Dialectal variation in the Aymara language of Bolivia and Peru (Aimara/ Aru)

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DIALECTAL

VARIATION IN OF BOLIVIA

THE AND

AYMARA PERU

LANGUAGE

By

LUCY

A IN

THERINA

BRIGGS

DISSERTATION

PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITY

OF

1976

FLORIDA

This deseription of dtalectal variatton in the Aymara language of Bolivia and Peru ts dedicated to all the Aymara speakers who helped make tt posstble, and to the Aymara linguists of the future who will improve upon tt.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1970

appreciation.

deep

my

express

gave

who doc-

my

throughout

studies.

toral

Nacional

Instituto

by

facilitated

field

My

(ILCA).

the

Instituto

Nacional

Educaci6n

(INIDE).

available

to

I

am

the

very

Bolivia

in

work

field

My

tion

support

moral

and

financial

me

parents,

my

Briggs,

Barnard

Lucy

and

Briggs

Ormsbee

to

also

due

are

thanks

Special Ellis

to

wish

I

support

that

of

sources

the

To

(1974-75).

fellowship

graduate

Sciences

and

Arts

of

College

Florida

of

University

a

(3)

and

(1971-74),

fellowship

graduate

Foundation

Science

National

a

(2)

Act,

Education

Defense

National

the

of

VI

Title

by

funded

Project

Materials

Language

Aymara

the

in

(1970-71)

assistantship

teaching

graduate

a

(1)

of

auspices

the

under

Peru,

and

Bolivia

in

and

Florida

of

University

the

at

1975

through

from

conducted

research

on

based

is

study

This

de

de

Instituto in

work

de

Lingiifsticos

Estudios

Lengua was

Peru

Investigaci6n

Copies three

named

this

of

iv

y

the

(INEL)

and

Cultura

authorized

y

Aymara

by

Desarrollo

study

entities,

grateful.

by

authorized

was

are for

being

whose

the

de

la

made coopera-

task

Dr.

M.

and

two

the

University

of

La

of

Chapter

to

tapes

to

final

my

of

check

Aymara

the of

analysis

near-final

a

this

study,

accuracy

the

Both

examples.

dialects

translation

examples

Aymara

reviewed of

extensive

the

of

sometimes tran-

the

with

me

culminating

in

worked

9.

In was

the

manuscript

scriptions the

on

whole

listening

in

commenting

the

the

in

completed.

been

review

Yapita

I

training

help

me

Mr.

therein.

contained draft

Aymara,

on

literature

Aymara

their

to

the

helped

Vasquez

Ms.

Specifically,

have

not

could

study

this

analysis,

in

Agustin

measure

considerable

their

and

them

from

received

and

Paz

La

of

concerning

Without

guidance.

patient

and

knowledge

large

in

director

and

San

de

gained

have

I due

are

culture

and

language

Aymara

insights

Whatever

Paz.

Cultura

and

writer

V&squez,

y

at

teachers

my

were

founder

Nacional

dissertation,

doctoral

Yapita,

Universidad

the

at

professor

are

They

Dios

Lengua

de

Instituto

the

de

Juan

Mr.

and

artist,

Juana

Ms.

Florida:

of

who

Aymara

of

speakers

native

my

of

director

Hardman,

J.

undertaking

my

to

conclusion.

a

to

it

bringing

and

the

crucial

were

contributions

whose

sons

per-

three

out

single

to

here

wish

I

long.

is

research

the

in

me

assisted

who

persons

of

list

The

the

various

constant draft

also

mentor,

stages

of

the

challenger,

benefitted

from

the

work and

Dr.

Hardman

support.

suggestions

The of

the

of of

of

members

other

Professor

University

the

mented

maps,

and

draft

of

them who that

wish

1

to

take

pursuit

have of

descriptions

that

imply

this

will

applied

of

the

my

correct to

the

of

versions

typing

for

Aymara

we

I

final

the

is

all

ef

with

that

do For

errors.

researchers

‘the

more

zeal

same

predecessors,

share--ever

language.

vi

free

trusting

my

I

received,

have

mistakes

correcting

objective

the

study

responsibility,

full me

help

the

acknowledging

follow I

Whitehurst

final

manuscript.

the

In not

Patricia

Ms.

the

Dr.

thank

to

wish

also

I

4.

preparing

for

Palmer

Charles

and

3

Chapters

on

com-

and

read

kindly

who

Florida,

of

Linguistics

in

Program

the

of

Saciuk

Bohdan

those

as

well

as

committee,

doctoral

my

in accurate

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

-nner ---cere ----------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

rire --rrr --rrr on nr-n-ne -------

ABSTRACT CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

]

2

------------------------------enn ----------------

1-1

Demography

1-1.1

Number and location of Aymara nee speakers ------ n-ne cn rn renner

]-1.2

Status

1-1.3

bilingualism, Monolingualism, and multilingualism -----------------

1-2 1-2.1 1-2.2

rene n nce --een --History ~----Language family --------------------Dialects ----------------------------

1-2.3

Summary description of La Paz errr-r ---errr Aymara ~-----------

1-3 1-3.1 1-3.2

The Present Study ------------------bases ------------------Theoretical Purposes and scope ------------------

1-3.3 1-3.4 1-3.5 1-3.6

Methodology and data ---------------Sites and sources ------------------of the study ----------Organization Conventions and terminology ---------

A

SURVEY

OF

-----------------

THE

LITERATURE

nee renee

-----------------

-------------Personal r --H-cn-Numbers ---------------0-H -------------------Positionals Temporals ----------------- reno noun/verb roots --~--------Ambiguous

203 203 210 215 216 222 226 243

5-3 5-3.1 5-3.2 5-3.3

-----rrr ---~-----Noun Suffixes Class of limited occurrence --------Class 1 suffixes -----------9------------------4-------Class 2 suffixes

245 245 259 274

5-3.4

Class

3

suffixes

ix

(verbalizers)

------

300

5-4 5-4.1 5-4.2

Summary and Conclusions -------------in the noun Types of variation

309

nn SYSTEM ---- nn een en ee nr rr errr patterning ----------------Dialectal

309 311

~----------------

317

VARIATION

IN

THE

SYSTEM

VERB

6-1

Introduction

-------------------------

317

6-2 6-2.1 6-2.2 6-2.3

Suffixes --------Derivational Verbal --------------------Class 1 suffixes --------------------Class 2 suffixes Class 3 suffixes ---------------------

318 321 345 374

6-3 6-3.1 6-3.2

384 384

6-3.3

Suffixes --------Inflectional Verbal ------------------------Introduction distinctive inflectional Verbal --r rn rr eee ----------features rrnne errr ---rrr -Tenses ------

6-4 6-4.1 6-4.2 6-4.3 6-4.4

The Verb sa.fia 'to say' -------------sa.fia with Simple tense -------------sa.fia with Future tense -------------sa.fia with other tenses -------------patterning -~---------------Dialectal

445 447 450 453 454

6-5 6-5.1

Summary and Conclusions -------------in the verb Types of variation SYSt@M ------ non nnn ner er renner nnn

455

6-5.2

Dialectal

SYNTACTIC

AND

patterning

-----------------

386 389

455

459

-----

468

-------------------------

468

----and Syntactic Suffixes -eee --------------------------------------suffixes

469 469 473

MORPHOSYNTACTIC

VARIATION

7-1

Introduction

7-2 7-2.1 7-2.2

Particles Particles Syntactic

7-3

Basic

-----------------

508

7-4 7-4.1 7-4.2 7-4.3 7-4.4 7-4.5

Morphosyntactic Processes -----------Reduplication ---~--------------------Subordination -----------------------uka linker and summarizer -----------sa.fia embedding ---------------------Negation -----------------------------

509 509 517 562 564 576

7-5

Conclusion

Sentence

Types

---------------------------

587

IN SEMANTICS

Introduction

i _

Whr—

PP PON

& ad

.

nM wo

i ot

A

------------------------

(data

source)

-------------

Singular/Plural

nonpostulate:

----

Semantic Variation in Roots and n eee nen -nen --Suffixes --------Noun system ------------------------Verb system -------------------------

ene------------------

Metaphor Summary

MISSIONARY,

10

---------------------

--------------Linguistic Postulates -----------------system Four-person ---------------------Human/Nonhuman acquired Directly/Indirectly

knowledge

>

ww

'

© co

©

CO

co

wwocnc

oo

VARIATION

Conclusion

and

PATRON,

AND

RADIO

--------------

AYMARA

-------

------------------------

9-1

Introduction

9-2

Phonology

9-3

Morphophonemics

9-4

Morphology

9-5

Morphosyntax

9-6 9-6.1 9-6.2

-ne errr -rrr rrr ec-SemanticS ---Linguistic Postulates --------------Other semantic peculiarities --------

9-7

Summary

CONCLUSION

r rr -nner -reer ----

---------------------

r ne --r nnn --------rrr

and

and

Syntax

Conclusion

~-------------

--------------

-----9-2-0-------------------Variation

in

Aymara

-------

10-1

Dialectal

10-2

Dialect Groups and Regional nee one nee --Features ~----------La Paz, Juli, Northern group: Socca, Huancané ---------------------

10-2.1

10-2.2

(and/or Jopoqueri Southern group: Corque), Salinas, Morocomarca (and/or Calacala) --------------------------x7

718 722 724

Calacoa dialects: -----------------------

10-2.3

Intermediate and Sitajara

10-2.4

Peripheral

------------------

728

10-2.5 10-2.6 10-2.7

features -----------Cross-regional perceptions -------Cross-dialectal Attitudes toward Aymara language and culture ------------------------

733 735

10-3

Results of Research Interpretation and Their Implications -------------

central)

Directions

(as

distinguished

dialects

Research

from

727

736 739

-----

746

ELICITATION LIST OF WORDS, PHRASES, AND SENTENCES ----------------------------------

752

10-4

for

Future

APPENDICES A B

ONOMATOPOEIC

---------------------

782

C

REGIONAL VERSIONS OF GREETINGS AND COMMON EXPRESSIONS --------------- ----------

784

REGIONAL VERSIONS OF A SAYING AND A RIDDLE -------------------------------------

803

--------------------------

811

------------------------------------------

835

---------------------------------

847

D E

INDEX

REFERENCES BIOGRAPHICAL

OF

SKETCH

PARTICLES

SUFFIXES

xii

Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council Fulfillment of the of the University of Florida in Partial for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Requirements

LANGUAGE

AYMARA PERU

THE AND

VARIATION IN OF BOLIVIA

DIALECTAL

By Lucy

Therina

Briggs

August,

Major

Department:

The plains

of

Titicaca west

of

coast

of

whom

salt

rest

Aymara

one in

playing

cultural

of

and

Peru.

Chile.

have

its

extends

speakers

a

half

There

traditionally major

role

in

are

also

traded in

over

regional

produce.

x1ii

to

in

the

Pacific

the

altiplano.

million,

Bolivia

speakers

or

a

Lake

subtropical

two

farmers

of

reaches

the

few

tip

upper

primarily

a

Andean

South-

descend

live

high

Poop6.

the

approaches

million

the

Lake

into

is

Predominantly

a

of

that

domain

on

northern

spoken

valleys

but

number

is

it

the

south

it

east

spoken

from

flats

river the

is

Bolivia

Titicaca

to

about

northern

women

the

valleys,

total

language

and

the

and

Yungas

the

Peru

Lake

some

Linguistics

Aymara

to

of

The

Hardman-de-Bautista

J.

M.

Chairman:

1976

and in

herders,

wide

the

area,

marketing

of

Aymara of

agri-

in

has study

times

regional

variation

phology,

syntax

three

Missionary,

the

include of

of

saying,

and

riddle,

a

greetings,

of

index

an

and

suffixes. The

basic

which

that

attributed

to

by

studies

University

confirms

study

structures

earlier

in

a

dialogue,

versions

list

a

fieldwork,

in

used regional

particles,

onomatopoeic

brief

a

list

elicitation

region:

appendices

The

Aymara.

Radio

and

Patr6n,

and one

any

to

specific

not

dialects

translation

mor-

semantics,

and

morphosyntax,

and

examines

morphophonemics,

phonology,

in

from

literature

study

this

present,

the

to

colonial

and

communities

the

of

survey

a

from

data

incorporating

Aymara

ten

in

research

cn

Based

Aymara.

in

variation

dialectal

of

character

and

extent

the

determining

of

task

the

begin

to

conceived

was

present

The

times.

colonial

since

exist

to

known

been

variation

dialectal

although

studied,

systematically

been

hitherto

not

have

Aymara

of

Dialects

undetermined.

is

language,

Andean

major

other

the

Quechua,

to

Aymara

of

relationship

The

Peru.

Lima,

of

department

the

spoken

Kawki,

and

Jaqaru

are

members

extant

other

whose

languages

of

family

Jaqi

the

to

belongs

Aymara

of

M.

Florida.

suffixes

play

J.

not

only

La

two and

Hardman Aymara

dialects

all

is

a

Paz

share

the

in

dialects

associates

at

polysynthetic

morphological

but

the language

also %

system

in

sharing

dialects

of

La

features

a

by

by

few

the

intermediate

two

a

division

the

spread

(2)

and

that

retain

picture

dialectal

existence

of

certain

regard

to

regional

without

dialects

The

lost.

has

Paz

complicated

further

shared

La

division

a

(1)

areas

outlying

toward

insta-

patterning

reflecting

dialects

peripheral

influence

Paz

certain is

and

central

into

phono-

in

phonemic

both),

of

features

some

lacking

variety

(with

dialects

southern

and

northern

into

phonology

in

phoneme

a

distinctions:

overlapping

two

involves

(though

Regional

variation.

morphophonemic

and

human

and

direct

of

from

stemming

morphemes

in

shapes

bility

of

considerable

is

there

and

others,

logical

distinction

have

dialects

Two

morphophonemics.

the

a

primarily

occur

differences

Regional and

All

intelligible.

equally)

not

rules.

mutually

are

dialects

All

knowledge.

indirect

preceding

postulates:

distinction

a

and

reference,

nonhuman

and

a

persons,

grammatical

four

of

linguistic

certain

have

also

dialects

morphophonemic

complex

to

according

vowels

or

own

their

lose

or

retain

and

roles

syntactic

features

patterning.

many

While to

Spanish

to

be

Aymara

and

influence

adopting

a

is

Paz

La

vigorous

natural

population

tions.

In

the

long

at

loans

Spanish

run

the

for future XV

accelerating

survive

will

that

language increases

an

at

Aymara

of

dialects

all

attributable

are

innovations

least of

the

appear rate,

due

several language

to

generawill

depend

on

many

extent

to

which

a

vehicle

use

as

factors,

its of

not

least

speakers literature

of

succeed and

XVI

which

in

will

fostering

education.

be

the

its

CHAPTER

1

INTRODUCTION

1-1

Demography

1-1.1

Number

and

Aymara

is

to

subtropical

the

the

primarily

are

Bolivians

the

Bolivian

the

total

5.3

million

Aymara a

half

east

Yungas

valleys,

but

its

extends

it

is

domain

of

population

(U. may

S.

approximately

et

(Hardman of

population

of

Department

well

for

account

of

speakers

native

Bolivia

over

a

of

third

As

1975:3.2).

al.

State

today

Aymara

in

1973

1974:1), a

million

was

Bolivian and

speakers.

In

persons

the

constitute

and

estimated

alone

to

and

coast,

that

valleys

river

many

the

altiplano.

majority

The

of

some

Pacific

the

to

descend into

of

reaches

upper

the

in

spoken

is

it

Titicaca

Lake

of

Southwest

1-1).

Figure

(see

Poopé

Lake

of

south

flats

salt

Uyuni

the

Titicaca

Lake

of

tip

northern

the

from

Bolivia

and

Peru

of

plains

Andean

high

the

on

spoken

speakers

of

location

for

Peru,

whom

according

Aymara

was

to

the

the

national

first

census

(maternal)

of

1961,

language

\

\,

\. Lima

»*

NX.

N,

oN, °,

~.

’.

/

8

N,

]

“sees

&

™.,

:

4

~.

2

ST

nN

NO

\

a

Y

‘

.

.

4

os

foe

\,

\C \ u

PANDO

VY

:

© Cachuy (Kawki) 7,Lp OTupe , upe ( Jagaru),

:

: ¢

.

AP E, R U 4

MS

/ ost

“low

\ i~

ee

7

“wen

a

~/

‘

w,

pinte ee (a

; As

‘AREQUIPA

>.

Socca

“ig yop 0 atkeba Moquesvs f 4

Z

y mar . Pri j

Aymara

Secondary

Other Another

Sites

Aymara

Sites Where Jaqi i

or

Am

ye - VEE ie, B

Is

L. P5506

YL)

O

In

Mentioned

-——-»

. —-—

Figure

,

Towns

Other

U7 A/

Or Cities

Text

International Boundaries. Departmental

1-1.

:

Boundaries

Area

Voi Carasi \

iN

1

Xu, ‘

Oe linas dé O%Sa

a

ose

Certain

ni"

£0 p

vom

a

/ ICHUQUI

Os

_) Where

Aymara

is

Spoken

A

Z,\ Sorodontatea, aN

**

Spoken

I

CRUZ

on

\o Calacala

fo R yyof

Language

V

SANTA

Z

72 \eUneia’

.

I

\

© Liallagua

fy

OTacné/,

Or

L

de. MENA 4,8 4

Sites For This Study

Aymara

oO

he T ae lA % Jestis de Mi CH

Fag ati Vs

For This Study

i

.

OSKias San Andrés

Is Spoken

Aymara

Area Where

A

tee SACA

A

L

only

up

made

or

older,

Perd

del

their

census, then

and

old

years

the

for

Allowing

the

five,

under Peru

The

speakers

Aymara

1961

The 83.9%

of

Puno,

the

in

were

the

and

Puno

of

Arequipa

of

of

in

reliable

Aymara

the

of

speakers

Nieto)

and

(provinces

Sandia

provinces

the

8.4%

rest,

of

departments

remaining

and

La

northern

statistics are

generally

are

speakers

departments

Aymara

the

with

(provinces

Bolivia,

location

majority the

Mariscal

the

of

290,125,

Tacna 8.5% of

San

scattered Arequipa

Roman),

Cuzco.

and

For and

of

departments

Istay),

Lima,

Tarata),

of

(province in

of

(province

Moquegua

highlands

interior

in

1972.

for

total

the

Of

Huancané.

and

Chucuito,

Puno,

of

department

the

in

were

the

of

that

indicated

census

Unfortu-

available

yet

not

are

figures

such

nately,

of

breakdowns

province.

and

department

by

gave

census

Peruvian

1961

million.

two

nearing

as

estimated

be

may

today

and

Bolivia

in

speakers

Aymara

of

total

children

Aymara

Peruvian

of

inclusion

1974:2.646).

Perf

del

(Repdblica

older

five

population

total

the

of

2.9%

only

constituted

this

although

332,593,

to

grown

had

number

Peruvian

1972

the

to

According

1966:4-45).

(Repablica

8,235,220

of

total

a

of

out

290,125

and

old

years

five

population

the

of

3.5%

Paz

and

and

Oruro.

western

not

on

numbers The

available.

considered

to

be

in

There

are

also

of

the

department

parts

of

of

eastern

provinces

Mufecas,

Bautista

eastern as

of

such

towns,

younger

some

generation

is

bilingual

telling

use

The

situation

in

some

and only

if with

at

not

province its

home;

shame,

and

strangers.

in

Quechua This

the

Charcas,

of use

in

public

is

used

situation

not

by

where is

Bustillos

of

is

Aymara

met

with

suggests

a

spoken

embarrassment,

in

primarily

Aymara.

(1974)

Harris

province

to

prefer

understand

0.

capable

are

15

obviously

do

Quechua

and

over

persons

noted

that

like

communities

other the

in

is

Spanish

12

under

children

Quechua;

in

they

Aymara

in

stories

as

the

Calacala,

in

these,

Although

Aymara.

than

rather of

In

often

are

of

Aymara.

1-1)

Figure

(see

Morocomarca

and

Calacala

as

surrounding

but

speaking,

Quechua

are

border

Potosi

Oruro-

the

of

east

just

centers

mining

The

complex.

is

situation

linguistic

the

Cochabamba

and

Oruro

departments

the

between

Potos?t

northwestern

In

border.

Potosi

the

approaches

one

Quechua

of

preponderance

a

with

similar,

is

Oruro

in

situation

The

Aymara.

others

Quechua,

dominantly

pre-

being

villages

some

speakers,

Quechua

with

shared

are

Camacho)

of

part

and

Saavedra,

(Larecajas,

Real

Cordillera

the

beyond

north-

the

although

known

well

is

Paz

La

of

department

the

throughout

Aymara

of

presence

The

Cochabamba.

department

the

of

border

western

the

along

communications)

personal

Pefiaranda,

Walter

and

Alb6

(Javier

and

Potost

kind

public of

or

diglossia,

perhaps

languages

coexisted

each

Potosi

of

areas

speaking

whom

language.

example,

the

in

northern

Potosi?

Vista

Buena western

for

de

Pedro

in

Llica

of

Aymara

are

flats

salt

dominant

the

area

the

and

Uyuni

the

near

Potos?

groups

San

of

valleys

For

Quechua

becoming

be

to

appear

not

does

Quechua

Aymara-speaking

by

inhabited

are

be

to

considered

traditionally

many

that

however,

noted,

also

has

Harris

locale.

in

used

languages

particular

the

with

general

when

time

earlier

an

of

relic

a

speaking. In

of

For

example,

the

border

of

Chuquisaca

considered

to

be

remote

part

Charcas.

The

most of

hand, all

valley

Quechua.

These

are

examples

study

to

determine

be

the

spoken taken

Aymara

today. into

The

account.

have

high

puna

of the

mobility

the

Predominantly

traditionally

Uncia

of

their

traded

where

areas Aymara

farmers

over

a

they

that

complexities

the

other

near

parts

exact of

province the

on

Laymis,

remote

the

in

Carasi,

near

the

of

the

in

speak

they

further is

while

Aymara

know

situation

reverse:

the

is

valley,

their

of

the

in

Aymara

speak

speaking,

Quechua

generally

are

and

department

near

live

who

Machas,

the

that

found

Harris

lines.

ayllu

across

cuts

language

inappropriate;

is

ing

speak-

Quechua

or

Aymara

as

group)

(clan

ayllu

given

a

designation

the

Harris,

to

according

cases,

some

must or

wide

need

Aymara also herders,

area.

of

city

that It

Bolivian

or

taught

(Juan

de

of

Peruvian

settlers

Aymara

clarifi-

further

needs

also

Bolivian

recent

of

predominantly

or

native

is

Chile

popula-

Aymara

the

Whether

Oruro.

of

department

the

of

border

Chilean

the

along

communication).

personal

Yapita,

Dios

in

Norte

del

Universidad

the

at

spoken

be

also

may

tion

is

and

Chile,

Arica,

of

environs

the

in

spoken

also

is

Aymara

1972).

and

1968

(Murra

times

prehistoric

since

existed

has

that

archipelagos

vertical

of

system

a

levels,

cal

ecologi-

several

at

property

agricultural

own

frequently

and

villages

their

with

ties

close

maintain

cities

the

to

move

that

families

Aymara

produce.

agricultural

marketing

regional

in

role

major

a

play

women

Aymara

cation.

Status

1-1.2

Bolivia

Both

Quechua the

and

Spanish,

effectively

by

Aymara

at the

large

efforts speakers

on

al.

et of

to

Aymara

production

of

a

language,

national

but

active

1975:3.2).

small

but

educate

language written

has

action

this

monolingual from

barred

(Hardman the

that

fact

social

life

as

Aymara

recognized

and

in

situation

groups

active other

failed

participation

This

with

together

speakers

Aymara

have

1971)

(in

Peru

and

1970)

(in

of

to

alter

are national

is

offset

Bolivian public

Aymara

and

the

culture

and

to

in

the

language.

literature

stimulate

(ILCA)

Aymara

and

the

Instituto

Nacional

Paz.

Portales

in

Cochabamba

developed into

at

produced

1975) 1-1.3

for

the

of

Spanish

University

the

use

Aymara

for

Figures

bilingualism,

or

either

lacking

census

indicated

or

Aymara

untrustworthy.

of

reference

the

total

of

et

and

other

The

of

1961

grammar al.

children.

Aymara

monolingualism,

multilingualism

that

of

bilingualism,

Monolingualism,

translation

(Hardman

Florida

teachers

training

in

and

teaching of

the

financing

is

government

the

but

be

to

yet

have

Aymara

in

Programs

Spanish.

speak

not

do

who

those

for

languages

vernacular

in

primary

includes

which

plan

development

educational

on

embarked

recently

has

Peru

of

government

The

education

education

toward

languages.

two

the

Aymara

sociolinguistic

attitudes

speaker

determine

to

surveys

the

and

Quechua

in

INEL

and

Pedagédgico promoted

has

in

materials

ILCA

with

involved

is

and

La

teaching

Estudios

de

Centro

The

in

of

development

an

de

de

Cultural

in

Instituto

(INEL)

Lingifsticos y

the

Cultura

y

Lengua

of

leadership

the

under

continued

have

and

2-4.12)

(see

Florida

of

sity

Univer-

the

at

Project

Materials

Language

Aymara

the

in

community

Aymara

Bolivian

the

of

members

of

participation

the

from

impetus

considerable

received

efforts

These

multilingualism Spanish-Aymara

types

are

Peruvian

290,125

speakers

4

of

Aymara

speak

not

of

official

Other

(Repablica

Peruvian

sources

terms

to

actual

ments

of

the

speakers

Aymara

other

who

persons fluent

the

Present-day influence

are

History

1-2.1

Language

Aymara

1975)

by

designated

were

Spanish

in

the

set

of

topics.

defined

appeared

to

be

be

to

Other fairly

difficulties

many

have

cultural

The

role

of

taken

into

account.

that

of

sources,

show

heavy

Chapter

a

have

to

appeared

competence

also

in

persons

Some

(1-1.1).

bilingualism

discussed

complexi-

such

includes

proved

dialects

Aymara

1-2

(Hardman

must for

remarks

needed

production.

and

factors

social

(See

later

Spanish

in

are

acquaintance

first

on

comprehension

and

narrowly

a

within

lanauage

bilingual

and

monolingual

productive

not

if

receptive

as

refine-

who

research

this

in

encountered

and

Potosi

northern

of

these

of

application

Redefinitions

which

situation,

those

as

ties

varies.

monolingual

terms

Andean

the

for

cases

coordinate

differentiate the

96%

1966:2-3).

PerG

del

but

bilingualism

subordinate

and

in

Puno

in

were

these

that

and

did

they

if

asked

when

Spanish

did

they

said

162,175

older,

or

years

five

1-3.3. Spanish

9.)

family

is

a

which

member

Torero

of

the

(1972b)

Jaqi

language

prefers

to

family

call

the

Aru

in

of

highland

the

province

of

Yauyos

south

vigorous

but

Kawki

is

Yauyos, occupied

to

the

most

north.

existence of

north

Lima

the

language

the

rise

south,

over

taking

Puquina.

(Ayacucho)

Huari

of

Torero

glottochronological

mately

Aymara

this

having

years

1,490

diverged

as

calculations

of

beginning

reckoning

and

his

cited

has

Kawki

around

approximately

in

and

A.

Aymara

D.

are

840.

with

phase

since

moved

such

Hardman's indicating

divergence

minimal

Torero

to

languages

other

of

territories

Canta

of

has

Aymara

and

the

for

evidence

expansive

its

entered

family

the

to

area

According

1900's.

early

the

in

Jaqi

other

the

valley

the

and

Huancavelica

restricted

in

language

Jaqi

a

of

southeast

and

reported

has

(1966:15)

Hardman

Aymara

Bolivia.

while

more

a

in

spoken

were

languages

and

Huarochiri

south

the

from

as

century

Lima,

departments,

Ayacucho

northern

extension

southern

in

basin

probable

area,

extensive

Pampas

River

the

evidence,

southern

now

is

what

south

toponymical

of

provinces

present

two

of

and

miles

16th

the

in

family

language

this

area

as

150

the

established

has

(1972b)

Torero

and

historical

Citing

of

about

out.

dying

of

still

is

Jaqaru

Peru.

Lima,

Tupe

Kawki,

and

Jaqaru

in

respectively,

Cachuy,

and

spoken

are

family

the

of

members

extant

Other

family.

A.

1,130

between D.

480.

years

approxi-

Jaqaru By

apart,

10

the

On from

dence

language

the

ninth

city Lima

of

Huari,

to

southern

The

1000.

and stage

With

between

the

of

department

as

of

these a

Titicaca

his

of

that

Aymara

during

the

third

one

with

period

longer

suggested

of

D.

dialects

show

While

1550.

A.

that

and

Puno,

about

Moho

of

dialect

phase

in

La

holding

that

a

(Torero

the A.

has

area D.

in

1972b:62-63).

the

Huancané,

of Paz,

Bolivia

comparison

Bolivia

southern he

on

divergence

of

near

century

the

of

Aymara

of

spoken

separation,

13th

third

the

province

the

penetrated

500

D.

A.

date

the

from

in

Yauyos

from

decline

expansion

calculated

has

Torero

altiplano,

the

to

respect

the

in

1972b:92,94,97).

(Torero

centers

Vifiaque

important

phase

second

between

the

after

Horizon

Middle

the

of

has

Nazca

of

centered

with

cen-~-

Torero

the

area

the

coincided

phase

third

few

empire.

Inca

and

Arequipa

and

Cuzco

a

period

culture

controlled

which

the

beginning

Ayacucho

fifth

in

evidence,

the

Vifiaque

the

during

occurring

split

the

of

with

of

region

the

in

influence

second

phase

first

the

identified

a

archaeological

with

in

these

Tying

(2)

establishment

the

before

turies

first

a proto-Aymara

(3)

and

century,

a

the

in

split

(1)

before,

or

D.

A.

century

as

family:

expansion

the

in

phases

following

the

posited

has

Torero

of

and

Kawki

between

Aymara,

and

Jaqaru

between

than

Aymara

relationship

linguistic

closer

a

of

Hardman

evi-

linguistic

and

dates

these

of

basis

would

tentatively around the

Lake

latter

part

11

Dialects

1-2.2

to

According by

(including

Tschopik

and

Markham),

states

the

existing

Tschopik's

colonial

view

de

Cieza

were

independent

the

Inca

conquests

probably

also

Rivet,

Bertonio,

Leon,

following

before

cited

sources

later

and

Aymara

in

and

(Tschopik

groups

dialect

1946:503).

Name

Location

Canchi

Vilcanota

Cana

Between

Colla

On the plains of the Pucara as far as the rivers and Ramis Peru city of Puno,

Lupaca

shore of On the southwestern Puno and between Lake Titicaca River the Desaguadero

Collagua

North

of

upper

course

Caranga

Puno,

(Peru)

Arequipa of

Peru)

Colca

the

on

the

River

East of Arequipa in the upper drainage of the Tambo River Peru) (department of Moquegua, or

or

Pacaje

Caranca

South of Lake Titicaca along both banks of the Desaguadero River (Bolivia) South

to Charca

Ayaviri

and

of

(department

Ubina

Pacasa

(department

bapata and Tinta of Cuzco, Peru) Tinta

Com-

between

valley

the

of

Lake

Desaguadero

Coipasa

Northeast

Chuquisaca

of

Lake

River

(Bolivia) Poopé

(Bolivia)

near

12

(Bolivia) East

Collahuaya

Provinces

cited

above,

areas

where

the

e.g.

present

region

of

located

ent

ecological

the

report

sloping

administrative

the

Diez

de

San

subject

to

Chucuito

but

westward

to

the

valley

the

following,

and

of most

Torata

(department

Pacific

Cochabamba. of

which

of

Tacna),

were

and

1972).

differ-

at

example,

For (visita

the

Lupaca-

of

and

eastward

Among

these

modern

of

to

Yungas

the

towns

were

counterparts:

Sama

and

(department

of

Moquegua),

Larecaja

valleys

the

in

located

names

the

cited

any

of

system

inspection

have

(department

groups

colonies

1567

in

In

of

Miguel

province

the

Tarata

1968

of

Peru.

Andean

ancient

Chucuito

and

Moquegua

(Murra

levels

Garci

by

controlled towns

of

the

archipelagos

vertical

maintaining

general)

by

complicated

is

Aymara

early

the

above,

province

Tacna,

of

Other

included

not

Nieto

Mariscal

regions

other

the

are

today

province

where

determining

case,

of

spoken

Tarata

of

and

Moquegua

is

Aymara

and

speaking.

Quechua

largely

now

are

Caranca,

or

Omasuyo

to

like

which,

of

parts

other

Collahuaya,

attributed

Caranga

attributed

areas

the

of

parts

in

and

(Bolivia) areas

and

Pacaje,

or

Pacasa

Lupaca,

and

Mufnecas

the

in

today

spoken

is

Aymara the

of

Caupolican

(Bolivia)

Titicaca

Lake

of

Omasuyo

to

Poop6

Lake

of

Southeast

Quillagua

or

Quillaca

13

as

a

de

San

found

a

total

of

to

include

as

Martin

de

but

Diez

the

original

Indians

of

Charcas

of

figure

said

the

they

and

had

in

other

additional

and

caciques

parts

and

of

La

these

province,

the

taxpayers,

claim,

saying

included

already

15,404

Potosf

5,000

this

disputed

Miguel

San

that

declared

an

claimed

Cari,

of

cacique

identified

were

15,404

total,

heads Paz

said

was

colonies

Chucuito

the

province

adults,

and 63,012

of

gave

visita

1567

children

figure

principal

The

taxpayers.

the

Of

above.

mentioned

Chucuito

of

population

the

in

the

Urus;

were

15,047

whom

household

persons,

63,012

of

1549

The

earliest

which

of

1964:202-203).

Miguel

(Diez

of

heads

18,032

of

total

during

The

Lupaca.

general

visita

the

from

date

figures

the

for

also

is

period

colonial

the

near

population

Aymara-speaking

any

of

size

the

to

had

available

far

so

information

detailed

only

The

also

1881:1.338).

Espada

la

de

(Jiménez

coast

Pacific

the

Indias

Lupaca

the

of

those

among

interspersed

colonies

(sic)

Pacaxe

the

reports),

geographic

(colonial

de

geogrdficas

Relaciones

the

to

According

supplied).

correspondences

and

departments

modern

1964:14,17,27,203;

Miguel

San

de

(Diez

department)

Cochabamba

(western

Capinota

and

department),

Paz

La

province,

Yungas

Sur

in

town

modern

a

is

(Chicaloma

Chicanoma

Real),

Cordillera

the

of

east

Paz,

La

‘many

ayllus

of and

that

the

Kingdoms'

province

(Diez

de

14

San

tional

to

scholars

of

the

‘la

a

wider

Tschopik

Cieza

de

the

terms

Colla

It the

who

Urus,

group

is

from

the

not were

Chipaya

related

to

general

languages

living

among

were

the

but of

the

Aymara

however.

spoke

area

would

(Torero

speak

or

Aymara-

native

language

a

spoke one

whether

1567

ethnic-cultural

nevertheless

also

come

not

of

separate

a

de

Polo did

a

Urus

indiscrimidesignate

of

visita

the

believes

to

the

considered

Aymara,

Torero

speakers.

from

clear

Aymara

century,

17th

the

until

use

general

Collao

apparently

term

The

1559.

of

Ondegardo

and

relation

a

in

appeared

first

language

term

the

of

use

the

and

nately,

into

used

1550,

about

written

Cr6nica,

Le6n's

(1946:503),

to

According

Collasuyu.

province

southernmost

their

designated

they

after

Incas

the

under

connotation

acquired

Colla

nation,

Aymara

one

of

name

the

Originally

1964:227).

Miguel

San

de

(Diez

colla'

lengua

learn

to

enough

long

remain

area

the

to

sent

priests

that

recommending

language,

their

not

but

people

the

to

refer

to

aymaraes

term

the

used

He

information.

little

gave

Miguel

San

de

Diez

colonies,

its

and

Chucuito

in

situation

linguistic

the

to

respect

With

light.

to

come

may

nations

Aymara

other

populations

the

for

details

more

1970),

(Murra

available

become

period

colonial

the

from

visitas

addi-

as

that

hoped

be

may

It

1964:204-206).

Miguel

more

of

Urus

1972b:60).

Aymara

but

the

to

what

15

communication).

personal

(Hardman,

The

priests

and

hear

as

published

The

cited.

social

of

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27

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18

1-3

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23

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24

1-3.3

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26

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a

to

see loan,

Quechua

Aymara

checked

texts

with

27

or

exhaustively

analyzed

postulates.

tic

methods

and

study

Hardman

and

the

and

ethnographic

if

it

this

is

true

and

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1972

a

leading

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in

(ILCA)

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y

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of

universities

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States,

conducted

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linguistic

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member

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Vasquez

(1972)

Carter

desired

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in

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linguists

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and

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of

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speaker

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de

Juan

of

communities

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Aymara

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acceptance

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entry

my

possible

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key

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I

linguis-

including

semantics,

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syntax,

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morphology,

phonology,

to

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Transcriptions

differences.

similarities

dialect

further

revealing

areas,

other

from

speakers

of

scholarly

Aymara

Bolivia

was

under-

and

with

the

help

or

were

otherwise

work by

contacts

reputation.

ex-

28

of

its

results

the

study

cases

recordings

edge;

in

that

they

of

the or

some

and

my

association

with

accomplish

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rights

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Aymara

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erase

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knowlaware

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to

In

research.

participants

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ethics

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ceptable;

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language, culture

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Aymara

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ILCA

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assurances

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and

research

my

of

purposes

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by

supplemented

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community.

Aymara

Bolivian

the

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ILCA

of

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tape-recorded

two-minute

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with

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facilitate

to

order

In

unac-

Typed

transcripts

later

provided

were

published with

due

through credit

to

ILCA given

29

recorded

of

Communities

found

in

public

mentioned

in

this

section

com-

following

the

in

data

collected

I

Peru

be

may

noted.

as

except

1-1,

Figure In

made

sources

and

Sites

1-3.4

be

permission.

source's

the

without

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will

nature

personal

a

information

containing

transcriptions

or

texts

privacy,

sources'

respect

to

order

In

authors.

the

munities:

Puno)

of

Chucuito,

of

(province

Juli

department

Huancané,

of

(province

Huancané

department

of

Nieto,

depart-

Puno) Calacoa

and

Tarata

Moquegua)

of

ment

addition,

of

Socca

I

(province In

Bolivia

of I

Tarata,

Tacna)

of in

recorded

of

(province

Sitajara

department In

Mariscal

of

(province

of

examples

Puno

Aymara

the

Puno). collected

in

data

the

following

communities: Corque

(province

of

Carangas,

department

of

Oruro) Salinas

de

Cabrera,

Garci

Mendoza

department

(province

of

Oruro)

of

Ladislao

30

of

department

Bustillos,

of

(province

Calacala

PotosT)

La

Paz)

although

visit

not

did

I

Aymara

of

examples

obtained

communities

following

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from

and

capital,

the

1-1) I

Bolivia

in

of

south

just

Figure

on

not addition,

Paz;

La

of

department

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of

(province

Achocalla

In

of

department

Omasuyos,

of

(province

Compi

them:

(Carangas)

Jopoqueri

(Bustillos)

Morocomarca

and of

dialects

and

Tiahuanaco

translator

Aymara Staff

the

dialect

Mufiecas, of

Project,

Film

four

of

of

films

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city

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La

Paz) in

data

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of

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of

as

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La

Paz.

Universities provided

Ayata

in

from

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1972.

from

communities

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respectively,

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of

years

many

department

Ingavi,

additional

furnished

representative

own

Machaca,

Paz)

Vasquez

and

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La

of

(province

Taraco

de

Andrés

San

Machaca,

de

Jesds

by

As

Field

examples

the sound

province tracks

from

of

31

of

to

the

visits.

In

related of

Aymara

While

description from

to

obtain

did

I

there,

visit

Puno;

near

Socca,

from

was

family

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visited

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from

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in

teacher

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interviewed

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me

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to

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men

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of

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met

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1973,

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in

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in

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timing

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of

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attending

the

census.

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in

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of

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speakers.

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chance

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ljater,

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owner

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encountered

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in

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Tacna

to

went

I

meeting

Aymara-speaking

visit

to

hoping

Arequipa

for

wife's

me

an

to

family.

32

the

of

that

from

pologist

with

Bolivia,

but

him

I

Corque.

in

family to

accompany

de

Garci

a

I

of

town

a

of

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Llallagua,

village

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Aymara

man

from

viewed

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in

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impassable

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roads.

teacher,

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in

the

Quechua

mining

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Uncia,

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through

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speakers

of

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as

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nearby

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in

to

woman

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teacher's

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anthro-

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source

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tation

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and

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where

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data

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Bolivia

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Morocomarca

allow

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young

to

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erence was

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term

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of

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is

case

somewhat An

attempt

of being

negatively was

made

sites, used

loaded to

obtain

the here term data

selection in

pref-

informant) from

both

33

of

sexes,

from

versity

driver, of

community

All

sources

40 to

able

being

under

carry

on

iS

Below

40)

over

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speaker's

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(for

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age,

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on

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based

An

was

1-1.3).

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Aymara

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their

cases

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conversation

intelligible

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of

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housewife,

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mentary,

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student

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of

years

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13.

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3

16

5

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7

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5

2

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-Sp

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60+

- 59

40

20 - 39

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2

1

55

(The

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question

to

speak

mark

refers

Spanish

and

to

a

was

speaker

not

was

who

asked

if

he

not

did.)

34

in

location

of

communities

monolinguals

of

different

the

of

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from

women

act

as

had

firm

asked

to

dialect

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to

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throughout

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anthropological

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linguists,

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the

in

encountered

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because

secondarily

and

widespread

reportedly

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monolingualism

where

communities

remote

to

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difficulties

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time

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lack

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primarily

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than

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relatively

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Quechua.)

and

Aymara,

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and

Calacala

from

(Sources

Spanish.

in

bilingual

definition

by

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and

40

under

were

sources

of

preponderance

a

seen,

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may

As

telling

trips

of

who alphabet

story he

from had

35

been

present.

nificant

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in

showing

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him

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the

grid

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of

I

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an

following

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nificant

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to

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into

literature

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shape

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of

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with

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10-2.6).

dialects in

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Aymara

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of

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the

Throughout all

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topics:

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attitude

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of

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transcription

brought

ways

occasional

1-3.5

from

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toward

their

I

in

points

structure

research whom

mistakes

are “My

and

of

three

Radio

variation,

basis for

of

sig-

future

Appendices

36

as

follows:

(B)

a

of

(A)

list

of

and

of

elicitation

onomatopoeic

greetings

versions

the

a

certain

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(C)

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riddle;

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work;

(E)

versions

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an

regional

index

of

suffixes.

1-3.6

Conventions In

observed,

Hardman

a

Aymara

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Place

Qumpi

for

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(1975)

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et

morphemic

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(7);

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([]). for

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(1975).

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length

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conforming

et

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of

this

and

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analyses

before indicate

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of example

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it

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37

rejected

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of

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house.'

by

form,

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38

some

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the

means

Ip

subject,

on

the

of

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2p

complement.

abbreviated

Indirect

Ip

Verbal

right

RDK

numbers

-ja

person

on

(Remote

the

suffix.

(Imperative),

D-2

determined.

p,

subject

sometimes I

been

of

right-

as

S

(Remote

Knowledge),

(Remonstrator),

or

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words

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(Inferential),

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as

when

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morphemes

or

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you'

juma

-mpi

the

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combina-

suffix

wali

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suma

and

2p

pronoun

os 'with'

variants

jagi.wa.

‘He/she

is

a

person.'

treated

as

thereof): juma.mpi

Aymara

final

(Non-Involver). Aymara

base

are

or

person

1+2

tenses

follows

possessive

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c

followed

-ma

inflectional

and

or

own

examples as

are

placed

allomorphs:

between

slant

lines

when

good

ss

cy

39

/-mpi/ The

occurs

suffix

/-~jama/, What

may

sometimes

spect

to

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form

this

(morpheme)

pheme

at

the

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suffix

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glossed

in

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allomorphs,

alphabetical

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in

dialects

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in

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fact

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and/or

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base

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referred

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level

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all

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dialect

underlined

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allomorphs

inconsistency

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considered

cases

one

transcription.

be

be

treated

always

will

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notation

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in

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or

for

occurs

glossed

added

clarity

without

to

two

the

its

ways:

(1)

(for final

right:

vowel )

40

jani.w

(2)

If

the

beneath

‘no’

jani

example

and

is

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long,

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by

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it

-wa

will

free

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final

suffix

glossed

translation

of

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whole

example:

Kuna.r anything

un.ta.t look at

jagi.tak people

"How

p'inga, shame

stupid

human

shown

being

here,

from

Vasquez

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is

in

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city

basically

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cmpi in

term

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dogs.'

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suffixes

in

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quotes,

that

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to

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both

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describing

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1975:3)

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4]

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et

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example

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them.

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at

a

spoken

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usually

in

final

point

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exclamation

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defined

conveyed

or

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(used

(1975).

usually

Aymara

written

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sentences,

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sentences

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sentences

punctuation well

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‘what

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«Jach.k.i.w cry 373 S

>

are

shown

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they

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are

brackets:

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say.'

42

Spanish are

written

contento adapted e. a

g.

to

word

hybrids

if

some

Spanish

occurred,

or e.

g.

they

they

cases

Aymara

were If

(Aymarized) In

in

they

content'.

Aymara

as

occurring

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‘happy,

kuntintu.

given

few

as

words

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decisions

Aymara Pedru.

pronounced,

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were

sentences e.

g.

phonologically

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as

whether arbitrary,

Aymara, to

treat

and

a

CHAPTER A

2-1

chapter

selected

colonial

works

Toribio

Rivet).

LITERATURE

To

materials

and Aymara

Christian

Aymara

my

knowledge Aymara

is

in

no has

from

major

Aymara y

aymara

Ki ua

biblio-

(1)

by

José

four-volume

by

(1951-1956;

Paul

Rivet

henceforth

bibliographical been

the

are

monumental et

merits

published

work since

Rivet's

(1956).

Colonial

As

the

Créqui-Montfort

volume

2-2

(2)

two

in

quechua

and

Langues

or

and

dating

The

on

lenguas

contents

Aymara

present.

de

on

the

to

works

(1930), des

specifically

on

las

Medina

Georges

the

for

de

Bibliographie

fourth

to

sources

Bibliograffa

16th

THE

discusses

relating

period

graphical

and

OF

Introduction

This

of

SURVEY

2

Period

well

the

early were faith

known,

languages

17th

Spanish

of

the

Inca

centuries

all

works

written by

the

for

the

missionaries

43

found

purpose assisted

no

written

Empire.

In

published of

spreading by

unnamed

the

in

or the Aymara

44

converts

bilingual

consisted

of

of

grammars

to

speak

known

to

and

version

en_el

de

to

Rivet

is

Cristianizaci6n Medina

information Visita 1567

by

Miguel

Chucuito

and

a

(1567),

province

appraisal

of

apreciaci6n

colonial

the

Pera

(see

de

1532

other

society

and

the to

of

de

in

his

conby

the

Garci

16th ... Diez

inspection

an

1600

Chucuito

of

ethnological

San

Miguel

inspection,

de

la

visita

by

attempt

at

a

etnolégica

Indios,

publications

administrator,

1-2.2),

Diez

Two

on

of

(1532-1600)

provincia

reporting

work

los

languages

Aymara

a_la

de

study

from

as

(1953).

hecha

learn

Doctrina

a

Peru

Quechua

about

to

1951:4-9).

of

del

and

earliest

instruccién

(1956:631)

of

afio

la

evangelization

Armas

The

works

tracts

wishing

anonymous

(Rivet

use

are

San

para

According

for

century

the

Such

religious

language.

is

1584

de

other

the

in

Aymara

Spanish.

missionaries

Lima

Fernando

useful

by

Aymara

Catholic the

used

understand

in

and

and

y catecismo

published

early

be

contain

christiana,

Aymara

catechisms

and

to

in

John

Una

V.

Murra

(1964). The was

written

century.

Company remained

1628

first by

Born

of

in

Jesus

there

(Rivet

Ludovico 1552

in for

Bertonio in

Sent

years,

1951:26-27).

in

Italy,

1575. 44

complete

grammar

the

early

Bertonio

to

dying

Bertonio

Peru in

of 17th

joined

in Lima

1581, in

apparently

Aymara

the

he

1625

spent

or

most

45

of

his

time

Lupaca he

in

Juli,

kingdom,

wrote

on

three

of

an

Arte

y

in

de

in

Dios

grammatica

is

the

the In

gave of

a

his

longer

detailed

Spanish

and

of

example

languages

for

the

written

wealth

of

Al

of

the

spelling to

are

and

the

in

is

grammars

provides

volume

Bertonio

terms

adapted

is

sounds,

translated

colonial

it

(1603b),

Aymara

Spanish

grammar

Yapita

language

into

sentences

valuable of

the

are

not

only

American

period

on

is

lector,

Florida.

Latinate

material

entitled

latter

of

The

during

the

University

categories

the

y

Arte

Aymara

first

bound

1603a)

the

equivalents,

of

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of

of

published

1953:35).

photocopy

grammar

Aymara.

was

(Rivet

the

and

aymara

containing

section

inaccurately)

Aymara

an

the

latter

of

two

(1603a)

lengua

1603b);

and

nearest

the

348

Spanish

grammatical

as

a A

published

la

(Bertonio

Latin.

Spanish

into

of

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aymara

de

volume

description

(inconsistently

rendered

lengua

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(Bertonio

208.

library

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through

pages,

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1603

There

Spanish-Aymara/

Platzmann

breve

19

Titicaca.

a

In

Julio

copiosa

title 207

and

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Aymara-speaking

Lake

copiosa

owns

pages

of

edition

by

the

Aymara,

de

muy

Arte

the

muy

pages in

1879

with

missing

breve

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of

pages

together

and

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facsimile

Leipzig

Juan 14

A

of

texts.

grammatica

(1603b).

of

shores

dictionary,

religious

grammars, an

the

grammars

Aymara-Spanish

tions

capital

the

but

also

Aymara

46

These

data

and

Bertonio's

contemporary

linguistic

concerning

Aymara

individual

forms

derivational identical

in

only

still

of

a

translations

Juana

Vasquez

book ing

At

terms

a

Spanish

by

or

native that

native

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ful

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grammatical

important

and

even

features

tireless

worst

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archaic

or

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terms.

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because

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the

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of

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with

translations

analysis

organizer

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are

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texts--no been

and

that

contemporary

have

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of

use

extant

sentences

translated;

speakers--but

categories.

observer

But

Aymara

in

semantics

accurate.

by

might

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time,

incorrect

forms

dialects,

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Bertonio's

most

of

example,

Aymara

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discoveries

shows

cases

that

replaced

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as

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simply

no

narrative

language

they

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contains

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revealed

best

as

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since

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of

review

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today,

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has

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ceptable.

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may

use

present-day

attested

recent

suffixes)

general

languages.

have

problem:

few

not

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form

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and

Bertonio

carefully

techniques

culture.

and by

be

of

light

the

inflectional some

or

others

other

attested

with

must

scholarship

language

and

one

in

in

however,

reinterpreted,

analyses

century.

17th

early

the

in

kingdom

Lupaca

the

of

language

from

sentences.

language

its was

focus a

on care-

material.

47

On

the

morphological

in

detail.

For

exclusive

and

matical

example,

distinction

essentially syntax

level

in

his

analysis

his

grasp

the

Aymara

of

is the

often

inclusive/

person

system

correct

(Hardman

1972b).

With

cultural

content,

however,

Bertonio's

analysis

must

be

characterized

accurate

as

is

respect

to gram-

distorted

and

inadequate. According

third

Aymara

(1612), a

of

Aymara

owned

by

Biblioteca

simile

editions,

1956.

This

A

thorough

Tong

study

to

in

use

today

of

the

entries.

of

of

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to

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out

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Vocabulario

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in

second 50

and

2-3)

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in

with

the

first

(398

to

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forms in

the

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part

pages)

speakers

which

evident

repeating,

the

entries

many

errors

de

in

how

of

and

and

native

and

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La

with

(see

aymara

repor-

book

correct

lengua

are

dictionary,

approximately

(1948)

culling

in

and

determine

and

LaBarre

lations,

with

a

copies

appeared

recently

Spanish-Aymara

in

exists

Bolivia.

since

is

la

and

known

published

book

there

de

Aymara

family

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most

Tengthy

overdue

service

in

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only

Posnansky

which

Aymara-Spanish,

in

the

Bertonio

aymara

pages)

Bertonio,

words;

1612

(1951:52-53),

sentences

the

lengua

(474

by

Nacional

In

Rivet

grammar

containing

list

tedly

to

a

page. is

are

sampling

useful

English

Vocabulario

trans-

such

48

as

kinship

terms,

confession. many

diseases,

Checking

terms

cited

by

and

these

sins

with

Bertonio

are

of

Spanish

than

native

or

expressions.

it

is

to

the

interesting

Vocabulario

entries

(1)

Christ

had by

was

as

from

and

virtues, up

to

the

and

in

other

based

on

Aymara,

not

In

modern

may

also

derived

‘of

at

term

like

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her.' (see

'If

age'

from

of

of

vices

the

and

brought Jesuits

in

collected

other

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kinship

verb

(i.e.,

time

as

words,

into

a

woman

is

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illustrative.

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meaning a

person

another

used

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person

it

(or

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to

woman

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translate

you

the is

was

as

relative of

‘con-

carried

it

meaning

carry'

of

contemporary')

and

is

is

apa.fia

translated

present-day

6-3.34.13)

lives

materials

metaphorical

pariente),

The

took

Aymara

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to

‘having

that

the

dictionary,

Bertonio

(Spanish

the

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around.

same

apa.fia.ni

sentences marry

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respect

same

connection

section

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translated

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this

rather

introductory

of

years

nominalized

with the

35

entire

with

the

by

as

Aymara

comparisons

from

way

carried).

'relative'

sentence

other

used

mother

similarly

(2)

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Aymara

temporary', his/her

and

example

be

the

materials

the

An

written

during

priests.

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that

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into

indicated

sermons,

forth

Juli,

in

in

revealed

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translations

saints,

so

terms

that

Bertonio Aymara

Christians

been

note

reported

perceived

translations words

be

Vasquez

awkward as

to

may

Aymara

your

by

49

contemporary

that the

a

an

The

bafflement

marry

may

well

errors

to

the

missionaries

convert

in

become

capacity

the

Aymara

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in

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conceded

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disheartened, for

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to

the

only

or

distortions translation

in

9).

in

in

discerning

a

strong

their

section

(he

the

their

Aymara

resistance

they are so given to bad customs, hearts are so full of spines and

thistles, word

that

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seed

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the

language

language

the

Deny-

said

version. .

the

Nation'.

the

in

to

acknowledged

language

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be

(Chapter

Aymara

preach

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injunction

may

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apa.fia.

contributed

students

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of

Vocabulario of

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with

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difficult

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it

encountered

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priests

was

language

in

Aymara have

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term

errors

Patr6n

‘to

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translation

since

when

younger

and

addressed

year),

or

word

gloss

hearing

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difficulties

Jesuits

at

unlikely

translation

approximated

development

to

that

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the

difficulties

ing

in

seems

this

Bertonio

no

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with

to

Such

efforts

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someone

contributed

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occurred

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her.'

difficulty

finally of

only

imagined.

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has

interpreter,

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marry

Rather,

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have

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shift

century.

reflects

to

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17th

Aymara

you

divine

planted there will not bear fruit (Bertonio 1612:unnumbered page facing A 3; English translation mine)

to

in

a

tended a

low

con-

50

The verted,

in

stubborn spite

getic

priests

later

to

Recent

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fully

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Rubio,

in

1616.

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The

originally

materials

1583.

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collaborated

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worked

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become

to

persist

shorter

to

Diego

Juli,

aymara which

through

68

in

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pages

the

(1951:75),

Rubio

1616

grammar

Torres

Rubio

72

Arte

y

aymara

(1604)

Provincial

Rivet

Paz,

photocopy

espafiola

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The

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appeared

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Library.

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years

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were

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copies

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linguistic

35

and

original y

ener-

2-3).

de

Lengua

77.

Piru

in

de

and

stereotypes

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the

lack

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original

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colonizers

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to

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basis

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century

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to

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character

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8-2)

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in

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bound

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independently.

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5]

the

same

age

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similar

in

1557

in

Spain,

joined

in

Peru

in

1579.

He

1951:71).

In

Alejandro)

Franco

Torres

Rubio

in

Torres'

in

the

1967

in

of

hundred

the

by

the

was

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was

impasse

eral during

the

of

second

a

born

1572,

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arrived

or

1638

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followed

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by

for

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from

version

Spanish,

of

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the

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transcriptions

Aymara

and

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of

17th

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the

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subsided

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languages grammars

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in

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careers.

the

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objections.

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of

gen-

although By

the

52

18th

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material

Aymara

published

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amount

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lists.

vocabulary

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languages

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on

material

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century

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2-3

benefit tic

Prelinguistic

Studies--19th

Prelinguistic

studies

of

Adelung, early

great

Pott,

19th

references ficial

or

and

political

the

speeches

pendence

movements

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languages

1826

translations

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words

decade

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linguisthan

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of

late

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18th

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encyclopedic

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relating

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including

of

modern other

earlier

documents

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with

in their

from

Aymara

and

of

without

culture.

writing

taken

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written

philologists

Jéhan,

Aymara

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primarily

Aymara

20th

those

techniques

European

comparisons

languages.

of

centuries, to

or

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in

theories

scholarship

linguistic

some

the

are

and

were

sources those 19th

to

and of

works super-

other

century

the

inde-

published

in

Aymara.

first

Protestant

New

Testament.

materials From

then

53

On

a

series

British the

and

the

such

translations

Foreign

United

priests) in

of

Bible

States.

began 19th

Society

Catholic

to

appear

century

scholar-adventurers

Bolivian

and

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of

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and

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scholarly

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periods

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quate

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and

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accounts

on

usually

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or

and

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by

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medicines

given

like

1863. the

A

by

the included

word

lists

diseases,

to

and

injustices

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based

more

gave

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on

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of

transcription,

of

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than

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was

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fact.

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for

the

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suffered,

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relentless

they

names

which,

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myth

to

description

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engineer

feet,

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the

Peru

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mining

15,400

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of

and

necessary

and

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Bolivia

research

stamina

up

account

British

revealing

for

of

on

measurement

social

too

mestizos

based

altitudes

explanations

the

appear

These

Indians

witnessed.

and

Forbes

and

1859

sympathetic,

hardships his

numbers

ethnographic

Aymara

(1870),

concrete

activities

detailed

the

Forbes

Peru

of

(mostly

their

Quechua

from

terms.

The

by

of

altiplano.

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to

first

subsequently

greater

began

European

and

materials

in

there

Pervuian

emanated

today.

activities,

by

an

His

inade-

54

grammatical so

far

lary

as

it

of

English of

analysis goes.

Aymara

century

words,

of

50

1891

of

(Rivet

1952:558).

grammar Franz

his

was

1952:558).

Ndnez,

working

obtain

or

dictionary

German

of

Die

he

visited

Spanish published the

some

under in

17th

he

had

‘high

the

of

fifth

Peru

Lima

1910

of

notes Las

the

Bolivian in

to

death.

Tamayo

it

lenguas

auspices

and

aborigenes

of

the

commemorate The

Paz

Estuardo

the

to

La

Univerthe

following

50th

section

(1959:96-102).

indicated

on

the

scholar

copy

entitled

Marcos

in

Peruvian

added

Middendorf's

which

pay

languages

incomplete

and

on

though

a

scholar

of

and

of

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anniversary

Bertonio's

copy

fruit-

by

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on

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into

volume

Middendorf

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on

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an

volume

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the

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prepared

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to

de

to

with

introduction

Mayor

refers

vocabu-

terms,

Aimara-Sprache,

aboriginal

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(1959)

a

physician-turned-philologist

article

from

accurate

is

even

it.

in

sidad

to

for

published

Perd

Bolivia

fn.)

revised

del

remarking

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a

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(274,

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cast

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(Rivet

kinship

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book

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at

while

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Appendix

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Aymara

translations.

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of

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that

dialect

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was

spoken

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stated

based

La

Paz, that

at

55

that

time

most

cases

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both

a

servants

or

sellers

to

find

him

heard

Bolivia

or

able

find

to

such

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the

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book,

of

his

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then

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use

them

to

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up

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introduction

to

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verbs,

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of

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grammar,

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to

for

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lawyers

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city-dwellers.

in

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members

and

a

spoke

franca

language.

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of

lingua

only

the

possessed

Aymara

mestizos

as

teach

even

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only

able

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whites

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into

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In on

Bertonio's

priest.

such ments

and

1917

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Subsequently,

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as

kinship,

proliferated,

legends

were

and

written

by

Juan

Antonio

etymologies

place a

and

names,

number

by

based

of

Garcia, word

and

a

Bolivian

lists

musical

Aymara

self-styled

largely

for

instru-

stories,

Aymara

poems,

scholars

56

Raza

phrases.

There

or

publica-

Protestant

and

Catholic

both

as

well

as

phrases,

and

words

Spanish

and

Quechua,

Aymara,

of

handbooks

dictionaries

of

spate

continuous

a

was

Aymara

some

contained

(1945),

bronce

de

Arguedas'

Alcides

as

such

themes,

Indian

on

Novels

(aymarélogos).

tions.

and

Quechua

and

governments

In

virtually

a

by

year

same

that

1956:

(Rivet

Congress

Indigenist

Inter-American

Third

the

earlier

approved

alphabet

identical

adopted

government

Bolivian

the

1954

offi-

by

1956:265).

(Rivet

1946

in

decree

an

adopted

was

which

Quechua

government

Peruvian

cial

proposed

Americanists

of

and

Aymara

for

Twenty-Seventh

the

1939

In

years.

for

scholars

of

attention

sporadic

the

Congress

International alphabet

engaged

has

Aymara

for

alphabet

standardized

a

of

matter

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675). Catholic this

alphabet.

ones

in

plain, in

the

the

vowels

proper

represents

an

improvement

and

articulatory

and

allophones

from

the

transcription.

to

positions;

fricatives.

postvelar

represent of

two

of

environment,

length; and

stops

glottalized

and

vowels

vowel

phonemic

shows

Spanish

predictable the

the

aspirated,

velar

five

it

that

on

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adopted

altiplano

missionaries

and But

earlier

over

distinguishes an

affricate”

distinguishes it

uses

the

the

three

phonemic

them

which

are

unnecessarily

not

Aymara always

confusing

57

represent

to

qu

and

Aymara

Literatura

1.

Magic

of

the

in

respects,

important

is

The

in

a

as

they

were

Peru: by

a

Peruvian

Aymara

community

personality negative

20

years

(1966)

assessments

by

account

near

at

Hickman,

Aymara

look

S.

Plummer

questioned

the

Aymara

character.

studied

that

Another

of

change

and

earlier; John

in

obtained

Marshall

John

(1964)

Tschopik

research

Persistence

context

on

data

balanced

A more

whites.

on

bicultural

reporting

by

to

Chinchera,

of

Aymara

them

but

deficient

be

shown

based

and

mestizos

through

has

decade

last

classics,

considered

generally

are

Weston

by

(1948)

Bolivia

Plateau,

Indians

Aymara

The

and

Tschopik

Harry

by

Peru

Chucuito,

of

Aymara

The

Bolivian

society.

Aymara

of

study

the

to

of

anthropologists

American

1930s

the

support.

competition.

uneasy

in

government

official

two

the

then

y

Com-

Literature

rescinding

without

for

alphabet

Bolivian

by

official

Since

Titicaca

Lake

the

and

and

(1946) (1951)

LaBarre

Literacy

attention

their

Aymara

The

(Aymara

in

Beginning turned

de

as

learn

to

Alfabetizaci6n

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coexisted

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CALA

the

belief

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in

¢

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as

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alphabet.

earlier

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1968,

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mission),

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velar

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a

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employs

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missionaries

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Meanwhile,

earlier William

E.

58

Carter

has

Aymara

in

the

is

it

but

language, to

the

supposed

languages,

but

also

respect

still

incomplete

Aymara

well

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of

scholarship

with

respect

handbooks Quechua, even

or

from

Chile

present.

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1971,

but

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of

catalogues

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books

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probably

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Aymara, and

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represents

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Antonio

by

(1961)

Sur

del

América

de

lenguas

las

de

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dialects.

and

areas

other

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of

identification

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to

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of

relationship

with

only

not

inaccuracies,

of

full

Aymara

the

on

section

short

a

contains

Mason

Alden

John

by

(1950)

Indians

American

South

of languages

The

Titicaca.

Lake

on

Compi

of

community

the

of

analysis

network

superficial

somewhat

a

is

Buechler

Judith-Maria

and

C.

Hans

by

(1971)

Aymara

Bolivian

The

perspective.

historical

in

them

put

and

stereotype

negative

Aymara

of

expressions

various

the

together

brought

(1971:89-91)

profile

a

Bolivia,

His

Paz.

La

of

department

the

Bolivian

the

among

studies

extensive

conducted

the

to

is

dated

since

spoken

then.)

by

59

but

into

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9

for

Chapter

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del

contains

short

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languages

and

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the

book

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logue

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habla

el

Antonio

Paredes

Candfa,

to

Vasquez,

ing

to

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Aymara

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of

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(1963)

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every

in

arranged.

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dictionary

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two

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descriptions

grammatical

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a

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(1942)

aymara

kechua_y

the

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case

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phonology.

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alphabet

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grammars by

(1965)

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geographical The

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aymara

(1603b)

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diccionario

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patr6n

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by

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official

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breve

Diccionario

dictionary,

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62

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usual

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2-4

Linguistic

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2-4.1

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studies

note

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63

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64

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66

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67

linguistic

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linguistic

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missionary

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63

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(1973)

aymara

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grammar

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expect

distorting

of and

the try

missionary

influence

70

and

markable

that

was

needed. Aymara-centered

2-4.12

Fulbright Elena

Hardman

lecturer

in

linguistics.

Ministry

of

Education,

Nacional

de

Estudios of

development.

Aymara's

sister their

founded

(INEL)

Lingitiisticos

in

Bolivians Hardman

languages,

in

had

Jaqaru

relationship

as

in

Bolivian Instituto

La

linguistics

Kawki,

members

Paz

for for

investigated

already

and

Julia

with

the the

a

as

Bolivia

Together

Anthropology

Hardman

training

national

determined

of

Director

in

arrived

J.

Fortin,

purpose

studies

M.

1965

In

the

community

Aymara

the

into

entry

of

point

new

A

obtained.

be

could

dialects

such

reflecting

data

only

Aymara,

Patr6n

or

Missionary

of

varieties

conducted

was

research

linguistic

all

speaking

sources

with

as

long

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tradition.

that

in

trained

informants

acquired

tingly

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and

contacts

missionary

through

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they

Aymara

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team

Wexler

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fortunate;

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influence.

patron

or

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to

able

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and

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circumstances

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through

or

missionaries

through

either

so

did

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approached

who

linguists

nonmissionary

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of

and the

had Jaqi

71

family.

language

morphological

and

had

others in

the

field

work

with

Ingavi,

the

La

Paz.

province

of

Larecaja.

this

de

la

lengua

Aymara

adequate

in

spoken It

by

is

a

theory

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important

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(1969),

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first

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de

sketch

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Chico,

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Martin's

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research

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Hardman

of

result

Aymara

Andes,

of

Martin

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Pacajes,

out-

the

speaker

Herminia

direction,

Hardman's

department in

estructura

of

together

of

provinces

Capac,

lished

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studying

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the

and

language

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by

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INEL

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of

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of

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edition

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Outline

own

its

in

of

is

for

sources

Peruvian

Juan

(1966)

translation

Spanish

the

structure

view

of

point

the

from

Jagaru:

described

language

Jaqi

a

Hardman's

combining

description

both

investigation.

72

Materials

Project

began

with

support

from

1969

students

assisted

with

the

materials

in

Aymara

by

extensive

help

from

of

Aymara

as

well

as

Hardman,

by

yatiganataki

the

bears for

English

dialogues on

the

Aymara')

title

of

and based

dialogues,

edition

in

whole

work,

the

Spanish on

rural with

ar

Aymar

first

in

which

appeared

1975.

Volume

1,

which

course

in

Aymara

is

a

consisting

speakers, Aymara

three-volume

a

entitied

Yapita

learn

revised

Florida

of

is

project

the

and

a

in

and

1973

of

Vasquez,

('to

speakers

native

University

other

supplemented

was

other

of

number

who

staff.

fruit

primary

The work

from

and

students

graduate

a

three

and

teaching

the work

Their

classes.

of

(Yapita

linguistics

and

team

a

by

speakers

native

tested

and

analysis

of

view

Tiahuanaco),

anthropology

in

graduate

cultural

anthropology

and

The reference

and

prepared

were

from

is

who

Vasquez,

Juana

and

linguistics

in

trained

Aymara

of

of

point

the

Education

and

linguistic

Bolivian

two

Hardman,

of

consisting

teaching

materials

The

speakers.

native

produce

from

language

the

of

realities

and

reflecting

Aymara

of

grammars

in

Welfare.

Education, to

was

project

the

of

goal

Health,

of

Department

the

of

Office

S.

U.

the

Florida

of

University

the

at

Language

Aymara

the

Bolivia,

in

associates

and

Hardman

by

undertaken

research

Aymara

of

basis

the

On

life

translations

and into

of

drills both

graded based

Spanish

and

73

as

entitled

Aymara and

(1973)

the

second

in

structure

stand

may

which

grammar of

of

master's

Florida

alone.

It

incorporates

by

Nora

C.

suffixes,

and

my

term

paper

student

graduate

at

the

University

Norman

Tate's

(1970)

and

on

a

man's

on

1972a

and

of and

tion

in

linguistics Pedro

of

related

articles

Aymara

a),

press

in

Yapita's

Bolivian

Aymara

to

carrying

Aymara

(1972).

include

postulates

discussion

recommendations

of

Vasquez

project

the

national

children

in

feces

linguistic

Jaqi

and

Copana's

rural

of

example

Juana

and

Miracle

Andrew

categories

ethnosemantic

Published

by

paper

verbs

of

study

ethnosemantic

for

Florida,

of

of

concerning

Hard-

(Hardman the

role

(1973b),

development

(1973).

and

anthropology

in

courses

for

numerous

include

project

the

papers

linguistics

suffixes.

of

results

Secondary

concordance

computerized

a

and

roots,

words,

of

glossary

respectively.

8,

and

6,

the

of

structure

3,

Chapters

produced

also

has

project

The

as

system,

on

derivational

verbal

on the

on

University

Martin-Barber

Laura

England

and

substantive

reference

detailed

a

phonology

edition grammatical

and

is

by

3,

Volume

(1975),

theses

provides

and

first

phonological

Aymara

Outline

accompany

the

in

sketch

grammatical

to

explanations.

grammatical

as

well

cultural

English

course

the

to

keyed

is

Aymar_ar_yatiqafataki,

with

manual

Teacher's

2,

Volume

translations.

recordings

tape

accompanying

and

English

the

educa-

74

An Aymara

increasing

language

The

Aymara

the

University

the

alternating

also

have

of

speakers

primer

edited

several

them

He

has

is

also

in

students

results

gram

directs

Tiahuanaco

of

which

a

2:1974);

first

and

edition bilingual

by

Gabino

(1974)

their

surnames,

for

who

Aymara

written

another.

Yapita

(1973a)

are

an has

journals,

aymara for

and

teaching

a

Spanish-

of

of

by

the

of

the

materials

Vitaliano

Aymara

(Wanka

of

Wanka

literacy

1973a

their

and

pro-

1973b);

(1974)

by

Francisco

Calle

17,000

was

printed

(Chaski

manual

Kispi

members

produced

articles

adults

a

herbs

Yapita

for

under

has

materials

who

have

describing

primer

course

at

(1974).

Torres,

Aymara

project.

Vdsquez,

Literatura

Bolivia

are

an

and

literary

and

the

the

irregularly

V&Asquez

produced

community

in

Yapita

Aymara

(1970)

of

in

originally

preparing

Representative

he

1970,

1969).

vocabulary

Aymara

result

correspondence

and

Yapita

a

written

published

of

Yapita

alphabet

Former

as

since

mimeographed

English-Aymara

Bolivian

&

a

(1970)

phonemic

own.

on

materials

been

editorships

Yatifiasawa

(1972-73).

his

has

Florida

(Vdsquez

Aymara

of

appeared

Newsletter

collaborated

among

number

on

H.

traditionally

medicinal

(Wanka Huanca

and and

plants

Kispi

P.,

and

spell

Quispe,

in

orthography.)

So lication

materials

far,

of

more

that

lack than

have

of a

begun

funds few

to

has of

the

appear

precluded

formal

pub-

Aymara-centered

in

growing

numbers.

75

2-4.13

Sociolinguistic

the

participation

the

Summer

from

Peru on

than to

focus

national

of

Quechua

the

and

the

y

in

aymara

a

1972)

numbers

and

location

monolingualism sobre

1a

educaci6n

en

in

Peruvian

government-

and

Lingiifstico

(linguistic

University several Peru

of

El_reto

as

an

Escobar

del

of

held

in

article edited

Perd

(1966).

Alberto

who

later

founded

on

the

and

literacy

a

collection

en

el

PerG

have

plan) who

at has

de

the

Fomento

National

written

problems

programs of

One

the

Plan

language

on

multilingiiismo

1963

was

Lima

speakers

problems

table

in

essays

Aymara

round

development

demo-

monolingiiismo

el el

basic

on

Foundation-supported

Marcos

thoughtful

such

1972a).

San

the

linguist

Ford

contain

table

round

a

of

redonda

participants

Escobar,

and

Peruvian

recent

most

rather

references

include

studies

Mesa y

languages

1961

Aymara

published

quechua_

(for

multilingualism

of

two

educa-

programs).

education

jungle

the

1-1,

proceedings

The

Peru.

of

on

the

recent

in

noted

As

data

and

several

censuses

in

been

Quechua

Aymara,

Aymara.

graphic

on

of

languages

indigenous

of

problems

on publications

most

While

development

the

bilingual

as

to

referred

in

speakers

for

programs

(loosely

in

institutions

linguists

secular

of

and

with

associated

linguists

Linguistics

of

Institute

academic

tional

missionary

of

sought

years

recent

in

has

government

the

Peru

In

studies

(Escobar

articles

which

of

entitled

appeared

in

76

Aymara

linguistic

postulates

(Hardman

on

historical

background

(Torero

by

Hardman

on

by

Alfredo

Torero

of

Aymara

(D.

Llanque

as

time The

interaction

is

A

exemplified

has

survey

of

85 Puno

Chucuito

near

revealed

negative

culture

alienating

effects

acquisition not

in

the

which

strict

of

an

attitudes

author of

an

of

Aymara

greetings.

Chana

the

of

in

the

use

of

of

town

his

of survey

The language

and

confirming

the

Aymara

system

practice)

the

1974).

educational

while

educational

results

the

on

Justino

Puno,

in

as

skills

through

primarily

interpreted

Spanish

Aymara.

element

students

toward

first

the

is

this

an

school

Llanque

(J.

outsiders

treat

by

based

school

interaction

social

print

overview

Aymara

high

in

normal

a

given

Peruvian

of

situation

1973

as

of

Titicaca

expressed

respect

graduate

Chana,

Llanque

basic

the

mutual

speech

courteous

Lake

in

discussed

that

observes

author

near

knowledge

my

To

been

has

topic

the

a

they

way

the

including other.

each

as

well

with

is

topic

The

56-year-

Aymara

community

rural

1973).

Chana Aymara,

the

among

a

from

man

old

in

conducted

he

interview

an

lation

is

trans-

Spanish

in

presented

has

Juli,

of

Prelature

the

1972b).

general

vicar

(1976)

present

at

and

priest

Maryknoll

a

1972b),

who

Aymara

Peruvian

a

Chana,

Llanque

Domingo

1972a),

(Escobar

politics

and

linguistics

on

Escobar

by

and

articles

includes

book

The

education.

bilingual

of

policy

new

a

inaugurated

government

Peruvian

the

year

the

1972,

banning vernacular

stressing

(in

theory

if

languages.

77

to

relevant

to

sociolinguistics:

Cultural

de

Portales

conferences

educational

1973a)

Alb6

published

a

and

of

summary

of

director

support

tion and

by

Quechua

Wolfgang

1974,

and

1973

In

veys.

assisted

also

has

Portales

Yapita

conducted

INEL,

sociolinguistic speakers

W6lck

1974a)

linguistic

1972a).

(Hardman

postulates

Aymara

my

1974,

(Briggs

system on

in

radio

Portales

1973

and

alphabet

article

Hardman's

languages';

educational

in

as

and

Aymara

Also

four-person

Aymara

in

materials

‘oppressed

Quechua

phonemic

Yapita

the

on

article

of

1973b).

(Alb6

Bolivia

the

future

Quechua

and

began

called)

such

of

series

Aymara

for

form

be

to and

Aymara

on

and

in

programs

considers

he

(which

Quechua

the

a

with

usually

is

on

Alb6

Javier

by

articles

seminars

mimeographed

in

publish

to

and it

(as

Portales

speakers,

1973

connection

by

supported

is

which

In

Foundation.

Patifio

the

y

Pedagégico

Centro

the

Cochabamba,

in

materials

published

know

I

as

far

so

has

organization

one

only

education,

bilingual

to

support

formal

give

yet

has

government

the

where

Bolivia,

in

Meanwhile

in

with

Pedro

Portales

surveys using

Bolivia

in

Quechua

for

and

sociolinguistic

Peru

groups

of

the

Plaza,

and

methods

(W6lck

sur-

Ford of

FoundaAymara

developed

1972

and

1973). A speaking

valid

contribution

population

of

to

northern

knowledge Potosi

of

the

department

Aymarais

an

78

set

Torero

in

major

proposed

'Kechumaran'

unproved

but and

Quechua

probable

Aymara.'

Also

con

phonology,

and

ship

(Hardman,

has

(1970) man's

to

than

rather

personal

provided

exist,

they

to

a

geographic

genetic Louisa

communication).

data

convincing

in

lexi-

in

support

relationStark

of

Hard-

position.

2-5

ture

where

overlap

and

proximity

similarities

ascribes

Hardman

(1970).

Suérez

de

Lastra

Yolanda

Orr

Carolyn

are

Aymara

and

of

close

fairly

a

supporting and

yet

the

consisting

subphylum

(1968)

Longacre

designate

'to

term

Quechua

between E.

Robert

a

highly

relationship and

as

Andean

(1950:196)

Mason

debate.

and

Aymara

the

of

family

language of

matter

a

still

is

area,

other

the

Quechua,

of

relationship

The

(1972b).

Bolivia

ydde Per

los Andes del

de

historia

e

Lingiiistica

entitled

article

an

(1-2.1)

languages

sister

its

and

to

as

theories

well-grounded

forth

Aymara

of

history

the

studies

Historical

2-4.2

(1-1.1).

Machas

and

Laymis

the

on

(1974)

Harris

Olivia

anthropologist

British

the

by

article

Summary

on

and

The

foregoing

and

in

Aymara

Projection

survey

shows

of

how

representative

scholarly

and

litera-

79

in

development

the it are

will as

of

is

of

increasing.

based,

provide

adequate

more

production

these

Like texts

of

of

spoken

the

for

theory.

Aymara

is

language

dialectal

show

further

literary

and

and

method

in

changed

has

period

each

texts

written

material

investigations

focus

the

with

accordance

language

the

of

treatment

not-so-scholarly

While

still on

meager,

which

they

and

they

as

well

variation,

dialect

style.

the

studies

3

CHAPTER

VARIATION IN PHONOLOGY AND IN PHONOLOGICAL SHAPE OF MORPHEMES

Introduction

3-1

L.

To

the

which

to

4,

Chapter

dialects within

operating

rules

phonemic

in

across

and

within

it

are

introduction.

an

is

discussed

be

to

dialects,

morpho-

by

paralleled

chapter

this

morphemes

of

shape

be

occur-

limited

of

is

now

must

described

phonological

in

Variations

rence.

although

nasal,

velar

3).

Chapter

1975:3,

al.

et

therein

inventory

phonemic the

added

both

(Hardman

Martin-Barber

by

described

been

has

Aymara

of

phonology

basic

The

-*

3-2

Phonemes

3-2.]

Phonemic

Figure

are

nants

Aymara

shows

3-1

in

phonemes

Yapita

orthography.

phonemic

back)

inventory

three

There

are

a

phoneme

and

into

divided

are

12

of

length. |

vowel

voiceless

stops,

(front,

vowels

three

voiced.

and

affricates,

80

and

central, The

27

consonants

Voiceless

and

three

conso-

fricatives.

81

Vowel

ioaeoou

Vowels:

length:

Consonants: bilabial alveolar

palatal Voiceless: Stops Plain

Aspirated Glottalized

p

t

p" p'

t" t'

Affricates Piain

ch

ch" ch'

Aspirated Glottalized S

Fricatives

Voiced: Laterals Nasals Glides - Flap

Figure

3-1.

postvelar

m W

1] ni y

] n

r

Aymara

Phonemes

(Yapita

Phonemic

Alphabet)

82

Voiced

consonants

glides, of

and

a

glottalized.

and

pattern

flap,

and

postvelar.

palatal;

the

glides

may

nasal

dialects

(Carangas)

load.

person

first

to

(see

are

La

occurs 6-3)

two

panhara

The

two

whose

and

in

at

(Tacna,

two

Peru),

and

Corque

suffixes two

of

Although

have

a

high

the

phoneme

suffixes:

/-nha/

verbal In

two

provinces

Tarata

tense.

least

the

only

inflection Tarata

the

noun

of

the

Future roots:

tense anhanu

'grinder.'

areas by

Future

in

language

(Tarata).

and

/-nha/

the

related

these

of

alveo-

alveolar.

is

Jopoqueri

Sitajara

Carangas

more

and

and

separated

Paz,

in

in

Tarata

allomorphs

person,

the

are

are

is

status

morphemes,

both

possessive

third

Figure

‘cheek'

In

homophonous

first

and

few

in

of

palatal

palatal;

nasals

date,

communities

in

four

and

and

trill,

phonemic

to

all

laterals

a

phoneme

has

Tarata

occurs

functional

phoneme

of

as

positions

fricatives

bilabial

of

Bolivia)

the

and

phoneme

a

encountered

in

The

two

aspirated,

are

three

are

total

nasal

(Oruro,

specifically

in

the

plain,

The

realized

([ H 1),

velar

Carangas

occurs

in

/nh/

Aymara

be

four

affricates

velar,

The

the

three

nasals,

in

manners:

stops.

which

four

occur

the

Jaqaru.

of

three

The

Included velar

stops

with

alveolar,

the

laterals,

The

and

and

and

two

flap.

articulation

lar

are

the

dialects

where province

were

the of

not

velar

nasal

Pacajes,

phoneme department

investigated

directly

occurs of

for

83

The

study.

this

was

not

in

the

research

dialects

investigated

(1975).

Late

evidence

was

/nh/

phoneme

in

the

noun

ch'inhi

'nit'

in

Morocomarca

in

other

al.

investigated

for

comments

be

3-2.21

may

exist

1975:3)

study.

this

occur

also

investigated. °

yet

L.

by

Martin-Barber dialects

for

the

The

following

of

Aymara

additional

made.

Spanish-influenced

approximate

a

the

/u/,

being as

but

in

dialects,

realized

noted

environment

dialects

the

of

by

L.

for

frequently

example

as

Martin-Barber,

postvelar

mid

monolingual

Quechua-Aymara-Spanish

trilingual

closed, and

/a/

Spanish

nonmonolingual

some

Potosi,

in

occurring

/fi/

Vowels

In

/i/

of

possibly

may

described

allophones

et

(Hardman

more

not

dialects

allophone It

(4-3.21.2).

Aymara

The

(and

velarized

apparent

Another

teat').

‘human

Allophones

3-2.2

may

a

is

/nh/

of

relic

‘breast,

fiufu

and

posterior'

con-

This

ch'ina

g.

(e.

/fi/

and

/n/

intervocalic

with

trasts

word:

one

liendre).

(Spanish

of

relic

in

dialect,

Paz/Compi

La

the

study,

a

of

al.

et

Hardman

present

existence

the

for

obtained

Pacajes

the

in

for

the

for

research

the

in

found

phoneme

consonants

Aymara in

area)

[A]

/a/

vowel

or

northern

/a/

[a].

are

lowered

/q/

and

/x/

is

84

and

raised

in

initially. occur.

the

environment

Elsewhere

Additional

of

/n/

intermediate

study

will

be

and or

/y/

high

needed

and

word-

allophones

to

determine

the

conditioning. 3-2.22

Consonants

Most is

allophonic

morphophonemically

cussed

in

Chapter

the

is

/j/

and

yet

to

is

be

that

heavy

friction

a

Juli

glottal

where

example

the

-ja-

/j/

~

and

-ka-,

a

(The

in

in

Aymara

therefore

dis-

Paz

and

a

Chur.x.t.wa.

‘I has

or

but

idiosyncratic

was

dialects

initial

/j/

is

/x/.

having dialects

in

it verbal

/j/

(Salinas,

have

derivational prevelar,

The

giving

the

it

with

somewhat

gave

whether

/j/

verbal

nonnative

‘I'm

example

variable

frica-

initial

other

postvelar a

is

postvelar

pronounced

other

incompletive

to

/r/

and

Dialects

Chur.j.t.wa.

second

is

Impressionistically

articulate

even

and

stylistic,

[h].

La

clearly

noticeable

consonants

velar

flap

speakers

whereas

Jopoqueri)

in

the

dialectal,

some

often

and

the

determined.

noted

more

conditioned,

attending

/x/

variation

of

4.

Friction tives

variation

to

pairs

to

for

suffix

palatalized

difference

such

it

/k/,

is

quite

as

him/her/them.'

him/her/them.' derivational

(Jopoqueri)

suffix

85

-xXa/j/

completive.) and

/x/

about

the

which

is

The

front

postvelar the

velar

in

those

same;

it

amount

and

is

back

of

dialects

the

distinctive,

as

by

speaker

postvelar

seems

in

the

fronting

case

lower

in

Aymara

‘he/she/it/they

igqiqu

[eqeqo]

“mischievous

~ sar]

puku

puku

backing

Aymara

vowels.

environment thereby

of

assisting the

sleep(s)'

spirit!

(all

(all

‘jt rusted'

dialects)

dialects)

(La

Paz)




sar.Xx.i

both

Examples:

Liky]

[sang

and

distinguishing

ik.i

sar.j.i

of

the

in

consonants.

attending

impressionistically

assimilation,

of

i

friction

relative

vowels

consonants

nonnative

and

The

[sarxe]

'he/she/it/they

uU,uU uu [p~k~ p~k~]

' smal]

left'

; owl'

(La

Paz,

elsewhere)

< (Juli)

VvwVvwvvwYy

pug.u

p'isi.ja

p"isi.xa

[poqo]

‘it

[p" =s-Ja

1

[p"ssexa]

produces,

~

ripens'

ij

p"~s~xa] IIx

'the/a

cat'

(Jopoqueri, Calacala)

‘my cat'

(San

Andrés

Salinas,

(San Andrés de Machaca)

de Machaca)

86

In velar

dialects,

by

with

may

yet

to

/j/

the

those

and

/x/

form

is

do

not

Noun

or

nasal,

-pta-

(C,

which

is

of

vational

suffixes

few

C,C,V

-rypaya

~

except

for

which more

two

have

in

-rpa: the

cited

and

one

in

Aymara

In

certain

morpheme

postvelar

or

post-

phoneme

above.

of

and

status

distinction

having

fricative,

between

the

the

phonemic

that

underway

in

two

Aymara,

having

morphemes.

dialectically.

a

et

al.

another

reduplicative

C,

stop)

of

the

followed

have

which

the Cy

=

Simple

a

V:). and

of

containing

the

the

by

a

Verbal to

an

form

vowel.

and

recurrent

most

one

form

CV(CV),

VCV,

verbalizer in

that

it

Verbal

deri-

except

for

C,CoV(C3)V,

inflectional the

and

roots

the

suffixes

extent

(C)V

of

the

C,V((C,)V)

nasal

by

productive

form

for

noun

shape

is

noted

subclass

except

among

stops

(VV

are

As

1975:3.69-70)

CVCV(CV);

suffixes

suffixes

complex,

phonemic

still

vary

unique

consists

a

is

form

with

C,V,C,C,V,. C,CoV

same

morphemes

(Hardman

canonical CVCCV

of

the

velar

forms

Martin-Barber

the

the

cases

the

certain

Canonical

have

are

that

Jaqaru

pairs

velar

in

in

These

distinct

there

both

occur

allophones

minimal

indicate

into

3-2.3

L.

the

neutralized

split

language

Their

however,

variants which

are

1966).

attested

is

related

fricatives

(Hardman

is

the

Future

C,VC(V),

submorphemic

suffixes, tense,

are partials

87

and

Verb

CV(CV).

(7-2.22)

are

subordinating

suffixes

(7-4.2)

3-2.4

Restrictions

3-2.41

Individual

a

only

position

in

examples

are

occurrence

fricative

/x/

occurs

dialects

and

very

few

‘to have asthma, be out of breath' (Vitocota)

Jupa.x__Xarsa.n.i.w.

‘He's

is

or

Quechua

/r/

velar

nasal

The not

but

is

of

roots

by

initially

/nh/

with

phoneme a

in

attested

it

the

(A

/r/.

roots

speaker

do

voiced

in

is

initially initially

Evidence

the

Jopoqueri

the

in

even

Carangas,

allophone

fricative

occur

may

for

where

the

the

of

suffixes

in

where

nonexistence with

suffixes

following

native

loanwords. )

in

dialect

pronunciation to

in

initially

occur

occur

may

roots.

occur,

from

not

roots,

in

breath.’

of

out

(Vitocota)

does

that

phoneme

A

Spanish

The

rarely.

xarsa.ni.fia

———

Aymara

root-initial

in

‘bobbin, already threaded; to wind thread on a bobbin' (La Paz/Tiahuanaco)

noun/verb

xaxchi.fia

/i/.

is

phonemes

postvelar

The

phoneme

on

the

take

any,

if

V,

first

the

which

in

(V)CV(CV)

form

form

the

of

suffixes

sentence

final

(7-2.21)

suffixes

independent

Nonfinal

6-3.2).

(see

given Jaqaru

88

Aymara

Jaqaru

‘agricultural

inhatza

phoneme.

nasal

velar

the

containing

roots

noun

(Jopoquer?)

*inhatsa

[ingatsa]

*kanhara

[kangara]

worker'

‘dried maguey

kanhara

cord'

but

velar

nasal,

(as

he

lects.

was)

as

did

other

who

had

no

has

has

/ng"/,

/n/,

/y/,

are

from

Hardman,

above,

Aymara

the

while

/nh/

Jaqaru

cognates

personal

like

words,

(Jaqaru

/yn/.

or

in

Aymara

inside!

manha

'down'

mang"a

‘down,

anhnatza

‘down'

aynacha

‘down'

anhshishpta

‘to quarrel’

ayni.si.fa

‘to quarrel'

yanha

‘comrade,

yanap.ta.fa

"to

Phoneme

length,

to

help’

help'

sequences

Germinate

vowel

those

communication.)

Jaqaru

3-2.42

which

Jopoqueri)

of

(also

dia-

their

in

phoneme

nasal

the

Spanish

in

bilingual

speakers

Jaqaru-Aymara

the

after

[g]

velar

voiced

velar

shown

are

Below

a

inserted

rather

above

given

words

nonsense

him)

(to

two

the

in

intervocalically

nasal

velar

the

pronounce

not

did

speaker

the

is,

That

but

(reduplicated)

sequences

of

vowels

different

may

occur

vowels

as

89

in

of

Ciusters

in

word-medially

accompanied

tion

or

dialects

4-3.12.1,

4-3.32,

and

tion,

Phenomena

Nonphonemic

phenomena

voicing

Subphonemic

of

suffixavowel-

under

certain

conditions

include

stress,

intona-

discussed

is

stops

prevocalic

Aymara.

to

loans

Spanish

4-3.21.3.

3-3.1

Stress

In on

of

adaptation

the

occur

6-4).

Nonphonemic

and

a

not

word-initially

occur

also

may

of

morphophonemic

certain

3-3

in

obligatory

in

-finally

(see

by

clusters

Such

deletion.

dialects

result

the

as

all

may

consonants

more

or

two

initially

is.4

usually

second

the

while

stop,

two-

usually

is

consonant

first

The

suffixes.

some

and

roots

in

medially

occur

clusters

consonant

above,

noted

As

diphthongs.

phonemically)

not

(but

phonetically

are

former

glide-vowel

and

Vowel-glide

occur. the

occur;

do

sequences

not

do

(diphthongs)

the

vowel. having

theme.)

all

dialects

penultimate

Aymara

of

a

having wore

word

may

word

in

least

one

vowel,

that

Stress

may

appear

to

(A at

vowel

nonphonemically

occurs

stress

defined

be

is,

fall

a

on

as

root,

a

final

a

one

than free

stem,

vowel

form or

if

the

90

final

vowel

is

long.

sara.: Stress

may

after

the

also

stress

word

[sard]

is

‘I

appear

to

placement

devoiced

sar.i.wa

will

fall

has

or

--->

go.' on

/-:/

the

173

final

occurred,

the

F

syllable

final

if

vowel

of

dropped.

sar.i.w(a)

‘he/she/it/they

went'

°

Vowel of

restoration

affects

stress

certain verbal inflectional

3-3.2

in

ation

that

attempt

was

units

appear

in

to

made

all

adhere

to

them

Impressionistically

appears

flatter

capital.

be

terning

is

needed

ing

be

made.

3-3.3

Aymara,

Paz

Otherwise,

primarily

may

La

this

(see

the

case

4-3.33).

intonation

the

in

definite

loans

especially

in

or

have

urban

almost

of

in

further

vari-

and patterns all

environ-

intonation

dialects

differences

before

Spanish

all

range

but

loans

assess

carry

stylistic,

Spanish

to

morphemes

in

than

study

Certain

dialects

ments.

in

in

patterns.

intonation

syntactic

to

suffixes

in

Intonation

No

the

placement

levels

distant

from

intonation

seem

study

of

the

statements

of

condition-

entered

and

areas.

L.

continue

to

Martin-Barber

pat-

enter

has

91

porate

other

chapters,

Spanish

loans

that

example

(for

into

taking

now

is

Spanish

and

Martin

H.

by

investigated

being

Aymara

altiplano

Bolivian

on

influence’

Aymara

dialects.

Chapter

(See

factors.

own

its

of

Spanish-influenced

heavily

of

study

entry

of

process a

merits

sociocultural

account

discussion

a

for

Aymara

into

such

adapt

speakers

whole

The

phonemes

Spanish

some

other

while

incor-

speakers

certain

preserve

phonology.

loans

Spanish

of

/g/)

or

/b/

Aymara

to

loans

9

in

examples

in

noted

be

will

As

‘Aymarized'.

less

or

more

be

may

loans

such

phonology,

Spanish

of

knowledge

speaker's

the

of

extent

the

on

Depending

1975:3.81-88).

al.

et

(Hardman

phonology

Aymara

to

loans

Spanish

of

adaptation

described

Laprade.)

One

tion

within

another

to

certain

morphemes

rules

are

in

or in

Within

one

(or

dialect

differences

phonological parallel

the

delete certain

discussed

or

slightly

idiolect) or

varia-

morphophonemic

that

change

phonemes

in

rules

retain

Chapter

pho-

two

correspondences

environments.

in

a

one

of

Across

and

have

may

form)

base

dialects:

certain

phoneme

phonemic

Some

dialects

across

or

within

Usually

involved.

are

nemes

shape

another.

in

(the

morpheme

phonemic

different than

Correspondences

Phonological Dialects

3-4

4.

These

one

morpho-

92

be

(vowels,

used

which

in

phonemes

between

and

dialectally, tion

within

3-4.1

Vowel

3-2.11

/a/

a

morphological

occur.

they

that

between

type

by

treated

by

and

consonants)

morphemes

be

will

here

discussed

correspondences

phonological

dialectal

The

tilde

The

which

phoneme

of

class

will

(~)

or

intra~-

correspond

forms

of

the be

cross-

free

in

are

to

varia-

dialect. correspondences

~

/i/

Nouns:

‘old man'

‘toasted

corn'

‘beautiful '

fachachi/

(La

/achichi/

(Sitajara)

/jamp'i/

(Calacoa)

/jampi/

(Morocomarca)

/jimp'i/

(Jopoqueri, Sitajara)

/k"usa/ /k"usi/

‘down,

inside’

Paz/Tiahuanaco)

Salinas,

_ (Socca) (Calacoa) Paz/Compi)

/kusa/

(La

/mang"a/

(La Paz,

/manq"i/

(Huancane,

/manq''a~ mang"i/

Juli,

Jopoqueri)

Sitajara)

(Calacoa)

93

‘last year'

/may .mara/

(Jopoqueri, Salinas, Morocomarca)

/miy.mara/

(Sitajara)

/may.mara

‘hair

cutting’

‘wild duck’

‘other'

(La Paz)

~ miy.mara/

Paz)

/rutucha/

(La

/rutuchi/

(Socca)

/qanqata/

(San Andrés

/qangati/

(Socca)

/yaq"apa/

(Vitocota)

/yaq" ipa/

(La

/ch"iga.fia/

(Salinas)

/ch"aqa.fna/

(elsewhere)

/jaki.si.fia/

(Juli,

/jiki.si.na/

(La Paz,

de Machaca)

Paz/Tiahuanaco)

Verbs:

‘to

'to

lose'

meet'

Socca)

Jopoqueri,

Morocomarca,

Calacoa)

Sitajara,

‘to

toast

in

‘what

oven'

to

do'

Salinas,

/jamp'i.tia/

(La Paz,

Calacoa)

/jimp'i.tia/

(Jopoqueri)

/kami.cha.fa/

(Salinas)

/kama.cha.tia/

(elsewhere)

94

Suffixes:

derivationals:

Verbal

‘on top of, up to'

distancer

/-xita-/

(Salinas)

/-xata-/

(elsewhere)

/-wa-/

(Juli, Huancané, Socca, Calacoa, Calacala)

/-wi-/

(Jopoqueri)

/-waya-

~ -wa:-/

/-wiya-/

Verb

3-4.12

/a/

(La Paz) (Salinas)

/-waya-

~ -wa:- ~

/-wiya-

~

/-waya-

~ -wiya-/

-wa-/

(Sitajara)

(Morocomarca)

(Corque)

subordinator:

/-sana/

(Jopoqueri, Calacala)

Morocomarca,

/-sina/

(elsewhere)

morning’

/arama/

(Jopoqueri)

‘evening’

/arama/

(Salinas)

‘night!

/aruma/

(La Paz, Juli, Calacoa)

~ fu/

Nouns: "night,

Huancané,

95

"night,

morning,

midnight

to dawn'

/aruma/

(Morocomarca)

‘morning'

/aruma/

(Sitajara)

/chapira/

(Sitajara)

/chupira/

(Socca)

/ch"arpu/

(Socca,

/ch"u:rpu/

(Sitajara)

/qinaya/

(La Paz/Compi)

/qinayu/

(Huancané)

/amtasi.na/

(La

/amtu.si.fia/

(Juli)

/q"ap.t'a.na/

(Jopoqueri,

/g"up.t'a.na/

(La Paz/Compi)

'chicha

maker’

‘blindness'

‘cloud’

Jopoqueri)

Verbs:

remember’

‘to

‘to cover

a pot'

Paz)

Morocomarca)

Suffixes:

Verbal

derivationals:

‘away,

off'

/-mucha-/

(Salinas)

/-muchu-/

(La

Paz/Tiahuanaco)

96

‘placer’

/-nuga-

Verbal

3-4

(all dialects)

/-nuga-/

inflectionals:

Desiderative

304 Remonstrator

3>1

RDK

3-4

RDK

/-istasapa:na

~ -istuna/

/-istana ~

-stuna/

(La Paz) (La

Paz)

subordinator:

/-ipana/

/if~

Paz)

(Ebbing 1965: 146)

/-ipuna/

3-4.13

~ -istusapa:na/

(La

/-ituna/

/-stana

(La Paz)

~ -istuspa/

/-istaspa

* 7 -4tana/

Verb

(Jopoqueri)

~ -nuqu-/

[ibuna]

(Calacala) (elsewhere)

/u/?

Nouns:

'today'

/juch"u:ru/

(Achocalla)

/jich"u:ru/

(elsewhere)

(La Paz)

97

‘around'

/tuqu/

(Morocomarca,

/tuqi/

(elsewhere)

Calacala)

Verbs:

Stems

based

on

‘to wait for’

‘to look at'

the

verb

ina.na

~

ufna.na

/ifia.s.t'a.fia/

(Morocomarca,

/ufa.s.t'a.fia/

(Calacoa)

/ina.si.na/

(Morocomarca)

/ifia.si.fia ~ ufa.si.fia/

‘to know'

Other

‘to

see'.

Calacala)

(Jopoqueri)

/ufia.si.fia/

(elsewhere)

/if.t'a.na/

(Morocomarca,

/ufi.t'a.na/

(Salinas,

/k'ayi.na/

(Calacoa)

/k'ayu.na/

(Sitajara)

/ini.si.na/

(Salinas,

/uni.si.na/

(La Paz, Sitajara, Calacoa)

Calacala)

La Paz)

stems:

‘to water'

‘to hate’

Jopoqueri)

98

Suffixes:

inflectionals:

Verbal

3>1

RIK

oo

/-itutu ~ -itu:tu/ /-itutu/

(Morccomarca)

/-itu:tu/

(Salinas)

/-ititu

~ -ti:tu/

RIK

(Sitajara)

(Jopoqueri)

/-ti:tu/

34

(La Paz)

~ -stutu

/-istutu

~ -istu:tu/

(La Paz)

/-istu:tu/

(Salinas)

/-istutu/

(Morocomarca)

/-ti:stu/

(Jopoqueri)

/-pi/

(La Paz, Juli, Huancané, Socca)

suffix:

Final

reiterator

/-pi

/-pi_~

~ -pi:/

(Jopoqueri,

-pu/

/-pu~ -pu:/

3-4.14

fa/

~

/i/

Examples

~ are

(Sitajara)

Salinas)

(Corque)

/u/ two

verbs

and

one

independent

suffix.

99

‘to

(La Paz, Salinas, Calacoa)

/p'aya.fia/

cook'

(Jopoqueri)

/p"aya.fia ~ p"iya.fia/

‘to

wash

clothes’

/p"uya.na/

(Morocomarca,

/t'axsa.fia/

(Jopoqueri,

Huancané)

Juli,

Morocomarca,

Sitajara,

Calacoa)

(Salinas)

/t'axsi.fia/

/t'axsa.fia

Calacala,

~ t'axsi.fia ~ t'axsu.a/ (La Paz)

Independent

suffix:

'really'

/-pani/

(Jopoqueri)

/-pini/

(Juli,

Sitajara,

Salinas,

Morocomarca,

Calacala)

/-pini

3-4.15

/a/

~

This

and

/u/

occurred

‘sustained

3-4.16

Vowel

~

~ -puni/

(La Paz)

/ils

/a/

~

in

one

action'

Socca,

(Huancané, Calacoa)

/-puni/

verbal

suffix:

derivational

/-ch'ak"a-/

(Sitajara)

/-ch'uki-/

(elsewhere)

/nink"ara/

(La Paz,

/nink"ra/

(Morocomarca)

9

Nouns:

‘a while

ago'

Salinas)

4p

pronoun

/jiwsa/

(Calacoa,

also

Sitajara;

Bertonio

1603b)

(elsewhere)

/jiwasa/

Suffixes:

Verbal

Remonstrator

inflectional:

and

RDK

3+4

Verb

tenses,

Future

See

3-4.12.

/-istani

examples

Another

~ -stani/

for

example:

(La Paz)

/-stani/

(Calacoa,

/-sitani/

(Socca)

/-istani/

(elsewhere)

Sitajara)

subordinators:

/-ipana

~ -ipna/

(La

Paz)

/-sina ~ -sna/

(La Paz,

/-sana/

(Jopoqueri,

/-sina/

(elsewhere)

3-4.2

Consonant

3-4.21

Correspondences of plain, stops and affricates

These

the

Juli,

Socca)

Morocomarca,

correspondences

will

be

bilabials,

alveolars,

3-4.21.1

Bilabials

3-4.21.11

/p/

aspirated

discussed

in

palatals,

velars,

the

and

following and

glottalized

order:

postvelars.

~ /p"/

Nouns:

‘quinoa'

/jupa/

(Morocomarca)

3p

‘day

after

‘quinoa’

/jup'a/

(elsewhere)

pronoun

/jup''a/

(Morocomarca)

/jupa/

(elsewhere)

/jurpi/

(Jopoqueri)

/jurp"i/

(Calacoa)

/jurpu:ru/

(La Paz)

/jurp"u:ru/

(Juli)

/pisga/

(Salinas; Bertonio

/p"isqa/

(La Paz, Juli, Calacoa, Sitajara, Jopoqueri)

/tapa/

(La

/t"apa/

(Salinas, Juli)

/t'ap'a/

(Jopoqueri,

tomorrow'

'five'

‘nest!

also 1603b)

Paz/Compi)

Morocomarca,

Calacoa)

Suffixes:

Verbal

others 374

have

Imperative

others

have

Desiderative

and

/p/

6-6).

inflectionals:

(or

a

different

inflections.

/p/ and

(or

a

form)

has

in

Morocomarca

different

Remonstrative

Socca

form) tenses

in (see

/p"/

3+3,

where

3+1,

has

/p"/

3+1

and Figures

and where

3+4 6-5

102

3-4.21.12

/p/

~

/p'/

Noun:

‘toasted

corn'

/p/ ~ /p"s ~

3-4.21.13

/jampi/

(Morocomarca)

/jamp'i/

(Calacoa)

/jimp'i/

(Jopoqueri,

Salinas,

/jaypu/

(Huancané,

Sitajara)

/jayp"u/

(Morocomarca)

/jayp'u/

(La Paz,

Sitajara)

/p'/

Noun:

‘evening'

3-4.21.2

Alveolars (No

/t/

or

/t"/

examples

and

/t/

~

Jopoqueri)

/t"/

occurred

of

correspondences

between

/t'/.)

Nouns:

‘this

morning'

/jich"armanti/

(Juli)

/jich"armant"i/

'flea'

(La Paz)

/k'uti/

(La

Paz/Compi)

/kiut"i/

(La

Paz/

Tiahuanaco)

103

Suffixes:

suffix:

Noun

‘of,

Verbal

from'

173

(La

Paz)

/-ta ~ -tia/

(Juli, Huancané, Calacoa, Jopoqueri)

/-tia/

(Sitajara, Salinas, Morocomarca)

inflectionals:

1+3 Simple

173

/-ta/

Desiderative and Remonstrator

/- ta)/

(La Paz, Huancané, Calacoa)

/-tha,/

(Calacoa)

/-tla/

(elsewhere)

ending

in /-ta/

1+3

1+3

RDK

RIK

Juli,

Huancané)

ending

1>3 RDK

(La Paz,

(elsewhere)

in /-t"a/

/-:ta/

(La

Paz)

/-:t!a/

(elsewhere)

/-ya:ta/

(La Paz)

/-ya:t'a/

(Jopoqueri, Salinas, Morocomarca)

ending

in /-ta/

(La Paz, Socca)

ending

in /-t"a/

(Juli,

Huancané,

Sitajara,

Jopoqueri,

Salinas,

Morocomarca)

104

3-4.21.3

Palatal

3-4.21.31

/ch/

~

affricates

/ch"/

Nouns:

pig'

/k"uchi~

'daughter'

/p"ucha/

/p"ucha

k"uch"i/

(La Paz)

~ p"uch"a/

(Huancane)

suffix:

Noun

‘the one which’

/-chapi/

(Huancané; also Bertonio 1603b)

/-ch"api/

(Sitajara,

,

3-4.21.32

(La Paz)

/ch/

~

/ch"/

~

Jopoqueri)

/ch'/

Noun:

‘chick’

/chiwi/

(Socca)

/chiwli ~ ch"iwli ~ ch"iwchi (La Paz,

Noun

Tiahuanaco)

/ch' iwch'i/

(San Andrés de Machaca)

/-chi/

(La Paz, Calacoa, Juli, Sitajara)

/-ch"i/

(Jopoquer i)

suffix:

(Salinas)

/-ch'i/

/-chi 3-4.21.4

~ -ch'i/

(Morocomarca,

Huancane)

Velars

3-4.21.41

/k/

~ /k"/

Nouns:

'fly'

/ch"ich"illanka

~ ch"ich"illank"a (La Paz)

"beard'

/sunka/ /sunka

(Calacoa) ~ sunk"a/

(Sitajara)

/sunk"a/

(La

/jaku.fia/

(Calacoa)

/jak"u.fia/

(La Paz, Socca)

/kumu.si.fia/

(Juli)

/k"umu.nta.fia/

(Salinas)

Paz/Compi)

Verbs:

"to

‘to carry

count’

on donkey'

/k"um.t'a.wa.fia/

[nda]

(Sitajara)

/k"umu. fia/

(Calacoa,

/ma:ki/

(La Paz)

/mak"i/

(Calacoa)

Particle:

'fast'

Sitajara,

La Paz)

106

Suffixes: Verb

derivationals:

‘across’

‘sustained

action'

1-2,

and

(See /k/

The see

the

~

only

fourth

(La Paz)

/-k'ata-/

(Jopoqueri)

/-ch'ak"a-/

(Sitajara)

/-ch'uki/

(elsewhere)

32

Remonstrator

3-4.21.42

~ -k"ata-/

inflectionals:

Verbal.

133,

/-kata-

Figure

(Morocomarca)

/k/

(La Paz, Socca, Huancané, Calacoa)

6-6.)

/sk'/

example example

3-4.21.5

Postvelars

3-4.21.51

/q/

~

/k"/

occurred given

under

in

a

nonminimal

pair;

3-4.21.6.

/q"/

Noun:

‘spindle’

/gapu/

(La Paz, Juli, Jopoqueri, Morocomarca)

/q"apu/

(Calacoa)

/gapu

~ g"apu/

(Salinas)

Verb:

‘to dance'

/t"ug"u.fia/

(Jopoqueri, Sitajara,

San Andrés /t"ug"u.fia

3-4.21.52

/q"/

Morocomarca, Calacoa,

de Machaca)

(La Paz/Tiahuanaco, Salinas)

~t"uqu.fia/

~ /q'/

Noun:

‘worm!

/Vaq"u/

(Calacoa)

/lag'u/

(Sitajara,

Salinas

Jopoqueri) 3-4.21.53

/q/

~

/q"/

~

/q'/

Noun:

‘sweet '

/musga/

(Huancané)

/musg'a/

(Jopoqueri)

/musq"a

3-4.21.6

~ musq'a/

(Salinas, San Andrés de Machaca)

Combinations of plain, aspirated, ized stops and affricates

and

glottal-

Nouns:

‘brooch’

/p'ich'i/

(San Andrés de Machaca, Jopoqueri)

/p'ichi/

/p"ich'i

(Calacoa)

~ p'ich"i/

(Salinas)

108

/ch'api/

(Morocomarca)

/ch'ap"i/

(Jopoqueri)

‘rooster '

The affricates There

are

tives

plus

velar

also

ditions

(/ki/

by or

in

of

(Calacoa)

/chanka/

(Calacoa)

/ktank‘a/

(Jopoqueri)

or /k/

3-4.22.11

/k/

of

stops

and

velar

with

the

and

of

to

the

palatal fricatives.

the

stops

front /ch/

frica-

glide

/y/.

/s/

that

under

4-3.22.23

and

and

rules

fricative

(see

with

the

with

of

morphophonemic

are

change

certain

and

con-

4-3.22.25).

fricatives

/k"/

~

Correspondences number

/j/

dialects and

~

/ji/) and

affricate

certain

affricates

or

correspondences

certain

Stops

a

/sip'ilanka/

correspondences

3-4.22.1

in

(Sitijara)

postvelar

into

/i/

paralleled stop

and

enter

Correspondences

the

/sipilank"a/

Correspondences of stops fricatives or glide /y/

3-4.22

(Salinas)

~ ch'ap"i/

/ch'api

‘ant!

(Calacoa)

~ ch'ipa/

/ch"api

‘thorn'

morphemes

/j/ of

velar

including

stop

and

some

fricative that

have

occur a

high

109

functional

~ka-

~

load

-k"a-

like

the

verbal

derivational

suffix

~ -ja-.

Nouns:

"big'

"same,

identical'

/kach'a/

(Juli)

/jach'‘a/

(elsewhere)

/kikpa/

(La

/kijpa/

(Jopoqueri)

/kiwa.fia/

(Juli)

/jiwa.na/

(elsewhere)

/maki/

(Calacala)

/ma:ki/

(La Paz)

/mak"i/

(Calacoa)

/ma:ji/

(Salinas, Jopoqueri, Morocomarca)

/-ka-/

(La Paz, Juli, Morocomarca)

/-ja-/

(Jopoqueri,

Paz)

Verbs:

"to

die’

Particle:

‘fast!

Suffix:

Verbal

derivational:

incompletive,

'‘ahead'

/-ka-

~ -k"a-/

(Salinas)®

Morocomarca)

110

3-4.22.12

/k/

6-5

Remonstrator

and

and

as

6-6)

fricative,

with

/k"/

~

/j/

~

/s/ /iri/

the

in

correspond

These tive

~

forms

inflectional

tense

below.

summarized

or

fricative-stop,

of

suffixes

Clusters

of

(Figures

stop-

fricative-fricative

alternate

phonemes.

single

Remonstrator

Desiderative

/s/

/sk/

(La Paz)

/k/ ~ /ks/

/k/

(Juli)

/k/ ~ /3/

/k/

(Socca) ~ /ks/

(Huancané)

/s/

~ /ks/

/k/

/k/

~ /ks/

/k/

(Calacoa)

/j/ ~ /is/

/3j/ ~ /is/

(Sitajara)

/j/

15/

(Jopoquer? )

/j/ ~ /s/

/j/ ~ /s/

(Salinas)

/k"/

Desidera-

the

/k/

~ /s/

3-4.22.13

/q/

~

~ /k"/

(Morocomarca)

/x/

Noun:

"dog'

/anugara/ ~

(Jopoqueri, Salinas, Huancané, Vitocota)

/anuxara/

(Sitajara)

Verbal

derivational

‘completive'

suffix:

/-ga-/

(Calacala)

/-xa-/

(elsewhere)

3-4.22.2

Velar stop and/or velar /y/ (or vowel length or

3-4.22.21

/ki/

Noun

~

plus

/i/,

and

/y/

suffix:

‘for'

3-4.22.22

fricative zero)

/ki/

~

Independent

‘just,

/ji/

/-tay/

(Sitajara)

/-taki/

(elsewhere)

~ /y/

nonfinal

only'

suffix:

/-ki/

(La Paz, Juli, Jopoqueri)

3-4.22.23

/ki/ ~/k"i/ Independent

‘aggregate,

/-ki~ -ji/

(Morocomarca,

/-ki~

(Sitajara)

~ /ji/

nonfinal

cautionary’

-y/

~ sy/

~ /:/

Salinas)

~ /0/

suffix:

/-raki/

(Juli, Sogca, Calacoa, Huancané’, La Paz,

Jopoqueri) /-raki~ -raji/

(Calacala,

Morocomarca)

/ y a r ~ k r ~ i j a r /-raki ~ /-raki

~

-rak"i

~

-raji

~

(Salinas )8

-ra:

(Sitajara) ~

-ra/

112

3-4.22.3

Affricates

3-4.22.31

/ch/

~

and

fricatives

/s/

Nouns:

‘beard'

'wing'

*small'

~

/s/

/sunk"a/

(Sitajara)

/chiq"a/

(La

/siq'a/

(Jopoqueri)

/isk'a/

(Juli,

Jichk'a/

[ick'a ~ isk'a]

Paz/Compi)

Calacoa)

(Sitajara)

(La Paz, Jopoqueri, Salinas)

'five'

/ch"/

(Salinas)

/kusi/

‘happy’

3-4.22.32

/chunk"a/

~

Sitajara)

/k'uchi/

(Juli,

/pichg"a/

(Calacala)

/pisg"a/

(Huancané)

/j/

Verb:

‘to

(e.

‘to

lead

one

lead

g.

small

animal

cow)'

animal'

/ch"ik"a.fia/

(Jopoquer7)

/jik"a.tia/

(La Paz/Compi)

/sik"a.wa.fia/

(Calacoa)

/jik"a.fia/

(Jopoqueri)

113

ask'

‘to

verb

The

correspondences

displays

affricates

and

fricatives

in

initial

stop

and

fricatives

in

medial

velar

of

-t'ain

examples

following

the

momentaneous

the

verbal

and

position.

In

derivational

of

suffixes

occur

reflexive/reciprocal

/chik.t'a.si.na/

(Salinas)

/ch'ij.t'a.si.fias

(Jopoqueri)

/chis.t'a.si.fa/

(Jopoqueri; a different from the above)

/jisk.t'a.si.fia/

(La

/jisk"i.fa/

(Sitajara)

/jisk.t'a.fia/

(Juli)

/sisk.t'a.na/

(Juli)

Affricate

Paz,

~ sik.t'a.si.fia/ /ch/

and

speaker

Sitajara)

(Morocomarca)

fricative-stop

/st/

Verb:

"to

come

out'

/michu. fia/

(Calacoa)

/mistu.iia/

(elsewhere)

the

most

stems.

/sist'a.si.fia 3-4.22.3

-si-

and

the

position

of

114

3-4.23.1

Fricatives

/j/

and

glides,

nasals,

fricatives,

of Correspondences and flap laterals,

3-4.23

/s/

Noun:

‘door’

/jist'afia/

(La Paz, Morocomarca)

/sit'afia/

(Salinas)

(Jopoqueri)

/jist'afia ~ sit'afia/ /sist'afia/ See

and

also

the

of

discussion

the

3-4.23.2

Fricative

3-4.23.21

/j/

~

correspondences

the

/j/

verb

and

sa.fia

(Calacoa) shown

under

3-4.22.32

(6-4).

nasals

/m/

Verb:

‘to select from from

(grapes

a bunch, chufio a pile, etc.)'

/jamu.rpaya.fia

~ mamu.rpaya.fia/

(La Paz, 3-4.23.22

/j/

~

Tiahuanaco)

/n/

Noun:

‘a while

ago'

/jink"ara/

(Jopoqueri)

/nink"ara/

(La

Paz,

Salinas)

3-4.23.23

/j/

~

/n/

Noun:

‘ugly,

3-4.23.24

disgusting'

/j/

~

/jaxt'aria/

(Sitajara)

/naxt' aria/

(Salinas)

/anhanu/

(Sitajara)

/ajanu/

(elsewhere)

/nh/

Noun:

‘face’

3-4.23.3

Fricative

3-4.23.31

/j/

~

/j/

and

glides

/w/

Noun:

'straw'

/jich"u/

(Sitajara,

La Paz/Compi)

/wich"u/

(Jopoqueri, Salinas, Morocomarca, Calacoa)

/jala.tia/

(Jopoqueri, Salinas, Morocomarca)

/wala.fia/

(Calacoa)

/jala.na/

(La

Verbs:

‘to fly’

‘to

run'

Paz/Tiahuanaco)

‘to count'

3-4.23.32

/j/

~

/jaku.fia/

(Calacoa)

/jak"u.iia/

(La Paz, Socca, Sitajara)

/wak"u.fia/

(Jopoqueri,

/jaq"apa/

(Sitajara)

/yaq"apa/

(Vitocota)

/yaq" ipa/

(La

/Viju

(Salinas)

Salinas)

/y/

Noun:

‘other’

3-4.23.4

Paz/Tiahuanaco)

Laterals Nouns:

‘all,

completely'

"stone

deaf'

‘brother'

3-4.23.5

Laterals

3-4.23.51

/1/

~

and

~ lliju/

/Viju/

(La

/Iuxt'u/

(Morocomarca,

/\luta/

(Sitajara)

/jila/

(all

/jilla/

(Jopoqueri;

Paz,

Calacoa)

Huancané)

dialects)

one source)

nasals

J/n/

Nouns:

'flower'

/kalawila