Commercial tenancy law [Fourth edition.] 9780409343373, 0409343374

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Commercial Tenancy Law Fourth Edition

Commercial Tenancy Law Fourth Edition

The Hon Clyde Croft BEc, LLM (Mon), PhD (Cantab), FAAL, LFACICA LFIAMA, JFAMINZ, FCIArb A Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria Formerly one of the Senior Counsel for the State of Victoria

Robert S Hay BA, LLB (Hons) (Tas), LLM (Mon) One of Her Majesty’s Counsel Castan Chambers, Melbourne

Luke Virgona LLB (Mon), MCom (Swinburne) Barrister-at-Law Dawson Chambers, Melbourne

LexisNexis Butterworths

Australia 2018

AUSTRALIA

ARGENTINA AUSTRIA BRAZIL CANADA CHILE CHINA CZECH REPUBLIC FRANCE GERMANY HONG KONG HUNGARY INDIA ITALY JAPAN KOREA MALAYSIA NEW ZEALAND POLAND SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA SWITZERLAND TAIWAN UNITED KINGDOM USA

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ISBN:

9780409343366 (hbk). 9780409343373 (ebk).

© 2018 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. First edition, 1990. Second edition, 1997. Third edition, 2009. This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Typeset in Bembo Std and Optima LT Std. Printed in Australia. Visit LexisNexis Butterworths at www.lexisnexis.com.au

Preface This book is designed to be a comprehensive analysis of the law throughout Australia relating to all aspects of commercial leases. Unlike residential leases, which in most jurisdictions are now codified by residential tenancies legislation, commercial leases are still primarily governed by the common law. This is the case even where these leases are subject to retail or shop leases legislation in the various jurisdictions as that legislation tends to supplement and rely upon the common law rather than provide anything in the nature of a comprehensive legislative code. Consequently, the majority of this book consists of an analysis of common law principles. The substance and application of common law principles has, in a number of instances, been modified by legislation other than the retail or shop leases legislation. The book also examines this legislation, with particular attention being given to the Australian Consumer Law. The retail or shop leases legislation is considered in separate chapters, jurisdiction by jurisdiction. This legislation has, in many instances, been the subject of major revision since the second and third editions of this book and has also been the subject of significant developments in the case law. Consequently, this edition has been substantially revised in its treatment of this legislation and its developed and developing case law. There have also been significant developments in the common law since the third edition in 2009, and these are dealt with comprehensively. In particular the treatment of the construction of leases and agreements for lease, equitable estoppel, set-off, leases and mortgages, rent and rent review and the contractualisation of leases, with particular reference to repudiation and its acceptance, has been revised and expanded. This was also the case with the second and third editions as these are areas of active development in the law of landlord and tenant. This fourth edition of Commercial Tenancy Law, like the three previous editions of this work, has grown out of its predecessor edition. The first

edition, in turn, grew out of and revised and expanded the second edition of Brooking and Chernov, Tenancy Law and Practice — Victoria, which had, in its two editions (Butterworths, 1st ed, 1972; 2nd ed, 1980), itself grown out of earlier works by Anderson and Brooking and its predecessor Tenison-Woods and Anderson; all of which were influential and much used by, mainly, Victorian practitioners. As a result of this process, Commercial Tenancy Law has a long pedigree and one which dates back — now around 70 years — to the publication of Landlord and Tenant Legislation of Victoria (Butterworths, 1948) by Ms Mary Tenison-Woods and Mr Kevin Anderson (later a Judge of the Victorian Supreme Court). Again this work was built upon and expanded in Landlord and Tenant (Butterworths, 2nd ed, 1958; 3rd ed, 1959) by Anderson and Brooking. As indicated, this work, again expanded, became Brooking and Chernov. This book, like its previous editions, continues to owe an enormous debt to the work, scholarship and practical experience of The Hon Mr Justice Brooking and The Hon Justice Chernov AC (both of whom were formerly Justices of Appeal of the Victorian Supreme Court and in the case of Justice Chernov formerly the Governor of Victoria), and their predecessors, whose writings continue to form a significant part of this work. However, this book, unlike Brooking and Chernov, but like its previous editions, is written as an Australian book and deals with legislation in all states, applicable Commonwealth and national scheme legislation (such as the Australian Consumer Law and the Corporations Act) and also the common law. For reasons of space, we have been unable to cite the full text of the relevant legislation on each point in all states. Where there is common legislation throughout the states, our approach has been to cite the text of the New South Wales or Victorian provision and to give the citation to the equivalent provisions in the other states (and in some instances, the territories). Also, unlike Brooking and Chernov, as in the previous editions, this work omits all reference to residential tenancies legislation and cases relating to the lease of dwelling houses except where they are relevant to general principles also applicable to commercial leases. This book contains a detailed analysis of the present law. As with the previous editions, it will be of particular interest and assistance to counsel,

solicitors and corporate lawyers throughout Australia. It will also be of considerable interest and assistance to everybody affected by or involved with commercial leases; in particular estate agents, land agents, academic lawyers and undergraduate and postgraduate law students. It is hoped that this edition will continue to provide a useful source of reference for law students enrolled in property law and be an essential text for students enrolled in specialist landlord and tenant courses at the LLB, LLM and JD level currently offered in various Australian law schools. We have made every effort to ensure that this book is up-to-date at the time of writing. The law is stated as available to us on 31 August 2017, except where a later date is specified in the text. Updates on recent developments in commercial tenancy law may be obtained regularly at www.roberthaypropertybarrister.wordpress.com. We all wish to thank Professor Adrian Bradbrook for his enormously significant work and contribution as author and editor of the preceding three editions of Commercial Tenancy Law: all of which contributes to the content and depth of this work. We also wish to thank Ms Amy Hando, Ms Tracie Stewart and Mr Thomas Egan for their assistance with research, checking and the preparation of tables for this edition. Finally, we all wish to thank the staff at LexisNexis, particularly Ms Georgina Gordon, Commissioning Editor — Texts, for their work in steering this fourth edition though all the developmental and final stages of publishing. Serviceton 17 October 2017

C E Croft R S Hay L A Virgona

Landlord and Tenant Act Comparative Table Topic

Landlord and Tenant Act 1958

Leases

Pt I

Provisions as to Execution and Seizure by Third Party

Pt II

Emblements: Fixtures

Pt III

Distress for rent abolished

Tenant may remove buildings and fixtures they have installed Summary Proceedings to Recover Possession Removal and Disposal of Goods Left on Vacated

Date of Amendment

Current Position*

1 August 2010

Repealed and not replaced, the legislature being of the opinion that the legislation was redundant.

1 August 2010

Not replaced, but as noted by Garde J in Asian Pacific Building Corporation Pty Ltd v Sharon-Lee Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] VSC 11 at [24], distress for rent remains abolished in accordance with s 14(2)(a)–(d) of the Interpretation of Legislation Act 1984.

s 28(2)

1 August 2010

Replaced by s 154A of the Property Law Act 1958, which now gives the tenant the option to pay the costs of repair, rather than the tenant having a specific obligation to repair.

Pt IV

1 September 2012

s 12

Pt IVA

1 September 2012

Repealed and not replaced (but see, generally, various Court Rules). Repealed and replaced by Pt 4.2 of the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012 (ACLFT Act), except for leases prior to the ACLFT Act which are still governed by Pt IVA of the LL&T Act (ss 9,

Premises

56(5) ACLTF Act).

(Continued) Definitions of ‘goods’ and ‘tenant’

s 42A

1 September 2012

Not replaced in the ACLFT Act, but see ss 54 and 56(1) of that Act.

Landlord may remove and store goods

s 42B(1)

1 September 2012

Not replaced in the ACLFT Act.

s 42B(2)

1 September 2012

Replaced by s 59 of the ACLFT Act, which requires an owner of goods left behind who was not an occupier to pay the charge before recovering the goods (and see s 69).

1 September 2012

The method of disposal or sale of goods that the landlord must follow now depends on whether there is a dispute regarding the charge (s 58 of the ACLFT Act), whether the value of the goods is low, medium or high (ss 60, 61 and 62 respectively; see definitions, s 3(1)), and whether the goods are perishable (s 65). Sections 66 and 67 dictate the content and means of notice that must be given to the owner of the goods.

1 September 2012

Replaced by ss 55 and 73 of the ACLFT Act; s 73(3) provides that where any proceeds of sale are less than the storage and disposal costs, the shortfall is recoverable as a debt. Section 69 empowers the court to determine the quantum of the charge.

1 September 2012

Replaced by s 75(1) of the ACLFT Act, which removes the express requirement that the buyer purchases in good faith and removes all reference to burden of proof. Section 75(2) deems that a landlord who disposes of goods in accordance with the ACLFT Act acquires good title.

1 September 2012

This section is replaced by s 59 of the ACLFT Act, which does not grant a non-tenant owner of goods specific rights in the proceeds of the sale of the goods.

Recovery of goods by tenant

Sale of goods by landlord

Landlord may deduct certain costs from proceeds of sale

Buyer of goods sold pursuant to this Part acquire a good title

Rights of actual owner of goods

s 42C

s 42D

s 42E

s 42F

Division 3 of Pt 4.2 of the ACLFT Act now

Court supervision of disposal of goods

Recordkeeping by landlord

Control of Rents and Recovery of Possession

* Save

None

1 September 2012

None

1 September 2012

Section 74 of the ACLFT Act requires the landlord to prepare and make available certain records relating to the goods and their disposal/sale.

1 September 2012

Repealed and not re-enacted in other legislation, but premises which were prescribed premises within the meaning of Pt V of the LL&T Act continue to be excluded from the application of the Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (see s 14(3) of that Act).

Pt V

provides an optional procedure for the disposal of goods left behind under the supervision of the court.

for where express provision is made in the ACLFT Act (which is noted in the above table), provisions of the Landlord and Tenant Act will continue to have effect on leases entered into prior to that Act’s repeal to the extent that those provisions confer rights and impose liabilities. As was said in Free Lanka Insurance Co Ltd v Ranasinghe [1964] AC 541 at 552 ‘the distinction between what is and what is not a “right” must often be one of great fineness’; a statement which is also true of liabilities. For more detail on this fraught distinction: see Interpretation of Legislation Act 1984 (Vic) ss 14–16; D C Pearce and R S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia (LexisNexis, 8th ed, 2014) [6.9]–[6.12], [6.14].

Table of Cases References are to paragraphs A E Terry’s Motors Ltd v Rinder [1948] SASR 167 …. [10.7], [16.19] A Hudson Pty Ltd v Legal & General Life of Australia Ltd (1986) …. [11.20] A Roberts and Co Ltd v Leicestershire County Council (1961) Ch 555 …. [6.8] AAMR Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Goodpar Pty Ltd [2009] VCAT 2782 …. [23.33] Aarons v Lewis (1877) 3 VLR (E) 234 …. [11.1] Abau Holdings Pty Ltd v J & C Reid Pty Ltd (No 2) (SC(NSW), Young J, 20 March 1987, unreported) …. [10.5] Abbey National Building Society v Cann [1990] 1 All ER 1085 …. [5.16] — v — [1991] 1 AC 56 …. [1.15] — v Maybeech Ltd [1985] …. [19.1], [19.3], [19.4], [19.6] — v Maybeech Ltd [1985] Ch 190 …. [19.1], [19.3], [19.4], [19.6] Abbeyfield (Harpenden) Society Ltd v Woods [1968] 1 All ER 352; [1968] 1 WLR 374 …. [1.4] ABC Coupler & Engineering Co Ltd (No 3), Re [1970] 1 All ER 650 …. [5.9], [11.22] Abdy v Stevens (1832) …. [17.2] Abernethie v A M & J Kleiman Ltd [1970] …. [24.2], [25.5], [26.2], [27.2] Abidogun v Frolan Health Care Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1821 …. [19.2] Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd v ABB Service (Formerly ABB Engineering Construction Pty Ltd) (2005) 21 BCL 12; [2004] NSWCA 181 …. [4.1] Abjornson v Urban Newspapers Pty Ltd [1989] WAR 191 …. [1.6], [4.3],

[4.4], [14.9] Abrahams v Cussen (1848) 3 a’Beckett’s RJ 55 …. [16.19] — v MacFisheries Ltd [1925] …. [7.12] Accuba Ltd v Allied Shoe Repairs Ltd [1975] …. [11.6] Ace Property Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Postal Corp [2011] 1 Qd R 504; [2010] QCA 55 …. [15.3], [19.2] Ackland v Lutley (1839) 9 Ad & El 879; 112 ER 1446 …. [23.64] ACN 079 830 596 Pty Ltd v Wallis Lake Fisherman’s Cooperative Ltd [2007] NSWADT 297 …. [24.6] ACT Aerial Services Pty Ltd v Canberra International Airport Ltd [2000] ACTSC 63 …. [14.1] Actionco Pty Ltd v Pioneer Plasterboard Pty Ltd (2002) …. [23.18] Adami v Lincoln Grange Management Ltd [1998] 1 EGLR 58 …. [10.1] Adams v Anthony Bryant & Co Pty Ltd (1987) ATPR ¶40-784 …. [12.13] — v Cairns (1901) 85 LT 10; 17 TLR 662 …. [2.14] Adamson v Busch [1955] VLR 450 …. [3.8], [16.3] — v Hayes (1973) 130 CLR 276 …. [1.6] ADC Buildings Pty Ltd v Barana Properties (No 1) Pty Ltd (2005) …. [11.4], [11.8] — v Kilstream Pty Ltd (1979) 25 ALR 549 …. [12.9] Addis v Burrows [1948] 1 All ER 177; [1948] 1 KB 444 …. [6.5], [20.7], [20.20] Addiscombe Garden Estates Ltd v Crabbe [1958] …. [3.3], [3.6] Adler v Blackman [1952] 2 All ER 41; [1953] 1 QB 146 …. [2.10], [2.11] — v Upper Grosvenor Street Investment Ltd [1957] 1 WLR 227 …. [15.10], [15.13] Administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea v Daera Guba (1973) 130 CLR 353 …. [6.6] Advance Fitness Corporation Pty Ltd v Bondi Diggers Memorial & Sporting Club Ltd [1999] NSWSC 264 …. [10.8]

Aegean Food Import Export Pty Ltd v R & C Mazzei Nominees Pty Ltd [2004] VCAT 1450 …. [23.35] — v — [2007] VCAT 68 …. [23.35] AF Textile Printers Pty Ltd v Thalut Nominees Pty Ltd [2007] VSC 73 …. [8.4] AG Securities v Vaughan [1990] 1 AC 417 …. [1.4], [1.12], [3.4] Agar v Macklew (1825) 2 Sim & St 418; 57 ER 405 …. [14.7] Age Old Builders Pty Ltd v Swintons Pty Ltd [2002] …. [11.20] — v — [2003] …. [11.20] Aglionby v Cohen [1955] 1 QB 558; [1955] 1 All ER 785 …. [21.2] Agricultural and Rural Finance Pty Ltd v Gardiner (2008) 238 CLR 570 …. [6.6] Ah Lop v Donald (1906) 26 NZLR 218 …. [13.15] Ahearn v L A Wilkinson Ltd [1929] St R Qd 66 …. [16.21] Aidan Nominees Pty Ltd v Cockburn (1994) 10 SR (WA) 256 …. [26.8] Air Force Assoc (Vic Division) v White Manufacturing Co (Aust) Pty Ltd [1951] VLR 85 …. [15.8] Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v K S Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1985) 2 NSWLR 309 …. [4.1], [6.6] Ajzner v Cartonlux Pty Ltd [1972] VR 919 …. [14.7] AK Freund Pty Ltd v Kameel Pty Ltd [2004] VCAT 1336 …. [23.40] — v — [2004] VCAT 744 …. [10.13], [13.15], [23.40], [23.54] Akici v LR Butlin Ltd [2006] 1 WLR 201 …. [15.3] Akora (Bondi Junction) Pty Ltd v Buttrose [2008] NSWADT 275 …. [24.2] Al Saloom v Shirley James Travel Service Ltd (1981) …. [11.6] Alamdo Holdings Pty Limited v Australian Window Furnishings (NSW) Pty Ltd (2007) NSW ConvR ¶56-167; [2006] NSWCA 224 …. [10.8], [10.10], [10.11], [10.13] Alan Estates Ltd v W G Stores Ltd [1982] Ch 511 …. [1.5] Alcatel Australia Ltd v Scarcella (1998) 44 NSWLR 349 …. [6.7], [10.5],

[10.7], [10.8], [10.10], [11.8] Alcides Fernandes v Timothy Yat Wah Lam [1998] WASCA 347 …. [26.9] Alcock, Ex Parte; Re McConnell (1955) …. [11.3] Alcova Holdings Pty Ltd v Pandarlo Pty Ltd (1988) 15 NSWLR 53 …. [1.6] Aldahr v Motor Vehicle Commission [2007] NSWSC 1102 …. [12.9] Aldin v Latimer, Clark, Muirhead & Co [1894] 2 Ch 437 …. [8.5] Alford v Vickey (1842) Car & M 280; 174 ER 507 …. [20.27] Alghussein Establishment v Eton College [1988] 1 WLR 587; [1991] 1 All ER 267 …. [6.9] Alker v Collingwood Housing Association [2007] 1 WLR 2230 …. [10.1] Allam & Co Ltd v Europa Poster Services Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 638 …. [20.12], [20.20] Allan v Liverpool Overseers (1874) LR 9 QB 180 …. [1.3] Allcocks v Moorhouse (1882) 9 QBD 366 …. [1.14] Allen v Belmore Property Co Pty Ltd (1966) …. [11.2] — v Carbone (1975) 132 CLR 528 …. [4.1] Alliance Accounting & Business Consultants Pty Ltd v Australian Property Investment & Development Pty Ltd (SC(NSW), White J, 19 June, 2007 unreported) …. [10.1], [10.10] Allison v Scargall [1920] 3 KB 443; [1920] All ER Rep 172 …. [20.2] Alliswell Pty Ltd v Macdav Pty Ltd (2002) V ConvR ¶54-660 …. [17.18] Allsvelte Pty Ltd v Cassegrain Wines Pty Ltd (2015) 18 BPR 35,637 …. [14.6] Almond v Camrol Pty Ltd (1984) 3 BPR 9461 …. [4.1] Alonso v Leichhardt Municipal Council (1975) …. [3.8] Alton House Holdings Ltd v Calflane (Management) Ltd (1987) 20 HLR 129; [1987] 2 EGLR 52 …. [10.1] Alucraft Pty Ltd v Grocon [1996] 2 VR 386 …. [10.13] Amad v Grant (1947) 84 CLR 327; [1947] ALR 191 …. [2.7], [2.13], [2.19], [20.2], [20.3], [20.5], [20.18], [20.21]

Amber Properties Pty Ltd v Sufigoe Pty Ltd (1994) 6 BPR 13,822 …. [14.1] — v — (1995) NSW ConvR ¶55-735 …. [14.1] American Leaf Blending Co v Director-General of Inland Revenue [1979] AC 676 …. [24.2], [25.5], [26.2], [27.2] Amherst v James Walker Goldsmith & Silversmith Ltd [1983] …. [11.6] AMJE Pty Ltd v Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd [2016] VSC 777 …. [23.63] AMP Life Ltd v Lillium Pty Ltd (2001) V ConvR ¶58-551; [2000] VCAT 34 …. [7.8], [23.18] AMP Society v National Mutual Life Association of Australasia Ltd [1995] …. [11.5] Amricama Pty Ltd v Red Carpet Real Estate Pty Ltd [2014] QSC 267 …. [25.8] Amsprop Trading Ltd v Harris Distribution Ltd [1997] 1 WLR 1025 …. [10.1], [10.8], [10.13] — v — (1997) 47 EG 127 …. [10.13] Anaconda Nickel Ltd v Tarmoola Australia Pty Ltd [2000] WASCA 27 …. [4.1], [4.2] Anderson v Bowles (1951) 84 CLR 310 …. [6.9], [2.20], [11.28], [17.17] — v Daniel [1924] 84 CLR 310; [1951] ALR 913 …. [24.19] — v James (1908) 28 NZLR 34 …. [10.3] Anderson, Hodgson & Lithgow v Vecht [1946] VLR 458 …. [20.8] Anderson Ltd v Daniel [1924] 1 KB 138 …. [25.15], [27.17] Andrew v Bridgman [1908] 1 KB 596 …. [15.15] Andrews v Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd [1982] 2 NZLR 556 …. [1.15], [14.3] — v Hogan (1952) 86 CLR 223; [1952] ALR 601 …. [16.3], [16.11], [16.18], [16.20] Angell v Randall (1867) …. [11.28] Anglia Building Society v Sheffield City Council [1983] 1 EGLR 57 …. [7.8] Ankar Pty Ltd v National Westminster Finance (Australia) Ltd (1987) 162

CLR 549 …. [14.1], [16.33] Annen v Rattee [1985] …. [3.8], [5.15] Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1977) 139 CLR 54 …. [5.6] Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe v McOscar [1923] All ER Rep 198; [1924] 1 KB 716 …. [10.8] Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB [1985] AC 191 …. [14.3] Anthony v Stanton [1943] VLR 179 …. [1.5], [2.2] Antonino Giuseppina Ensabella & Sons Pty Ltd v Players on Downunder Pty Ltd (2000) V ConvR ¶54-626 …. [23.11], [23.12], [23.13], [23.14], [23.22], [23.35], [23.37], [23.46] ANZ Bank Ltd v Strelitz [1964] NSWR 401 …. [1.14] ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Widin (1990) 26 FCR 21 …. [4.5] Appah v Parncliffe Investments Ltd [1964] …. [3.4] Appeal of Hayman, Re (1964) 80 WN (NSW) 783 …. [20.5] Apperly v Federal Commissioner of Land Tax (1914) 17 CLR 535 …. [11.1] Appleby v Pursell [1973] 2 NSWLR 879 …. [6.6] Apps & Sons Pty Ltd and Hurley, Re [1949] VLR 7 …. [14.3] Apriaden Pty Ltd v Seacrest Pty Ltd (2005) 12 VR 319; V ConvR ¶54-704; [2005] VSCA 139 …. [16.28], [18.2], [23.63] Aqua Jet Car Wash Pty Ltd v Buraan Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC 1087 …. [7.16] Arball Pty Ltd v Chow (1992) V ConvR 54-429 …. [15.11] Archos, Re [1994] 1 Qd R 223 …. [15.14], [26.8] Arcric Investments Pty Ltd v Ductline Pty Ltd (1992) ATPR 41-180 …. [12.9] Arden v Puller (1842) 10 M & W 321; 152 ER 492 …. [10.1] Argyle Art Centre Pty Ltd v Argyle Bond & Free Stores Co Pty Ltd [1976] 1 NSWLR 377 …. [20.30], [20.32], [21.3] Aris-Bainbridge v Turner Manufacturing Co Ltd [1950] 2 All ER 1178; [1951] 1 KB 563 …. [23.41], [24.11], [26.11], [27.9], [28.10]

Arjay Investments Pty Ltd v Morrison’s Outdoor Catering Pty Ltd (SC(NSW), 1 May 1995, unreported) …. [4.1], [7.16] Arkwright’s Settlement, Re [1945] Ch 195; 1 All ER 404 …. [16.19] Arlesford Trading Co Ltd v Servansingh [1971] 1 WLR 1080 …. [15.18], [15.20] Armstrong Jones Management Pty Ltd v Sales-Bond & Associates Pty Ltd [2007] NSWADTAP 47 …. [24.6] Armstrong v Armstrong [1970] …. [3.4] — v Fisher (1950) 68 WN (NSW) 93 …. [16.20] Armytage & Jones Pty Ltd v Jones (1952) 69 WN (NSW) 299 …. [16.21] Arndale (Kilkenny) Pty Ltd v Gaetjens (1970) 44 ALJR 434 …. [1.4], [8.4], [13.11], [23.48] Arnold v Mann (1957) 99 CLR 462; [1957] ALR 1207 …. [2.12], [16.2], [20.31], [20.32], [20.33] — v National Westminster Bank plc [1990] …. [11.8] — v Wood [1948] VLR 261 …. [20.19] Arnsby v Woodward (1827) 6 B & C 519; 108 ER 542 …. [17.18] Aronberg v FCT (1943) 132 F 2d 165 …. [12.9] Aroney v Heily [1968] …. [11.2] Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1 …. [1.5], [1.12] Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co v Riche (1875) LR 7 HL 653; [1874– 80] All ER Rep Ext 2219 …. [5.8] Ashe v Hogan [1920] IR 159 …. [15.20] Ashmore Developments Pty Ltd v Eaton [1992] 2 Qd R 1 …. [15.20], [20.8] Ashton v Hunt [1999] 1 Qd R 571 …. [1.6] — v Sobelman [1987] 1 WLR 177 …. [17.10] Ashutosh Industries Pty Ltd v Giriftin (RLD) [2005] NSWADTAP 34 …. [24.3] Ashworth Fraser Ltd v Gloucester City Council [2001] 1 WLR 2180 …. [7.8], [15.12], [15.13], [15.14]

Asian Pacific Building Corporation Pty Ltd v Sharon-Lee Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] VSC 11 …. [16.36] Aspromonte Pty Ltd v Zagari [1999] NSWSC 831 …. [24.3] Aspro’s Pty Ltd v Hayter [2005] ANZ ConvR 425 …. [6.8] Assaf v Kostrevski (1999) NSW ConvR ¶55-883 …. [10.1] — v Kostrevski & Ors (unreported, New South Wales Court of Appeal, 30 September 1998) …. [10.1] Associated British Ports v C H Bailey plc [1990] 2 AC 703 …. [19.4] Associated Dairies Ltd v Pierce [1983] 1 EGLR 45 …. [13.14] Associated Mineral Pty Ltd v NSW Rutile Mining Co Pty Ltd (1961) 35 ALJR 29 …. [14.9] Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks (1951) 83 CLR 322 …. [16.35] Astley v Miller (1827) 1 Sim 298; 57 ER 588 …. [16.8] Athabasca Realty Co Ltd v Graves (1979) Athabasca Realty Co …. [19.1] Atkin v Rose [1923] 1 Ch 522 …. [17.18], [19.6] Atkins (Charles) & Co Ltd v Backhouse [1928] SASR 179 …. [15.13] Atkinson v Findon Shopping Centre Pty Ltd [1987] ACLD 403 …. [4.2] Attorney-General v Balliol College, Oxford (1744) 9 Mod 407 …. [1.15] — v Barker Bros Ltd (1976) 2 NZLR 495 …. [4.8] — v Owen (1805) 10 Ves Jun 555; 32 ER 960 …. [5.17] Attorney-General for Hong Kong v Fairfax Ltd [1997] …. [7.7] Attorney-General of New South Wales v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 63 NSWLR 557 …. [24.6] Attorney-General of Hong Kong v Humphreys Estate (Queens Garden) Ltd [1987] 1 AC 114 …. [1.15] Auriol v Mills (1790) …. [11.3] Aus-game Pty Ltd v D’Orsogna Bros Pty Ltd [1996] ANZ ConvR 248 …. [10.5] Aussie Traveller Pty Ltd v Marklea Pty Ltd [1998] 1 Qd R 1; [1997] Q ConvR ¶54-485 …. [8.4], [8.5], [13.15], [23.54]

Austen v Boys (1858) 2 De G & J 626; 44 ER 1133 …. [24.5], [25.5], [27.5] Austerberry v Corporation of Oldham (1885) 29 ChD 750 …. [15.18], [15.19] Austin v Bonney [1999] 1 Qd R 114 …. [10.6] — v Newham [1906] 2 KB 167 …. [14.3] Austotel Pty Ltd v Franklins Selfserve Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 582 …. [1.15] Austral Standard Cables Pty Ltd v Walker Nominees Pty Ltd (1992) 26 NSWLR 524 …. [1.15] Australia and New Zealand Bank Ltd v Sinclair [1968] 2 NSWR 26 …. [5.16] Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Letore Pty Ltd (SC(Vic), 22 December 1994, unreported) …. [6.8] Australian Aggregates (NSW) Pty Ltd v Maxmin Pty Ltd [1988] ACLD 576 …. [14.6] — v — (SC(NSW), Hodgson J, 16 May 1988, unreported) …. [1.4], [3.8], [14.6] Australian Asset Consultants Pty Ltd v Staples Super Pty Ltd [2016] VCAT 1726 …. [23.45] Australian Blue Metal v Hughes (1962) 79 WN (NSW) 498 …. [16.36] — v — [1963] AC 74; [1962] 3 All ER 335 …. [3.8] Australian Broadcasting Commission v Australasian Performing Right Association Ltd (1973) 129 CLR 99 …. [4.2], [6.4], [6.5], [6.7], [11.8] Australian Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR 540 …. [4.1], [6.2] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd (2007) 232 CLR 1 …. [6.9] — v C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] …. [12.13] — v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd (2003) 214 CLR 51 …. [12.14] — v Dukemaster Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 682 …. [12.9], [12.10] — v Harbin Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1792 …. [12.10] — Prouds Jewellers Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 199 …. [12.109]

— v Target Australia Pty Ltd (2002) ASAL(Digest) 55-072; (2001) ATPR 41840; [2001] FCA 1326 …. [12.10] — v Universal Sports Challenge Ltd [2002] FCA 1276 …. [12.9] Australian Consolidated Investments Ltd v Southern Equities Corporation Ltd (unreported, 1 November 1995 …. [6.8] Australian Estates Ltd v Palmer (Court of Appeal, 22 December 1989, unreported) …. [6.6] Australian Maritime Safety Authority v Quirk (1998) NSW ConvR ¶55-858 …. [2.2], [11.1], [11.8] Australian Mutual Provident Society v 400 St Kilda Road Pty Ltd [1990] VR 646 …. [19.1], [19.4], [19.5] — v — [1991] 2 VR 417 …. [6.7], [15.6], [19.1], [19.4], [19.5] — v Geo Myers & Co Ltd (1931) 47 CLR 65 …. [5.16] — v Overseas Telecommunication Commission (Australia) [1972] 2 NSWLR 806 …. [4.2], [14.7] Australian Pacific Airports (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v Nuance Group (Aust) Pty Ltd (2005) …. [11.8], [11.20] Australian Posters Pty Ltd v Wyuna Holdings Pty Ltd (1993) 15 QLD Lawyer Reps 22 …. [1.4], [1.6] Australian Property Buyers Pty Ltd v Kowalski [2006] VCAT 24 …. [23.11], [23.38] Australian Provincial Assurance Assoc Ltd v Coroneo (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 700 …. [10.5] — v Roddy (1956) …. [11.2] — v Rogers (1943) …. [11.28] Australian Retail Enterprises Pty Ltd v N D Cowan Nominees Pty Ltd [2000] VSC 538 …. [19.2], [19.5] Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Toorak Village Development Pty Ltd [1974] VR 268 …. [7.8], [15.3], [16.18], [16.28], [17.21] Australian Securities & Investment Comm v Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd (2003) 44 ACSR 503; [2003] NSWSC 130 …. [5.10]

Automotive & General Industries Ltd’s Lease, Re (SC(Vic), Adam J, 1 May 1970unreported) …. [1.8], [5.6], [6.5], [7.7], [15.2], [17.18], [18.6], [18.7], [18.9], [19.5] Automotive & General Industries Ltd’s Lease (No 2), Re (SC(Vic), Adam J, 6 November 1970, unreported) …. [19.5] Avis v Newman (1889) 41 Ch D 532 …. [10.3] Awad v Connell [2009] VCAT 1806 …. [23.15] Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 App Cas 623 …. [5.6] Azkanaad Pty Ltd v Galanos Bros Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] NSWCA 185 …. [4.2] B and B Viennese Fashions v Losane [1952] 1 All ER 909 …. [6.9] B S Stillwell & Co Pty Ltd v Budget Rent-a-Car System Pty Ltd [1990] VR 594 …. [14.1], [14.6], [14.9], [23.16], [26.2] B Seppelt and Sons Ltd v Commissioner for Main Roads (1975) 1 BPR 9147 …. [4.1] Baber v Kenwood Manufacturing Co Ltd (1978) …. [11.20] Bacchus Marsh Brick and Pottery Co Ltd (in liq) v Federal Building Society (in liq) (1895) 22 VLR 181 …. [10.5] Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd (In Liquidation) v Joseph Nathan and Co Ltd (1919) 26 CLR 410 …. [6.8] Bachelor Girl Clothing Pty Ltd v Martino Properties Pty Ltd (VCAT, Deputy President Macnamara, 1 April 2005) …. [23.64] Badeley v Vigurs (1854) 4 El & Bl 71; 119 ER 28 …. [16.15] Bagust v Rose (1963) 80 WN (NSW) 604 …. [11.1] Baikie v Fullerton-Smith [1961] NZLR 901 …. [2.17], [3.1], [3.8] Bailey v De Crespigny (1869) LR 4 QB 180 …. [15.1] — v John Paynter (Mayfield) Pty Ltd [1966] 1 NSWR 596 …. [10.8] — v Raymond Sullivan McGlashan [1997] ANZ ConvR 619 …. [7.3] Baillieu Knight Frank (Gold Coast) Pty Ltd v Susan Pender Jewellery Pty Ltd (1997) ATPR ¶41-542 (1996) BC9605413 …. [12.9]

Bain v Bartlett [1922] NZLR 790 …. [14.9] — v Brand (1876) 1 AC 762 …. [10.5] — v Fothergill (1874) LR 7 HL 158; [1874–80] All ER Rep 83 …. [13.4] Bairstow v Christopher Moran Holdings Ltd [1992] 2 WLR 396; [2000] ANZ ConvR 173 …. [16.25] Baker v Merckel [1960] 1 QB 657; [1960] 1 All ER 668 …. [16.19], [28.15] Balcairn Guest House Ltd v Weir [1963] NZLR 301 …. [8.6] Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571; [1918–19] All ER Rep 860 …. [6.2] Ball & Huntley v Laffin (1876) 10 SALR 6 …. [2.11] Ballas v Theophilos (No 2) (1957) 98 CLR 193 …. [14.8] — v — [1958] VR 576 …. [14.1], [14.8] Balls-Headley v Ambler (1880) 6 VLR (L) 360 …. [17.18] Ballymaloe Pty Ltd v Retail Shop Leases Tribunal [2003] QSC 369 …. [25.8] Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (1993) 176 CLR 344 …. [13.15] Bambury v Chapman (1960) 77 WN (NSW) 191 …. [15.13] Banco de Portugal v Waterlow & Sons Ltd [1932] AC 452 …. [16.30] Bandy v Cartwright (1853) 8 Ex 913; 155 ER 1624 …. [8.4] Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel Co [1919] AC 435 …. [6.10] Bank of New Zealand v Simpson [1900] AC 182 …. [6.5] Bank of South Australia v SA Health Commission (1996) …. [11.8], [11.20] Bank of Victoria v M’Hutchison (1881) 7 VLR (L) 452 …. [2.8], [2.10], [2.11] — v Synott (1885) 11 VLR 598 …. [10.7], [10.13] Banks v Kokkinos [1998] …. [11.6] — v Transport Regulation Board [1968] …. [3.1] Bankstown Trotting Recreational Club Pty Ltd v Chisholm (2016) 18 BPR 36,219 …. [8.5] Barba v Gas & Fuel Corporation (Vic) (1976) 136 CLR 120 …. [14.1] Barbcraft Pty Ltd v Goebel Pty Ltd [2003] VCAT 1700 …. [23.39], [23.40]

Barbour v Pinn (1870) …. [11.28] Barclays Bank plc v Daejan Investments (Grove Hall) Ltd [1995] 1 EGLR 68 …. [7.8] Barina Properties Pty Ltd v Bernard Hastie (Australia) Pty Ltd [1979] 1 NSWR 450 …. [15.8] Barina Properties Pty Ltd v Bernard Hastie (Australia) Pty Ltd [1979] 1 NSWLR 480 …. [7.8], [15.8], [15.9], [15.13], [15.14], [15.15], [26.8] Barker v Williams [1933] VLR 101 …. [3.9] Barnes v Barratt [1970] 2 QB 657; [1970] 2 All ER 483 …. [3.3] — v City of London Real Property Co [1918] 2 Ch 18 …. [15.20] Barnhart v Greenshields (1853) 9 Moo PC C 32, 14 ER 204 …. [6.8], [7.4] Barraclough v Konnecke [1962] NSWR 1262; 79 WN (NSW) 821 …. [2.17] Barrett v Lounova (1982) Ltd [1990] 1 QB 348; [1989] 1 All ER 351 …. [10.1], [10.6], [10.10] — v Morgan [2002] 2 AC 264 …. [16.3], [17.16] Barrow v Isaacs & Son [1891] 1 QB 417 …. [15.8], [15.13], [17.19], [19.1] Barry & Roberts Properties Ltd v Collins [1950] St R Qd 242 …. [20.15] Barry v Heider (1914) 19 CLR 197 …. [7.4], [15.20] Bartlett v Salmon (1855) 6 De GM&G 33; 43 ER 1142 …. [1.12], [11.1] Barton v Lantsbery (2004) V ConvR ¶58-577 …. [7.8], [8.4], [13.15], [23.18], [23.48], [23.54] — v Reilly (1878) …. [10.8] Bashir v Commissioner of Lands [1960] AC 44; [1960] 1 All ER 117 …. [17.5], [17.6], [19.1] Basingstoke [1988] …. [11.8] Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council v Host Group Ltd [1988] …. [11.4], [11.8] Baskerville, Re [1910] 2 Ch 329 …. [5.17] Bass Holdings Ltd v Morton Music Ltd [1988] Ch 493 …. [14.6], [14.8], [19.5]

Batchelor v Murphy (1926) AC 63 …. [14.1] Bateman v Slayer (1987) 71 ALR 553; 8 IPR 33; ASC 55-559; ATPR 40762 …. [12.9] Bateman Television Ltd v Coleridge Finance Co Ltd [1969] NZLR 794 …. [24.2], [25.2] — v Tsaoucis [1960] NSWR 471; (1960) 77 WN (NSW) 435 …. [16.13] Bates v Donaldson [1896] 2 QB 241; [1895–9] All ER Rep 170 …. [7.11], [15.13], [15.14] Bathavon Rural District Council v Carlile [1958] 1 All ER 801; [1958] 1 QB 461 …. [2.8], [20.5] Bathurst (Earl) v Fine [1974] 1 WLR 905 …. [18.3] Batiste v Lenin (2002) 11 BPR 20,403 …. [16.28], [18.2], [19.1], [19.2] Batson v De Carvalho (1948) 48 SR (NSW) 417 …. [13.15], [18.7] Batstone v Nicholls [1939] VLR 325 …. [15.14] Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd v GR Securities Pty Ltd (1986) NSW ConvR ¶55-299 …. [4.1] Bava Holdings Pty Ltd v Pando Holdings Pty Ltd (1998) 9 BPR 16,295; NSW Conv R ¶55-862 …. [14.8] Baxton v Kara [1982] 1 NSWLR 604 …. [4.8], [16.2], [17.18], [19.1] Bay Marine Pty Ltd v Clayton Properties Pty Ltd (1984) …. [14.6] Baycloud v Dowling Investments Pty Ltd [2005] …. [11.5] Bayless v Le Gros (1858) 4 CBNS 537; 140 ER 1201 …. [17.10] Bayne v Love (1909) 7 CLR 74 …. [20.25] Baynes & Co v Lloyd & Sons [1895] 1 QB 820 …. [8.2], [8.4] Baynes & Co v Lloyd & Sons [1895] 2 QB 610 …. [8.4] Baynton v Morgan (1888) 22 QBD 74 …. [15.18], [16.19] Bayside Developments Pty Ltd v Copperart Pty Ltd (1994) 11 SR (WA) 316 …. [1.6], [4.3], [4.5], [4.6], [4.8], [11.8], [11.17], [16.18], [16.21], [16.22], [16.28], [16.30], [16.31], [16.32], [16.34] BBC Hardware Ltd v Payce Properties Pty Ltd (2000) …. [11.8]

Beacon Carpets Ltd v Kirby [1985] QB 755 …. [10.1] Beacon Life and Fire Assurance Co v Gibb (1862) 1 Moo (NS) 73 …. [10.10] Beamer Pty Ltd v Star Lodge Supported Residential Services Pty Ltd [2005] VSC 236 …. [19.1], [19.4] Beardman v Wilson (1868) LR 4 CP 57 …. [15.2] Beasley v D’Arcy (1800) 2 Sch & Lef 403 …. [7.4] Beattie v Fine [1925] 47 ALT 19; [1925] VLR 363 …. [1.5], [2.8], [2.10], [2.11], [4.2], [4.8], [14.3] — v Lyttleton Borough [1966] NZLR 65 …. [2.14] Beba Enterprises Pty Ltd v Elle Pty Ltd [2013] WASAT 120 …. [26.10] Bebington’s Tenancy, Re [1921] 1 Ch 559 …. [20.9], [20.16] Beca Developments v Idameneo (No 92) Pty Ltd (1989) NSW ConvR ¶55459 …. [14.1], [14.5], [14.6] Becker v Cariste [2001] NSWSC 663 …. [13.11] Bed for Backs v Palace Pty Ltd [2006] VCAT 2677 …. [23.30] Beech v Potter (1904) …. [11.28] Beer v Bowden [1981] …. [11.8] Bees v Williams (1835) 2 Cr M & R 581; 150 ER 248 …. [16.21] Beesly v Hallwood Estates Ltd [1960] 1 WLR 549 …. [14.1] — v — [1961] Ch 105 …. [14.1] Belgravia Insurance Co Ltd v Meah [1964] 1 QB 436 …. [19.2], [19.6] Bellas v Ryan [1954] QWN 59 …. [20.26] Bellgrove v Eldridge (1954) 90 CLR 613 …. [10.13], [13.17] Bells Dry Cleaners Pty Ltd v Aapc Properties Pty Ltd [2005] ACTSC 47 …. [28.9] Belperio v Linehaul Holdings Pty Ltd (2004) 89 SASR 185 …. [16.28] Benarca Pty Ltd v Milgate [2005] VCAT 1390 …. [23.63] Benbow v Synod of the Church of England in the Diocese of Adelaide [1954] SASR 320 …. [14.2] Beneficial Finance Corporation v Multiplex Constructions Pty Ltd (1995) 36

NSWLR 510 …. [14.4] Bennett v Excelsior Land Investment & Building Co Ltd (1893) 14 LR (NSW) Eq 179 …. [9.1], [9.2] — v Suburban Centres Pty Ltd (1981) 2 BPR 9659 …. [7.2], [7.8] — v Womack (1828) 3 C & P 96; 172 ER 339 …. [9.2], [9.3], [11.15] Bergl (Australia) Ltd v Moxon Lighterage Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 194 …. [6.4] Berkeley v Hardy (1826) 5 B & C 355; 108 ER 132 …. [5.13] Berkley v Poulett [1977] 1 EGLR 87 …. [10.5] Bernays v Prosser [1963] 2 All ER 321; [1963] 2 QB 592 …. [2.7] Bernstein v Gardiner (1926) 26 SR (NSW) 109 …. [13.17] Berry (Frederick) Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland [1949] 1 KB 619 …. [15.8], [15.11], [15.13] Best v Edwards (1895) 60 JP 9 …. [6.11] Best & Less (Leasing) Pty Ltd v Darin Nominees Pty Ltd (1994) 6 BPR 13,783 …. [14.6] Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 …. [15.2] Bevan v Dobson (1906) 26 NZLR 69 …. [16.9] Bevillesta Pty Ltd v Sovereign Motor Inns Pty Ltd (2002) 11 BPR 20,289; [2003] ANZ ConvR 35 …. [10.10], [10.13] Bezden Pty Ltd v Castellano Nominees Pty Ltd [2003] ANZ ConvR 443; (2003) V ConvR ¶54-679 …. [14.8] BHP v QV [2004] VSC 447 …. [6.4] BICC plc v Burndy Corp [1985] Ch 232 …. [7.4] Bickel v Duke of Westminster [1977] QB 517 …. [15.12], [15.13], [15.14] Bickerton’s Aerodromes Ltd v Young (1958) …. [18.7] Big Country Developments Pty Limited v Peter Griffiths (No 3) [2015] NSWSC 1182 …. [16.18] Big Toys Pty Ltd v Bartlett [2001] …. [11.3] Bigdale Pty Ltd v Royal Motor Yacht Club of NSW Port Hacking Branch

[2010] NSWSC 1196 …. [24.2] Bill Acceptance Corporation Ltd v GWA Ltd (1983) 78 FLR 171 …. [24.3], [25.13], [26.3], [27.3], [28.3] Billing v Pill [1954] 1 QB 70 …. [10.5] Billson v Residential Apartments Ltd [1992] 1 AC 494 …. [16.2], [17.9], [17.12], [19.1], [19.4], [19.6] Binions v Evans [1972] Ch 359 …. [1.5], [2.2], [2.19] Birch v Clifford (1891) 8 TLR 103 …. [10.13] — v Prouse [1922] NZLR 913 …. [14.6] Bird v Hildage [1948] 1 KB 91; [1947] 2 All ER 7 …. [17.18] Birkdale District Electric Supply Co v Southport Corp [1926] AC 355 …. [5.6] Birmingham Dudley & District Banking Co v Ross (1888) 38 Ch D 295 …. [8.2], [8.5], [13.15] Birt & Co Pty Ltd v Leichhardt Municipal Council (1951) 18 LGR 78 …. [3.3] Bishop of Bath (1605) 6 Co Rep 34b; 77 ER 303 …. [1.5], [2.2] Bishop v Consolidated London Properties Ltd [1933] All ER Rep 963 …. [10.6] — v Taylor (1968) 118 CLR 518 …. [4.2] Biss, Re [1903] 2 Ch 40 …. [14.8] Black Swan Holdings Pty Ltd v Hurst (1993) 9 SR (WA) 285 …. [26.14] Blackburn Developments No 19 Pty Ltd v Downs Surgical (Australia) Pty Ltd (1974) 2 BPR 9141 …. [4.1] Blackler v Felpure Pty Ltd [1999] 9 BPR 17,259; [1999] NSWSC 958 …. [24.14], [28.12] Blacklocks v JB Developments (Godalming) Ltd [1981] 3 WLR 554 …. [7.4] Blackwell v Smyly (1866) 3 WW & A’B (Eq) 1 …. [14.5], [14.11] Blaiberg v Kleeves [1906] …. [11.27] Blake v Lane (1876) 2 VLR (L) 54 …. [5.13], [9.2], [16.19]

Blakesley v Whieldon (1841) 1 Hare 176; 66 ER 996 …. [9.3] Blatherwick (Services) Ltd v King [1991] Ch 218 …. [11.1] Blazey v Polletti (unreported, Supreme Court, WA, Commissioner Murray, 23 May 1989) …. [1.6] Blee v Kearney [1962] NSWR 198 …. [7.14] Blewett v Blewett [1936] 2 All ER 188 …. [18.6], [18.10] Blomidon Mercury Sales Ltd v John Pierceys Auto Body Shop Ltd (1982) 129 DLR (3d) 63 …. [14.9] Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 …. [5.4], [12.14] Bloomfield v Bloomfield (1893) 9 NSW WN 188 …. [2.8] Bluehive Pty Ltd v Dukemaster Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1307 …. [12.9] Blumberg v Wood [1966] Qd R 457 …. [20.7], [20.17], [20.20] Blumenthal v Church Commissioners for England [2005] EGLR 78 …. [7.8] Bob Jane Corporation Pty Ltd v Commercial Road Developments Pty Ltd [2007] VCAT 2120 …. [23.14], [23.15] Bob Jane T-Marts Pty Ltd v The Baptist Union of Victoria [1999] VSC 346 …. [14.4] Bocardo SA v S & M Hotels Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 17 …. [15.7], [15.10] Body Bronze International Pty Ltd v Fehcorp Pty Ltd (2011) 34 VR 536 …. 12.14 Boldmark v Cohen [1986] 1 EGLR 47 …. [11.1] Bolton’s (House Furnishers) Ltd v Oppenheim [1959] 2 All ER 473; [1959] 1 WLR 685 …. [20.17] — v — [1959] 3 All ER 90; [1959] 1 WLR 913 …. [20.17] Bonafair Holdings Pty Ltd v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2016] NSWCA 276 …. [10.11] Bonds Brewing (NSW) Ltd v Reffell Party Ice Supplies Pty Ltd (SC(NSW), Waddell CJ (in Eq), 17 August 1987, 9 September 1987, unreported) …. [20.1] Booker Industries Pty Ltd v Wilson Parking (Qld) Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR

600