn = – d(∆n)/dt = ∆n/τn. (2.13)

64

(2.13), : ∆n = ∆noexp(–t/τn),

∆no – (2.14)

(2.14) t = 0.

, e



.

, (2.14)

τ.

,

. . –10

10 …10

–2

. , –

, , : JD = – D(dn/dx), . ,

JD D –

/ .

D =lv /3 =v τ0/3. v = (3kT/m)1/2 ,

:

2

(2.15)

µ.

D = (kTτ0)/m = (2.16) – D

(2.15) : (2.16)

, ( ). (2.16), (k )/e ( =300 K) (k )/e = 0,026 . ,

, .

2

l [ ],

, v ( / ).

dn/dx –

, , .

L –

, e

, L

τ: Ln = Dτn ; Lp2 = Dτp.

.

,

2

Ge τ=10…500 , L = 0,2…3 . Si 2 D GaAs 0,025 /c. –6 –7 10 …10 , t ≈ L2/Dn = 4⋅10–11 c. , ,

65

.

(2.17) 300

, :

-

.

,

.

-

, .

, . III

V

( ,

GaAs) 80%

. (

,

).

, , ,

. (

) (

). , ,

1

>λ>1

,

10 …10 . >λ>0,2 >λ>0,38 –3

( 20 – 0,76

–9

(

,

. .

:

).

). .



, ,

= λν,

. –

. – >∆ ,

“ ” ; λ = 680

= hν 1,5⋅1013…1,5⋅1015 (λ = 555 – – ). –

. 0,05…5

. –

. λ = λ ),

( . >∆

≈∆ ,

,

,

, .

,

( 1, τ

.2.18). 3…4

, (

,

, ,

),

.

,

. ,

,

.

( λ=555

)

. (

).

λ=510

610

, .

.2.19 . .

68

.2.14. : 1− 2− 3− 4−

; ; ;

α

. 2.15. λ ).

( (

). 69

Si p-



.2.16. ; −

:

. 2.17. α(λ)

( ∆σ (λ) 70

1) (

2)

,

(

) .

, (

II

B b( bS)

,

d – CdS, CdSe, Hg1–xCdxTe ( b1– SnxTe, 1…15 ). III V B – JnAs CdHgTe, ∆

VI

), – JnSb. –

.

, . . . –

,

, .

,

– (

,

), . , .

) –

(

,

, .



. (

),



. (

). . . . , l2O3 , Nd

r Mn

Y3Al5O12

. ,

ZnS. (

). ( . ,

). ,

.

(

,

) ,

71

. 2.18.

a. ( −

) N .

1− ad=0,1; 2− ad=1; 3− ad=5

.2.19.

( ) − : 1−CdS, 2− PbS, 3−PbS (77K), 4−PbSe, 5−InSb, 6−PbSe ( ):

λ, мкм 72 72

,

,

,

. (

)

– ,



. ,

-

. :

. p–n-

. .

.

1923 Si(SiC).

–n-

.

,

,

, . –

. ,

, :



.

(

, ZnS)

,

. ; ,

,

.

µ, vVt,

,

∼Vt/2, .

, (

.

.

.2.24).

– , .

, ( (c .

)

,

.2.20) (

V( )

,

.

. GaAs

.2.20, . ,

JnP) (

.

.2.22)

,

,

.

,

( ,





” –

). . ,

III

V

B (

GaAs

JnSb, JnGaSb, Jn sP, JnGaAsP – – . , , ( ),

Jn –

).

. GaAs : 2.2. Э

,

,

– .

ы

,

Ge

Si

.

(

)

,

( . .).

, –

,

-

G .

75

.2.20. Si, GaAs, InP

.2.21.

( ) ( )

.

, −

V ,

, V > Vt .

Vt .

76

.

2.22.

[100]

. 2.23.

77

.2.24. . V Vt.

,

.

. 2.25.

: 1− ; 2−

( ; 4−

78

, ); 3−

(Ge) ,

,

Ag, Hg, Cd, Sb

-

.

,

.

Ge u– b–Zn GeCl4 (

Jn, .

(

,

Ge 830 ),

) –

,

.



(

.2.1) –

, (

,

),



,

, . , Ge : GeCl4+2H2O→GeO2+4HCl. : GeO2+2H2→Ge+2H2O. 650…7000 . Ge . .

. .

(

.2.25). Ge. -

1952

.

. (

3–6

,

/

).

-

. (

-

, –





– Na, Mg, Cl

,

.

). –

, .

,

1,7

,

GaAs. III

(



(GaAs, ∆ =1,43

GaP).

BV



).

GaAs (

,

JnP). GaP

O) – ( 2.19.

(Zn,

. p–n-

).

. p–n-

,

, . (

.

2.4). ,

– –



( )

(

. Jn+Sb→JnSb), –

: ,

(Ar) . , 0

(t =550 ).

GaAs As,

. JnAs, ∼25

. 2.37 2

Ga, .

95

– (

)

3

,

. 2.36. −

.

2.37.

1−

;

: 2− ;



4−

; 7−

( ; 9−

96

3− ; ; 5− 6− ; ); 8− ; 10−

∼6

, ∼820 :

,

0

0

.

Ga (300C),

(t =817 ),

,

s



.

– , .2.30, ). ,

( .

.

GaAs

-

,

, .

-

(In, Ga) .

-

, . , (

.2.38, GaAs

).

GaAs . (∼10–4

– , (

)

. , .2.38, ).

(

.2.38, ) ,

,

, .

0,25…0,40 (

, ,

/ ),

. , , .

, . , .

, . III

V

B

. ( ). ,

: ,

. GaAs p–n-

,

, ( ).

, . 97

(GaAs

III

).

V

,

. GaAs GaAs p– ,

. ,

sO2 , .

GaAs . III

V

B BVI

.

II

(

,

,

). -

, ,

,

,



,

. “ g2S

”,

1833

. bS



,

: bS (

,

40,

.

.),

dS –

, ZnS – Si, .

,



.

– III

, .1.9, ).

( V

B ),





(

, . ,

Zn

S (

. , ).

, ,



. , ,

,

(

. .

). ρ

:

,

. ,

-

.

ZnS :

,



.

ZnS98



. 2.38.

GaAs

1−

; 2…4− (

)

5−

; ; 6− ; 8− ; 10−

.

, ; 7− Ga2O; 9−

2.39.

99

(

,

),

,

. ,

II

BVI.

CdS

,

, . 2.39.

– -

-

, (PbS, PbSn , Cd Hg Te (KPT)

dSe, ,

dHgTe)

8…14 -

.

,

. -

(

,

,

,

-

,

. .).

,

1984 .

,

: 50,

;

.

, ,

. :

;

, ;

2-

,

. ,

. . .

Zn(ZnS)

ZnSO4 H2Se).

H2S ( ы я ы

2.4.

ы

,

ы

, ( 0,5

.

),

150 , .

. , ≤0,01

0,03…0,05 . 100

(n

p),

.

, ,

,

(

,

. .).

. ( ,

), . -

, . ,

.

, . , (

.2.7, 2.8) .

, ,

. (

10000

) :



. (

,

,

),

, . :

(

)

.

,

,

35%

. –

(

(

)

-

), . , ( (Al2O3)

),

,

Si

.

; III

V

B

(

).

,

. p –p

+

+

p–n, n –n ( . (

“+”

)

).

3(

. 2.40).

1



3

2



4.

H2 (

) (

3,

(1200±30 )

Cl3)

( Si:

101

SiCl4 , r3, B2H6).

SiCl4+2H2→Si↓+4HCl↑.

, . (

, . .

SiCl4

/

.



,

,

(

0,5,

1…15

). SiH4 (10000C), ( )

0,1–0,2 ( ( (

0,1…1,0 ( ),

GaAs– )

).

.),



. (10 …10–5

3( ). (

–7

. 2.41) 1), 4,

. lxGa1–xAs ( l, Ga, As)

GaAs, (Si –

,

n –

).

, ,

.

,

, .

– (

)

, (

, . 2.42). –

.

, .

(

),

-

,

,

. . GaAs

,

Ga.

0

≤1013

(∼800 ), µ∼20

GaAs (

/( ⋅ )

2

–3

) .

. (1967 . . .

,

2000 .), ,

(

).

1962 . (

. .,

1964 .) .

(∆λ/λ ,

∼100.000 Α/

.≈0,005) 0

– 30 .

2

,

. .,

, .

102



, (

. 2.43).

,

GaAs

p–n-

(

)

. +

n –n. ∆

, ∆

. n, n. . , .

50

-

,

.

GaAs-

, GaAsP-

. ,

As

P

. GaAs

GaAlAs,

lAs



l

,

. , :

(

10

.

),

, .

(

. 2.43,

) ∼2

,

400 20 /

,



.

2

,

.

, “



( 10 ( .

. 2.43, ), . (1990 . 2.43, )

∼150 –

). 0,1–0,5

.

– 0,13

, ,

.

,

,

, ∆λ/λ

.

.



,

, .

– (

. 2.43, , ,

, ,

103

(∼0,16

).

104

).

(

(

. ∆λ/λ =10–6.

)

∆λ≤0,004

), ,

∆λ/λ =10–9, , III V B (GaAs,

200

,

– 10–11. .

,

)

, ,

(



.

1).

– –

. ( ). , , JnGaAsP.

GaAsP

– ), “ (

. 2.44 0,75 1,35

As Jn (

Ga

(

),

” ,



.

). . , JnP ( ), ( . 2.43,

GaAs (

).

)

(

). -

, , . , .



, .

, .

– . , ( III

V

B

– Ga, In), ,

. (

.

– 105

. 2.45,

).

106

.

(In–Ga–As–P) , ( . 2.45, . 2.45, ).

(

), . . 2.45, ).

, ( , . (

) (

. 2.45,

). ,

.









. , ,

. . (

,

– ,

,

D=10 …10

)

.

D

. 3

,

, ,

4 2

/ ,

1,0…10

:

4 2

/c.

D



. –

(10–8…10–36



2

/ ).

. , ( (

)

5 ). –

. , D

. (

D -

0

100 . , 0

(±0,1 ). 0,5 . 2.47] N ( )

(

, . 2.46).

SiO2

, ”

) (

N

Si3N4 [ -

(“ . . 2.46) –

,

, . ,

107

p–n(

t≈

.

.

(2.17): ≈ D t , =2…3 As Sb – D.

2.47).

2

/D. ,

11000 ,

,

(

2

3,

2

– 5),

)

. (

,

(∼10

,



,

– –

). ( Br3, POCl3)

(

2

6,

3).

.

,

, . ,

. -

, , –N

,

. –

,

. 2.48, .



N =N

Dt . ,

– , N =const, 2.48, (1–

N , 2–

,



.

).

. –

.

, ,

n–

, ,

n– n– –n-

. ,

p–n-

. D) 2…3 –

, ,

(

D,

3000 . ,

. (

) –

–n-

. 0,1 .

, .

108

109

, .

.

, (

. 2.49).

,

( +, As+, B+ –

. (–20

)

.) 3(

. 2.49).

, . )

(

–300

,

. . 2.46

(

. 2.50).

2.50

– . 600…900 ) (

.

0

( , (900…1000 ) :

).

:

0

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

,

, . . 5…7%,

Si

-

, 10% . .

,

100 (

500

,

, 25%. . .

),

507 0 1 7 1 3 2 Ge+0 n→3 2 Ge+γ – : 3721Ge+–10e→3711Ga,

(

7 0 3 2 Ge

: Ge ,

): ) , ) Ge Ge,



( –

). , .

,

, 5 %. 803 0 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 0 1 4 Si+0 n→1 4 Si+γ ; 1 4 Si→1 5 P+–1 e (β– GaAs. 110



-

, ).

: -

SiO2. (



1000…13000 , – SiO2 Si).

),

0,05…1,00 / ( 0,27 –

.

. , .

( ).

– SiO2

SiO2.

Si , .

Si3N4 ( 2.51, . Si3N4 n–

,

SiO2 . 2.51, ).

SiO2

,

(

)–

.

: (

, SiO2

. 2.51, ). ( , , s, Sb) ).

( SiO2

Si .



), . 2.52)

( (SiO2, Si3N4

.).

( ,

, . 2.52),

( (

.

,

-

). –

(

,

. .) :

. , ∼0,1

( (

,

, /

,

;

.),

, SiO2)

. (

1

:

. 2.52). (Ge, Si, GaAs

.)

[111], (111) 10…15

.

[100] (100),

. ( V– (011), 1

. 2.53, ) ( . 2.53,

, ). (

10

. 2.53, ),

. ,

-

. ,

. , 111

112

( ). CO2 (

SiF4 CF4

SiO2

CF4 ( ).

,

), Si

2.

, Si” (

,



. 2.54).

Si–SiO2 –

, SiO2,

SiH4 ρ

,

700…1000

0

( . 2.54, Si (104…106 ⋅ )

ρ

Si ).

Si, . .

(

. 2.54,

)

,

. Si c

ρ‫ = ٱ‬20…60 ,

. . : .

. (

)– ,

,

,

. , ,

.

. 2.55,

,

, . 2.55,

,

,

( , –

). . .

( λ=0,28

)

. (

,

), .



, (Cr, Cr2O3) ,

. , 1:1 (

. 2.56).

-

. 2.57,

SiO2,

. (∼1 (

(

. 2.57, ).

)

SiO2, )

. (

(

) ,

113

-

.

2.57, ),

, (

SiO2,

. 2.57, ).

,

. (

.

,

,

,



. 2.55). .

(

500:1) . ±25

10

, . .

(

1

, ,

50

,

(

∼75

1:1.



).

, ),



.

(

) . – 1

∆.

∆λ (∆=1 , ,

.

.



.

( λ=0,4).

), – . .

.

(

).

, δ