10,000 Things You Need to Know: The Big Book of Lists 9780789332523, 0789332523

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SOCIETY & PHILOSOPHY

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DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE & NATURE

SPORT & LEISURE 4

MUSIC & DANCE

FOOD & DRINK

VISUAL ARTS

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= eee Lt sae =) , | 7 S Ns I\e = we A young boy, the child of Jewish immigrants, clashes with his parents and tries to make sense of life in the ghetto of New York's Lower East Side.

224

LITERARY ARTS

TROPIC OF CANCER The unusually

candid descriptions of sex in this largely plotless novel caused it to be banned in the United States. Proscription only increased its popularity.

VOYAGE AU BOUT DE LA NUIT ROMAN

in the Soviet Union,

DENOEL

ET STEELE

STELLA GIBBONS

COLD COMFORT FARM On a visit to relatives in the country, the heroine encounters bucolic folk whose morals are even lower than their standard of education. This parody of regional and rural English fiction has become more famous than some of the works it satirized.

LANGSTON HUGHES

THE WAYS OF WaITE FOLKS

In this collection of 14 short stories, the

HENRY MILLER

PEIN

eS

LOUIS-FERDINAND CELINE

African-American author

powerfully satirizes US race relations in a trenchant

style that owed something to D. H. Lawrence. In 2000,

the opening tale, “Cora Unashamed,’ was released

as a movie starring Regina Taylor and Cherry Jones.

ZORA NEALE HURSTON 1937

THEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD ye | Janie Crawford, an ©."* African American, describes her three marriages in a manner that conveys much meaning in few words. Among this novel's many virtues Is its evenhanded treatment of the characters: the good

| JOHN DOS PASSOS

JBAN-PAUL SART

NAUDSBA

JEAN-PAUL

SARTRE

LA NAUSEE

' This ts the fictional expression of the

author's existentialist philosophy. The protagonist, a young historian, feels sick whenever he contemplates the pointlessness of existence. As his condition deteriorates,

he gives up his research and alienates his friends. Left alone to contemplate the

aren't idolized; the bad

universe, he decides that it means only what

arent anathematized.

he wants it to mean.

JORN STEINBECK

¢ 4] The Joad family flee poverty in Oklahoma and go in search real £.G of a better life in California. But there’s no pot of gold at the end of their rainbow; only an economic system that exploits them even more. The Joads develop a siege mentality, but this gradually softens Into an awareness of universal community.

THE

wf

BRIGHTON ROCK In this meditation on Roman

Catholic faith, a psychopath GALLIMARD

marries

a woman who has seen him

commit a murder.

AT SWIM-TWO-BIRDS

Indebted to—and praised by—James Joyce, this novel cannot go near any fact or idea

without playing with it, turning it on its head in a breathtakingly entertaining torrent of wordplay.

ALBERT CAMUS ssc>

- GRAPES WRATH THE STRANGER

(fo Slee

This three-volume epic of two Americas—one rich, the other powerless—interweaves fictional and real characters and events. GRAHAM GREENE

FLANN O'BRIE

THE GRAPES OF WRATH

THE U.S.A. TRILOGY

Meursault is sentenced to death for shooting a man he never met. Or at least, that’s the stated reason for his conviction— Camus implies that the protagonist's real crime is his refusal or inability to play the game, to observe the conventional rules of society: Mersault never dissembles; he cannot pay lip service to emotions that he does not feel, and he seems not to feel any, even about his parents—the novel opens with the

famous words: Mother died today, or maybe it was yesterday.” This lack of hope or any sense of purpose—anomie—is characteristic of the existentialist hero, as is the

case with the main character in Nausea. But Camus’s worldview |s rather milder than Sartre's, more charitable and forgiving: after the shooting, Meursault gradually becomes more self-aware and starts to integrate into society.

CARSON MCCULLERS

}

THE HEART [5 A LONELY HUNTER In the US state of Georgia, John Singer, a deaf man who never speaks, becomes the confidante to the misfits of a mill

town: they talk, but does he listen?

HERMANN HESSE

THE GLASS BEAD GAME Josef Knecht, a child of outstanding intellectual ability, tries to master the titular pastime, which requires knowledge of art, logic, music, natural science, and philosophy.

HENRY GREEN

LOVING

This mainly conversational novel is about the domestic staff in the country house of a rich widow in Ireland during World War II.

ROBERT PENN WARREN

INE, rails KING'S MEN

Based on Huey Long, governor of Louisiana, the character Willie Stark wins elections by offering populist policies. But in order to keep his promises, he has to enter corrupt arrangements, and therein lie the seeds of his destruction.

100

MODERN

CLASSICS

225

GEORGE ORWELL

NIKOS KAZANTZAKIS

ZORBA THE GREEK

NINETEEN EIGHT Y-FOUR

The unnamed narrator is an ascetic scholar who buys a business in Crete and there, is gradually drawn out of his shell,

first by the title character, an exuberant islander, and then by the murder of his lover, the village widow.

AL AN PATON

In this nightmare vision of the future, Britain—now known as Airstrip One” —is ruled by Big Brother, a dictator | whose image is everywhere and whose

CRY, THE BELOVED COUNTRY

agents monitor the people's actions and, worse, their thoughts. Winston Smith is

The story of Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son, Absalom, is set in apartheid South Africa. Among the topics examined is the way in which Christianity can be both beneficial and detrimental to the struggle for racial equality: the church Is a rallying point for government opponents, but it pays blacks less than whites and preaches that people should accept their suffering on Earth in return for preferment in heaven.

a minor state functionary whose job is to falsify archives for the Ministry of Truth but whose core decency turns him into a dissident. He has an affair with the like-minded Julia, but their relationship lacks official sanction and is therefore forbidden. They are arrested by the sinister Thought Police, and Smith is tortured and re-educated. The title of the novel has become a byword for state interference,

and the work has put several terms into the

English language, including “doublethink,” “newspeak,” and unperson.”

J.D.SALINGER

WEIS CHUNG BIEN IN THE RYE One of the great American novels details two days in the life of Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old who has been expelled from school. On publication, the story immediately struck a chord with the reading public, especially teenagers who, like the protagonist, were mixed-up and disillusioned, unable to come to terms with adult ways, and with what Holden refers to

a novel by J. D

L. P. HARTLEY

THE GO-BETWEEN A pair of lovers who want to keep their affair secret manipulate an innocent young boy into Ing

messages

as “phoniness.” The title is taken from a poem by Robert Burns.

FORDOF THE FLIES \) | |

\ FOLDING

A group of boys, stranded on a desert istand without adults, attempt to

build a new society, but instead of using their intelligence, they descend rapidly into savagery and commit murder before they are finally rescued.

MARGUERITE YOURCENAR

MEMOIRS OF HADRIAN The French novelist convincingly evokes the life and times of the Roman emperor of the second century CE.

ANTHONY POWELL

DANCE T0 THE MUSIC OF TIME

RALPH ELLISON

INVISIBLE MAN Ellison’s book played a significant role in the struggle for civil rights. It tells the story of a young black man whom no one sees for what he really is—people bring so many preconceptions and prejudices to their encounters with him that he is effectively invisible.

He leaves the southern United

This 12-volume sequence depicts upper-class Britons in the mid-twentieth century.

States for New York City, but finds the racism there equally repugnant, though different in nature. He finally

KINGSLEY AMIS

VLADIMIR NABOKOV

LUCKY JIM

retreats to a hole in the ground.

LOLITA

The antihero is a junior lecturer ata provincial university who despises what he regards

sophisticated intellectual of advanced years, becomes besotted with a 12-year-old nymph known

as the pretentiousness of

as Lolita, who does nothing to

academic life.

discourage his attentions.

*

Humbert Humbert, a

ALAIN ROBBE-GRILLET 1955

THE VOYEUR Ai

This acclaimed ‘new novel”

© describes a murder while simultaneously making the reader question whether it ever occurred.

NAGUIB MAHFOUZ 1956-57

THE CAIRO TRILOGY 4

These three volumes depict three generations of different families in Egypt from World War | until after the 1952 military coup that overthrew King Farouk.

BORIS PASTERNAK

DOCTOR

IL DOTTOR ZIVAGO romaneo

; i

that followed the Bolshevik takeover, Zhivago loses everything, wanders

through Siberia, and dies alone and in poverty. All he leaves behind are his poems, which are printed at the end of the novel. The book was banned in the Soviet Union, partly because of its sympathetic portrayal of a bourgeois

a

family; when Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, he was forced to decline it. However, it was published in the West, first in Italy, and

immediately became a best seller.

GIUSEPPE TOMAS! DI LAMPEDUSA

ON THE ROAD

THE LEOPARD

This flagship work of the Beat

movement recounts a

series of trips across the United States by dropouts who reject conventional values and want little

Don Fabrizio, prince of Salina,

Sicily—nicknamed the Leopard,” after the motif on his

other than sex, drugs,

and jazz music. LAWRENCE DURRELL 195%

THE ALEXANDRIA QUARTET

with Clea, who turns out

to be the love of his life.

HARPERLE

10K LA MOCKINGBIRD Scout is the young daughter of Atticus Finch, a white lawyer in a small town

in Alabama, who is hired to defend Tom

Robinson, a black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. As the case unfolds,

the girl’s observations of racial prejudice in action catapult her from a six-year-old child to a nine-year-old adult.

CHINUA ACHEBE

THINGS FALL APART This analysis of Nigeria under colonial rule opens with

Okonkwo, an Igbo chief, being exiled for murder.

HENDERSON THE RAIN KING

coat of arms—lives through the dissolution of the old Bourbon regime and its replacement during the Risorgimento of the 1860s by the emergent Kingdom of Italy.

finds new purpose in life,

Although the don is conservative,

and retrains as a doctor.

his disapproval of the newrulers’ greed could be shared by people of any political persuasion. The novel is highly personal: the author was himself the last in a long line of princes; he began writing to combat depression after his palace was destroyed during World War II.

) The hero of this 50 tetralogy moves slowly from a breakup with Justine to a hookup

5

ZHIVAGO

The title character is a poet, philosopher, and physician whose life is » turned upside down by the 1917 Russian Revolution and by his love for Lara, the wife of a Communist insurgent. During the upheavals of the civil war

JACK KEROUAC 4957

Ai

Boris Leonidowit Pasternak

An unfulfilled American millionaire visits Africa,

GUNTER GRASS

THE DANZIG TRILOGY &

This charts life in the first half of the twentieth century in the former German city that is now Gdansk, Poland.

a

CATCH22 ™

John Yossarian is a US Army Air Force captain stationed at an ~ airstrip on the Italian island of Pianosa during World War Il. His main ambition is to survive the conflict, and his efforts to achieve it are the focus of the action. The title of the novel comes from the paradox that the only way a pilot can be excused from flying on combat missions is if he’s insane, but anyone who doesn’t want to undertake a combat

mission cannot possibly be mad. The term, coined by Heller, who was himself a wartime pilot, has passed into common parlance.

JOSEP ELE 100 MODERN

CLASSICS

227

V. S. NAIPAUL

A HOUSE FOR MR. BISWAS

A CLOCKWORK ORANGE ANTHONY

BURGESS

A poor West Indian Hindu wants nothing more than a house of his own, as external proof that he has achieved something in his life. Eventually, he

ANTHONY BURGESS1.

A CLOCKWORK ORANGE This novel is a satirical commentary on two opposing views of humanity: one that it is

improvable; the other that it is incorrigible. It concerns the leader of a youth gang who is cured of his violent urges by aversion therapy. He then goes straight until he is so badly abused by his former victims that he reverts to his former ways. The work is set ina dystopian future Britain that, the reader gathers from

achieves his ambition,

but his purchase is ramshackle and leaves him penniless.

the characters’ slang, is ruled by Russians.

SYLVILALPLATEH

THE BELL JAR

College student Esther Greenwood suffers a nervous breakdown. This thinly disguised autobiographical work was published only a month before Plath committed suicide. It was the only novel by a writer best known for her poetry.

JORN

SIIONER

This novel traces the undistinguished life of William Stoner from agriculture student to teacher of English literature at the University of Missouri. He marries, unhappily, and later has an affair with a colleague. An examination of a quiet life told in elegant, affecting prose, the novel was forgotten until its 2003 reissue.

JEAN RHYS

ALEKSANDR SOLZHENITSYN

Rhys takes her theme and central character from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre—

Gleb Nerzhin is a prisoner ina Soviet gulag. He works in a laboratory that develops surveillance devices for use by the secret police. Although his conditions are better than those

WIDE SARGASSO SEA Bertha, the “madwoman in the attic” —in this postcolonial novel.

GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ

QNE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE

The Colombian author's masterpiece depicts seven generations of a single family between the 1820s to the 1920s. At the start of the period, José

IWIREIAMS

THE FIRST CIRCLE

© In this comic novel, ’ ayoung Jewish boy describes to a psychiatrist his feelings of guilt about almost everything, but most famously about his sexual proclivities. JOHN FOWLES 1969

THE FRENCH LIEUTENANT’S WOMAN A paleontologist ' breaks off his engagement toa

conventional woman after falling for the forsaken lover of a French soldier. The narrative, set in Victorian times, is often interrupted by the twentieth-century author, who gives the work three different endings.

J.G. FARRELL 1973

THE SIEGE OF KRISHNAPUR At one level, this is an adventure yarn; at another, itis a

scathing indictment of

inmates, his world is

British colonialism at the time of the Indian

still a nightmare in which normal values are inverted: honorable behavior is punished;

cruelty and betrayal are well rewarded. Hence, the

Macondo, in the middle of a swamp.

title, which refers to

The place thrives for a while, but gradually, shysters move in.

Dante's /nferno. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is depicted as paranoid and vain. The book ends after Gleb refuses to cooperate further with the regime.

for the town and the Buendia family, which by the fifth generation has become thoroughly depraved.

"Translated by Thomas P. Whitne Vv

PORTNOY'S COMPLAINT

of many of his fellow

Arcadio Buendia builds a new town,

Thereafter, decline is swift, both

Solzhenitsyn

PHILIP ROTH 1969

Mutiny in 1857-58. CARLOS FUENTES

1975

TERRA NOSTRA »")

Through creative

use of Jungian symbolism, the Mexican

author tries to make sense of the pre- and post-Colombian cultures that are combined in his homeland.

ANDREW AOLLERAN

MANUEL PUIG 19°76

THE KISS OF THE SPIDER WOMAN ©) 0

ANGER rnUM Tne DANCE

Two male prisoners share a

cell in a jail in Argentina. One Is a gay window revolutionary. They fall in love, but one betrays the other. A novel told mostly in dialogue.

ITALO CALVINO

postmodernist

disagreed), this novel concerns the residents of a Paris apartment block.

ITALO CALVINO

IF ON A WINTER'S NIGHT A TRAVELER

1981

MIDNIGHT’S CHILDREN

ALICE WALKER *

ISABEL ALLENDE

" This celebrated epistolary | w novel describes the struggle of an uneducated black woman to escape domestic abuse in the southern United States. Its main themes are sexual discrimination and racial prejudice. LEVI

WATERLAND When a history teacher is forced into early retirement because his subject is no longer regarded as relevant, he uses material from his own past to show that we cannot see where we are going without knowing where we have come from.

FERNANDO PESSOA

Soares, one of Pessoa’s numerous

THE COLOR PURPLE

GRAHAM SWIFT

THE BOOK OF DISQUIET

"yy At the moment India gained a wv independence from Britain, two boys are born in the same hospital in Mumbai and immediately switched by a nurse.

PRIMO

Sophie Zawistowska is a Polish Catholic who survived Auschwitz but was forced by her Nazi captors to decide which of her two children should live and which should be put to death.

(although the author

In this acclaimed work of postmodernism, the author intersperses ruminations about the nature of reading with the opening chapters of several different novels. However, the structure is not as haphazard as this may suggest: the book is ultimately about the subjectivity of all meaning. SALMAN RUSHDIE

SOPHIE'S CHOICE

LIFE: A USER'S MANUAL Regarded as

with unprecedented candor. A young man from the Midwest abandons his straight life as a lawyer to hang out on Fire Island.

dresser, the other is a

SE UNA NOTTE D'INVERNO UN VIAGGIATORE

WILLIAM STYRON

GEORGES PEREC

This is—or purports to be—the memoirs of Bernardo

pseudonyms. It is described as

“factless autobiography.”

THE HOUSE OF THE SPIRITS Allende’s best-selling debut is an original chronicle of four generations of one family,

GRAHAM

SWIFT

including a lightly disguised depiction of the author's uncle,

Salvador Allende, the president of Chile murdered in 1973.

1982

‘A quite brilliant novel’

IF NOT NOW, WHEN? This is the tale of Jewish partisans fighting Nazism behind enemy a

lines in alliance with various Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians. The

action starts in Byelorussia and moves through central Europe to Milan. 100 MODERN

CLASSICS

229

MILAN KUNDERA

MARGUERITE

MARTIN AMIS

DURAS

THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING

THE LOVER

In Communist-ruled Czechoslovakia, Tomas is a physician; Tereza, his wife, is a photographer; Sabina, his mistress, is an artist who Is also having an

A 15-year-old Vietnamese girl has an affair with a rich Chinese man. At first she sees him as her ticket out of poverty, and it is only after they split up that she realizes the true depth of her feelings for him.

affair with Franz, a Swiss university

professor. The action takes place In 1968, in the months leading up to the Soviet invasion that ended the Prague Spring of liberalization. As Tomas is drawn deeper into antigovernment activities, he is forced

to choose between his lovers.

JOSE SARAMAGO

THE YEAR OF THE DEATH OF RICARDO REIS The life and loves of a poet-physician in Portugal during the dictatorship of Antonio Salazar are reflected against a detailed background of the nation’s history and culture.

At the point of entry, this appears to be the story

of a director of British television advertisements who is hired by a Hollywood producer to make a blockbuster movie with the working title Good Money.

But further reading reveals that no one is quite who he or she appears or claims to be. Gradually it emerges that almost everything we were given to understand at the outset is at least possibly untrue. It is only at the very end of the novel that Amis reveals the significance of the previously enigmatic subtitle, A Suicide Note.

SO)

JULIAN BARNES

FLAUBERT’S PARROT

This is the intellectually playful account of a literary scholar who becomes obsessed with the stuffed parrot that inspired Gustave Flaubert to write one short story.

DON

MONEY

DELILLO

WHITE NOISE A chemical spill from a railroad container car focuses the minds of local residents on their mortality, and they seek a drug that will allay their fear of death.

BELOVEL Past and present coexist in this sometimes harrowing story of black Americans after the Civil War. Fugitive Kentucky slave Sethe and her daughter, Denver, live together in the free state of Ohio ina haunted house. Paul D, another ex-slave, exorcises the ghost, but soon afterward a strange lady called “Beloved” moves in. The narrative then divides into alternating threads: one describes the growing rivalry between Sethe and Beloved that turns into a life-or-

death struggle; the other fills in the backstory of Sethe’s former life on the plantation and her traumatic journey to freedom. Then her former owner shows up with a posse to take her back to where he thinks she belongs.

MUSTER

OU TNS

PETER CAREY

THENEW YORK TRILOGY | OSCAR AND LUCINDA City of Glass concerns a crime novelist with many identities; Ghosts is about Blue, a private eye hired by White to spy on Black. In The Locked Room, a biographer takes over the identity of his subject.

The title characters meet ona ship to Australia and soon discover that they are both inveterate gamblers. Lucinda bets Oscar that he cannot transport a church from

TOM WOLFE

KAZUO ISHIGURO

THE BONFIRE OP THE VANITIES Wolfe's most famous novelis a

is

~~

dissection of ambition, racism, social

class, politics, and greed in New York's Wall Street financial district.

Sydney to Bellingen, 325 miles (520km]) away.

THE REMAINS OF THE DAY » An old manservant renews contact with a former colleague. The two were once close friends, but their relationship never developed: could it have become a romance?

A.S. BYATT 1

JAVIER MARIAS

POSSESSION 2

A HEART SO WHITE Juan and his bride,

Luisa, set out to

Two modern-

» day academics Paes the relationship between two Victorian poets in a postmodern novel that jumps back and forth between the periods.

uncover his father’s past. This includes two previous marriages, the less

mysterious of which turns out to have been to Juan's maternal aunt.

DONNA TARTT

liglioe GE HISTORY After one of their number is murdered, a group of

classics students at a university find themselves ina situation that recalls Greek drama: they are doomed to tragedy, not by their own actions but by fate and circumstance.

SEBASTIAN FAULKS

MICHEL HOUELLEBECQ

He

ATOMISED Two half-brothers

out what really happened

to her grandfather during World War |.

are raised apart and hardly know each other. However, their lives are oddly parallel.

MIROVS|

SUITE

ERANC ALE

9) This book is comprised of two novellas 2) We » The first, “Storm in June,” depicts a group of Parisians as they flee the German invasion in June 1940. An upper-class Catholic family and a self-absorbed writer are annoyed at the inconvenience of leaving their affluent lives behind. The most sympathetic characters are the Michauds, bank clerks whose compassion contrasts sharply with the selfishness of those around them. The second novella, “Dolce,” tells the story of a rural community under occupation a year later, when the deportations begin.

SVIPCOETZBE

DISGRACE David Lurie is a white South

African university lecturer who does pretty much whatever he likes until he sexually harasses one of his students and is forced to resign his teaching post. He goes to live with his lesbian daughter on a farm and is starting to get his life back together when their house is attacked by a gang who rape his daughter and set fire to him. He recovers; she becomes

4

eS «

>

—

=

Fs

;

1M. COE TZEE

pregnant and has the child; the

assailants are never caught. These events take place during the fall of apartheid and the introduction of majority rule

MARIO VARGAS LLOSA

THE FEAST OF THE GOAT The focal point of this novelis a historical event: the assassination in 1961 of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo The story has three strands: one describes the hated despot’s last day on Earth; another examines the characters and motives of his killers; the third tells of an ordinary woman

who is visiting her sick father.

Irene Némiroysky

Suite francaise

IAN MCEWAN

ATONEMENT A 13-year-old girl with a vivid imagination misinterprets the true nature of an amatory

encounter she happens to witness and denounces the male partner as a rapist. Years later, she realizes her error and attempts to right her earlier wrongs.

ALAN HOLLINGHURST

Tht LINE OF BEAUTY After graduating from Oxford gay hero finds that his social compartments: in one are the men in the other are the straight friends his sexuality only by never referring

University, the life splits into two he goes to bed with; who acknowledge to it.

JONATHAN FRANZEN

FREEDOM

This chronicle of the white, middle-class Berglund family of St. Paul, Minnesota, examines the ways in which liberty is used and abused in personal relationships and how it does not always satisfy our expectations of it. 100 MODERN

CLASSICS

231

WILKIE COLLINS secs

The MOONSTONE Regarded as the first work in the genre,

this epistolary novel concerns the theft of a priceless diamond, and

the efforts of Franklin Blake, an amateur sleuth,

and Sergeant Cuff, a hardened professional from Scotland Yard, to recover the gem and unmask the villain.

EMILE GABORIAU

MONSIEUR LECOO Dp

§ Gaboriau’s officer

&= with the French Streté was the first fictional detective to bring logic and scientific method to the solving of crimes. He and his sounding-board friend, Tabaret, partly inspired Conan Doyle to create Sherlock Holmes and his brother, Mycroft.

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

EDGAR ALLAN POE

TALES OF MYSTERY AND IMAGINATION

A STUDY IN SCARLET

This posthumous collection—

The hero of this novel, Sherlock Holmes,

is described as a consulting detective” — in other words, an amateur sleuth. He is

assisted by Dr. John Watson, a physician and the narrator of this and all the other Holmes

Poe died in 1849—consisted of 11 short stories, including the works | on which the author's reputation as a prose writer is founded: ‘The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Masque

tales—three more full-length works, and 56

of the Red Death,” “The Murders in

short stories. The author, himself a doctor of

the Rue Morgue,” and ‘The Pit and

medicine, wrote the book in three weeks at

the Pendulum.” Every one was a gift to the genre and to Hollywood.

the age of 27 years.

100 CRI ME NOVELS EDGAR WALLACE .

G. K. CHESTERTON

Tht FOUR JUST MEN

TRENT’S LAST CASE

=y

Upper-class vigilantes ensure that evildoers get their comeuppance, even if the law has failed to deal with them. Their morals may be

he is able to empathize with the perpetrators.

» The first detective novel that satirizes the genre: the sleuth gets pretty much everything wrong.

Father Brown, a Roman

Catholic priest, solves crimes intuitively, because

RONALD KNOX

THE VIADUCT MURDER

questionable, but their

Knox was a theologian with amusing precepts about

popularity with readers

detective fiction, which he explores in this novel about

was not.

four friends who find a corpse while playing golf.

MARY ROBERTS RINEHART 1908

ANTHONY BERKELEY

THE CIRCULAR STAIRCASE

First in the “Had-l|-butknown” subgenre in which the narrator laments the bad outcomes that came from events that are then recounted.

GLADYS MITCHELL

E. C. BENTLEY

THE INNOCENCE OF FATHER BROWN

THE POISONED CHOCOLATES CASE Six armchair detectives ina Crimes Circle 1‘ headed by protagonist Roger Sheringham propose, in turn, different solutions to a murder mystery that has baffled the police. Readers have no idea which solution is the correct one until the final pages.

The first illustration of Sherlock Holmes, by D.H. Friston, fromA StudyinScarlet (1887).

Se leIDNG IDEAUEat

This was the first of 66 novels that showcased the sleuthing skills of psychoanalyst Beatrice Bradley |

and her assistant, Laura Menzies. Mitchell was a subtle

writer who avoided cliché by subverting the conventions of the genre.

DASHIELL HAMMETT

Mal MALTESE FALCON

For his portrayal of private eye protagonist Sam Spade, Hammett drew on his own experience working in a detective agency, but nothing like as much as subsequent crime writers drew on him. Hammett is renowned as the founder of the tough, “hard-boiled” school of detective fiction, whose later graduates include

Raymond Chandler.

100

CRIME

NOVELS

233

ARTHUR UPFIELD

FRANCIS ILES

THE SANDS OF WINDEE

MALICE AFORETHOUGHT

Australian Detective Inspector Napoleon Bonaparte—part European, part Aborigine—notices in

There is no mystery here: we know whodunit from the beginning. The interest lies in the study of the motivation and methods of a wife killer.

a photograph of a road wreck a detail that shows there has been a murder.

ERLE STANLEY GARDNER

THE CASE OF THE VELVET CLAWS The first of 82 novels starring Perry Mason, the defense attorney who almost never lost a case. Unlike most of the subsequent works in this series, there is no courtroom action, merely an inquiry into the murder of a blackmailer.

_AGATHA CHRISTIE

MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS In this celebrated mystery—adapted and filmed several times—a nasty American gets murdered in his compartment on the Istanbul-Paris train. Belgian supersleuth Hercule Poirot, who happens to be on board, leads the investigation, and finds that all

13 of his fellow passengers in the coach were in some way connected with the victim and had compelling reasons for wishing him dead.

DOROTHYL.SAYERS »

CARYL BRAHMS & 8.J.SIMON

A BULLET IN ThE BALLET

GAUDY NIGHT

Harriet Vane investigates skulduggery at her old Oxford college. As the waters muddy, she calls on the help of her old partner in Seulml gs Lord Peter ey

A dancer is shot

during a production of Petrushka. Inspector Adam Quill leads the hunt for the killer in this wry,

JOHN DICKSON CARR

comic work.

THE HOLLOW MAN

RAYMOND CHANDLER

Int BiG SLEEP

This is not the earliest

“locked-room mystery” —that title conventionally goes to Poe's “The Murders in the Rue Morgue’— but it is widely acclaimed as the greatest. It is solved by Dr. Gideon Fell, the hero of more than 20 other novels eeCarr.

MICHAEL INNES «

HAMLET, REVENGE!

AGATHA CHRISTIE

MARGERY ALLINGHAM

The first novel to feature private eye Philip Marlowe, this is regarded as the definitive work of hard-boiled detective fiction. It has so many virtues—wit, pace,

THE CASE OF THE LATE PIG Aristocratic amateur

mystery, Ssuspense—that

detective Albert Campion

its flaws—lots of loose ends—are largely overlooked. The movie versions starred

The lord chancellor of England is shot dead while playing Polonius in an amateur production of Shakespeare's tragedy. Inspector

attends the funeral of an old school

Appleby investigates.

thought he saw interred.

contemporary. Six months later he is summoned to the scene of a murder, whose victim is the man

he

Humphrey Bogart (1946) and Robert Mitchum (1978).

NGAIO MARSH

VINTAGE

MURDEK

Marsh gives her English inspector Roderick Alleyn a mysterious death to solve in her native New Zealand.

REX STOUT

EDMUND

SOME BURIED CAESAR

THE MOVING TOYSHOP

» 4 This is thought by

="

The mystery in this comic crime novel Is solved by

many to be the

finest hour of armchair detective Nero Wolfe.

GEORGES SIMENON

CRISPIN

MY FRIEND MAIGRET

i folamslaal

MAIGRET

Gervase Fen, an Oxford English

professor who Sleuths for fun.

MICKEY SPILLANE

Every Maigret novel is good, but this is one of the best. Inspector Pyke of Scotland Yard crosses the Channel to observe

Bee JURY

Spillane was a well-known his first novel. Protagonist like Philip Marlowe, but lacks the Hammer is as his name suggests,

comic book writer, but this was Mike Hammer is hard-boiled charm of Chandler's creation: an agent of violence.

PATRICIA HIGHSMITH

NANCY SPAIN

POISON FOR TEACHER

STRANGERS ON A TRAIN

Russian ballerina.

Two men agree to “trade” murders, in the hope that no one will suspect either of them. One of the men has no difficulty in carrying out the other’s dirty work, but the second murder is more problematic.

QUEEN ELLERY KING IS DEAD THE

MARGARET MILLAR

®

In this thriller with strong lesbian ’ overtones, a murder ata

girls’

scnool is investigated by Miriam Birdseye, an actress, and Natasha

}

the celebrated French detective’s working methods. When Maigret is called on to investigate a murder on the Mediterranean island of Porquerolles, he has in towa bemused English flatfoot.

DuViven, a

Ellery Queen is both the nom de plume

THE

main character, an NYPD detective, who here

BEAST

IN VIEW

")®) The deputy sheriff in a one-horse town

)i» seems like a pillar of the establishment. Yet, beneath the surface, he is a psychopath

who finds that one killing leads to another and then another...

THE

A fictional modern detective | investigates the alleged crimes of Richard III (king of England, 1483-85). Tey led the rehabilitation of the last Plantagenet monarch, who had been posthumously vilified by the

OF

| |M E

Tudors who seized his throne.

6

iF

Penguin Crime

2/6

| |)

ji

bo) BP

/\

- i 2

ee

investigates threats to an arms dealer.

THE KILLER INSIDE ME

OF TIME

Cop hater

of the two authors and the name of the

JIM THOMPSON

“ONE OF THE BEST MYSTERIES OF ALL TIME,” -The New York Times

This psychological thriller charts the descent of a rich, single

woman from her comfort zone into a world of

FIA LER In the first of a series that eventually ran to more than 50 full-length novels, Detective

Steve Carella hunts the killer of

intrigue and murder. But who is the perpetrator

his colleagues in the 87th Precinct

and who is the victim?

Manhattan, New York.

in Isola, a lightly fictionalized

100

IMENOVELS

235

HARRY KEMELMAN 9«.:

H.R. F KEATING

ROBERT TRAVER

ANATOMY In this great courtroom drama, a defense attorney uses morally ambiguous methods to get his client off a murder rap.

EMMA LATHEN BANKING

Tue Finst

INspecroR GHOTE

FRIDAY THE RABBI SLEPT LATE

Tht PERFECT MURDER

} a

(pronounced “go-tay”) of the Bombay (now Mumbai) police,

ON

about a Wall Street financier who

who here investigates the death of aman named Perfect. One of the most impressive qualities of this multi-award-winning novel was that its English author had, at the time he wrote it, never even set foot on the

is also an amateur sleuth.

Indian subcontinent.

DEATH The acclaimed first novel

by “Emma Lathen” (Mary J. Latsis and Martha Henissart) is

MAJ SJOWALL & PER WAHLOO

© “SJOWALL WAHLOO * Den skrattande a polisen

Ihsle LAUGHING POLICEMAN This is the fourth—and In the view of many, the finest—segment of the Martin Beck series, a ten-part Swedish police procedural starring the detective of that name, whose personal life

starts off miserable and gets worse.

MANUEL VAZQUEZ

P. D. JAMES

AN UNSUITABLE JOB FOR A

JOBFOF

Cordelia Gray is

| MONTALBAN

I KILLED

KENNEDY Pepe Carvalho is best known as the gourmet sleuth, but

the co-owner of

ve agency until Ss

on

ning

ex-Cop

for work

to find her

there is much more to him than

|

that. He and his sidekick, Biscuter,

are like modern equivalents of Don

dead at

his desk.

236

|

LITERARY ARTS

|

Quixote and Sancho Panza.

Rabbi Small is an orthodox Jew with unorthodox methods of

This was the first of 26 fictional outings for Inspector Ganesh Ghote

iire |

UNDERGROUND

MAN

Lew Archer—the natural

successor to Chandler's Philip Marlowe—investigates a suspicious fire and finds in its ashes the sordid side of the American dream.

ROBERT B. PARKER 17 Welle GODW ULE MANUSCRIPT This novel starring Spenser— a private eye whose first name we never know—was the first of aseries that outlasted the author: since Parker's death it has been continued by other hands.

investigating crimes.

| LILIAN JACKSON BRAUN

THE CAT WHO COULD READ BACKWARDS A reporter named Qwill solves crimes with the help of his two

|

Siamese cats.

| ELLIS PETERS

A MORBID TASTE FOR BONES Meet Brother Cadfael: a twelfth-century monk who probes criminal activity in England during the reign of King Stephen.

RUE REN DELL

OVEL NR ePaN AR 5 PRINCE OF THIEVES

JX JUIBICIE Me INGE IXRSIKOING: A housekeeper murders the family she works for. She’s not proud of what she’s done, but there is something else she’s even more ashamed of: she is illiterate.

arc

UMBERTO ECO

The investigation into a string of murders

BURGLARS CAN’T BE CHOOSERS

William of Baskerville. The novel is renowned for

ares care “Eco

of “Heaven helps those who help themselves.”

Romanzo Bompiani“

INDEMNITY ONLY Feisty feminist private detective

SUE

GRAFTON

A IS FOR ALIBI This is the first of the Alphabet Mysteries, which continued at irregular intervals, and, as the present volume went to

press, had reached X.

Vick) Warshawski is hired by aman to find his son's girlfriend. But it soon

JONATHAN KELLERMAN

is dead, the girfriend

doesn't exist, and the man is operating under an assumed name. And that’s only the beginning of this riveting mystery that established Paretsky as a Star of the 1980s.

MARTIN CRUZ SMITH

Soviet detective Arkady Renko tries to solve the mystery of three corpses that have

RE

Victoria Iphigenia (VI or

turns out that the son

Shimada promises that none of his characters will have an eee over the reader.

been found in central Moscow with their faces and fingertips cut off to

self-conscious references to other books, semiotics, and eve aheoty

SARA PARETSKY

starring Inspector Morse, and the first to be filmed for TV, is set not in the city on the Jordan River but in the Oxford district of the same name.

GORKY PARK

its puzzles and for its

Bernie is a burglar who gets accused of a murder he didn’t commit. To beat the rap, he has to learn a whole new meaning

The fifth novel

THE TOKYO ZODIAC MURDERS

in a medieval

Italian monastery Is led by Franciscan friar

BLOCK

THE DEAD OF JERICHO

SOJI SHIMADA

int NAME OF THE ROSE

LAWRENCE

COLIN DEXTER

WHEN THE BOUGH BREAKS

A seven-year-old girl is the only witness to a murder that has traumatized her. Psychiatrist Alex Delaware is brought in to coax out her evidence.

identification.

KINKY FRIEDMAN

GREENWICH KILLING TIME

The private eye protagonist has the same name and many of the same characteristics as his creator, an offbeat country musician. IAN RANKIN

KNOTS AND CROSSES In the first Inspector Rebus novel, the hard-drinking

Hatettive with the troubled past and the dodgy brother, is on the trail of a strangler.

100

CRIME

NOVELS

237

CARL HIAASEN

| MICHAEL

THE DOUBLE WHAMMY Private eye R. J. Decker is hired

| RATKING |

by a game angler who

suspects a rival of cheating. A body turns up, and things get fishier.

LINDSEY DAVIS

DIBDIN

Aurelio Zen, a commissioner in the Italian police force,

| investigates the kidnapping of arich and powerful business mogul.

JAMES LEE BURKE

BLACK CHERRY BLUES

THE SILVER PIGS In the Year of the Four Emperors (70 ce], Marcus Didius Falco sets off from Rome to Britain in pursuit of a gang that smuggles silver ingots—the pigs of the title—and kills anyone who gets in the way.

Framed for murder,

Louisiana cop Dave Robicheaux heads to Montana to clear his name.

WALTER MOSLEY«:

tl

|

| [

drug trafficking, prostitution, organized crime, and institutionalized

One of the first black fictional detectives, Ezekiel “Easy” Rawlins is a hard-boiled

racism that has infected almost every aspect of life in the City of angel S; hee pellitics and the Hollywood movie industry.

private eye with an inner voice that advises him.

Investigating a multiple murder in a coffee shop, three policemen are drawn into an imbroglio of gang warfare,

HENNING MANKELL

| JAMES MCCLURE

THE DOGS

procedural novels about two detectives in South Africa during apartheid—one, Lieutenant Tromp Kramer, is a white Afrikaner; the other, Sergeant Mickey Zondi, is a black Bantu.

PETER HOEG

PATRICIA CORNWELL

Ae eM ec nenctine FEELING FOR DNA profiling, which was then not yet quite an everyday reality, and a crucial plot point about a hacked computer. Cornwell's heroine, Dr. Kay Scarpetta, chief medical examiner for the state of Virginia, suspects that the

slayer of four women in Richmond may be a narcissist, and so she states publicly that the man the police are looking for seems to have an unpleasant personal odor, which he leaves behind at the crime scenes. This annoys the perp enough to make him break cover and come after her in her home. She’s unready for him, but luckily a detective is on hand.

238

RARY

ART!

DONNA LEON

MISS SMILLA'S. DEATH

POSTMORTEM

celebrated series—are the early references to

When two bodies turn up on a life raft on the shore at Ystad, Swedish detective Kurt Wallander goes to Latvia to investigate.

| SNOW On one level this

|

Danish novel is one woman's quest for the truth about the death of a friend, who seems to have fallen off a snow-

| covered roof. On another level it is an examination of the conflicts that arise

between colonists [in this case, Danes) and the colonized (in this case, the Inuits of Greenland).

AI LA FEN

| (6F

A world-famous conductor dies from cyanide poisoning during an intermission at the Venetian opera house. Leading the investigation, Commissario Guido Brunetti is dismayed to find that there are enough potential suspects to filla phone book.

DONNA

WH OMUSIC we

BE

THE

FOC

DOF HAT vw

JANET EVANOVICH

MICHAEL CONNELLY

THE BLACK ECHO

ONE FOR THE MONEY

) With the help of the FBI,

~ anLAcop investigates the murder of one of his fellow Vietnam War veterans.

HAKAN NESSER 19%

BORKMANN'S POINT

ii

M) In aremote town in an ~ & unidentified country that may or may not be the author's native Sweden, Inspector Van Veeteren

tries to catch a serial ax murderer in time for his chief to retire in a

blaze of glory.

HARLAN COBEN

DEAL BREAKER )

Myron Bolitar isa

ONE FOR THE A

WOVEL

INTRODUCING

KARINTDSUM

INIh ——UANKNESS Fossum, one of

Norway's main contributors to the Nordic

Christian Steele, receives

noir genre, is dubbed the

a call from the exgirlfriend he thought was dead. This was the first outing for Coben's hot-headed Investigator.

Crime.” This is the first of her novels featuring charismatic police inspector Konrad Sejer.

JEFFREY DEAVER

EEG Gills

THE BONE. COLLECTOR “JE Be

Protagonist Lincoln Rhyme worked for

NYPD until an oak beam fell on him at a crime scene and left him

quadraplegic. Now, aided by Thom Reston, his

full-time carer, he works as a freelance adviser to

the police.

PLUM

MONEY

top client, football star

+e sports agent whose

STEPHANIE

Norwegian Queen of

Stephanie Plum, who here digs herself out of a financial hole by becoming a bounty hunter in and around Trenton, New Jersey.

She went on to star in more than 20 other Evanovich novels.

Tinle SHAPE OF WATER This novel was the first outing for Sicilian police inspector Salvo Montalbano, whose name Is a tribute to Manuel Vazquez Montalban: Camilleri is greatly indebted to the Spanish writer, but he’s

sufficiently original to merit his place among the finest authors of detective fiction.

ced bie

DEJA DEAD When the corpse of a woman that is too decomposed for conventional autopsy Is discovered, forensic anthropologist Temperance Brennan is called in. She soon concludes that the victim died at the hands of a serial killer, but Detective Claudel remains skeptical until another body turns up.

ORHUN PAMUK

KILLING FLOOR

MY NAME IS RED This complex Turkish novel is part whodunit and part metafiction—it plays with literary conventions and permits no willing

Jack Reacher, a

former army major, roams the United States taking odd jobs and solving crimes. In this,

his first adventure, he has to investigate a murder in Georgia, of which he himself has been falsely accused.

This was the author's first solo departure from romantic fiction, with which she had made her name, into the mystery genre. It introduces the character of

ANDREA CAMILLERI

suspension of disbelief,

tbe

ti

gt

m

@

constantly reminding readers that all the characters are imaginary.

In late imperial Russia, Erast

Fandorin—a dashing detective with a Zen-like

inner calm—investigates the death of a young man ina park. It looks like suicide, but the sleuth has grounds for skepticism.

100 CRIME NOVELS

239

ALEXANDER

MCCALL

FRED VARGAS

QIU XIAOLONG

SMITH

THE NO. 1 LADIES’ DETECTIVE AGENCY Precious Ramotswe, the first woman

In modern

A woman is found

The main character of this novel is

in Botswana to become a private investigator. The work is part mystery but is mainly concerned with every aspect of life in and around the national capital, Gaborone.

HAVE MERCY ON US ALL

DEATH OF A RED HEROINE dead. Shanghai police soon identify a suspect, but they can't arrest him because he’s the son of a ye boss.

| GIANRICO CAROFIGLIO 2s¢

Paris,

the nostalgic appearance of a town crier coincides with the reemergence of another medieval phenomenon: the Black Death.

INVOLUNTARY WITNESS

Italian lawyer Guido Guerrier! takes on the defense of a Senegalese immigrant accused of kidnapping and murdering a boy. Should he go for a plea bargain and a light sentence or a full trial?

GUILLERMO MARTINEZ OVER 20 MILLION COPIES SOLD

THE OXFORD MURDERS

A professor writes a popular book about the links between the modus operandi of serial killers and mathematical theorems. He then receives a mysterious note with a symbol and an address, where he finds the body of an old lady who's been murdered. This is the first of a series of slayings, and every time there's a slaying, the prof gets another note with a symbol. Can he figure out the next in the sequelice before there's another victim?

MICHELEGIUTTARI

A FLORENTINE DEATH Michele Ferrara is a senior policeman with wide experience of the seamy side of his native Florence. But when a serial killer terrorizes the city, he discovers depravity that he never dreamed of. And then the killer comes after him.

CAMILLA LACKBERG

ARNALDUR INDRIDASON

rhe Ge PiRINGess

THE DRAINING LAKE

After her childhood friend is found dead in an apparent suicide, Erika Falck tries to turn her grief into a book. But the more she researches, the more she suspects foul play. And so, as it happens, does local detective Patrik Hedstrom.

This novel takes a real event and adds a fictional mystery. In 2000, seismic activity caused one of Iceland’s biggest lakes, Kleifarvatn, to start draining. The author imagines what would have happened if a longconcealed body had been found there.

LEONIE SWANN

STIEG LARSSON

THE GIRL WIR Trt DRAGON TATTOO Aman hires a journalist anda computer ace to research

the death of his niece. They find that she was murdered | and that those who killed

her would be glad to do the same to them.

THREE BAGS FULL STTEGBARSSON MAN

SOM

MATAROKVINNOR

An Irish shepherd dearly loves his sheep and reads to them. When he is murdered, his flock, led by a ewe named

Miss Maple, go in search of his killer and, in the course of their inquiries, learn a lot about the strange ways of humans.

PETER TEMPLE

THE BROKEN SHORE Joe Cashin quits the city homicide squad to operate the one-man police station in his hometown, where nothing happens untila rich local is attacked and suspicion falls on the local Aboriginals.

VIKRAM CHANDRA

DEON MEYER

| MATTI JOENSUU

SACRED DEVIL'S. THE GAMES PRIEST csingaiceotiee PEAK | OF EVIL

discovers the corruption and crime that hide beneath the shiny surface of India’s twenty-firstcentury economic boom.

iieslalexsts

Benny Griessel tries to entrap a vigilante killer who's vowed to | clean up the streets of Cape Town.

A man falls under a Helsinki metro train, pushed, it seems, by an unseen hand. Detective Sergeant Timo Harjunpaa | heads the investigation that turns up a writer who wants to destroy the world.

Ware) THE :

JO NE SIE

rancesrreo.

SNOW/MAN

TH E A RT

A spate of murders in Oslo seems at first to be a series of random killings. However, it emerges that a snowman is present near each murder scene and then that all the female victims are the mothers of children who are not their husbands’. DNA evidence is called upon, but it leads the police up several blind alleys. Meanwhile, head of the investigation Harry Hole starts a relationship with a new colleague, Katrine Bratt. When she tries to frame one of the suspects, she is herself accused of the murders.

@ F [)ROWN

| N ¢€

) Shy Rachel meets outgoing Ivy, and the two become firm friends. Ivy's ex-husband, Carl, won't let her near their son, and sounds like a monster. But when

Rachel meets Carl she finds it hard to believe there's any harm in him.

While she is awaiting trial, another woman turns up dead next to a snowman, so the chase resumes and ends only after a chance remark has given Hole a “Eureka!” moment.

DOMINGO VILLAR

| MICHAEL STANLEY

| KWEI QUARTEY

ypeUE ACARRION DEATH le let5 In Vigo, Spain, Inspector Leo Caldas ad spends as much time wondering about the purpose of his own life as the reason for the violent ending to that of a young saxophonist.

THE Got

The case of aman whose murder has been made to look like an attack by hyenas Is the first of many mysteries to be solved by detective David “Kubu” Bengu of the Botswana CID. Kubu may seem docile, but underneath he’s focused, motivated, and efficient.

NELE NEUHAUS 2

SNOW WHITE MUST DIe » A body on a German autobahn provides fresh » evidence that leads to the reopening of the case of two young women, murdered more than a decade earlier. A man has been imprisoned for the crimes, but it now appears that he couldn't be guilty.

ALAN CARTER

Y 4 sa

|

Inspector Darko Dawson leaves his desk in downtown Accra to clear an up-country Ghanaian boy who's been wrongfully accused of killing a student.

ROBERT GALBRAITH2

PRIME CUT — THE CUCKOO'S CALLING 74)

A body is washed up on the shores of Western Australia. The investigation is led by Cato Kwong, who is possibly the least popular detective on the force.

This novel sold it was revealed is a pseudonym for J. K. creator of Harry Potter; number one on Amazon.

only moderately until that “Robert Galbraith” Rowling, the acclaimed it then went straight to

100 CRIME NOVELS

241

Moe

ome LLEY

Mime INIA

| JULES VERNE

NS TEIN

| This gothic horror concerning the creation of artificial life is regarded as the first science-fiction novel. Shelley's themes of man playing god to disastrous effect remain perennially popular in the genre.

JULES VERNE

JOURNEY 10 THE CENTER OF THE EARTH

20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA

Verne’s best-known book was scientifically rigorous for the

This novel depicts with some accuracy a submarine, at the time a technology in its

time, although much of it has since

been proven to be false. Adapted for the screen many times.

infancy. True speculative SF, it is notable for its descriptions of underwater environments, and the powerful character of Captain Nemo.

100 SCIENCE FICTION

NOVELS

H.G. WELLS sss

H.G. WELLS

Trt TIMt MACHINE /) Wells established one of the most well-loved =~ subgenres of science fiction with this story, while simultaneously delivering a powerful moral tale on the widening gulf between rich and poor. Wells's unnamed Time Traveler heads for the future, only to discover a divided humanity and returns with his belief in progress sorely wounded. Still immensely affecting, it is one of the all-time great SF stories.

KURD LASSWITZ 1899

TWO PLANETS @®

Lasswitz is known as

¥ the father of German science fiction. Martians and humans clash as humanity ascends toward utopia. Much speculation on the nature of Mars

(according to the theories of Percival Lowell), biology,

and technology make this a key text of early SF.

THE ISLAND OF DOCTOR MOREAU Wells displays his disgust at certain aspects of the science of the era with this hardhitting story. Moreau, an exiled scientist, conducts vile experiments in vivisection by surgically altering animals into men.

THEODOR HenZL

LTNCULANL

Utopian novel stands out for presaging real events—the creation of the modern state of Israel.

| ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

THE LOST WORLD Prehistoric relics live on an inaccessible

Hb. WE

Amazonian plateau in the

’ Wells's hugely influential fourth novel combined his theories on evolution and Darwinism with the ideas of astronomers like Percival Lowell, who speculated that the planet Mars could once have supported life. Set in London and told in the first person by an unnamed narrator, The War of the Worlds vividly describes the invasion of Earth by martians. One of many works of invasion fiction published at the end of the nineteenth century, the novel can be viewed as a commentary on British imperialism.

EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS

HE WAROFTHE WORLD

4 The martians attack in an illustration by Henri Lanos for H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds (1898).

Sherlock Holmes author's main contribution to SF.

PRINCESS OF MARS The foundation text of the SF subgenre sees a confederate soldier transported to Mars, where he faces strange adventures and wins the heart of the eponymous princess, Dejah Thoris.

| OLAF STAPLEDON

LAST AND FIRST MEN Early future history” novel by British author and philosopher and still the best, depicting many civilizations that will rise and fall over coming eons in humankind’s struggle to persist.

ALDOUS WUXLEY

NAVE NeW WOnLD Seminal social satire portraying a stratified society reliant on drugs. This totalitarian state has strayed so far from the condition of humanity that those from outside this dystopia are inevitably destroyed by it.

100 SCIENCE

FICTION NOVELS

243

EE. DOC" SMT

HP LOVECRATT

TRIPLANETARY Peis ieee The first installment of Lensman appeared in Amazing Stories. It was not initially connected with the series, but was reworked

Cas, LEWIS

Al THE MOUNTAINS OF MADNESS

FIRST OF THE FAMOUS LENSMAN SERIES

triplanetary

An ancient city is found deep in Antarctica, bringing home the insignificance of humanity to the horrified protagonist. Often

after the publication of the original novels to act as a prequel. Setting the scene for the world’s first space opera, it establishes the universe's key concept,

described as a horror writer, Lovecraft’s tales are science fictional, rooted in a fear of the unknown and a terror at the inhuman vastness of the universe.

that of eugenically bred human supermen created by the alien Arisians to

fight in the war with the Eddorians. These later become the Lensmen.

OUT OF THE SILENT PLANET Narnia creator explores religious themes. A trip to Mars reveals that each world has a tutelary spirit, and that Earth's has gone bad.

QLAF STAPLEDON

SIRIUS

Sirius is a dog specially bred for a human level of intelligence. His struggles with his dual canine/human natures create tragedy. Influenced by Frankenstein and The Island of Doctor Moreau.

ISAAC ASIMOV

I, ROBOT

Lat found its first life as a series in the pages of pulp magazines. The philosophical issues raised are still discussed today. Asimov explores the consequences of the existence of artificially intelligent beings through logic puzzles.

Famed for its “Three Laws of Robotics” (later revised to four], which dictate how a robot may interact with humanity.

RAY BRADBURY

THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES Haunting series of tales about the colonization of Mars and the displacement of the native Martians. Bradbury's preoccupation with the passing of all things comes into sharp emotional focus here. JOHN WYNDHAM

FREDERIK POHL &C.M.KORNBLUTH

THE DAY OF THE TRIFFIDS

THE SPACE MERCHANTS

A meteor shower blinds most of the world’s population, leaving them easy prey for the Triffids—ambulatory, carnivorous plants of incertain origin.

Satire on the pitfalls of consumerism. Through a series of misadventures, an elite

copywriter finds himself dispossessed and on the side of revolution.

» Foundation covers hundreds - of years of future events. When genius Hari Seldon uses his

new science of psycho-history” to predict the fall of the Galactic

Empire, he embarks on a bold plan to shorten the coming dark age to 1,000 years through establishing the Foundation and its secret twin organization. A definitive space opera featuring many viewpoint characters, the series was later combined by Asimov with his

“robot” stories into one contiguous narrative universe, to lesser effect.

RAY BRADBURY

FAHRENHEIT 491 A dystopia in which books are

routinely burned by “Firemen” allows Bradbury the opportunity to explore the transformative nature of literature on the human soul.

fiiEe

RICHARD MATHESON«:

THE SHRINKING MAN » Matheson’s masterpiece on the theme of masculinity. Scott Carey is exposed to radiation and finds himself shrinking. Losing his place in the world with. his height, he is intimidated until, as he shrinks below the

molecular scale, he experiences an epiphany.

ALFRED BESTER 1!

THE STARS MY DESTINATION { To call this (also “* Tiger, Tiger!) “the Count of Monte Carlo in Space’ is a disservice to the story, but this is the

book in a nutshell: unambitious Gully Foyle iS Marooned in space. Ignored by a passing vessel, revenge transforms him into a person capable of anything. ARTHUR C. CLARKE

THE CITY AND THE STARS Humanity’s aversion to change versus its need to explore is the theme in this rewrite of Clarke’s first novel. JAMES BLISH

A CASE OF CONSCIENCE Posits a theological ' puzzle with a planet that may or may not be the creation of Satan. A Jesuit priest's attempts to uncover the truth behind the enigma leads to an ambiguous ending.

ROBERT A. HEINLEIN

Philip K. Dick

A man raised on Mars returns to Earth, where his psychic powers enable him to act out his will—removing humans he deems unworthy—and establish his own rel er

The grandfather of all military science fiction, Heinlein's

Starship Troopers is as derided as it is lauded for its right-wing politics. Humanity is at war in space, fighting a race known as the bugs.” Despite influencing later SF-combat stories with its powered armor and orbitalinsertion warfare, there is only one actual battle in the book. The rest involves various discourses that set out Heinlein's political beliefs. Namely, that the right to vote should come only after the performance of social service.

WALTER M. MILLER

A CANTICLE FOR LEIBOWITZ In the wake of a nuclear war, human scientific knowledge Is preserved by an order of diligent monks in this tripartite novel. Elegantly shows the cyclical nature of history.

An electrifying novel of our world as it might have been

Z AN

STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND

STARSHIP TROOPERS

nM

\

ROBERT A.HEINLEIN

| HARRY HARRISON

| THE STAINLESS STEEL RAT SF comedy has rarely been done

so well. Jim “Slippery” DiGriz is a charming criminal with a narrow but strong sense of morality. Caught by the authorities, he joins an elite crime-fighting unit.

POUL ANDERSON. THE GUARDIANS OF TIME Prolific author treats the popular theme of time police preserving the integrity of our core reality with a deft touch in these stories.

DG

Tot MAN IN [Hk HIGH CASTLE

Perhaps Dick’s most accessible work, this takes readers to a parallel universe in which the Axis powers won the war. Set in 1962 in a totalitarian United States under Imperial Japanese and Nazi German occupation, the book’s loose plotlines are connected by

the / Ching and “The Grasshopper Lies Heavy”; a novel (alternate history] within a novel {alternate history) that leads us to a conclusion, implying that the reality depicted, and also our own, are both false.

STANISLAW LEM

SOLARIS

Fascinating Polish SF, wherein the

actions of a sentient planet pose serious ontological questions to the protagonists.

“J.G. BALLARD THE DROWNED WORLD One of three thematically linked, postapocalyptic novels (with

The Burning World and The Crystal World), The Drowned World presents readers with a London rendered subtropical through climate change. Humans, long masters of their environment, are instead mastered by the changing conditions and begin to mentally regress to an earlier state. Unusually for most postapocalyptic fiction, Ballard’s protagonist is captivated by the chaotic new world he finds himself faced with rather than distressed by it. Dreamy and unnerving.

100 SCIENCE FICTION NOVELS

245

MADELEINE LENGLE

A WRINKLE IN TIME Cosmos-jaunting adventure notable

| PIERRE BOULLE

“THE PLANET

QF THE APES The seed of the multimedia

for its early use of a female protagonist as well as the wormhole-like tesseract

franchise was this novel,

as a means of travel.

alternatively translated as Monkey Planet.

KURT VONNEGUT

An astronaut finds himself on a planet

CAT S CRADLE Earth is destroyed

(via an alternative solid state of water named “ice-nine”} by hubris in this strange satire lampooning religion, the arms race, and Eelitics.

HANK enue

similar to our own, but

populated by intelligent apes. Escape from the planet takes our hero Ulysse home, only to find it is also inhabited by apes.

HANEL EAE

FLOWERS On ALGO

A mentally disabled man named Charlie is givena revolutionary new surgical treatment, which exponentially increases his intelligence, only to discover the effects are temporary. A heartrending essay (first published as a short story) on the nature of intelligence and identity.

This marked the transition of science

fiction into a mature genre. Although essentially a space opera, it is so possessed of multiple strands, characters, themes, and concerns—not least its highly developed planetary ecology—Dune and its sequels stand as a major work of twentieth-century literature. Paul Atreides is heir to House Atreides, a noble family of the far future whose fortunes are changed by betrayal. Paul emerges as a long-awaited, engineered messiah who upsets the galactic order.

| JACK VANCE | THE BLUE WORLD The descendants

of the survivors of a crashed prison ship dwell on a world that is entirely made up of ocean. Twelve generations later, a challenge arises to the established social order. Based on Vance’s earlier

story The Kragen.”

JOHN CHRISTOPHER

THE WHITE MOUNTAINS John Christopher is one of the many pseudonyms of Samuel Youd, who specialized in dystopian fiction. This is the first part of his acclaimed Tripods trilogy. Earth Is dominated by aliens intent on xeno-forming the world. Humankind

LOGAN'S RUN

is kept docile by the use of “caps,” metallic implants that suppress people’s curiosities and creativities.

ARTHUR C. CLARKE

WILLIAM F. NOLAN & GEORGE CLAYTON JOHNSON 196

In a dystopian future, life is restricted to 21 years. Logan, a sandman who tracks down fugitive “runners,” becomes one himself, initially as an infiltrator,

then as a hero. A warning against the tyranny of youth culture.

TED HUGHES

IRON 2001: A SPACE THE MAN ODYSSEY An unlikely collaboration between Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke gave us this story of first contact. It has a mysterious monolith uncovered on the Moon. HAL, the malfunctioning Al, provides a gripping subplot to the mission to investigate another monolith near Jupiter. At the end, protagonist Dave Bowman finds himself transformed. The book and film were written at the same time.

Both draw on Clarke's short story, “The Sentinel” of 1951, although he himself grew annoyed with the claim that 2007 was directly based on it.

ROBERT SILVERBERG 1%

NIGHT WINGS & =

Amemorable novel

*w

froma writer who

The poet laureate’s novel has a mysterious mechanoid arrive from nowhere and take up residence in the countryside. A threat at first, he is enlisted in the fight against the

writes only memorable novels, Nightwings takes place on a far future, worn-out Earth that Is hidebound due to caste and tradition. Each caste has a set role. The hero is

extraterrestrial SpaceBat-Angel-Dragon.” Equal parts science fiction and

with watching the stars for an invasion so long prophesized he no longer thinks it will occur. The title refers to the wings of Avluela, his companion.

metaphysics, it was

adapted for the screen as The Iron Giant in 1999.

a Watcher, a man trusted

JOHN BRUNNER

1968

STAND ON ZANZIBAR

PHILIP K. DICK

IASI

ACE\47803/91.75

DO ANDROIDS DREAM DP aEe RIC OEEP ?

|

} |

territory. Set in 2010, it has

In a ruined world, most types of animals are endangered or extinct, and to have them as pets is a marker of social rank. Dick’s favorite theme on the true reality of the real is front and center here, albeit in subtle form. It inspired Ridley Scott's cult

aged well all the same.

film Blade Runner.

important work in

Ruminations on © overpopulation, a popular trope at the time. A fragmentary narrative delivers an informational overload that manages to depict a rich future without falling into info-dump

JOHN WYNDHAM

Doubleday Science Fiction

Philip K.Dick

CHOCKY

ANNE MCCAFFREY 196:

DRAGONFLIGHT

MICHAEL CRICHTON

THE ANDROMEDA STRAIN

© The first title in

the Dragonriders

of Pern series. What appears to be a fantasy

The multitalented Crichton’s first successful novel, and the parent of the derided techno-thriller” subgenre. However, there is nothing derisory about Crichton’s work. In this medical what-if, an extraterrestrial virus is brought back to Earth by a military satellite, causing rapid death or insanity in those who come into contact with it. The story concerns the efforts made by a team of scientists to contain the disease. Much

is actually science fiction,

with Pern being a lost human colony and the dragons genetically engineered by the colonists to combat the threat of the Thread.

ABUY AND nls DO » A postnuclear = holocaust provides Ellison with an opportunity to examine

the relationship between a boy and a telepathic dog named Blood. Quirky and surprisingly touching,

it gave rise to a film that, although commercially unsuccessful, has since

garnered a cult following.

feminist SF writer Le Guin’s Hainish Cycle, | The Left Hand of Darkness is set on a human world,

an alien intelligence possesses a boy. The bond between the two beings becomes touching.

HARLAN ELUSIN 1969

and most

the inhabitants of which are nongendered individuals who develop sex characteristics only infrequently, the exact form being dependent on circumstance.

*~ To learn about Earth,

)

The best-known

imitated, The Andromeda Strain has been adapted for both

cinema and television.

MICHAEL MOORCOCK

KURT VONNEGUT

LARRY

NIVEN

BEHOLD THE MAN

RINGWORLD

Vonnegut’s most influential novel. The setting for the story is the firebombing of

Moorcock’s fantastically iconoclastic novel has the troubled time traveler

they don’t come much bigger than Ringworld.

Dresden, for which

Karl Glogauer visiting Jesus in 28 ce, only to take the place of the messiah himself. The book's title comes from Pilate’s description of Jesus in John’s Gospel (19:5).

SLAUGHTERHOUSEFIVE

Vonnegut was present as

a POW. Hero Billy Pilgrim finds himself unstuck from time, experiencing

events from his life in seemingly random order.

THrN

df.

SF loves the “big dumb object,” and

A classic of the type. JACK FINNEY

TIME AND AGAIN Adventures in time rarely end well. The expedition to 1882 via a novel form of self-hypnosis here is no exception.

SCIENCE FICTION NOVELS

247

PHILIP JOSE FARMER The opening part of the famous Riverworld saga, where every living sentient being ever to die on Earth is reincarnated on a world

dominated by a seemingly endless river. Aliens did

it, naturally. But the question is why?

| THE LATHE - OF HEAVEN George Orr can change the world by acts of will. His psychiatrist tries to harness this ability to improve the lot of humanity. His failure illustrates the maxim | that power corrupts.

GENE Wore Pfer al ||(eae TDeLus eee

ANDRE NORTON 4

A. & B. STRUGATSKY

URSULA K. LE GUIN

TO YOUR SCATTERED BODIES 60

BREED 10 COME

ROADSIDE PICNIC MS

RENDEZVOUS OP orainenonors |WITT RAMA ™
of World War Il, this book touches on science fiction as it touches on many other genres and styles. It is regarded by some as the greatest of American

» set upon the worlds of Sainte Anne and Sainte Croix. Settled by French-speaking colonists, they were once home to an aboriginal population who could shapeshift. The question as to whether they were wiped out or not is one of many left deliberately open in the three stories, which touch upon

Gye taal twin worlds in the

This is among the

THOMAS PYNCHON GRAVITY’S RAINBOW

ONE OLE

THE DISPOSSESSED

ARTHUR C. CLARKE 1973

) (AYersrceciy av

Joe Haldeman

THE FOREVER WAR e

The antimilitary science fiction par excellence has soldiers treated abominably by an uncaring power structure. Engaged in an interstellar war against the distant Taurans, our heroes experience massive, traumatic time dilation effects through traveling across the cosmos, leading them to become alienated from their own race. The book spawned several

e

sequels, as well as a comic book and

a board game.

SAMUEL R. DELANY 1975

OCTAVIA E. BUTLER

DHALGREN

& ‘

Bizarre story set in the inconstant

city of Bellona, an

NERS eICIA Immortality costs plenty... but how much is it worth?

American Midwestern

town where strange events are commonplace. Described by the writer

Writing at a time when the genre was dominated by white males, and talented female authors often had to adopt male pseudonyms, Butler was exceptional in being both female and black. In the far future humans are ruled by networks of powerful telepaths, themselves ruled by the most powerful, the eponymous patternmaster. Touching on themes of race, gender, and the corruption power engenders.

as ariddle that was never meant to be solved,”

Hivm

itis a teasing and engaging work.

JOANNA RUSS 192s

THE FEMALE MAN

B

Keystone work

of feminist SF. Four women live in

very different parallel worlds [including one where men and women

are literally at war]. Their encounters with each other cause them to reevaluate their own lives and what It means to be a woman.

y©)

CORDWAINER SMITH se.

NORSTRILI

Sole novel by Paul Linebarger © (writing under a pseudonym], aneee other works in his Instrumentality of Mankind universe were all short stories. The world of Old North Australia is the only source of the immortality drug, Stroon, granting it untold wealth. But money brings its own problems, as hyperwealthy Rod McBan discovers.

Gateway is a space station abandoned by long vanished aliens—the Heechee—and stuffed full of starships with unknown preset courses. Journeys on these dangerous craft can make a person from an impoverished, starving Earth fabulously wealthy, or just dead. The first novel in Pohl’s Heechee saga. It emerged as a computer game in 1992.

ALAN DEAN FOSTER 1

JAMES TIPTREE JR.

Intended as a sequel to the movie Star Wars, should it failthis book was the first of many spin-offs and was the first original, full-length Star Wars novel.

First novel of James Tiptree Jr., in reality the prolific female short-story writer Alice Sheldon. In a world where psychic phenomena are real, aliens with advanced abilities invade Earth.

SPLINTER OF THE MIND‘S EYE

DOUGLAS ADAMS 1979

GREGORY

THE GALAXY

76 Messages across time are © & combined with themes of ecological collapse in this timetravel/alternate-reality thriller. Replete with excellent characters.

THE HITCHHIKER’S GUIDE TO “7

The comic SF novel par

iw excellence, it originally began life as a radio play before becoming a long-running, multifaceted franchise. Typically British in its bleak, wintry humor and resigned fortitude in the face of a bewildering universe, it has found an enormous international audience.

BENFORD

VE SIC FANE

ROBERT SILVERBERG 1980

UP THE WALLS OF THE WORLD

GENE WOLFE 1s

THE SHADOW OF THE TORTURER ) First outing in the Book - “ of the New Sun series. Set in the far future of Urth, it concerns

LORD VALENTINE'S CASTLE

a torturer—narrator and central

7, ) The large, backwater planet of Majipoor colonized by various races provides the setting for this marvelous SF with fantasy themes.

protagonist Severian—who may or may not be the messiah. Often marketed as fantasy, it is, in fact, SF. Several other books in the same setting also exist.

100 SCIENCE FICTION NOVELS

249

FAR

|

GIB WILLIAM

BLOOD

ROMANCE Tells the story of a washed-up, ex-hacker who, being given work by a shady employer, discovers that two powerful Als—Neuromancer and Wintermute—are attempting to merge to become one immense power. One of the most important SF books ever written,

THE ATWOOD

Margaret Atwoo

HANDMAID'S

:

| MUSIC

TALE

Fear of nanoengineered gray goo” apocalypses meets the strong anthropic | principle in this story. 7 |

Chilling vision of a far-right America. After a terrorist attack kills the president and most of Congress, the United States suffers an

effective coup anda

CARL SAGAN

it helped create the nascent genre of cyberpunk. This strand of SF has become more noted as the real world has embraced communications and

CONTACT | Sagan straddled SF and science, and

Christian theocracy is established. Women lose all rights and are divided up

computing technology. 5 z ee Wari ehe t Ht EOORICE Ce

| popularized both. The theme of the novel is communication between

into various classes. Offred is a Handmaid—a fertile woman used as a breeder

FICTION IN A LONG WHILE.

H

a an

id'sTal aids

EDITED BY TERRY CARR

LOIS MCMASTER BUJOLD

SER

THE WARRIOR’S APPRENTICE

GRASS

Miles Vorkosigan is one of SF's most winning characters. A disabled noble from a world prejudiced against the disabled. This is his first appeal atiee:

HYPERION DAN SIMMONS

|

RSa ila

JURASSIC PARK Rass Dinosaurs are resurrected and then run amok in their theme

park home. Among the

| exchange stories that

finest of all techno-thrillers,

prove to be interconnected. Equally imaginative sequels followed.

| IAIN M. BANKS

USE

MICHAEL

OF C

WEAPO

this cautionary tale is highly scientifically literate and spawned a multimedia franchise, including Steven

Spielberg's blockbuster

EEN

| ¢ Ka eisibseaae PAS

UNKNOWN «. 1401

LOUISA MAY ALCOTT

HEINRICH HOFFMANN

ARABIAN NIGHTS Scheherazade tells one story a night to prevent her husband from killing her. Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Aladdin, and Sinbad the Sailor are the most famous of the collection, which includes stories from Indian

and Persian folktales.

THE UGLY DUCKLING HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN

f The ugliest duckling in a brood is rejected by fe his family. Alone, the duckling sets off into the world and is befriended by three swans who greet him as one of their own. Suddenly, he is no longer an outcast. A simple and affecting tale about being—and looking—different.

DER STRUWWELPETER

LITTLE WOMEN

These humorous cautionary tales use gruesome bogeymen to frighten badly behaved children, such as Harriet, who fatally plays with matches, and the boy who sucks his thumb. Shockingly cruel and wickedly entertaining.

The lives and loves of four sisters, each with

distinct characteristics, are depicted in this

LEWIS CARROLL

outstanding and enduring picture of family life.

ALICE'S ADVENTURES

IN WONDERLAND

JOHANNA

HEIL

Alice's surreal adventures—including growing very tall, shrinking very small, and joining the Mad Hatter’s Tea Party—begin when she falls down a rabbit hole. Iconic characters she meets In Wonderland include the Red Queen, the White Rabbit, and the Mad Hatter himself. This is cited as the first book for children for its Sriginality and ieginatlal:

SPRY

The tale of the orphaned Heidi, who

loves nature and cares for

Peter's sick grandmother while she lives with her

Grandrather in the Alps.

100 CHILDREN’S BOOKS CARLO COLLODI 12:

PINOCCHIO Famous for his long nose, which grows

every time its owner tells a lie, Pinocchio, a walking,

talking, wooden puppet, behaves exactly like a disobedient little boy getting into scrapes as he explores the world. Moral lessons are learned; Pinocchio

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON

TREASURE ISLAND MIC TALE Ur PETER nAbbI| *)

This swashbuckling adventure follows young Jim Hawkins, who is given a map that will lead him to long-hidden treasure. But Long John Silver, the most deadly pirate

MARK TWAIN

ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN

~ father and meets runaway slave Jim. The pair sail down the Mississippi on a raft, meeting equally unlikely fellow travelers.

ETHEL TURNER 1894

RUDYARD KIPLING i902

1

Seven ebullient children of a grumpy father delight in their entertaining acts of family rebellion.

Defying instructions not to, Peter squeezes under the gate into Mr. McGregor’s garden. Trouble follows. Spotted, he flees and gets caught in a net. Escaping home, retribution is minimal: Peter has chamomile tea for supper; his obedient sisters feast.

of them all, wants the treasure too. Trickery,

courage, and splendid derring-do prevail.

returns from his adventures to care for his maker, the impoverished woodcarver Geppetto, and is turned into a real boy as a reward.

SEVEN LITTLE AUSTRALIANS

BEATRIX POTCH

7)

Likable Huck Finn flees his drunken

THE JUST SO STORIES §— These original and entertaining stories © | explain how animals gained their defining characteristics, such as how the elephant got its trunk on the “grey-green, greasy Limpopo River.”

THE RAILWAY CHILDREN Three children,

waving at a train daily, begin a friendship with an old gentleman that ultimately sets their imprisoned father free.

J. M. BARRIE

PETER PAN IN KENSINGTON GARDENS Peter Pan flies the Darling children to the Neverland,

where The Lost Boys, Captain Hook, and Tinkerbell entertain them.

KENNETH GRAHAME

THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS Ratty, Mole, Badger, and Toad star in watery adventures on the idyllic riverbank. Toad’s penchant for fast cars and disregard for the law lead to a dramatic encounter with the police. Arthur Rackham later provided classic illustrations.

4 Alice meets an angry Queen of Hearts in Wonderland, in a nineteenth-century illustration by Sir John Tenniel.

L.M. MONTGOMERY

1908

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES §@

Orphaned Anne

EB &®

Shirley, with her

vibrant red hair, feisty personality, and unstoppable chatter, becomes the darling of Avonlea having arrived unexpectedly.

100 CHILDREN’S BOOKS

279

FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT

ALAIN-FOURNIER

Spoilt Mary is miserable after arriving in Yorkshire from India. Discovering a locked garden, she meets Dickon, a young naturalist, and finds happiness making things grow. Mary and the garden also help sickly Colin walk again.

Romantic 17-year-old Meaulnes falls in love and is subsequently haunted by the ideal of love the girl he has lost embodies. During his search to find her,

ELEANOR H. PORTER

NORMAN LINDSAY

THE SECRET GARDEN

POLLYANNA “Glad” Pollyanna Is a contrast to her grumpy aunt. When Pollyanna is paralyzed she remains cheerful; when she recovers she makes her aunt sunny, too.

LE GRAND MEAULNES

Meaulnes muses on love and the transition to adulthood.

THE MAGIC PUDDING A walking, talking, self-

renewing steak-and-kidney pudding enjoys a traveling adventure across Australia with a koala bear, a sailor, and a penguin.

A. A. MILNE

WINNIE-THE-POOH

Winnie-the-Pooh, a bear of no brain at all” but with a love of poetry and gentle philosophizing, and his friends including Piglet, Eeyore, Rabbit, Kanga, and Owl, enjoy amusing adventures in the Hundred Acre Wood watched over by Christopher Robin.

RICHMAL CROMPTON

P.L. TRAVERS

JUST WILLIAM MARY POPPINS William Brown, an

ordinary boy from an ordinary middle-class home, is always on the

search for an interesting adventure. Accompanied by his dog Jumble and with his gang, the Outlaws, including the inescapable Violet Elizabeth Bott, William gets into one entertaining scrape after another asa result of following his own disarming and usually flawed logic.

A nanny extraordinaire blows into the lives of the Banks family and takes total control with the help of magic. LUDWIG

BEMELMANS

1939

MADELINE Bravest of the 12 little girls ina Paris convent school,

Madeline charmingly terrorizes teacher Miss Clavel with her antics. H. A. & MARGRET REY

1941

CURIOUS GEORGE Monkey George gets up to tricks traveling from Africa

to a big city with ‘the Man with the

ERICH KASTNER

Yellow Hat.”

EMIL AND THE DETECTIVES Traveling alone to Berlin, Emil is robbed of his money. Ignoring the police, he gathers together a gang of local children. They track down the thief, get Emil’s money back, and are rewarded as the thief is a big-time crook.

ARTHUR RANSOME

SWALLOWS AND AMAZONS Six children, the Walkers and the Blacketts; two boats, Swallow and Amazon; camping on an

island in a lake; and no adults this classic holiday adventure. stake rival claims to the island Together they fight a common

make the ingredients of Initially, the two families but peace is struck. cause.

JEAN DE BRUNHOFF

THE STORY OF BABAR: THE LITTLE ELEPHANT When a hunter kills his mother, Babar heads to the city where he is clothed and educated by a wise old lady. Wiser, Babar returns to the forest, marries Celeste, and becomes the new king.

LAURA INGALLS WILDER

LITTLE HOUSE IN THE BIG WOODS An autobiographical story of two girls growing up

ina frontier log cabin. In finely observed detail, the independent, spirited Laura tells the story of her family’s move by wagon from.Wisconsin to Kansas.

280

LITERARY ARTS

ENID BLYTON

FIVE ON A TREASURE ISLAND Cousins Julian, Dick,

Georgina (known as George], Anne, and dog Timothy have a ripping adventure on an island as they search for missing treasure, see off baddies, and end up very rich.

ASTRID LINDGREN

ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPER’

PIPPI LONGSTOCKING

Crash-landed in the Sahara Desert,

an aviator meets the Little Prince who arrived on Earth from an asteroid where he is the ruler and

only inhabitant. The Little Prince wants to -understand the human

condition more clearly and he interrogates the

FS

ae

|f

'

Avec dessins pp

omar

branch line all of his own.

hope of learning more.

A

This timeless classic was

‘=

MARGARET WISE BROWN

memorably illustrated by

[

&

1947

GOODNIGHT MOON 3 These soothing ww rhyming bedtime phrases and pictures help to settle babies at night.

DICK BRUNA

3

Helped by a goose {

and a rat, spider

Charlotte saves Wilbur the pig from death by weaving messages about him into her web.

MIFFY

The domestic adventures of this enchanting baby female rabbit, coolly defined in simple outlines and bold colors. KAY THOMPSON

ELOISE ® An indefatigable six-year-old enjoys high living and pranks in New York's Plaza Hotel, under the watch of her English nanny. PAUL BERNA

A HUNDRED MILLION

FRANCS

» Akid’s gang in a workingclass suburb of Paris happily race the streets on a tricycle. Some crooks then steal it, but why?

PHILIPPA PEARCE

TOM'S MIDNIGHT GARDEN

THE CAT IN THE HAT

round, furry beings that resemble hippos. Warned of the coming of comets, Moomintroll and Mountains to find out if the Earth is going to be destroyed. On their way they meet Snufkin, are

rescued by the Hemulen, and Moomintroll saves the Snork Maiden’s life. It is filled with Nordic charm and fantastically illustrated by the author.

THE CAT ©

The audacious and anarchic Cat in the Hat turns a respectable house upside down with his trickery when a rash mother leaves her children unattended. Initially horrified, the two children become entranced while the bossy goldfish moralizes. Told in rhyming

IN

verse, the cat remains

entirely cool as he sets the mayhem in motion. Can it be put straight before mother comes home?

MICHAEL BOND *

A BEAR CALLED PADDINGTON

MADELEINE L'ENGLE

“9

A WRINKLE IN TIME

finds the garden, meets Hatty, and discovers that

Station from Peru with a

This sci-fi adventure concerns three children who cross “a wrinkle in time” ona rescue mission. Helped by three unusual companions,

time does not stand still.

jar of marmalade.

they fight against evil.

' When the clock strikes 13 Tom

Moomins are white,

DKeoEUSS

EB. WHITE 1952

CHARLOTTES WEB

THOMAS THE TANK ENGINE

the author.

he,

COMET IN MOOMINLAND

Sniff set off for the Lonely

W.V. AWDRY

Although onlya lowly shunting engine in the railway hierarchy, Thomas's bravery and big heart soon earn him a

aviator about it in the

¥

Brave, strong, and original, nine-year-old Pippi lives with a horse and a monkey. She sees off the police when they call to put her in an orphanage.

TOVE JANSSON

The bear ‘with a hard stare” arrives

in London's Paddington

TONKE DRAGT

THE LETTER FOR THE KING A classic Dutch fantasy adventure.

During his vigil a knight is disturbed by a cry for help. Answering the call takes him on an exciting and perilous mission.

100 CHILDREN’S BOOKS

281

STAN & JAN BERENSTAIN

THE BERENSTAIN BEARS

MAURICE SENDAK

WHERE THE WILD THINGS ARE WHERE THE

WILD THINGS ARE

A homely family of dressed-up bears help children overcome

When angry Max behaves like a “wild thing” and declares that he will eat up his mother he is sent to his bedroom without any supper. Cross and alone in his bedroom, a forest grows and Max sails away on an amazing adventure that takes him to the land of the Wild Things, a bunch of terrifying monsters with claws and terrible teeth who invite him to join in their rumpus. Soon Max is declared their king. When the rumpus ends, Max sails back home and finds his supper has been put out for

fears [such as visiting the doctor) and learn good morals in a series of fun rhyming titles that began with The Big Honey Hunt. Fearful or foolish, the

Bear children are instructed to do better by Papa Bear, supported by Mama Bear. ANNE

STORY AND PICTURES BYMAURICE SENDAK IVAN SOUTHALL

HOLM

| AM DAVID

ASH ROAD

Escaping from a concentration camp, David travels alone across Europe. His open-mindedness to people and nature inspires.

Three children accidentally light a bush fire while camping and eucggle to survive it.

ROALD DAHL

RUSSELL HOBAN

CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY

A golden ticket takes Charlie to the wonders of Willie Wonka’s Chocolate Factory. While each of the other children on the trip is dispatched to a ghastly fate, the well-behaved Charlie flourishes.

THE MOUSE AND HIS CHILD Joined at the hands and depending on clockwork for their existence, the mouse and his child are on a moving quest to become selfwinding while also avoiding the malicious anny ie Rat.

him and it is still hot. Sendak takes readers on Max's journey of self-discovery and avoids moralizing.

THE VERY HUNGRY y CATERPILLAR ERIC CARLE

Hatched from an egg, a caterpillar eats a hole through delicious foods in the course of a hungry week before it transforms into a beautiful,

wees : sv Roald

Dahl

Illustrated by Joseph Schindelman

S.E. HINTON

THE OUTSIDERS A gritty depiction of

teenage gang culture, in which greasers and Socs fight to the death. JULIUS LESTER

| TO BE A SLAVE The horrifying experiences of former slaves are told in their own words.

by Eric Carle

bright butterfly. JOHN BURNINGHAM

Mik. GUMPY’S OUTING A boat journey goes wrong

when a group of animals

ROBERTC. O'BRIEN

1971

MRS. FRISBY AND THE RATS OF NIMH

misbehave predictably when they are all allowed on board. Capsizing, there’s a satisfyingly giant splash as they all fall in

Field mouse Mrs. Frisby discovers the laboratory rats and introduces them to the superior

FLORENCE

CHRISTINE NOSTLINGER

(0) THE=

CHOCOLATE

THE VERY HUNGRY CATERPILLAR

PARRY HEIDE

THE SHRINKING QF TREEHORN A young boy begins shrinking ' but his parents don't notice and his teacher thinks he’s making it up. But then he can't reach the water bubbler and the school bus driver assumes he is his own kid brother. How can Treehorn get attention? Or stop shrinking?

quality of a more natural life.

1973

FLY AWAY HOME In bombed out Vienna, Christel

begins a new life as the war ends. But the coming of Russian soldiers brings new upheavals.

ROBERT CORMIER

1974

THE CHOCOLATE WAR A bullying teacher harnesses the school's elite to impose his plan. One boy defies them ina violent and chilling school story.

VIRGINIA HAMILTON 19°74

M.C. HIGGINS, THE GREAT 5

M.C. must protect the family home in the Appalachian Mountains but he must also respect his African-American heritage—and his father’s beliefs in the old ways.

MILDRED TAYLOR 1976

SHIRLEY HUGHES 1977

ROLL OF THUNDER, HEAR MY CRY

DOGGER

Bo | Cassie celebrates her heritage as she ’ observes the wrongs of prejudice. These are brought home as her family’s ownership of land brings hostility from white families.

ge 4 A beloved toy dog “s —& goes missing but turns up for sale ata school fair and goes toa new owner. All ends happily in time for sleep.

RAYMOND BRIGGS ‘72

THEVILEAGE BY THE Sth 5

Thanks to Lila, her

family survive their terrible poverty caused by her father’s drunkenness and her mother’s illness. A touching and culturally specific story about a fishing community on the west coast of India.

JUDY BLUME 4

SUPERFUDGE Four-year-old

including Tom Thumb and Mother Hubbard appear in this lively cumulative rhyming picture book with beautiful pictures. QUENTIN BLAKE

MISTER MAGNOLIA ©

Delightful Mister ' Magnolia has one boot, an old trumpet that in this celebration of zany eccentricity by the first Children’s Laureate.

0

ERIC HILL 1986

WHERE'S SPOT? =~

i! RAYMOND

Where can the eager puppy who

BRIGGS

i

a

MARGARET MAHY198

THE HAUNTING A family secret lies behind

/ “the haunting of Barney. But what is it? And why won't anyone talk about it? Mahy’s gift is in making the supernatural as interesting and as real and convincing as the everyday; traveling from one to the other is delightfully effortless.

loves hiding be? Simple pictures include flaps, which reveal the inquisitive Spot and his friends to his patient mum.

SUE TOWNSEND 19:

THE SECRET DIARY OF ADRIAN MOLE This much-loved diary

ro hilariously charts the big and small details of teenager Adrian Mole’s life. Guileless Adrian's warts-and-all observations of his family, his feelings for his friends, and, above all, his feelings about

himself and his angst, speak to all.

Fudge, Peter's

younger brother, star of previous titles, remains

trouble. Now he kicks the teacher on his first day at school and plans to sell his new baby sister Tootsie. Peter narrates his brother's mischief

ruefully but benignly.

goes rooty-toot, and more

the seasonal trimmings were added when the animated film was made.

ANITADESAL 1982

fy In this heartbreaking story, “= two inseparable children create an imaginary world, then one of them is killed.

A PEACH PEAR PLUM

5

at Christmas, however;

BRIDGE TO TERABITHIA

ALLAN & JANET AHLBERG

THE SNOWMAN

A classic, dreamy, magical wordless picture book that is loved the world over. Waking to a thick snowfall, a little boy makes a snowman in the garden. At midnight, the snowman comes to life. He comes into the house to play before he sweeps the boy off ona thrilling fantastical adventure, flying through the night sky and meeting up with Father Christmas. Eventually as the sun begins to rise, the boy and snowman fly gently home. The story does not necessarily take place

KATHERINE PATERSON

MICHELLE

MAGORIAN

GOODNIGHT MISTER TON

™ An abused evacuee ~) finds unexpected happiness in the care of a lonely widower. In turn, Mr. Tom discovers kindness in himself as he nurtures the physically bruised and mentally scarred boy. An emotionally satisfying classic.

MICHAEL MORPURGO 182

WAR HORSE »

Cart horse Joey is sent from a Devon farm into the chaotic and bloody battlegrounds of World War |. Deployed by both sides, Joey gives an impartial commentary on the horror and futility of war. Joey's only wish is to be reunited with Albert, the farm boy he knows and loves.

100 CHILDREN’S BOOKS

283

ANTHONY BROWNE

GORILLA

BEVERLEY NAIDOO

CT

We're Going on a Bear Hunt

JOURNEY TO JO'BURG

Hannah longs to see a live gorilla. Given a toy one for her birthday, she is bitterly disappointed. She dreams a nighttime adventure with a gorilla who could be her father.

Michael

Rosen

.

The experiences of black and white families are starkly exposed when Naledi visits her mother who

Ss

oe

(S

Helen

Oxenbury

P

realizes that starvation threatens her family.

MOUTH OPEN, STORY JUMP OUT These folktales from Trinidad and Tobago capture the natural beauty of the islands and the magic and mystery of their vibrant story heritage.

This collection of atmospheric and poetic short stories captures growing up in Jamaica. The title story vibrantly depicts village life and warns against unthinking prejudice.

DANIEL PENNAC

THE EYE OF THE WOLF A boy from Africa anda wolf from the North, both having seen terrible things and lost almost everything, come face to face and share their stories.

JOSTEIN GAARDER

Brealkel Utes

=

Instead, he finds comfort

from other caring adults in this comically told tragedy.

JAMES BERRY

A THIEF IN THE VILLAGE

MAX VELTHUUS

MICHAEL ROSEN

WE'RE GOING ON A BEAR HUNT Bold rhyming text and evocative

illustrations capture a family’s eager anticipation before a bear hunt, the

excitement and growing anxiety while on it, and the relief when it is all over.

DARK

MATERIALS

SOPH B'S WORLD

HIS

Teenager Sophie engages in probing philosophical discussions with an unexpected mentor

Soon to be The Golden Compass motion

picture

THE STINKY CHEESE MAN AND OTHER FAIRLY STUPID TALES

Abandoned Tracy dreams of a loving home but in reality she lives ina children’s home after failed fostering attempts. When Cam offers her a home Tracy's life changes for the better.

Cute, vibrant green Frog is hot and cold and his heart is going thump, thump. Surely he is unwell? His friend Hare has a different explanation: Frog is in love.

PHILIP PULLMAN ‘995

NORTHERN LIGHTS

Free-spirited Lyra, with her damon Pantalaimon, has a vital role in the battle against the

and receives some

JON SCIESZKA

THE STORY OF TRACY BEAKER

1989

FROG IN LOVE

mysterious postcards.

JACQUELINE WILSON

TWO WEEKS WITH THE QUEEN

When Colin is sent to England after his brother diagnosed with cancer, he plots to get the Queen's doctor to help.

works as a maid, and

GRACE HALLWORTH

MORRIS GLEITZMAN ‘989

all-powerful Magisterium. Inspired by Lord Asriel and in flight from the evil Mrs. Coulter, the success of Lyra’s journey depends on her possession of an alethiometer and her encounters with an

These fractured fairy tales with a twist wittily subvert the norms of the Ugly Duckling and others.

armored bear, an aeronaut,

and a witch. GUDRUN PAUSEWANG

THE FINAL JOURNEY

MELVIN BURGESS

Philip Pullman

With her family missing, Alice travels alone to an

uncertain destination ona

journey of great hardship.

i

1996

JUNK A moving, honest,

~ and poignant story of teenagers and heroin drug use.

LEMONY SNICKET

JULIA DONALDSON

THE GRUFFALO

and the Philosopher's Stone

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS: Tre BAD BEGINNING

This is a modern classic of brains versus brawn. Brilliant illustrations anda

outwits fox, owl, and

This tale of the three unlucky Baudelaire orphans is told with humorous irony and a deadpan delivery, as their villainous guardian

snake with his invented

subjects them to bad food,

threat of a terrifyingly ugly monster.

imprisonment, and cunning plans to steal their inheritance.

rhyming text describe how a clever mouse

A

:

pe

MARK HADDON

MIS FOWL

Magic and mayhem rules when teenager Artemis Fowl captures a kick-ass fairy, thus igniting an adventure involving a techno-whizz centaur and a criminal dwarf with a special skill in mining. NEIL GAIMAN

JK. ROWLING

HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSOPHER'S STONE

’ Destined to save the magical world, » © orphan Harry Potter attends Hogwarts School for wizards and witches. Helped by his friends Ron and Hermoine, he embraces a

magic curriculum including Quidditch in his brave quest to keep evil out of Hogwarts.

THE WOLVES IN THE WALLS

THE CURIOUS INCIDENT QF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME A dead dog sparks an investigation that leads in unexpected directions for teenager Christopher, whose view of the world

creates logical conclusions and confusion. KATE DICAMILLC

THE

has been predicting—terrifying moments perfectly captured in David McKean/’s illustrations. Can they be defeated or will everything be lost? This is scary stuff. CORNELIA FUNKE

INKHEART Meggie’s father’s has the ability to bring book characters to life. The results can be

TALE OF DESPEREAUX Despereaux is a mouse hero with a big

Wolves come out of the walls as Lucy

heart. Imprisoned for speaking to a human princess, he proves his nobility by returning the princess to safety after she is kidnapped by a rat and a servant.

MARKUS ZUSAK

THE BOOK THIEF Liesel, orphaned following her parents removalto a concentration camp, becomes a

JOHN BOYNE

THE BOY IN THE STRIPED PAJAMAS Bruno's innocence

SKELLIG

spectacular, but many

reader and a book thief to survive

is shattered by his friendship across a

want to destroy his gift.

ina sto ry told by death.

barbed wire fence.

1) Worried about his sick sister, Michael ©) finds a mysterious being in the garage. Skellig needs Michael to keep him alive;

THE ARRIVAL

Michael needs Skellig to save his sister.

7) Every immigrant’s poignant - experience is depicted wordlessly in this graphic novel. Fleeing a dark country a young man travels to somewhere new to make a home for his wife and child. Searching for work and ccommodation he meets

DAVID ALMOND

LOUIS SACHAR Unfairly sent to a detention center,

89 Stanley and his fellow bad-boys must ~ dig holes in the desert. Stanley's determination to find out why brings surprising results.

SHAUN TAN

difficulties but also kindness, which

brings hope for the future.

JON KLASSEN

I WANT MY HAT BACK Bear has lost his ~ hat and wants it back, but no one knows

who's got it. Smart readers who have spotted it love knowing the joke before Bear realizes that he does know where his hat is.

100 CHILDREN'S BOOKS

285

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RICHARD OUTCAULT

MAX AND MORITZ

LES AMOURS DE MR. VIEUX BOIS

THE YELLOW KID } The Yellow Kid first appeared as a minor

In its day, this classic about two scallywags

Although an eye disease prevented Rodolphe Topffer from becoming an artist, this Swiss schoolteacher finished a 30-page

story (of the kind now called a comic) in 158 panels filled with text and drawings. The work tells of the mishaps of Mr. Vieux Bois ina chase full of action and disasters. Whether or not Topffer invented the form, he arguably established the cutting, montage, and timing techniques of subsequent comics.

f=

was renowned

» character in Hogan's Alley, Outcault ‘s

(or notorious, depending on

the radicalism of the beholder] for its social

panel cartoons depicting life in a New York slum. The artist subsequently supplemented his income by incorporating advertising slogans on the Kid's nightshirt. In a landmark

satire. Although Max and Moritz made its publishers rich, they paid Busch only a pittance for his work, and he resigned as a result. The work later became an inspiration for the American comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids by Rudolph Dirks, which also became highly successful, and, in its turn, a blueprint for subsequent classic comic strips.

edition of October 25, 1896, The Yellow Kid and

his New Phonograph comprised five sequential drawings in which the text essential to each was contained within speech balloons rather than Pies beneath the illustrations.

100 COMICS

WINSOR MCCAY 2905

LITTLE NEMO IN SLUMBERLAND Every Sunday Little Nemo fell asleep and drifted off into a

colorful, surreal dreamworld, then

~ woke with a shock as he fell out of bed, into the large pages of the New York Herald. Winsor McCay drew

this strip for 21 years with an Art Nouveau elegance that would not be matched until Disney.

GEORGE MCMANUS 19:2

BRINGING UP FATHER

GEORGE HERRIMAN::

KRAZY KAT

f@® At first glance, this elaborate tale “is about an abusive relationship Krazy the Kat [a feline of ambiguous gender) loves the mouse, lgnatz. Ignatz appears to despise the swooning Cat, and throws bricks at Krazy’s head. Krazy Kat takes this violence as a sign of lgnatz’s affection. He looks forward to being stunned by bricks, and is quite unable to

understand why Officer Pup locks lgnatz in the county prison whenever the mouse strikes. Coconino County is a desert that evokes the great American landscapes of the Grand Canyon, Monument Valley, and New Mexico, yet it exists ina

becomes rich. His wife aspires

constantly shifting form, where all sorts of odd things happen. Herriman was a great confounder

play poker with his working-class pals. The couple became household names. McManus’s style anticipated

that of Hergé.

PERCY CROSBY

GASOLINE ALLEY

SKIPPY

="¥ Walt Wallet is a bachelor who

of expectations, and a subverter of

archetypes; mucn of his finest work anticipates postmodernism.

in their expansion before World War Il. ‘Emperor Pu Yi had been the young “Last

Emperor” of China (abdicated 1912).

Soviet satellite states of eastern Europe, North Korea, North Vietnam, and Cuba all fell within the

Soviet sphere of influence, as well as—at varying times—some of the newly independent African states.

GREATER GERMAN REICH The Third German Reich was the Nazi title for Hitler’s rule in Germany, following the First Empire (Reich) of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Second Empire (1871-1918}. Nazi expansion began with Czechoslovakia {1938}, Poland (1939), much of Western Europe (1940), and much of Russia (1941). The term asserted Germany's freedom from outside interference and came also to assert a right to dominate other states and peoples. The Reich was destroyed by

the Allies in 1945. 100 EMPIRES & DYNASTIES

317

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INVENTION OF WRITING )

BATTLE OF FIRoT EMPIRE MARATHON Decisive battle in ~ which the Greeks

Akkad, a city in Mesopotamia,

Writing seems to have been invented in Sumeria,

Mesopotamia, to record taxes paid to the temples. The Sumerian system used pictograms or images to denote objects and evolved into cuneiform writing in which arrangements of wedge shapes cut into clay symbolized syllables, consonants, or whole words.’The idea of writing probably spread to Egypt, where there developed hieroglyphics, with images standing for either sounds or concepts. Chinese writing evolved, perhaps independently, some 2,000 years later.

built

(mainly Athenians, led by Miltiades) defeated the

the world’s first empire under King Sargon, and controlled most of the

much larger Persian army, led by Darius I.

land between the Tigris

The Persian failure to

and Euphrates Rivers, as

destroy the independentminded Greek city-states

well as Syria and the Mediterranean coast. The empire later disintegrated into the states of Assyria and Babylonia.

is seen as a decisive

moment in the emergence of Greek, and even “Western,” civilization.

EAI Ut SUGHATES The philosopher committed suicide after being convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens. His trial and death were described by his student Plato, who

also recorded his mode of intellectual inquiry—what has become known as the Socratic method.

100 MOMENTOUS EVENTS UNIFICATION OF CHINA ©

ROMAN CONQUEST OF GREECE The Roman victory over the Corinthians created a unified Greco-Roman culture, which dominated Europe and the Mediterranean for 500 years.

The Qin king Shihuangdi conquered seven

© other states to unify China for the first time. He introduced standardized government, money, and legislation. He opposed Confucianism and insisted on obedience to

The healer and preacher Jesus was convicted of blasphemy by the Jewish authorities and handed to

AUGUSTUS PROCLAIMED EMPEROR Octavian, nephew of Julius Caesar, proclaimed himself

the laws. He built major roads, and began

First Citizen, Augustus (illustrious)

work on the Great Wall.

and Imperator {commander} of Rome.

= INHe PA A ®

CRUCITERIOIN @lmeline Oke

Paper—one of the four great inventions of China [the others are gunpowder, the compass, and printing]--was first created by a court

official, Cai Lun, from mashed mulberry and bamboo stems. It made an

inexpensive, flexible, and light surface on which to paint or write. Papermaking technology did not reach Europe for another 1,000 years, where animal skins were used instead.

: and suchlike.

notice the h in “lather” than in the.” | |

EME This is aterm, coined by British biologist Richard Dawkins, for cultural influences that are spread by imitation. Memes can be disseminated by any method, but today they move around most quickly via the Internet and social media.

STOCKHOLM SYNDROME 4 ®) ‘ This psychological response, in which captives begin to identify closely with their captors, is named after the eedish capital because hostages taken during a bank robbery there came to trust the thieves more than the police. The most famous case of Stockholm syndrome is that of Patty Hearst.

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES American psychologist - Howard Gardner challenged the notion that people were either clever or stupid by positing seven types of intelligence: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. He later added an eighth, naturalistic.

HARD & SOFT PROBLEMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS It is easy to say that we have experiences, but hard to account for how we categorize and evaluate them—colors and tastes, for example.

100 PSYCHOLOGY

IDEAS

441

manenns-mrca

es.OWE Lay

| mI CHUSISCEAos GO.

j =Mnn ILiIoTARY STOR! ns

CODE OF URUKAGINA

COINS (OVF UR-NAMMU

| This is the oldest-surviving political statute, compiled by or on behalf of the king of Lagash in Mesopotamia for whom it is named. Among its precepts are tax exemptions for widows and orphans and that silver should be used as wees

CODE OF HAMMURABI Inscribed on a diorite stela, this consists of

The oldest-known laws are written on a stone tablet in

282 laws of Babylon. The code covers civil, family,

the Akkadian language. Found in Mesopotamia, they are attributed to the founder of the Ur dynasty. They are all phrased along the lines of: “If you do x,et | be done to pees

| and criminal laws, and

sets out a sliding scale of punishment according to circumstances and individual means.

CASTE SYSTEM Indo-Europeanspeaking people later labeled “Aryans,” migrated to northwestern India and reduced the social status of the people already living there, thus starting a social hierarchy that exists to this day.

100 SOCIAL REFORMS & M AGRICULTURALISM l= This Chinese theory » was the earliest known codification of egalitarianism. Its central tenet was that everyone working in the fields should have equal rights, be equally involved in all

decision-making, and receive an equal share of the benefits. It also demanded that prices be unchanging, regardless of supply or demand.

OVEMENTS

DRACONIAN | FREEDOM LAWS

Achaemenid

The lawgiver Draco simplified the legal system of his native Athens by making death the default penalty for almost every crime, from murder to the most trivial offense, even petty theft. “Draconian” has become a byword for unnecessarily harsh legislation, but it may be that Draco’s laws were special measures introduced merely for the duration of some crisis.

CONFUCIANISM

DEMOCRACY The concept of rule by the people was first practiced in Athens. Democracy has since been widely adopted by nation-states, but its definition has become so broad that it can be almost meaningless.

MERITOCRACY

G This basic right is thought to have first been codified in ancient Athens. It has » never been unconditional—it does not extend to incitement to violence, Pee csticn: or obscenity. It is enshrined in the First and Fourteenth Amendments

to

the Constitution of the United States as the freedom to express information, ideas,

and opinions, free of government restrictions, other than those that may be imposed when there is thought to be “clear and present danger’ —that

is, a risk or threat to

safety or to other public interests that is serious and imminent.

Empire in Persia, initiated a

general policy of permitting religious freedom throughout his realm. He is credited in the Bible with liberating the Jews.

FREEDOM OF SPEECH

Martin

OF RELIGION

Cyrus II (the Great), founder of the

This is the idea that advancement should be based on ability alone, rather than on wealth, rank, or heredity. The earliest-known advocate of meritocracy was the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

Luther King Jr. marches with supporters and members of the Chicago Freedom Movement on July 26, 1965

This Chinese moral code is based on wise sayings. It is in some ways similar to a religion, but it has no god and teaches only of the need for goodness and the ways of achieving it.

LAW OF [pombe mde le TABLES The earliest extant Roman laws were inscribed on bronze tablets and displayed in the Forum, a great public space in the heart of the city, in order to make the

plebians [common people} aware oftheir rights and obligations in disputes with the patricians (ruling classes).

100 SOCIAL REFORMS

& MOVEMENTS

443

LEGALISM

PLATO'S TRIPARTITE THEORY OF SOUL

RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS

The Chinese legalists doubted that the people would follow any leader unquestioningly, and so introduced strict laws to control them.

In Republic, Plato proposes that the soul (the human psyche] has three parts: spirited, appetitive, and logical. He bases this idea on the fact that while the mind is a single entity, it is capable of entertaining contradictory thoughts at the same time. You can be angry with people

This was given to all free men in Athens because they were required to perform military duties. Note that by no means were all Athenians free men.

(spirited), or want them to give you money (appetitive], but know that both thoughts are wrong (Logical).

A This is the notion that, in a civilized society, no one should starve, be homeless, or be denied medical care and that the state should provide these benefits gratis to those who cannot afford them. The earliest recorded handouts to the poor were made by the Roman emperor Augustus

(ruled 27 sce-14 ce), who instituted a monthly grain dole for poor citizens. However, social welfare

in a recognizable modern form was first introduced by one of Augustus's successors, Trajan.

ae

ee pile MILAN This proclamation, jointly agreed between the Western emperor Constantine | and his Byzantine counterpart,

Licinius, granted all persons throughout the Roman Empire freedom to worship whatever deity they pleased. Religious tolerance was particularly beneficial to Christians, who were henceforth guaranteed legal rights and had all their confiscated property returned.

444

SOCIETY & PHILOSOPHY

He distributed unprecedentedly large amounts of cash and increased the number of people who could claim it. He also reduced taxes and set aside public funds for the support of poor children.

We] WAR Wallet eve » Jesus was a pacifist who advised his followers to turn the other cheek, but theologian St. Augustine of Hippo argued that military action was justifiable if it was demonstrably in pursuit of a Christian objective.

JUSTINIAN CODE Developed under the aegis of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, this was more a conspectus of existing laws than a new set of

precepts. However, any old law that did not make it into the Justinian Code was thereafter unenforcable.

K AIHUANG CODE The Chinese emperor Wendi,

founder of the Sui dynasty, compiled a new legal framework that was simpler and more lenient than its predecessors. It

comprised 12 chapters and 500 provisions, which reconfirmed, among other things, the eight main legal precedents on which future rulings should be based, and the ten major crimes that were punishable by death.

ISLAMIC STATE The Constitution of Medina, negotiated by the prophet Muhammad,

gave his Muslims (the Quraysh) equal status with the eight clans of the Saudi peninsula.

FEUDALISM Under this medieval European system, all land was owned by the king or emperor, who granted it to his nobles in return for payments and military service.

GUILD These were associations

formed by merchants and craftsmen in related trades to serve their common interests.

YASA LAW

ENCOMIENDA

| This was the legal code used by Genghis Khan to control the Mongol state. From the ruler’s point of view, it was ideal because it was never promulgated; changes could be made whenever expedient. But even the most deferential of the khan’s subjects found it hard to abide by rules of which they knew nothing.

by the Spanish in their American colonies, was intended to clarify the obligations and rights

This system, used

of Native Americans. It 1215

maximized

the former

and minimized the latter.

The ideal ruler should do whatever appears to be generous

and compassionate. Note “appears to be.”

Beles

»/—

King John of England used the feudal system so exploitatively that his barons (nobles) threatened to rebel. Dreading a civil war because he lacked the military power to suppress his opponents, the king was forced to attend a conference at Runnymede, on the banks of the Thames

MACHIAVELLI'S VIRTUES OF THE PRINCE

River, near Windsor. There, he put his seal

to this great charter, drawn up by leading churchmen, which stated that he must abide by the law, just like everyone else. In the short term this transferred a small amount of political power only as far as the country’s richest and most powerful landowners, but over time the Magna Carta became the foundation of the basic liberties of all English people. Later, constitutions based on the charter were passed into law in every English-speaking Sey socal the world.

Thomas More was not the first author to imagine a perfect world in which everyone is happy, but he coined this fictional country’s name, which Is derived

from the Greek meaning ‘no place.”

SEPARATION OF CHURCH

COMPULSORY EDUCATION

Swiss Anabaptists baptized each other in one oftheir homes, thus breaking a 1,000-year tradition of church-state union.

Zweibrucken in Germany became the first state to introduce this, so that all its citizens would be able to read the Bible themselves, as Martin Luther had wanted.

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According to this doctrine, kings derived their authority from God alone and could not be called to account for their actions by any earthly authority. King James | of England passed his firm belief in the divine right to his son and heir, King Charles |, who was

put to death by Parliament in 1649. A502

i373

EDICT OF NANTES

INTERNATIONAL LAW

“)®) By this proclamation, King Henry IV of France el des granted a great measure of religious freedom to the Protestant Huguenots, although they were not allowed to worship publicly in the Paris capital. The edict greatly offended the Roman Catholic majority.

Dutch scholar Hugo Grotius made the claim that natural law—the juridical formula that had long been applied in efforts to avert international conflicts— must be independent of religion and apply to all people, regardless of which deity they worshipped.

ISOLATIONISM The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan prohibited contact with most foreign countries, a ban that remained in place until 1853.

100 SOCIAL REFORMS & MOVEMENTS

445

HOBBESIAN 5 LATEOR NATURE

BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE |

English philosopher Thomas Hobbes speculated on oe humankind waslL before the start a civilization. Among his conclusions was that everyelle was equal:

The first was that House of Lords maintained the nobility and the

two-chamber government of Britain. The separate and House of Commons distinction between the ordinary people.

SEPARA ON TOr GOVERNMENTAL POWERS The idea that the judiciary, the executive, and the legislature should be separate, and able to act as checks and balances on each other, was not new, but in this year the French philosopher Montesquieu produced the perfect modern statement of it.

~ NATIONALISM

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY The idea that rulers and subjects have both rights and obligations was given wide currency by Thomas Hobbes.

Until the mid-eighteenth century, people’s loyalties were to a religion, a city-state, a feudal lord, a culture, to fellow speakers of a certain language, or perhaps to an employer, some association, sect, or club. The idea of loyalty to a country (usually, but not necessarily, that of one’s birth] arose only after the proliferation of nation-states. The consequences were mixed: nationalism imbued people with a sense of purpose and missionary | zeal, but it also led by a simple extension of ideas to the belief that there was a hierarchy of nations and that the weak and poor should bend their | knees to the rich and powerful. Later, some of the nation-states that were formed along arbitrary lines came under pressure from groups within their frontiers that wanted Meucwe ano cratls Basques in Spain, for example.

This centerpiece of the British constitution made the

| about the natural kind, but artificial

inequality could be prevented by acknowledging that humans were happy on their own and that society | was responsible for their ills.

-ABOLITIONISM DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN

monarchy subject to the will of Parliament.

LIBERALISM

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

Jean-Jacques Rousseau perceived two types of inequality. Nothing could be done

As philosophical debate focused on human rights, the slave trade came under increasing scrutiny, and public opinion gradually turned against it.

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

The key tenet Is John Locke’s—that people have inalienable natural rights to life, liberty, and property.”

CRITIQUE OF INEQUALITY

i}

In what turned out to be the buildup to the French Revolution, republican activists turned the ideas of French political philosophers Montesquieu and Rousseau into this superficially modest, but in reality demanding charter of basic human liberties. They were also influenced by the

Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776)

Absolute rulers

in North America. The declaration’s

should use

basic principle—that all “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” —would be passed into law over thousands of dead bodies.

moderation in all matters

other than those that

yht restrict their powers

UTILITARIANISM } @® Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill » asserted that an action is right If it tends to promote happiness, and wrong if it tends to produce unhappiness—the aim should be for the greatest good of the greatest number.

TRADITIONAL CONSERVATISM '=y In this European political philosophy, - developed partly as a reaction against the French Revolution, the prime requirements for stability and prosperity

included tradition, hierarchy, and high culture.

FREE LOVE During the Enlightenment, some people challenged the involvement of the state in personal relationships and casted doubt on the sanctity of marriage, which they saw as a form of bondage for both sexes.

MALTHUSIAN S@las ORG Thomas Malthus believed that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supply and that this would bring about the end of the world in 1890.

PHRENOLOGY

DYSTOPIA

This pseudoscience that purported to | extrapolate the nature of the mind from the shape of the head was used as the basis of arguments for social reform.

Thomas More coined the name Utopia for the location of one’s dreams; John Stuart Mill invented

“dystopia” for anywhere no one would want to go.

NONVIOLENT RESIS TANCE Eleven people were killed and hundreds injured when the British army broke up a peaceful demonstration in Manchester,

England. What became known

as the Peterloo Massacre set a precedent for nonviolent resistance. In the twentieth century, the policy was adopted successfully first by Mahatma Gandhi and his followers to undermine the legitimacy of the British colonial government in India, and later by Martin Luther King Jr., to draw attention to

UNITED

SUFFRAGISTS + LE yl. od

FEMINISM 4G

In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft’sA

Vindication of the Rights of Women put forward the radical argument that women and men should be given equal opportunities in education, work, and politics. Women’s rights movements grew throughout the nineteenth century with calls for female suffrage, and are still active today in pursuing gender equality.

the plight of African Americans in the United States. Many commentators take the view that such an approach Is effective only when the governing powers have some moral scruples: certainly, nonviolent resistance did not stop

Adolf Hitler's expansion through Europe.

ANIMAL RIGHTS Formed in this year in London, England, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was the first organization of its kind. In 1840 it received a royal charter, and became the RSPCA. Today there are similar organizations in every country in the world.

COMTE'S SOCIOLOGY & POSITIVISM Auguste Comte, father of sociology, described three stages of thought: theological {thunder is the sound of an angry

god); metaphysical (thunder is a force of nature]; and positivistic (thunder is caused by electricity).

Clr HL, LNs OR Nie The rapid rise of mechanized industry during the Industrial Revolution in Britain required more workers than the adult population could provide, so children were pressed into service. Their pay and conditions became a scandal, and this year saw the passage into law of the Factory Act, which restricted their working hours and banned the employment of children under nine for anything other than silk manufacture. In 1844 the Factory Act afforded similar protection to women, who had also been exploited.

100 SOCIAL REFORMS & MOVEMENTS

447

UK VACCINATION

ACT

Britain was the first country to provide optional vaccination free of charge. Thirteen years later, the UK government made vaccination for smallpox compulsory.

MANIFES| UBSTIN

Cites SHRUIGISILe Karl Marx laid down the first precepts of communism in a work that shows the humanist basis of his theories. His magnum opus, Das Kapital, was published in 1867.

This term, coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan, was taken up by American politicians and used to validate territorial expansion toward the Pacific Ocean.

COMMUNISM Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published a pamphlet entitled Manifesto of theCommunist Party, which had been commissioned by a small group of radicals. A critique of capitalism and a brief sketch of a possible future society, the work concludes with the rallying cry that became famous: “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”

ANARCHISM In a controversial academic study,

French socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon contended that laws are tyrannical, that property is theft, and that crime Is merely a consequence of those two injustices. Without either, he wrote, humans would be

free to develop their natural inclination, which is to help each other.

THE MNAGHTEN

RULES

Alexander Cockburn’s defense of Daniel M’Naghten, accused of killing the secretary of British prime minister Robert Peel, established the usual test of insanity in Anglo-American criminal proceedings: whether the defendant was capable of ee that what he or she did was vag:

SELF-RELIANCE

NATIONAL

Henry David Thoreau practiced sachi ngs of his mentor, ildo Emerson, d his simple \A 1 Walden;

or Of

Life

LABOR UNION }

This US movement tried to improve working conditions through legislation rather than collective bargaining.

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT The Reconstruction Amendment to the

US Constitution granted equal civil and legal rights to African Americans.

EUGENICS British scientist Francis Galton

wanted to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance

of prevailing speedily over the less suitable.”

UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE Germany was the first nation to compel employers to provide injury and illness insurance for their staff.

1887

NEW DE Ave

CULTURAL RELATIVISM We should not YG) judge other civilizations by our standards, because

they have their own.

1893

UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE In this year New = Zealand became the first country in the world to give voting rights

NO ‘BOOZE HERE SOLD — HOUNDS PLEAS

to adult women.

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———

This was the overall term for a host of initiatives introduced by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help his nation recover from the Great Depression that began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The New Deal created jobs throughout the economy, particularly in the construction industry, and introduced federal insurance to restore confidence in banks.

CONSUMERISM a

NURNBERG

US economist Thorstein Veblen

identified the spending habits of the nouveau

riche—to display wealth.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS The founding ofthis organization was intended to prevent another conflict like World War I. The brainchild of US president Woodrow Wilson, it was fatally weakened by his nation’s refusal to join.

|

AMERICAN SOCIAL SECURITY ACT Part of the New Deal, this

The Eighteenth Amendment of the US Constitution outlawed the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages

throughout the nation. Future president Herbert Hoover described Prohibition as ano ble experiment,” but millions of Americans regarded it as an infringement of their rights, and their efforts to get hold of liquor in spite of the law created a commercial opportunity of which criminal gangs were quick to take eavaliage’ The legislation was repealed in 1933.

RS tiles

LAWS

These race-based measures deprived Jews in Nazi Germany of key rights. They were among the first of the racist Nazi laws that culminated in the Holocaust.

FASCISM The first Fascist ruler was

Benito Mussolini in Italy. Fascism took many different forms In

legislation provided federal assistance for the elderly and the deprived.

NEOLIBERALISM The term ‘neoliberalism” was introduced by German socialist and economist Alexander Rustow to describe a new form of liberalism that emphasized the

value of free market competition and advocated minimal state intervention in economic and

social affairs.

various parts of the world, but among its constants were aggressive nationalism, militarism, implacable

opposition to electoral democracy and any form of liberalism, a belief in a natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the subordination of

individual desires to national purpose.

CRITICAL THEORY Marxist philosopher Max Horkheimer described how the capitalist state defused opposition by integrating workers into its economic system.

100

SOCIAL REFORMS

& MOVEME

=NTS

449

APARTHEID | UNIVERSAL aeae Thetey sdomted (EE pr epemeemin IN| hBiGin © and enshrined it in the

|

law. All South Africans were classified as white,” “native” (black], or

|

This declaration adopted by

the United Nations sets out the desideratum for everyone on Earth. Among the rights it demands

“colored” {those of mixed

are those to marry, to leave one’s

descent). The native” group was later renamed “Bantu” (although it included all black South Africans]. In 1959 the

country and return to it, to asylum _| from persecution, to participate in government, to social security, to work, to receive equal pay for | equal work, to rest and have leisure

government created a

time, to an adequate standard of

fourth category, Asian.” Apartheid (an Afrikaans word meaning the state of being apart”) remained in place until 1994. ;

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LIBERTARIANISM

i

| living, to education, to participate in the cultural life of the community, | and to social and international order. A subsection deals with the | rights of children. The Universal | Declaration of Human Rights Is not

RIGHT-WING

| in law. Nevertheless, it has been | described as the UN’s Magna | Carta,” and it is widely used as a

The fundamental

ovmation ;ef

“common standard of achievement

tenet is that the state should not take money from the rich to give to the poor; the rich can give it to them themselves.

tllepun

for all peoples and all nations.” The day on which it was formally | adopted, December 10, is now celebrated annually as Human | Rights Day.

| THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD

AMERICAN Ai |! GHTS

Most countries African Americans were increasingly active in their opposition to segregation. The US Supreme Court ruled that separate could never be equal. In the ollowing year in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks efused to give up her bus seat to a white person.

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCY

DDATEATINN This

US

modernized their farms first, and then their heavy industries. China set | up communes in order to do both atthe same time.

|

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| IGNORANCE | |

An argument that

seeks to show that if you have a 50:50 chance | of being a slave, you will be opposed to slavery.

=» SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY |

Research

conducted by US sociologist George Homans appeared to show that, in relationships, people need | to give in order to receive.

(\R NAL PASI] (\\ This is an extension of the idea outlined in the

“veil of | that he or she law he or she | to ensure that

ignorance.” Any lawmaker who believes has a chance of being punished by the is administering, will make every effort all new legislation is fair to everyone.

VELAYAT-E FAQIH This is the Muslim doctrine that, in the absence of a divinely inspired imam, the community should be led by a jurist.

ROE V.WADE n

this case,

the

US Sirpeeimeatesunt ruled that the state of

Texas's attempt to deny a woman the right to terminate her pregnancy was unconstitutional.

REHABILITATION R@OEM973 ) This was the first civil rights legislation in the United States designed to protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination. It was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon.

SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL

AL-QAEDAISM

British economist E. F. Schumacher showed that increased

This may be summarized as the point of view that wants to end foreign interference in the Arab world.

productivity did not improve human welfare.

KYOTO VIRTUAL WIKIPEDIA PROTOCOL WORKPLACE This international treaty commits the signatories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming. Thirty-seven nations have

binding targets.

This is the office

of the computer age: It has no physical premises, but exists wherever its staff members happen to be linked to each other on their computer networks.

Founded by Jimmy Wales, this online encyclopedia may be read for free by anyone with access to the Internet and is potentially | available to any writer who wants to make a new contribution or amend an eles entry.

FACEBOOK Founded by four Harvard University students, this is an online social networking service for information sharing. It is free to account holders

(around 500 million of them) and makes its money from advertisements on its website.

FAIR TRADE ) This is an international initiative to help ensure that producers of goods in developing countries receive the best possible payments for their efforts and that their workers are not. exploited. The movement is also concerned with the establishment and maintenance of sustainable environmental growth and regeneration policies.

THE REGISTERED PARTNERSHIPACT

The Occupy movement is a nonviolent international protest movement that opposes the control that it believes large corporations have over the global financial system. It claims that their power favors too small a minority and undermines democracy. Its name refers to its strategy of massing In a building or confined public space and remaining there until its demands are addressed by the authorities.

MCDONALDIZATION

first step toward allowing same-sex couples to

Term coined by US sociologist George Ritzer for what he regards as the worldwide homogenization of cultures. McDonaldization

avow commitment in civil ceremonies.

predictable, and controlled.

In this year Denmark took the

SCCW Ry MOVEMENT

is efficient, calculable,

100 SOCIAL

REFORMS

& MOVEMENTS

451

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AFFIRMING A DISJUNCT The mistake, when

AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT The assumption that

of assuming that if one option isn't true the other

if the “if” part of an “if... then” construction is correct, the second part

can't be either.

is also true.

faced with alternatives,

CONJUNCTION FALLACY The failure to recognize that two things are less likely to happen together than to occur separately.

DENYING THE ANTECEDENT

FALLACY OF FOUR TERMS

The converse of No. 2: assuming that if the

“if” part of an “if... then” is wrong, the second part is also false.

Syllogisms have only

three steps [terms] each; the introduction of an extra step destroys their logical foundation.

AL ALLUCHT AFFIRMATIVE This is a false, positive inference from two negative statements. For example: we don't watch reality television; people who watch reality television have no culture; therefore

we have culture.

UNDISTRIBUTED MIDDLE TERM A proposition that leads to a false

This is a form of argument that attempts to cast doubt on a person's authority in

conclusion: all students

a matter: “You can't criticize Hamlet unless

may be dirty, but not all

youve written a play yourself.” This is usually disreputable, but it may be legitimate in

dirty people are students.

ILLICIT MAJOR TERM lf the first part of a syllogism Is true, its converse must be, too: all dogs are mammals;

no

cats are dogs; therefore

no cats are mammals.

ILLICIT MINOR TERM

¥ This is a negative conclusion falsely reached from two positive premises. For example: all colonels are officers;

good but they're harmful. Everything that tastes good is harmful.”

all officers are soldiers;

The minor term, “harmful,”

therefore no colonel is

is correctly applied the first time but not the second.

a soldier.

AD HOMINEM

“Cigarettes taste

AD HOMINEM, TU QUOQUE This attempts to undermine the arguments of others by

pointing out that they themselves do or did the opposite of what they're now suggesting. If your father, a smoker, tells you not to smoke, you

certain circumstances: “How can you chair the Vegan League when you're a carnivore?”

can say Tu quoque’” [You too).

AD POPULUM

APPEAL 10 BtLltr

matter beyond dispute.

The lazy notion that common beliefs are believable because they're commonly held: it was once commonly believed that the world was flat.

APPEAL TO COMMON PRACTICE

APPEAL TO COMMON SENSE

“Everybody does it” is a phrase used to justify some less than admirable action. But there are two difficulties: one is that it’s likely to be an exaggeration; the other is that, even if it isn't, it is no excuse.

The usually complacent assumption that anything one has never previously experienced or read about cannot be possible.

This approach to discussion Is epitomized by assertions starting with

the words: “Everyone agrees that... .” Even if that were true (unlikely], it would not put the

Millionaire Howard

Hughes built and flew the streamlined H-1,

setting a new world speed record and crossing the United States in seven hours 28 minutes.

JOUUGLAS DL-s =|

FAIREY SWORDFISH

JUNKERS JU-87 The Stuka”

Though slow,

the “Stringbag”

dive-bomber was

central to blitzkrieg tactics in World War Il,

spreading terror ahead of German tanks.

torpedo biplane was effective when flown from Royal Navy carriers in World War II.

MESSERSCHMITT Bip. Oy) A fast, single-seat, all-metal, monoplane fighter, the Bf 109 set new standards for military aviation. First used by Germany's Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War, in 1940 it took on RAF Hurricanes and Spitfires in the Battle of Britain. Around 33,000 Bf 109s were

built, more than any other fighter in history.

HAWKER HURRICANE Designed by Sidney Camm, the Hurricane was

always upstaged by the more glamorous Spitfire,

yet it was the RAF’s most numerous fighter in the Battle of Britain, shooting down the most enemy aircraft. Later n World Iviv channel: plan is to include results in the July paper H> tt , W/ZH > W/Z bb: first results with 2012 data expected later in the Summer

First question: is the observed excess due to the production of a SM Higgs boson ?

An interpretation of the type used on

LUCAS DE GROOT

Not witl designed an « Slab-serif, sar

t with creating a typeface ations, Lucas de Groot Jraphic system. ni-serif designs are combined in an superfamily Thesis looks mode

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flamboyant effects,

Rosewood is based on forms from nineteenth-

century type catalogs. HOEFLER & FRERE-JONES

Knockout Influenced by

Victorian-era wood types, this is a typeface with a punch and a giant selection of heavy weights. ZUZANA LICKO

BaseNine

With an unusual aesthetic generated from on screen pixel ratios, BaseNine is made for use at only 9, 18, or 36-point size. MATTHEW CARTER

Verdana font at a time when there were few available, Verdana became one of the most widely used

Weare entering the era of “Higgs” measurements

the US Highways, Interstate is made up

to produce colorful,

An early web-safe

TOBIAS FRERE-JONES

of austere combinations of straight lines and semicircles. It surpasses its perfunctory origins with a large family of typefaces, including the super-fine version shown above.

A chromatic

of the same italic script. Well suited to extended

ROBERT SLIMBACH & CAROL TWOMBLY

Myriad

VARIOUS

ROSSWOOD

“Helvetica of the 90s.” Spiekermann

Bahnhof-

NEVILLE BRODY

fonts in the world. Highly efficient for its intended use at small text sizes on screen, Verdana has been

|

criticized for looking ungainly at larger sizes. VINCENT CONNARE

COMIC SANS

No typeface has invoked as much ire and ridicule as Comic Sans. Although created as a useful rendition of comicbook-style lettering, it can look like it was written by a ten-yearold. After being bundled with Windows 95, it was let loose into contexts for which it was never intended: menus, ambulances,

gravestones, even announcements of scientific discoveries. Websites imploring us to ban Comic Sans sprang up, alongside \line mockery of its poor use. In truth, it meets a need fora eface with a warmer, gentler tone than much that is on offer.

ZUZANA LICKO

Mrs Eaves Named after John Baskerville’s scandalous live-in lover,

Mrs Eaves Is Licko’s

reimagining of Baskerville. It is a typeface of refined subtlety and delicacy,

appropriate for important occasions.

RICHARD LIPTON

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FRANTISEK STORM

GERALD GIAMPA

Farao

Bopont 26

Lipton, a fine calligrapher,

created this formal script with expressive, sweeping strokes and fine hairlines, based on the work of the eighteenth-century engraver George Bickham.

Storm revisited the wild, untamed

|

slab-serif designs of the nineteenth century, and created his own version

with bags of character.

An experimental mix of upper- and lowercase forms taken straight from Bodoni, Giampa’s creation has an eccentric beauty.

TOBIAS FRERE-JONES

GOTHAM The typeface that took Barack Obama to the White

LUCAS DE GROOT

Calibri Since becoming the default choice for

Microsoft software in 2007, replacing | Times New Roman in Word, Calibri holds the number one spot as the most-used typeface in the world. In the words of its creator, Lucas de Groot, Calibri has a warm and soft character.” Its subtly rounded corners become more apparent at larger sizes. TOMI HAAPARANTA

Suomd Goript

House, Gotham communicates a

clean-cut honesty—authority expressed with a clear, true voice. Named after the New York City of the Batman comics, and inspired by lettering at the New York Port Authority Bus Terminal, this is a

A typeface that is smarter than it looks, Suomi Script connects pairs and trios of letters into unique forms, so that the lettershapes rarely repeat themselves, resulting in a more convincing and appealing appearance.

typeface that has the hustle and bustle of the working US city in its veins. Frere-Jones was researching New York's vernacular signage, concerned that its existence was threatened by the elements and the creeping uniformity of its typographic replacements, and saw it as his duty to record it for posterity, before it was too late. Originally designed for GQ magazine, Gotham has since become accepted by the US establishment and was used for the memorial to victims of the World Trade Center attacks. As its designer boldly states, this isa no-nonsense typeface: Gotham is simply “what letters look like.”

HANNES VON DOHREN

JONATHAN HOEFLER & TOBIAS FRERE-JONES

Archer

Brandon Grotesque Inspired by magazines of the 1920s and 1930s, Dohren set out to create the same fuzzy warmth and softness that comes with poor printing. The result was the subtly rounded

edges of the elegant Brandon Grotesque. HOUSE INDUSTRIES

Eames Century Modern Appropriating the esteemed name of

architects and furniture designers Charles and Ray Eames, this typeface builds on Century and its variants, but gives it a new, sparkling finish with extra character. RICHARD LIPTON

¢

CHRISTIAN SCHWARTZ

Amplitude

;

.

SUNG?

rounded ball” endings that add visual interest.

Ink traps—small triangular nicks that allow for ink spread at small sizes—are used by Schwarz as an aesthetic device, boldy distinctive at both large and small sizes.

Possessing a charismatic, flowing elegance, Lipton’s exploration into formal calligraphy features exquisite detailing, a huge range of flourishes, and alternative letterforms for extra expression.

JOSHUA DARDEN

ED BENGUIAT & HOUSE INDUSTRIES

DAN RHATIGAN & IAN MOORE

!

Unlike the cold functionalism of many slab serifs, Archer possesses great charm and an almost dainty, flowery style, with

Freight

©) A typeface with size-specific designs. 1

Freight Micro, shown here, has fat

serifs visible at tiny sizes. Freight Big Book, conversely, features delicate, refined serifs.

ED INTERLOCK Designed to recall whimsical 1950s and 1960s advertising fonts, Ed Interlock cleverly creates a variety of remarkable interlocking letters as you type.

| Sodachrome Sodachrome's innovative design features two misaligned, colored typefaces that overlap like a light image to form a unique layered, multicolored slab serif.

100 TYPEFACES

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Lad z

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| SCIENCE & NATURE All kinds of life are covered here—the beautiful and the ugly, the docile and the

dangerous, the extinct and the endangered. Other entries take us into the bowels of the Earth, for the Top 100 minerals and gemstones, and into deep space for the wonders of the cosmos. Also featured are the people who've made the greatest additions to the sum of human knowledge— from Galileo Galilei to Stephen Hawking via Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Jonas Salk.

< Asection of CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator.

fpr tepals

ee

Nisess

IBNALHAYTHAN (ALHAZEN Regarded as the first theoretical physicist, Alhazen was an Arab polymath. He made early discoveries in optics, mathematics, and astronomy. His most important work, Book of

Optics (1021), influenced scientists in the Middle

IBN SINA A Persian physician and philosopher who is Known in the West as Avicenna. His main works are a medical encyclopedia, The Canon

of Medicine (1025), and

The Book of Healing (1027), which discussed the nature of scientific inquiry and set out many

NICOQLAUS COPERNICUS

TYCHO BRAHE

Copernicus developed the first modern theory of heliocentrism—that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun—which was eventually published just before his death in 1543 in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). This was a controversial view and contradicted prevailing Catholic and Protestant doctrines. His work was a huge influence on Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and many other leading scientists. The Copernican system is seen BY ee asa Key moment in the scientific revolution.

Ages and Renaissance.

influential theories in physics and pestranomny:)

FRANCIS BACON

GAL LEQ GAL Me

lf An English polymath, » Bacon is credited with establishing and popularizing the modern scientific method in New

Itallan mathematician, astronomer, engineer, physicist, and philosopher, Galileo made crucial contributions to the scientific revolution. He was one of the first to use telescopes and microscopes scientifically, and improved both instruments. His observations of the Moon's craters helped show celestial bodies are imperfect. Galileo overturned Aristotle's naive understanding of forces and motion, laying the foundation for the Newtonian Revolution. He set out plans for the pendulum clock. Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, giving support to Copernicus's heliocentrism. This support was controversial, and his Dialogue

A Danish astronomer, Brahe built

observatories with accurate astronomical instruments. In 1572 he discovered and described a nova, or new star,

refuting Aristotle's then accepted notion regarding the impermanence of

100 SCIENTISTS

Instrument (1620). He also forecast developments in science and technology in New Atlantis (1627): it and his other writings inspired the formation of the Royal Society in London.

WILLIAM HARVEY ™ An English physician, ’ Harvey proposed and found evidence of circulation of the blood,

overturning anatomical

dogma. He published his experiments and results in Motion of the Heart and

Blood In Animals (1628).

the stars.

JOHANNES ineyelLdela German mathematician and astronomer

Kepler accessed Tycho Brahe’s detailed observations and used them to derive three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He published the first two—describing orbits as ellipses, and planets’ speed increasing close

Concerning the Two Chief World Systems [1632] was on the Catholic

to the Sun—in Astronomia Kepler's laws underpinned law of gravity. The founder he was the first to explain

Church's index of forbidden books until 1835.

work and improve on the design.

ROBERT BOYLE An Irish chemist and physicist, Boyle's The

Sceptical Chymist (1661) laid the foundation of modern chemistry. He invented the vacuum pump and formulated the derived gas law known as Boyle's law. He was a founding member of the Royal Society in London.

jSUM

PINE Many different species of these long-lived, evergreen conifer trees are a commercially important source of timber for construction and furniture throughout the world. The fastgrowing trees are also used for products such as turpentine, wood pulp, and paper, as well as providing the much-loved Christmas tree.

SATIVUM

ae india Still the most important and popular spice in the world pepper first reached Europe from India’s Malabar Gane 3,000 years ago. Dried peppercorns were So valuable they were once utilized as currency such was the demand for their pungent hot bite. The term “peppercorn rent” originated in medieval Europe, where it was accepted in lieu of money. Piper nigrum ns, produces black, white, and green peppercorns. Black peppercor value. most the have vine, the dried unripe berries from the

ALMOND =¥ The almond tree is native to the Middle East and South Asia. Its fruit was one

» Austrian monk scientist Gregor _ 2 Mendel used peas to establish the we of inheritance underpinning genetics in 1865. Peas were originally grown for their dry seeds; eating fresh green peas was a later development.

of the first food crops to be cultivated in the Middle East. The nuts are used whole, sliced, or ground in cakes, cookies, and candy such

as nougat and marzipan. They are also eaten raw or toasted.The oil is in demand for cosmetics and medicinal use.

POMEGRANATE This is a long-lived tree grown since ancient times around the Mediterranean and Middle East. The seeds have medicinal properties—their ability to kill tapeworms was documented in 1500 sce. The fruit was introduced into America by Spanish settlers. The slightly tart, ruby-colored seed can be sprinkled liberally over food, juicec used to make cordials such as grenadin: 100 ESSENTIA

65

OAK The longevity and durable hardwood of the mighty oak tree have made it a popular choice of national tree in countries around the world.

WHITE WILLOW used to develop aspirin in the nineteenth century. The shrub Is fast-growing but also grows back when cut and therefore is a

ROSE

candidate for biomass fuel. The wood from Salix alba var. caerulea is used for cricket bats.

A promise of a rose garden, the romance of the cut flower, damask perfume, or its distinctive essence captured in rose water—so

A grain crop that can survive where wheat and barley struggle, rye is

White willow contains salicin, which was

GIANT REDWOOD

many ways to enjoy a rose

by whatever name.

The world’s biggest and oldest

ROSEMARY

tree— General Sherman” —is 272 feet [83m] tall and 3,500 years old. Redwoods are protected by Sequoia National Park, California.

Rosemary is a Mediterranean herb used since Roman times. In the kitchen,

the robust flavor complements roasted, barbecued, or stewed meats as well as making a soothing tea to aid the digestion.

common

in northern Europe where dark,

heavy rye breads such as German pumpernickel and Swedish limpa are popular. Rye is also used to produce alcohol and animal feed.

SEAM Ancient Egyptians used ground sesame seeds in bread; today they are used mainly to produce a cooking oil or snack.

POTATO. A nutritious and

versatile staple that started out in South America around 5000 sce and reached Europe in the sixteenth century.

SORGHUM This grass is described as the ‘camel of crops’ because It can cope with hot, dry conditions, which makes it an important grass to cultivate in more than 30 countries around the world. The United States and Australia are large producers but their crops are grown for animal feed. Sorghum has more agricultural significance for subsistence farmers growing crops in harsh conditions. The grain is small, easy to cook, and very versatile as it can also be processed into flour,

which in turn is used to make beer. Sorghum also provides fodder, hay, and silage for animals, and the stems are also used to make

household items.

This tall fibrous grass filled with sweet juice originated in New Guinea. Columbus introduced it into North America where the resulting plantations created great wealth built on the back of the slave trade. A crop for the humid tropics, it is grown in over 70 count ncluding Brazil and India.

666

SCIENCE

& N

|

These long-lived, specimen trees with their dense, evergreen foliage are often found in the churchyards of Europe and are commonly used for hedging and topiary. Traditionally, the tree’s wood was also used to make the famous English longbows. More recently, yew was found to contain alkaloids that have been used in anti-cancer chemotherapy drugs.

TEAK

EN

™ A tall timber tree from South and ‘» Southeast Asia, the tropical hardwood isehighly durable and resistant due to Its high

The Netherlands is the world center of

tulip bulb production today, with half exported to the United States.

oil content. The wood is used for construction, boatbuilding, and furniture. Myanmar's

forests account for nearly half the world’s naturally occurring teak. An extract of the bark was a traditional cure for diabetes.

CO COA Considered a food of the gods” since

ny

WHEAT

flavoring or to make chocolate. Cocoa butter, used in cosmetics, is another common

food calories.

Aztec times when it was made into a

currency. They are processed Into cocoa powder, which when sweetened is used as a

VANILLA ® Our desserts would » be bland without

the perfumed sweetness of the tiny seeds extracted from the cured pods of this orchid. The plant prefers a hot, wet climate.

Most of the vanilla in the world comes from Mexico

and Madagascar. RR

product.

Long before Thanksgiving turkey and cranberry sauce, Native Americans used dried cranberries as a trail mix and

sailors took them on voyages.

This cereal is grown on almost every

continent. Wheat was domesticated 10,000 years ago, changing the lifestyle of nomadic hunter-gatherers to a culture of human settlements. It is still a major part of the human diet, constituting 20 percent of all

©

beverage, the beans were also used as

CRANBERRY

COWPEA 7 Versatile in use with low inputs, this ancient African

plant is now grown in over 30 tropical countries around the planet. Shade tolerant, it can be grown as

an intercrop alongside others such as maize and sorghum. The seeds, pods, and leaves are all edible; a flour can also be made from the ground seeds.

VALERIAN This is a European herb, used by Hippocrates in the fourth century BCE. The roots contain chemicals that act on the nervous system and it is used as a sedative.

GRAPE Cultivation of this species began 5,000 years ago in the east Mediterranean. Wild vines only fruit on female plants, so over

time self-fertile vines were selected. When Phylloxera disease struck vineyards worldwide in the mid-1800s the economic results were devastating. A different vine species had to be grafted on to the grape varieties to confer disease-resistance. Viticulture can be found on every continent apart from Antarctica.

AIZE ™ A major world crop, this produces oil, cereal, flour, and © animal fodder, depending on the type of maize. More interesting to the home gardener is sweet corn; its high sugar content makes for a tasty vegetable eaten from the cob. Popping corn comes from a primitive strain with hard grains. The ancestry of corn starts with teosinte, a wild plant that grew in Mexico 7,000 years ago and then spread into North and South America. Columbus is thought to have brought corn to Europe.

GINGEK Cultivated in China and India for at least 3,000 years,

the underground stem

(rhizome) of this plant is used, raw or cooked, in

savory dishes and drinks. Preserved or candied ginger adds a warming bite to desserts; dry ginger spice is used gingerbread and coo!

100 ESSENTIAI!

67

WHITE DIAMOND ) The hardest natural substance known, diamonds are a tightly interlocking net of carbon atoms. Diamonds have been used as a gem since ancient times, but the

cutting and polishing of a diamond only began in the Middle Ages. At first, only natural faces were polished, but eventually, today’s sparkling cuts evolved. A diamond can only be cut and polished with other diamonds; because of its hardness. The first gem diamonds came from India, and much later from Brazil and South Africa. Today, Russia and We ele)are major producers.

COLORED DIAMOND Today, many diamonds are artificially colored by irradiation or other means. Naturally colored diamonds are much rarer

and command very high prices. The blue Hope Diamond and the Dresden Green are examples of

RUBY Ruby is the red variety of corundum, an aluminum oxide. It, along with the other corundum

gems (sapphire and padparadscha], are the second-hardest natural substances. Transparent

these. By far the rarest,

rubies in excess of 10 carats are rarer than

and hence most valuable, are red diamonds.

diamonds and bring higher prices’

SUN ES eye lee

ALEXANDRITE

BLUE SAPPHIRE Blue sapphire Is another variety of the mineral corundum. It was given a separate name in a time before it was realized that it was the Same mineral as ruby. Among the finest is the Logan Sapphire in the National Museum of Natural History, in CLONE DC.

100 GEMSTONES MOHS

HARDN

FANCY _ ee * The term ‘fancy w sapphire” is applied to any variety of corundum that is neither

red {ruby} nor blue (sapphire). The mineral occurs in almost every

other imaginable hue, with green and yellow the most abundant.

IMPERIAL TOPAZ }@

Imperial topaz is

|

sherry colored.

Because of the high value of sherry-colored stones, other, cheaper, similarly colored stones are sometimes marketed as

“topaz”: citrine as “quartz topaz’or “Madeira topaz’; and smoky quartz as “smoky topaz quartz.”

ae SAPPHIRE Star sapphires are formed during the crystallization process, when microscopic platelets of the mineral rutile attach themselves to the forming crystal and are enveloped by it. They are revealed when the crystal is cut en cabochon.

Star rubies are formed in exactly the

sapphires, and are even more valuable.

lights: green in daylight, cherry red in tungsten light.

PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE

HOA

manner

as Star

This orange-pink corundum takes Its name from the Sanskrit

for ‘lotus blossom.”

RED SPINEL

BLUE SPINEL

Red spinel gems date from at least 100 sce. Crystals form as

more recently than its

Blue spinel was identified slightly

and the mineral’s name Is likely derived from the

red equivalent: the earliest mentions of it can be traced back to the period of the Roman occupation of Britain

Latin “spina” (“spine”).

(51 Bce to around 400 ce).

hard, sharp octahedrons,

4 The brilliance of diamonds results from their high refractive power.

Named for Czar Alexander II of Russia, where it was first discovered, this is the variety of the mineral chrysoberyl that exhibits a color change in different

same

Topaz probably takes its name from the island of

Topazios (now Zebirget) in the Red Sea. Its natural colors include red, blue, green, and orange. Most blue topazes sold today are artificially colored by irradiation.

CAT'S-EYE CHRYSOBERYL The name comes

from the single bright line across the top of a cabochon-cut stone.

PHENAKITE When faceted, colorless phenakite has high brilliance and excellent color dispersion.

EMERALD Emerald is the green variety of the mineral beryl. Emeralds were used in jewelry In ancient Egypt, and Cleopatra’s mines were exploited by the Romans in the first century BCE Today, the finest emeraic

come from Colombie

100 GEM

9

GREEN TOURMALINE

SMOKY QUARTZ

Tourmaline is a complex group of interrelated minerals, with the gemstone varieties being virtually indistinguishable from each other in cut stones. The most desirable variety is emerald green.

Smoky quartz is the brown to black variety of the mineral quartz. The Cairngorm variety occurs only in Scotland.

AMETHYST Egyptians used amethyst as

- agem more than 4,000 years ago. It is the purple variety of quartz. Deposits are widespread, but most gem-quality stones come from Brazil and Uruguay.

IANCAMI

NDICULITE

Blue to blue-violet tanzanite is one of the newest gemstones on the market. It was discovered only in the 1960s and comes almost exclusively from a single area of Tanzania. It was once thought that the deposit

- after form of tourmaline, aname derived from the Sinhalese ‘turamali,”

meaning gem pebbles.” Most indicolite today comes from Brazil and the United States.

JADEITE

~)

valuable of them, a green silicate of

sodium and aluminum that is often of gem quality. The other form is nephrite, a silicate of calcium, magnesium, and iron.

formed under extreme conditions of heat and pressure. They are also

known as Bohemian garnets or Cape rubies.

RUBELLITE As the rarest form of tourmaline, rubellite commands the highest prices, particularly specimens of more than 10 carats

(2g). The colors range from pink to rich red: the darker the stone, the more it will cost.

Like emerald, aquamarine is a form of

100 carats are not uncommon. One of the largest known was a transparent crystal weighing 245 pounds (110kg), found in Brazil.

ZIRCON

The pink to lavender variety of the mineral spodumene, kunzite is named

for mineralogist G. F. Kunz. It has different colors in different crystal directions, so requires careful orientation when faceted.

Zircon has been mined as a gemstone = from the gravels of Sri Lanka for at eet 2,000 years. It comes in several colors, especially green. Since the mid-twentieth

GARNET

Red almandine Is an iron silicate often found in association with spessartite

iminum silicate]. & N/

Pyrope garnets are

~ deep ruby red and

prices. While emeralds tend to be small—less than 10 carats (2g)—aquamarine gems over

KUNZITE

SCIENCE

~

~ the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate. Aquamarine varies in color from pale green to intense blue. In past times green aquamarines were the most prized; today, blue specimens fetch the highest

Jade has two forms. This is the more

670

PYROPE GAIRINET

AQUAMARINE

is still productive today.

(manganess

Used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, brown to honey brown in color, this semiprecious gemstone is the calcium-rich form of grossular garnet.

» After green, this is the most sought-

would be exhausted within a generation, but it

ALMANDINE

2DNESS:7

CINNAMON GARNET

i}

century, it has also been a major source of the metal zircon, of which it is a silicate.

PERIDOT *) Peridot is the transparent gemstone variety of the mineral olivine, a

constituent of some types of volcanic rock. Its color can range from yellow-green to dark green. It has been mined on the island of Zebirget in the Red Sea for over 3,500 years.

UIT RING

AGATE

MOHS HARDNESS: 7

“)4

Agate is a variety of chalcedony, the «= microcrystalline quartz. It is usually translucent and forms in bands or layers, although it can have internal formations of other minerals that resemble moss or other organic forms.

Citrine is the yellow to yellow-brown

*) | variety of crystalline quartz. It is naturally colored, but much of the citrine on

the market today is produced by heat-treating low-grade amethyst. Like smoky quartz, it is

ZULTANITE

sometimes marketed as smoky topaz quartz,” implying that it is related to topaz, ,

which it is not.

% Zultanite is a transparent gemstone form of diaspore, with multicolor flashes. It comes only from Anatolia in Turkey. eee

7IGER EVE “=*

Tiger eye is a gold or brown variety of quartz that shows a chatoyant eye

BLOODSTONE

io teeshie color) when cut en cabochon.

HAWK’S EYE “al ~

Hawk's eye is a blue variety of quartz that shows a chatoyant eye when cut en cabochon.

' Quartz comes in crystalline varieties

such as amethyst and rock crystal, and as masses of microscopic crystals in a form called chalcedony. Bloodstone is one of the many varieties of chalcedony, along with agate, jasper, and others. It has a green jasper base color, flecked with red jasper.

CARNEL AN ™)™ ~

Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is

™®@%

Sometimes called “water sapphire,” iolite is pleochroic, meaning that it has

classically red to red-brown, a coloration that

comes from iron oxide stains. Carnelian has been used as a gem for at least 5,000 years in the Middle East.

MOHS HARDNESS:

7

ONYX Z| Onyx is a parallel-banded @©& variety of chalcedony. The bands are alternately black and white, and specimens are cut to

highlight the darkness and light. MOHS HARDNE!

SARD A

Sard is a brown variety of chalcedony. In sardonyx, it is parallel-banded in brown and white. Sardonyx is a favorite of hard-stone

cameo cutters.

ROSE QUARTZ Rose quartz varies in color from light pink to rose. It can be near transparent to translucent. Transparent rose quartz is sometimes faceted, but it is usually cut en cabochon; in such

cases, it may reveal a six-rayed star.

MORGANITE One of the beryl gemstones, along with emerald and aquamarine, morganite is generally pink, although it can also be pinkish yellow, peach, or rose lilac. Stones with a yellow or orange cast are sometimes heat-treated to improve their pink color. Most gem-quality morganite is faceted.

different colors when viewed from different directions. Faceted stones have to be oriented

to get the best blue color.

KYANITE Kyanite, an aluminum silicate, has

) always been around, but it has been a gemstone only since facet-grade specimens were found in Brazil.

HELIODOR { ="

Heliodor is the yellow variety of the mineral beryl and is named for its

color, from “helios,” the sun. Its color ranges

from lemon-yellow to golden yellow. 100 GEh

71

GREEN GROSSULAR Transparent green grossular garnet Is faceted

under the name tsavorite.” Usually translucent or opaque, it is used in beads and carvings and sometimes marketed as Transvaal Jade.

PINK GROSSURAR Pink grossular garnet is rarely faceted because it is generally opaque, and consequently, there is no benefit from cutting it. Most pink grossular is used in beads and carvings.

GOSHENITE Goshenite is a relatively common, colorless form of beryl that is most often found as faceted stones.

SPODUMENE Spodumene isa source of lithium,

of which it is a silicate. Transparent crystals are

faceted as gemstones.

MILKY QUARTZ

FIRE AGATE

Once undervalued as a gem material, today, milky quartz is now highly valued as a carving material and for beads. Some of the most attractive pieces have a shimmery, moonstone-

Fire agate Is an unusual gem. It forms as layers of bubbly, transparent chalcedony, between which are sandwiched layers of iron oxides. When cut en cabochon, these layers

like translucency and are

separate light into red,

cut en cabochon.

gold, and green colors.

CHRYSOPRASE Chrysoprase is the translucent, appleto dark-green gemstone variety of chalcedony, colored by traces of nickel. Other chalcedonies, like the agates, are prized

mainly for valued for gemstone Australia,

their patterns, but chrysoprase is its color alone. It has been used as a since ancient times. It is found in Brazil, Russia, and California.

PLASMA Plasma is one of the many varieties of chalcedony. It has a dark-green background mass, with yellow spots. It is identical in every respect to bloodstone, except in bloodstone, the spots are red.

UVAROVITE GARNET Uvarovite is the only consistently green garnet and the rarest of all garnet species. Its crystals are generally small, and cut uvarovite stones are rare and expensive. It is named after a Russian count, and its primary source was once the Ural Mountains of Russia.

ROSIE GIRS VAL The colorless variety of crystalline quartz

(silicon dioxide} has been used as a gem and as a carving material for millennia. Rhinestones were originally gems cut from transparent quartz found in and around the Rhine River in central Europe, and the first crystal balls used by fortune-tellers were fashioned from rock crystal.

Robe Tee QUARTZ Aventurine is a form of quartz. It is characterized by its internal sparkle, caused by reflections from inclusions of other minerals. Its color is principally determined by its mineral inclusions: brown comes from pyrite; reddish brown from hematite; green from fuchsite mica. Aventurine can also be orange, yellow, bluish white, or bluish green, depending on the type and combination of mineral inclusions, It is always cut en cabochon or carvi

672

SCIENCE & NAT

Rutilated quartz is rock crystal or light smoky quartz enclosing golden or golden-brown needles of the rutile. The rutile can appear as a few single crystals or as a fine mat of hairlike crystals.

CAT S-EYE QUARTZ Cat's-eye quartz takes its name from its appearance when cut en cabochon: a single, shimmering white line

across the stone. This is caused by inclusions of the mineral crocidolite.

HIDDENITE A green variety of the mineral

spodumene [lithium

aluminum silicate], hiddenite becomes more valuable in direct proportion to the depth of its color, which ranges

from light green to emerald green.

DANBURITE MOHS

HARD

MARCASITE The actual mineral

faceted. It is typically colorless, but can also be yellowish or brownish. OHS

HAR

SILLIMANITE Pa

Fe

) Coming in several colors, faceted blue and violet sillimanites are the most prized. Crystals need precise cutting in order to bring out their subtle colors.

marcasite is not

LAPIS LAZULI

used in jewelry, since it tarnishes on exposure to the atmosphere; the similar-looking but structurally different and therefore more resilient mineral, pyrite, is used in its stead.

Lapis lazuli is composed of several minerals in varying proportions. Its blue components are lazurite and sodalite, with white calcite, and gold-colored

pyrite. Lapis lazuli has been used as a gemstone and as a pigment for at least 4,400 years.

MOHS HARDNES

@@ 1 Named for its discovery locality in Oi Andalusia, Spain, faceted andalusites show flashes of many colors. Cat’s-eye specimens are found in Brazil and Sri Lanka.

LABRADORITE

Fag alates

ANDALUSITE

Pyrite, also called Like precious opal, fire opal is hardened silica gel and is

“fool's gold,” isa

UNAKITE,

and may be orange, yellow, orange-

combination of iron and sulfur. It is relatively hard, brassy yellow, and takes a high polish when used in cabochons or beads or

Unakite is an epidote-rich granitic rock, aD een ex a mottled appearance from the green of epidote and the pink of the granite. It is opaque and may be cut en cabochon.

yellow, or red.

as “marcasite.”

MOHS HARD

MC OHS

7

HARD

MOONSTONE ©) The shimmering effect of moonstone Is 5 3 created by ambient light as it passes through the mineral’s thin interlayering of orthoclase feldspar and albite feldspar.

sometimes called ‘jelly opal.” Unlike precious opal, there is no color play. Fire opal is transparent,

A variety of plagioclase feldspar, labradorite forms in thin layers that act as diffraction gratings to produce a range of color flashes within a polished stone.

PRECIOUS OPAL

Precious opal is composed of

tiny spheres of silica (quartz] with water in the intervening spaces, which causes light passing through it to be broken into its spectrum colors. The color produced depends on the size of the spheres. Australia is the main source of precious opal, although small amounts of it occur in India,

New Zealand, and the western United States.

OBSIDIAN * Obsidian is a black

£ © or brown volcanic glass that breaks with razor-sharp edges and was thus used in StoneAge tools and polished for Aztec mirrors.

SUNSTONE Sunstone Is a variety of oligoclase feldspar that has tiny platelets of iron-rich hematite or goethite oriented within it, giving it a reddish glow and sparkling appearance.

AMAZONITE Amazonite is the pastel green to blue-green variety of

microcline feldspar. Although it is named after the river in South America, there is little evidence that it occurs there. The main sources are Russia and the United States.

100 GEM

573

ORTHOCLASE

ENS GATT E

PREHNITE

Enstatite is a very common mineral, but gemquality specimens are rare. The most popular color is emerald green, but it is also found in yellow. Its name comes from the Greek word for resistor.”

Although relatively soft, prehnite is sometimes cut as a gem. It is usually translucent yellow-green, pale green, or yellow-brown, and may show a cat’s-eye.

Orthoclase is found both as faceted stones and cut en cabochon. Moonstone Is a variety

VESUVIANITE

SCAPOLITE

SODALITE

Vesuvianite is the new name for the mineral formerly known as idocrase, a name still retained by some older-cut stones. Most specimens are green or chartreuse in color; some vesuvianite is translucent.

Scapolite is a rock-forming silicate of variable composition and appearance: it may be colorless, white, yellow, orange, pink, or purple.

BENITOINE Benitoite is the state gem of California and is named for its discovery location, the San Benito River. It is generally an intense sapphire blue, although it is sometimes found in pink and may be altogether colorless.

HEMATITE A hard iron oxide, hematite has a lustrous black surface when polished and has been used as a carving material for at least four millennia. It was particularly popular in the nineteenth century.

AMMOLITE One of the newest

gems, ammolite is the fossil remains of

The name comes

from the Greek ‘to

the modern nautilus. Polished ammolite shows

a play of colors similar to that of precious opal.

a distinctive blue or green semiprecious stone.

ammonite shells—coiled sea creatures related to

the Chins

e famous were all fashioned

from nephrite in the 1800

until the intr oduction of jadeite rite is s ill widely used in

&I

APATITE deceive,’ because It was sometimes mistaken for other minerals. However, the fault here Is in the eye of the beholder: apatite is

Nephrite has been used to make ornaments, tools, and weapons for at least three millennia. It has a compact, interlocking, fibrous stru ture and is thus immensely \tricate jade carvings for which tough. |

SCIENCE

Often mistaken for lapis lazuli, sodalite is an intense blue gemstone that sometimes has white veins.

This gem was recognized as a mineral only in 1977 and is thus relatively new to the gemstone market. It has a rich purple color and is always cut en cabochon or polished in rock tumblers. It is found in Canada, Italy, Japan, and South Africa.

One of the two forms of jade, nephrite is much more common than jadeite.

574

*)

SUGILITE

MEP

ornaments

of orthoclase.

TURQUOISE Among the most ancient of gemstones, turquoise beads over 5,000 years old have been found.

Turquoise mines.employing thousands of laborers existed in the reign of the pharaoh Semerkhet in the third millennium sce. The commodity was widely traded among ancient civilizations: turquoise from New Mexico found its way into Aztec art thousands of miles to the south. Turquoise is found in colors ranging from deep

blue to green. Much modern turquoise is ‘color stabilized” (impregnated with epoxy] because the natural blue shades may otherwise turn green after prolonged exposure to the atmosphere.

Sphene (the old name for the mineral titanite) has an even higher color dispersion than diamonds. It is rarely cut because it is so soft. It can be colorless, yellow, pink, blue, or green.

MOHS HARDNE

MOLDAVITE Moldavite was the green glass formed when a meteorite impacted sandstone near Ries, Bavaria, Germany.

MOHS HARDNESS

BRONZITE Bronzite is the name given to 9) the greenish-brown variety of the mineral hypersthene, which has a bronze-like luster when cut.

MALACH ie

CHRYSOCOLLA Pure chrysocolla

(hydrated copper silicate] is too soft to be cut or polished, so gem

Used as a gem and a carving material, and as an ore for its component metal,

malachite is a green-banded carbonate of copper. Its bands vary from light green to dark green and often form intricate swirling patterns. Fifty tons of malachite were mined in Russia in the nineteenth century, and an entire room in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg is paneled with it.

specimens are mixed with chalcedony to form a more resilient and lustrous material. Blue chrysocolla is the most highly prized.

>

MOHS HARDNESS

BLUE JOHN

9] 4 This purple-and| yellow layered fluorite comes only from a single location in Derbyshire, England.

SERPENTINE

RHODOCHROSITE Pink to cherry red,

gem-quality rhodochrosite is usually that can be green, yellow, brown, or a mixture of

colors. It is used mainly for carving.

formed in layers of light pink to rose colors and is cut as beads, carvings, and en cabochon.

MOHS HARDNESS: 4

VARISCITE S| ® Gem variscite can be pale

«J

to emerald green or blue-

green. Some specimens with black

webbing can be mistaken for green turquoise. Variscite is cut en cabochon forjewelry items such as brooches, earrings, and beads, and

can be carved into bowls or other decorative objects. Its porosity can lead it to discolor easily.

Howlite in its natural state tends to be white and often forms nodules resembling cauliflowers, which are dyed blue to resemble blue turquoise. Dyed

howlite is marketed as turquenite.” It was first discovered in the nineteenth century by Canadian geologist Henry How, after whom it is named.

SPHALERITE Soft and easily fractured,

SMITHSONITE Too soft for general wear, smithsonite

sphalerite is faceted as

is cut en cabochon or,

brilliant yellow-brown, red, golden-brown, or

collectors. It is blue,

| reddish-brown gems.

rarely, faceted for green, or lavender.

AMBer Amber is one of humankind’s oldest gems: beads of amber dating from the third millennium sce have been found, and an amber cup was recovered from a British Bronze Age burial. The Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg,

Russia, is entirely lined with it. It is the fossil resin of extinct coniferous trees and can be amber in color, as well as red, green,

or violet. The coast of the Baltic Sea has been the prime source of amber for most of history.

MOHS HA

PEARL

97Y Pearls have been highly valued since antiquity. They are a feature of Egyptian, Roman, and Greek jewelry. Until the twentieth century, gem pearls

were naturally formed, but today almost all are artificially grown (cultured). Colors range from black to white, and include cream,

gray, blue, yellow, lavender, green, and mauve.

Jet is a type of lignite coal formed by the submersion of driftwood in the mud of the seafloor. Jet has been used decoratively since antiquity—jet jewelry and carvings are often found in British Roman sites. It was used in Victorian times for mourning jewelry. 100 GEt

15

7

PLATE

TECTONICS

Earth was thought to be at the center of the cosmos” until 1543 when Nicolaus Copernicus formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun at its center. Earth is one of eight planets in orbit around the Sun. It has the right physical and chemical conditions for life to evolve and prosper. There are thought to be as many as 40 billion habitable Earth-size planets in the Milky Way galaxy.

consists of seven | large pieces, or tectonic plates, that constantly move at a rate of a few | inches per year.

CHICXULUB

—=CRATER

million years ago created this 110-milewide (180km) craterin Mexico and possibly killed | off the dinosaurs.

100 WONDERS OF Se

HOBA

LEONIDS

EAGE

Earth's early

| M ETEORIE Sometimes the remnant of an impacting asteroid | survives its passage

& The ocean covers 71 percent of Earth's ©" surface. The largest body of water, the

This prolific meteor shower occurs annually in mid-November when Earth passes through the dusty remnants of comet Tempel-Tuttle.

Pacific Ocean, covers nearly one-third. The

In 1833, 240,000 meteors were seen

|

deepest part of the ocean is the Mariana

in nine hours. These were caused

| atmosphere. The largest

Trench, which has a depth of 7 miles (11km].

by sand- or pea-size rocky, dusty

in the world is the 66-ton

|f Earth’s surface was a uniform height, the planet’s water would cover Earth completely

particles hitting the atmosphere at a speed of more than 160,000 miles

MOeEANS

to a depth of 1.7 miles (2.8km]. This water

per hour (257,495kph) and burning

came from the volcanic thermal cracking of crustal and mantle rocks.

out at heights some 87 miles (140km] above ground in a second or so.

SOLAR

SY

MAGNETOSPHERE

eee”

*) The magnetic field circulating currents In the inner Earth's metallic liquid core produces an elongated magnetic bubble around the planet - that deflects harmful cosmic rays.

|EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

MOO

\

The Moon is approximately one-quarter of the size of Earth and one-eightieth of its mass. It was likely formed at the dawn of the solar system when a Mars-

size asteroid hit Earth a glancing blow and a section of its rocky mantle was ejected to form a ring of debris around the Earth. This condensed to become the Moon.

4 Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth-largest planet in the solar system

atmosphere came | | from volcanoes and was mostly water and carbon |dioxide but it was later | oxygenated by plant life. =

through Earth’s

AURORA

GISTs

BOREALIS

| Arctic Circle and is produced by gaseous particles colliding.

| discovered in Namibia in 1920.

| MARE

==

This light display occurs above the

Hoba iron meteorite that | fell tens of thousands of

years ago, and was

=

GOODWILL |

poe

This circular lunar basin measures 345 miles (555km] in diameter

took a sample rock from the Moon's surface | in 1972. It was broken into

and is easily visible from Earth at the top right of the full Moon's face.

| pieces and sent to 135 foreign heads of state at the 50 US states. 100 WONDERS OF T!

7

FABERYERIEEE This sinuous collapsed lunar lava channel underlines the volcanic nature of the young Moon. It was an exploration site for the Apollo 15 mission.

-VENUSIAN CLOUDS The thick clouds above Venus reflect 75 percent of the sunlight hitting them and obscure the planet's surface.

VEN Us

VARs MARINERIS A huge equatorial canyon system on Mars stretching for about a quarter of the planet's circumference. It is more than 2,500 miles (4,023km] long, 125 miles

(200km] wide, and 23,000 feet (7km) deep. It is similar to the East African Rift system on Earth and the Baltis Vallis on Venus. Valles Marineris was formed more than 3,000

million years ago. It has since widened considerably because of episodic and catastrophic water erosion and the collapsing of its walls.

The second planet from the Sun and Earth's sister planet, Venus’s mass is 82 percent of Earth's mass and 95 percent of its diameter. It is the brightest planet in the sky. Its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere has produced such effective greenhouse heating that

its surface temperature is 863°F (462°C).

MERCURY The closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of the solar system's eight planets. It spins on its axis three times in every two orbits. Mercury suffers the greatest temperature variation of all the planets,

and changes from -280°F (-173°C} at night to 800°F (427°C) during the day at some equatorial regions.

CALORIS BASIN This 960-mile-wide

{1,550km] Mercurian crater is one of the largest in the solar system and was discovered by the Mariner 10 probe in 1974.

This small planet is 53 percent of the

diameter of the Earth and 11 percent of the mass. Its surface is a red, rusty, cold, desiccated

MARTIAN POLAR CAPS These permanent features are frozen water ice and a layer of frozen carbon dioxide.

desert, Mars being about 52 percent farther away from the Sun than Earth. A Martian day is 24 hours

621 miles (1,000km]} in

37 minutes. Similar tilts mean Mars has seasons comparable to Earth's but its year is twice as long

diameter in the

so its seasons are too.

The northern cap is

478

summer.

SCIENCE & NAT!

STEM

OLYMPUS MONS * This 16-mile-high

_ (25km] shield volcano on Mars is the tallest on any solar system planet. It covers an area 80 percent of that of France.

SOLIS LACUS ™)e> A dark feature fal on Mars, this was once thought by the US

HALLEY3 COMET ™) This comet passes

' close to the Sun

Lowell to be the capital

approximately every 76 years. Edmond Halley determined its periodicity

of a Martian civilization.

in 1705.

astronomer Percival

JUPITER

COMET TEMDPEL 1 Orbiting the Sun every 5.5 years, the comet was closely observed in 2005 by the Deep Impact spacecraft which launched a projectile into the comet. It was visited again in 2011 by the Stardust spacecraft.

COMET HALE-BOPP This, the Great

fae

Comet of 1997,

was the most widely observed comet of the

The dominant planet in the solar system, second only to the

Sun in size and mass. Jupiter's mass Is around onethousandth that of the Sun and 318 times Earth's mass. It is a gas giant, with a rocky-icy core of about 30 Earth masses, the remainder being hydrogen and helium with a few contaminants. It is about 5.2 times farther away from the Sun than Earth and orbits in around 11.9 years. Jupiter spins every 9.9 hours and this has dragged the ammonia ice crystal, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water clouds into a series of bands parallel to the equator.

GREAT RED SPOT In Jupiter's southern hemisphere, this anticyclonic, turbulent, slow-spinning storm has been seen from Earth

IC) This Jovian Galilean satellite was

discovered in 1610. It is the fourth-

since c. 1665. It extends about 5 miles (8km) above the Jovian cloud tops and rotates around the planet at a different speed to the surrounding atmosphere.

largest satellite in the solar system, and has more than 400 active volcanoes.

twentieth century, visible

to the naked eye for more than 18 months.

~ member of the Retaraid Belt, the remnants of a failed planetary formation process between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is approximately

590 miles (950km) in diameter and is classified as a dwarf planet.

EROS y This peanut-shape asteroid is about 21

miles (34km] long. Its orbit crosses that of Mars but within 1 million years it is expected to be perturbed onto an Earth-crossing orbit.

EUROPA This large Jovian satellite has a relatively young, smooth ice-covered surface that is crisscrossed by linear cracks and streaks consisting of muddy clays. Beneath the ice there is thought to be a liquid ocean that might be an abode for life.

|

URANUS The seventh planet from the Sun was discovered by William Herschel in 1781. This planet is 14.5 times more massive than Earth and has 27 known satellites.

SATURN At just under twice Jupiter's distance from the Sun and at one-third Jupiter's mass, this cold, chemically less active planet

is a dull yellow color. It spins every 10.6 hours, producing a system of banded clouds that are parallel to the equator but much less distinct than Jupiter's.

AIURN S IN This prominent thin-ring system consists of circularly orbiting, non-colliding rocky fragments that are ice covered. The rings are inside Saturn’s Roche sphere, a region where tidal forces make satellite growth impossible. This sphere has a radius about 2.5 times that of Saturn. Saturn has two ma rings, called A and B, and there is a gap, called the Cassini Division, between them.

100 WONDERS OF Tt

79

NEPTUNE The eighth planet from the Sun was discovered in 1846 by

analyzing its gravitational effects on Uranus.

PLUTO Pluto was once considered the ninth planet from the Sun. |t was demoted to dwarf

planet category in 2006.

The star at the center of the solar system is the Sun. It is | a main-sequence star and as such steadily generates energy in its core by converting hydrogen into helium. This process has already lasted for 4.6 billion years and will continue for a similar time until usable hydrogen runs out. The Sun is in the stellar top 5 percent as far as mass and energy output goes. It

|

is nearly a perfect sphere, about

109 times the size of Earth and 330,000 times Earth's mass. Its

1992 QBI The Solar System beyond Pluto is not empty. This 104-mile-

diameter (167km] object discovered in 1992 was the first to be found out there.

mass is three-quarters hydrogen, about one quarter helium, and .7 percent other elements. Physically, it is alla gaseous

plasma, the surface layers being interlaced with magnetic fields. The surface temperature is 10,000°F

(5,600°C). Cooler spots appear on

OORT

CLOUD

Surrounding the Sun and stretching out halfwayto nearby stars is this symmetrical collection of 1 trillion cometary nuclei.

GREAT SMI S OME OF 1947 This cool, magnetic, active region on

the Sun was the largest and longest-lasting dark spot since 1900 and had

an area of about 6,000 millionths

of the solar

disk (about 40 times Earth's width]. It lasted for over half a year, about

eight solar rotation

80

SCIENCE

& NAT

his surface and their numbers vary with an 11-year periodicity. The Sun’s equator spins round every 25 days but takes 34 days at the poles.

SiO Ape OF

SOLAR CORE

meas

2OCr

This electrostatic discharge above a sunspot group on the solar surface is the biggest solar flare on record. As well as a bright flash of visual, ultraviolet, X-ray, and radio radiation, it ejected a large mass of the corona above it.

SOLAR CORONA With a temperature of well over 900,000°F (500,000°C) this low-density, escaping, faint, plasma, upper-atmospheric solar cloud is more than 200 times hotter than the Sun's visible surface.

The Sun’s core temperature is approximately 28,260,000°F (15,700,000°C). The mass loss resulting from the conversion of hydrogen into helium is converted into energy. It takes a million years for this energy to get to the Sun's surface.

Star spectra have absorption lines that have wavelengths that are specific to chemical elements. By knowing the temperature of the absorbing regions in a spectra, these can be used to obtain the chemical composition.

Ll| Al This band of 12 constellations is the celestial backdrop to the movement of the Sun, Moon, and the pianets around the sky. The term “zodiac” derives from the Greek for “circle of animals,” and half of the signs of the zodiac depict creatures.

URSA MAJOR

POLARIS

The sky is divided into 88 areas called constellations. That of Ursa Major, the Great Bear, in the Northern Hemisphere is one of the largest. Within it, forming the rear and tail of the bear is a pattern of stars

known as the Plough or Big Dipper. Two of its stars (Merak and Dubhe) point toward Polaris, the pole star.

6] CYGNI = @) This was the first star to have its distance measured. In 1838, Friedrich Bessel measured how far it moved in six months, as the Earth traveled from one side of

its orbit to the other.

ORION P

a"

my

St

RRC EID Hy

SAILING

| RUNNING

BOXING

JOSHUA SLOCUM'S SOLO CIRCUMNAVIGATION

JEFFRIES V. JOHNSON: FIGHT OF THE CENTURY

ERIC LIDDELL WINS 400M

Slocum was a writer and seaman from Nova Scotia who spent three years sailing single-handedly around the world. He had rebuilt Spray, his 37-foot-long

Jack “Galveston Giant” Johnson, angered America's openly racist society by becoming the first black world heavyweight champion. Ex-champ Jim Jeffries was persuaded out of retirement to face him but was well beaten by round 15, prompting riots across America.

Liddell would not enter an Olympic race on a Sunday. So he switched to the 400m and won in | world-record time.

(11m) oyster boat himself. After his return, in 1898, he wrote a best-selling book about the pemeering feat.

Christian sprinter

100 GREAT SPORTING

MOMENTS

SWIMMING 15

GERTRUDE EDERLE SWIMS CHANNEL

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

“WIN ONE FOR THE GIPPER” SPEECH

was the first woman to swim the English Channel.

Coach Knute Rockne’s rousing halftime speech to his team became a Hollywood cliche.

BASEBALL

CRICKET

| The 20-year-old US

~* Olympic champion

BABE AUTH ALI OO HOME HUN WA StASUN “The Sultan of Swat,” Babe Ruth was trying to beat his own previous world record of 59? home runs in aseason. In his

last innings of the last game, against Washington, the Yankees’ star needed just one more and smashed Tom Zachary’s left-handed pitch right into the stands.

BRADMAN SCORES 334 Al HEADINGLEY The new 21-year-old Australian batsman belted the previously confident English bowlers to every part of the Headingley Ashes Test ground. He notched a century before lunch,

a record-breaking 309 runs in the first day, and

a total of 334 before being caught the next morning.

ATHLETICS

BASEBALL

JESSE QWENS LOU GEHRIG'S WINS FOUR GOLDS “LUCKY MAN" African-American sprinter Owens punctured Nazi myths of Aryan supremacy by winning gold in 100m, 200m, long jump, and 4x100m

relay at the Berlin Olympics.

BASEBALL

JOHNNY VANDER MEER THROWS TWO NO-HITTERS Cincinnati Red’s young lefthanded pitcher Vander Meer achieved a unique feat: denying the whole opposing batting team a hit of the ball in two consecutive games.

SPEECH

When 36-year-old baseball star Lou

Gehrig was forced to retire with a rare debilitating disease, he made a memorable and moving farewell speech to 61,808 fans at | Yankee Stadium. The Yankees’ first baseman

said: “Today, | consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth. | might have been given a bad break but I’ve got an awful lot to live for.” Gehrig went on to say that he felt lucky to have played baseball for 17 years and to have always felt the love and support of the fans. He died two years later.

BOXING

SOCCER

Democracy v. fascism? Whatever the symbolism, Louis demolished the German heavyweight in the first round.

Brazil had already proclaimed their team the “world champions” when the outsiders shocked the host nation to win the World Cup in front of over 200,000 spectators

JOE LOUIS BEATS SCHMELING

URUGUAY 2, BRAZIL 1

medals ata single Olympics, a record that stood for 48 years 4. Jesse Owens—the first American to win four track-and-field gold

100 GREAT

SPORTING

MOMEN

795

MOUNTAINEERING

RUNNING

HILLARY & TENZING nUGtn DAMN STE} FOUR-MINUTE MILE SCALE EVEREST It was 11:30 a.m. on the morning of May 29 when quiet New Zealander Edmund Hillary, a professional beekeeper, and local Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were the first humans to stand on the peak of the world’s

Medical student and amateur athlete Roger Bannister achieved a target he had set himself years before, by running the world’s first sub-four-minute mile on a track in Oxford. Some | experts had claimed the time was humanly impossible” to achieve.

highest point, 29,035 feet (8,848m] above sea level. Theirs was the ninth expedition to attempt the ascent. At the summit, Hillary photographed Tenzing holding flags, and buried a crucifix in the snow. They were part of a British expedition, and the news of their success reached the world on June 2, the day of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation.

é

BASEBALL

BILL MAZEROSKI HITS OVER THE FENCE TO WIN THE WORLD SERIES The greatest home run ever. Maz of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit the bottom-of-

the-ninth, out-of-the-stadium

| BOXING

HENRY COOPER FLOORS ALI The popular British cockney heavyweight floored the odds-on world champion. Ali recovered to win after his corner stalled

for time, “searching for replacement gloves.”

Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup with a widely acclaimed victory for their sporting attacking play against a cynically defensive Inter Milan.

SOCCER

SOCCER

NORTH KOREA BEATS ITALY

BASKETBALL

WILT CHAMBERLAIN SCORES 100 POINTS

The unknown Koreans beat the former world champions 1-0, knocking them out of the World Cup. They became the first nonEuropean/US team to reach the second round.

Chamberlain's points haul in a match for Philadelphia Warriors against New York Knicks remains the single-game NBA scoring record. The 7-foot-tall (2.1m)] center smashed the previous record, set by himself, of 78 points in a game. The record is credited with changing the fortunes of the NBA league.

PUSKAS GIVES SHIRT TO EUSEBIO

GEOFF HURST'S HAT TRICK

Benfica’s young star Eusébio scored two as they beat the great Real Madrid in the European Cup final and then ran to swap shirts with 35-year-old legend Ferenc Puskas.

Hurst was an unpopular replacement for English national hero Jimmy Greaves, but he justified his place by scoring the first hat trick in a World Cup final.

& LEISURE

MANCHESTER UNITED WINS EUROPEAN CUP

The win against Benfica claimed the first European Cup for an English club. Coach Matt Busby and two key players had survived an air crash that wiped out United's team ten years before.

CRICKET SOCCER

SOCCER

SPORT

CELTIC WINS EUROPEAN CUP

match winner

in game seven of a tied World Series.

796

SOCCER

GARY SOBERS HITS SIX SIXES

West Indies and Nottinghamshire captain and all-rounder Sobers became the first batsman to hit six sixes in the consecutive balls of an over. The last hit cleared the stadium and ended in a nearby garden.

LONG JUMP

BOB BEAMON'S LONG JUMP )

# US athlete Robert Beamon’s first

‘=*

long jump in an Olympic final was

so exceptional, it broke the existing world

record by almost 2 feet (60cm). When he heard his distance, Beamon collapsed with shock and was helped to his feet by rival athletes, including the defending champion

Lynn Davies who told him: “You've destroyed this event.” Beamon’s record stood for

almost 23 years.

HGH JUMP

Trt FOSBURY FLOP Little-known American athlete Dick Fosbury had privately invented a new style of clearing the high-jump bar. During the Mexico Olympics of 1968, the unconventional athlete slept in a campervan. When he started jumping, the crowd laughed but

eventually cheered when his flop” _ propelled him to the gold medal. The flop style has dominated high jumping ever since. AMERICAN

BASKETBALL

FOOTBALL

JOE NAMATH’S GUARANTEE the Super Bowl three days later. Jets delivered, and Namath was named Most Valuable Player.

SOCCER

TENNIS

The world’s greatest player Pele seemed to have scored with a powerful header, but England goalkeeper Banks dived from nowhere to scoop the ball over the bar. The save is remembered more than the World Cup game, which England lost 1-0.

Former Wimbledon champion Bobby Riggs, aged 55, claimed women were inferior and he could still beat any woman

“guaranteed” victory against the Colts in

BANKS SAVES SHOT FROM PELE

US TABLE TENNIS TEAM VISITS CHINA

“BLACK POWER" SALUTES * African-American athletes Tommie

{2% Smith and John Carlos made controversial raised-fist “Black Power” salutes from the Olympic medal podium as their national anthem was played. The athletes claim

it was a ‘human rights salute” and all three medalists were wearing human rights badges.

After 25 years of no official contact, Chinese and US politicians were at a standoff. Many predicted war. Somehow, the innocent visit of the American table tennis team to China started a thaw and began

a period of “ping-pong diplomacy,” which ended with President Nixon and Chairman Mao shaking hands in Beijing. AMERICAN FOOTBALL

player. King took the “Battle of the Sexes”

HORSE RACING

SIECIRE WARIA WINS BELMONT BYeolsREN Clif The thoroughbred won the Triple Crown by taking the Belmont Stakes and proved his dominance with a 31-length victory, which remains the fastest 1.5-mile performance ever.

©

THE IMMACULATE RECEPTION ;

BILLIE JEAN KING BEATS BOBBY RIGGS challenge and, ina live televised one-off match, won three sets to love.

TABLE TENNIS

RUNNING

USA V. USSR OLYMPIC FINAL At the Cold War peak, the all-conquering US basketball team was so shocked by the last-ditch single-point Soviet Olympic victory, the players refused their silver medals.

Jets quarterback Namath publically

It was one of the great American football plays of all time: Steelers’ fullback Franco Harris caught a long pass for a game-winning, last-second touchdown.

ST NEW ZEALAND The greatest try ever? Playing the great All-Blacks, Gareth Edwards finished a stunning seven-man move covering the whole field with a diving touchdown in the corner. 100 GREAT

SPORTING

M

BOXING

E HOCK!

THE RUMBLE IN THE JUNGLE

MIRACLE ON ICE

The world heavyweight fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman held in the African state of Zaire was promoted as ‘The Rumble in the Jungle.” The powerful 25-year-old Foreman was champion, and the 32-year-old Ali was trying to regain the title that had been stripped from him when he refused to join the US Army. Foreman bombarded Ali until the eighth, when Ali finally countered with a combination that floored Foreman.

The Soviets were the world’s dominant hockey team while the underdog Americans were mostly young college amateurs. The New York Times said Russia would win barring a miracle.” America won 4-3, so it was duly dubbed “the Miracle.”

YMINA Q

a=) = =

Fourteen-year-old Romanian gymnast Comaneci was the first competitor awarded a perfect ten by judges for her performance on the uneven bars. She scored six more tens in the 1976 Olympics for her flawless routines. The scoreboard could only

display her score as “1.00,” as a fourth digit had been deemed unnecessary

because a 10.00 was thought impossible.

TENNIS

MCENROE V. BORG AT WIMBLEDON Ina sizzling ‘fire-versus-ice” classic Wimbledon men’s singles final, the cool Swede Borg beat the volatile American McEnroe.

RACING

RED RUM WINS THIRD NATIONAL Experts thought him too old to win, but the 12-year-old racehorse’s third Grand National triumph is a record that still stands. Ridden by ipeney Tomeny Stack, he sailed to victory Py25 pe ue

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

THE CATCH 3

It was the NFC Championship Game between the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers—a contest that represented a turning point in the fortunes of both sides. Only 51 seconds were left when underpressure 49ers quarterback Joe Montana backpedaled, feinted, and then hurled a huge pass to the end zone, where receiver Dwight Clark ran clear to make a perfect midair catch and touchdown. The successful kick won the game for San Francisco, who went on to take the Super Bowl, too. The Catch” is widely regarded as one of the most memorable events in NFL history.

SPORT

Stanford led the college football game 20-19 with just four

&LE

JRE

California Bears strung together five lateral passes as they ran right through the Stanford defense. The Stanford band was already in the end zone, ready to start

DURAN TELLS LEONARD “NO MAS”

their celebratory march when Kevin Moen received

Sugar Ray Leonard won this world title rematch bout when Roberto Duran reputedly told

the final pass and ran through band members

the referee No mas”—no more.

into the trombone player.

HORSE RACING

SAILING

BOB CHAMPION WINS NATIONAL Popular jump jockey champion

798

THE PLAY

seconds left, but somehow

ADICOANECl EREEGT SCORE

HORSE

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

overcame treatment for cancer

to return to racing. He won the Grand National riding chestnut gelding Aldaniti, who had similarly recovered

from chronic leg injuries.

to a touchdown, crashing

AUSTRALIA BEATS USA IN AMERICA’S CUP The New York Yacht Club had successfully defended the Cup for 132 years until Australia Il, a new

type of winged-keep yacht, skippered by John Bertrand, finally took the

trophy 4-3. The dramatic 41-second margin ended the longest unbeaten run in sports.

FIGURE SKATING

TORVILL DEAN'S BOLERO The UK figure skaters won the

highest-ever Olympic scores for their routine to Ravel's Boléro.

SOCCER

SNOOKER

18.5 MILLION WATCH LAST-BALL Wily FOR TAYLOR

a

nl

Four years after the Falklands War between the nations, Argentina's Diego Maradona scored a famously controversial goal to help beat

™ Snooker became the most ~ popular TV show as the world final reached an amazing climax. Three-time champion Englishman Steve Davis was winning 8-0 when Northern Ireland's underdog Dennis Taylor began a stirring comeback. After a marathon 15-hour final, it all rested on the black ball. Both players missed before Taylor potted to win. GOLF 1

NICKLAUS WINS MASTERS M® The 46-year-old American won a ’ record sixth Masters title after a thrilling comeback in a final round in which five different players held the lead. GOLF 1987

MIZE CHIPS IN FROM 140 FEET TO WIN ) Local golfer Larry Mize beat Greg » Norman in the Augusta Masters playoff, winning the title with an incredible sandwedge chip into the hole from 140 feet (42m).

TENNIS 798

PAT CASH CLIMBS INTO THE STANDS =

Australian Cash beat world No. 1

~ |van Lendl in the Wimbledon final and then celebrated by clambering up the stands to where his family and coach sat.

BASEBALL

KIRK GIBSON'S HOBBLING HOME RUN Gibson insisted on hobbling out to bat in the World Series, despite a serious hamstring injury. He hit the match-winning home run, famously stumbling round the bases.

England 2-1 in the World Cup quarterfinals. Officials failed to spot that he illegally punched the ball into the net. He later said it was scored ‘by the hand of God.”

RUNNING

BEN JOHNSON’S 100M OLYMPIC GOLD The Canadian sprinter won an Olympic final with a new 100m world record but was then disqualified for failing a drug test. Other finalists were later found to be using drugs. The race was dubbed “history's dirtiest race” and marked a turning point in sports’ attitude to performance-enhancing drugs.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

| SOCCtH

SENAL WINS LEAGUE NV LAST MINUTE In the final match of the English football season, leaders and hot

favorites Liverpool were at home to their nearest rivals Arsenal and would take the title unless the visitors won by two goals Arsenal's Michael Thomas scored a solo last-minute goal to win the match 2-0 and take the championship.

SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS WIN SUPER BOWL IN LAST MINUTE Down 16-13 in the fourth quarter of a tense Super Bowl, the 49ers came back to beat the Cincinnati Bengals with a last-minute touchdown, thanks to star quarterback Joe Montana's pass to John Taylor.

BASKETBALL

MICHAEL JORDAN'S LAST-SECOND WINNER Some simply call it “the Shot.” In the fifth game of a thrilling Eastern

BOBSLED 1988

Conference series, Cleveland took a 100-99

) The unlikely presence of a determined = Jamaican bobsled team at the Calgary Winter Olympics inspired a successful Hollywood movie, despite them finishing last.

Chicago worked the ball to Jordan, who

JAMAICACOMPETES AT THE WINTER OLYMPICS

MARADONA'S CONTROVERSIAL GOAL

lead with three seconds left. However,

hit a shot from the foul line over a defender

and into the basket just as the buzzer sounded. A classic clutch moment. 100 GREAT SPORTING

MOM

CYCLING

TENNIS

GREG LEMOND WINS TOUR DE FRANCE BY EIGHT SECONDS It was the closest Tour de France in history. Popular Californian LeMond was trailing French two-time former champion Laurent Fignon by 50 seconds as the final stage’s time trail began. ) The two had been within a minute of each other for the whole race. LeMond's extraordinary burst

of speed {an average 34.093mph/ 54.55 kph) gave him the final stage and overall Tour victory by only

eight seconds.

BASKETBALL

LAETTNER'S BUZZER BEATER

The lead changed to-and-fro in one of the greatest college basketball games ever. With only two seconds of overtime left, Duke were losing to Kentucky. But they worked one last desperate play to Christian Laettner, who dribbled, twisted,

and sunk a 17-foot (5m] jump shot to beat the buzzer, winning the game and the East Regional Championship.

CRICKET

SHANE WARNE’S FIRST “BALL OF THE CENTURY” They still call it the “ball of the century.” Australian spin bowler Shane Warne

jogged up to bowl his first-ever ball in an Ashes test at Old Trafford against the fierce

rivals England and produced an attacking, unplayable delivery. It started straight, drifted to the leg side, bounced wide but spun viciously back to clip the stumps. England batsman Mike Gatting simply stared at the pitch in

disbelief before walking off, shaking his head. Australia went on to win the series 4-1.

| ATHLETICS

DEREK REDMOND FINISHES WITH HIS FATHER’S HELP British athlete Redmond collapsed with a pulled hamstring in a 400m Olympic race but continued hobbling in | agony. His father ran to the track and helped him finish.

MICHAEL CHANG BEATS IVAN LENDL The unfancied 17-year-old Chinese American beat

world No. 1 Ivan Lendl on his way to winning the French Open.

WAYNE GRETZKY SMASHES SCORING RECORD Los Angeles King Gretzky broke the 1,850 NHL points scoring record—then added another | goal to win the game. AMERICAN FOOTBALL

“YOU DON'T LIVE IN CLEVELAND” SPEECH Cincinnati Bengals’s coach Sam Wyche stopped crowd

trouble with nine words: ‘You don't live in Cleveland, you live in Cincinnati.”

BASEBALL

JOE CARTER’S WINNING HOME RUN Toronto's Carter hit * adramatic threerun home run in the ninth inning to seal a comeback World Series victory against Philadelphia.

BOXING

BUSTER DOUGLAS BEATS MIKE TYSON Outsider Buster

Douglas was a 42-1 underdog against the undefeated world heavyweight champion Mike Tyson, but the fight was a Classic. Douglas was floored in the eighth but recovered to knock Tyson down for the first time in his career. The champion famously fumbled groggily for his gum shield on the canvas before the referee counted him out.

HIGH JUMP

JAVIER SOTOMAYOR CLEARS 8 FEET Cuban track-and-field athlete Sotomayor is, to date, the only high jumper to clear 8 feet

(2.4m). He broke that record in 1989 and raised it by half an inch in 1993. | Sotomayor has retired, but his world record still stands.

FIGURE SKATING

NANCY KERRIGAN WINS SILVER DESPITE ATTACK American figure skater Kerrigan was attacked after a practice session by a stranger wielding a baton who seriously injured her knee. Incredibly, it

turned out the disabling attack was planned by the ex-husband of her US skating rival, Tonya Harding. Kerrigan was too injured to compete in the US championships but was picked for the Olympic team, along with Harding. Kerrigan produced a silver-medal-winning performance. Harding was eighth.

RUGBY

1994

THE TRY FROM THE END OF THE WORLD f@@ Jean-Luc Sadourny’s diving »‘) finish ended a move covering the length of the field and gave visitors France victory over New Zealand. BASEBALL 19-95

CAL RIPKEN'S CONSECUTIVE GAME RUN gm § ; “The Iron Man” played his

» @ 2,131st consecutive game, sreauing a new record—and hit a home run to celebrate.

RUGBY

FLSON MANDELA EARS SOUTH AFRICA GRY SHIRT

LS)

M™ The ultimate peace-making ‘statesman seized the opportunity of South Africa winning the World Cup to unite his country. Rugby was previously seen asa white-only elitist sport despised by the black majority. Yet 70-year-old Mandela took to the field after the final wearing a Springbok’s jersey and baseball cap to celebrate.

SOCCER

STUART PEARCE'S PENALTY Pearce roared with relief after scoring a vital penalty to exorcize memory of an earlier World Cup penalty miss.

GYMNASTICS

KERRI STRUG'S VAULT

Teenage US gymnast Strug badly injured her ankle on her first attempt at the Olympic vault. The team’s gold medal depended on her taking another attempt. She bravely did, collapsing in pain when landing. America won the gold.

HORSE RACING

FRANKIE DETTORI WINS SEVEN RACES IN ONE DAY

Popular Italian | jockey Dettori | won all seven races on British Champions’ Day | at Ascot. Casual racegoers bet on the famously smiley jockey so

bookmakers made huge losses, and Dettori bought the final winning horse as a family pet.

GOLF

TIGER WOODS BECOMES YOUNGEST MASTERS CHAMP Young Californian golfer Tiger Woods had been a very promising amateur college player and turned professional at the unusually early age of 20. Within a year he had won his first major title, the 1997 Masters. Woods beat the experienced field by 12 strokes, winning almost half a million dollars, and became the youngest-ever champion of a major tournament. He was also the first nonwhite winner. Within two months he was golf's world No. 1.

OLYMPICS 19

MUHAMMAD ALI LIGHTS OLYMPIC FLAME

* Alihad been suffering with Parkinson's disease for 12 years. When he was chosen to light the Olympic flame for the 1996 Atlanta games, his determined, if

shaky, movements touched the world. SOCCER

49

UbSCORE TO WIN AFRICA CUP OF NATIONS ™) Second-half substitute Mark ! && Williams scored twice to win the Africa Cup of Nations for post-apartheid South Africa.

SNOOKER

RONNIE O’SULLIVAN’S FASTEST 147 BREAK

At the world championship, Ronnie O'Sullivan made the maximum possible break of 147 points in the fastest-ever time: five minutes and 20 seconds. This equates to less than nine seconds per shot.

MOTORSPORT

EARNHARDT WINS DAYTONA AT LAST After 19 failed attempts at Daytona and a 59-race winless streak, popular NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt won one of the fastest-ever 500s. All the rival pit crews ran out to congratulate him.

100 GREAT SPORTING MOME!

SOCCER

MANCHESTER UNITED COMEBACK IN LAST MINUTE

German champions Bayern Munich were cruising to a 1-0 win in the Champions League final with 90 minutes up and only three minutes of injury time to play. But United substitutes Sheringham and Solskjaer scrambled in goals from quickly taken corners to seal a sensational last-gasp turnaround. SOCCER

GOALIE SCORES LAST-MINUTE GOAL TO SAVE TEAM Bottom-of-the-table Carlisle needed to win the last match of the season to stay in the league. With ten seconds left, goalie Jimmy Glass raced up to join the attackers and volleyed homeaae Recteeule| nig goal, prompting wild celebrations.

SWIMMING

SKATEBOARD

IAN THORPE'S AIR TONY HAWK LANDS THE 900 GUITAR CELEBRATION

“The Birdman” became the first to manage a 900—a 2.5-times aerial spin.

Australian swimmer

|

“Thorpedo” celebrated winning the Olympic 4x100m final by playing air guitar to the crowd.

TENNIS

WILDCARD IVANISEVIC WINS WIMBLEDON Croatian tennis star lvaniSevic—a runner-up in 1992, 1994, and 1998—

had not qualified for Wimbledon and was ranked 125th in the world. He managed to

secure a wildcard” to allow him to enter the tournament. He battled through the rounds, sometimes helped by rain stops, and beat favorite Pat Rafter in a stormy five-set final in front of one of the noisiestever Wimbledon crowds. lvaniSevic stumped to the turf as he became the only wildcard and the lowest-ranked player to have won Wimbledon. SOCCER

SPEED SKATING

GERMANY 1, ENGLAND 5

STEVEN BRADBURY’S UNLIKELY SKATE WIN

Michael Owen's hat trick helped England to thrash their long-standing rivals in a World Cup qualifier in Munich.

Placed last on the final lap, Bradbury won Australia's first Winter Olympic gold after everyone else collided and fell.

RUGBY

ROWING

JONNY WILKINSON'S DROP GOAL

STEVE REDGRAVE WINS FIFTH GOLD Four years after promising he would never row again,

Redgrave slumped over his oars with exhaustion after winning his fifth Olympic gold in consecutive games. His British coxless fours team had beaten Italy by only half a second in the final.

A tense Rugby World Cup final in Sydney between Australia and England went into overtime with scores at 14 all. The scores were still tied as the game reached the last frantic minute. With only 26 seconds left, the ball fell to Wilkinson, who immediately lofted a long dropkick to score the vital cup-winning points. England won their first World Cup title 20-17.

GOLF.

TIGER WOODS NS ALL MAJORS In 2000 and 2001, Tiger Woods was at his peak. He entered the planet's four biggest tournaments—the Masters, PGA, US Open, and the British Open—and won them all. At the US Open in particular, Woods stormed the field, winning by a huge 15-stroke margin at 12 below par. At one point he had won six tournaments in a row. The Californian was only 24 years old. Commentators called it “the greatest year in golf ever.”

802 SPORT & LEISURE

CRICKE

BRIAN LARA 400: NO

seal

West Indies fans went wild when their captain, Lara, set a new Test

Match record by scoring an imperious 400 not out against England. The Trinidadian had faced 582 balls and hit 43 fours and four sixes before

declaring at a massive total of 751-5.

CRICKET

CRICKET

SOCCER 2005

aie WINS CHAMPIONS LEAGUE

At halftime in the Champions League final, six-time winners and clear favorites Milan were cruising at 3-0 against Liverpool. Liverpool's captain Steven Gerrard inspired a spirited three-goal comeback in the second half. It went to penalties, and Liverpool won.

ENGLAND WINS THE ASHES Andrew Flintoff

fired England toa 2-1 Ashes Series triumph against the firm favorites,

Ricky Ponting’s worldNo. 1 side Australia.

SOUTH AFRICA WIN GREATEST-EVER ONE-DAY INTERNATIONAL Was this the greatest one-day cricket match ever? Australia posted the record-breaking score of 434 for 4 but, with Gibbs scoring 175, South Africa managed to overhaul that massive total in a final nerve-tingling over.

RUNNING

USAIN BOLT WINS 1OOM GOLD 09 At the 2008 Olympics in os Beijing, the charismatic Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt put ona show as he lined up for the 100m final. He danced around and struck his trademark “archer” pose. At the gun, Bolt seemed to win the 100m gold and break the world record with ease. He even appeared to slow down toward the tape, lowering his arms and

breaking technique. In the 200m final, expectations were high, and

Bolt did not disappoint. He exploded away from the rest and again broke the world record. It was the beginning of Bolt’s domination of world sprinting.

SWIMMING

2008

MICHAEL PHELPS WINS EIGHT GOLDS i US swimmer Phelps won a « == record-breaking eight golds a the Beijing Olympics, including setting seven new world records. Phelps said: “lam in a dream world.” MOTORSPORT 2008

LEWIS HAMILTON BECOMES YOUNGEST-EVER F1 CHAMP @ At 23, Hamilton became F1's =)®& youngest world champion after a dramatic last-lap overtaking move in the Brazilian Grand Prix.

TENNIS

FEDERER’S 23RD CONSECUTIVE GRAND SLAM SEMI Federer won the Australian

SOCCER

CYCLING

BRADLEY WIGGINS WINS TOUR & OLYMPICS Wiggins perfect

remarkable was his semifinal

» year” included becoming the first Briton

appearance—his twenty-third

to win the Tour de France,

consecutive Grand Slam semi.

winning Olympic time-trial gold, being voted BBC Sports Personality of the

Open in 2008 but even more

CYCLING 20

CADEL EVANS WINS TOUR & GIVES FRENCH SPEECH The first Australian to win the Tour de France greeted Paris crowds with a thank-you speech in his best schoolboy French.

Year, and awarded a

knighthood. During the Tour a protestor threw tacks on the road. When several rivals suffered punctures, Wiggins slowed down to let them catch up.

AGUERO WINS LEAGUE IN LAST MINUTE Fans were in tears as nervous leaders Manchester City were losing the title-deciding game at home to lowly QPR. But injury

time goals from Dzeko and Aguero turned the game around, snatching the title from local rivals, United.

TENNIS

ANDY MURRAY WINS WIMBLEDON Scot Murray 77-year wait Wimbledon champion three-set victory over

ended for its with a world

Britain's own decisive No. 1

Djokovic. Murray dropped his racket and punched the air with both hands.

100 GREAT SPORTING M

Boi

age

Ral wm Pe salual

~*~

~~

SOCCER 188

PRESTON NORTH END

Preston's Invincibles ran away with the title in the first season of the world’s first national soccer league. Helped by center-forward John Goodall’s 22 goals, they finished 11 points clear and were unbeaten all season. The same year they also won the FA Cup, becoming the first club to

CROQUET

FRANCE Croquet has only appeared at the Olympics once—in the 1900 Paris Games, France,

achieve the “Double.”

with all ten competitors naturally scooping all three gold medals. The event was not considered a success. Only one person turned up to watch—and he was English. Croquet was hastily dropped as an Olympic sport.

BASEBALL

GAELIC

BASEBALL

CHICAGO CUBS The Cubs blitzed the National League 107-45 to face Ty Cobb's Detroit Tigers in the World Series. Chicago won 4-0

(with one tie], only allowing

TENNIS

USA'S DAVIS CUP TEAM

Is this the best-ever Davis Cup.team? Certainly Big Bill Tilden and Little Bill Johnston dominated international tennis in the early 1920s. In the 1920 tournament they toured the world and didn't lose a | single rubber in pnaics or doubles.

BASE BAL L

NEW YORK YANKEES Considered one of the best baseball teams in history, the fearsome Yankees batting lineup of the

the Tigers three runs In

total. Pitcher Mordecal “Three Finger” Brown's unique curve balls were due to losing two digits in a farming accident.

late 1920s was nicknamed ‘Murderers’ Row.” The squad included seven future Hall of Famers. Babe Ruth hit 60 home runs and Lou Gehrig got 47, and the team won the American beegue.and World Series.

TEAMS

100 WIN NIN 19

PHILADELPHIA ATHLETICS

FOOTBALL

KERRY Kerry's 1930s team was almost unbeatable.

to win the World Series, thanks to a stellar squad including Lefty Grove and Al Simmons.

The 1932 championship win over Mayo was their fourth All-Ireland final victory in a row, and they took the crown five times in the decade.

WATERPOLO

SOCCER

HUNGARY

MANCHESTER UNITED

“4 The men’s team won "© every game on the way to Olympic gold, including the Blood in the Water battle against USSR, which was at the time invading Hungary.

After the Busby Babes were decimated by the Munich air disaster, reserves and youth players bravely

™

The As beat the

~ Chicago Cubs 4-1

RUGBY

LEAGUE

1

SimGEORGE

completed the season,

finishing ninth.

TENNIS

BRITAIN'S DAVIS CUP TEAM Fred Perry and Bunny Austin led Britain to victory in a tournament

featuring 32 other nations, beating France in the Paris final.

BASEBALL

NEW YORK |HUNGARY

YANKEES

Center fielder Joe DiMaggio helped the Yankees become the first team to win the World Series four times in a row.

SOCCER

REAL MADRID

Madrid had won the previous four European Cup finals when they faced Eintracht Frankfurt at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland. With Puskas scoring four and Di Stéfano three, the Spaniards won 7-3 to lift a unique, fifth, successive European

DRAGONS

In the middle of an astonishing run of 11 © “@) consecutive premiership titles and 12 seasons unbeaten at home, the Sydney-based Dragons enjoyed an unbeaten season in 1959. The secret was an invincible defense built around players imported from England.

crown. The flair and teamwork of Madrid prompted many to cal Lit the best club team in soccer history. The fluid Madrid style influenced a generation of coaches, including a young Alex Ferguson, who was among more than 127,000 fans at the game.

Cup final 4 The Real Madrid team poses for a photo prior to the legendary 1760 European

SOCCER

created anew modern’ playing style. They were unbeaten in 32 games but lost the World gardfinal.

BASEBALL

'

NEW YORK YANKEES Was this the greatest team in baseball history? With stars like Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Roger Maris, and Mickey Mantle, Ralph

Houk’s Pinstripers won an American League title and then defeated Cincinnati 4-1 in the World Series. = ;

AMERICAN FOOTBALI 1¢ ! GREEN BAY PACKERS A formidable defense, with

five Hall of Famers, helped the Packers remain unbeaten at home all season and to win the

NFL world championship. 100

WINNING

TEAM

805

SOCCER

SOCCER

TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR

SANTOS Pele’s South American champions thrashed Benfica 8-4 on aggregate to become the top international club team.

England's Double winners became the first British club to win a European trophy: the UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup.

| HORSE RACING

BOSTON

CELTICS

|_ ARKLE & PAT TAAFFE

Ranked one of basketball's greatest-

Irish thoroughbred Arkle and jockey

ever teams, the Celtics took the NBA

CELIIG@

With star riders

Eddy Merckx and Roger Pingeon, the Peugeot team were a major force in road bicycle racing. It won the Tour de France and the World Road Race championship in 1967. Pingeon won the Tour in 1967, followed by

|

en route to the final.

SOCCER

BRAZIL The final goal in Brazil's 4-1 World Cup final resounding victory over Italy summed up the style of one of the greatest ever international teams. The glorious move involved eight Brazilians, starting near their own penalty area, including a dribble through four Italians from Clodoaldo, a defense-splitting pass from Rivelino, and a sublime lay-off from Pelé. Captain Carlos Alberto finished with a blistering shot. Brazil won the Cup for the third time, meaning they kept the trophy forever.

Merckx in 1969.

BASEBALL

BALTIMORE ORIOLES Baltimore's finest all-round team won the World Series

from Cincinnati's Big Red Machine as part of a great run of 318 victories over three seasons.

National

| Hunt racing in the mid| 1960s, winning three consecutive Gold Cups.

SOCCER

- PEUGEOT

ENGLAND

|Taaffe dominated

championship for the seventh year in a row, boasted a winning record of 62-18 and had five Hall of Famers in their ranks.

ee CYCLING

SOCCER The host nation won its only World Cup, beating West Germany 4-2. Manager Alf Ramsey's winning team included Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, and brothers Jack and Bobby Charlton. The well-organized England side conceded only one goal—a penalty—

| BASKETBALL

The Lisbon Lions from

Glasgow became the first British team to win the European Cup. In a bruising encounter in Portugal, attacking soccer finally triumphed over defensive style as manager | Jock Stein's Scottish champions deservedly came from behind to beat Italy's Internazionale 2-1.

BASKETBALL

HARLEM

GLOBETROTTERS

The flamboyant basketball team combined stunning skills with theater and comedy to chalk up a 2,495-game winning run in one-off exhibition games around the world. They didn’t play in any leagues, but up to 1971, the Globetrotters lost only three times in 5,983 games over 50 years.

BASKETBALL

UCLA BRUINS

Head coach John Wooden's Bruins took their eighth championship in nine years, winning 30 games and losing none. The team won its games by an average of more than 30 points and the season was part of a record 88-game winning run for the Bruins.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

MIAMI DOLPHINS

Coach Don Shula’s Dolphins won their second consecutive Super Bowl and finished the previous season with an unbeaten 17-0 record.

AJAX With star man Johan Cruyff, the Dutch club won the

European Cup with their brand of ‘total football.”

SOCCER

WEST GERMANY With Paul Breitner, Sepp Maier, Franz

Beckenbauer, Berti Vogts, and Gerd

Muller, the ‘74 German team were reigning European champions and defeated the much- fancied Dutch to take the World Cup trophy, too. They even made the Euro ‘76 final.

SOCCER 1974

BAYERN MUNICH | (Bayern duplicated

w) |

the success of

Germany's national team, winning the European Cup for the first of three consecutive years.

SOCCER 1974

NETHERLANDS #§

=)

The influential style

of “total football’—

RUGBY

LIONS ®

Willie John McBride's combined nations were unbeaten in southern Africa,

thanks to teamwork and meeting physical intimidation head-on, often literally.

BASEBALL

CINCINNATI REDS

a row.

Sparky Anderson's Big Red Machine dominated the 1975 baseball season, winning the National League West 108-54, the Championship Series 3-0, and the World Series 4-3. It was part of a four-year run of success when the Reds averaged 100 wins a season.

ICE HOCKEY

ICE HOCKEY

involving stars like Cruyff, Rep, and Neeskens constantly interchanging positions— took them to two World Cup finals in

USSR

MONTREAL CANADIENS

35 The Soviet hockey team dominated the ice for 40 years and won their fourth consecutive Olympic Gold medal in Austria in 1976.

The Canadiens embarked on a run that saw them win four consecutive Stanley Cups. This record-breaking season involved Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge amassing the highestever points total (132) and the lowest number of defeats (eight). The records still stand.

HURLING 1977

SOCCER :

KILKENNY

@ During the 1970s ©) Kilkenny was hailed as the best-ever hurling team with five provincial titles and five consecutive All-Ireland finals.

SOCCER 1980

CLOUGH & TAYLOR 4? Manager Brian

©)

Clough and sidekick

Peter Taylor transformed two unfashionable teams,

taking Derby to the First Division title, then

Nottingham Forest to double European Cup wins. Yet both were flops when working separately.

LIVERPOOL The Reds were the dominant club in Europe in the 1970s, winning two European Cups in succession, two UEFA Cups, and one European Super Cup. They also won four English First Division titles.

GYMNASTICS

JAPAN’S MEN'S OLYMPIC TEAM The Japanese team won gold medals in parallel and horizontal bars, but it was their victory in the all-round competition that hit the headlines. One of the team of six, Shun Fujimoto, fell awkwardly in the first event, the floor exercises. He broke his kneecap. Despite wincing from the pain, Fujimoto completed his routines in the rings and pommel horse for fear of letting his team down. HORSE RACING

CAUTHEN & AFFIRMED

S@OCEER

ARGENTINA César Menotti's

Steve Cauthen was the

youngest jockey to win the USA‘s Triple Crown, on thoroughbred Affirmed. He also became the first

to win $6 million in a season. Cauthen moved to the UK, becoming

Champion Jockey three times.

CRICKET

WEST INDIES Clive Lloyd’s West Indies were a fearsome team at their height. Employing a powerful array of fast bowlers, the touring Windies thrashed England 5-O—a home test whitewash that has never been duplicated.

Argentina won the World Cup in their own country with an exciting team that included Mario Kempes, Ossie Ardiles, and Daniel Passarella.

TENNIS

NAVRATILOVA& SHRIVER

Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were one of the most successful women’s doubles teams, winning

79 titles. In 1984 they won all four major world tournaments ina 109-match unbeaten run

JOO WINNING

TEAMS

807

ICE HOCKEY

COMONTON DILERS

Wayne Gretzky's young Oilers were one of hockey’s best-ever teams: the Stanley Cup winners broke their own league record by scoring 446 goats in a season.

SOCCER

LIVERPOOL

British pair the

highest figure-skating scores in Winter Olympic history after their perfect performance to Ravel's Boléro in Sarajevo.

SOCCER

JOM

eIN EUS

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

first World Cup, beating

France 29-9 in the final. SOCCER

NETHERLANDS The Dutch finally won the trophy that

they had long deserved at Euro ‘88 in Germany. Rinus Michels’s team beat the Soviet Union 2-0 in the final, with goals by Ruud Gullit and Marco van Basten.

Super Bowl triumph against the Patriots, a record-breaking margin at the time.

charismatic, technically

RUGBY

rugby, the New Zealand All Blacks won the sport's

Was this the best season of all time? The almost-perfect Bears’ 15-1 regular season was followed by two record-breaking play-off victories, both won without conceding a point. Coach Mike Ditka then led his team to a 46-10

The judges gave the

The Italians ended Liverpool's domination in a European Cup final marred by the Heysel tragedy. They went on to win their domestic league for the second time in three years, conceding 17 goals in the season.

The dominant force in international

CHICAGO BEARS

TORVILL & DEAN

Liverpool, under new boss, Joe Fagan, were the first team to win three trophies, bagging the European Cup, League Cup, and their third First Division title in a row.

ALL BLACKS

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

FIGURE SKATING

FUROPE’S RYDER FUP TEAN

AUSTRALIA Allan Border captained one of the great Australian teams. The tourists

beat England 4-0 to regain the Ashes.

808

ORT & LEISURE

US MEN’S TEAM

The US men’s volleyball team dominated the 1980s. They beat the Soviets to take the world championship for the first time in 1986 and won the Olympic gold medal in 1984 and 1988.

Tony Jacklin’s team outplayed the Americans for their first-

ever win, Starting a run of three consecutive victories.

SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS

wot Sl”

After crushing the rest of the National Football League West in a 14-2 regular season, the Joe Montana-inspired 49ers play-off run was even more convincing: a total score of 126-26 in their favor. The Super Bowl win involved a 55-10 demolition of the Broncos.

ps W

LACROSSE

SYRACUSE

Many believe this was the greatest lacrosse team ever. In 1990, the stylish university team won their third consecutive championship, although the trophy was later controversially confiscated on a tiny technicality.

LAN

ROWING CRICKET

| VOLLEYBALL

REDGRAVE & PINSENT Through the 1980s and 1990s Sir Steve

Redgrave and Sir Matthew Pinsent were part of a dominant British rowing squad. As a coxless pair the duo were practically unbeatable, winning two consecutive Olympic golds and four consecutive world championships.

Milan's Dutch trio van Basten, Gullit, and Rijkaard them win their second consecutive European Cup. stars included world-class defenders Maldini and Baresi. Silvio Berlusconi providing the money, and Arrigo Sacchi management,

some rate this team—the

helped Other With the

last to win back-to-back

European Cups—as one of the best club teams of all time.

BASKETBALL

CHICAGO BULLS

The Chicago Bulls won the first of three consecutive NBA titles. With the help of star player Michael “Air” Jordan, the Bulls were embarking upon a period of domination that lasted throughout the 1990s. AMERICAN FOOTBALL

WASHINGTON REDSKINS ™ Joe Gibbs's

BASKETTBALE

Manchester United

Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson,

members

the first NFL team

=

WIGAN WARRIORS After winning four

consecutive UK titles, Wigan beat Brisbane, becoming the world’s best.

after the tournament.

VOLLEYBALL

ITALY'S MEN'S TEAM Italy's national

team bossed men’s volleyball through the 1990s, winning seven world league titles, three world championships, and the 1995 World Cup.

WOODBRIDGE & WOODFORDE Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde—

known as the Woodies”—were one of tennis history's most successful doubles pairings. Woodbridge was the fast volleyer at the net while Woodforde was reliable at the baseline. The Australian duo won 61 tournaments, an Olympic gold medal, and

11 Grand Slam doubles titles during the 1990s. The pair also helped Australia win the Davis Cup for the first time in 1999.

|

to win the Super Bowl five times. RUGBY LEAGUE

have been inducted

TENNIS

™

The 49ers became

Olympics, winning their games by an average of 44 points. The gold medal came after beating Croatia in the final. Eleven of the 12 US team

Mark Rypien, victories in

the inaugural FIFA Women’s World Cup in 1991 and the third in 1999.

SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS

Charles Barkley, the team

waltzed through the Barcelona

interest in basketball soared

soccer team won

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

Larry Bird, Patrick Ewing, and

the stars taking part, world

US women’s

for 26 Near:

feature active MBA stars. With

only two games, winning

The

| Alex Ferguson's claimed their first title

14, and scoring 485 points. Powered by quarterback

US WOMEN’S TEAM

4 The newly founded English Premier League kicked off and

first Olympic squad to

to the Hall of Fame. Thanks to

SOCCER

—=

The Dream Team was the

» Redskins stormed the NFL, narrowly losing

the play-offs and Super Bowl followed.

UHeOTEH UNITED

US IMMEINGS CraMVirle TEAM

CYCLING

MAPEI This Italian road racing team was a formidable force In the 1990s. At their peak they won the Giro d'Italia, Paris-Roubaix, World Road

Race championships, and Road World Cup in 1995.

BASEBALL

NEW YORK YANKEES After a record-

SOCCER

FRANCE France hosted the

World Cup and beat Brazil 3-0 in the

final. France's “golden

breaking 114-48 American League season, the Yankees swept toa

generation” team

World Series title, too.

Deschamps, and Desailly.

featured stars such as Zidane, Vieira, Petit,

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

ST. LOUIS RAMS With their greatest show on turf” offense, St. Louis Rams

dominated the NFC and

won their first Suber Bowl.

SOCCER

| MANCHESTE UNITED

United were the first to win the treble: the Premier

League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions Leagu

100 WINNIN

GOLF

TIGER WOODS & STEVE WILLIAMS

aM

Woods hired New Zealander Williams as his caddy in 1999, starting a 13-year relationship. Tiger won titles while his caddy defended him from overzealous fans.

2001 | BASKETBALL

VOLLEYBALL

RUGBY

ot

qualify for the | tournament, Australia | won the Rugby World Cup, becoming the first team to win it twice.

CUBA'S WOMEN’S TEAM LALAKERS

Cuba's women’s team broke the USSR and Japan's domination of their sport by winning the world championship a staggering eight times during the 1990s. | Their finale was taking the Olympic gold | in 2000—for the third Games in a row.

SOFTBALL

SOCCER

BRAZIL

US WOMEN S OLYMPIC TEAM

A 2-0 win over Germany in the final sealed Brazil's recordbreaking fifth World Cup win. Captain Cafu made a unique third consecutive appearance in World Cup finals and striker Ronaldo won the Golden Boot.

It was one of the most overwhelming runs by any team in any sport. When the US women’s national softball team won the Olympic gold medal in Athens by beating Australia 5-1, they were partially disappointed— because that was the first time in nine games that an opponent had managed to score a run against them. It was also the women's third consecutive Olympic gold medal. The US women have had a commanding position within the sport of softball in modern times, including enjoying a staggering 185-match unbeaten run from

CRICKET

AUSTRALIA Ricky Ponting’s team completed their domination of world cricket by winning every

game in the World Cup to lift the trophy, and winning two test series against England and the West Indies. Stars included Adam

Shane Warne.

RUGBY [)

become the first Northern Hemisphere team to win rugby’s World Cup.

SPORT

SOCCER

Arsene Wenger's

English rugby's greatest moment: Jonny Wilkinson's extra time drop goal defeated host Australia and allowed a powerful and determined England to

810

2005 to 2008.

ARSENAL

Gilchrist and

EN GOLAN

&LE

RE

Kobe Bryant's Lakers dominated the play-offs with the highest winning percentage of all time, winning their second championship final in a row.

Invincibles uniquely played the whole English

| Premiership season without losing a game. | The title-winning team was built on an impregnable defense featuring Sol Campbell and Ashley Cole, combative midfield with Patrick Vieira and Freddie Ljungberg, and strikers Thierry Henry

and Dennis Bergkamp.

MOTORSPORT

SCHUMACHER & BRAWN Schumacher won his fifth consecutive Formula One title in 2004,

but behind the German driver was a Ferrari team led by technical director Ross Brawn. The British mechanic-turned-racestrategist had previously helped Schumacher win two titles with Benetton and later formed his own winning team.

SOCCER

CHELSEA The team that won their second consecutive Premiership was the most efficient British team in history, according to a Royal Statistical Society study.

FrERICKen

AUSTRAME Ponting’s Australia reached their world-dominating peak, thrashing England 5-0 in the Ashes and winning the World ICC Trophy. BADMINTON

_ SOCCER

BARCELONA

This flamboyant team won the Spanish League, Super Cup, and European Cup, thanks to stars like Ronaldinho.

ROBERTSON & EMMS British pair Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms dominated mixed doubles badminton,

winning the European, World, and Commonwealth titles in the 2000s.

BASKETBALL

py In their 108th win ’ inarow, US duo Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh became the first beach volleyball team to win consecutive Olympic golds.

The UConn women's team i enjoyed the longest winning streak in college basketball: 90 games. They were champions five seasons in a row.

MAY-TREANOR & WALSH | CONNECTICUT HUSKIES

SOCCER

SOCCER

SOCCER

BEACH VOLLEYBALL

With its unrivaled passing game, Spain dominated world soccer during this period and won the World Cup, two years after winning the European crown.

JAPAN'S WOMEN'S TEAM == | The highly organized Japanese women’s team won the Women’s World » Cup by beating USA in the final, becoming the first Asian team to win any major FIFA tournament. The Nadeshiko women also won the Asian Cup in 2014 for the first time and finished second in the 2015 World Cup.

H,if CUNGES

BARC

The Champions League-winning club team formed the heart of Spain's national team with the added brilliance of Argentina’s Lionel Messi. Manager Pep Guardiola’s ‘tiki-taka” style of maintaining possession | and flexible positioning made Barca the world’s best club. BASKETBALL

SEPAK TAKRAW

GRICKET

2011

=

e

|SPAIN

_ DALLAS MAVERICKS

THAILAND

| ENGLAND Long-suffering England cricket fans were finally : rewarded when Andrew Strauss led the team in a year of triumph that included winning the Ashes, beating Australia 3-1 away, and beating Sri Lanka and India in both test series and one-day internationals.

Popular Southeast Asian sport, likened to ‘soccer volleyball,” held its first world championship with | 36 countries. Thailand won both men’s and women’s titles.

ARGENTINA

CHELSEA After seven months in charge, caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo led the Blues to win both the Champions League and the FA Cup.

championship, Argentina's men’s national team emphasized its domination of the sport. The country has by far the most professional players and enthusiastic fans. Matches are broadcast live on TV.

al E J& M

|

REAL MADRID

"|

Carlo Ancelotti’s Los Merengues won the Spanish league and Champions League. Madrid edged ahead of rivals Barcelona as Iberian soccer continued to lead the world. Madrid’s expensive lineup of superstars included Ronaldo, Benzema,

Di Maria, Modric, and Bale.

ICE HOCKEY

|

CANADA'S WOMEN’S OLYMPIC TEAM

eG RB

With 65 medals, the British team exceeded expectations in the London Olympics, finishing an impressive third in the medal rankings. Britain excelled in cycling, equestrian, triathlon, boxing, and rowing.

SOCCER

A quarter of a million fans lined the Dallas streets to celebrate after the Mavericks came back to | beat favorites Miami Heat and take their first NBA Championship.

"SOCCER

POLO »

OLYM PICS

|

|

The dominant nation in women’s ice hockey, Canada won its fourth Olympic gold in a row. Three team members became the first athletes to win four Olympic ice hockey gold medals.

TENNIS

BRYAN

America’s identical Bryan twins are the most successful tennis duo of all time. At the time of writing the brothers had been rated world number one

more than eight Real also won the Club World Cup, European Super Cup, | doubles team for Mike and ed Right-hand years. rated s statistician and the Copa del Rey. Soccer complement each Bob left-handed best the as year the for e performanc overall Madrid's other for perfect court coverage. club team in the world... ever. 100 WINNIN

SOCCER

ARBROATH 26 BON ACCORD 0

CRICKET

| BASEBALL

RUNNING

SIDE GIVES AWAY 286 RUNS FROM ONE BALL

- DORANDO PIETRI'S MARATHON FLOP | |

could have been worse. The referee disallowed

In Bunbury, Australia, a Victoria batsman smashed his first ball into a tree and amassed 286 runs while fielders tried

seven goals for offside.

100

to ee it down.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

BASEBALL

Arbroath’s record-

breaking demolition of Bon Accord in the

Scottish Cup first round

Italian runner Pietri finished first in the London Olympic marathon but was disqualified as marshals helped him up when he collapsed on the last lap.

|

CYCLING

~ EUGENE CHRISTOPHE ~ MENDS BIKE8 BLOWS TOUR

ALLAN TRAVERS STEPS IN AS HOPELESS PITCHER

Christophe carried his broken bike 9

In his first major league appearance, | pitcher Travers gave up

miles (14km) to a forge to repair it, but marshals penalized him because a

| 26 hits, 24 runs, seven | walks, and one strikeout.

He didn’t appear again.

| boy pumped the bellows.

|

CUMBERLAND BULLDOGS’ LOSS

WHITE SOX THROW WORLD SERIES

Georgia Tech avenged a defeat earlier that year by running up a record-breaking 222-0 score against the hapless Bulldogs.

Chicago lost the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds after eight of their disgruntled players arranged to throw the game in return for payoffs from gamblers. The signal to throw the game came when pitcher Eddie Cicotte delivered a throw that struck a

BASEBALL

AED SOX SELL BABE RUTH

Boston Red Sox sold baseball star Ruth to the New York Yankees

for $25,000. Ruth became the greatest slugger ever, and the Sox suffered the “Curse of the Bambino”— an 86-year failure to win a World Series.

Cincinnati hitter on the back. The Series was littered with White Sox poor performances. Later, the fix was exposed and the eight players were banned for life. Chicago didn’t win a World Series until 2005. TENNIS

BILL TILDEN’S WIMBLEDON SEMIFINAL COLLAPSE US star and favorite “Big” Bill Tilden was two up and winning the third Frenchman Henri Cochet turned the game around on to win.

sets 5-1 when suddenly and went

JACK DEMPSEY GOES 10 WRONG CORNER Popular heavyweight Jack Dempsey floored the champion with a flurry of punches in round seven. Gene Tunney looked beaten. But Dempsey retired to the wrong corner as the referee started the count. | Referee Dave Barry had to stop counting and usher | Dempsey into a neutral corner. This prolonged the

| count to around 13 seconds—giving Tunney time to recover, get up, and win.

BOXING

AMERICAN

Thomas Hamilton-Brown went on an eating binge to ease his disappointment after losing his Olympic first-round bout. By the time judges discovered a scoring error and reversed the verdict, he was too heavy to join the next round.

» The Washington Redskins owner called the Chicago Bears “crybabies” and “quitters” before their championship game. The enraged Bears beat the Redskins by a record margin.

BOXER EATS TOO MUCH TO FIGHT

decades 4 The decision to sell Babe Ruth was one that the Boston Red Sox would regret for

FOOTBALL

MANAGER GOADS RIVAL TEAM AND THEN:LOSES: /7=0

ICE HOCKEY

SOCCER

The Detroit Red Wings were winning 3-0 in the best-of-seven Stanley Cup final when Toronto won the fourth 4-3. It inspired the Maple Leafs to win the

Hungary was undefeated West Germany 8-3 in the They met again in the final, and after eight minutes but lost the

DETROIT BLOW STANEBY CUP LEAD remaining games for a record-breaking turnaround.

HUNGARY ENDS WINNING STREAK ... AT WORLD CUP FINAL for four years and beat World Cup group stages. Hungary was two up game, and cup, 3-2.

SOCCER

CHARLTON 7 HUDDERSHELD 6

Huddersfield were 5-1 up at ten-man Charlton with just 27 minutes left—but still somehow lost the English Second Division game 7-6. RUNNING

WIM ESAJAS SLEEPS THROUGH OLYMPIC RACE

HORSE RACING

DEVON LOCH JUMPS NONEXISTENT FENCE

Devon Loch was heading for victory in the UK’s top jump race, the Grand National. The favorite had fallen and only nine other horses were left. Just 40 yards (37m) from the winning post, however, the Queen Mother's horse mysteriously jumped in the air and landed on its belly, allowing the rest of the field to pass.

BASEBALL

PHILADELPHIA PHOLD

.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

JIM MARSHALL RUNS THE WRONG WAY Disoriented college player Jim Marshall grabbed a loose

GARY SPRAKE THROWS INTO HIS OWN NET Playing against Liverpool, Leeds's

goalkeeper tried to throw the ball to a nearby defender but mistakenly swept it backward into his own net. GOLF

ROBERTO DE VICENZO'S SCORECARD MISTAKE DASHES MASTERS

Argentine golfer Vicenzo entered a mistaken scorecard at the end of his round, accidentally adding a stroke and dashing his chance of tying the Masters. RUNNING

EDDIE HART 8 RAV ROBINSON MISS THEIR OLYMPIC RACE US sprint hopefuls easily won their Olympic heats but mistook the time and missed the quarterfinals.

ball and sprinted 66 yards (60m) to the touchdown zone at the wrong end of the field.

ROWING

CAMBRIDGE SINK The 124th annual boat race between

Oxford and Cambridge on

The “Phold” was one of baseball's most memorable

the river Thames ended on the last bend when

collapses ever. The Phillies had led the National

Cambridge turned into

League for the whole season.

World Series press previews

already featured Philadelphia's stadium on the cover. They had a six-and-a-half game lead with 12 to play—but suddenly, in a fortnight, they lost ten in a row, handing the pennant to the St. Louis Cardinals.

814

Esajas was the first-ever Olympic qualifier from the South American country Suriname but was given the wrong race time and slept through it.

SOCCER

PORT

& LEISURE

the headwind and sank. Bad weather had made the water choppy and

Cambridge's boat had no splashboards.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

MIRACLE AT THE MEADOWLANDS There were just 20 seconds remaining on the clock. The Giants were leading 17-12 and needed to run out the last seconds fora great surprise win. But somehow they fumbled a pass, and Eagles cornerback Hermary’ Edwards picked up the football and ran 26 yards

(24m) for a winning score.

MOTORSPORT

ELISEO SALAZAR TAKES OUT NELSON PIQUET F1 driver Salazar accidentally crashed into his friend, race leader Piquet,

pushing him off the track and knocking him out of the German Grand Prix.

SOCCER

EL SALVADOR MAKE THE WORLD CUP FINALS ... AND LOSE 10-1 Central America’s smallest country El Salvador qualified for the World Cup finals in Spain but lost their first game by a record margin, 10-1 to Hungary.

BUDD/DECKER 3,000M FINAL

| future Hall of Famer, Portland chose injury-prone Sam Bowie,

who is 7 feet 1 inch (2.2m] tall, as they wanted a bigger man. MOTORSPORT

TENNIS

NIGEL MANSELL’S BLOWOUT

JOHN MCENROE SCREAMS AT CAMERAMAN

It was Game 64 in the World Series, and

slipped through his hands and into right field, allowing New York to score the winning run.

was almost hanging over the hole, knowing it would give him a play-off opportunity to win the British Open. But he tried to backhand the putt into the hole, scuffed the turf, and his putter bounced in the air and then missed the ball completely. Irwin went on to lose by a shot.

Portland Trail Blazers declined Jordan. Instead of the

The US crowd booed 18-year-old Budd, who finished a distraught seventh.

the Mets’s Mookie Wilson hit a slow ball to Boston's Bill Buckner at first base, but it

approached the ball, which

In the NBA annual draft of the best college players,

local hero Mary Decker, knocking her out of the Olympic 3,000-m final.

BILL BUCKNEH9EnnUh

It was a simple one-inch tap in. Irwin casually

PORTLAND DECLINE MICHAEL JORDAN

» Controversial South African barefoot runner Zola Budd collided with

BASEBALL

HALE IRWIN A S)) oO

| BASKETBALL

RUNNING

The volatile US player had not lost a game all year. He played newcomer Ivan Lendl in the French Open final and quickly won the first two sets. But in the third set McEnroe lost his temper, walked over, and screamed into a cameraman’s headset. The crowd took Lendl’s side and helped him come back to win.

GOLF

Mansell was leading the World F1 Championship with | one race left. He only needed to finish third to take the title, but 18 laps from the end his tire exploded

at 180 miles per hour (290kph), and he finished with nothing.

LACOSTE:

LIAS OTK,

EDDIE THEEAGLE'S SPECTACLES MIST UP Bespectacled Briton Eddie

STEVE SMITH’S DECIDING OWN GOAL Canadian hockey star Smith was playing for the Oilers in Game 7 of the division final against their biggest rivals Calgary. The score was tied 2-2 when Smith tried to hit a clearance but blasted it into his own goal via his goaltender instead.

Edwards became a hero as a brave and determined underdog. The part-time plasterer was the UK's first competitor at Olympic ski jumping, funding himself. His glasses steamed up in the snow, making him blind during jumping He came in last in every event, but his popularity only grew.

100

SPORTING

DISASTET

815

SWIMMING

MATT BIONDI MISJUDGES DISTANCE TO FINISH

US swimming star Biondi misjudged his distance in the Olympic 100-m butterfly final. After his last stroke he hadn't touched the wall and glided along while a rival beat him to the finish.

SOCCER

| LEE DIXON LOBS HIS KEEPER FROM 35 YARDS English champions Arsenal were renowned for their watertight defense, which made this memorable goal all the more unlikely. A few minutes into Arsenal's home game against Coventry, fullback Dixon decided to give his goalkeeper, David Seaman, an early touch of the ball and lobbed it back to him from 35 yards (32m] out. But Dixon hadn't noticed Seaman was off his line and the ball sailed over his head and into the goal.

RUGBY

GAVIN HASTINGS MISSES PENALTY

BASEBALL

EARTHQUAKE STALLS WORLD SERIES

The scores were tied as Scottish star Hastings was heavily tackled against England in the World Cup semifinal. He received treatment as the referee awarded a penalty right in front of the posts. Scotland would probably make the Cup Final if he scored—but Hastings’s injured leg gave way, and he skewed the kick wide.

DECATHLON

DAN O'BRIEN NEEDS TO CLEAR ANY HEIGHT BUT FAILS O’Brien, the world’s top-rated decathlete, failed to qualify for the Olympics after a disaster at the US trials. O'Brien was leading and only needed to clear any height in the pole vault. He chose to jump at a relatively undemanding 15 feet 9 inches (4.8m] but failed three times, scored nil, and finished twelfth.

The crowd was waiting for fierce local rivals Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants to start Game 3 of the World Series, dubbed ‘the Battle of the Bay.” Less than 30 minutes before the scheduled start, a 6.9-magnitude earthquake struck both Oakland and San Francisco. It damaged the stadium, caused a power outage, and postponed the game for ten days. Oakland finaleewon the Series 4-0.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

LEON LETT FUMBLES ON ICE

Dallas were celebrating as they had possession with 15 seconds left. But Lett slipped on the icy pitch, handing possession to the Dolphins, who scored a match-winning field goal.

816

| AMERICAN FOOTBALL

OILERS LOSE " BIGGEST-EVER LEAD Houston Oilers were 35-3 up at Buffalo, and home fans

were leaving. But they missed an extraordinary lapse, as the Bills fought back to win 41-38.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

TEONWEETT SLOWs BEFORE TOUCHDOWN

Dallas Cowboys defender Letts made an impressive run toward the goal line. Confident in his imminent touchdown, he slowed to see himself on the giant TV screen, allowing a Bills player to catch up and knock the ball from his hand. SOCCER

FRANCE'S _ WORLD CUP QUALIFYING DISASTER France needed a draw at home to qualify for the World Cup but contrived to lose to Bulgaria by giving the ball away in injury time.

BASKETBALL

CRICKET

MICHIGAN'S FALSE TIME-OUT

SURREY COLLAPSE T0 LANCASHIRE

Michigan's Chris Webber called fora time-out when his team had none remaining, scoring a technical foul for opponents North Carolina. Carolina won and Webber cried.

The one-day cup game saw Lancashire bat first and score 236. Surrey were cruising at 212 for 1 with time to spare when suddenly they collapsed to 230 all out.

SNOOKER

1994

JIMMY WHITE FLUFFS FINAL BLACK

SOCCER

RUGBY LEAGUE

Maradona’s hysterical goal World Cup celebration raised suspicion, and he failed a drug test.

Barrow’s thrashing of Nottingham is rugby league's highestever victory margin. Eleven of Barrow’s 13 players scored tries.

m™ At the end of the

i

NOTTINGHAM CITY 0 BARROW 138

DIEGO MARADONA’S DRUG FUELED CELEBRATIONS

3 deciding frame, White missed a simple black, handing Stephen Hendry the world title.

BARBADOS 4 GRENADA 2 e Barbados required a

two-goal victory to make

the Caribbean Cup finals. With so Barbados deliberately scored an own goal to force extra time, hoping to give themselves longer to score the goals required.

eliminate Barbados, so tried

followed by a flurry of punches. Cantona was arrested and served 120 hours of community service, as well as an eightmonth ban from soccer.

to score an own goal too. This forced Barbados to defend both goals. Somehow they succeeded and won in overtime.

RUNNING

SOCCER

ALI DIA PRETENDS TO BE AN AFRICAN STAR

NEWCASTLE LET 12-POINT EE ATO RSIELP

"@ Senegalese Dia was signed by ~ Southampton claiming to be an international striker—he wasn't. Dia appeared as a Premier League substitute but was so bad he was substituted too.

Keegan's exciting attacking Newcastle team had a 12-point lead at the top of the Premier League with just 15 games to go. But after a home defeat to the more worldly wise

® Erratic Australian Norman was six ) shots up on the final day of the Masters ' but somehow Lost his lead to Nick Faldo. The two players embraced emotionally at the eighteenth green. —_

scuffed the shot hopelessly wide, and the makeshift goal promptly collapsed.

11 rows of stairs to shout abuse at the player. Cantona responded by launching a flying kung-fu kick into the crowd,

single-goal victory would

GREG NORMAN CHOKES ON LAST HOLE

was supposed to be her burying a penalty kick, but she

an away match at Crystal Palace. As he left the field, a home fan ran down

Meanwhile, Grenada realized a

GOLF 19

Motown singer Ross ceremonially launched the World Cup, singing ‘I’m Coming Up.” The finale

Manchester United's talismanic but temperamental French striker Cantona was sent off for a bad foul in

five minutes left, it was only 2-1,

SOCCER.

DIANA ROSS'S WORLD CUP PENALTY

Fale:CANTONS Nc FIC

SOCCER 199%

~~

SOCCER

By January, Kevin

Manchester United,

ABDUL BASER WASIQI FINISHES AT CLOSING CEREMONY The only Afghan competitor at the Olympics, 20-year-old Wasiqi pulled a hamstring before his marathon race, the last event of the games. He was determined to compete nevertheless and limped

Newcastle slipped into a

the whole 26-mile (42km]

dreadful run of results,

course. He reached the empty stadium an hour and a half after the second-to-last competitor with the slowest-ever Olympic marathon time.

were overtaken by Alex

Ferguson's side, which won the title by four points, and Newcastle finished second.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

GUS FREROTTE HEAD-BUTTS A WALL Washington Redskins's quarterback Frerotte was

delighted to score a touchdown against the New York Giants. He ran through the end zone to celebrate, charged up to the padded wall at the end of the pitch, and gave it a hefty head-butt with his helmet. Frerotte was visibly hurt by the impact and tried to tear off his helmet. He missed the second half and had to be taken to the hospital for treatment ona sprained neck, later leaving wearing a neck brace.

SPORTING

DISASTERS

817

| CRICKET

| HERSCHELLE GIBBS CELEBRATES BUT DROPS BALL South Africa’s Gibbs caught Australia’s Steve Waugh, only to drop the ball as he tried to throw it up in celebration. Australia went to the World Cup final.

BOXING

DES SOWDEN KNOCKED OUT WITH FIRST PUNCH

This British welterweight fight ended with the first punch as Welsh fireman Russell

“Ducky” Rees floored the hapless Sowden after only four seconds.

CANOEING

PAUL RATCLIFFE CAPSIZES BEFORE FINISH LINE Ratcliffe was feet away

from winning Britain's first-ever Olympic canoeing gold medal when he capsized. Nevertheless, Ratcliffe righted himself just in time to take the silver medal.

SWIMMING

BUMING

i:YOON IES Ur nIVALS CAR

Self-styled Mr. Nasty of heavyweight boxing, Tyson bit off part of Evander Holyfield’s ear in a clinch. The piece of ear fell onto the table in front of the ringside judges. The ear was sewn back on; Tyson was disqualified.

GOLF

JOHN DALY HITS 18 FORONE HOKE Daly's 18 strokes for the par-5 sixth

hole at Bay Hillis the worst single-hole score in PGA history and included six shots into the water.

SOCCER

JAMIE POLLOCK’S OWN GOAL Manchester City’s Pollock cleverly flicked the ball over an attacker and then headed it over his own keeper, scoring a spectacular own goal that relegated his team.

ERIC MOUSSAMBANIS SLOWEST-EVER SWIM The young student from Equatorial Guinea, nicknamed ‘Eric

the Eel,” had only learned to swim eight months previously, had never seen a 160-foot-long

(50m) Olympic-size pool or swum a 100-m race. After everyone else was disqualified, officials insisted Moussambani swim his 100-m freestyle heat alone. Despite the crowd's roaring support, he just made the distance without drowning. His winning time was the slowest in Olympic history .. but a personal best. SOCCER

AMERICAN SAMOA FLOP 31-0 American Samoa went to Australia for a World Cup qualifier with a makeshift team due to passport problems. Some had never played a full 90-minute game before, and | they had the worst-ever international defeat.

GOLF

JEAN VAN DE VELDE MESSES UP OPEN ON LAST HOLE The French underdog needed a double bogey 6 on the final hole to take the Open title but shot 7, including bouncing off the grandstand railings.

818

SOCCER

SOUTHAMPTON LOSES THREE-GOAL LEAD 10 TRANMERE In this FA Cup last-32 tie, Premiership Southampton were winning 3-0 at halftime against the poorest team in the | league below, but a hat trick by 36-year-old Paul Rideout inspired Tranmer> to a 4-3 win.

SOCCER

MADAGASCAN TEAM SCORE 149 OWN GOALS Stade Olympique de LEmyrne players were incensed by refereeing decisions going against them in the four-team play-off for their national title. As a protest, instead of

trying to win their next game, the defending champions deliberately scored in their own net. They racked up 149 own goals against AS Adema, who won the championship.

SPEED SKATING

1000M SPEED SKATING OLYMPIC FINAL The 1,000-m speed skating final at the Salt Lake City Olympic Games opened with a strong start from America’s Apolo Anton Ohno, who forged ahead of his rivals. However, an overambitious overtaking maneuver

by China’s Lia Jiajun on the last curve caused a collision that brought down four of the five finalists. Australian Steven Bradbury, who was 49 feet (15m)

behind everyone with 164 feet (50m) to go, cruised on to win gold. SOCCER

2002

ASTON VILLA CONCEDES THROW-IN OWN GOAL

BASEBALL

FAN RUINS MATCH-WINNING CATCH A Chicago Cubs

» Keeper Peter ‘= Enckelman missed his kick and allowed a

outfielder missed a vital catch when a fan

back-pass throw-in to

tried to grab the ball too.

bounce into his net.

The Cubs lost.

BASKETBALL

SOCCER

MALICE AT THE PALACE NBA BRAWL - In the last minute of the tense Detroit Pistons v. Indiana Pacers game at the Palace of Auburn Hills, a minor foul

sparked a brawl between players. One was hit by a plastic cup of Diet Coke thrown from the crowd, and ran into the stand, starting a second fight between spectators and players.

TOTTENHAM 3 MANCHESTER CITY (TEN MEN) 4 Tottenham were leading 3-0 at halftime in the FA Cup’s fourth round. City’s Joey Barton had been sent off as the players left the field at the interval. Victory looked assured, but somehow, ten-man City, with one win in their last 18 games, found a miracle in the second half: scoring four goals—including a winner in stoppage time.

m blr aE ul LLMIGKELOON i BALL INTL HASHCAM

ZINEDINE ZIDANE’S HEAD-BUTT The French captain would retire after the World Cup final against Italy. First, he scored a disputed penalty after a Marco Materazzi foul. Then Materazzi equalized. Later the two players exchanged words and, bizarrely, Zidane suddenly head-butted Materazzi in the chest, knocking him over, and souring his finale with a disastrous sending off. Italy won on penalties.

SOCCER 2

CHRIS BRASS'S OWN GOAL "y ©

SOCCER -

York City defender Brass tried

/ ©* to hook the ball clear but volleyed it into his own face so hard,

it rebounded past his keeper for an own goal.

ICE HOCKEY

NICLAS WALLIN PASSES, NOT REALIZING GOALIE ISN'T THERE Wallin scored an own goal with a long-range back pass to a nonexistent keeper.

Mickelson’s form collapsed as he targeted his third Major in a row. His US Open shots hit the hospitality tent roof, a tree, and worst of all, landed in a trash can on the eighteenth.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

GOLDEN GOPHERS BLOW 38-7 LEAD Minnesota Gophers dramatically blew a 38-7 lead in the final 20 minutes of the Insight Bowl. The record-breaking comeback by Texas Tech Raiders was the biggest in a series of second half collapses by the

FINDSEY. JACOBELLIS'S SHOWBOATING B UNDER US snowboarder Jacobellis was the clear leader in

Gophers, and coach Glen Mason

the Winter Olympic final. She confidently tried showing off on the final jump by grabbing her board acrobatically but failed,

was fired soon after.

crashed, and lost the gold medal.

100 SPORTING DISASTERS.

81919

ICE HOCKEY

PATRICK STEFAN FALLS OVER WITH OPEN GOAL Stefan faced an open goal in the last minute to seal victory but slipped, fell, and gave the ball away. Edmonton raced down the other end and scored with two seconds

remaining, forcing overtime. RUGBY

ALL BLACKS BLOW 13-0 LEAD IN WORLD CUP Favorites New Zealand rested some stars for the World Cup quarterfinal and raced Into a big lead at halftime. But in the second half they collapsed as France seized the initiative and won 20-18.

two races left. In the first he skidded into a gravel trap; in the second he slid into the run-off area.

MOTORSPORT

FELIPE MASSA | DRIVES FROM PITS WITH FUEL LINE

-NON-GOAL

Fabian Espindola thought he'd scored with a header in a MLS game against David Beckham's star-studded LA Galaxy. He celebrated with a spectacular running backflip but landed badly and broke his leg—unaware that meanwhile the goal was disallowed

F1 race leader Massa stopped for a refuel, but someone

|

for offside.

The Lions were celebrating their seventy-fifth anniversary but suffered one of the worst seasons by any team in any sport. The NFL team lost all their 16 games, conceding 517 points.

Hamilton was 17 points clear in the World F1 Championship with

Kansas's Wright ran and jumped for a spectacular slam dunk on a breakaway against Colorado but dropped the ball as he leaped and stumbled in humiliation to the | floor under the basket.

FABIAN ESPINDOLA BREAKS LEG CELEBRATING

DETROIT LIONS’ IMPERFECT SEASON

LEWIS HAMILTON BLOWS 17-POINT LEAD IN TWO RACES

JULIAN WRIGHT DROPS BALL ON DUNK

| SOCCER

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

MOTORSPORT

BASKETBALL

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

DESEAN JACKSON'S ~ TOUCHDOWN BEG Os aise ssINE Jackson of the Washington Redskins raced to score his first touchdown but casually flipped the ball down prematurely at the one-yard line. He celebrated in the end zone, but the score was disallowed.

SOCCER

ADRIAN BASTIA SENT OFF FOR TRIPPING PITCH INVADER Bastia was playing in the Greek Super League for Asteras Tripolis against Panathinaikos. He helped gain a draw by scoring and then assisted ground stewards by tripping a pitch invader. The referee disapproved and sent him off.

DOCeER

England lost a Euro qualifier in Croatia after Gary Neville passed back to goalkeeper Robinson, who swung his foot wildly at the ball, missed completely, and watched it trickle into the net. As Croatia

to a New York nightclub in the pocket of his jeans. When he reached down into his pocket to rearrange the gun, he accidentally pulled the trigger and shot himself in the thigh.

uneven grass that had made the ball bobble

LEISURE

2008

PLAXICO BURRESS ACCIDENTALLY SHOOTS HIMSELF

over his foot.

&

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

PAUL ROBINSON'S AIR-KICK celebrated, Robinson stared down at the

820

in his Ferrari

pit crew pressed the release light too soon. Massa pulled away with the fuel hose in his tank, dragging it down the pit lane, and injuring the crew. Massa eventually rejoined the race in last place and finished 13th, losing crucial world championship points.

New York Giants's wide receiver Burress took his pistol

SOCCER

ClelBs

260

DARREN BENT'S BEACH BALL GOAL

US TEAM BLOW IT ONLAS | DAY

fh Liverpool fans threw a red beach ball ~~) onthe pitch, but a Sunderland shot hit it. The confused Liverpool goalkeeper tried to save the red ball, while the real one deflected into the net.

/OF RYDER CUP

BASKETBALL

#

NIKE MISSPELLS KENTUCKY ON UNIFORM & Star John Wall appeared for a » photoshoot in the team’s new Nike uniform with the team name spelled “Kentcuky.” Luckily, the error was spotted in time.

SKATING

SPEED SKATER IN WRONG LANE fy

Dutch skater Sven Kramer started

/(& celebrating what he thought was his Olympic gold victory before hearing he'd been disqualified for skating in the wrong lane.

MOTORSPORT 2:

~ HAMADOU DJIBO ISSAKA _ LOSES BY HUGE MARGIN

ITALIAN RIDER lee QUIN S EAE. Bike racer Riccardo Russo stood up on his pedals and pumped his fist into the air in celebration of his championship win, but he was a lap too early. The italian rider had miscounted the number of laps, and as

Issaka, a 35-year-old gardener from the

| landlocked nation of Niger, took up rowing three months before the Olympics and trained in an old fishing boat. He finished last but received a rapturous ovation.

he celebrated, rival bikes roared past, leaving him to finish fourteenth.

| ICE HOCKEY

YACHTING

NEW ZEALAND LOSE AMERICA’S CUP BY 44 SECONDS

Rookie US racing driver Hildebrand was leading the Indianapolis 500 by four seconds on the last turn when he slipped off the racing line and crashed

the first-to-nine series but allowed the United States to claw their way back from almost certain

into the track wall. He wasn’t hurt, but it

defeat, winning the final race by just 44 seconds and the Cup.

allowed Dan Weldon to pass him and take the race.

| ROWING

| MOTORSPORT

J. R. HILDEBRAND LEADER CRASHES JUST BEFORE FINISH LINE ol a. ale tae Gee»

The US team was cruising toward victory on the final day. They led 10-6 and only needed to score 4.5 points of the 12 points on offer to win. But the Europeans produced their biggest-ever comeback, winning eight of the day's games and drawing one to win 14.9-13.5.

_ GOALIE LETS IN GOAL WHILE CHATTING TO FANS

New Zealand were

winning 8-1 in

3%

|

Utah goaltender Keegan McHenry chatted to fans In the corner during a face-off. He realized the game was back on too late. Despite a despairing dive, Denver won with a long shot into the empty net.

| ™&

the box and planting a shot into the net. The goal was later used in a Nike ad.

The ball to overlapping fullback Roberto Carlos was too strong. At full speed he was almost at the byline, about 25 yards from a goal, when he reached the ball. Amazingly, Carlos hit it in the air the first time, rocketing a shot into the Tenerife goal from a seemingly impossible angle.

With strength, speed, and skill, Barcelona's Ronaldo took the ball from his own half—

836

ENGLAND V. ARGENTINA

NIGERIA V. SPAIN

NETHERLANDS V. ARGENTINA

AG The little-known 18-year-old “o> striker stunned England's archenemies with one of his team’s best-ever World Cup goals at the end of a swerving run from almost

World Cup outsiders Nigeria came from behind to beat fancied Spain, thanks to an explosive strike from 30 yards by their defensive midfielder.

Bergkamp elegantly controlled a long punt into

MICHAEL OWEN the halfway line.

SUNDAY OLISEH

DENNIS BERGKAMP

the Argentine box, turned inside his marker, and

nonchalantly flicked the ball past the keeper.

MANCHESTER UNITED V. ARSENAL

RYAN GIGG%

During overtime in an FA Cup semifinal against one of United’s biggest rivals, the score was 1-1 with United down to ten men. Giggs picked up the ball in his own half, danced past Patrick Vieira, swerved between onrushing defenders, and blasted a shot into the roof of the net.

PORTUGAL V. ENGLAN

ACF FIORENTINA V. BARCELONA

iS FI

MAURO BRESSAN

Figo struck when Portugal were 2-0 down inthis vital Euros match. Running at speed from center spot, he shot from 30 yards past England's keeper and sparked a comeback. Portugal won 3-2.

Egy the little-known w © Fiorentina midfielder scored one of the most memorable Champions League goals in this 3-3 draw with Barcelona. He scored only 23 goals in his entire 20-year

HIBERNIAN V. DUNDEE

DIDIER AGATHE

career, but this one was very

special. The ball bounced to Bressan with his back to the goal, 25 yards out and surrounded by opponents. With perfect timing and execution, he bicycle kicked a fierce shot into the top corner, leaving

Hibs’ French striker dribbled from his own half, cut through the Dundee defense, and slipped the ball past the approaching keeper with the outside of his boot.

Francesc Arnau, the Barca keeper,

flailing helplessly in the back of his net. ARSENAL V. MANCHESTER UNITED

THIERRY HENRY "

Back to goal, 25 yards out,

Henry needed just two touches—one to flick the ball up, the other a swiveling volley. HIBERNIAN V. RANGERS

20

ALEN ORMAN A teammate’s clever back heel put the ball into space 30 yards out; Orman took a run-up, and his shot almost burst the net.

5

BARCELONA V. VALENCIA CF

RIVALDO

The closely marked Brazilian took a pass on his chest with his back to the goal on the edge of the penalty area and then delivered a sensational bicycle kick just inside the post to a complete a match-winning hat trick. The first goal had been a dribble hard, swerving shot from a free kick; the second was

that ended with a 25-yard scorcher. It was the last game of the They season, so these goals took Rivaldo’s final goal total to 23. season's following the in also secured Barcelona a place Champions League.

NEWCASTLE UNITED V. EVERTON

ALAN SHEARER

With six minutes left, a long

ball forward was headed clear but only as far as Shearer. From 25 yards out, the Newcastle

striker immediately volleyed a thunderous shot across the goalkeeper and into the net. The strike sparked a comeback against high-flying Everton, and Newcastle won 2-1. 100 GREAT GOALS

837

DAVID BECK HHAM DAVID BECK

ee

ARSE \RS!NAL

UNITED

VINEWCASILE

ae DENNIS BERGKAMP

stoppage time free kick in order to secure their place in the World Cup finals. Beckham stepped up to bury it when it really mattered.

to one side of the defender in close attendance behind him and then skipped around his other side to retrieve it and tuck it past the reetel and into the net.

ZINEDINE ZIDANE.

"MIO-AMG AM BRED

AFC AJAX V. FEYENOORD RAFAEL VAN DER VAART

In the fourth minute of a was box, with back

UEFA Cup tie, a deep cross knocked back Into the six-yard where van der Vaart scored an improvised flying overhead heel.

WAY K\ + RO()N LY

1 | HHAH | \VIL The Swedish striker got the ball 30 yards out and swiftly

withstood a strong challenge. Then | he twisted back inside, dribbling | and dummying defenders, twice shaping to shoot, but switching feet

instead. Then, with keeper and last | defender prostrate, he stroked the ball home with his fourteenth | consecutive touch. Of the previous 13, every alternate one had deceived | or evaded an opponent.

ARGENTINAV,

' BARCELONA V.

SERBIA & MONTENEGRO

MGEWNRE

ESTEBAN CAMBIASSO

RONALDINHO

Barcelona's Brazilian forward collected a long ball over the defense by

controlling it on his chest inside the penalty box. He then swiveled and directed an

outrageous bicycle kick into the 838

Newcastle were 1-0 ahead, and a frustrated Rooney had just been booked for a late challenge on James Milner, when the ball bounced toward the Manchester United striker, 25 yards out from goal. He let fly at once with a full-blooded,

furious volley with the outside of his right foot that sent the ball swerving into the Magpies’ net beyond a helpless Shay Given. The Red Devils went on to win 2-1.

LIVERPOOL V. WEST STE

"ner.

(CE

In the Spanish Cup semifinal, Barca’s young Argentine received a pass on the touchline in his own half. He skipped inside an immediate challenge and then nutmegged another tackler. He sped into the opposition half, leaving Getafe

ocr eaece swerved at speed among three defenders and then skipped around

| the onrushing goalkeeper and finished by chipping over a defender

from a tight angle.

HAM

UNITED

VENIGERRARLD In the FA Cup final, West Ham were 3-2 ahead in the dying seconds of injury time when the Liverpool captain unleashed a 35-yard screamer that took the match into overtime. Liverpool eventually won on penalties.

LIONEL MESSI

This was the best of Argentina’s six goals without reply in a World Cup finals group match. It came at the end of a 25-pass move, which suddenly exploded with a devastating interchange that left Cambiasso with a shot from 12 yates =a = = BARCELONA V VILI ARREAL

the Brazilian striker burst through the defense and surprised the keeper with a sudden toe-poke shot into the far corner.

MANCHESTER UNITED V. NEWCASTLE UNITED -

[LATAN

| ||

V. TURKEWe

RONALDO’

With his back to the goal, the Dutchman flicked the ball

A long passing move led to

Roberto Carlos crossing for Zidane on the edge of the box. He met the ball the first time, volleying it into the roof of the net. is . Ae

BRAZ AZIL

USA V. MEXICO 2007

BRAZIL V. USA

LANDON DONOVAN

MARTA

LO Donovan collected the ball | in his own half, turned, and accelerated. He raced between the two central defenders before they could close him down, sprinted

Marta Vieira da Silva—

through the Mexican half, rounded

the keeper, and slotted home.

Brazil's Women’s

»

World Cup striker—

tricked past her marker, who tried to pull her back by the arm,

sidestepped another defender, and scored in the bottom corner.

ATLETICO MINEIRO V,CRUZEIRO

RANGERS

VANDERLE!

SEMEN Nite ll) AIR

Having let in a goal, Cruzeiro’s keeper was still retrieving the ball from his net when play was restarted with another one. Vanderlei scored while he had his back turned.

After a 0-0 draw in Glasgow in the first leg of the UEFA Cup quarterfinal, Rangers went ahead on the hour through Jean-Claude Darcheville and then hung on until the final minute, when Whittaker’s run with the ball from the halfway line made the tie safe.

GRAFITE

MAILY BURROWS

¥@) The highlight of Wolfsburg’s

( 5-1 thrashing of Bayern was voted Germany's Goal of the Season. The Brazilian cut in from the wing,

The score was 0-0 after 92 minutes of a Northern Ireland premiership league match. As injury time ticked away, the ball was crossed in toward Glentoran’s striker Burrows. It was an awkward height, and Burrows was just inside the penalty box. Somehow, he met the ball with an acrobatic and unique flying backheeled volley that blasted into the top corner of the net beyond a desperate dive from the keeper. Anyone who scores with his or her back to the goal has to be a bit lucky, but this was more genius than chance. A video of the goal became an Internet sensation, with millions who had never seen Irish league soccer watching Burrows's spectacular score on YouTube.

slalomed between two defenders,

dribbled past the keeper, and deceived three covering defenders with a cheeky backheeled finish that trickled over the line.

AL HILAL V. AL SHOALAH

NAWAF AL ABED

73 Professional soccer's fastest ! = goal was scored in this cup game in Saudi Arabia. Al Abed shot from the halfway line, catching Al Shoalah’s keeper unprepared, two seconds after the whistle blew. MANCHESTER UNITED V. PORTO FC *

CRISTIANO RONALDO

RUBIN KAZAN V. BARCELONA

ALEKSANDR RYAZANTSEV y|

Barca were playing the ball across the back on the edge

of their area when Ryazantsev nipped in and shot from 30 yards.

LISBON

GLENTORAN PORTADOWN

VFL WOLFSBURG V. BAYERN MUNICH 200s

7 | This massive strike flew in / ©* from 40 yards and sent United through to the Champions League semifinal.

V. SPORTING

TURKEY V. KAZAKHSTAN

BAYERN MUNICH V. MANCHESTER UNITED

» The corner was slightly too high, and the ball flew over the iy 5 players in the box to the far corner of the penalty area. But hit the that’s where Turkey's midfielder, Altintop, was waiting. He strike ball the first time while it was still in the air, and his perfect net. the of rocketed into the top corner

As Franck Ribéry took a corner, Robben signaled from the far edge of the box. The ball duly arrived, and Robben volleyed it straight into the net.

HAMIT ALTINTOP —

ARJEN ROBBEN

100 GREAT GOALS

839

NETHERLANDSV.URUGUAY

GIOVANNI VAN BRONCKHORST Everyone expected across, but the

veteran Dutch captain and fullback unleashed a rocket shot from 35 yards out on the touchline.

| GRENLAND

SANTOS V. FLAMENGO

NEYMAR

V. TROMS@ IL

fe SAMUELSEN

Neymar seemed safely shackled by two opponents on the touchline, but he tricked his way between

Tromsg’s keeper was stranded after joining

the attack for a corner. The quick-thinking | Samuelsen, in his own half, powered a 60-yard header into the unguarded net.

them, did a one-two with a teammate, beat the last defender, and slotted home for Santos.

INTER MILAN V. SCHALKE

DEJAN STANKOVIC

After just 20 seconds of a Champions League tie, Schalke’s keeper dramatically cleared a ball outside his box with a powerful diving header, but it flew straight to Milan’s Stankovic on the halfway line. He promptly volleyed it straight back into the net.

SWEDEN V. ENGLAND

[LAIAN BRARIMOVIC The Swedish striker capped his single-handed four-goal destruction of

England with a strike Year. When England's away from outside his its flight and launched

NEWCASTLE UNITED V. CHELSEA

PAPISS CISSE From beyond

the corner of the penalty box, Cissé

volleyed this bending bullet for his second

goal in a surprise win.

voted FIFA’s Goal of the keeper headed the ball box, Ibrahimovic followed into an overhead bicycle

TAISON

Taison watched carefully as the cross curved toward him before cracking in this rocket volley from an acute angle.

FESTUS BAISE »

One of soccer's most ~ spectacular own goals, this

flying reverse scorpion kick from the left-hand corner of the penalty area flew into Baise’s own net past

a horrified keeper from Hong Kong.

FENERBACHEV. GENCLERBIRLIGI

MIROSLAV STOCK Voted FIFA’s Goal of the Season, Stoch’s

sublime first-time volley from

20 yards astounds you every time you see it.

SANFREECE HIROSHIMA V. SAGAN TOSU 2018

HISATO SATO

kick from 30 yards that flew over the stranded keeper and into the net.

Vidal won this » Argentine league match in the 87th minute

by blasting a free kick from inside the center circle in his own half. The keeper was on the edge of the six-yard box, but couldn't stop the perfectly placed strike.

840

METALIST KHARKIV V. ROSENBORG BK

CITIZEN AA V. SUN HEI 20%:

The J-League star scored this outrageous volley after chasing what seemed an innocuous bouncing ball near the corner of the penalty area. Sato seemed to turn and shoot in midair,

curling the ball over and around the keeper into the far corner of the goal.

ARSENAL V. NORWICH CITY

ESPERANCE DE TUNIS V. STADE TUNISIEN

JACK WILSHERE

AHMED AKAICHI

Arsenal's midfielder began the move deep in his own half. He kept running forward, amid a slick sequence of passes. The final pass was a backheel by Olivier Giroud that split the center of Norwich’s defense for Wilshere to run on and place the ball past the keeper.

The cross was too low for a header, so Akaichi jumped in the air and came up with an ingenious flying backheel from about eight yards that gave the open-mouthed Stade Tunisien keeper no chance.

BAYERN MUNICH V. BORUSSIA _ MONCHENGLADBACH

FRANCK RIBERY Bayern’s second goal in this cup | semifinal victory came from an arrow-straight volley struck on the edge

of the “D” by the French international.

LYON V. REAL MADRID

CLEMENT GRENIER The Lyon striker ran into the box to meet a cross, but it

arrived just behind him, so he flicked it over his shoulder and into the top corner of the net.

LIVERPOOL V.NORWICH CITY

LUIS SUAREZ fj)

Suarez scored

=~ three hat tricks against hapless Norwich City, and they included this soaring shot from the halfway line. PACOS DE FERREIRA V. AROUCA

BEBE

Speed, strength, and skill;

™

Bebé backheeled * an awkward through ball over his head; as it fell in front of him, he volleyed home.

this winning goal in the Spanish Cup final demonstrated all Bale’s qualities. He began his sprint 65 yards from goal in his own half, pushing the ball ahead of a Barca defender who tried to block

ECUADOR U16 V. PARAGUAY U16

him. Incredibly, Bale ran off the

FABIAN TELLO

pitch and looped around to collect the ball on the other side of the defender, who was left facing

Tello’s dribble through ten challenges in a youth international has been called one of the greatestever solo goals.

AUSTRALIA V. NETHERLANDS

TIM CAHILL

Cahill was marked by two defenders as a long hopeful punt dropped over his shoulder, but he shocked

the fancied Dutch by hitting a screaming left-foot volley into the top of the net.

w=

MMM

the wrong way. Bale continued his gallop into the box and, as defenders converged on him, tucked the ball home neatly

between the keeper's legs.

SN SPAI ND NETHERLAV.

Van Persie’s goal was the standout in a surprise World Cup victory the reigning world champions. A long, diagonal ball from the wing the Spanish ambitious, but Van Persie sprinted ahead of the defense into h diving full-lengt a with perfectly ball threw himself forward and met the equalized goal The keeper. Spanish the past rocketed from 15 yards that penalty and inspired the Netherlands to score four more.

CHELSEA V. STOKE CITY

CHARLIE ADAM

over seemed box. He header a Spanish

Stoke City’s Scottish midfielder shocked league leaders Chelsea by beating Belgium keeper Thibaut Courtois with a daring long-range shot from 65 yards, well ' within his own half.

100 GREAT GOALS

841

rie

Www. MATTWALLRACING.COU Gum

SSR

Perth

BASt JUMPING

AIRPLANE RACING In the world’s fastest motorsport, pilots compete to be the quickest to fly a single-seater plane around a course marked by pylons. In some classes, the planes reach 500 miles per hour (805kph). What could possibly go wrong? Events such as the Reno Air Races in the United States and the global Red Bull Air Race World Championship attract huge crowds, both live and on television. Despite constantly updated safety rules, the dangers are obvious. In 2011 one crash in Reno not only killed the pilot but ten peectalers, too.

Is this sport for the foolish or the brave? Is the immense adrenaline rush experienced when BASE jumping worth the potential perils of parachute entanglement, limited time for chute deployment, and

uncertain landing areas? Although 230 deaths have been attributed to BASE jumping since 1981, huge audiences have watched these jumps online and at amazing locations. These have included the Eiffel Tower, El Capitan mountain in California, and the Whispering Gallery in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. BASE stands for “building, antenna, span, and earth” —the four categories of launchpad from which jumpers leap into | the void and, hopefull Y,descend safely By,patente

LACKLINING Unlike old-fashioned tightropes, slacklines are loose and bouncy cables made of webbing, usually an inch wide. Participants balance and perform acrobatic tricks that are impressive a few feet from the ground, entertaining above water, and boldly death-defying when the line is strung across a yawning mountain chasm.

100 EXTREME SPO RTS HANG WINGSUIT GLIDING IK FLYING GLIDER SOARING

Launched by a catapult or another

aircraft, engineless

Is this the closest thing to human flight? A wingsuit is a jumpsuit that resembles a bat costume, with material between the legs,

and the arms and the torso, like the webbing between a duck’s toes. Fliers leap from aircraft or BASE jump from mountains and attempt to glide freely until they open their parachute. Expert wingsuit flights can travel almost 5 miles (8km] from the jumping point.

PARAGLIDING Participants are towed by a vehicle or run into the wind to launch a wide, curved, fabric wing into thermals and air currents. Pilots sit on cables beneath the wing and can perform spectacular acrobatics if they are skilled and daring enough.

If parachuting is not thrilling enough, try a form of skydiving in which participants free fall for long periods and open their parachutes at the last moment. The minutes in free fall can be spent admiring the view or performing tricks and maneuvers. Expert free fliers can even twist into vertical positions in order to increase their falling See

SKY SURFING Only the most experienced skydivers can ride ona surfboard while free falling. And only a very select few have managed to complete surfing-style turns, somersaults, and spins at the same time.

Championship in 2010. 4 Pilot Matt Hall shows off his flying skills at the Red Bull Air Race World

First, you need the

nerve to hold on to a wing made of synthetic sailcloth and jump off something tall. After that you will need the skill to control the hang glider. Experts can soar among thermals for hours, twisting acrobatically and covering huge distances.

MICROLIGHT FLYING This aircraft has a small engine that is capable of around 60

miles per hour (100kph). However, flying a microlight or ultralight aircraft is still a dangerous,

demanding, and nerve-tingling experience with high accident rates.

gliders soar on thermals and currents. Experts perform acrobatics and travel hundreds of miles.

NIGHT PARACHUTING Only specialist skydivers jump in the dark. They use flashlights to check their canopy deployment and lights to prevent collisions.

Z\P-LINING Hanging from a pulley as it rolls down a steel cable is exhilarating when it zips across a rain-forest canopy.

JOO EXTREME

SPORTS

843

PARKOUR Elite military units have employed free-running experts in their training because the acrobatic sequences of running up walls, leaping between buildings, somersaulting off railings, and cartwheeling along bridges make this a challenging way of getting from A to B. Parkour is the ultimate extreme sport because it does not need any fancy kit or purpose-built courses: all that is required is the ability to see your environment as an obstacle course and to have the confidence, skill, and fitness to enjoy it.

APUG) Pogo sticks are for kids right? Not these xpogos. They can bounce up to 10 feet (3m) high, enabling users to perform backflips, stick grabs, and

twists in midair.

MULTI MARATHON RUNNING Running one marathon

is tough,

but tackling several on consecutive days is much

tougher. Completing a marathon every day fora year, as some people have, is almost oie rntman:

SHIN KICKING This mysterious English traditional rural sport involves grabbing your opponent and trying to kick their shin before they manage to kick yours.

RAPPELLING

COMBAT

provides the thrills of military \ it the risks.

combat

844

SI

.

If you do not think caving is extreme,

PAINTBALL _ |

Dress as Rambo a around the woods t wipe out your pals. Paintball

LEISURI

rawl

Who needs ropes and pitons? Why not tackle daunting cliffs using only your courage, strength, and skill? Soloing up a rock face is very dangerous, but it is faster, plus the adrenaline rush is massive.

SANDBOARDING No decent waves? Head inland to find a huge sand dune instead. Surfing down the steepest side of a monster dune is a guaranteed pleasure, with soft sand to cushion even the worst wipeout.

TWIN TOWER BUNGEE JUMPING

|

Using ropes for controlled descents gets more hard core if you tackle the side of a tall building. For bigger thrills, try roping down a huge chimney.

rhict SULL CLIMBING

try crawling through a narrow tunnel hundreds of feet underground or exploring a new cave system where no one has ever

| been. Cavers, or spelunkers, need serious nerve, suppleness, fitness, and reliable

equipment. Highs include discovering subterranean waterfalls; hazards include

getting lost or stuck.

You do not always need something to jump off. For this sport, you are attached by cables to two pylons and catapulted vertically skyward. The two angled cords prevent jumpers hitting either pylon and create seriously stomach-churning bounces.

EXTREME HORSEBACK RIDING Forget the local gymkhana. The latest extreme

horseback riding tricks range from rodeo-style acrobatics in the saddle to standing with one foot on the backs of two different horses while they tow skateboarders at speed.

LAND

ini O> BOXING

*) § You might have a good left f > hook, but are you any good at using your bishops? Chess boxing is a competitive sport,

with its own world championships, involving alternate rounds of chess and boxing. Players can win by a knockout or a checkmate.

MOUNTAINEERING

bikers who can achieve downhill

speeds of more than 100 miles per

Fancy sleeping while hanging

(\& froma

You could test your shiny new mountain bike ona pleasant cruise to the local shops. Alternatively, take the plunge down a category black downhill section with heart-stopping drops on either side. Mountain biking can be as gentle or as hard core as you make it. At one extreme are expert mountain

LAND

—

NIAIN KIN

pin jammed into a

hour (160kph} and complete jumps of more than 100 feet (30m). Elite bikers tackle off-road races

mile-high vertical rock face? Or would you rather scramble up ice slopes while gasping for oxygen at

thousands of miles long, terrifying

high altitude? Mountaineering is clearly not for softies.

and hairpin turns.

LAND

ZORBING

trails down mountains, and urban routes that involve stairs, drops,

VOLCANO BOARDING

|

WIFE CARRYING

BULL RUNNING

Blame the Vikings. This Scandinavian sport, in which a man carries a female partner through an obstacle course, dates back to wife-stealing raids. Amazingly, it has spread globally, and annual world championships have been held in Finland since 1997.

This is one of the most traditional and dangerous dares: at festival time, bulls charge down streets, and revelers try to outrun them.

Volcanic slopes are composed fa! ahillinside a of ash and shale: the sort of transparent plastic orb surface that is perfect for slippery amazing be to out turns fun. Just not straight after | surfing. The problem is you have to keep climbing back to the top. a meal though.

EXTREME ENDURANCE RACING Running long distances on consecutive days is hard, but

the extremists do it in competitive races. These can be across polar ice or mountains, through dense jungle, or, toughest of all, across

the Sahara Desert in the 1596-mile

(251km) Marathon des Sables.

BUNGEE RUNNING Run along an inflatable track while attached to a bungee cord until twang, you are hurtled backward.

BOULDERING See that 20-foothigh (6m) lump of rock? Now go and climb it without using any ropes or a harness.

Heavy machine guns lay down covering fire as your squad advances with assault rifles. Simulated combat with airsoft guns is even more realistic than paintballing, and the little plastic pellets have a longer range but do not hurt participants or make a mess. It is no surprise that this battlecraft sport from Asia is gradually invading the West.

100 EXTREMESPORTS

845

LONG-DISTANCE WILDERNESS HIKING For some hardcore hikers, ‘going

for a walk” involves following trails for several days across wild mountains, jungles, and deserts, carrying all their own food and supplies.

EXTREME RODEO

EXTREME IRONING This sport would be laughable if its

In addition to cowboys hanging

locations were not so hard

core. Extreme ironers take

on to bucking broncos,

their boards up sheer rock

there is now freestyle

faces, on underwater dives, and snowboard with them down mountains.

and backward

VIN Frozen lakes and rivers become winter roads in many polar regions, and they are brilliant for practicing car-rally skills, too. Adventurous drivers perform slides, spins, skids, and handbrake turns. The bravest ones

race each other on ultraslippery temporary racing circuits across the ice.

SNOWMOBILE RACING With some machines topping 200 miles

per hour (320kph], racing snowmobiles, or Ski-Doos, has grown into a sensational sport. The fastest riders tackle snowmobile drag racing on snow or even tarmac. The most extreme compete in the annual 2,031-

mile (3,269km) Iron Dog Race in Alaska.

bull riding,

bull dodging, and even bull-pulled chariot races.

and one that is deliberately not very accessible.

The point is to ski or snowboard across remote terrain, accessed bya helicopter not a ski Lift.

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FELL RACING

Competitors chase a rolling cheese down steep, uneven slopes in the Cotswolds, UK. The winner gets the cheese; losers often get twisted ankles.

fells (hills in northern England). One challenge

Runners race up and down steep

involves running up 42 fells in 24 hours. Gradients are so demanding that racers have occasionally died.

REE KING Forget tightly regulated downhill skiing on marked runs; free skiers prefer to perform big jumps and impressive tricks. The sport is all about style and technique, not speed. The coolest skiers are usually the most creative and courageous, too. Some stick to special free-ski terrain parks at mountain resorts; others head off-piste. The most spectacular— and the biggest risk-takers by far— are the big mountain skiers,

who tackle the loose powder slopes of large steep mountains with all the perils of potential avalanches, unexpected drops, and hidden rocks.

NELI-SAIING ICE CLIMBING Want to tackle wild off-piste slopes? This is a dangerous sport

CHEESE ROLLING

If climbing smooth rock faces is tough, vertical sheets of ice are surely impossible. Well, not if you fit crampon spikes to your boots and wield an ice ax in each hand. Skilled ice climbers spider upward by swinging axes into the ice above their heads and kicking with their crampons. Additional dangers come from the ariations in ice conditions. Sometimes it is strong ugh to screw in rope pegs; other times it is too soft tc } the ax points.

EXTREME DOG SLEDDING Hurtling across snow pulled by a team of excited dogs can be laugh-out-loud thrilling, but sledding experts take the sport much further. In fact, these dedicated “mushers” ride the sleds for hundreds of miles, competing in dog sled races up to 1,000 miles (1,600km) long, crossing mountain ranges and frozen lakes as well as navigating through polar forests.

SNOW

OFF-PISTE SKIING fi @™ Off-piste skiers i forego regulated

EXTREME TOBOGGANING

FREESTYLE SNOWBOARDING Imagine the coolest skateboarding

ski runs and head into the untamed mountains to

find solitude and pristine

tricks, twists, and turns,

snow, as well as hidden rocks and avalanches.

but performed ona snowboard instead.

WATER

CANYONING

| You can stand and admire the w © view of a deep narrow gorge, complete with frothing rivers and waterfalls, or you can get right in and have some serious fun. The

This sport involves tobogganing deep in the mountains and forests to jump chasms and experience steep drops.

Tricks, shapes,

jumps, spins, and moves: the only limits to the new skating extremes are your imagination, bravery, and proficiency on the Ice.

Experts call the waves smash against the

rocks a high-energy environment.” The sport

exhilarated, and soaking wet.

very wet.

nr You will need an extra large surfboard to catch these mega waves. Only crests of more

than20 feet (6m) qualify, and the

stars go for the 50-foot-high (15m) monsters. Some get Jet Ski tow-ins, whereas others paddle out the hard way. Some surfers use leashes; others think they are too dangerous. Whatever you prefer, big-wave wipeouts can push you 50 feet

(15m) under. That is where water pressure Starts to hurt, and you

have to get back to the surface fast, before the next wave hits.

BOARDING

Hold tight! Surfers lie facedown on their boards in order to facilitate greater control when performing exciting tricks riding both small | and large waves.

Creeking takes you beyond normal white-water kayaking and into the mad, bad world of severe rapids and waterfalls. Hard-core creekers wear full-body protection, including helmets, face masks, and elbow pads. They need it. They are going to paddle off the lip of a vertical waterfall and into a

= impact zone where

to finish the day exhausted,

BODY

CREEKING

COASTEERING of coasteering involves traveling along this jagged shoreline, clambering over rocks, jumping in the sea, wading, climbing, diving, and swimming. Do not expect sandy beaches or scenic coastal trails: everyone is going to get

fast-growing sport of canyoning involves trying to progress along a steep-sided rocky river using any techniques that fit the situation. So expect a bit of abseiling, climbing, jumping, scrambling, and even swimming. Be sure to wear a wet suit and helmet and prepare

EXTREME ICE-SKATING

rocky tumult below. The elite sportsmen head for drops that have

never been attempted before. Hazards include sieves,’ where

white water disappears underground. You do not want to go there.

FREE DIVING Free divers descend hundreds

of feet without any breathing apparatus. However, hours of

training are needed to be able to hold your breath for minutes at a time. The record is currently an extraordinary 22 minutes.

WAVESKI SURFING Here, the tricks and turns of surfing meet the control and power of kayaking. The “board” resembles a sit-on kayak. Experts strap themselves in so that they can roll right over in the water and in midair. 100 EXTREMESPORTS

847

HORSE SURFING This unusual combination sport of the latest seaside crazes. The gallops along the sea’s edge, towing a behind. The surfer can pull jumps and as ney eee uous the shallows.

is one horse surfer tricks

BAREFOOT WATERSKIING Waterskiing used to be one of the craziest sports around. Now it is nothing special unless you can do it without a ski. One warning: the boat has to go much faster to keep you upright.

PUWCHBUATING

UNDERWATER HOCKEY

Reaching speeds of 250 miles per hour

(400kph], powerboat racing is elitist,

As in ice hockey, two opposing teams try to knock a puck along the ground with a stick in an attempt to score a goal. However, this crazy sport happens at the bottom of a swimming pool, and all the players are holding their breath.

CLIFF DIVING People have always Jumped off rocks and into the sea, but now it is an official sport. Red Bull's World Series pits the most daring global divers against daunting drops of almost 100 feet

(30m) from vertical cliffs.

Strait (14 miles/22km) or the English Channel

as you want.

(21 miles/33km]?

through unfrozen sections and then push the canoe across the ice chunks, of course. Hard-

core Canadians have turned this into a sport.

Ing from

tis extremely cold. The risk of hypothermia n that divers need special exposure suit: ty tethers, and rescuers on hand. There the risk of being crushed by moving ice underneath, but obviou:

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‘WAI KAVAKIN Simply surviving the roaring, churning, frothy water that rushes between jagged boulders is tough enough, but elite kayakers race against each other through the toughest sections of the rapids. The most

creative and skilled even do acrobatic somersaults and twists In their boats as they slalom through the courses.

Bored with lengths at the local pool? Why not try the Cook

to speed, race, jump,

pass but not frozen enough to make an

thr ugh the ice and jump in.

LONG-DISTANCE OPEN WATER SWIMMING

or freestyle as much

ice bridge, how do you get across? Paddle

Saw a hole

accidents are common.

In this sport a curved power kite tugs a surfboard rider through the waves. | After that it is up to you

When water is too frozen for ferries to

The ice looks ar

out in the ocean. Unfortunately, serious

KITE SURFING

ICE CANOEING

UNDER-ICE SCUBA DIVING

expensive, highly dangerous, and one of the most thrilling ways of traveling on water. Smaller boats race around tight circuits close to the shore in front of huge crowds; bigger monster powerboats battle each other farther

Helmets, life

jackets, and noseclips are normal safety gear.

WHITE-WATER RATTING Participants desperately hang on to an inflatable raft that tosses them in all directions as it travels through furious white-water rapids. Although there is a party atmosphere on board, do not be fooled: plenty of battered passengers will testify that this is a Cousot sport.

ICE SWIMMING From China to Scotland, ice swimmers brave

subzero conditions for the thrill, invigoration, and claimed health benefits. There are hazards, however:

some Arctic swimmers have suffered frostbite in the water; others have died from shock or a heart attack.

SURF KAYAKING

EXTREME SAILING

Paddle out; surf back in. That's the idea, anyway. You have more control and range than on a board but wipeouts still happen.

This is the ultimate

sailing spectacular: world-class sportsmen race high-speed carbon catamarans tipped almost onto their sides.

PATADATLING

STORM CHASE WINDSURFING Towering waves and 80 mile-per-hour (130kph] winds are no problem for windsurfers competing in the Red Bull Storm Chase. These experts travel the world seeking wild weather to push their skills to the limit. Waves and winds above storm force ten power pase jue which means more time for the tricks.

SNOWMOBILE WATERCROSS Although snowmobiles are designed to be ridden on snow, some riders can hurl them across water, too. The machine would normally sink, but if you hit the water fast enough and keep it on full throttle, you can hydroplane across the surface. The record

distance is more than 100 miles (160km].

Participants are towed through the water until their curved sail or kite lifts them

| skyward. Experts can be | cut loose to control their | own descent.

LONG-DISTANCE SEA KAYAKING Sea kayaking can be a nice, gentle way of exploring a

coastline, or it can be turned into a long-distance sport. For example, a team paddled around Great Britain in 67 days, and another kayaked | across the Atlantic in 99 days.

eiEs Mie JIE T Sa Riding on Jet Skis may start with a few thrilling little jumps over waves, but before you know it you are flying upside down, holding on with one hand. The secret is turning fast to hit your own wake. Experts bounce their Jet Skis so high that there is time to pace UGREEKS stunts such as pele

KIMBOANDING

CAVE DIVING Exploring water-filled cave systems with scuba gear is eye-poppingly thrilling but hideously dangerous. Divers discover beautiful underwater chambers, but caves can extend for many miles underground, so groups must leave a guide cable that they can follow back to open water, in case of an

emergency. Other common decompression problems.

hazards include serious

This sport started out as a simple, safe version of surfing: run with a thin flat board, jump aboard, and ride along the shallows. Then riders started heading out to meet incoming waves. Someone learned a few tricks, and a whole new sport was born.

Now, there are competitive leagues and competitions. Experts skim out to big breaks and then flip and twist their way back to shore,

or speed across the wet sand, performing skateboarding tricks.

WAKEBOARDING Combine the skills of waterskiing, snowboarding, and surfing, and you are getting close to the booming new extreme sport of wakeboarding. Board riders hang on to a cable while they are towed behind a speeding motorboat. They use the waves in the boat's wake to perform jumps, rolls, and twists. For expert participants, ramps and obstacles add to the creative possibilities.

100

EXTREME

SPORT

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|

FLOW RIDING Surfers do not

/

| E\ X

need open water.

Climb into one of these

“ss

|

machines for a high-

ES

ye

-

powered water flow and a perfect constant ride.

|

OFF-ROAD RACING

|

\ OTOC

of thick mud, water,

MOTOBALL Teams maneuver motorbikes while kicking a footballat each other's goal. It is noisy, chaotic, and ever so slightly dangerous.

Sa

their bikes full throttle up a ramp in order to gain maximum air ime. They then use their midair

ruts, and steep inclines— great! This is where off-road racers test their four-wheel-drive skills.

=

ROSS

The most extreme riders drive

A route comprising

;

ERE

moments to perform the most outrageous stunts you can think of while the crowds in the stands hold heir breaths wondering If the rider is

goingto end up in a crumpled heap. Pretty outrageous. But what about umping over a group of other riders while letting go of the bike, doing a backward somersault, and landing | back on the bike? Or standing on one hand on the bike saddle in midair? | Long-distance jumping Is also a favorite, with riders attempting gaps

of more than 300 feet [90m]. They are always trying new death-defying

EXTREME UNICYCLING Riding a bike with one wheelIs not easy, but riding it across mountains, obstacle courses, and over jumps is extremely difficult. Sa =a

DRAG RAGING

tricks, despite a long list of injuries and expensive repairs. = : :

MUN

TA \ HARI

||

:

=

=

QUAD

iI

On this sophisticated skateboard, mountain/dirt board riders tackle the off-road courses and wild | trails meant for mountain bikers. Proper pneumatic tires and steering enable them to reach 60 miles per | hour (100kph). Elite riders perform tricks along the way.

P39 orbitesacceerte ROLLER Straig

track from a standing

| D Ea PSiS) if

start. Forget normal acceleration—top drag machines reach 60 miles per hour (100kph) in only 0.3 seconds and 330 miles per hour (530kph] by the end of the 0.25 mile (0.4km] track.

Two teams of five skaters | speed around a track on roller skates, trying to lap one another and block moves. Dainty itis not. Expect to see all skaters wearing helmets, wrist guards, | knee pads, and elbow pads, as well as hoxing-style mouth guards.

850

=

————

=

|

Two hot rod cars

side by side on a

——

BK

N(

Theoretically, these four-wheel motorbikes should be safer and more stable, except riders keep devising crazy things to do on them. These include tilting the quad bike and riding on only two wheels or racing on a hard-core off-road course with jumps.

SKATEBOARDING At least 11 million

skateboarders around the world practice hard to get their thrills from this simple board on wheels. Straightforward jumps and flips come first and then more extreme stunts. The elite boarders tackle tricks such as the airwalk, 360 hardflip, and nosegrind.

EXTREME FREESTYLE BMX

Forget racing: extreme freestyle BMX display riders take their time to get seriously airborne for bike somersaults and backward twists on the bars. They also tackle huge jumps, creative flips and balances, and

synchronized team bounces.

WHEELS

It

LAWN MOWER RACING

Street luge riders lie flat on their boards, hovering only a few inches above the ground, and steer simply ayleaning. On a downhill street course, speeds can reach up to 100 miles per hour (160kph), and there are no brakes. Not surprisingly, helmets, gloves, and tough race suits are the norm, as are frequent injuries.