Creswell Crags: Late Pleistocene Sites in the East Midlands 9780860542513, 9781407317335
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English Pages [392] Year 1984
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Approaches to Early Man at Creswell Crags
Chapter 1.1: History of Achaelogical Exploration
Chapter 1.2: Methods of Study
Chapter 2: Geology of the Creswell Crags
Chapter 3: Archaelogical Caves and Rock Shelters in the Creswell Crags Area
Chapter 3.1: Yew Tree Shelter
Chapter 3.2: Mother Grundy’s Parlour
Chapter 3.3: Robin Hood’s Cave
Chapter 3.4: Ossiferous Fissure, C8
Chapter 3.5: Arch Cave, C9
Chapter 3.6: Pin Hole Cave
Chapter 3.7: Dog Hole Cave and Fissure
Chapter 3.8: Church Hole Cave
Chapter 3.9: Dead Man’s Cave, North Anston
Chapter 3.10: Langwith Cave
Chapter 3.11: Yew Tree Cave
Chapter 3.12: Pleasley Vale Cave
Chapter 3.13: Steetley Cave
Chapter 3.14: Steetley Quarry Cave
Chapter 3.15: Miscellaneous Caves and Rock Shelters
Chapter 4: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Site of Creswell Crags
Appendix I: Radiocarbon Estimations
Appendix II: Glossary of Vertebrates from the Creswell Caves
Bibliography
Tables of Artefacts and Vertebrate Bones
Plates
Figures
Recommend Papers
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Creswell Crags
Late Pleistocene Sites in the East Midlands
R. D. S. Jenkinson
BAR -British Series 122 1984
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A . R. Hands , B. Se . , M.A., D • Phil. D .R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. -122,1984 'Creswell Crags'. © R.D.S .Jenkinson, 1984
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542513 paperback ISBN 9781407317335 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542513 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CORTEIITS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS List of Tables List of Plates List of Figures Chapter 1.
APPROACRES TO EARLY MAN AT CRESWELL CRAGS 1:1 1:2
Ristory of archaeological exploration Methods of study
Chapter 2.
GEOLOGY OF TRE CRESWELL GORGE
Chapter 3.
ARCRAEOLOGICAL CAVES AND ROCK SRELTERS IN THE CRESWELL CRAGS AREA. 3:1 3:2 3:3 3:4 3:5
3:6
3:7 3:8 3:9 3:10 3:11 3:12 3:13 3: 14 3:15 Chapter 4.
Page
Yew Tree Shelter Mother Grundy's Parlour Robin Hood's Cave Ossiferous Fissure, C8 Arch Cave, C9 Pin Role Cave Dog Role Cave and Fissure Church Role Cave Dead Man's Cave, North Anston Langwith Cave Yew Tree Cave Pleasley Vale Cave Steetley Cave Steetley Quarry Cave Miscellaneous caves and rock shelters
A REASSESSMENT OF THE ARCRAEOLOGICAL SITE OF CRESWELL CRAGS
1 5 15
19 20 35 58 60 63 95 100
11 2
120 124
126
127 130 1 31
141
APPENDIX 1. Radiocarbon estimations
155
APPENDIX 2. Glossary of Vertebrates from the Creswell caves
157
BIBLIOGRAPHY
163
Tables of Artefacts and Vertebrate Bones Plates Figures
179 279 283
ACDOVLEDfaOOalTS
This volume represents the results of research undertaken at Creswell Crags which owes much to the support of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire County Councils, and to the University of Sheffield. Numerous in dividuals have been generous with their time and help in the production of this study. I am particularly grateful in this respect to Professor K. Branigan, Dr P.A. Mellars, Dr R.W. Dennell and Dr G.W.W. Barker. I would also like to acknowledge the specialist help given by Dr D. Bramwell and Dr R.E. Stebbings, whose assistance in identification of the bir ds an d bat species reported here has been invaluable. Sincere thanks are al so extended to the staff of museums visited during this study and in this respect particular thanks are due to Dr R.M.C . Eager, Dr A.J.N.W. Prag, P.L. Carter, M.W. Bishop and P. Beswick. I would particularly like to record my debt to G.F. White whos e knowledge of unpublished excavations in the Cre well area was of great value. Access for fiel dwork an d excavation to sorne of the sites mentioned in this report was freely granted by Nottingham shire and Derb y shire County Councils, Welbeck Estates Limited, Steetley Minerals Limited, Steetley Refractories Limited and Viyella Mills Limited. Lastly, I would like to exten d my grati tude for the enthusiasm and v olunteer help given by many local amateur archaeologi sts an d local natural history societies. Of these I would like to make special mention of B. Adams, M. Bannister, L . Calow, B. Chambers, v. Coleman, P. Finch, J. Haynes, N. Heywood, B. Jenkinson, G. Plant, D. Row and R. Row.
List of Tables
Page
1.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, variation in later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
179
2.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1959 and 1969 excavations, variation in later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
180
3.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1876, stratigraphic distribution of the Devensian and Ipswichian vertebrate faunas.
181
4.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1876, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
182
5.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1876, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments.
183
6.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, stratigraphic distribution and anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
184
7.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, attrítíon analysis of vertebrate fragments.
185
8.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1969, anatomícal varíation of vertebrate bone fragments.
186
9.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1969, attrítion analysís of vertebrate bone fragments.
187
10.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variatíon and stratígraphic distríbution of míddle palaeolithíc artefacts.
188
11.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, varíatíon of early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
189
12.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variation of unstratified artefacts.
189
13.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variation of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
190
14.
Robin Hood's Cave, 1969, variation of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
190
15.
Robin Hood's Cave, 1875-76, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate fauna.
191
16.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, anatomical variation of Devensian vertebrate fragments.
192
17.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1875-76, anatomical variation of Flandrian vertebrate fragments.
193
18.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, anatomícal variation of vertebrate fragments from layer USB.
194
19.
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variatio
of
vertebrate fragments from layer OB.
195
20.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer LSB.
196
21.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer B/A.
197
22.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer A.
198
23.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1875-76, attrltion analysis of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments.
199
24.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1875-76, attrition analysis of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
199
25.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer USB.
200
26.
Robin Hood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer OB.
200
27.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer LSB.
201
28.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer B/A.
201
29.
Robin Rood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer A.
202
30.
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, variation of middle palaeolithic artefacts 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Role Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
202
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, variation of upper palaeolithic artefacts 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Role Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
203
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, anatomical variation of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Role Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
204
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, anatomical variation of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Role Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
205
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, attrition analysis of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Hole Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
206
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, attrition analysis of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Hole Cave, Robin Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
206
Ossiferous Fissure C8, 1894, stratigraphic distribution of middle palaeolithic artefacts and Devensian vertebrate fauna.
207
37.
Ossiferous Fissure C8, 1894, variation of middle palaeolithic artefacts.
208
38.
Oss�ferous Fissure C8, 1894, anatomical variation of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments.
209
39.
Ossiferous Fissure C8, 1894, attrition analysis of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments.
210
40.
The Arch, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
211
41.
Pin Hole Cave, 1875, stratigraphic distribution of the vertebrate fauna.
212
42.
Pin Hole Cave, 1875, anatomical variation of Devensian and Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
213
43.
Pin Hole Cave, 1875, attrition analysis of Devensian and Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
214
44.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, stratigraphic distribution of palaeo1·thic artefacts.
215
45.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, stratigraphic distribution of early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
216
46.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, stratigraphic distribution of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
217
47.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level O.
218
48.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level O.
219
49.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 1.
220
50.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 1.
221
51.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 2.
222
52.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 2.
223
36.
53.
Pin Hole Cave; 1924� anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 3.
224
54.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 3.
225
55.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 4.
226
56.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 4.
227
57.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 5.
228
58.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 5.
229
59.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 6.
230
60.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 6.
231
61.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 7.
232
62.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 7.
233
63.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 8.
234
64.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 8.
235
65.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 9.
236
66.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 9.
237
67.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 10.
238
68.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 10.
239
69.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragmen ts from stratigraphic level 11 •
240
10.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 11.
241
71.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 12.
242
72.
Pin Role Cave� 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 12.
243
73.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 13.
244
74.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 13.
245
75.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 14.
246
76.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 14.
24'7
77.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 15.
248
78.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 15.
249
79.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from stratigraphic level 16.
250
80.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 16.
251
81.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic levels 17, 18 and 19.
252
82.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic levels 17, 18 and 19.
253
83.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from unknown stratigraphic levels.
254
84.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from unknown stratigraphic levels.
255
85.
Dog Role Fissure, 1977, stratigraphic distribution of the vertebrate fauna.
256
86.
Dog Role Fissure, 1977, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fauna.
257
87.
Church Role Cave, 1875, variation and stratigraphic distribution of middle palaeolithic and later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
258
Church Role Cave, 1875, stratigraphic distribution of Devensian and Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
259
88. 89. 90.
Church Role Cave, 1875, anatomical variation of ' Devensian vertebrate bone fragments. Church Hole Cave, 1875, attrition analysis of Devensian vertebrate bone fragments.
260 261
91. Church Role Cave, 1875, anatomical variation of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
262
92. Church Role Cave, 1875, attrition analysis of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragrnents.
263
93. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents, section 1.
264
94. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents, section 2.
265
95. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents, section 3.
265
96. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents from section 4.
265
97. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents from section 5.
266
98. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 6.
266
99. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents from section 7.
267
100. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 8.
267
101. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragme�ts from section 11.
268
102. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 12.
268
103. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 13.
269
104. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 14.
269
105. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 15.
270
106. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 15 (rear).
271
107. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragrnents from section 16.
271
10�. Langwith Cave, 1913, variation of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
272
109. Yew Tree Cave, 1866, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
273
110. Pleasley Vale Cave� 1866, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragrnents.
273
111. Steetley Cave, 1976, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragrnents.
274
112. Steetley Cave, 1980, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragrnents.
275
113. Steetley Quarry Cave, 1926, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragrnents.
276
114. Steetley Quarry Cave, 1926, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragrnents.
277
List of Platea
Páge
L
Later upper palaeolithic engravings from the Creswell Caves.
279
2.
Later upper paleolithic bonework from the Creswell Caves.
280
Early and later upper palaeolithic skeletal remains from Robin Hood's Cave.
281
List of Figures
Page
1.
Location map showing archaeological caves and rock shelters in the Creswell Crags area.
283
2.
Location map showing archaeological caves and rock shelters within the Creswell Crags Gorge.
284
3.
Topography of the Creswell Crags area.
285
4.
Horizontal distribution of phreatic caves within the Creswell Crags Gorge.
286
5.
Vertical distribution above sea level of phreatic caves in the Creswell Crags Gorge area.
286
6.
Horizontal distribution of faulting surrounding the Creswell Crags Gorge.
287
7.
Cross sections across the Creswell Gorge.
288
8.
Yew Tree Shelter, ground plan showing the location of A.L. Armstrong's excavations.
289
9.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, ground plan showing areas of archaeological excavation.
290
10.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, diagrarnmatic relationship between excavated archaeological layers.
291
11.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, percentage frequency of artefact types of each excavated zone, l�te palaeolithic artefacts.
292
12.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, late upper palaeolithic artefacts.
293
13.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1924, late upper palaeolithic artefacts.
294
14.
Robín Hood's Cave, ground plan showing the location of excavated areas.
295
15.
Robin Hood's Cave, long section through the eastern chamber.
296
16.
Robin Hood's Cave, cross section through the western chamber.
297
17.
Robin Hood's Cave, diagrammatic relationship between excavated archaeological layers.
298
Robin Hood's Cave, Mousterian artefacts from the 1875-76 and 1969 excavations.
299
Robin Hood's Cave, Mousterian artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
300
18. 19.
1
20.
Robin Hood's Cave, Mousterian artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
301
21.
Robin Hood's Cave, Mousterian artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
302
22.
Robin Hood's Cave, Mousterian artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
303
23.
Robin Hood's Cave, early upper palaeolithic artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
304
24.
Robin Hood's Cave, early upper palaeolithic artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
305
25.
Robín Hood's Cave, later upper palaeolithic artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
306
26.
Robín Hood's Cave, later upper palaeolithic artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
307
27.
Robín Hood's Cave, later upper palaeolithic artefacts from the 1875-76 excavations.
308
28.
Creswell Cave, 1875-77, Mousterian artefacts mixed during the excavations of Church Hale Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
309
Creswell Cave, 1875-77, Mousterian artefacts mixed during the excavations of Church Hole Cave, Robín Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
310
Creswell Cave, 1875-76, later upper palaeolithic artefacts mixed during the excavations of Church Role Cave, Robin Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hale Cave.
311
31.
C8, 0ssiferous Fissure, ground plan of the cave showing the location of excavated areas.
312
32.
C8, 0ssiferous Fissure, long section of the cave showing the location of excavated areas.
313
33.
CB, 0ssiferous Fissure, Mousterian artefacts.
314
34.
The Arch, long section through the cave showing areas excavated and resistivity surveyed.
315
35.
Pin Hale Cave, plan of the cave showing in� travertine deposits.
316
36.
Pin Hole Cave, long section through the cave showing the level of extant travertine and the location of excavated areas.
317
29.
30.
37a. Pin Hole Cave, generalised stratigraphic section recorded by Armstrong 1924.
318
37b. Pin Role Cave� generalised stratigraphic section recorded by Collcutt 1974.
319
38.
Pin Role Cave, distribution of artefact, human bone and charcoal recavered by A.L. Armstrong.
321
39.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, Mousterian
artefacts.
323
40.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, Mousterian
artefacts.
324
41.
Pin Role Cave, 1925, Mousterian 2 artefacts.
325
42.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, Mousterian 2 artefacts.
3 26
43.
Pin Hale Cave, 1924, early upper palaealithic artefacts.
327
44.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, early upper palaealithic artefacts.
328
45.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
329
46.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, later upper palaealithic artefacts.
330
47.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, later upper palaealithic artefacts.
3 31
48.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
332
49.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, typical examples of hyaena fractured and gnawed mandible fragments.
333
50.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, typical example af waally rhinoceros fractured and gnawed scapula and humeri fragments.
334
5 1.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency variatian of vertebrate fauna based upan the mínimum numbers of individuals per species for each stratigraphic layer.
335
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency variation af species, mínimum numbers of individuals and vertebrate bone fragments far each stratigraphic layer.
337
53.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency of attrition patterns for each stratigraphic layer.
338
54.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, percentage frequency distribution for each stratigraphic level of large predator and prey species.
33 9
52.
55.
5 6.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, percentage frequency of anatomical parts within each stratigraphic level for a) large vertebrates and b) small vertebrates. Pin Hole Cave, 1924, percentage frequency distribution for each stratigraphic layer af Red Fox and rodent, bird and fish remains.
330-4 1 342
Pin Role Cave; percentage frequency distribution based upon minimum numbers of individuals, grouped according to generalised habitat types and for each stratigraphic layer.
343
58.
Dog Role Cave and Fissure, ground plans showing the location of excavated areas.
344
59.
Dog Role Fissure, detailed location of the fissure site.
345
60.
Dog Role Fissure, section recording during the 1977 excavations.
346
61.
Dog Role Fissure, 1977, percentage frequency of vertebrate remains from each stratigraphic layer.
347
62.
Church Role Cave, 1875, ground plan showing excavated areas.
348
63.
Church Role Cave, long section through the cave illustrating the stratigraphy recording during the 1875 excavations.
349
64.
Church Role Cave, 1875, Mousterian artefacts.
350
65.
Church Role Cave, 1875, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
3 51
66.
Dead Man's Cave, 1969, ground plan showing excavated areas.
352
57.
67a. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, later upper ralaeolithic artefacts from Section I.
353
67b. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, later upper palaeolithic artefacts from other sections.
354
68.
Langwith Cave, ground plan and long section through the cave showing the location of excavated areas.
355
69.
Langwith Cave, 1901, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
356
70.
Pleasley Vale, location of archaeological caves.
357
71.
Pleasley Vale Cave, ground plan showing excavated area.
358
72.
Yew Tree Cave, ground plan and long section through the cave showing the location of excavated area.
359
73.
Steetley Cave, ground plan showing the location of excavated areas.
360
74.
Steetley Cave, the location of the 19 80 excavation within the rear infill.
361
75.
Cave C7, plan and section through the cave showing its extent.
362
76.
Boat Reuse Cave, ground plan and long section showing location of excavation.
363
77.
Pin Role Cave, anatomical variability and attrition state of Crocuta crocuta bone fragments.
364
78.
Pin Role Cave, anatomical variability and attrition state of Equus sp. bone fragments.
365
79.
Pin Role Cave, anatomical variability and attrition state of Rangifer tarandus bone fragments.
366
80.
Pin Role Cave, anatomical variability and attrition state of Coelodonta antiquitatis bone fragments.
367
81.
Rates of faunal changeover compared to artefacts and gnawed vertebrate bone distribution for Pin Role Cave.
368
82.
The frequency based on MNI of Devensian large vertebrate faunas from Pin Role Cave.
369
83.
The frequency based on MNI of Devensian small vertebrate faunas from Pin Role Cave.
370
84.
The frequency based on MNI of Devensian bird fauna from Pin Role Cave.
371
CHAPrER 1
APPROACHES TO EARLY 1WI AT CRESVELL CRAGS 1 .1
HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION
By comparison with other major concentrations of archaeo logical caves, exploration in the Creswell &rea commenced at a comparatively late date in the nineteenth century. This relatively late start is in part due to the lack of good rommunication routes running in close proximity to many of the sites. Virtually all the archaeological sites of concern here occur within mag nesian limestone gorges, which in the early nineteenth century were rega rded as wild and impassable, except by the most dedicated of travellers. (Indeed the Duke of Portland remarked with sorne disgust that the route through Creswell Crags wasn't even wide enough to take a carriage). Many of the caves were occasionally visited by travellers from the 1700·'s onwards. Robín Hood's Hall (now Robin Hood's Cave), for example, was well known from the poems of Hall, the "Laureate of Sherwood Forest" (Hall, 1841) • The first archaeological discovery was made in 1862 when workmen uncovered a cave containing Pleistocene bones within Pleasley Vale Gorge (A non, 1862). This discovery aroused the interest of a local doctor, Dr Ransom, who discóvered a further cave, named Yew Tree Cave, (Figure 72), which produced one of the first evidences of Lynx (Felis lynx) known from Britain in 1865 (Ransom, 1866). Following the discoveries of the early 1860 's there was a lull in cave exploration within the Creswell area and it was not until 1873 that the next discovery was made. In 1873 Mr R. Tebbet, the Creswell Crags Quarry supervisor, observed "fossil bones" eroding from the rear of a cattle byre then occupying the mouth of Church Role Cave within the Creswell Gorge. Tebbet enthusiastically reported his find to the local priest, the Reverend Mage ns Mello, who visited the site himself in 1874, and was intrigued by the archaeological potential not only of Church Role Cave but also the other caves he noticed on his visit. News of the discovery travelled fast, particularly to Thomas Hea th, the curator of Derby Museum. Both Mello and Heath made simultaneous applications to the Duke of Portland, the owner of Creswell Gorge, for permission to excavate. They decided to pool their resources and mounted a joint exploration, with Heath supervising the actual excavations and record keeping. Neither had previous experience of identifying Pleistocene faunal material and they consequently enlisted the help of Professor George Busk at the Insti tute of Geol ogical Science, who undertook to report on the mammal fauna of Pin Hole Cave (Mello's fissure A).
Operations commenced late in 1874 at the Pin Hole Cave, followed soon after by trial explorations in Church Hole Cave. The results at Pin Hole Cave were disappointing� so in 1876 operations were concentrated at Church Hole Cave and Robin Hood's Cave simultaneously (Boyd Dawkins, 1875b; Mello; 1875). By 1876 the explorations had attracted considerable attention not least on the part of William Boyd Dawkins, the Curator of Manchester University Museum. Loyd Dawkins was interested in the palaeontological and archaeological evidence being discovered in British caves from the 1860's onwards. He published a preliminary account in Pall Mall magazine (1875a) long before his involvement with the excavations, a development which at once placed him in a difficult position with Mello and Heath. Mello was quick to patch up any rift and was delighted when Boyd Dawkins ' circle of friends joined the work. This was the case particularly with Richard Tiddeman, who had travelled from Yorkshire to help with the work. Heath, who was undertaking most of the actual work and recording, felt aggrieved and the seeds were sown for the ensuing clash of personalities which greatly affected the progress of excavations. Arguments reached a head during the final stages of excavations in Robin Hood's Cave, particularly after the spectacular finds of the horse head engraving and the canine tip of H. latidens. Heath observed drily that both had been found in an unusual week ·by Mello and Boyd Dawkins and a week when both were present and at the same time. The outcome of the rather drawn out arguments was the eventual academic ostracising of Heath in early 1877. Heath resorted to private publication of the results of the work taken from his notebook, which he refused to hand over to Mello. Mello and Boyd Dawkins published their own account based on Mello's memory and a small quantity of Boyd Dawkins ' diary notes (1875b). Mello and Boyd Dawkins continued their exploration at Mother Grundy's Parlour, in a search for an interglacial deposit, the presence of which was suggested by the finding of a Hippopotamus tooth which appeared at a London auction a nd which was said to be from the cave. The excavations at Mother Grundy's Parlour terminated the work of Mello and Boyd Dawkins at Creswell for the time being, but the exploration and ensuing public arguments had attracted considerable attention to the site by both scholars and public alike. During the next twenty years this attraction manifested itself at Creswell with the occurrence of many small unorganised excavations aimed chiefly at specimen collecting, particularly for financial reward. M ost, if not all, of these activities are unpublished and are only known of today from the occasional reports which occurred from time to time in the local press. Formal excavations started again in 1888 when Dr Robert Laing, a Scottish antiquarian who had retired to Blyth, near Newcastle, commenced an excavation at the Dog Hole Cave on the north eastern outcrop at Creswell and also at Robin Hood's Cave. The excavation was unfortunately never formally published by Laing, who died during the work after twelve years of activity on the site. Both the artefactual material and any written records of the excavation, if they ever existed, appear to have disappeared at the time of Laing's death. (Indeed, the actual existence of archaeological deposits in the Dog Hole Cave was unknown until the present work revealed the hist ory of the cave.) Virtually the only indication of the importance of the cave and its location is the report of a tour made by a local society and
2
apparently conducted by Laing, which was published in abbreviated form in the T ransaótibns of the Eaat Derbyshiré Fie1a··c1ub (Burr; 1910): Physical examination of the cave today shows it to have been excavated at sorne time in the past. In 1894 two Cambridge geologist s working at·the Sedgwick Museum undertook a small excavation in a fissure on the north face of Creswell Crags (C8, fissure 2). The excavation produced a small collection of bone material associated with sorne flint tools (Duckworth and Swainson, 1895 ). The published account dealt with the first season's work and highlighted the potential of further study which was apparently never undertaken. By 1900, the prevalent view of Creswell Crags was that archaeologically it had been "worked out" and that little was left to warrant the attentions of arc haeologists and geologists. However, further discoveries were in the of fing. In 1909 the Reverend E. Mullins, priest to the village of Langwith Bassett, was told of a cave immediately behind his church which had recently been discovered by two schoolboys. Mullins commenced excavations and reported the discovery to (now Sir) William Boyd Dawkins. Boyd Dawkins, however, did not become involved with the work, although he maintained contact by corresponding with Mullins, who due to his style of excavations rapidly became referred to as "meddler Mullins" (Boyd Dawkins, 1924). Mullins received a good deal of assistance from W.J. Sollas, who at the time was writing his book Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives (1915). On the basis of conversations with Mullins, he included in this publication details of what he believed to be the Creswell "forgeries" (the horse head engraving in particular). By the time of this publication Heath's view that the .!:!.· latidens canine was deliberately planted in the excavations had by now gained wide acceptance (Heath, 1880g). The horse engraving was largely held to be genuine (Boyd Dawkins, 1879c). So'llas stated that his information carne from a reliable source who had in fact worked on the excavations (1924). Woodward-Smith promptly wrote to Boyd Dawkins (1924) informing him of the accusation by Sollas, an accusation which Boyd Dawkins strenuously denied (Boyd Dawkins, 1924). The whole episode was witnessed and later reported on by J.W. Jackson, who was at that time Boyd Dawkins' young assistant at the Manchester Museum. In later years Jackson held that the engraving was a genuine find while the H. la tidens canine was definitely ·a "plant". In fact Jackson claimed to know the identity of the perpetrator of this f raud, although he was loath to impart this information to the author (Jackson, pers �-). The Langwith Bassett cave excavation marked the end of an era of archaeological work in the Creswell area: when attention was again direct ed at Creswell and its surrounding sites in the 1920's, the participants were archaeologists rather than clergymen and geologists. The mood had changed. The British Association for the Advancement of Scienc e, on Boyd Dawkins' a dvice, appoint�d a Committee for the Archaeological Exploration of Derbyshire Caves, presided over by Sir William Boyd Dawkins . Albert Leslie Armstrong was appointed as field archaeologist and J.W. Jackson as palaeontologist. Armstrong lived in Warrington, Cheshire, working full time as an Inspector for the Inland Revenue. After a short stay at Bowden Hall, the home of Sir William Boyd Dawkins, he was transferred to the Sheffield office of the Inland
3
Revenue. He soon mad e the acquaintance of Dr Arthur Court; a noted local figure and doctor; J.B. Himsworth, a well k nown Sheffield s_ilversmith and J. Hanbury, a Derby-based geologist. Armstrong, in his fifties and the youngest of h is team, dominated Derbyshire cave arc haeology during the period from the 19201 s until his -death in 1958 on a Johannesburg railway station platform, following a strenuous lecture tour of Rhodesia and South Africa. Armstrong's activities started at Creswell in 1921 when he made a reconnaissance of the gorge (Armstrong, 1921) during which he was excited by the apparent further potential for arc haeological remains in sorne of the caves, particularly the Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Caves. In the latter case he rightly, as it turned o ut J reasoned that the termination of the 1875 excavations was not in fact the end of the cave but was simply a narrowing of it and that in all probability it expanded at a greater distance from the entrance . Armstrong's excavations at these caves are dealt with in more detail below, but suffice to say that both sites were excavated more or less simultaneously from 1924 onwards. The Pin Role excavation dominated Armstrong's activities throughout this period but as work continued on the site, exploratory trenc hes were c ut into many other sites particularly at Creswell Crags, Markland and Hollinhill Grips, the Whaley Valley and Burnt Cinders Grips. The excavations were joined periodically by Dorothy Garrod, particularly in 192 4-25 at Mother Grundy's Parlour. Garrod herself undertook small excavations at the Langwith Bassett Cave where much of the deposit had been left in situ by Mullins (Garrad, 1926). The spate of work which marked these years came to an abrupt end in 1958 with Armstrong's death, during the excavation of Ash Tree Cave in the Burnt Cinders Grips. Work continued at this cave with the help of the Hunter Society (of which both Himsworth and Dr Court were prominent members ) and under the supervision of Derek Riley. In the summer of 1959, Dr C.B .M. McBurney commenced an excavation in the platform of Mother Grundy' s Parlour as part of a programme of investigations into British caves, sponsored by the Prehistoric Society, and soon after joined the continuing excavations at Ash Tree Cave, now under the supervision of Mr Stanley West. The excavation by McBurney at Mother Grundy's Parlour, though unpublished, is an import ant one for the Creswell area. During the 1960 1 s Jeffrey Radley undertook fieldwork and excavation within the Whaley Valley. His attention turned to the Creswell sites, particularly to Mother Grundy's Parlour, and applic ation was made to the Duke of Portland for permission to excavate. The permission was refused, however, on the basis of advice tendered to the Duke and because of growing concern about the prese rvation of the Creswell sites on the part of the Landowners and D erbyshire and Nottinghamshire County Councils (McBurney, 1962). Also during the la te 1960's excavations were undertaken at Dead Man's Cave, North Anston (Mellars, 1969; White, 1970), Lob Wells Shelter and Thorpe Common Shelter (White, pers �).
4
The first comprehensive synthesis of the Creswell sites was produced by John Campbell during his work for a D.Phil on the British Upper Palaeolithic carried out at Oxford University (1971). As part of a larger programme of excavations on British Upper Palaeolithic si tes, areas of Mother Grundy's Parlour and Robin Rood's Cave were excavated. E xcavat ions were also undertaken at Rolley Shelter, which preved sterile. Campbell's results are widely known and form the basis of the present-day division of the British Upper Palaeolithic into an Earlier and a Later sequence (Campbell, 1977). Simon Collcutt, e. student of Campbell' s at Edinburgh, undertook further work at Creswell in 1 974, particularly in a reas of potential outlined by Campbell, as part of a general study dealing with the chronology and stratigraphy of the various Creswell si tes. Excavations were undertaken by Collcutt at Mother Grundy's Parlour, Pin Role Cave and Boat Rouse Cave. Samples were taken from the travertine levels of Church Role Cave (Collcutt, 1975). In 1975 building construction at Steetley Quarry unearthed a small cave, subsequently excavated by two local geologists (Richardson, [ 1975] pers �) • Since 1975 the Cres well gorge has been managed jointly by Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire County Councils, the si te being designated a' conservation area and opened to the public as a country park. The Visitor Centre and site are managed by the author, the brief being to make both the si te and its archaeological significance 1D.ore readily available to interested parties. At the same time the County Councils sponsored the present research, a preliminary report of which has appeared previously (Jenkinson, 1978). 1 .2
METHODS OF STUDY
The brief introduction, outlining the history of archaeo logical work within the Creswell caves, shows clearly that a great deal of research has been undertaken, much 9f which unfortunately remains unpublished. Nineteenth century accounts have had to be used extens i vely in previous syntheses (Garrod, 1926; Campbell, 1977) but these accounts are often conflicting, and I have found many of them to be inaccura te where the da ta can be checked today. Campbell ' s excavations in particular attempted to clarify the prehistory of individual caves, but the location of his excavation was often in areas of sites that were peripheral to the focus of prehistoric occupation. It is my thesis that the data collected by this work has unnecessarily limited our understanding of prehistoric events at Creswell Crags. This study aims to reconsider all of the archaeological evidence available from caves within the archaeological site of Creswell Crags. F0ur separate lines of evidence are available, which are detailed below.
5
1.
Sité Distribution
It was clear from the history of exploration within the Creswell Caves and in recent reviews (Campbell, 1977; Collc utt, 1975) that many sites are poorly understood. For sorne sites, information on their precise location and status is not available other than brief details contained in original (manuscript) excavation accounts. It was also clear that published research could not be considered a complete sample of the total numbers of archaeological sites potentially extant within this area. To overcome this difficulty a programme of field work was undertaken in which the limestone gorges and valleys between the towns of Worksop and Mansfield in North Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire were systematically searched for caves with archaeological evidence. The results of this survey are set out in Chapter 3 where t he details of each located site are considered. 2.
Geomorphology
The detailed geomorphology of caves within the Creswell area is usually not available from published excavation accounts. A serious consideration of this problem was undertaken by Campbell (1977), whose studies of granulometry in cave deposits have added to our under standing of cave environments. However, many of the studies undertaken by Campbell, while informative, suffer from the problem that they deal with relatively small areas of individual sites. Thi s approach inevitably ignores large scale geomorphological processes which can have a great effect on sedimentation within caves. My own approach has been to assume that enormous temporal and spatial complexity was likely in the Creswell cave environments. Many geomorphological processes, observed but not explained in earlier accounts, must have had a dramatic effect upon sedimentation within the Creswell caves. I therefore attempted the detailed physical exam ination of the extant caves to elucidate the range of options for geomorphological process within each site. In order to assess such options the physical attributes and in situ sediment present within each cave considered for this study have been recorded. For sorne caves, geomorphological prócesses active during the current warm stage were noted. Many of these are likely to have had great effect upon the build up of Pleistocene sediments at these si tes. The detailed maps and accounts resulting from this work are reported for each site in Chapter 3.
3.
Artefact studies
Many of the excavation accounts for Creswell sites are largely concerned wi th discussion of artefact collections. My preliminary examination of extant artefact collections indicated that many artefacts had not been included in previous studies - I therefore decided to re-examine these collections to obtain a more accurate account of artefacts present within each site. The classification and typology of artefact collections examined in this study follows that outlined by Campbell (1977) and Schwabedissen (1954).
6
The numbers of artefacts located during this study di ffer considerably from those published in previous reports� In general terms a lower number of artefacts than those reported in the nineteenth century accounts of Boyd Dawkins (1876 , 1877a and 1877b) has been reported. More significantly, this study deals with a larger number of a rte facts for many sites than that reported by Campbell (1977). Selected tools are illustrated at actual size within each site account. It was clear from previous accounts that consid.e rable differences existed in the composition of artefact collections within the same technological tradition at sites within the Creswell area. Hence my principal concern in the artefact studies was to investigate first stratigraphic reliability, and second, the existence of true assemblages within particular sites, especially where living floors may have survived in situ. Analysis of the artefactual record is reported for each site in Chapter 3, in an attempt to identify spatial and temporal tool kit variability. Artefacts are also divided according to the rawÍiiaterlal tyi,"e:- A -hÍgh proportion of artefacts is produced in flint, f or which the nearest source is sixty kilometres from the Creswell area. Local quartzite rocks derived from the Bunter Sandstone series are also used for tool making. Their presence may demonstrate utilization of unsatisfactory local materials in response to difficulties for the supply of flint. This aspect measuring the success of raw material procurement systems, is tested upon sites with reliable artefactual evidence. 4.-
Faunas
Vertebrate faunas have been reported in previous studies, particularly by Busk (18,5), Boyd Dawkins (187 5-79), Armstrong (1929- 5 6 ), Newton (in Armstrong, 1929b), Jackson (1934a, 1934b), Kitching (1963) and Campbell (1977). These studies have been concerned almost invariably with large vertebrate remains; large collections of microfauna exist which have not previously been analysed. For the purpose of this study, tberefore, all extant collections of all vertebrate remains were located and examined. Each vertebrate fragment has been re-described or described for the first time as part of this study. I have been assisted in identifying s ome elements of the vertebrate assemblages by Dr D. Bramwell, whose help with avian remains has been invaluable; by Dr R.E. Stebbing, who rendered similar assistance for chiroptera remains, and by Dr M. Wilkinson, who gave help in determining fish remains. A full list of vertebrate species known is given in Appendix 2. The terminology used in thi s study follows that of Bruun (1978) and Kurten (196 8). A total of 115,936 vertebrate fragments was re-described and identified to 1 91 separate species. These remains are described in tables listed for each site in Chapter 3. This study puts particular emphasis upon the analysis of vertebrate faunal remains. A major disadvantage of previous studies is their emphasis upon macrofauna which forms a small part of the total vertebrate remains from these sites. Analysis of all the vertebrate remains provides a more acc-urate picture of the vertebrate community.
7
A second criticism of previous work has been the assumption that accumulation of vertebrate remains in caves is due who lly to the ac tivities of man. These approaches have unnecessarily restricted our understanding of vertebrate faunas during the Quaternary. To overcome these di fficu lties, this study is concerned with elucidating, through taphonomic studies, accumulation agencies responsible for vertebrate faunas recorded from the Creswell sites. A further consideration is tha t an understanding of accumulation processes coupled with analysis of the total range of vertebrate bones available provides a framework in which to consider the palaeoecology of Quaternary vertebrates. These issues are central to this thesis and are discussed in detail below. 4.1
Accumulation agencies
A key approach to understanding palaeo-accumulation processes present within caves is to attempt to predict ecological processes likely to have affected the vertebrate fauna. It is clear that a number of factors is involved in the accumulation of faunal remains in cav es. Separation of the morphological differences present in vertebrate faunas resulting from one or other of these factors involves recognising their effect upon faunal remains. In order to separate faunal remains in respect to these factors I have developed an analytical approach which is best considered within the following framework: (i)
Hyaena denning and predation
Carnivores known from several of the Creswell Caves include hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Modern ecological studies have shown this species to be a successful predator capable of taking large prey (Kruuk, 1972). Faunal remains potentially have a number of attributes which would indicate hyaena use of caves for denning: in particular, the hyaena remains should be characterised by the presence of many individuals representing all age groups and most notably by young individuals. Hyaena preda tion can similarly be characterised by the presence of distinctive teeth gnawing marks. Less tangibly, m odern studies suggest that fragmentation of vertebrate bone takes place and that this process is differential for the varying bone sizes and shapes of di fferent species. In order to detect hyaena predation upen the vertebrate faunas examined in this study, I have postulated four states of attrition to describe vertebrate remains. 1. Complete bone - a self ex planatory condition describing each specimen and wi th dis regard to polishing and surface wea thering conditions. 2. Complete and gnawed bones - where over ninety percent of the original bone survives, and where any missing portions owe their loss to carnivore damage (indicated by multiple gnawing marks preserved on the bone surface) • 3. Fractured bone - a specimen where less than ninety percent of the original bone survives and where there is no clear evidence of carnivore damage. Such specimens would therefore be fragments with no trace of gnawing.
8
4. Gnawed and Fractured bone � a specimen where there is clear evidence of fracture, probably due to carnivore activity; indicated by gnawing marks on the remaining fragment. Analysis of skeletal part variation also allows comment upon hyaena activity. Attention has been drawn to the presence of limb parts in vertebrate bone accumulati ons in modern carnivore dens (Potts, in press ). It is suggested that for any carcass there is a rank order of body pa rt disappearance: first the forelimb, then the hind limb; with skull and axial parts remaining at the kill/scavenging site for sorne time. The ti me span and frequency of this process recorded in modern studies provides a measure of inter-species competition. The removal of meaty body parts to a den can be interpreted as a successful mechanism for the avoidance of competition. This observation, investigated by skeletal part analysis, should enable comment upon the relative success of hyaena food procurement in the face of inter-carnivore and human competition at the Creswell sites. ( ii)
Middle range carnivore denning and predation
Accumulation of vertebrate bones by middle range carnivores is to be anticipated within most of the sites considered in this study. Modern ecological studies demonstrate that smaller carnivores prey upon a wide range of rodents, insectivores, birds, reptiles and amphibians (Corbet and Southern, 1977). In most cases the prey is chewed, wi th resultant damage to skeletal material. Identification of such phenomena in the palaeontological record is difficult: the principal difficulties are to be found in di fferentiating this type of damage from other taphonomic factors. However, in this study skeletal part analysi s has been undertaken upon a number of sites which contain middle range carnivore populations. and which lack evidence for human occupa tion, and s uch analysis suggests that particular attrition characteristics associated with middle range carnivores can in fact be identified. (iii)
Raptorial bird activity
The effects of falcons and owls upon small mammal populations have been demonstrated by a number of authors (Buckley, G oldsmith and Morris, 1979 ) and their subsequent accumulation of bone at nesting or regurgitation sites is known from modern day populations as well as being demonstrated as an archaeozoological process (Mayhew� 1972). The osteological characteristics of this activity are unclear, although in general terms, near complete survival of all skeletal parts is known for sorne species and in sorne cases there is a high frequency of preservation for cranial parts (Mayhew, 1972). A useful, although rare occurrence, is of damaged humeri where the killing blow at the skull base frequently damages cranial parts and as part of the same action the humerus is distally and obliquely truncated. In order to detect pre dation and vertebrate bone accumulation of this type, the stratigraphic distribution of raptorial bird species and likely rodent prey species was compared where possible. Abnormally large numbers of particular species in association with raptors, coupled with survival of virtually all skeletal parts, are the criteria used in this study to detect raptor activity.
9
(iv)
Cave residence
For a number of species known from the caves, the most likely explanation of their presence is that they were resident. S tu dies within the Creswell caves by the author have recorded residence use of the caves today by the following species: stoat (Mustela erminea), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), common shrew (Sorex araneus), common long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)� brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), moorhen (Gallindula chloropus), kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), tawny owl (Strix aluco), pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), swift (Apus apus), swallow (Hirundo rustica), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), song thrush (Turdus hilomelos), rook ( Corvus frugilegus), crow (Corvus corone), jackdaw f Corvus monedula), fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and house martín (Delichon urbica). Except for the obvious introductions all of these species are represented in Flandrian and Devensian deposits from the caves. Other species now locally extinct, but well known from cave habi tats include hy aena, badger, wolf, red fox, brown bear and virtually all European bat species. Against such a background it is evident that a significant proportion of species represented within the Devensian deposits o f the Creswell caves were resident either on a more or less continual basis (such as bats. and foxes) or for specific behavioural reasons such as breeding. Lastly one must include species which may have died within the cave, whose death is unlikely to be associated with the taphonomic processes already discussed. Testing of this model upon the palaeontological r ecord anticipates that the osteological material will largely be complete and probably concentrated. Such testing is hampered by subsequent post mortem changes induced through carnivore damage, fracturing due to geomorphological events, and through problems of preservation and archaeological recovery. (v)
Human Activity
Perhaps the most discussed aspect of the Devensian vertebrate bone accumulations from the Creswell caves is that of man's impact as an accumulating agent. It has often been assumed by previous workers that the presence and apparent association of artefacts and vertebrate bone fragments is sufficient to assign the accumulation to human activity (Kitching, 1963; Campbell, 1977). In sorne cases the argument has been taken a stage further, with the argument for a d i st inct osteodontokeratic activity (Kitching, 1963). For the purposes of this review the clear association between man and animal is only based upon burnt bone fragmenta, deliberately cut pieces, or cases where no other taphonómic agents are clearly present, and where the implication is that man is the accumulating agent. Vertebrate bone accumulation as a technological resource is relatively straightforward in cases where substantial alteration into a bone tool has taken place, but the reco gnition of r aw material is hazardous.
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4.2
Palaéoecology
The content and taphonomy of vertebrate fossils are a key guide for the reconstruction of palaeoecological processes. A central interest of this study is to examine change in vertebrate populations and biome types during the Quaternary. Such studies have the potential of enhancing our understa.nding of environmental changes and events during this period. Change within the vertebrate community during the Pleistocene can be antic¡pated as a complex series of processes. Verteb ra te population structure would be affected in a wide range of stimuli. Short term fluctuations in numbers and species are often cyclic in nature and are well known from modern ecological studies; these can be ascribed to causal factora which v ary from cycle to cycle, between species and habitat (Bliss, 1977; Hakala and Hawkioja, 1975). The amplitude of change is always known to vary: the number of species in a region with a favourable climate is thought to be very much higher than in extreme regions; secondly ecological factors governing the distribution of species in a favourable climate are in the form of inter species competition, whereas in extreme climates abiotic factors are thought to play a decisive role (Remmert, 1980a, b). Detection from palaeontological data of such cyclic fluctuations in the ecosy�tem, given the chronological duration of vertebrate occupation within the sites discussed in this study, is tenuous. The existence of such fluctuations particularly in arctic faunas calls --for caution in interpreting apparently dramatic (although likely long-term) variation detected in fossil vertebrate populations. In general terms modern ecological studies show that ecosystem type not only will be associated with the degree of change, but also shows a sensiti vity in vertebrate faunas in terma of stability and constancy. In a recent review of this problem Remmert (1980a, b) has put forward two observations: first that in sorne ecosystems, particularly arctic terrestrial systems, the member s ecies fluctuate considerably, contrasting with the small fluctuations characteristic of other ecosystems (particularly fores ta); second, that inconstant systems are resilient to ecocatastrophes and are capable ·of returning to their original state. The large number of species characteristic of constant systems is recog nised as a mechanism ensuring high turnover under very constant environmental conditions, a situation commonly destroyed by ecocatastrophes. Inconstant ecosystems are conversely characterised by their resilience and regeneration (Ives and Barry, 1974; Tieszen, 1978). Despite the lack of a detailed chronology and knowledge of geomorphological events present in archaeological cave sites, analysis of faunal stability in Devensian vertebrate faunas has the potential to elucidate the type of ecosystem change through time. During the last glacial such change should be detectable although lag effects can be anticipated given the complexity of environmental change known from the Quaternary. In order to assess vertebrate faunal stability for each site wh ere the data is sufficiently well recorded, a uni form measure of fau nal changeover was calculated by comparing an index of originating
11
(i.e. species not present in the underlying stratum) and extinction (i.e. species extinct in the subsequent stratum) according to the following formula: TS TI
X
So / Io
%
Se / Ie
Where S = species, I = minimum number of individuals, o = originating species, e = extinct species, TS = total species and T I = total individuals. Expression of faunal changeover in thes� ter ms has the advantage of allowing comment upon overall constancy in v ertebra te faunas. At sites where the data are sufficiently well recorded, it is possible to comment upon faunal responses to a range of environmental stimuli. This method also carries the potential of allowing comparison between different sites on the basis of similar trends and degrees of change through time. A further aspect of faunal changeover is the implication it has for changes in biomes. The importance of amplitude change in biome fluctuations with decreasing latitude away from the polar mass is a widely recognised factor of ecological importance. This factor provides a means of differentiating arctic biomes. Remmert (1980b) has suggested that distinction is possible between two extremes: a dry/continental arctic, characterised by severe winters and short warm summers, and a wet/oceanic arctic characterised by mild w inters with cool summers and where water is an unlimited factor. Archaeological evidence of biome type is securely indicated by pallen studies, which document in general terma the changing floristic evidence associated with the last glacial (Godwin, 1956; West, 1968). These suffer from the problem that account is rarely possible of local biome variation. The resulting profiles based upan autotropic species provide information on a restricted section of the ecosystem. It is likely that heterotrophic activity in any biome is a more complex problem. Study of vertebrate faunas in this sense may therefore add details of local biome type and change where other researches are either not possible or lack application. A useful approach to this problem is to examine the range of habitats and environmental preferences displayed by sorne species for any given period and to consider how such evidence changes through time (synecological change). A key issue here is the elucidation of the arctic/sub-arctic biome postulated for much of the last c old stage. An aspect of synecological change which has been the subjec� of much discussion is the circumstance of origination and extincti on of species (Stuart, 1977; Yalden, 1982). This aspect of vertebrate faunal studies is poorly understood. Stuart ( 1976) has described vertebrate faunas for the last (Ips wichian) Interglacial and the temporal distribution of steppe rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus 12
He hemitoechus) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) . suggests that faunas with these two species present became extant durin g I pswichian zone Ip II (Stuart, 1976). Similarly sorne species present in older faunas are thought to have survived into the Last Cold S ta ge. Further ínfluxes of species into the indigenous vertebrate community are known to have taken place du ring the la te Pleistocene and Early Flandrian, particularly to those species associated with the development of woodland. Confirmation of these views should be possible in this study through detailed analysis of species temporal distribution. Evidence for vertebrate species extinction during the Late Glacial is available from many British sites. A chronology for this p rocess has been sug gested by Stuart (1977) , in which the species leo and Crocuta crocuta, Mammuthus primi genius, Felis Coelodonta antiquitatis are su ggested to have become extinct during the Mid-Devensian. This observation is relevant to aspects of palaeolithic occupation in Britain durin g the Late Glacial: for example Jacobi (1980), following Stuart's (1977) thesis, has suggested that the association of later upper palaeolithic artefact assemblages with the remains of these species indicates mixing of deposits. A second area of interest for the extinction of these species is the nature of man' s role wi thin the process. It is anticipated that the increasin g environmental impact of human occupation during the Late Pleistocene is a major factor in vertebrate extinctions, of those species in competition with man or providing him with food. Analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of species and their association with evidence for human occupation within the Creswell Caves has the potential of testing both elements of this argument.
13
CHAPrER 2
GEOLOGT 01' TIIE CRESVKLL CRAGS The Creswell ar.ea gorges form distinct topographical features within the narrow band of Permian Lower Magnesian Limestone, which in this area forms the greatest part of Permian rocks exposed in Britain (see Kaldi, 1980). Locall y the outcrop is defined by a west facing escarpment which towards the east dips gentl y beneath Triassic and younger strata . Thi s area is characterized by gently rolling country broke� in places by deeply cut narrow gorges. The geomorphological processes active in forming the seven major gorges in the Creswell area are a subject neglected by research. A number of speculative proposals has been put forward to account for the formation of the Creswell gorge and these include the suggestion that it is a glacial meltwater channel (Gibson and Wedd, 1913; Baden-Powell in Campbell, 1977), or that it could result from the coll aps e of a large ea st-west running cave, a view widely held but unpublished. It is likely that Creswell and other gorges are the result of Quaternary geomorphological processes and are of subsequent interest for this study. A number of phenomena has been observed during this study which discount previous models for the gorge formation ad which off er a fra mework for further work concentra ting upon the Qua ternary geomorphology of the area. These phenomena consist of the phreatic draina ge patterns, faulting activity and the geomorphological setting of the Creswell gorge. Phreatic drainage patterns Morphological characteri stics of the caves and all other i) solution activity in Creswell Crags, M arkland, Hollinhill and Burnt Cinders gorges indicate the presence of a phreatic (i.e. below water table) drainage system. Sol ution patterns indicative of phreatic draina ge incl ude characteri stic ell ipsoid and circular passages and sinkholes and the distribution of such features within a cave (for full discussion see Davies, 1930; Ryder, 1974). ii) Accurate mapping and plotting of cave orientation and solution activity within the area demonstrate that drainage was essentially from north-west to south-east (see fi gure 4). D uring the course of thi s study four phreatic caves were discovered in Whitwell Quarry (SK 534744) during blasting operations; these were of a similar character to those exposed upon the ground surface at nearby Creswell Crags and formation was in a similar direction (i.e. north-west to south-east).
15
Phreatic activity with the exposed rockfaces of the Creswell gorge can also be demonstrated to be confined to two discrete levels centering around 80 metres and 70 metres above sea level, the lower level being more pronounced and consisting of the major caves with archaeological deposi ts (Figure 5). Cave development is also continuous across the area now occupied by the Creswell gorge (figure 4), demonstrating that the main phreatic caves (Church Role, Boat House Cave and intervening subsidiary solution areas) were formed before the development of the Creswell gorge. iii) There is also a clear concentration of this solution activity in the north-wester11 area of the Creswell gorge. Phreatic features not exposed within the gorge are also known from this area by the discovery during coring of a cavity between 70-75 metres above sea level on the perimeter of the quarry adjacent to the north-western area of the Creswell gorge (Figure 5). Fa lting The Creswell area is affected by two sequences of faulting. The primary series of anticlinal faults is assumed to be Carboniferous in date (Gibson and Wedd, 1913). The Park Hall fault in the Creswell area belongs to this group (Figure 6). The location of faults in the area around Creswell Crags is proble atic. Detailed information supplied by the National Coal B o ard w s used in the compilation of the Geological survey study of the area (Eden, Stevenson an d Edwar ds, 1957). Research by Beckett (pers comm.) at the Whitwell Quarry suggests that the orientation of faults as published by the Geographical Survey is erroneous. A re-orientation of fault direction, based upon borehole data and observations within he Whitwell Quarry forms the basis of the account gi ven here (Figure 6).
The Creswell gorge is bounded by two subsidiaries of the Park Hall fault; the largest of these, the Elmton fault, resulted in a downwar d movement of 155 metres (Eden et al., 1957) for the limestone to the east of the Creswell Crag s-,-leaving the limestone block containing the latter upstanding. Similarly other effects can be demonstrated in the eastern area of the gorge but the effects are less catast rophic and resulted in the formation of a valley in the south eastern area of the gorge. Subsidiary rift type faulting can also be seen trending west to east along the area now occupied by the Creswell gorge; the lat ter remains undated. Topography of the Creswell Gorge The Elmton Valley is bounded in the north west by Markland i) and Hollinhill Grips, the present day inlet of Millwood Brook (Figure 3 ). In the south east the Creswell gorge operates as the outlet for the valley drainage. The intervening area com prises a fairly f lat bottomed valley, which is the result of the riverine erosion and de position. The presence of sediments suggesting a river with 16
associated marsh has been confirmed by recent coring and is the subject of a more detailed study (Griffin, pers �-). ii) Topographic features within the Creswell gorge confirm that the gorge has been cut by surface waters. The features in fact suggest three hydrological cycles seen in the cross section of the gorge in Figure 7. An initial riverine activity cut some eight metres down to the higher level of caves at 8 0 metres above sea level, where erosion appears more horizontal than vertical. Considerable erosion of the cave entrances has also taken place. A second pha se consists of further vertical cutting to the lower level of caves at 70 metres above sea level, where similar horizontal erosion has taken place as that at a higher level. There are therefore two distinct levels of lacustrine erosion evidenced by rock 'benches' cut in the gorge rock faces and by pronounced cave development associated with the benches. The last phase of cutting appears less pronounced and is of a differ ent form, the floor of the gorge becoming more narrow and 'V' shaped in profile. Model of Creswell Gorge and Cave Formation Fie.ld observation of the phenomena discussed above provides a basi s for considering the mechanism of formation of the Creswell gorge and caves. The· suggested sequence was as follows: The development of a north to south phreatic drainage system i) in the Magnesian limestone. Movement of strata ov�r Carboniferous faults causing the ii) Elmton Valley limestone to be downthrown along the Elmton fault. Subsidiary faulting on a west-east axis interrupts the north-south development of the phreatic drainage system. The latter development caused the cessation of major phreatic activity in the southern area of the Creswell gorge (i.e. ceasing development of Boat House and Church Hole caves and of subsidiary caves). A change in axis of phreatic activity due to the subsidiary ii) faulting, particularly in the western area of the gorge, to development eastwards. iv) The development of a surface drainage system from the highland Magnesian limestone to lowland Permo-Triassic rocks in which the Markland and Hollinhill gorges and Elmton Valley were cut. Exploitation by this surface drainage system of an area of inheren t weakness in the Magnesian limestone due to the concentrated west-east faulting and phreatic activity. The cutting of the Creswell gorge in two phases associated v) with the capture of phreatic drainage and with a major fluctuation in water table level between 80 metres and 70 metres above sea level. Further fluctuation in the water table resulting in near vi) cessa ti on of phreatic activity and lessening of intensity of surface drainage to that of a small river valley. 17
Chronology It is very likely that initial developments (i-iii) are of Pre-Pleistocene age. Secondary developments (iv-vi) resulting in the full formation of the Creswell gorge are extremely difficult to date. The earliest deposits known from Creswell date to the late Pleistocene (Ipswichian I nterglacial). These deposits occur in Mother Grundy's Parlour on the lower erosion level, indicating that the gorge and this cave were fully formed by circa 100,000 years ago. There are, therefore, two possibilities far dating the latter stages of gorge formation. Firstly, it could be of Permo-Triassic date, or could date from the Early and Middle Pleistocene. There is little positive evidence available to decide this issue. It is the view of the author, however, that the Creswe ll gorge is a Pleistocene topographic feature. Supportive evidence far this view is essentially of three types: The phreatic caves in the Creswell gorge differ considerably i) in form from accepted Permo-Triassic phreatic features and filled fissures known from the Creswell area, particularly from the Pleasley Vale and Mansfield area described by Gibson and Wedd (1913) and observable today. ii) The internal deposits of the Creswell cave group dif fer considerably from those seen in Permo-Triassic solution cavities (discussed above). There is also no evidence for Permo-Tri�ssic sediments in the Creswell caves, despite the fact that m any of the caves serve as sediment traps and it would be extremely difficult far basal sediments in the rear of the cave to wash or weather out. Four of the Creswell caves have been extensively explored in the rear areas to Magnesian limestone bedrock, with no suggestion of Permo-Triassic sediments. iii) The large scale fluctuations in water table activity initiating the changes in phreatic activity and surface drainage cou ld be explained by such fluctuations known from the Pleistocene associated with glacial/interglacial changes in sea level and the ramifications this had for surface drainage patterns. Solution to the chronological problems associated with the latter phases of gorge formation are not presently available. Potential areas of research exist in detailed examination of gorge basal sediments, where they survive in the Creswell area, a study which is now underway and which holds promise for the future (Griffin, pers comm.). Further potential exists in exploration of caves at Creswell Crags which are associated with the higher erosion 'bench' and phreatic activity: they were by definition formed first and could consequently contain earlier Pleistocene sediments than so far recovered from the Creswell caves and which would comprise major new evidence for the solution of the problems of gor ge formation at Creswell Crags and knowledge of the Early Pleistocene.
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CHAPTER3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CAVES .AllD ROCK SHELTERS Ill THE CRESVELL CRAGS ARRA 3:1
YEW TREE SHELTER
Description This prominent shelter, at the eastern end of the Creswell gorge, is the largest of a series of shelters on the northern outcrop. The base of the shelter is at 71 metres above sea level, and consists of a rock overhang sorne 22 metres in length (see Figure 8). In the rock face at the western end a small fissure penetrates the rock for about two metres. Excavation history Attention was ori ginally drawn to Yew Tree Shelter by A.L. Armstrong in 1930 (Armstrong, 1937), and excav ation began in autumn 1936, continuing intermittently until 1938. The precise size of the area excavated is unclear, b ut seems to have been at least 34 square metres at the western end of the shelter, all clearBd to bedrock. A further 21 square metres was partially cleared in the eastern area of the shelter (see Figure 8). The depth of deposit is not indicated in the brief reports published by Armstrong. It is ·known however that the surface deposit of 0.46 metres-thickness was comprised of recent humus� sand and small stones. This overlaid a Palaeolithic horizon of unknown thickness. The surface deposit contained microliths said by Armstrong to be similar in form to those from the up per levels of the adjacent Mother Grundy's Parlour. The surface also produced half a perforated axe hammer of sandstone. Underlying the surface deposi ts Armstrong states that Palaeolithic horizons were found (Armstrong, 1938). These levels produced an unknown quantity of flint implements, which Armstrong states to be very similar to those from the Upper Middle and Middle zones of Mother Grundy' s Parlour. The present location of the artefacts from this excavation is unknown. The excavation continued in 1938 in the western area of the shelter, where the lower deposits appear to have been more extensive. Armstrong (1938) reports the finding of artefacts of flint, a bone awl, fragments of mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), ivory and bones of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis l pus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), horse ( Equus prezwalskii ), Bos (Bos sp), and hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). The lower parts of the palaeolithic levels also revealed a hearth deposit (Armstrong, 1939).
It is apparent from Armstrong's reports that 'wash' deposits existed in the eastern area of the site, where the adjacent rock face contains a fissure. In general terms, the site is seen to have contained fairly thin archaeological deposits, deeper in the western area near the fissure and tapering off towards the eastern end. Unfortunately, few of the artefacts from the site have been located. A single box in the Manc hester Museum contains quartzite pebbles from the basal level of the site. Armstrong claimed that these were a possible Mousterian industry. After examining this small collection of material the author is of the opinion that none of the iteras comprises humanly produced artefacts. Armstrong's claims for many of the Creswell sites have been heavily criticised in the past; this is one site, however, where Armstrong's views can be taken at near face value. His comparison of the Yew Tree Shelter material with the nearby Mother Grundy's Parlour can be taken as valid. The 1924 excavations of Mother Grundy's Parlour comprise one of the best reported and richest later upper palaeolithic sites in Britain. Armstrong was therefore in a strong position to differentiate the later upper palaeolithic industries from local post-glacial industries. His report, therefore, although brief, clearly implies that Yew Tree Shelter had a later upper palaeolithic flint industry at its base in the central and eastern area of the site. The uppermost deposits definitely contained a mesolithic industry, a nd there may have been later cultural debris in parts of the site. 3:2
MOTHER GRUNDY'S PARLOUR
Description Mother Grundy's Parlour ( SK 5357 42) occupie s a small, isolated outcrop of Magnesian limestone in the south eastern area of the Creswell gorge. The base of the cave is at 71 metres above sea level. The cave comprises a large semi-circular vadose chamber with a small passage (Figure 9). The entrance of the cave has been greatly disturbed by archaeological research over the last hundred years. Large talus scree slopes are present on both sides of the cave and limestone outcrop which extended for the whole depth of the gorge, being locally interrupted in front of the cave by a modern road. As is the case with many of the excavated Creswell caves, small remnants of in situ sediment remain adhering to the more inaccessible areas of cave wall. Excavation history The cave has received a good deal of attention since tbe 1870's. The first record of excavation of the internal sediments is during the early 187 0 's when a resident of Creswell disturbed much of the in situ sediment in his search for treasure, which his wife had In dreamt to be buried in the cave (Mello and Boyd Dawkins, 1877). 1875, Magens Mello and Thomas Heath conducted a trial excavation near the cave entrance which proved unsuccessful (Mello and Boy d Dawkins, 1877).
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Mello's attention was re-directed to the site after the purchase of a hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) tooth by one of his acquaintances. The tooth was believed to be derived from the early 18 70's disturbances within the cave and as such was the first record of this species from the Creswell Caves (Mello and Boyd Dawkins, 1877). M ello began excavation in November 1876 by excavating a trench along t he eastern wall of the cave. As work progressed the trench was extended in the eastern passage area (Figure 9). As far as can be established the rapidly thinning deposits in the western area of the cave were left undisturbed, the feeling being that these were fairly unproductive. By the end of 1876, Mello and Boyd Dawkins had excavated virtuall y all the in situ sediment inside the cave leaving only the shallow deposits in the west of the main chamber and the sediments at the passage terminus. In 1923 Armstrong examined the cave interior with a view to l ocating in situ sediment. He wrongly thought that' the western half of thecave was excavated by Laing (Armstrong, 1924), in f- a ct it is likely that these deposits were disturbed by Mello and Boyd Dawkins. Examination in May 1923 of the southern face of Mello and Boyd Dawkins' trench b y Armstrong indicated that the talus area was in situ and contained artefacts (Armstrong, 1924). Armstrong 's ini tial work was followed by extensive excavation during the later hal f of 1923. Armstrong's method was to cut small trial holes (Armstrong, 1924:148) which were gradually extended until virtually the whole western area of the talus was excavated (Figure 9, Plate 2). The work was restricted due to the p resence of a large limestone block in the central area of the excavation. Plans published by Armstrong (1924:figures 1 and 3) refer to his pre-1924 work and exclude later extensions to the excavation in the eastern talus. The study was following year (Armstrong, (Armstrong, 1924:figure five stratigraphic layers,
pu blished in a comprehensi ve report the 1924) and included a generalised section 4) in which the sediments were divided into two of which produced artefactual evidence.
Between 1959 and 1960 , C.B.M. McBurney undertook further excavation in the talus (see Figure 9) which aimed to check Armstrong's results and to obtain samples for radiocarbon dating (Campbell, 1977). The excavation took place within the area already partially excavated by Armstrong and where the latter recorded four finds. Samples of charcoal, later radiocarbon dated, produced dates of 8800 + 300 years BP (Q-551 ) and 7602 + 140 years BP. The age estimates are regarded as too young for an association with the Creswellian lithic industry recovered by McBurney. Following McBurney's excavation the major problem concerning palaeolithic occupation of the site remained in that one of the best assembl ages of Creswellian-type artefacts remained unclearly dated. For these reasons Dr J. Campbell conducted a small excavation in 1969, adjacent to the areas previously excavated (Figure 9). Unfortunately, insufficient charcoal was recovered for radiocarbon dating from the excavation but detailed work on the pallen and sedimentary record was undertaken.
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Further work in the talus of Mother Grundy's Parlour was undertaken by S.N. Collcutt in 1974. The.excavation was primari ly in the extreme eastern a rea of the talus (Figure 9) and proved artefactually sterile, although sedimentological data, complementary to that published by Campbell, was obtained (Collcutt, 1975). Excavation of Mother Grundy's Parlour has been extensive and inclu des virtually the whole body of cave sediments and a substantial area of the talus immediately in front of the cave. Sma ll areas of talus either side of the cave and between the majar excavation on the modern road survive (Figure g). Stratigraphy Mother Grundy's Parlour is one of the few caves in the Creswell gorge to have been almost entirely excavated, each excav ator recording a separate stratigraphy. Despite the enormous differences in sedimentary units that one may expect in the different excavated areas of the cave and talus, it appears quite possible to marry sorne of the separately reported units. Such an attempt was made by Campbell (1977) in company with his excavations to those of McBurney and Armstrong (1924). Correlation of the different sedimentary units within the cave is of considerable importance due to the unusual occurrence in the cave of an Ipswichian sediment and fauna and the occurrence in the talus area of one of the richest upper palaeoli thic assemblages yet excavated. What follows, therefore, is a description of each majar sedimentary unit described in respect to the five separately excavated a reas. The correlation is based u pon the excava tor 's phys ical description and dimensions and is aided by recorded differences in the vertebrate faunal analysis reported below. Using this information it is possible to correlate the following stratigraphic units (figure 10). Unit í The lowest sedimentary unit comprises a white calcareous coarse sand lying directly u pon the fractured bedrock s urface. The unit is recorded by Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877:726) and averages 0.38 metres in thickness throughout the cave interior. Localised occurrences are recorded from the talus area where the uni t is described as yellow calcareous sand (Armstrong, 1924). This unit most likely derived from in situ weathering of the limestone bedrock. Unit 2 This unit is a localised sediment lying unconformed upon unit 1 and detected during excavation by Mel lo and described by him as a "ferruginous yellow and red sand and red clay with a maximum thickness of 0.30cms" (1877:726). Although recorded as separate sediments during the excavation, the excavators noted that the san� and clay elements were interm ixed (1877:726). There is no extant exposure of this sedimentary unit, consequently its description relies heavily upon the excavators' account from which it is apparent that the unit is a water transported deposit affected by considerable changes in geomorphic conditions. It is impossible today to establish if this depos it is localised to a depression in uni t 1 ( see Mello and Boyd Dawkins, 1877:figure 4) or if it is a remnant of a much more extensive sediment
22
whic h has been weathered at a later date . The occurrence of hippopotamus (�. amphibius) and steppe rhinoceros (D . hemitoechus) within this unit establishes its age as Ipswichian Zone IpIIb-IpIII (Stuart, 1977). Unit 3 This unit is confined to the tal us area where in parts it rests directly upon the bedrock surface. Armstrong describes the unit as a "yellow cave earth" (1924:147) which comprised the lower 0.15cms of his base zone. In adjacent excavations th is unit must correspond with McBurney's "decayed fissured surface of bedrock and sterile silting infilling" (in Campbell, 1977:62), and Campbell's layer A ( Campbe 11, 1 977: figure 24) "a light orange loose thermoclastic scree and boul ders". In this respect it is interesting to note that Armstrong records non-limestone rocks, particularly bunter pebbles within his unit (1924:150) mcst of which he interpreted as artefacts but whic h are known from recent examination to be frost-�ractured pebbles. Unit 4 This unit is the most extensive known from the cave and is recorded from each excavation. Inside the cave Mello and Boyd Dawkins describe the unit as a "red sandy cave earth" (1877:726) with a low frequency of limestone clasts and averaging 0. 92 metres in thickness. Further subdivision of the internal deposits is not possible due to the lack of detail in Mello and Boyd Dawkins' account, but such subdivision is possible in the talus area where correlation is possible between the four separately excavated areas (see Figure 10). Each subdivision is characterised by a significant increase in limestone blocks particularly downslope from the dipline (e.g. see Campbe:l, 1977: figure 24) but can be differentiated as follows: Unit 4a This sub-unit was first differentiated by McBurney in 1959 when it was described as "large airhole sharp scree" (in Campbell, 1977:62) and can be correlated with Campbell's layer LB, a loose thermoclastic scree and boulders. Both equate with the upper 0.15 metres of Armstrong's base zone and a significant part of the 'lower middle zone' and the base of the middle zone. Unit 4b As with the previous sub-unit this was first differentiated by McBurney in 1959 and described as a "small scree with sharp elements in a sandy matrix" (in Campbell, 1977:62) and was equated by Campbell with his layer OB from his own excavation (1977:62). Correlation of this unit to Armstrong's excavation is possible through similarities in vertebrate distribution from Campbell and Armstrong's excavations (Table s 6 and 8). A fairly clear La te Devensian/Early Flandrian boundary is observable in both analyses, falling between Armstrong's Middle and Lower Middle zones and Campbell's layers SB and LB (Figure 1O).
23
Unit 4c This third sub-unit was also first detected by McBurney during his 1959 excavation and described as a "reddish sand with sharp elements" (in Campbell, 1977:62) and equa ted by Campbell with his excavated layer C, "a sandy thermoclastic weathered s cree" (Campbe 11, 1977:fi gure 24). Correlation with Armstrong's published section is essentially based upon similarities in the Flandrian vertebrate faunas (see Tables 6 and 8), which suggest that the top of Armstrong's Middle Zone and the whole of his Upper Middle Zone fall within this unit (see "Figure 1O). Unit 5 This unit comprises the pre-excavation surface sediment recorded in the talus by A rmstrong (1924:figure 4), M cBurney who describes a sub-recent humic deposit (in Campbell, 1977:62) and Campbell whose uppermost in si tu deposi t was layer D, a san dy weathered scree (1977: figure 24) .-Several general remarks concerning the topography of the cave are rel evant to the correlation of individually published stratigraphies. Firstly, the topography of the limestone bedrock varies considerably: inside the central part and rear of the cave the bedrock forras a higher shelf. This shelf continues underneath an area excavated by Armstrong, and outside this area tapers downwards toward the south and east. Boyd Dawkins and Mello's excavations inside the cave were located in the area of deeper bedrock, where the oldest sediments were trapped, and the excavations of McBurney (195 9 ) , Campbell (1969) and Collcutt (1974) are located outside the cave i n an area where bedrock is at a greater depth. Armstrong's excavations are confined to the area of higher bedrock shelf in the western area of the cave and although his published sections do not allow detailed comment, it is likely that the sediments within this area a re more horizontal in aspe et. The section published by Campbell (1977: figure 2 4) illustrates this southern slope of bedrock and overlying deposit. In such an environment one would expect a complex series of geomorphic events, particularly the down washing of material into lower stratigraphic layers and away from the excavated area, a phenomenon which is unrecorded from any of the excavations but which needs to be taken into consideration in subsequent discussions concerning artefact and vertebrate bone distribution. Human skeletal remains Human skeletal fragments of probable later upper palaeolithic date have been recovered from the excavations of Boyd Dawkins and Mello (1877) and Armstrong (1924). During the excavation of stratigraphic unit 4 (the red sandy cave earth) in the rear of the cave, a juvenile cranium a nd mandible was discovered in a small recess in the wall at a depth of 0.85 metres below the unit surface, which was in contact with the roof at this poin t. Its Pleistocene date was seriously questioned by Boyd Dawkins,
24
who stated that it was a later intrusion (1877:731 ). There seems little d oubt today that the skull was in situ, particularly as the overlying depth of sediment which was in contact with the roof argues against any localised disturbance. A nitrogen estimation, undertaken by 0akley (1980), produced a result of 0.95% and was compared with a nitroge n estimation of 1 .2% obtained upon a badger (.!'.1· meles) tooth thought to be from the same cave. D espite the difficulties of the latter approach, firm assignation of the cranium and mandible, probably to the later upper palaeolithic, is possible upon stratigraphic grounds. The nature of further human skeletal fragments rep�rted by Boyd Dawkins and Mello is problematic. Boyd Dawkins reports fragments of at least three juvenile skeletons and including one cranium, all recove red from unit 4, the red sandy cave earth (Boyd Dawkins, 1 877: 731 ) and all of which were thought by Boyd Dawkins to be neolithic. Unfortunately the current whereabouts of the fragments is unknown. It is likely however that they could be of later upper palaeolithic or mesolithic date. Armstrong's excavation produced a single adult upper canine which is reported by Jackson (in Armstrong, 1925:178) who unfortunately omits any reference to its find context. The current whereabouts of the specimen is also unknown and clearly the lack of both the specimen itself and a stratigraphic context means that it is not possible to demonstrate its association with the artefact collection from this excavation. Human Occupation Evidence for human occupation of the cave is reported by Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877), Armstrong (1925), McBurney (in Campbell 1977) and Campbell (1977), the excavations by Collcutt (1974) did not produce any artefactual remains. As the state of extant collections varies considerably for these excavations, each is considered separately below. Mello and Boyd Dawkins 1876 From their excavations inside the cave Mello and Boyd Dawkins report artefacts from the red sandy cave earth (unit 4) which are described as "pot boilers and rude splinters of quartzite and one imperfect hache of ironstone" (1877:729). None of these tools are extant amongst those clearly labelled from the cave and consequently may well be mixed with the large number of unprovenanced arte facts (Tables 30-31 ). From analysis of the other excavations it is clear that Boyd Dawkins and Mello describe natural complete and fractured quartzite pebbles as "pot boilers" and many of the "splinters" reported by them transpire upon examination to be undiagnostic quartzite flakes many of which are not artefacts. However, the ironstone biface reported by them, now lost, may well have indicated moµsterian occupation within the rear of the cave, a question presently impossible to resolve.
25
Armstrong 1924 From his excavation in the western talus area (Figure 9) Armstrong records a total of flint and che rt artefacts from four arbitrary excavation levels, referred to by Armstrong as a base zone, lower middle zone, middle zone and upper middle zone (Armstrong, 1925). Armstrong's base zone can be further subdivided on the basis of stratigraphic details recorded upon the relevant artefacts into a lower base zone (stratigraphic unit 3) and an upper base zone. Examination of the extant artefactual collection reveals a total of 1609 surviving artefacts, 847 of which can be fitted into one or other of Armstrong's zones and 7 6 2 which unfortunately are unprovenanced. This figure excludes the five quartzite 'tools' reported by Armstrong from the base zone (Armstrong, 1925: 15 2) which are naturally fractured bunter pebbles. Table 1 sets out the typological variation of these artefacts within the f ramework of Armstrong's zones. Armstrong's original excavation report copiously illustrates the 167 main artefacts from the site (1924:figures 6-18), an example followed by Campbell (1977:figures 144 -149), making their reproduction here simply repetí tion of Armstrong's account; consequently artefacts figured in this work are only those of immediate relevance to the discussion. The stratigraphic distribution of artefacts from this excavation has the potential of offering detailed information concerning the character of later upper palaeolithic o ccupation in northern England, but suffers from a style of excavation (i.e. arbitrary levels) which from recent analysis nppears to cut across artefact assemblage interfaces. Nevertheless, in general terms the assemblages can be considered within the �ramework of Armstrong's zones. Base zone (lower) A total of five artefacts are recorded from this zone (see Table 1) of which one is a blade end scraper. It is likely that these are derived from overlapping base (upper) zones either due to mixing by Armstrong or geomorphological processes. Base zone (upper) The extant collection contains 2 23 artefacts labelled by Armstrong from this level (see Table 1). The asse mblage is dominated by awls (4%) and burins (2%), sorne of which are illustrated in figures 8 and 9 (Armstrong, 1924). Tool types present are less than one percent of the assemblage, and include convex-backed pieces (Armstrong, 1924: figure 6) shouldered poin ts ( Arms trong, 1924 : figure 1 O), denticulates and retouched blades. Waste pie ces include high percentages of blank ( 13%) and broken blades (32%) with similar quanti ties of complete (3%) and broken flakes (32%). The high proportion of unretouched blades and flakes, many of them unbroken in res pect of finished tools, must indicate intensive tool making activity.
26
Five bone artefacts are reported by Armstrong for this zone, two are polished bone/antler rods from the 'hearth'. Three small vertebrate shaft fragments all highly polished bear engravings. When originally published by A rmstrong (1925) they were reported as represen ting a reindeer and woolly rhinoceros, interpretations which have been subject to much discussion (A rmstrong, 1925: Boyd Da wkins, 1925; Jackson, 1925), and subsequent inspection of these pieces during this study casts doubts upon sorne of these interpretations. Each of the three fragments is fossilised and bears incised lines, none of which a re recent. The clearest example is the 'rhinoceros head' (Armstrong, 1925:figure 15), where two deeply incised parallel lines are present and which were interpreted by Armstrong as the nasal horn. The remaining piece is very unclear: it has incised lines across its polished surfaces but these are not recognisable as the reindeer torso postulated by Armstrong. In summary, therefore, engraved bone fragments are present in this level b ut the artistic nature of the engraving is difficult to interpret. The horizontal distribution of artefactual material in this zone is of considerable interest in that Armstrong reports a hearth, consisting of a 0.23m deep depression scooped out of unit 3 (possibly the mechanism whereby the artefacts reported from this unit were m ixed w ith the lower stratigraphic unit), lined with limestone blocks, and which was found to be filled with ash deposits (Armstrong, 1925:152). Two concentrations of artefacts are reported by Armstrong, the first immediately around the hearth deposit, and the second under a r ecess in the cliff wall; in the latter case 272 artefacts were found within 30 x 30cms of sediment and the area was said by Armstrong to be a knapp ing area (Armstrong, 1925:153), a suggestion confirmed by the proportion and type of flint waste from this level. Lower Middle Zone The extant collection comprises 111 artefacts from this zone which excludes the bone artefacts reported by Armstrong (1925:155) and which are not considered to be artefacts in this study. Major artefactual types include retouched blades (13%), flake scrapers ( 7%), awls (5%), 23% of the assemblage comprises backed tools (Table 1), many are illustrated by Armstrong (1924:figures 6 and 8). Interestingly, amongst the backed tools, this zone has the first evidence of angle backed pieces and associated with a larger number of convex-bac ked pieces which show an increase of 50% over those present in the basal zone. There is a significant decrease in quantities of waste material, particularly in the numbers of complete and broken blades. Middle Zone The extant collection comprises 265 artefacts from this zone, and dominant tool types include backed blades (3%), angle backed pieces (2%) and trapezoidal forms and shouldered points (Table 1; Armstrong, 1924:figure 6). This is in marked contrast to the underlying zones in that the tool assemblage diminishes and in particular a significant drop in numbers for convex-backed pieces, shouldered points, burins, scrapers and awls is seen. Retouched blades - a significant type in early levels - are absent from this zone. The changes in artefactual
27
typology are accompanied by a shift in the area of their concentration which is now to the east of preceding concentrations (see Armstrong, 1925:figure 1 F). These factors, the shift in burning area and artefact type changes, must indicate a separate later re-occupation of the site which is distinct from that of the basal zone. Unfortunately this arbitrary zone is likely to include later artefacts. Examination of the fauna (Table 4) confirms this view in that Flandrian (Cervus elaphus) as w ell as Devensian (Rangifer tarandus) species are present. It would seem that a Devensian/Flandrian interface occurred in this zone which was undetected by Armstrong. Upper Middle Zone The extant collection comprises 243 artefacts recorded from this zone and the assemblage comprises 85% waste material. Tool types present in low numbers include angle backed pieces (2%), backed truncated blades (3%), burins (2%), scrapers ( 3 %) and awls (2%), illustrated in Armstrong 1924, (figures 7, 9, 10 and 13). The major concentration of artefacts in this zone is in the same area as that of the previous zone . Similarly, there is a confusion of artefact types present which includes Flandrian types. Vertebrate fauna from this zone is exclusively Flandrian. I believe that the inconsistency shown by the artefactual assemblages from both the m iddle and upper middle zones is due to a Flandrian/Devensian interface being present in an area of sediment (i.e. Armstrong 'F', 1924:figure 1) which is sloping eastwards off the bedrock bench in the eastern area of the cave, with subsequent inconsistencies being derived from the Armstrong method of excavation which comprised arbitrary hori�ontal zones, excavated in a haphazard fashion and by which detection of this interface was not made. Summary It would seem that despite the problems of methodology in excavating the site, Armstrong detected two occupations with in the later upper palaeolithic. The first and best recorded, from the extreme western area of the talus, was characterised by high numbers of awls, flake scrapers and backed pieces, the most important of which are convex-backed pieces. This occupation was centred around a hearth and recess area. The subsequent occupation known from the upper two zones is in the eastern talus and is differentiated by i ts distinctly different tool types, and the importance of backed pieces, particularly angle backed and trapezoidal pieces. Interpretation of this occupation is made difficult by the non-detection of natural sediment and vertebrate fauna interfaces. McBurney 1959 and Campbell 1969 The excavations of McBurney and Campbell are treated together here as the excavations were adjacent, in the same area of the talus, and because Campbell has subsequently married the two excavations in his account (1977:figures 64-66). B efore discussing the artefact assemblage it is relevant to reiterate the problems of the western
28
talus slope and the nature of its sediments which are sloping into a lower area of bedrock. I n such circumstances, artefactual and verteb rate assemblages of different ages have the potential of being mixed through transportation downslope. It is my view that the excavations of McBurney and Campbell suffered from this drawback. Vertebrate remains from Campbell's excavation (Tables 8-9) agree well with those obtained by Armstrong (Tables 4-5) and demon3trate that there is a Devensian/Flandrian interface between Campbell's layer LB/SB and this would equate with Armstrong's interface present in middle and upper middle zones. I n these e xcavations, therefore, artefact assemblages for layer B (McBurney) and layer LB/SB (Campbell) can be considered partially in situ and encompass those assemblages excavated by Armstrong from the base, lower middle and lower area of the mid dle zones. It follows therefore that artefact assemblages from McBurney's C and Campbell's layers C-B, C and C-D are affected by solifluction, and can be suggested from the nature of vertebrate bone to be Flandrian in age. Artefact types from layer B/LB SB are reported by Campbell (1977:figure 64) and comprise a combined total of thirty-nine pieces, 76% of which is waste material. Tool types include single specimens of a backed blade, geometric microlith, burin, flake scraper, double end scraper, an awl and a retouched flake with two obliquely truncated blades (Table 2). It is therefore of the same character as the lower middle zone industry recovered by Armstrong which is differentiated by backed, obliquely truncated blades. The upper layer (CB, C and C-D) of these e xcavations contains characteristic later upper palaeolithic artefacts (Table 2) including convex backed pieces and backed blades in a vertebrate faunal context which is Flandrian. The inescapable conclusion is that these are derived from the platform area up-slope. Vertebrate fauna Vertebrate bone fragments have been recovered from excavations by Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877), A rmstrong (1924), McBurne y (in Campbell, 1977) and Campbell (1969). For this study all excavated vertebrate bone fragments, with the exception of those from McBurney's excavation, have been re-examined. I n general terms, accompanying stratigraphic records are fairly good for each of the excavations but a major drawback is the lack of detailed correspondence between the previously published vertebrate fauna of Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877) and Armstrong (1924) and the results reported here. Mello and Boyd Dawkins 1876 Unfortunately Mello and Boyd Dawkins in their report on vertebrate bone fragments from the cave (1877) omitted virtually all reference to fragment quantities and, with the exception of the isolated specific detail reported by them, assessment of the vertebrate faunas rests rather unsatisfactorily upon the small extant collection of fragments which can be clearly identified to the cave and sorne of its internal stratigraphy (Tables 3-4). Without doubt many of the 'missing' fragments are extant, and although not identified to the cave are des cribed in Tables 32-35 which should therefore be used in conjunction with the tables referred to below.
29
The anatomical variation of extant fragments by species is set out in Table 3. As can be seen from the accompanying Table 4, the extant bone fragments, with a few exce ptions, cannot be di vided according to the reported stratigraphy, which imposes severe constraint upon further analysis. Taxonomy It is reasonably clear from Boyd Dawkins' account (1877:726) that the basal fossil bearing deposit of ' ferruginous sand' and red clay contained hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), red fox (Vu lpes vulpes), brown bear (Ursus arctos), rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus hemi teochus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphi bius), and bison (Bos sp.). Of these species, both bison and hyaena fragments are indistinguishable from those reported from later stratigraphic units. Overlying this stratigraphic unit was a 'red sandy cave earth' (Boyd Dawkins, 1877:726) with a fauna of hyaena, fox, brown bear, mammoth (Mammuthus rimigenius), woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), horse Equus sp.), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and bison. The surface deposits are reported to have contained wild cat (Felis sylvestris), fox, badger (Meles meles), wild pig (Sus scrofa), rabbit (Or ctolagus cuniculus), red deer (Cervus elaphus'°J, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus and cow (Bos taurus). It is apparent from details published by Boyd Dawkins (1877) and from examination of the extant fragments that the basal level of the cave contained a so-called Ipswichian warm stage fauna characterised by hippopotamus and steppe rhinoceros with the absence of horse. The separate overlying fauna (from the red sand cave earth) comprises typical cold stage Devensian species, in particular mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and reindeer. The surface levels were obvioualy in a disturbed state containing warm stage fauna of Flandrian age, but including very recent species, (i.e. rabbit!). Taphonomy Analysis of attrition states of the vertebrate bone from Boyd Dawkins and Mello's excavation suffers from the majar drawback that many of the reported fragments are missing in the sense they cannot be identified to the cave or its stratigraphy, but are probably extant (see Tables 34-35) . With this reservation, analysis of attritive states may indicate a number of taphonomic processes. Of the species known from the basal sediments, all extant fragments are fractured and for the individual hippopotamus, 50% of the fragments are gnawed. Accumulation of this assemblage precedes the earliest recorded human occupation of the cave and in such circumstances the implication is one of hyaena activity. A similar taphonomic phenomenon is also indicated for the overlying Devensian accumulation in that only two bones are comple te, the remainder are fractured and two frac tured with gnaw marks. This contrasts with the 'mixed' Flandrian vertebrate fragme nts which, albeit a small sample, comprise complete bones. The predominance of cranial parts for all pre-Flandrian species is also a phenomenon noted for many of the analyses of other Devensian faunas from the Creswell caves which are reported here.
30
Armstrong 1924 Vertebrate bone fragments recovered by Armstrong are reported by Jackson (in Armstrong, 1924) whose identifications were used to construct a stratigraphic distribution of vertebrates for the cave (Armstrong, 1924:151) and based upon arbitrary quantitative groupings. In view of the importance of the associated artefactual evidence from this cave, the extant collection has been re-e xamined with a view to quantifying vertebrate distribution within the scope of the published stratigraphy and to examine attrition of vertebrate bone fragments in an archaeological situation where taphonomic processes are dominated by the effects of human occupation and where there is a low frequency of carnivore activity. Taxonomy Armstrong and Jac�son (1924) reported relevant species for the pub lished s tra ti graphic uni ts, al though they gi ve no real indica tion of frequenc y. Extan t vertebra te bon e fragments were described according to species and anatomical variation and compared to the stratigraphic distribution of species, also reported by Armstrong and Jackson in Table 6. It can be seen from this table that there are discrepancies between the previously published account and the extant collec tion, which can in part be explained by the use of some fragmen ts, particularly of Bos sp., for su bseq uen t radiocarbon estimations (see Jacobi, 1980).-Allowing for discrepancies of this type, the major contrast with earlier accounts is the lack of evidence in the extant collection for horse (Equus sp.), wild pig (Sus scrofa), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from the upper middle zones, and the inclusion of she e p (Ovis aries) within the middle zone. Despit� this sort of problem and the size of the assemblage, there are clear indications of change in species distribution which can be summarised as: Lower Middle and Base Zones A cold stage fauna with low numbers of hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), lion (Felis leo), mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), woolly rhinoceros ( Coelodonta antiquitatis), h.orse (Equus sp.), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and a bovid (Bos sp.). Middle and Upper Middle Zones (Vulpes are tos), (Cervus reindeer the lower its base explained
A warm stage fauna wi th single indi viduals of red fox vulpes), wolf ( Cani s lupus), brown bear (Ursus horse (Equus sp.), wild pig (Sus scrofa), red deer elaphus) and sheep (Ovis aries1:The presenc e of (Rangifer tarandus), reported from an antler fragment from of these zones, is said by Armstrong to have occ urred near (Armstrong, 1924:155) and its occurrence here is most likely by localised mixing with underlying zones.
The lower middle and base zones contain typical Devensian vertebrates; their occurrence in very low numbers compares well with a simila r phenomenon in Pin Hole Cave and suggests that these zones are
31
of Late Devensian age. In contrast the faunal assemblage for the middle and upper middle zones is clearly Flandrian, marked by the lack of hyaena, lion, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and reindeer, and the occurrence of red deer. Taphonomy Attrition analysis of the vertebrate fragments, despite the low number of bone fragments involved, displays differences for the two assemblages (see Table 7). The lower assemblage has 92% of the extant vertebrate bone fragments in a fractured condition, only 4% in a complete condi tion, 1 % fractured and burnt, and no examples of carnivore gnawed fragments. The upper assemblage in contrast has 42% of fragments fractured and 57% c omplete. The character of these differences is similar to differences reported here for other faunas in that Devensian vertebrate bone tends to be highly fractured and Flandrian vertebrate bone less so. The signi ficance of the lower middle and base zones of Mother Grundy's Parlour is that sorne of the bone material is burnt or associated with a hearth deposit and is consequently probably due to human activity. A key question here is the character of burnt vertebrate bone from these zones. Armstrong reports 'numerous' burnt vertebrate bone fragments (1924:152) and is likely to have overstated his case, in that only two extant fragments can clearly be demonstrated to be burnt, and to this can be added a small (but unknown) number of fragments lost or destroyed in subsequent radiocarbon estimation. A hyaena tooth from the base layer, described by A rms trong as 'charred' (Arms trong, 1924: 1 52), is extant and examination shows the charring to be mineral staining. In this context the available evidence favours two taphonomic processes for the lower middle and base zone fauna. a)
the accumulation and fracturing of low numbers of vertebrate bone fragments associated with carnivore, specifically hyaena, activity within the main area of the cave - probably the taphonomic process accounting for the majority of fragments recorded.
b)
the accumulation and fracturing and burning during cooking of vertebrate bone in very low frequencies by human groups. As a taphonomic process one would expect a high degree of selection of s peci fic anatomical parts of speci fic species and the near or total destruction of the bone by subsequent burning in food preparation or as fuel. In this instance the very absence of vertebrate bone fragments may be indicative of human activity, in that the total vertebrate bone frequency is extremely low in contrast to other Devensian assemblages from Creswell caves which offer good evidence for less intense human activity and very intense carnivore taph onomic processes.
Campbell 1969 During his excavation in 1969, Campbell recovered a total of 482 vertebrate bone fragments and these have been re-examined during this study. Table 8 describes the distribution of species according to
32
Campbe ll's four stratigraphic units and the anatomical variation of fragments present. Taxonomy The available fragments indicate the presence of two distinct faunal assemblages. The oldest, recovered from layer LB, comprises common shrew (Sorex araneus), bro wn bear, horse, giant deer and gregarious vole (Microtus (Megal oceros giganteus) gregalis), and consequently is essentially a warm stage assemblage. The overlying stratigraphic layers, SB, C and D contain a warm stage fauna comprising wild pig, red deer, roe deer(?), horse and a bovid; with the exception of red deer, all are single individuals ( Table 8 ). It is likely that this assemblage is early Flandrian in date. Taphonomy Analysis of attritive states and variation in this instance is selective in that indeterminate vertebrate fragments reported by Campbell have been mislaid since excavation and their inclusion in this account is based upon descriptions published by Campbell (1977:Table 38). The remaining extant collections of identified fragments have been examined and are described according to the attritive condition in Table g. This table sho ws that with the exception of microfaunal material every other vertebrate bone fragment is fractured (i.e. 99% of total). Such a high level of fracturing to the exclusion of other attritive states has not been observed during this study from a y other cave site, des pite the fact that considerable variations in sites and faunal assemblages are included in this analysis. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that species identi ication is based almost wholly upon dentitions, to the exclusion of other skeletal parts which presumably survive and are grouped wi thin the unexamined indeterminate category. In such circumstances, where 92% of the vertebrate bone is indeterminate and excluded from this analysis, it is not possib le to comment in detail upon taphonomic processes. Radiocarbon dating Seven radiocarbon estimations are available from stratigraphic levels at Mother Grundy's Parlour. McB urney submitted charcoal and hazelnut (Corylus) shells from layer B which carry a date o f 8800 + 300 years BP ( Q-551). A further da te on similar organi c material from the interface C/B produced a date of 7602 � 140 years BP (Q-552). Two estimates from bulked samples from layer C have an average of 6760 � 140 years BP (Q-553/4). More recently, Jacobi (1980:6 2) has obtained estimations using vertebrate bone from Armstrong's excavation. The first estima tion of 9370 + 230 years BP was obtained from a Bos sp. fragment from the ba;e zone (upper). Two further estimateSOil Bos sp. bone fragments from the hearth deposit in Armstrong's base zone gave age estimates of 933 5 be + 180 years (Q-148 3) and 9210 be + 170 years (Q-1483).
33
Within the context of this study, where the various excav ation results have been married,, their age estimates are important for the following reasons: The da tes 9 3 3 5 � 1 80 years be and 921 O + 1 70 years be 1• obtained by J acobi date the earliest later upper palaeolithic occupation in the western talus area and these dates ccnfirm Jacobi's recent suggestion of a late Devensian II age for the assemblages (Jacobi, 1980:67) • The dates 7602 + 1 40 years BP and 6760 + 140 years BP 2. from layer C/B con firm the implication of the fa°unal analysis undertaken here in that these layers are Flandrian and the subsequent context of the later upper palaeolithic occupation is called into question. The derivation of Corylus shells, a Flandrian species, argued as washed in by Campbell (1977:63), is also removed as a support for the argument that the upper excavated levels are in -situ, in Campbell and McBurney's excavations. In summary, therefore, the radiocarbon estimations obtained so far from Mother Grundy' s Parlour agree well wi th the analysis of sediment, vertebrate and artefact information from the site. Conclusion In this study the attempt to marry the results of five separate excavations and the evidence they present allows the construction of a sequence of events for the cave as follows: Stage 1 : Occupation of the cave by hyaena populations exploiting the prey species steppe rhinoceros, hippopotamus and bison. This stage is dated to Ipswichian. The formation of sedimentary unit 1 and accumulation of a warm stage fauna dated by the presence of .!!.· amphibius and �- hemitoechus to Ipswichian Zone IpIIb-IpIII. The taphonomic im portance of hyaena populations as accumulators of vertebrate bone is noted. Stage 2: The formation of sedimentary unit 2 in the deeper area of the cave during a warm climatic regime and probably involving washing out of Ipswichian deposits from the cave and down the talus slope. Stage 3: Accumulation of Early and/or Mid-Devensian sediments (units 2 and 3) in the deeper areas of the cave and the talus area. Typical Devensian vertebrate fragments accumulated, particularly inside the cave and probably through the activities of hyaena populations. Stage 4: The formation of sedimentary units 4a and b over the whole of the cave f loor area and accompanying later upper palaeolithic occupation of the site characterised by convex backed and angle backed tools. This occupation is dated by pallen to the Late Glacial (Campbell, 1977:figure 76) and the associated hearth deposits, too, as dated by radiocarbon to late Devensian 11.
34
Accumulation of sedimentary unit 4c and Stage 5: accompanied by later upper palaeolithic occupation further out from the cave e ntrance, characterised by an artefactual assemblage with convex, angle and trapezoidal backed tools. Dating of this occupation is made difficult by lack of detection of the Devensian/Flandrian boundary and subsequent difficulty in interpreting radiocarbon dates, granul ometric and pollen analysis (reported by Campbell, 1 9 77) which ignore the pres en ce of this inter face. This stage however is clearly la te Devensian and may date to late Devensian III. Accumulation of sedimentary units 4c and 5 Stage 6: associated with poorly understood mesolithic occupation of the talus area. The radiocarbon estimation of 7602 + 140 years from a context near the Late Devensian II/Flandrian boundary-dates this stage to the early Flandrian. The I pswichian vertebrate fauna and later upper palaeolithic artefa tual assemblage from Mother Grundy's Parlour comprise important evidence from the Creswell caves in that neither is represented in quite the same way �t other known cave sites. 0f particular note is the later upper pal aeolithic occupation separated into two distinct chronological episodes, the first reliably radiocarbon dated to late Devensian 11 and the second less reliably to late Devensian II/III. The importance of this realisation has been recently stressed by Jacobi (1980) whose revised chronology clarifies the relationship of the early later upper palaeolithic assemblages with the continental Federmesser artef act assemblages. Further clarification available from this site is that it of fers detailed evidence of the increasing importance of angle backed and particularly trapezoidal backed forms through Late Devensian II/III. 3:3
R0BIN H00D'S CAVE
Description Robin H ood's Hall (now Robin Hood's Cave) is well known from accounts in the 1800's, particularly by Th omas Hall who has left a record of his visit (Hall, 1841) • The cave is perhaps the largest in the Creswell area. Four entrances are recorded, two prominent at 83 metres above sea level, a third small one at 81 metres above sea level and a small entrance on top of the gorge at 87 metres above sea level. The front of the cave consists of two l arge chambers traditionally termed the western and eastern chambers (Figure 14). To the rear of the eastern chamber are two further chambers, joined to the major part of the cave by short passages. In the north-western area an extensive series of passages extends from the western chamber to the highest of the four entrances (Figure 14). Most of the chamber is phreatic in character and in parts solution probably extends to the top of the limestone outcrop. Both western and eastern chambers are strongly vadose in character, probably as a secondary process. The eastern chamber in particular has two areas of extensive roof collapse, nearly reaching the gorge top (Figure 1 5).
35
Excavation History The Pleistocene sediments in Robín Hood's Cave have been largely removed during the three separate excavations of Mello and Heath (1875-6), Laing (1888) and, more recently, by Campbell (1969). These excavations have involved the largest removal of Pleistocene sediment from the Creswell caves and, ironically, they are sorne of the least well known. With the exception of the recent works of Campbell there is an unfortunate lack of accounts for this work, and those that do survive offer conflicting information concerning what must have been one of the richest Devensian deposits known from the Creswell caves. Archaeological information from the cave, particularly the artefacts, has been quoted extensively in later surveys of Devensian human occupation in Britain (Garrod, 1926; Campbell, 1977). In view of the importance of the cave for this period, a full discussion of the archaeological exploration and the controversy which plagued the w ork is given. Mello, Heath and Boyd Dawkins Following the excavation in Church Role and Pin Role Caves, Mello and Heath turned their attentions to the exploration of Robin Rood 's Cave in 1876 . B y the end of 1876 they were joined by William Boyd Dawkins, Richard Tiddeman and Rooke-Pennington. In the subsequent exploration of the cave, serious differences of opinion and personal rivalries arose between Heath and Boyd Dawkins, which continued through the auspices of the Manchester Geological Society until the 1880's. Further discussion took place in 1923, when Boyd Dawkins. presided over the work of Armstrong at Pin Role Cave and Mother Grundy's Parlour. Although the difference of opinion appears not to have a ffected the execution of the excavation, the same is not true for subsequent interpretation of the work. Contrasting accounts of the work were published by Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1876, 1877, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London) and Reath (1879 and 1888) who resorted to two private publications as several leading journals rejected both of his accounts. These reports call into question the validity of sorne aspects of the much used Boyd Dawkins and M ello accounts. Excavation started in early June, 1876, when Heath and Frank Tebbet, a local quarryman responsible for most of the ini tial discoveries at Creswell, excavated a trench across the western entrance (Figure 14, square B 2). By late June, Mello joined the excavation on a per iodic basis. Heath maintained plans and records of the work as it progressed (Heath, 1879) ; unfortunately these are not available for study today. The technique of excavation is difficult to reconstruct; the implication in available accounts is that Heath supervised labourers in cutting the initial trench and cleaning down a section acros s the entrance. This was then cut progressively back into the cave (Heath, 1880). Mello records the progress of the work, (Mello, 1877:figure 8) and from this it appears excavations of the whole of the western chamber occupied thirty-seven days. No doubt the slow progress was due to the presence of hard flowstone layers and the concurrent excava tion in Church Role. The style of excavation is of sorne importance as the 36
exposed faces published by Mello (1877:figures 1-7) do not correspond closely. It is likely that these sections are generalised records and not records of an observed excavated stratigraphy. Considerable disagreement exists between the dimension of the sections published by Mello and those of Heath (see Reath, 1880 for full discussion). This uncertainty is confirmed by present day examination of the cave where the location of published sections is clear and where the section dimension given by Mello is greater than the maximum distance between present cave floor and roof. Despite the slightly ambiguous nature of this situation, work appears to have continued fairly peacefully until the arrival of William Boyd Dawkins. Boyd Dawkins was clearly of the impression that the work was in progress under Mello' s superv ision and his own direction, referring to Thomas Reath as Mello's 'paid servant' despite the fact that Reath, (through Derby Museum), was paying most of the costs of the exploration. Antagonism already existed between Boyd Dawkins and Reath befare the former's arrival at Creswell, due in part to Boyd Dawkins' publication of the Creswell explorations in Pall Mall Magazine (1875), in which reference to Reath was omitted and which was published before Boyd Dawkins' involvement and visit to the site. The antagonism appears to have been fairly low key, b ut s urviving diary accounts clearly show that they rarely worked together on the same site, Boyd Dawkins spending most of his time with a group of labou rers in Church Role Cave. By mid-July, the excavation was going well, and had been joined by Rooke-Pennington and Richard Tiddeman. The work was now centred on Robin Hood's Cave, Church Role Cave becoming unproducti e. The impression is one of Reath undertaking the excavation with the labourers, with Mello, Boyd Dawkins and Rooke-Pennington and Tiddeman intensely watching the 'finds bags'. F rom June 28th, Reath was absent for : r days, on the 29th the horse head engraving was found, H��th returned on the 3rd July at 2.10 pm, and on that day a Romothe1ium The latiden s tooth was uncovered i n the rear of chamber F. excavators' accounts of the daily activities for this period are at considerable variance. All agree that the �- latidens tooth was found at the extreme end of chamber F. Reath states that it was fo und sorne ten feet under the cave roof (Reath, 1880). Mello's published plan of the cave (Mello, 1876) indicates that, according to him, work in chamber F had only just commenced on the 3rd July. Boyd Dawkins was obviously thoroughly confused about the various parts of the cave. Ris diary records the finding of the horse head engraving as follows: '29th July ••••• found sculptured rib in RR in cave earth in D' (chamber D being an entirely separate section of the cave excavated, according to Mello's questionable account, on 20th July). Boyd Dawkins records the R. latidens tooth in his diary account with an unlabelled, unreferenced drawing. Considerable suspicion surrounds the discovery of the R. latidens tooth. Heath states that at the time of discovery� Boyd Dawkins and the others (including Reath) were watching the lab ourers. As the workman's pick struck the section there was a considerable fall of material (quoted as an un usual occurrence) upon which Boyd Dawkins exclaimed 'Rurrah, the Machairodus' (Reath, 1980). Boyd Dawkins and the others immediately left the cave to examine the find. Heath and an acquaintance were suspicious of the character of the find (particularly its lack of adhering deposit and its dryness).
37
The section was recorded by Heath (Heath, 1880) and he clearly formed the view that a bar or pick had been pushed through the sedirnent frorn the top of the section and that the tooth had been inserted, the tooth becoming stuck only part way down the cavity produced by the bar. Heath appears to have been daunted by the excitement of the find being communicated by Boyd Dawkins outside the cave, and only drew attention to the anomaly at a later date. Recent work by Oakley (1981) reported below gives sorne idea of clarifying this situation. The discussion given here of the rather personal argument over the excavation is of relevance. In summary, it is clear when considering all the available evidence that substantial doubt exists concerning the true nature of the cave's stratigraphy and the context and frequency of both artefactual and faunal assemblages from the cave. Exploration - Laing Dr Robert Laing began excavation in Robin Hood's Cave in the mid 1880's. The work commenced where Boyd Dawkins and Mello had Li ttle is known about Laing' s methods of finished (Fig ure 14). excavation or of the finds from the work: much of what is k nown derives from a short note reporting the work to the Geological Society (Laing, 1889). Despite an intensive search, the present whereabouts of Laing's collection is unknown. Excavation began upon the section left by Mello and Boyd Dawkins in the south west corner of the cave (Mello s c harnber C ). Laing records a fairly extensive layer of travertine rubble (which can be seen today) overlying cave earth and red sand. This sequence of deposits is reported to have occurred consistently throughout the whole art of the excavation, including the narrow chamber t- the west of the main cave. In the extreme western area of chamber G, a deep fissure was found. Á
Upon completion of his work in the western part of the cave, Laing moved his attentions into the large eastern and rear chambers. In these areas he noted the lack of travertine capping deposits, the chambers having extensive areas of unfossilif erous red sand overlying a sandy clay, stiff red clay and yellow ferruginous sand at the base. Laing reports that the whole of the rear chamber appeared undistur bed and buried probably since the late Devensian. 11
II
It is unfortunate that nothing survives from Laing's work as his brief report indicates that his excavation uncovered sorne of the most important evidence available in Robín Hood's Cave. In the western chamber, Laing reports that the fauna is the same as that reported by Boyd Dawkins ( who incidentally identi fied vertebrate bone from this excavation) but included two mandibles, a Felis brevirostris maxillary and a radius identi fied to Measurements given by Laing compare closely with those obtained from the lynx (Felis lynx ) mandibles from Steetley Cave. Although the specimen is not available for study today it is likely that they belong to the latter animal. 11
38
11
•
One of Laing's most important finds in the western chamber, occurring just above the deep fissure (Figures 14, 16), was a human radius and humerus which, from their orientation within the deposits, were said to be in a crouching position. Laing misconstrued the nature of the rubble-filled travertine floor at this point, believing it to be a construction (a neolithic cairn). It appears clear that the human bones occurred beneath the travertine level and in association with an "elaborately chipped flint spearhead" (Laing, 1889). Similar problems of interpretation present themselves with Laing's work in the rear of the cave. From his description and from recent e xamination of the cave, the exact area of excavation is fairly clear. Laing reports that the whole of the surface deposits were of red sand which was continuous with the red sand discovered by Mello and Dawkins in the front of the cave. The archa eological finds from the central chamber are presented in tantalizing terms, and Laing's account is worth quoting here: "O ccupation by man was shown by 'pot boilers', charcoal, a charred canine of bear, chopped bones with choppers and scrapers of the rudest Acheulian type. On the floor of the cave, beneath a great block of limestone, a fragment of skull was found, determined by Professor Boyd Dawkins to be human, and by the side of the stone a fragment of human fíbula" (Laing, 1889). The clear implication of Laing's report is that he excavated an area of middle palaeolithic occupation with associated hearth debris and human bones . Unfortunately, as already stated, this material appears to have been lost since excavation. The fauna from this area is reported to have included Hippopotamus amphi bius, Dicerorhinus hemitoe chus, Bison Sus scrofa, Canis lupus, priscus, Megaloceros giganteus, Ursus sp., Crocuta crocuta and Arvicola amph Jius, all identi fi ed by Mello. The majority of these appear to have been discove r ed in the "ferruginous yellow sand" and are a clear indication of an Ipswichian-type fauna being present in the basal sediments within the cave. J.B. Campbell In July 1969, J.B. Campbell undertoo k excavations in the western entrance and talus of Robin Hood's Cave (iigure 14). The excavation consisted of eighteen adjacent metre squares and sampled approximately half of the lateral extent of the talus. Campbell's work is subject to modern and detailed reports (1969, 1977) alleviating the need to discuss the excavation in detail in this account. I would, however, li ke to dwell upon the location of the excavation area as it is my view that previous excavation acti vi ty in this area has considerably affected the validi ty of the analysis published by Campbell. The context of this area in respect to the main area of cave and its human occupation is also of interest. Surviving accounts of Mello and Boyd Dawkins' work in this area of the site are not particularly helpful, chiefly because the work was undertaken by Thomas Heath in early June 1876, before Mello and
39
Boyd Dawkins' arrival on the site. Work in this area is consequently not included in the latter's reports. It is apparent, h owever, that excavation commenced in this area although its southerly extent (i.e. away from the entrance) is unknown. Campbell was aware, during his excavations, of sorne recent disturbance in the area (1969:figure 3-4). This disturbance is undoubtedly due to the 1876 excavators. Combined with the disturbance factor created by previous excavators, this area was also used as a barrow r un and sorting area. S orting is, by definition, a selectiva process and in this case the internal sediments of the cave were separated into angular scree, which was d epositad in the west of this area, and finer material depositad in the eastern area (Plate 1). At the culmination of work, the tip material in this area together with that recorded by Campbell (19069:figure 4) comprised a stratum four metres in depth and resting upon one metre of sediment, proposed by Campbell to be disturbed (Campbell, 1969:figure 4, layers USB, 0B, LSB, B/A, A). Consequent problems exist, for the nature of 'undist urbed' sediments published are essentially of three types. Firstly, sediments from the initial excavations inside the cave (travertines and brecciated cave earths) were deposited immediately upon the surface and trampled in, the whole area then being covered by the various stratigraphic elements from the nineteenth century work. Secondly this material was differentially deposited spatially through the site. Thirdly, a period of ninety-three years has elapsed between the two excavations for post-depositional sorting of sediments to take place in an area of the cave which is narrow and which is subject to water flow. It could well be construed from these factors that the phenomenon of increasing angularity in particle shape through time and conversely the increasing proportion of finer particles with depth and slight brecciation of Campbell's layer USB (the contact layer between tip and 'undisturbed deposits') could all be post-deposi tional processes within the basal one metre of sediment and initiated by nineteenth century activity upon the site. It follows that in this sort of context artefactual strati graphies may be relatively sound but both granul ometric and pollen analysis have the potential to be unrepresentative of original depositional conditions. Stratigraphy Excavations inside and within the talus of Robín Hood's Cave have recordad a complex sequence of stratigraphic events. Details of sedimentary units are largely lacking and few attempts have been made to marry the different excavation accounts. For the purposes of this discussion, the cave has been divided into 7.5 metre square areas for easier reference (figure 14). The following reconstruction uses the accounts of Mello and B oyd Dawkins (1876, 1877), Heath (1879, 1888), Laing ( 1889), and Campbell (1969), coupled with a physical examination of surviving in situ sediment left wi thin the cave today. The published accounts, particularly the earlier ones, con flict. The apparent discrepancies in observation by differing excavators have been discussed else where (Heath, 1 88 0). In this study, published details have been checked against sections still present within the cave and such an exercise
40
demonst rates that for the earlier excavations� the most reliable account is that given by Heath (1878, 1888). Im portant topographic phenomena, nDt described in previous studies, must be borne in mind for any discussion of sediment formation and acc umulation within the cave. Present examination of the cave shows the area within square B5 (Figure 14) to have signi ficantly contrib uted to sediment build up within the cave as a whole. In this area a large (presently partially in filled) hole is present in the roof, through which large volumes of sediment have weathered into the cave. Such a process could probably account for the sediments in the easter n chamber (squares A3, B3 -5, Figure 14). A further area of inwashed material is discernable in the western chamber (squares D2-4, Figure 14). The floor of this chamber has a sharp gradient (approx. 1 in 20) towards its entrances ( squares B2 and D1, Figure 14). Survi ving in situ sedimen t shows tha t both of these areas are characterised by large quanti ties of limestone blocks. C om parison of availab le accounts allows a description of the sediments within the cave which can be grouped into units. Unit Mello (1877:242) and Laing (1889) record a basal unit composed of 'white calcareous sand' of variable thickness on underlying Magnesian limestone bedrock. This unit is recorded in the entrance of the cave in square B2 (Figure 14) and within the western chamber in squares B2/3 (Figure 14). A similar sediment is noted by Laing (1889) in squares A6, 7, 8, B5, 6, 7, C5, 6 (Figure 14). This unit is not exposed for examination in any remaining in situ sections but the available descriptions imply that it is a coarse sand deri ved from in si tu wea thering of the Magnesian limestone cave floor, occ, 1 -rringin�idual pockets where depressions Interestingly, Cam pbell (1977) did not find evicence of this exist. deposit outside the cave (squares B2, 3, Figure 14) from where it has presum ably been washed downslope. The unit is confined to localised pockets lying in situ within depressions on the bedrock surface, an observation confirmed by Laing who noted that it occurred only in the lowest parts of the cave floor (Laing, 1889:584). Unit 2 This unit was only present in the area excavated by Laing (1889) and occurred principally in the rear of the cave (squares A 6-8, Figure 1 4). The sediment was described by him as 'yellow ferruginous sand'. Unfortunately, as this unit is not exposed in any remaining section of in situ material within this area of the cave, little can be added to Laing' s description. Unit 3 As in the case of unit 2, this unit was recorded solely by Laing in the rear of the cave, having the same horizontal distribution as unit 2. As the unit cannot be examined today, the stratigraphic details and description as a 'stiff red clay' given by Laing com prise the total and rather sparse description of the unit.
41
Unit 4 Knowledge of this unit is restricted as within units 2-3 to Laing's account. The unit appears to have been h orizontally distributed over the same area as the previous two units. It is described as 'sandy-clay rolled pebbles' (Laing, 1889: 584 ) . Despite the unfortunate lack of information concerning uni ts 2-4 their occurrence only at the rear of the cave is of considerable intere st. Despite the lack of detail, it seems clear that they are waterlaid and derived through the chamber's only inlet (square A7, Figure 14) from the front of the cave. Unit 5 Overlying either unit 1 or the bedrock floor, all of the excavators record a red sand. Mello and Boyd Dawkins record this unit from the whole area of their excavation inside the cave, and as absent from the entrance (1877: figures 1-6). Heath, reporti ng the same excavation, notes that the 'red sand' was of variable thickness and was missing from parts of the area excavated, particularly squares C3 and D3, Figure 14 (Heath, 1880g:12). The same author disputes the depth of sediment indicated in Mello and Dawkins' reports (Heath, 1889:13). The section concerned can be located easily within the cave and it is clear from such an exercise that the overall depth of sorne sections appears exaggerated in Mello's account, and accords with the views expressed by Heath (1889:13). Laing records this unit filling the western fissure (squares D1-6, and E4-6, Figure 14) and occurring as the surface depo�it in the rear of the cave (squares A, B, C5-8, Figure 14). A similar sediment type was recorded by Campbell (1977: figures 28-31, layer A) in the entrance of the cave (square B2, Figure 14). Granulometric analysis (Campbell, 1977: figure 67) of layer A showed it to be a coarse sand with weathered limestone scree, with very low percentages of fine sand and silt. Inside the cave, the unit appears from the excava tors' accoun ts to have di splayed grea t variability in sand and silt content. Mello notes that in the western chamber there were areas of laminated clay interstratified with the Towards the r ear of the more coarse sand (Mello, 1877: 58 2) . excavation, the unit is silt y (Heath, 1879:14) . Despite the difficulties in interpreting depths reported by Mello, it seems clear that throughout most of the cave the unit varied between 0.62 - 1 .24 metres in thickness. The greatest depth is recorded for square C4 (Figure 14) and it rapidly decreases towards front and rea! of the cave. The unit's distribution and obvious water-transported character suggest that it may well be derived from the area of the cave around the western fissure (square D2, Figure 14, in particular) , originally washed into this fissure from outside the cave. The inwashed material is likely to have built up at the base of the gradient in the western chamber (square B4, Figures 14-16), with further sediment washing into the rear of the cave and through inlets (square B3, Figure 14) into the eastern chamber, and out of the western entrance (square B2, Figure 14). The clayey inclusion recorded by the early excavators may be pool deposits associated with this activity and away from the areas of main
42
transport. Heath (1879:5) records a thin film of red coloured flowstone covering this unit near the entrance area. Incorporation of Campbell's layer A within this unit is valid: corroborative evidence exists in that the fine sand/silt size particles were removed in the western entrance, one of the main outlets of the cave at the base of a steep gradient. It appears from the available evidence that unit 2 water lain sediment derived for the most part from overlying surface sediments outside the cave. Unit 6 This unit is only recorded from the excavation of Mello (1876a, 1877) and Heath (1879). From the published accounts, the unit appears to be localised in extent. Its horizontal distribution is confined to squares C3-4 and B3-4 (Figure 14). Mello reports its maximum depth as 0. 62 metres (Mello, 1877:582). The same excavator describes the sediment as a 'mottled bed' containing small angular limestone fragments (1877:582) in a brownish clay matrix. The unit is not exposed in any in situ sections present in the cave today and comment upon its formation must therefore be entirely based on the scant published details. The horizontal distribution of the unit adjacent to the inlets into other parts of the cave, and when the previous unit was at its thickest, should be noted. This suggests that the formation of unit 3 is d ue to the filling of these inlets. Subsequent reduction of drainage and ponding at the head of the inlets effectively seal the rear of the cave and part of the eastern chamber. Unit 7 The 'cave earths' recorded by Mello (1876a, 1877; and Heath 1779b) are grouped into this single unit and disc ussion of the unit insidt �he cave is based upon their published �;8ounts and examination of remaining in situ sections. Sedimentary units B/A, LSB and OB recorded by CampbeITT1 977) are incorporated within this unit, although for the area of his excava tion these layers can be trea ted as sub-units. The early excavators recorded the 'cave earth' from their entrance trench outside the cave and every part of the internal excava tions. Inside the cave, this unit's horizontal and vertica: distribution was of the same nature as unit 5, occurring in the western chamber (squares B, C, D2-4,Figure 14). Its maximum thickness (circa 1 .40 metres) occurred in the inlets to the rear of the cave (square C4, Figure 14), and the western fissure area (square D4, Figure 14) where it reached 0. 93 metres in thickness. For the remainder of the western chamber the unit was fairly shallow (approximately 0.41 metres) and was at its thinnest at the highest part of the cave floor (square D3, Figure 14), where a thickness of 0. 2 1 metres occurred directly overlying limestone bedrock. Laing (1889:582) records this unit overlying the western fissure (square D2, Fig ure 14), where it is presently exposed in a surv1v1ng section. The unit is entirely absent from the rear of the cave, which was sealed by unit 5.
43
The character of the uni t, in particular in terms of limestone thermoclasts� is v ariable. The accounts of Mello (1877:figures 1-7), Campbell (1977:figures 28-31 ) and physical examination of extant sections shows a reduction of thermoclastic limestone blocks from the western fissure (square D3, Figure 14), where they comprised a very high proportion ( approximately 60-70%) of the unit's make-up. A sharp decrease in the central western chamber ( square C2, Figure 14) is observable in extant sections. In the western entrance (square B2, Figure 14), Campbell (1977:figures 28-31, 67) records a low frequency of thermoclastic scree near the entrance, which increases significantly past the dripline and along the talus slope. The observations confirm the view that the unit is derived from in situ weathering of the limestone bedrock particularly near the western fissure area and the transportation of its finer constituents down slope toward the western wall and entrance. Against this general geomorphological background, the detailed granulometric analysis undertaken by Campbell (1977:figure 67) is of interest in that it records a change in intensity of weathering acti vi ty through time. Interpreta tion of the analysis is made difficult due to the presence of thermoclastic material in the excavation, which is at the base of the gradient already described inside the cave. The setting produces a complex geomorphological environment where one can expect finer sediment to wash through the predominantly loosely packed thermoclastic material. In this report, sediment sections recorded by Campbell (1977:figures 28-31) clearly show the bias eff ect of large limest one blocks inhibiting movement of finer thermoclastic material. under such circumstances, the nature of samples from particular parts of an acutely changing geomorphological environment in the light of wider climatic events needs testing by further research of sedimentation patterns within caves, �nd argument based upan reduction j� particle size through such a section must be used tentatively. Despite the problem of interpretation, granulometric analysis undertaken by Campbell allows a division of unit 7 into a sub-series (Campbell's layers 0B, LSB, B/A). Unit 8 The presence of this unit is reported from the excavations of Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877, breccia), Heath (1879, breccia), Laing (1889) and Campbell (1977, layer USB). Considerable areas of this unit also survive in the cave today. Horizontal distribution of the unit is localised, being confined to the western and eastern chambers. No trace of the unit is reported as extant in the rear of the cave (squares A-E, 5-8, Figure 14), with the exception of the western fissure (squares E-F, 1 -6, Figure 14). The unit thickness varíes considerably from a maximum of 0.51 metre in the western fissure area to a few centimetres t hick tow ards the rear of the cave and entrance (Campbell's (1977) layer USB). The
44
thermo cl a stic character of the previous unit continues, unit 8 presumably being deposited under similar conditions. Subsequently, drainage was inhibited, water being unable to percolate to a great degree into the underlying units. Subsequent ponding of water, particularly in the western chamber, has resulted in brecciation of lower sedimentary units, resulting in the eventual formation of unit 9. Unit 9 In unit 9 the flowstone has been recorded by all excavators and in the cave with the exception of Campbell. It has a distribution within the cave which is localised but extensive. Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877:figures 1-7) record flowstone from the western chamber, where it was present in approximately half of the chamber (squares B2, C2-3, D2-3, Figure 14). Laing reports the unit from the remaining parts of the cave (1889 :582). Although he f ails to give details, modern examination of the cave shows it to be present in squares A 3-4, 5-6, B3-5, a localised occurrence in B6 ans squares D, E2-6 (Figure 14). It is largely absent in the rear of the western chamber, and toward the rear of the cave where it d oes occur as a very localised phenomenon associated with roof fissures. The unit thickness is extremely variable, and associated with localised stalagmite development. Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877:figure 2) record a thickness of 0.62 metre in the western fissure (square D2, Figure 14). Heath (1879 :5) reports localised occurrence of up to 0. 77 metre in the western entrance (square B2, Figure 14). In general it appears that away from areas of flowstone formation the unit was at its th' kest near the cave walls and thinnest out towarc� the centre of chambers in which it was present. In parts it was entirely absent (i.e. squares B4-5, Figure 14). Deposition of this unit is clearly a continuation of the process elaborated far unit 8, where there is severe inhibition of drainage through the deposits, ponding of water an eventually drainage towards the cave entrances. Th s process may have been accompanied by an increase in water flow through the cave. Unit 10 The varying deposits that occurred overlying units 9, 7 and 5 in respective areas of the cave have been grouped into a single sedimentary unit. They, in reality, comprise a series of units associated with Flandrian ( see below - Dating) activity within the cave. All excavations encountered this type of sediment but for the most p art it was highly disturbed and only Campbell (19 77) differentiated the sediments represented. Inside the cave these sediments formed localised pock ets, with t he exception of the western entrance where Heath records a thickness of 0.61 metre. In sorne areas of the cave very recent disturbance was indicated which Heath assigns to its use as a hay store (1880:16). Campbell (1977:figures 28-31) noted under the very recent and spoil layers the occurrence of two sedimentary units (layers C and D) described as sandy weathered screes and a topsoil (FI) all occurring beyond the dip line and along the talus slope.
45
Conclusion The nature of the stratigraphy known from excavations of the cave is extremely complex in both vertical and horizontal aspects. Important geomo rphological factors are seen to be responsible for the accumulation of most units. These are principally extensive weathering of limestone bedrock and inwashing of sediment associated with: 1.
Rupture of the cave roof above squares B4-5 (Figure 14) , responsible for sediments in the eastern section of the cave, particularly toward the entrance.
2.
Rupture of the cave roof above squares D2-4, responsible for the extensive inwash distributed along the floor gradient of the western chamber and overspilling out of the entrance, in the inlets to the rear of the cave (squares C4 and D4, Figure 14) and through to sorne parts of the eastern cave area (square B2, Figure 14).
3.
Minor and localised deposition associated with inwash of weathered sediment from roof fissures in all parts of the cave.
The chronological implications inherent in this proposition are discussed separately. It is important to note the highly varia b le nature spatially of the sediments and the indications of extensive movement within the deposits associated w ith rockfall and drainage activity. The effects of such movement and its relevance for a consideration of artefactual and faunal assemblages known from the cave are _of paramount importance. Unfortunately, bey ond general observations few details of such processes are indicated from excavations within the cave. The account that follows dealing with the archaeological evidence must therefore be tenuous, as it takes little account of th.i.s difficulty. Human Occupation Evidence for human occupation of the cave in the form of lithic and bone artefacts and human skeletal remains is extensive. Boyd Dawkins (1876) reports a total of 1040 artefacts, predominantly from the breccia and cave earth. Laing has reported (1888) artefact finds for the rear of the cave, the present whereabouts of which are unfortunately not known. Campbell, from excavations in the western talus, has reported a total of 298 artefacts (1977:137, 107). With the exception of Campbell's excavations which are dealt with separately in this account, clear stratigraphic c ontext fo r artefact finds is lacking. Mello (1876) and Boyd Dawkins (1876) group the majority of their finds according to two stratigraphic units, which in sorne cases is marked upon the extant artefact. With the exception of occasional individual �3ferences in their publications to artefacts found by them, most of the artefact material is un provenanced stratigraphically. The excavation undertaken by Campbell (1969) in an area away from that of the main finds and heavily affected by exte rnal factors does little to clarify this situation. Division of the extant artefactual collections in these circumstances is speculative. Quartzite artefacts from the cave can, with sorne justification, be 46
treated as a separate and earliest assemblage, a phenomenon well documen ted in nearby Pin Hole Cave. The remaining flint artefact assemblage can only be divided typologically. Such division is tenuous and largely considers tools to the exclusion of other artefactual material. Despite the stratigraphic uncertainty there are grounds for proposing three separate artefactual assemblages. Middle Palaeolithic Boyd Dawkins (1877:255) noted that the majority of tools within this technology are found in the cave earth (unit 7) with the exception of three found within the breccia (unit 8) and three from the red sand and clay (unit 6). The apparent stratigraphic range of quartzi te artefacts appears from the excava tor's account to be concentrated within the cave earth, implicitly toward its base, with occasional occurrences recorded from other stratigraphic levels probably explained by the frequent truncation of the sedimentary sequence already discussed. Under such circumstances, quartzite artefacts in the upper horizons of the cave earth would be affected by brecciation known from a later period in the cave's history. Boyd Dawkins recorded a total of 479 quartzite, basalt and ironstone implements from the cave. A total of 90 artefacts are extant in collections today. The largest discrepancy concerns 'quartzite chips' (Boyd Dawkins, 1877:591), of which only seven are extant. All other t o ol forros recorded by Boyd Dawkins are available for study (Table 10). Tool rms include four bifaces, recorded 10m the cav� earth. Two are produced on weathered ironstone pebbles. The first, illustrated by Boyd Dawkins (1877:figure 2), is a cordiform type (Figure 19:1). The second is oval shaped, smaller and finely worked ( Figure 19:2). 'rhe cordi form example was found in chamhP.r G (Figure 14, square B3) h the smaller piece in chamber B (FigurL 14, square B3-C4). The remaining two bifaces are both produced on quartzite pebbles and consist of an oval form, bifacially flaked but with much of the cortex remaining on one face (Figure 16:4), and a more rectangular form with a large amount of cortex on both faces. J
A single example of a unifacially worked quartzite flak:e, cordiform in shape, is marked by Boyd Dawkins as being found in the cave earth. Three quartzite side scrapers are recorded by Boyd Dawkins ( 1877:591) but eight are present in extant collections. Side scraper types present include two convex forms, one produced upon a flake with three thinning flakes removed, and two produced on the ventral surface. Choppers are the most abundant tool form, nine examples are clearly labelled from Robin Hood's Cave (Figure 20, 1-3). Other tool types present include an unusually small naturally backed knife and utilised flakes. A single oval shaped quartzite hammerstone is all that is extant from nineteen recorded by Boyd Dawkins, although six of the choppers display hammerstone damage around the unworked ends.
47
Four flint artefacts which are typologically similar to the quartzite tools can be grouped with this assemblage. They include a side scraper, a retouched tool and two levallois flakes. Two further artefacts, previously unreported, were recovered by Campbe ll ( 1969) from the 19th century spoil levels present within his excavation and are presumably derived from the sediments inside the cave. The artefacts, a Tayac point (Figure 18:·1) and a small cordiform biface (Figure 18:2), are both produced on flint (both are excluded from Table 1 O). Many of the artefacts from Mello and Boyd Dawkins' excavation cannot be identified to particular caves (Table 30) due to the complete lack of extant excavation details associated with the obje cts. Assessment of the proportions of tool types present in particular caves excavated during the 19th century therefore suffers from the distinct disadvantage in that extant tool forms comprise a biased samp le. Nevertheless, in general terma, a number of factors appears important. The industry is dominated in numerical terms by hard quartzite based rock types (95.5%), with the locally derived 'Bunter' pebble rock types forming the major raw material (88.89%). Flint forms a low proportion of the raw material (4.44%). In this sense the Robin Hood's Cave mousterian assemblage apparently contrasts with both the better recorded mousterian assemblages known from Pin Role Cave where flint and quartzite raw materials are present in equal proportions. The contrast in the Robin Hood's Cave assemblage may simply be a function of the recovery and subsequent analytical bias imposed upon a poo rly recorded assemblage. Nevertheless, there is a notable lack of typical mousterian tool forms, in f lint, from the assemblage. Boyd Dawkins reinforces that point in his comments that little stratigraphic overlap occurred between quartzite and flint tool types (1879:255). Analysis of the distribution of mousterian artefacts and their association with faunal material is � t possible due largely te the almost complete lack of detailed comment by Boyd Dawkins (1876) and ello (1876). The implication of the available evidence suggests that large scale transporta tion of sediment and i ts contained faunal and artefactual material has taken place, a process which would inevitably destroy in situ occupation levels and areas. Upper Palaeolithic Lithics belonging to upper palaeolithic occupation horizons recorded by Boyd Dawkins (1876) and a total of 2 63 survive in were extant collections. As already discussed, no attempt was made by the excavators to distinguish separate assemblages amongst t he artefacts recovered from the cave earth, breccia and flowstone. Distinction in this study of technologies amongst the extant collections relies upan a limited amount of stratigraphic information (i.e. artefacts with breccia or f lowstone still adhering), details prov ided by the excavators for specially figured artefacts within the published reports, and for the vast majority differentiation upon the ba sis of typological differences. This inevitably res ult s in a number of artefacts which are unstratified and cannot be gro uped wi th any particular technology (Table 11).
48
A ccount must also be taken of the large number of artefacts whose origin was not clearly labelled by Mello and Boyd Dawkins� whose s ource i s likely to have been the excavations in Robin Hood's Cave and Church Hale Cave. These are described in Tables 30 and 31. At best these methods are unsatisfactory in that they isolate small assemblages of well developed forms according to preconceived ideas of typological variatio n which are not adequately established in other, better r ecorded asse mblages from the C reswell caves. More reliable information relevant to the later upper palaeolithic is forthcoming from Campbell's excavation within the cave tal us (1969). Despite the lack of good stratigraphic evidence it is possible to distinguish the presence of at least two artefact technologies within the cave. These have been termed by Campbell (1977) the earl y and later upper palaeolithic. Early Upper Palaeolithic A total of forty-one flint arte facts can be considered to belong toan early upper palaeolithic technology. These are set out in Table 1 1, in which i t can be seen that seventeen have original stratig raphic information while the remainder are grouped through technol ogical similarities. These artefacts must represent a small percentage of the total assemblage. The remainder are suf ficiently undiagnostic (Table 12) or lack the stratigraphic details (Table 31) allowing their inclusion in this assemblage. With these reservations it can be seen from Table 11 that this is essentially a flake industry. A limited range of tool types is represented and includes leaf points, side s crapers, burins and retouched flakes, sorne of which are illustrated in Figures 23-24. Later Upper Palaeolithic A rte facts of la ter upper palaeoli thic +ype have been recovered from the 1876 excavations of Mello and Boyd Ddwkins (Table 13 and Cam pbell's 1969 excavations [Table 14]). A total of 104 artefacts are known from the 1875-1876 excavations and these are set out in Table 1 3 according to their stratigraphic context. Artefacts appear more numerous from this later industry and form a blade based technology. A more diverse, although still limited range of tool types are present, d ominated by backed, particu larly angle backed, pieces. A large proportion of the total artefact assemblage comprises debitage made up of unretouched blades and cores. Evidence for bone working from the 1876 excavation includes a bone awl and an engraved rib section, bearing a finely engraved horse head on one surface (Plate 3), while the reverse is criss-crossed with deeply cut incisions. Fragments of two unusual non-local rock types, amber and red ochre, were also recovered during excavation of the western chamber. Their occurrence within the cave must be associated with later upper palaeolithic activity. Excavation by Campbell in the talus immediately in front of the western entrance (Figure 14) has provided a total of 248 later upper palaeolithic flint artefacts and one produced in chert. These are reported in detail by Campbell (1969 and 1977). The variation in tool types for this excavation is recorded in Table 14, from which it 49
can be see n that points of various types form a high percentage of the total artefacts. Less common tool types include burins, awls, end scrapers and retouched blades. The assemblage contains a high number of complete and broken waste blades and flakes. A number of changes in the artefactual assemblages through time can be obs erved. 0f particular note in this report is the occurrence of most of the artefacts in layers LSB/0B (Table 14). Tools from layers LSB, primarily angle backed blades, Creswell, Cheddar and shouldered points, contrast with those types from layer 0B where points are almost entirely absent. Conclusion The artefact assemblages known from excavation in Robin Hood 's Cave provide clear ev idence of at least th ree separa te tech nologies: first a mousterian industry of flint and quartzite whose focus appears to have been in the rear of the western chamber; second a later flake industry characterised by invasively retouched pieces and found pre ominantly in the western chamber, and termed early upper palaeolithic by Campbell (1969). 0ther than complete tools , the remainder of this assemblage is poorly known from the cave due to lack of clear stratigraphic details. The third technology recovered from the western chamber and talus, and possibly from the rear of the cave, is the later upper palaeolithic backed blade industry. Artefacts are more numerous for this industry but its full extent is problematic due to poor excavation methods during the 19th century e xcavations. Artefacts from Campbell's excavation (1969) while well recorded are from a location which is of a difficult geomorphological nature, where a great deal of disturbance (downwashing) has occurred. Human skeletal remains A total of thirty-five human skeletal fragments i� recorded from four excavations within Robin Hood's Cave. 0f these, t\enty-six are recorded from the Flandrian sediments recorded by Mello (1877). The nine remaining fragments have been considered to date from the Devensian by these excavators. Due to the relative· importance of these fragments, a full discussion of the stratigraphic context and age is merited. Laing (1889) records two separate locations for human bone from the cave. In the rear chamber (probably in square B5, Figure 14), a small cranial frag ment and fíbula are reported associated with a 'canine of bear, chopped bones (and) with choppers and scrapers of the rudest Acheulian type' (Laing, 1889;584). Unfortunately the fragments have been lost since excavation, but from Laing's meagre account they appear to have been associated with palaeolithic artefacts. In the western chamber, Laing (p.582) records a human radius and humerus, both now lost, in association with palaeolithic artefacts (Figure 14, square D2). In 1974, a human mandible was discovered in the stratigraphic section left by Laing in the wester n chamber, at approximately one metre below the extant travertine. This has recently been studied by 0akley (198 0:16).
50
The nitrogen content of the mandible has recently been assessed by Oakley (1980:16), who reports a content of 1 .11% and consistent with levels expected for Devensian vertebrate bone from the cave. Laing appears convinced, based upon the stratigraphic context, that the human bone he recovered comprised a burial in this part of the cave, but he was misled as to its age chiefly due to his views upon the 'constructed' nature of the travertine floor and by the fact that the associated flint spearhead was said to be neolithic in type. A lthough none of this material survives (except the 1974 mandible, Plate 5), it is the opinion of the author that the human bones in this part of the cave were from an upper palaeolithic burial. Examination of the travertine floor in this area during this survey shows it to be continuous across the whole area excavated by Laing, Laing having simply excavated underneath it. There is no evidence that it is disturbed at any point. Laing must therefore have been excavating exclusively Devensian deposits. Circumstantial ev idence for this view is the associated flint spearhead which, from the description, is possibly a laurel leaf point. Boyd Dawkins appears to have seen the implement and assigned its neolithic date. The argument that Boyd Dawkins should have recognised its form on the basis of his experience of the previous work in Robín Hood's Cave is not valid, as many fragments of laurel leaf points were recovered during his work and remaine d unrecognised by Mello and himself. Despite the problems with the excavations, there are strong indications (supported by recent examination of the area) that a human burial of probable early upper palaeolithic date occurred in the extreme western area of Robin Hood's Cave. During his 1969 excavation, Campbell reported four human skeletal fragments (1977, Appendix 6). A frontal was recorded in situ in layer OB, the remaining fragments - a temporal, occipital, sphenoid, max;11a, mandible and third cervical vertebra - were found within the 1�th century spoil which capped the excavated area. The fragments were studied by Powers, who reached the conclusion that all the fragments were from a young (23-30 yrs) adult male, whose severed head featured as a trophy in a cannibalistic ceremony (in Campbell 1977:218) presumably outsi de the cave, as the excavation failed to produce further evidence of the remaining body parts or cannibals. Examination of the extant fragments shows that although not greatly fossilised, they differ greatly in preservation type. With the exclusion of the mandible fragment, all are well preserved and similar in character to vertebrate bone from inside the cave. The mandible fragment is highly eroded by root action and is not heavily fossilised. While it is possible from the skeletal ev idence to consid er these fragments to derive from a single individual, their states of fossilisation rather suggest that they are derived from differ ent areas inside the cave, and within the talus. A horse metacarpal from layer OB associated with the frontal has produced a radiocarbon estimation of 10,390 + 90 yrs (BM 603). Powers and Campbell (1977:218), in postulating-a single indiv idual, therefore assign all of the fragments to the later Upper Palaeolithic; this has recently been doubted by Oakley (1980:16), who notes that their high nitrogen content (between 3.81% - 4.12%) contrasts markedly with the mandible known from within the cave. 51
In summary, therefore, Devensian human skeletal fragments from Robín Hood 's Cave comprise: two individuals from Laing' s excavation (to one of which the 1974 mandible probably belongs and both of which may be early upper palaeolithic) and parts of two individua ls from layer OB and 19th century spoil from the cave entrance. One of the individuals (the cranium) may date to the later Upper Palaeolithic and the second could be Flandrian. Vertebrate fauna Vertebrate fragments have been recovered during excavation by Mello and Boyd Dawkins (1877), Laing (1889) and Camp bell (1977). Considerable di fficult y exist s in interpreting individual excavated assemblages: poor stratigraphic recording inhibits much o f the Mel lo and Boyd Dawkins' material, and Laing's collection is entirely lost and known only from a short published account (1889). That recorded by Campbell is by far the most reliable, although in a derived context. Such contrasts make marrying of the excavated assemblages throughout the cave and talus extremely difficult. Mello and Boyd Dawkins 1876 Vertebrate fragments recovered by Mello and Boyd Dawkins are published in two accounts, those recovered in 1876 (Me l lo 1876, and Boyd Dawkins 1876) and those recovered in 1877 (Mello 1877, and Boyd Dawkins 1877). It is likely, although not stated, that Boyd Dawkins' account of 1877 is of total vertebrate fragments (i.e. including those of 1876). Considerable differences exist between the two accounts. In the 1876 account, Boyd Dawkins separates the fragments into three stratigraphic units; in 1877 one of the units appeared to him to be of local interest only and fragments are grouped into two stratigraphic units. In the confusion, sorne elements of the fauna were omitted from the latter ,qccount [i. e. lion (Fe lis leo) and Bison sp. , and wol f ( Canis lupus), from the red sand and cl ay] .- Sorne species (e. g. Arvicola terrestris) are omi tted totally from the la tter account. Boyd Dawkins' two published accounts have been married in Table 15 . The total vertebrate fragments recorded by Boyd Dawkins would be approximately 2973 fragments, based on these accounts. Extant collections of vertebrate bones from the excavations number 983 fragments, identified beyond doubt to Robín Hood's Cave (Tables 16-17). A large number of fragments in extant collections (2769) cannot be identified now to any particular cave excavated during this period. Of these a substantial number must be derived from the Robín Hood's Cave excavations of Boyd Dawkins and Mello. Analyses of both categories of vertebrate fragments are set out in Tables 16, 17, 32 and 33. Given the ambiguous nature of st ratigraphic placeme nt of fragment s , no attempt has been made to estímate individual numbers o f vertebrate species. Lack of st ratigraphic details prohibits detailed comment on vertebrate distribution within the cave but sufficient interest lies in the published account and extant collections to consider them in general terms.
52
The red sand and clay, as defined by Boyd Dawkins (1877); contained 148 vertebrate fragments. Of these, 27 .02% are of hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), 33.10% of horse (Bquus sp.) and 21.62% of Other species known from low reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). percentages of fragments (Table 16) include fox (Vulpes vulpes), g iant deer (Megaloceros giganteus), woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta a ntiquitatus), mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), bison (Bison sp.) and hare (Lepus sp.). Mello and Dawkins noted tha t these fragments were amongst the best preserved from the cave (Boyd Dawkins, 1877:591) . Sorne were complete, notably the hyaena skull found in squares B2-3, Figure 14 (Mello, 1977:583). It is therefore likely that many of these remains were in situ and undisturbed by environmental and taphonomic factors known from
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-
-
-
2
100.00
1
100.00
8
100.00
1
100.00
12
100.00
69
100.06
-
-
-
186
1
1
1
eos,.,
TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
SPECIES
8.
-
-
2 100.00 1 100.00 l 100.00 -
-
100.IIO
-
N
l
11
100.00 50.00
3 1
:11
...>
"'m :r
�
�"' >
o :11
:11
g¡
� t �>
!¡¡¡
:r e
11
i
E
...
ffl
NOT AVAIU\8LE FOR ST\JDY
NOT AVAILASLE FOR STUDY
N
>
�z
11
l
-
-
-
1
1
2.10
0.20
O 2D
210
l3
33 �.a,
•.1e -
1
2-10
-
NOT AVAILABLE FOR ST\JDY
1 100.00 ---------------------------- NOT AVAILAILE FOR ST\JOY
100.00
1 100.00 1 100.00 5 100.00
100.IIO
-
10
1 100.00 ---------------------------- NOT AVAILASLE FOR STUDY
o::,
z
>
!:
N
.... ;;
¡¡
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
M.GREGALIS INOETE-INATE FRAGMENTS
ll.GIGANTEUa
EOUUI•
U. AIICTOll
S.ARANEUI
ECIUUS• C.ELN'HUS INOETERMINATE FRAGMENTS
INDETERMINATE FRAGMENTS
IIOS•
EOUUS,p S.SCROFA
INOETERMINATE FRAGMENTS
S.SCROFA cfCAPREOLUS
TOTAL IDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS TOTAL INOETERMINATE FRAGMENTS TOTAL FRAGMENTS
LAYER LI
LAYERS8
LAYERC
LAYER D
STRATIGRAPHIC LAYER
"'" �
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
11
N
!:
�e
>
¡¡¡
"�
�
n
r-
il>
�
11
N
:11
� � �
e
n
11
1
N
o.a
2.10
!IG.00
-
-
11
-
N
-
-
:
' 2
' l
-1
11 IN
-
,.
a•,-
��
..,
"º
�ji¡ >
11'!:
-
3 2 J
101UIO 100.00 100.DO
1 1 a
1-
-· 100.00 100.-
10 100.00 1 100.IIO
..
,...
--n
J
1 --1M
- --
,
•
-
- ea
-
1..211
1..211 12•
..... .....
1.211
18.1'1
-� 100.00 •.a 1 100.00 J 100.00 1..211
•.211
•.a
•.211
o
CII
s� :
FRACTURE PATTERN OJ-t ºº 2-t
m l> cnr
("')
s: r m -t m RA APHI LAYER
SPECIES S. S C R O F A
of CAPREOLUS
LAYER D
BOS sp
1 NDETMTE. FRGMNTS. EOUUS sp
S. SCROFA
LAYER C
BOS sp
INDETMTE. FRGMNTS.
EOUUS sp
C. ELAPHUS
LAYER SB
-
-
-
U. ARCTOS
-
M. GIGANTEUS
1
EOUUS sp
M. GREGALIS
-
-
-
-
-
100.00
1
100.00
1
-
TOTAL
3
TOTAL DAMAGED
N
%
1
INDETMTE. FRGMNTS.
TOTALUNDAMAGED
9.
-
INDETMTE. FRGMNTS.
S. ARANEUS LAYER LB
N
3
-
OJ-t z-t m l> cnr
G)-t zo ::t>-t � l> mr O(") OJO os: z" r m u,m -t m
-
-
100.00
-
0.62 0.62%
-
'T1
:o
o�
l> ("')
ºº
-t e :o m
OJm z l> mz
o
N
%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
o
N
%
-
3 100.00
-
2 100.00
3 100.00
-
-
10 100.00
-
-
1 38 100.00
1 100.00 100.00
1 100.00
1184 100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 100.00 3 100.00
1164 100.00
-
-
-
480
99.38
-
480
99.38
-
-
-
-
-
- 1 -
% 3 100.00
2 100.00 3 100.00
38 100.00 2 100.00
-
1 100.00
3 100.00
1
60 100.00
-1 -
184 100.00
-
-
-1
10 100.00
1 100.00
1 100.00 1 100.00
1 100.00
3 100.00 1 100.00
164 100.00
-
483 100.00
-
-
-
Mother Grundy's Parlour, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments.
187
N
%
3 100.00
2 100.00
l 60
-t o -t l> r
'T1 -t :o o l> -t ("')}> -tr e Cl :o mz l>
00
-
-
O) O)
1877 OAWKINS EXTANT 1877 OAWKINS EXTANT
RAW IIIATERIALS ,i.
TOTAL ARTEFACTS OAWKINS 1877 TOTAL ARTEFACTS EXTANT
REO SANO & CLAY
CAVE EARTH
N
'
2.22
"'
,..,m
:;;
m
10.
1
N
OUARTZITE
'
1 11
o o ,...
�
►
:;; n
z
e
11.11
'
1
1
N
•
1.11
p
::D
>
2
2
N
,... ,... -
,...
::;;� m
Z>
7 n
-
-
-
'
2
2
2
2
N
4.441'
2.22
:;;
m
IROHSTONE
� �m >
-
N
1
- 2.22
-
'
"'
�
:JI
m
o �
1
- -
1
N
- -
'
1.11
FLINT m ....
:JI)
-
-
'
1.11 4.441'
8,...
o
z m
n
e
o
2
-
2
N
7< m
,....,,
►
¡;;
,... ,... o
,...m
N
.,
!111
41'1
- 147'1 2.22
-
'
1
'
•..,.
,...
o .... ►
r m
)> 'T1 ""O
o z
�
(/)
("')
:e
)> ""O
m
:e
CD
e :e z
(/)
:e m �
o e ("')
I
(/)
m
o
.,, r
(/)
)>
m
e z
:e � m
o
e z
:e m �
e
I
I
m
o
ce
r
)>
o
m
)>
r
o
e
("')
� �
o
("')
m
o r
)>
7'
m
(/)
(/)
LABELLED "CAVE EARTH"
3
-
1
4
3
6
17
INVASIVELY RETOUCHED PIECES
5
2
-
17
-
-
24
TOTAL
8
2
1
21
3
6
41
11.
Robin Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variation of early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
en ("')
:e
)> ""O
m
:e
:e m �
:e m �
o
o
("')
("')
e
I
m
o ce
r
)>
o m
e I
m
o
e z
e z
o
o
:e m �
e
e
I
I
("')
m
1
12.
1
m
r
o
A
r
r
)>
m
ce )>
o
9
49
.,,
)>
A
m
58
Robin Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variation of unstratified artefacts.
189
)>
r
("')
o
'T1
m
UNSTRATIFIED
:e m �
� �
o
118
o
I...D
"' m
1
LAYER B/A
Q
z-i
1
1 3
-
)>
:E
1
3
2
3
-
2
-
C/)
r
1
1
-
z
:c
o CJJ e
m
;,
CJJ
n
-
2
1
C/)
z
CJJ e :e
3
-
1
-
2
C/)
:c
m
)> ,:,
:e
n
C/)
....
13
TOTAL
;,
o o r
C/)
)>
3
3
8
-
6
2
C/)
:o
m
)> ,:,
:e
r
C/) (")
o
�
z
m
1
1
-
C/)
z
CJJ
:e
e
o
26
21
5
C/)
m
)>
CJJ r
o
:r m
(")
e
.... o
:c m
z
e
)>
40
37
3
C/)
m
o
CJJ r
o
m
r
(")
o
--4 e
m
:c
3
3
-
C/)
m
o :e (")
z
1
1
-
z m
o
)>
< m o
:e
C'I
m
BONE ,:,
z
1
1
-
r
:E
-i
►
o
1
i 15
6
-
6
1
o
-
Robin Hood's Cave, 1875-76, variation of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
13
CAVEEARTH
C/)
....
m
o o r
o
;, (")
X tD
m
CJJ )>
r m
o --4
m
m
(")
z
o
(")
e,
z
)>
FLINT
► s::c "',:,m
�8�
CJJ-c rZz
s:
34
4
19
9
2
o
m
o
1
1
-
:c
CJJ m
1
1
-
m
(")
o
NON-LOCAL ROCK :c )>
75
15
31
26
3
o
��
O,:,m mr-4 mr-4 m:i:-4 CJ>mo CJ> mo Cl>,:,Q -le m --4c m n 0 :r :r ;;l:x: m m m
l>S::c
CJJC1 e -no e r oz r oz
2
1
-
(")
o :e m
-
1
-
-
:r m o
(")
me
00
)> -i
CJJ :e rm
Robin Hood's Cave, 1969, variation of later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
8
2
-
1
1
-
5
2
-
-
-
o
-
C/)
o
:c
m
m
�s
1
C/)
z
,:,
::;;
,:JC/)
o:r -o Zc
-
-
13.
m
,:,
)>
o o
:c
,:,
m
z
"' z
o
:r m
1
ct>m r
-i�
-m zct>
BRECCIA
14.
3
LAYER LSB
10
6
LAYER 0B
TOTAL
-
LAYER USB
CI>
r
o
o
-i
o
)> (")
O:c
FLINT ,:,o
tD
82
--4
104
93
11
r
-i )>
o
6
38
31
7
m
�?i ñ'.l:x::
e,,,:,º
m3:--4
-n-c r2z )>(") :e ;,,:;Om
242
35
103
86
18
r
-1
o
-1
s
EXTANT POST CRANIAL & ANT
EXTANT OENTITION
EXTANT MANDIBLES
l
I
TOTAL EXTANT VERTEBRATE FRAGMENTSl26
2.0J - 888
= =�
TOTAL 'HISTORIC' VEATEBRATE FRAGMTS 5+ TOTAL BRECCIA & CAVE EARTH VERT. FRG1 TOTAL RED SANO VERTEBRATE FRAGMTS. TOTAL 1877 VERTEBRATE FRAGMENTS
EXTANT DENTITION
EXTANT MANOIBLES
1877 POST CRANIAL 6 ANTLERS
REO SANO 1877 MANOIBLES
c
�=�� �::TNHD �::; �::����:
EYTANT POST CRANIAL a ANTLERS 1J
EXTANT OENTITION
EXTANT MANOtBLES
1877 POST CAANIAL & ANTLERS
15.
-
13
139
5
13
050 3.38
Robin Hood's Cave, 1875-76, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate fauna.
32
28
180 - 200
-
17.11 2162
1
19
0.68
0.74
'º
-
-
87
¡ji
o ,.
-
1
51
198
068
-
-
:
99.99
2973 100.30
148100.00
a �
2578100,01
=1 :
1
:
1
8.611983
ñl
�:�
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-
1.81
:IM
1.A&
"
2
1
1
-
¡;;
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o.m
-
-
,.,
1.81
2.CD
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7
2
J
-
-
1
-
-
1
»
1
8
-
J
� :1111.-
'·"'
100.00
...
:a.al
1.1111
"
-
a.a
,...
12.•
-
-
22
1
2
1
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,
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,.... -
-
1.ca
1
�
1:
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1:
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1
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1 >
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,
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11.11
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1.11
La
2AI
21
J
4
1
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LJa
,.,
-
;::: •
1:
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11
N
1
...
1t
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-
-
2.82
2.U
-
-
-
3.0S
-
IQ.00
..
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100..CIO
:1111
M
100.00
100.01
1>1
.,
100.00
1CD..OO
100.01
100.00
ICll.01
100.00
100.00
100.01
1
U
a
4
31
JJ
1
1
I
2.07 142
-. .... ·-1 -
_ , ..., _
22M
a.ae
,. , ..., , ,. 100.00
ez
si i S?
1
INOETUllllltlATE:
SPECIEI:
TOTAL
AVES 1P
--
MAMMALIAtP
RANA•
O. ARIES
LEPUSIP S.SCROFA C. ELAl'KIS CERVIÓ.
H SAPIENS F. SYLVESTRIS C. FAMIUARIS
U
1
.
4.42
0.11
e
-
I
2 1
1.112 ••
14.2'
2 2
" "
30.77
17.
Yl
!
o
llC
,.
1
-
1 I •
l
o
ñl
f>
llt
L80
4
-
4
-
1•
-
N
:13.33 M.21 n.n
...
" ,,
"
1.11
100.llD -
�
z
►
•
3
X
�
11
1
-
i�
T--
l.>I
&..21
'4.21 OJ1
9.Q
la
J ....
11
,,
•
-
-
-
::D
i
._..,
17. 1 1
2..:,1
-
-
12
�
-
9
1 1
-
21.43
2UIO :13.33
LM
,....,
►
� �
D
_
•
2
-
1-n
11.111
,.
4.lll
-
I
-
-
4
,
u,
-
l.&2
J1.:l3
1
e
1
4
-
►
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2
1.n J7
14.ll - a
1-G
:Z!I.CID
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10.S,
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4."lt
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7
_,_
-
-
1CIQ....t.O
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, ...
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a.a ,:r,
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-
a.ae
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l
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eouusso
ROOENTtA,p
AVESMJ
MAMMALIAw>
RANAi.P
A FLAMMEUS
LA.GOPUSsp
L LAGOPUS
A GENTILIS
L TIMIOUS
M AGRESTIS O TOAOUATUS
R TARANDUS
TOTAL INDIVIDUALS
TOTAL F RAGMENTS
TOTALINOETERMINATEFRAGMENTS
-
-
18.
1- -
1
J 1
1000
100 oo JJ 3J
J
8
s
J
JOB
10
7
JOII
7 !J.8
1000
soo
182
6617
10000
10000
10000
1 0000
�
(1)
7
7
7
(1)
�
►::t
��
� JO
2000
10000
1
1
1
0 ,_
2•
s,ooo
J
l
J
�
�
2 27
309
150
1
1
1
N
O 1'I
186
1000
..
sooo
2000
'I,
7
3
"
1 1
5 JO
JOI
11◄J
�CI) sooo
1 10000
,
2
N
2
2
2
N
1 51
�7'
2000
'I.
t
2
1
1
N
1 51
103
2118
182
1000
1i,
e:
¡
N
�
(1)
'S
2
"J
']
N
::IJ
�
1 S1
106
2000
'-
g
4,.
701
1143
o1 l
250
5000
1
-
1 10000
1 10000
2
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'I.
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N
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer USB.
8 06
u19
S4!>
1
1
2
,
U ARCTOS
C ANTIOUITATIS
1
C LUPUS
�
;
C CROCUTA
TOTALIOENilFIEOFRAGMfNTS
INOE-
TERMINA.TE
SPECIES:
�
(1)
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
I!,
N
'
N
'
-..
11,
N
1
1
'
10000
HXJOO
1
2
1
1
,..
1 SI
100
1911
250
1000
,
N
...
N
'-
JI
7'9
79
!18 85
,,46
7750
'JI;
•8 8717
N
..
�
�
�o
1
1
•
so
4&6
1
n 10001'
455
456
1 1
45& 456
1l 54 909
13 84
1818
•so
456
4.56
456
1 1
2
•
1
1
1
1
1
17
x.
2
!li6 40
1
2
1
1
l to
2
1
1
10000 10000
,0000 ,0000
10000
10000
10000
HXlOO
10000
10000
10000 10000
10000
100 00
\..O V1
CHIAOPTEAA IP. AODENTIA sp MAMMALIAsp AVES 1P
INOETE-NATE.
TOTAL IOENTIFIED FAAGMENTS TOTAL INDETERMINATE FAAGMENTS TOTAL FAAGMENTS TOTAL INDIVIDUALS
T EUROPAEA C CAOCUTA M MARTES C LUPUS V VULPES U ARCTOS C ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS SP. M GIGANTEUS R TARANDUS M AGRtSTIS L LEMMUS D. TOAOUA TUS APOOEMUS ,p. 0 PUSILLA L. TIMIDUS A ci PLATYAHYNCHOS B. CLANGULA A GENTILIS F. TINNUNCULUS L LAGOPUS L MUTUS T TETR'X DENDAOCQPS cf MAJOR T cf TOROUATUS T et PILAR IS G GLANDAAIUS C MONEDULA AANAsp
SPECIES:
1
-
75.00
35 14 49
12
J J9 O 19 1 Ol
t S
5.01
6 1
29• l.17 10.21
1.25,
011
-
12.90 O 75
25 00 16.67
1 l 4
1
-
O ar, O 8J O ID
J l
,;; ::=
16.87
7 12
2 S6 O 61
5-'3 0.83 2 08
1 10000 216 0.37
1 2500 1 10000
1 10000 2 10000
1
1 100.00
I c.
3 l
-
1
-
4 5
1 t18 o •2
2 2
1 t
1 54
lJ J3
11 11
o.e,
ll 33
1
1
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l. l9 O 28 , 04
1 08
11.11 2500
< ¡¡:;
4 l 1
l
-
2
J.ll 0.83 ,.,..
J Zl
10 53
m ;e
J.3.3l 21,00
1
10.5,J
4. 17 lJ.33
Jl.33
1
2
1
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-
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1
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021
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5.26
-
2
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2
3 • o.•2
1
1 ...
8.33
, 1
5 S ll.511 O ll 3911 11 l 11 l.M 0.1!1 0.&1
-
1.12
J3.33 !50.00
l
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1 1 1 100.00 • 56.58 2 50 00 1 10000
-
-
1 S0.00 1 100.00
4. 1 7
7!:, 00
2 -
1
1
1.011 -
-
-
4.17
33 3. J 7500
c. ,::
1()t
A )11
n 11 25 00
10 SJ
-
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-
1 10000
-
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a, o
1
T -
4.lf,
4.Jli
217 217 212 • 52 O Sl 21!
217 170
•.J15
..
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4.J5 217 870
217
1 • 4 1 1 2 J 4 t l
2 1 ,. 2
1 2 1 l 4 6 4 1' J
100.00 10000 10000 gg.98 10000 100 01 100.00 100D1 100.00 100.00 10000 100.00 100..00 10000 100.00 100D'1 100.00 10000 . 100.00 1CIJ 00 ,oom ,oo 00 10000 10000 10000 ... 100.00 10000 100.00
�
� � a, o
1•
-
1
1 10000
1CG.(liJ
2 10000 1:J 1CIQ..01 ..
- - 100.m
-
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:: :� =� = -- - -...
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Robin Hood's Cave, 196q, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from la�er nB.
932 O 56 771
11 2 ,3
08� 06J o SJ
19.
2 1S
2 -
2 1 '1 2
70 8J 6687 2500
8
17 2 2 -
-
66 67
-
1 1
-
•
6667 100.00 ,oo00 ,oo.ro
)> z o )>
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2 10000 1 10000 1 Jl.JJ
-
1 08 O 75
-
JJJJ
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AVES sp
Ad FLAIIIMEA T c1 TOROUATI.IS C. IIIONEDULA
L. IIIUT\JS
L. LAGOl'US
L. TIMIDUS F. TINNUNCULIJS
APODEMUS11>.
L. LEMMUS O TOROUATIJS
"-. TERRESTRIS M. AGRESTIS
R. TARANOUS
EOUUS11>.
C.CROCUTA d A LAGOPUS C. ANTIOUITATIS
T. EUROPAEA
TOTAL INOETERMINATE FRAGIIIENTS TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL INOIVIDUALS
TOTAL IOENTIFIEO FRAGIIIENTS
TUWINATE.
INOE-
SPECIEI:
1
O 56
l0e
2511
141'1
en
"'
-
5000 -
17 21
11
5
75
?!, -
8
-
-
l -
12
12
-
12
4.32
12.24
il000
11'
X
� �
2
-
-
Dn
-
2 g
4
1 11 2 ti
435
10 16
-
8
1
4
•
2M
816
-
10 21
llUII
� t
i 10
4
2
2
1
3.11 lAO
408
5 13
9011
4000
X e
1
1
-
-
1
-
o...
1 02 -
2 56
-
6
2 1
4
1
,.12 1 n 2•
2.17
10..'8
9011
10000
z ►
1
-
1
-
-
-
tQI
0511 0.3S
..,
m r < ¡;;
u ,.
1
12
l.06
,n 5.75
,O.CID
13.C)lll
m :!::
-
1 1
'ta 222 2•
1
1 -
J..JI 1.lll
1 -
5.13 JJ.l3 10000
-◄ iii :;;
1 .D:2
2 5'
Robin Hood's Cave, 1969� anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer LSB.
1.91
l'S51
20.!1
20.00
-
-
" ..
45.45
X
"'-◄
-◄
;
�
en
J 7500 1 5000 S 10000
20.
9 .,_ 10.07
11 27
1 100.00 6 8571 t 10000 -
2 10000
t
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
-
-
" ..
e :!::
-
1 1
1
2
-
&.12 1.11 2•
1.lO :10.00
10
-
10
-
-
-
-
1 100.00 2 • ., -
tac oo
1
2 511
lM
10..JD
:1051
2500
, ,oo.c»
1
-
-
�
...
D
1
1
.. 211 7.11
1M 7.71
-◄
"
100.ao HXUJD
1111.a
100 00
1111.a
100.00 100.00
11111111 10000 100.00
10000 100.00
100.00 100.00
�
a,
�
::¡
10D00
100.IIO
-100.0,
- 1000D
5
.,
S2
, ,cmao
--
10000 1 10000 2 100.00
J
1 :19 1 1
J
- 110 - 779
-
-
2.71
, ,. -
771
11.11
7,.
,, , ,.
2 5 11 16 7
556
2.71 1.33 18" 271
N 1 4
"
271 5 56
• ,oa.- -
-
.,., -
5U1 , llD.00
2
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RODENTIA SI>. MAMMALIA IP.
P.cfPtCI
P.cf 5Quatornl,
C CAOCUTA V. VULPES C. ANTIOUITATtS EOU\JS1'). R TARANDUS C. 1 l!EX O TOROUATUS L Tl'-'IIDUS F TINNUNCULUS L. LAGOPUS LAGOPus,.,
TOTAL IDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDETERMINATE FR ..GMENTS TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDIVIDUALS
INOETERMINATE:
Sl'ECIES:
"e
StJ 1 03 170
21.
4107 929 1839
138
U&&
Jlll ,. 28
•
4
!
..
29'1
1016
•2116
5
1
2 256
•>e
36"
J 09
2
513 7DI
1 1 1 1
�
1 OJ 0.73 2.20
Ht9
10000
',000 100 00
1
1
m r < ¡;;
5
2
1
i
S13 1 JOI J• 1
1•18
é» >
013
-
!
-
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragrnents from layer B/A.
2!,
2
8
1 1
16
66 67
1667
1
"J -
1
10000
J
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
J 3
2 1
l ot 2.20
, ... 2 38
,.
"
10 JO
38
n11 51 ..
0041
n sa,1
ª ..
1
17
100.00
1171
1117 1177 2 2
.... .. ·.·--. ...• " "" 2
2
N
..
10000 10001 10000 10000
1 10000
1 10000
2 10000
1 100.00 J t(l).00 1 - ,. 1 10000
7 1(X)()()
l 6 4 1
10000
,. 100QD
17 10000
M 911118 42 10000
1
. --
N
CO
�
1
ROOENTIA _,_ MAMMALIA1'J.
LAGOPUS_, C. MONEOULA
L. MUTUS
TOTAL INOETERMINATE FRAGMENTS TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
..
22.
1•
,
-
1
12
15.19
3243 9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
11 84
.,. J2
1
1
-
,. "
9000
11'
:;;
:D
:z: o
1 32
210
11.50
1
-
-
,. "
�
:D
2 .. 1 l2
210
-
2
-
2
,. "
►
►
� �
2.a:I
541
25.00
,.
2
2
"
li
�
:z: e:
2.a
s.,,
12.!iO 5000
1.32
12.!iO
,.
-
-
"
2.70
-
,.
-
-
,. "
►
e: ,z
1
-
-
" -
2• 1.32
ll0.00
,.
-
-
-
-
N
,.
i
m 3:
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, anatomical variation of vertebrate fragments from layer A.
1.32
-
25.00
12
10000
2
R TARANOUS
EOUUS si,.
100.00
L. TIMIOUS F. TINNUNCULUS L.cl LAGOPUS
2 100 00
100.00
3 1
110
-
7
,. "
C. ANTIOUITATIS
-
100.00
,. "
m m
-1
)> m
�
"' .,,
10000
50.00 541
1
,. "
)>
3:
z
2
V. VULPES M. PRIMIGENIUS
C CROCUTA C. LUPUS
TOTAL 1OENTIF1EO FRAGMENTS
TE-INATE:
INOE-
SPECIEI:
�
"'"'
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
◄
1
"
1.10 2 .. 5.lll
210
100.00
50.00
-
-
-
,. "
12.50
-< ¡;; ;;
-
- -
-
,. " ,. "
3:
�
e:
� �
►
G')
►
,...o►
o
;l
�
-
-
-
◄
◄
2 1
1
,. "
-
5.:1!1
10.81
1 1 2
-
1
•.., -100.00
10000
-
,. "
2.10 2• 2.83
2.70
100,00
-
-
-
,. "
,..)> "'
�
,. "
o
o
1.n
2.70
-
32 J2
-
J2
-
,. "
l3.33
o
�o
-
12.05 ,2.11
-
-
-
-
.
a.oo
-
100.00
l!O
-
1'8
31
2
100.02
100.00
\00.00
.--..
100.00 100.00 100.00
J 1 1
100.00 100.00
100.00 100.00 100.00
1 2 1
1 10
- J1 - =-
5.00
-
500
5.00
a.oo
10.00 1.00
30.00
,. 100.00 100.00
!
o
,-
o -1
-1
2 100.00 2 100.00 J 100 00
2 \
,. " 5.00 5.00 500 500 10.00
�
o
r-n :o
-
N
��
-
-
-
)>
º� CJ m ºº z
-n -i :o o l> -i ('") )> -irC Cl :o z m l>
- - 30.00 100.00 - 1 100.00 - 2 100.00 - 1 100.00 - - - 6 10.90 - 39 97.50 -
- 1 - 2 - 1 - 7 - - 3 - 1
-
-
%
m
CJl �
ºº
Cl -i zO l> -i � l> m' CJ o o s: z ""0 m r-
-
-
100.00 100.00
1 2
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, attrítion analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer USB.
-
100.00
2
-
100.00
40
99.99
99.99
100.00
55
1
100.00
100.00
1
1
100.00
10
100.00
100.00
3 3
100.00
100.00
100.00
7
1
2
100.00
1
- 132
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.00 100.00
1
%
1
-
-
N
%
CJl
o -i l> rCJ o z m
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, attrítion analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer OB.
TOTALFRAGMENTS TOTALUNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTALDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
INDETERMINATE:
�ECIES:
%
N
CJl
o s: rm -i m CJ o z m
('")
-i o -i l> r-
FRACTURE PATTERN
CHIROPTERAsp. RODENTIAsp. MAMMALIAsp.
INDETERMINATE:
TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGED FRAGMENTS
AVESsp.
T. EUROPAEA C. CROCUTA M. MARTES C. LUPUS V. VULPES U. ARCTOS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp M. GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS M. AGRESTIS L. LEMMUS D. TORQUATUS A. SYLVATICUS O. PUSILLA L. TIMIDUS A. cf PLATYRHYNCHOS B. CLANGULA A. GENTILIS F. TINNUNCULUS L. LAGOPUS L. MUTUS T. TETRIX DENDROCOPS cf MAJOR T. cf TOROUATUS T. cf PI LARIS G. GLANDARIUS C. MONEDULA RANA sp SPECIES:
-
-
75.00
100.00
1
-
-
79 79
-
16.lfl
16.39
-
1.49 4
-
23.66 22
-
-
3 100.00 - -
33.33 1
100.00
50.00
3
2
1
- 60.00 1 1 100.00 66.67 6 75.00 3 100.00 1 100.00 1
84.21
100.00
100.00 2 1
100.00 1
100.00
100.00
3
2
-
16
-
-
-
N
o
:E m
)>
z
C)
m
--i
m
CJ ('") 00 z� m-c en r-
- 4.17
-
-
33.33
33.33
-
100.00
'l,,
-
1
-
1
1
-
1
N
en
m
z
o
CJ
m
--i
m
""0
o
('")
,
-
83.81%
-
83.20
100.00
98.51
76.34
-n Cl
::oz :E ('") --im
o
-
-
(/)
z m
CJ
CJ
o
%
100.00
-
-
0.41 482
'
-
-
100.00
,oo.oo
100.00
100.00
- 268
-
100.00
100.00
3 2
100.00 100.00 1
100.00 3 4
100.00 100.00
1
2
100.00
100.00 1
100.00
9
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
4
1
2
1
2
19
100.00
100.00 2 2 1
100.00 100.00
1
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
en
z m
3
8
3
24
4
6
4
3
1
2
1
N
-i --i )>
93
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
%
33.33
oz O
�)>
Co
)> )>
2
-
-
- -
100.00
264
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
N
- - - 15.79 50.00 100.00 50.00 - 33.33 25.00 - - - 66.67 25.00 - -
100.00
100.00
95.83
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
2
- 403
-
-
%
100.00
CJl
m
z
-i e :o m o CJ o
-n :o
)> ('")
71
-
1
2
-
1
3
-
1
1
1
3
-
-
-
8
3
23
4
4
3
2
1
2
-
N
- 401
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
%
FRACTURE PATTERN
FRACTURE PATTERN (")
CD(")
o
m
(/) r m -1 m
CD
G')
m
-1
z (/)
"
N
T. EUROPAEA C. CROCUTA A.LAGOPUS C. ANTIOUITAT I S EOUUS sp. R. TARANDUS A. TERRESTRIS M. AGRESTIS L. LEMMUS D TOROUATUS APODEMUS sp. L. TIMIDUS F. TINNUNCULUS L. LAGOPUS L. MUTUS A. cfFLAMMEA T. cf TOROUATUS C. MONEDULA
INOETERMINATE:
RODENTIA sp. MAMMALIA sp. AVES sp,
TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
27.
1
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
6
85.71
,
100.00
27
69.23
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
66.67
1
100.00
2
100.00
-
-
79.35 ·.
73
4
4.82
1
20.00
12
o
m
o
-
r
m�
o z
�m
"
(/) m
CD
►
(/)
e o
z
G')
m
o
::z,
m
o
►
CD C)
-1
-1
-1
oz Z
:X, )> (")
(l)r m
-1 m
SPECIES:
.,,
CD(")
00 zs::: m�
m
28.
G').,,
►►
►
m
-1 o
z:x,
0::D Z► mn
z
o
SPECIE :
CD-,,
00 zs::: m�
s:::
-
-
-
N
100 00
6
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
7
100.00
2
100.00
3
100.00 100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
-
65
100.00
42
100.00
-
-
-
-
136
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Robin Hood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer B/A. 201
"
3
7
- - -
"
-
FRACTURE PATTERN CD -i
z -i m l> CJlr n
o
�
3:: r m -i
m
SPECIES:
-
C. CROCUTA e LUPUS V. VULPES M. PRIMIGENIUS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp. R. TARANDUS L. TIMIDUS
-
F TINNUNCULUS
L. et LAGOPUS L. MUTUS LAGOPUS sp. C. MONEDULA
INDETERMINATE:
RODENTIA sp. MAMMALIA sp
TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDA.1 GED FA G ENT
,, :o
l> r CD
o
CD :O o)> zn m-"i Vl C
)> n 4 e :o m
z m
u,
o
%
N
%
-
-
2
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
2
100.00
10.00
6
75.00
-
2
100.00
-
3
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
60.00
-
1
2.70
-
15
19.74
-
15
19.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
100.00
1
100.00
9
90.00
2
26.00
1
100.00
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.00
1
60.00
36
97.80
61
80.26
61
80.26
-
-
-
-
N
%
-
-
-
-
N
%
2
100.00
1
100.00
-
2
100 00
-
2
100.00
-
3
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
10
100.00
8
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
37
100.00
76
100.00
-
-
-
Robín Hood's Cave, 1969, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from layer A.
OUARTZITE
FLINl (/) ()
;;¡::,
_,
)>
m
;;¡::,
� o_, _,
i
,,
e
)>
r
r
;,,;;
m
�
Ñ
m
:E
)> (/)
-i
m
Vl ()
o
_,
r
)>
;,,;;
(/)
)>
m (/)
30.
-i
o 4
o,,
N
1
-
TOTAL DAMAGED FRAGMENTS
29.
-
-
Gl -i zo l> -i )> :::¡;: r m
12"
�
N
CD -i 00 z -i m l> CJlr
Gl -i zo l> 4 l> :::¡;: r m on CD 0 o3:: z� mr Ul m 4 m
00
"T1
)>
m
"T1
r
--1
o
--1
r
;,,;;
m
(/)
HEATH 1875 (PROBABLY CHURCH HOLE CAVE)
-
-
-
-
1
1
MELLO & DAWKINS 1875-77 CRESWELL CAVES
1
8
3
3
3
18
TOTAL "MIXED" MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARTEFACTS
1
8
3
3
4
19
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, variation of middle palaeolithic artefacts 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Hole Cave, Robín Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
202
['\)
o
\>l
A
Creswell Caves, 1875-77, variation of upper palaeolithic artefacts 'mixed' during the excavation of Church Hole Gave, Robín Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Role Cave.
56
14 13 4 1 3
1
1
1
3
2
TOTAL "MIXED" ARTEFACTS
31.
48 12 10 2
8
1
2
1
3
-
2
o
(")
I m
U)oe
OJe rz ► ::D Om m-1
1
-
o
U)(")
"Tl ::D
rm ►-1 ;;-:;o me I m
-
2
o
OJ ::D rm ►-1 00 me U)(") I m
3
1
::D
(") ::D
U) ► ¡::, m U)
o
m z
2
-
U)
::D
¡::,
► m
(") ::D
U)
m
-
o
(/)
MELLO & DAWKINS 1875-77 CRESWELL CAVES
1
o
m
A
U)
► :E r
-
-
o
)> (")
U)
A
z < m
HEATH 1875 (PROBABLY CHURCH HOLE CAVE)
U)
m
)>
o
m
o
(")
OJ
r
o
m
A
(")
OI -o Ze -Ir m ::D m
'"O U) º'"O º(") -z z zG) < U)º �� OJ
'"O
► Oz -1r U>m OJ ►
OJ ►
292
317 218
25
)>
o-1
212
6
o
-ne rz ► ::D Am m-1 U>Q e (") I m
o �
f\.)
SPECIEI:
TOTAL
R T•RANOUS M GIGANTEUS 8 PRISCUS
S SCROFA
F LEO C LUl'VS V VUU'ES U ARCTOS M. MELES M PRIMIGENIUS C ANTIOUITATIS EOUUSoc>
C CROCUTA
32 .
.,
1
29
"'"
J,.)4
100
143
064 23"
406
,,
71 18
..
51
l.911011
351 1'00 146
-
-
-
-
U.94 ,...
11.21 ,.. 1 :1000 H.IO -
36 8" 25.93 1 ,.. 4-1.29 10.00 13.17 90112 71.11
. .... ..
4 75
15.1'11 7 18.87 14 14 77 1 ,.. 3000 1 - 41 027 228 1.34 ne
1'
>
� �•
Sl.• 2IO
-
7
..
7 2
2
e
1 -
-
1 -
-
-
TorN 2.H•
2.•1
2 !10 500
081
711'5 2.)0
5 29
JJ,4
"'°
2 90
O ll
a
,
� 1;; �>
12 2 l
1
,.211
1.01 r.oo o..n •
1 2 •
2.70 20 4 O.M
2.27 -
0.18
1'
1.a
3.21 500 s.10
&.39 \.JII
IJM 2 lO l0.00
105
a
,
12 1
-
l
o..n
O 71
l.n 0.J.4
053 529 1111 9.08
25
2
-
,. -
J 2
>
�z
1.2'1
4.31
-
2.71
05l
22
1
1
4
&
¡¡;
.,, ,..m
..
157
1.a
1.3
2.A4
-
10.00
,
14.29
l.111
m
...
311
12
-
3
-
17
2
< ¡¡;
.a71
14.12
8.12
1.02
a.oo
35
2
2
215
2
...
m 1:
4.•
&..lit
22.22
-
4.0I
10.33
14.211
11
2
,,
1
2
3
1
J
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RAW MATERIALS
TOTAL ARTEFACTS
UNPLOTTED ARTEFACTS
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48. Pin Role Cave, 1924, attr ition analysis of vert ebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level
SPECIES:
o.
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e
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100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
-
8
100.00
50
100.00
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
-
-
-
-
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-
-
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3
100.00
2
100.00
10
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9
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3
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39
100.00
11
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
243
100.00
26
100.00
16
100.00
- 611
99.20
74
100.00
81
100.00
6
100.00
0.66 h365
99.99
9.46
-
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T EUROPAEA R Hl�IOEROS M NATTERERI M DAU8ENTONI , AUFHT\JS N LEISLfRI 8 BAR8ASTELLUS P "PISTRELLUS C. CROCUTA F SYLVESTRIS F LEO M P\JTOAIUS M EAWINEA M.MELES C. LU1'US V IIUU'ES C FAMILIARIS u 4RCTOS C 4NTOUITATIS eouus., S SCROF4 R TAR4NOVS IISONIP S. VULG4RIS S IOAJOR IO AVELLEN4RIUS C GLAREOLUS M. ARVALIS IO 4GRESTIS IO OECOHOMUS " GREG4LIS L lEIOMUS D TOROU4TUS "- FLAVICOLLUS A RATTUS L TIMIOUS "- CINEREA C CICONEA M NIGRA F TINNUNCULUS l MUTVS L LAGOPUS LAGOPUS., T TnRIX , PEROIX C HIATICULA N 4RClU4TA T 4LBA S. ALUCO A. A..RVE:NSIS H RUSTICA S VULGARIS G GLAH04RIUS P.PICA C MOHEDVLA $. 4TTRICAIIPILL.A C CINQJLUS E RUBEC:UL.A T TOROU4T\IS T. WEAUL.A T. IU4CUS T. l'HILDMELOS T. VISOJT\JS T l'IL.AIUS P. WAJOII S EUIIOPAEA P. OOIIIESCTICUS F MOHTIFRINGELLA P. l'YIIIIHULA C. OOCCOT>
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P SAURIA1p E. LUCIUS CYPRINIO 1p P. FLESCUS CHIROPTERA IP INOTERMIN- CARNIVOAA IP AODENTIA sp ATE: MAMMALIA IP PISCES 1p AVES,p EGG SHELL
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Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragmen ts from stratigraphic level 2.
PECIH: A Hl�SIOEROS M MYST ACINUS M NATTERERI C. CROCUTA F. SYLVESTAIS F. LEO M. EAMINEA M MELES C. LU'US C. FAMILIARUS V VULPES U. AACTOS M. l'RIMIGENIUS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS,p 1 S. SCROFA M GIGANTEUS R. TAAANOVS O. ARIES C. HIRCUS l. l'RISCUS A. Tl:RRESTRIS M. GREGALIS L. LEMMUS O. TOROUATUS A. FLAVICOLLUS L. TIMIOUS A. CINEREA A. ANSER l. LECOl'SIS A. IRACHYRHYNCHUS M. MERGANSER 1 A. CHRYSAETOS F. TINNUNCULUS l.LAGOPUS L. MUnJS 1 LAGOl'USap T. TETRIX l'.l'EROIX 1
....m
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TUS-, OtlRCPTEIIIJAe CARNIVOIIA•
C IOOHEOULA C.COR"-X O OHANTHf •."'LLUS L TIMIOUS A.Cl.,.ERE.A "- AHSER B BERNIC1JLA "- ALBIFROHS "-"°"ELOPE "- CRECU. "- •LAT'U.JMBARIUS F TINHUHOJLUS L L.AG0PVS L. MUTUS LAGOP'VS• T TETRIX • "°ROIX G CH LOROP\JS V V.tr.HELLUS •- SOUATOAOLA P A.,RICARIA "-1,;TEArl.JS C OENAS S. ULULA T AUA A.. ARVENSIS 11 III.ISTICA $ 11\JLGARIS
EOUUSw R TARAHOUS B •RISCUS C GLAREOLUS M OEC()oo()MUS M GREGAllS
C A.NTIOUITATIS
S MINUT1JS S A.RAENUS T EURO,AEA M lrlfYSTACINUS R HIP'POSIOEROS M NATTERERI M O"UBENTONI P AUAITVS N LEISLERI C CROCIJTA F sYLIIESTRIS F LEO M "VTORIUS M ERMINEA li& MELE!l C LUl'\JS V VULJl'ES U ARCTOS M PFUMIGENIUS
TOTAL IOE"NTIFIED FPIAGMEHTS TOTAL INOETERIIINAT'E FIIIAGMEH"n TOTAL FRAGMENT$ TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
Tf-lNATl.
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SPECI ES:
INOETERMINATE:
R.HIPPOSIDEROS M. MYSTACINUS C. CROCUTA M. ERMINEA N NIVALIS M. MELES C.LUPUS V. VULPES U. ARCTOS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp R. TARANDUS B. PRISCUS C. GLAREOLUS M.OECONOMUS L. LEMMUS D.TOROUATUS L. TIMIDUS B.LECOPSIS A.BRACHYRYNCHOS M. MERGANSER F. TINNUNCULUS L MUTUS L LAGOPUS LAGOPUS sp P. PERDIX A. INTERPUS N. PHREOPUS T.NEBULARIA A. FLAMMEUS A. ARVENSIS H. RUSTICA S. VULGARIS C. MONEDULA P. PHOENICURUS E. RUBECULA T. ILIACUS T. PHILOMELOS P. NIVALIS RANA sp SALMO sp E. LUCIUS L. CEPHALUS PLECOTUS sp CHIROPTERAsp CARNIVORA sp LAGOMORPHAsp RODENTIA sp MAMMAL!Asp PISCES sp AVES sp EGGS
TOTAL TOTAL UNOAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTALDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
58.
%
7
100.00
..,,
:D )> () 4 e :D o N
%
N
N
�!20
en
N
%
-
-
7
100.00
20.00
-
5
100.00
68.18
7
15.91
44
100.00
2
100.00
-
1
100.00
2
100.00
N
-
-
1 30
o z m en
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%
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-
4 o 4 r
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%
4
80 00
7
15.91
-
1
50.00
-
-
1
50.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
82.76
1
3.45
29
100.00
24
88.89
-
-
27
100.00
11
40.74
4
14.81
27
99.99
20
76.92
5
19.23
100.00
30
85.71
-
-
26 35
100.00
68
86.08
7
8.86
79
100.00
10
83.33
2
16.67
12
100.00
-
-
4
100.00
6
85.71
-
7
100.00
19
29.23
10
14.29
10
76.92
1
33.33
-
-
-
3
33.33
1
100.00
2
100.00
4
13.79
3
11.11
12
44.44
1
3.85
5
14.29
4
-
5.06
4
100 00
1
14.29
46
70.77
60
85.71
-
3
23.08
2
66.67
1
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
6
66.67
8
66.67
2
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
1
33.33
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
2
100.00
3
60.00
9
81.82
1
100.00
1
50.00
2
33.33
8
72.73
-
-
13
100.00
-
-
2
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
33.33
-
-
2
66.67
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
40.00
2
18.18
-
-
1
50.00
4
66.67
3
27.27
1
-
100.00
1
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
100.00
2
5.88
4
44.44
90
30.61
1
0.69
2
66.67
25
46.30
-
-
-
-
-
383
34.17
-
-
383
34.17%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
-
-
- 32 5 - 204 8 1
94.12
29
53.70
6
100.00
55.56 69.39
-
-
5.52 136 33.33
-
-
576
51.38 162
738
65.83%
-
-
65
100.00
70
100.00
13
100.00
3
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
3
100.00
9
100.00
12
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
3
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
2
100.00
2
100.00
5
100.00
11
100.00
-
-
1
100.00
2
100.00
6
100.00
11
100.00
1
100.00
13
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
21
100.00
34
100.00
9
100.00
294
100.00
93.79 145
100.00
3
100.00
54
100.00
6
100.00
14.45 1121
100.00
-
-
-
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition an alysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 5. 229
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(JJ -i 00 Z -i m )> en r "TI :D )> (') -i e :D m o
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-i o -i )> r (JJ
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m en
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N
N
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
2
100.00
62
100.00
1
100.00
11.29
-
50
8.06
80.65
1
100.00
1
3.57
-
24
85.71
10.71
28
99.99
3
1.46
-
203
98.54
-
206
100.00
22
55.00
2.50 -
14
35.00
3
7.50
40
100.00
38
92.68
3
7.32
41
100.00
-
38
66.67
19
33.33
57
100.00
2
3.39
59
100.00
14
23.73
-
43
72.88
1
25.00
-
3
75.00
4
100.00
-
2
100.00
2
100.00
16
20.51
-
38
48.71
24
30.77
78
99.99
4
17.39
-
15
65.22
4
17.39
23
100.00
2
50.00
-
2
50.00
4
100.00
1
100,00
1
100,00
34
66.67
-
17
33.33
-
51
100.00
31
78.72
-
10
21.28
-
47
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
36.36
-
11
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
63.64 1
100.00
4
100.00 2
100.00
4
100.00
2
100.00
3
100.00
3
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00 100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
5
100.00
5
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
50.00
4
80.00
11
100.00
1
50.00
2
100.00
4
100.00
-
4
100.00
1
20.00
-
5
100.00
-
11
100.00
1
100.00
9.52
42
99.99
8
100.00
-
745
100.00
85.90 -
78
100.00
3
100.00
12
100.00
8.08 1659
100.00
1
100.00
2
4.76
-
36
85.71
4
50.00
-
4
50.00
438
58.79
-
307
41.21
6
7.69
5
6.41
3
100.00
11
91.67
1
8.33
641
38.64
-
0.06 883
4
67
53.22 134
641 : 38.64% 1018 : 61.36%
�in Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 6.
231
N \..Ñ N
1
AVES sp
MAMMALIAsp
RODENTIA sp
LAGOMORPHA sp
CARNIVORA,p
PERCAsp
T. THYMALLUS
RANAsp
T. VISCUTUS
T. MERULA
C.CORAX
C.MONEDULA
S. VULGARIS
C. CANNABINA
A. ARVENSIS
A. MELBA
LAGOP\JSsp
L. LAGOPUS
L MUTUS
F. TINNUNCULUS
A. CINEREA
L. TIMIOUS
D. TOROUATUS
L LEMMUS
M. GREGALIS
A. TERRESTRIS
B. PRISCUS
R. TARANDUS
1,1_ GIGANTEUS
EOUUSsp
C. ANTIOUITATUS
M. PRll,IIGENIUS
U ARCTOS
V VULPES
C. LUPUS
M. 1,1ELES
M ERMINEA
M. PUTORIUS
F. LEO
F. SYLVESTRIS
C.CROCIJTA
TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
TOTAL FRAGMENTS
61.
TOTAL INDETERMINATE FRAGMENTS
TOTAL IOENTIFIED FRAGMENTS
TERMINATE:
INDE-
IPECIES:
-
-
-
...
13
54
••
1
12
2.5"
17
212
2
3
12
&
-
•.a2 m
6.82
e.01 -
10.00
63...
100.00
-
-
22
1
20
:JI
10
,.
40
ta
I
-
40
-
-
•.113
20.ae
211.04
1.10
e.oe
30.00
...11
-
21
77
-
-
-
27
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17 .14
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17.14
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1.92
1.08
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1.12
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FRACTURE PATTERN OJ --i
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--i
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z
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m --i m
C.8ROCUTA F. SYLVESTRIS F. LEO M. PUTORIUS M. ERMINEA M. MELES e.LUPUS V. VULPES U. ARCTOS M. PRIMIGENIUS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp M. GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS B.PRISCUS A. TERRESTRIS M. GREGALIS L. LEMMUS D. TOROUATUS L. TIMIDUS A. CINEREA F. TINNUNCULUS L. MUTUS L. LAGOPUS LAGOPUS sp A. ME A A. ARVENSIS C. CANNABINA S. VULGARIS C. MONEDULA C. CORAX T.MERU T. VISCUTUS RANA sp T. T HYMALLUS PERCA sp CARNIVORA sp INDETERMINATE: LAGOMORPHA sp RODENTIA sp MAMMALIA sp AVES sp TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGED FRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGED FRAGMENTS
62.
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r
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N
%
N
13
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-
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m
4
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6
22.22
1
3.70
7
-
-
20.00
-
6
8.33
2
18.18
2
100.00
1
100.00
8
100.00
7
53.85
1
100.00
-
-
2
100.00
3
27.27
2
100.00
5
100.00
2
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.0ü
1
25.00
4
100.00
2
100.00
11
78.57
301
100.00
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N
-
4
-
6.56
2
50.00
2
50.00
1
50.00
1
33.33
-
93.18
-
18
66.67
2
100.00
-
-
10 39
75.00
13
2.86
23
65.71
1
50.00
58
80.56
8
6
54.55
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
75.00
-
3
-
1
-
21.43
-
100.00
-
24
100.00
44
100.00
7.41
27
100.00
-
100.00
2
100.00
11.11
72
100.00
27.27
11
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.71
-
-
33
94.29
3
5
50.00
97
49.24
100
50.76
4
3.81
14
13.33
14
70.00
-
30.00
6
30.00
-
524
47.77
5
442
40.29
126
0.46
100.00
8.33
35
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1
11.43
2
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-
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100.00
4
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100.00
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1
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72.73
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8
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4
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6
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61
10
2
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%
%
41
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2
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e
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1
50.00
-
-
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2
1
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o
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:o
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o
SPECIES:
00
m
r
(")
'TI --i
OJ --i
zo
00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
100.00
13
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
11
100.00
2
100.00
5
100.00
2
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
4
100.00
2
100.00
14
100.00
301
100.00
1
100.00
35
100.00
10
100.00
197
100.00
105
100.00
-
-
87
82.86
20
100.00
11.49 1097
100.01
-
524: 47.77% 573 : 58.40%
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 7.
233
I'\.)
�
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CAIINIVORA sp RODENTIA1P MAMMALIAII) AVESt11
L. TIMIOUS B.BERNICULA A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS T FERRUGENEA F. TINNUNCULUS L.MUT1JS LAGOPIJSsp C. MONEOULA e.CORONE T. THYMALLUS E. LUCIUS CYPRINID ,o
C CROCUTA F LEO MPUTORIUS M MELES C LUPUS V VULPES U. ARCTOS M. PRIMIGENIUS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp M. GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS B. PRISCVS L. LEMMUS D. TOROUATUS A. FLAVICOLLIS
TOTAL IDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDETERMINATEFRAGMENTS TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDtVtOVALS
TtRMINATt:
IN�-
IPECIEI:
. 1 :a 7
867
"
81
"''"
79.20
• 1
1
3.39
00 20.
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8 1 8 . 7
50. 110
14:D.'13
50 110 2 J3.3l -
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Pin Role Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 8.
•1• 32.ll 15 333 22 • 1.JII 4 1.1) 1 ... ,. ,, ,. 1 J- :D 1
-
2
1 -
2 .e7 N 1 10000
ll.D0
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1IO.IID1IO.IID-
"'
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
-
2.IJ
• o
1
-
1 1
◄ 1
-
1
-
J 1
:ID.00
7 IIM 3 1 4. 21 1 2
-
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ll.67
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-
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100.00 00 30,
5 13 ll..Jl-
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a.u 1 4.1 2 7 1 1 17 . 1 2.1 3
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92 1
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FRACTURE PATTERN Cil -i
C) -i
Ul r
)> )> :E r m o(") Cil
-i z m )>
o m -i m
C.CROCUTA F. LEO M. PUTORIUS M.MELES C. LUPUS V. VULPES U.ARCTOS M. PRIMIGENIUS C. ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp M.GIGANTEUS R.TARANDUS B. PRISCUS L.LEMMUS D.TOROUATUS A. FLAVICOLLIS L. TIMIDUS B. BERNICULA A. BRACH YRNYNCHUS T.FERRUGENEA F. TINNUNCULUS L. MUTUS LAGOPUS sp C. MONEDULA C. CORONE T.THYMALLUS E.LUCIUS CYPRINID sp CARNIVORA sp INDETERMINATE: RODENTIA sp MAMMALIA sp AVES sp TOTALFRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGEMENTS TOTAL DAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
64.
-i z m )>
Ul
m
100.00
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
20
100.00
1 -
7.14
14
99.99
24
100.00
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-
50.00 -
15.00
14
70.00
12
85.71
17
70.83
-
-
1
100.00
3 -
-
2
66.67
1 -
50.00
-
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2
33.33
29.17 -
3
-
-
1
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% 99.99
N
1
7.14
N
78
% 83.33
1.28 -
r
o z
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65
%
N
z
Cil
�!20
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%
o -i
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15.38
15.00
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-i e
N
3
r
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-i
o
)> -i (") )> -i r e C1 :I) m o )> Cil :E m
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1
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00
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SPECIE :
Cil -i
zo -i
00
%
-
-
-
1 -
16.67 -
5
88.33
-
-
6
99.99
32
22.73
12
27.27
44
100.00
1
2
4.26
47
100.01
1
100.00
13
27.66
1
100.00
-
2.13 -
31 -
65.96 -
-
13
22.03
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-
41
69.49
5
8.47
59
99.99
2
28.57
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-
3
42.86
2
28.57
7
100.00
-
2 -
50.00
4
100.00
2
50.00
-
3
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
20.00
-
2
66.67
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
80.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
33.33
-
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
-
106
100.00
-
12
100.00
-
4
100.00
3
11.11
5
100.00
6
15.79
2
25.00
-
207
39.13
6
207
39.13%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 24 - ... 6
75.00
262
49.53
1.13
88.89 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
5
100.00
-
-
-
100.00 100.00
1
100.00 100.00
12
100.00
-
-
3 1 106 4
100.00
27
100.00
-
-
5
100.00
32
-
84.21 -
38
100.00
8
100.00
54
10.21
529
100.00
322: 60.87%
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 8.
235
3
M. NIGRA
�ISCES 11>
EGG SHELL
AVES11>
MAMMALIA,p
ROOENTIA 1P
CARNIVORA 1P
T. THYMALLUS
E. LUCIUS
T. ILIACUS
C.CORAX
C. CORONE
C. PALUMBUS
G. GALLINAGO
LAGOP\JS,p
L. MUTUS
L. LAGOPUS
TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
TOTAL FRAGMENTS
TOTAL INOETEAMINATE FRAGMENTS
TOTAL IOENTIFIEO FRAGMENTS
TERMINATE:
INOf-
A. PLATYRHYNCHOS
A ALBIFRONS
O'\
\.>l
A. ANSER
B. BERNICULA
C.CICONEA
L TIMIOUS
O. TOROUATUS
L. LEMMUS
M GREGALIS
A. TERRESTRIS
SPERMOPHILUS sp
B. PRISCIJS
R. TARANOUS
M. GIGANTEUS
EOUUS,p
C. ANTIOUITATIS
M. PRIMIGENIUS
U. ARCTOS
V. VULPES
C. LUPUS
M. PUTORIUS
F. LEO
C. CROCIJTA
('\)
SPECIEI:
e.n
1
,
4
se
1
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4.21
-1
10.00
11.11
-
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n.11
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32
7!1.00
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10.31 230
7.13
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10
1
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1149 216
Ja.11 -
87 ..50
80.00
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14
3
1.33
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1.14
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14
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l
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9
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1
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SPECIES:
INDE-
TE MINATE:
C. CROCUTA F. LEO M. PUTORIUS C. LUPUS V. VULPES U.ARCTOS M.PRIMIGENIUS C.ANTIOUITATIS EQUUS sp M.GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS B. PRISCUS SPERMOPHILUS sp A. TERRESTRIS M. GREGALIS L. LEMMUS D. TOROUATUS L. TIMIDUS C. CICONEA B. BERNICULA A. ANSER A. ALBIFRONS A. PLATYRHYNCHOS M. NIG�A L. LAGOPUS L. MUTUS LAGOPUS sp G. GALLINAGO C. PALUMBUS C. CORONE C. CORAX T. ILIACUS E. LUCIUS T. THYMALLUS CARNIVORA sp RODENTIA sp MAMMALIA sp AVES sp EGG SHELL PISCES sp
TOTALFRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
66.
%
N
)> r
o z
o z () m -l
-l e ::Il m o %
-l
o
)> -l :E )> mr o "T1 CD ::Il )>
()
en N
G) -l z0
CD -l 00 -l m )> en r "T1 ::Il )>
)> -l :E )> mr o () CD 0
m en
en e ::Il m o
N
%
N
!(O
%
81
99.98
10
100.00
1
100.00
9
100.00
-
47
100.00
1
8.33
12
100.00
75.00
2
25.00
8
100.00
39
81.25
9
18. 7 5
48
100.00
7 .31
30
73.1 7
3
41
99.98
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3
7 5.00
-
7 .31
4
100.00
-
55
69.62
8
10.12
79
99.99
42.86 -
6 -
42.86 -
14
100.00
-
6 -
1
100 00
-
2
66.66
-
-
-
3
99.99
5
100.00
-
16
100.00
15
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
2
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
2
100 00
3
100.00
8.64 -
3 -
3. 7 0 -
65
80.24
7
8
80.00
-
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
8
88.89
-
-
-
44
93.62
-
-
6
50.00
-
-
6
-
-
-
5
12.19
1
25.00
3 -
16
20.25
2
14.28
1
100.00
1
33.33
5
100.00
-
14
87.50
-
12
80.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
50.00
6
7.40
2 -
20.00
1
11.11
-
-
3
6.38
-
5 -
41.6 7 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.00
1
-
100.00 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
88.89
-
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
-
3
100.00
155
24. 7 2
-
3
100.00
-
2
100.00
-
-
11.11
-
-
-
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
ll
9
100.00
-
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
2
1
1
100.00
-
4
100.00
-
33
100.00
00
4
100.00
-
-
-
24
92.30
99.99
17
45.95
-
-
26
-
37
100.00
1
1.14 -
19
21.59
65
7 3.86
88
100.00
8
72.73
11
100.00
2
100.00
-
2
100.00
-
-
3
100.00
101
16.11
627
100.00
-
-
7
-
-
1.12
-
364
-
-
58.05
-
-
155: 24.7 2% 472: 75.27%
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level g.
237
00
-
100.00
3.41
-
-
33
27.2 7 -
-
-
-
3 -
-
-
-
100.00 -
3
-·
-
100.00 -
1 -
7.69
-
1
-
54.05
-
-
100.00 -
2
-
20.00
-
2
20
12.50
50.00
-
-
2
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
%
N
CD
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f\.)
F LEO C. LUPUS V VULPES U. ARCTOS M PRtMIGENIUS C . ANTIOUITATIS EOUUS sp M GtúANTEUS R. TARANDUS B. PRISCUS L. LEMMUS D. TORO\JAT\JS A . BRACHYRYNCHUS F. TINNUNCULUS L MUTVS L. LAGOPUS LAGOPUS 11> G GALLINAGO A. ARVENSIS C . CORAX P. DOMESTICUS RANA sp T THYMALLUS E LUCIUS CARNIVORA sp LAGOMORPHA"' RODENTIA"' MAMMALIA"' AVES 1P
C. CROCUTA
i TOTAL INDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDETERMINATE FRAGMENTS \ TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL INDt\ltDUALS
INDETERMINA TE:
SPECIEI:
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INDETERMINATE.
C.CROCUTA F. LEO C. LUPUS V.VULPES U.ARCTOS M. PRIMGENIUS C.ANTIQUITATIS EQUUS sp M. GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS B. PRISCUS L. LEMMUS D. TORQUATUS A. BRACHYRYNCHUS F. TINNUNCULUS L.MUTUS L LAGOPUS LAGOPUS sp G. GALLINAGO A.ARVENSIS C. COAAX P. DOMESTICUS í: • •JA sp 1. l HYMALLUS E. LUCIUS CARNIVORA sp LAGOMORPHA sp RODENTIA sp MAMMALIA sp AVES sp
TOTALFRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGED FRAGMENTS
68.
%
N
:X:, m
o z
z
l> o :E
)>
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-
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7
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45
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60.00
8
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20.00 -
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-
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5
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11
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-
-
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6
54.54
-
-
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99.99
9
75.00
3
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-
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1
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5 -
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-
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)> r a,
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-i m
)> ("") -i r
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00
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SPECIES:
a, -i
zo -i
00
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%
-
-
-
-
-
20
60.60
13
39.39
33
2 -
8.33 -
-
-
21
87.50
1
4.16
24
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-
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2
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9.09
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84
52.50
-
50
48.54 -
-
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-
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3 -
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27
81.81
2
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47.50
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53
51.45
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-
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-
37
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-
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1
19
33.92
189
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-
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3
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1
50.00
-
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1
50.00 84.61
-
-
-
-
-
2
15.38
1
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-
-
11 -
121
81.20
-
/-
28
18.79
2
3.84
49
94.23
7
77.77
2
520
55.08
395
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
9.09
-
-
-
33
99.99
2
100.00
160
100.00
103
99.99
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
-
2
100.00
5
100.00
2
100.00
-
-
-
1
100.00
3
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
56
99.99
-
192
99.99
2
100.00
-
13
99.99
-
1
100.00
-
149
99.99
1.92
52
99.99
22.22
1 -
9
99.99
41.84
29
3.07
944
99.99
-
520: 55.08% 424: 44.91%
Pin Hale Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 10.
239
�
o
[\)
1
EGG SHELL
AVESc,
PISCESc,
MAMIIIIALIAc,
ROOENTIAc,
LAGOMORl'Hc,
CARNIVORAc,
CYPRINIOc,
E. LUCIUS
T. THYMALUS
RANA,p
C.CORAA
L. ARBOREA
A. MELBA
LAGOPVS"'
B. LAGOPUS L . MUTVS
A GENTALIS
M MERGANSER
M NIGRA
A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS
L.Tl,..IOUS
R RATTUS
A FLAVICOLLIS
D .TOROUAT\JS
L. LEMMUS
M GREGALIS
M. OECQNOMUS
M ARVALIS
A TERRESTRIS
B PRISCUS
R TARANDUS
M GIGANTEUS
S SCROFA
EOUUS11>
C. ANTIOUITATIS
M PRIMIGENIUS
U. ARCTOS
V VULPES
C LUPUS
"' MELES
"'· ER,..INEA
F LEO
"' PUTORIUS
C . CROCUTA
TOTAL INOIVIDUALS
TOTAL FRAGMENTS
69.
TOTAL INOETERMINATE FRAGIIENTS
TOTAL IOENTIFIEO FRAGMENTS
TE-INATE:
INOE-
SPECIES
1
:
-
1
-
22
1
-
4 -
11
4.79 llCD
:·:
11.11
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4.26
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21..95
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Pin Hole Cave, 1924, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 11.
-
:
1
1
21
1
44
8.87
-
18.11
6
22
-
1
a
1
66.87 -
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80.00
14.28
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2
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100.00
s: ► z
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s
7.32 -
'4
310
J.33
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1
11
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ANATOMICAL VARIATION
-
2
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2
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14 29
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§
.
FRACTURE PATTERN CD -l (.J -l 00 zo z -l )> -l m )> )> :E r cnr m
o
o� z mr
r m -l m
C. CROCUTA F. LEO M. ERMINEA C.LUPUS V. VULPES U. ARCTOS M. PRIMIGENIUS C. ANTIQUITATIS EOUUS H. AMPHIBIUS M. GIGANTEUS R. TARANDUS B. PRISCUS A. TERRESTRIS M. OECONOMUS L. LEMMUS D. TORQUATUS M. GREGALIS A. FLAVICOLLUS L. TIMIDUS G. ARCTICA A. CINEREA B. BERNICUL'A A.CRECCA M. NIGRA F. TINNUNCULUS L. MUTUS LAGOPUS sp C. CANUTUS A. FLAMMEUS A. ARVENSIS B. GARULUS P. PICA C. CORAX T. PHILOMELOS RANA sp T. THYMALLUS E. LUCIUS
INDETERMINATE:
CARNIVORA sp RODENTIA sp MAMMALIA sp PISCES sp AVES sp
TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGED FRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGED FRAGMENTS
70.
.,, -l :DO )> -l ("') )> -l r e G') ::D z m l> o :E CD m
.,, ::D
ºº CD 0
("')
SP.ECIES:
CD -l 00 -l z m l> cnr )> -l e ::D m ("')
"l>
C/lm -l m
-l
o
)> r
o z m
ºº ��
(/)
N
%
N
N
%
N
13
14.94
-
-
71
81.61
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
100.00
-
-
-
11
78.57
1
20
100.00
-
7.14
-
4
52.14
-
1
100.00
-
-
2
14.29
%
N
%
%
3.45
87
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
14
100.00
20
100.00
-
7
100.00
100.00
-
-
3
42.86
-
-
-
10
100.00
-
-
10
100.00
-
-
-
-
-
12
66.67
6
33.33
18
100.00
7
12.96
3
5.56
40
74.07
4
7.40
54
99.99
1
100.00
-
1
100.00
2
100.00
-
-
2
100.00
40
75.47
10
18.87
53
100.00
25.00
-
-
-
-
-
3
5.66
-
1
2
50.00
1
100.00
-
1
50.00
-
79
37.09
39
54.93
7
100.00
1
100.00
-
-
1
100.00
3
100.00
-
2
-
1
-
-
50.00
-
66.67
-
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
-
1
50.00
1
100.00
-
4
60.00
-
271
99.63
4
44.44
-
591
50.26
6
-
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8
50.00
125
58.41
2
3.70
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-
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1
2
-
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-
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-
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100.00
-
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0.43
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1
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1
50.00
-
134
62.91
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32
45.07
-
4
-
3
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-
100.00
,....
-
100.00
-
1
50.00
1
100.00
1
33.33
1
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-
1
-
-
50.00
-
-
-
4
60.00
-
1
0.37
-
5
100.00
8
60.00
89
41.59
-
16
29.62
36
1
100.00
5
55.56
-
526
44.21
60
-
-
4
100.00
1
100.00
2
100.00
-
213
100.00
-
71
100.00
7
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
3
100.00
2
100.00
1
100.00
-
-
100.00
1
100.00
3
100.00
-
16
100.00
214
100.00
66.62
54
99.99
1
100.00
9
100.00
5.10 1176
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
4
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
1
100.00
8
100.00
272
100.00
6
100.00
-
591 : 50.26% 586: 49.74%
Pin Role Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic level 11.
241
2
f\)
f\)
�
CAR,.,,IVORA �o ROO[NTIA•.r, '1AM1�A'-IA ,:, Plc.CfS \ll AVES sp
C CROCUTA F LEO M ERMINEA C LUPUS V VULPES U ARCTOS M PRIMIGENIUS C ANTIOUITATIS EOUUSw H AMPHIBUS M GIGANTEUS R TAAANDUS B ?RISCUS A TE RRESTRIS M OECONO..,US � LEM..,US D TOROUATUS M GREGALIS A FLAVICO .. LIS L Tl..,MIOUS G ARCTIC:A A CINEREA B BE�NICULA A CRECCA M NIGRA F TINNUNCULUS L MUTUS LAGOPUS SP C CANUTUS A FLAMM[US A ARVENSIS B GARULUS P PICA C CORAX T PHILOMELOS RANA so T THYMALLUS E LUCIUS
1 1
19 10
4 79 2 00
O JI -
76
4
-
16 09 312 861 15
8000
2'6 JS 68 1 ltl l4 47851 '27 7 10000 10000 1 25.00
36 76 soo
2S.00
55.40 3802
1 1
189
8 92 1408
68 57 1 100.00 l 50 00 JO 56 00
6
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71 43
J.70 50.00 189
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64 37
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Pin Hole Cave, 1924, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments from stratigraphic levels 17, 18 and 19.
2 53
TOTAL INOETERMINATE FRAGMENTS TOTAL
TOTAL IDENTIFIEO FRAGMENTS
CARNIVORA sp RODENTIA sP MAMMALIAsp PISCESsp A\/ESu> EGGSHELL
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o --i
5.56
-
-
" -
N
-
-
-
" -
36 100.02
144
-
34
-
144
r
l>
--i
o --i
87. Church Hale Cave, 1875, variation and stratigraphic distribution of middle palaeolithic and later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
2.78
:::o
o (/)
o
I..O
f\) Vl
1
;:;:r;::.":�·
U:UJlfTO(NTtTf()llt
"""'°
88.
,,.
·-
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.
..
,. ,.
,
. ,
J,.
,
......- ..... ·-
... •
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-
• .,. _,
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...... n.• •
, ..
'"
-
...
p
.. -
,.-· ---_
-e=---
Church Role Cave, 1875, stratigraphic distribution of Devensian and Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
fOlAllKl...,.,,JIIIAGlllf:-fllln TOT,._L ()l'lAWT-...IIOf" IHOIVIOUA&.I T'Qla-l f:IIT...,.TWfS1()11UCJ"lt4,GVffrfn T'OT4Lf•TAJ111TfllllA.GlttHT1filllQMSTAlAIGINTf 1• 1111 O SAIC) llllftttA C,AVI lAIIITt-f
n:,,., .._
1�
l•TNlfT "()l"T ttl.UCIAt 6 .tMT\UIS I P
111'1� CIIIAlilt+AL. A.NTL(lltl la TAN� t111AH0'■lll (Xl.t,,Nl OfHTITtOft,f EX1AJlf'1'�CtUJ•lflAL.,..,,\.fll'S 1,. EJCllt.HT tlfOtVIOOAL.1
1111-....c>IM.H
TOTA ._ JlltA(;Wil.NB 1� mr ·� 'tU,GMfflfTS 111' 1•c.-.v•no,1111-.c.a,u,.n
••o .....,
AHOCA\11 (A1Ul4
'¡�
1171,0S,C".t,,N1•L•A.KT1.fftl ll.14.HT lltAHOl■Lf.S (l(T4Jitf O(Nflfl()N U:TAJtH ll'05l CIII.ANIAL. �TU"lill �::=Vl�ALI
,
,...... ,., �
---..... ,. ....... -
,,.
•É
ft1
...
""
. -
r:i
.. -
·,..
-¡-
■
• ·
-
1
•
•
•
j 1
í\) O"I
o
IPEC:lf.l,
TOTAL
a.P'tlm:ua
89.
C CAOCUTA F. LEO C LUf'VS V. YULnl u Al'ICTOI L TIIIIIDUI 111. P'tl ..lGENIUI C. A#TIQUITATII EOLIJS• IITAIIANOUS lllc.oGAHTRJI
2
a
n.n o..,.
M n a..-, •·" 4161 M..-, .fl1
!
i.
1 1 2
.....,
12 1
-
-
U1
, ... ti.al
' -
-
i.ca
-
,..,
·-
"'>
D
�
�> ;;;
Fz
� &.11
40.00
a.oo
LD ,-oo
109
31.71 10.00
10000
¡¡; ►
-i
Church Hole Cave, 1875, anatomical variation of Flandrian
l
e
"'"'
ANATOflllCAL VARIATIOH
u- .,.-
-
-
-
r;
e
¡¡;
...
a.a
.....
:il
�
•
J
1n
a.a,
J
-
1.21
-
11
1
•
...u
l'l..00
4.17
47..01
•
-
4
-
2N
,._., -
•
l 1
-
,n
•
n•lm
t
••
tOD.00
,oo..oo 100.00
100..00 10
n 1J
=1 : :::
-
-¡ ... -•• -
10000 100.00 10000 ,0000 99..98 1 1 1 1 14
= .; ::1 .: '::
1260 l'!lOO
g,
FRACTURE PATTERN Q.) +-' Q.)
+-' Q.)
a.
E o u V> ro Q.)
e
-
o 1- §,
N
%
N
o
e 01
Q.) '-
-
V> Q.)
ro e ...... o o 1- ..o
Y§ �ro
V> Q.) e
Q.)
� ..o ro -o
ü �
E _g 8 -oQ.)
%
-o
:::J
:::J
u ro 1- ..;:: ro +-' O
%
N
+-'
ro +-'
o
1%
N
%
ECIES
H. sapiens
6 100.00
6 100.00
F. sylvestris
1 100.00
C. tamiliaris
1 100.00
M. martes
1 100.00
L. europaeus
6
42.85
S. scrofa
6
60.00
C. elaphus
14
31.82
Cervidae sp.
13
76.47
O. aries
5
38.46
Rana sp.
1 100.00
Anas sp.
24 100.00
1 100.00 1 100.00 1 100.00
10.00 5.88
8
57.14
3
30.00
29
65.90
3
17.65
17 100.00
8
61.54
13 100.00
14
99.99
10 100.00 2.27
44
99.99
1 100.00 24 100.00
H. albicilia
4 100.00
4 100.00
A. gentilis
1 100.00
1 100.00
Gallus sp.
4 100.00
4 100.00
C. monedula
1 100.00
1 100.00
INDETERMINATE
3
Aves sp.
60.00
Mannalia sp. Total fragments
86
36.91
Total undamaged bones
86
36.91%
Total damaged fragments
92 .
2
0.86
2
40.00
4
4.65
82
95.35
58
24.89
87
37.34 233 100.00
5 100.00 86 100.00
63.09%
Church Hole Cave, 1875, attrition analysis of Flandrian vertebrate bone fragments.
263
f\)
a, �
10 F
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
1
2
- 50.00 100.00
-
�
" N
"
(/)
m
r
�
m
(/)
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
- 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - -
- - -
26.00
-
-
2
(/)
e
)> m
o "
::o
e
m
(/)
m
r
m
e
m
r
-
-
-
1
5
-
1
2
1
2
-
N
-
60.00
-
-
- -
14.28
20.00
-
25.00
9.09
12.50
26.00
'l(,
93.
-
"
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
N
-
14.28
20.00
-
9.09
12.50
-
%
25.00
)>
:o
o "TI
o
(/) (/)
(/)
e
-
1
1 14.28
-
1
2
1
1
6
1
1
2
2 20.00
25.00
9.09
-
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
2
6
N
7 12.50
%
1
-
-
N
(/)
e :o e
)>
-i
CD
o (/)
üi
o
-
-
1
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
N
Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments.
-
- -
-
-
20.00
9.09
12.60
(/)
en e
----1
zo
ºo C rr l> C C)
Z-
-i :o
(/)
% N
C)
o
:o
14.28
1
1
1
- -
9 09
!ó
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
TOTAL BONES
-
14.28
(/)
o
z
)>
-
14.28
20.00
9.09
12.50
-
4
9
20
12
6
17
14
9
186.00
100.00
1
33 33
2
47.00
8
25.92
7
52.00
13
40.00
4
57,!;0
23
65 85
27
50.00
%
o
m
:j
"TI
N
-i
CD -i
z -i
00
:o
U)
z
o
m
z
%
)>
o
:o
m
SPECIES
SPl'CI ES
8
8
LI..
o
t;; � EXCAVATION LEVEL
1
__J V) u
��
UMBER OF INDIVIDUALS BA EO ON THE NUMBER OF AA ;MENTS lfl�IIJ fll'IED
"
N
�� N
¡...J-' ¡::)::)
len(/) l c..w o..w
SPECiEf;
-•--·- ---
SPECIES
w IJ..
C/)
(/)(/)
ww
�� ...J ...J
ww ...J...J ww
:::):::)
��
>> N
%
N -
EXCAVATION
F
8
-
LEVE L.
N
1
16.6
F
2
-
N
1
25
2
F
-
N
-
-
%
1
-
1
25
-
1
-
1
25
z
w
:::) -z a::::) ou
(/)
a �
(/)(/)
...JW
-
1
16.6
-
-
...J
�a:: W:::)
2
-
%
N
5
-
6
1
16.6
2
-
2 1
a: w
ºu 1---
o
%
6 1
a
(/') (.'.) :::> �...J ...J :::>
:::> LJ.J (/')(/')
LJ.JLJ.J
ww
>>
��
...J..J :::>:::>
N EXCAVATION LEVEL
1 2 3
5 6
F
1
N
1
N
-
F
-
F
N F
F
a: � LJ.J :::> ...JLJ.J
%
%
N
- 1 33.33 1 33.33 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
u..
o ::>u
%
-
1
- - - -
%
16.66
-
-
-
2
-
N
4
_,;
-
1
33.33
-
- 1 33.33 1 16.66 - 1 100.00 - 1 100.00 - - - - - - - - -
-
16
50.00
1
1 2
%
> �
-
25
1 1
%
SPECIES
U') :)
a-
Ou 1-uz >-z a::::> ou
1
N
F
1
-
N
1
33.33
F
N 3
%
F N
-
�
u..
o ::>u
U')
3 1
33.33
-
N 1 1
-
N
%
- -
-
-
..JU')
�LJ.J
o N
%
� %
9 1-2 00
6
- 4 - - 1 100.00 - - - - -
33.33
1- al
5 45.45 100
-
15
TOTAL FRAGMENTS
N =
LJ.J
> �
U')U')
%
fo-'.
LJ.J
U'JCI:
-
- - - - -
LJ.J
�
:::>
..J
N
1-
z
V)
(.'.) :::> �..J ..J
U')
F =
-
...J
N
%
- 2 - -
2
-
1
16.66
-
4
-
5
- - 1 - - - -
- 32
- -
1-
% 75.0 8 66.66 1 16.66
o o
-
28
46.66
87
103. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution o ver ebrate bone fragments from sec ion 13.
LEVEL
-
-
- - - - - - 25.00 -
TOTAL FRAGM NTS
EXCAVATION
N
-
9
� w o oz z - 1- alo
U')
�
N
-
fo-'. w
w
z
o�
N
- - - 3
�
en
>a:
U')U')
N
16.66
(/') V)lJ.J
U'JCI:
- - -- 1
-
-
N
N
�
Ou 1-uz >-z a:::, ou
(/')�
...J..J LJ.JW
%
-
F
�
::,O
(/')ti)
!l.�
z
� a: LJ.J
NUMBER OF BONE FRAGMENTS NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS BASED ON THE NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS IDENTIFIED
104. Dead Man's Cave, 1969, stratigraphic distribution of vertebrate bone fragments from section 14.
269
rv -..J o
6
z
-t
rm mx
r< )>
N
F
N
F
N
F
N
F
N
N
n
;
%
16.66
)> z üi
1
N %
N
12.50
%
1
N
�
%
12.50
(/)
m r m
U)
r m
�m
16.66
1 1
16
N
U)
ºo C rr C )> e, UlC
%
12.50
-
16.66 1
N
)>
o "TI
:D
n
--1
zo
en en en
c
Z-
C
(/)
(/)
N
z� zn -....¡ n o c,
o
o
(/)
c (/)
C:o
m
r
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no
mr
cm :o "ti c o "ti(/)
m r m
r "ti m
(/)
:é
o
e
e
z cñ
�
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o c
s:
(/)
(/)
c
c
'
(")
o
o"'tJ
%
N
%
N
% 16.6
33 3
N
z o m
m
....¡
(/)
)>
CD....¡
00 z-1 m )> U)'
o m
m
(/)
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m
U)
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)>
m
�
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8
-
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m a,
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-
-
N
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e r >
>
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(/)
o
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5
2
J
N
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e
3: m
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e
1042
6 06
50.00
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-
1
N
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N
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z
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6.25
6.DII
12.50
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2
-
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N
1
,.
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r
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>
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2.08
3 03
11.08
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N
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3
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o
11.ae
13 CM
.:::
m
z
►
o
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•. 1 7
6.06
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. 1
J
N
'
N
n e
1212
2500
13 CM
'.;J)
� �
m
;z
e
o
2 OII
3 03
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J
3
N
N
J
1
2
N
6.211
9011
llo
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9 08
1l CM
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6
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8 70
'
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r > z
'
' 100.00
o
a,
l3
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44!
1
• 11 11
n.22
100.00
1111.al
100.00
100.00
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100 00
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33
•
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a,
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4
N
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2000
2000
2000
0000
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1042 1 11
12 12
100 00
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z
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5
1 1
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N
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1
1
13
-
38
- 27113 :18 -321
-
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4 47 114
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1.13
91
-
1
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21
cu,
11.38
11.11
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4.311
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3.13
11.24211411
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4
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7.14
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1.70
2.01
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e
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7
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4.32 2371
7
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3
4
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8.52
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12.110
7.14
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17.»
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20.00
, - - - - - -
20.00
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00
oc
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1
1
N
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3
111
-
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3.7'1
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0.03
e z
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-
1
13
2
N
21
O.GIi-
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-
20
0.04 311S7
-
1.46
7.41
-
- 31161
-
- -
7.14
-
1.70
7.33
10.00
10.00
S
verte
41
22
- -
1.46
1.!WI
5.26
-
2
14
- - - , - - -
3.88
- -
20.00
>>
11. Steetley Cave, 1976, anatomical variation o bone fragments.
TOTAL INDETERMIN"TE FRAGMENTS
TOTAL IDENTIFIEO FRAGMENTS
INAn.
TERM-
INOE-
IPECIES:
,-
e ,-
"'�
ANATOMICAL VARIATION
...
m ,-
< ¡¡;
4
31
1
1
-
-
,
J
27
,
88
315
33
ate
....
0.12
1.111
- -
0.411
7.11
e.,,
-
-
4.36
1.111
40.00
,¡
:D
...
.::
e
m
1
,
•
22
1
N
11.52
12.!ill
JI0.43
16.87
100.00
'11
o,,
0.07
O .X.
1.113
12.11
gr,
22
33
4
2
11
O.Oil
0.12
0 .0 7
,,.oe
0.17
1.215
NOT SEP )>
mm
:;:: :;::
e "'z
n
0 .113
O .DI
o.a:i
311.118
1.113
12.!50
71.43
16 67
1.0!>
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71 17
-
2
J
2
2 11
1
N
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5. 76
6
-
7 J46 9
N
001•1-
O.Oll'"6110 00117318
4 l'tl
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1 17 3
12 !í0
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15 00
1.70
33.33
110.00
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3
4
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73 ..1
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2.41
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6 70
2.67
-
6.65
3.24
6.31
2.57
7.44
00
1
1
-
1
1
-
N
...
-
-
-
-
-
0 03
O 04
0().l
-
100.00
z )>
�
1112
2
160
112
2
110
-
133
133
201
201
N
-
3 99
O 14
8.28
4 12
006
11
-
-
N
-
-
1
1
-
-
- -
4.64
9.02
3.91
11.33
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004
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112. Steetley Cave, 1980, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
RANA sp LACEATIDAE sp. PISCES sp
FRAGMENTS
TOTAL INDIVIDUALS
TOTAL FAAGMENTS
INDETERMINATE:
3
SPIT SPECIES:
T. EUAOPAEA RANAsp. LACERTIDAE sp.
FAAGMENTS
TOTAL INDIVIDUALS
TOTAL FAAGMENTS
INDETERMINATE:
SPIT SPECIES: 2
APODEI\IIUS sp. AANAsp.
FAAGMENTS
M. ME LES AANAsp. LACERTIOAE SP.
TOTAL INOIVIOUALS
TOTAL FAAGMENTS
INDETERMINATE:
1
SPIT SPECIES:
e r r
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...
-
-
-
-
N
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)>
-o I
�
-
801
-
652
1
677
- 3188
- 2510
-
-
- 2114
- 1462
-
81 02
99 25
,e 22
HXl.00
-
75.39
99 25
49.10
-
75.79
100.00 - 2172
- 1387
1
53.22
-
-
80.94
99 91
45.15
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785
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0.04 4161
0.06 3360
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100.00
98.24 1774
O 76
131
-
1 O 76
99 99
14 746
----
- 3935
2529
1
98 411404 1
-
1
100 00
129
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100 01
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 01
10001
10000 2804
- 1473
-
1
100.00 100.01 100.00 1.37
2
1
-
97 26 1328
1 .37
100 00
100.01
100.00
10000
100 00
100.01
71
1
75
-71166
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-
-
4 98.67 1475
1.33
10000
-
100.00 - 3363 - 5141
100.00 2
0.88
2
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o
0.88
74
1
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MAMMALI A _,_
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C. ELNHUS O.DAMA CERVIO.,.
Eouus.,.
U. ARCTOS
TOTAL IDENTIFIED FAAGMEHTS TOTAL INOETEAMINATE FAAGMENTS TOTAL FAAGMENTS TOTAL INDIVIOUALS
INOE TEAMINATE:
SPECIES:
1.N
2.-
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11)
,...
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1.1111
10.00
"'
3
N
'11,
7.81
1.13
30.00
m m
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:
Xl
9.38
7.81
111.87
111.U
100.00
'11,
1
�
1
-
N
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3
ll0.31 111.87
2
1U7
3.21
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2
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-
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►
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::11
< m
-
-
-
-
N
�
:D
'11,
N
...
'11
3.13
1.13
►
e
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►
11
•
fi
N
17.11
1fi..l8
13.33
'11,
e "'
::11
�
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l
2
-
1
N '11
-
•.88
1.13
100.00
"'
e
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1
-
-
N
'11
1.1111
1
N
- - - -
2.1111
►
e ,...z
-
1.1111
2.1111
'11
1
1
N
-
N
1.1111
2
1
J
- - 2.M
'11,
::11
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Steetley Quarry Cave, 1926, anatomical variation of vertebrate bone fragments.
-
1
N
!
z o
►
lC
ANATOMICAL VAAIATION
-
3.13
2.118
50.00
'11
►
iii
....
2
-
2
-
N
3.13
100.00
'11
►
e
.,,
iii
.
3
1
-
N
,...
2
7.1111
l.lfi
2
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-
N
-
'11
e "'
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N
3.13
-
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1.13
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n
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9
J
1
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14.06
7.118
111.117
50.00
'11
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►►
n ....
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mm
-
-
-
N
N
-
10
10
- -
-
'11
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-
13.33
13.33
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12
-
-
N
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12
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1.33 33.33
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16.117
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N
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-
44
-
44
57.89
-
57.89
83.33
56.41
22 10
83.33
100.00
1
5
50.00
30.00
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3
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00
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114. Steetley Quarry Cave, 1926, attrition analysis of vertebrate bone fragments.
TOTAL FRAGMENTS TOTAL UNDAMAGEDFRAGMENTS TOTAL DAMAGEDFRAGMENTS
17
-
16.67
1
-
2
3
%
70.00 100.00 50.00
U.ARCTOS EOUUS sp. C. ELAPHUS D. DAMA CERVID sp. BOS sp.
SPECIES: 7
N
r m -i m
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FRACTUREPATTERN
-
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-
-
-
-
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1
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76
12
39
6
-
-
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
6
100.00
%
2
m u,
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r
o
Masked Human Figure Engraving Pin Role Cave
Horse's Head Engraving on Rib, Robin Hood's Cave
Engraved Lines on Reverse of Horse's Head Rib
1.
Later upper palaeolithic engravings from the Creswell Caves. 279
Later Upper Paleolithic Bone Needle, Church Hole Cave 1876
Later Upper Palaeolithic Polished and Engraved Bone Rod, Pin Role Cave.
Later Upper Palaeolithic Bone Pendant, C hurch Hole Cave 1876
Later Upper Palaeolithic Bevelled and Engraved Bone Rod, Pin Hole Cave
2.
Later upper paleolithic bonework from the Cr eswellCaves. 280
·Early Upper Palaeolithic Human Jaw, Robin Hood's Cave 1975
Later Upper Palaeolithic Human Crania, Robin Hood's Cave 1969
Later Upper Palaeolithic, Human Mandible, Robin Hood's Cave 1969
3.
Early and later upper palaeolithic skeletal remains from Robín Hood's Cave.
(l
t
□ ■
Key:
62]
0-76 m 76-107m 107 m & above
5 km
1.
Location map showing archaeological caves and rock shelters in the Creswell Crags area. 283
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2.
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Creswell Cave, 1875-77, Mousterian artefac s mixed during the excavations of Church Role Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
309
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29.
Creswell Cave, 1875-77, Mousterian artefacts mixed during the excavations of Church Role Cave, Robin Rood's Cave, Mother Grundy's P a rlour and Pin Role Cave. 310
3
2
6
5
7
8
11
12
30.
Creswell Cave, 1875-76, later upper palaeolithic artefacts mixed during the excavations of Church Role Cave, Robin Hood's Cave, Mother Grundy's Parlour and Pin Hole Cave.
311
9
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31.
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Granulometric analysis sample
□ ■
2m
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.
Boulders
1· 5
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8
A6AA AAA AA AAA A A666 * A466 6AAAA 666666 AAAAAAAA666A64A A6AAAA666At.6AA6A 6AAAA666666A.0.66A AAAAAAAAAA66666AA A4AAAAAAAA66646AA A46AA66AA666A666AA AAAAAA66AA66666A6A AAb.66A666A6AAAA666 4AAAA66AAA666A6AAA A66666666AAAAAAAA AAAAAA66AAAAAA6b.6A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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,•:
Buff red sand & paca,es
.
Buff red sand & bcudlrs
Butf red und
37b. Pin Role Cave, generalised stratigraphic section recorded by Collcutt 1974. 319
Enlfance
...
38.
•
os
--- --
Roo f
2x0
Pin Role Cave, distribution of artefact, human bone and charcoal recovered by A.L. Armstrong.
B edrock
Q
BA
�
□
Occupat ion
Oc cupatlon
Oebitage
Charcoal
Shel I Artefact
Bone Artefact
2m
Quart1ite Artefacte & Oebitage
Artefact
Burial
FI int
Bone Flint
Human
Bronze Age
Mouaterlan Occupatlon
EU P
lUP
·\ ·------�-----:.....:-
-
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=-- .
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39.
Pin Role
e aV e ,
.
. n 1 artefacts. 1 924, Mouster1.a
40. Pin Hole Cave, 1924, Mousterian 1 artefacts.
324
4
5
41.
. Pin Role Cave, 1925, Mousterian 2 artefacts.
325
2
42.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, Mousterian 2 artefacts.
326
3
43. Pin Hole Cave, 1924, early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
327
\
3
2
5
�---·
1 �
44.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
328
3
2
45.
Pin Role Cave, 1924, early upper palaeolithic artefacts.
329
8
9
10 11 1 2
-t�� 13
15
14
46.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
330
2
3
6
8
47.
9
Pin Role Cave, 1924, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
331
5
7
10
11
48.
12
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, later upper palaeolithic artefacts.
332
1
45
90mm
2
3
49.
Pin Hale Cave, 1924, typical examples of hyaena fractured and gnawed mandible fragments.
333
(
2 2
3
3
SO.
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, typical example of woolly rhinoceros fractured and gnaw8n scapula an0 humeri fragments.
- - -- -
P. FLESUS
-
SALMO sp L .CEPHALUS E. LUCIUS T. THVMALLUS
RANA sp
P. NIVALIS
11.I ---
-
-
--■
E. SCHOENICLUS M, CALANDRA P. LUOOVICIANUS L. CUAVIROSTRA P. ENUCLEATOR
-
C . CAN NABINA C. CHLORIS C. COCCTHRAUSTUS P. PVRRHULA F. MONTIFRINGELLA F.COELEBS P.MONTANUS P. DOMESTICUS S. EUROPAEA A . CAUDA TUS P. MAJOA T. PILAR IS T. VISC IVORUS T. PHILOMELOS T.ILIACUS T. MERULA T. TOROUATUS E. RUBECULA P .PHOENICURUS
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
S. RUBETRA O . OENANTHE S. ATA !CAPILLA P. MOOULARIS
-
T . TROGLODYTES C. CINCLUS C. CORAX C . CORONE C . FRUGILEGUS C. MONEDULA N. CARYOCATACTES
-- -
P.PICA
-
-
-
-
G.GLANDARIUS B.GARRULUS S. VULGARIS A. PRATENSIS H.RUSTICA P.RUPESTRIS L.ARBOREA
-
-
A .ARVENSIS D.MINOR A.ATTHIS A.MELBA
-
S ULULA T. ALBA
-
A.FLAMMEUS A.FUNEREUS C .PALUMBUS C. OE NAS F. ARCTICA C.GRYLLE L . CANUS C. CANUTUS T NEBULARIA
-
-
-
N. PHAEOPUS N. AROUATA
-
G.GALLINAGO A. INTEAPRES P. APRICARIA P. SOUATOROLA C. H IATICULA V. VANELLUS
----
G.CHLOROPUS P. PERDIX TETRIX
T
L . MUTUS L. LAGOPUS
-
-
F, T INNUNCULUS F. COLUMBARIUS P. HALIAETUS
-
-
-
A.GENTILIS B . LAGOPUS A. CHR_YSAETOS M. MEGANSER B. CLANGULA M.NIGRA A. FULIGULA T . FERRUGINEA A . OUEROUEOUL A
-
A . C RECCA A . PENE LOPE A. PLATYRHYNCHOS A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS A.ALBIFRONS
-
A.ANSER B. LEUCOPSIS 8
BENICLA
C CICONIA A. CINEAEA G.ARCTICA L TIMIOUS A. FLAVICOLLI S O TOROUATUS
L LEMMUS
M GREGALIS M OECONOMUS M.AGRESTIS
-
A. TERRESTRIS M. AVELLANAAIUS S. VULGARIS B.PRISCUS
R .TARANOUS
"' o
-
-
-
-
-
C. GLAREOLUS
·-·· --
- -1 •-1 -- - -- -- - - - - - 11 - - -- 1 -- -- -- -- --
M. GIGANTEUS H At..lPHIBUS S. SCROFA
sp
C
- 111-
-
M.ARVALIS
EOUUS
-
- ■• ■ - 11 __ .11. - ■ 1 - -• - - --
ANTIOUITATIS
- -
-
M PAIMIGENIUS N. LEISLERI P. PI PISTRELLUS B . BARBASTELLA P AUAITAS M NATTERERI M. MYOTIS M.OAUBENTONI A.HIPPOSIDEROS T. EUROPAEUS S.ARANEUS
----
-
-
S.MINUTUS E.EUROPA.EA
•
U.A.ACTOS V. VULPES
-• - - -
C. LUPUS
- - -1
-
-
M.MELES M.ERMINEA
-
M.NIVALIS
-
M.PUTOR:us F.LEO
-
F. SYLVESTRIS
C CROCUTA
o
-
"
-
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-
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S T R A T I G RAPHI C
51.
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LE VE L
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency variation of vertebrate fauna based upon the minimum numbers of individuals per species for each stratigraphic layer.
"
o
vi vi --J
52.
.LEVE L
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
o
COMPLETE GNAWED BONES
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency variation of species, minimum numbers of individuals and vertebrate bone fragments for each stratigraphic layer.
STRAT IGRAPH IC
COMPLETE B ONES
o
FRACTURE O BONES
100
GNAWED ANO FRACTURED BONES
v-1 v-1
r-
m m
·,-
(")
%
�
>
e, :z,
-4
>
-
u, -4 :z,
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
o
53.
COMPLETE GNAWED BONES
FRACTUREO BONES
Pin Role Cave, 1924, percentage frequency of attrition patterns for each strntigraphic layer.
COMPLETE B ONES
o
GNAWED ANO FRACTURED BONES
100
\.Ñ
STRATIGRAPHIC LEVEL
O
16 17 18 19 20
15
12 13 14
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
2 3
1
o
20
C. CRO CUTA
U. ARCTOS
54.
C.LUPUS
M.PRIMIGENIUS C.ANTIOUIT -ATIS
M.GIGANTEUS
R. TARANDUS
Pin Hole Cave, 1924, percentage frequency distribution for each stratigraphic level of large predator and prey species.
F. L E O
a. PRISCUS
EQUUS ap
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