Coins of the Holy Land : the Abraham and Marian Sofaer Collection at the American Numismatic Society and the Israel Museum 9780897222839, 0897222830, 9780897223256, 089722325X

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COINS OF THE HOLY LAND THE ABRAHAM and MARIAN SOFAER COLLECTION at the AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY and THE ISRAEL MUSEUM (Volume I)

•

YA'AKOV MESHORER WITH GABRIELA BIJOVSKY WoLFGANG F1scHER-BossERT

EDITED BY DAVID HENDIN ANDREW MEADOWS r ,

·

I

ANCIENT COINS IN NORTH AMERICAN COLLECTIONS THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK 2013

CONTENTS r7100CA21C PREFACE EDITORS' NOTE

2012 The American Numismatic Society Special fonts © Catharine Lorber ISSN 0271-4019 ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-283-9 ISBN-10: 0-89722-283-0

The American Numismatic Society 75 Varick St, i ith Floor New York NY 10013

FOREWORD ABBREVIATIONS GALILEE AND SAMARIA THE COINS OF AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

Vii V111 ix xiii PAGE 3

PLATE(S) (1-21)

THE COINS OF ANTIPATRIS

22

(21-22)

THE COINS OF CAESAREA

24

(22-34)

THE COINS OF CAESAREA PANIAS

34

(34-37)

THE COINS OF DEMETRIAS

38

(37)

THE COINS OF DORA

39

(38-40)

THE COINS OF GABA

43

(41-43)

THE COINS OF JOPPA

46

THE COINS OF NEAPOLIS

(43-44) (45-61)

THE COINS OF SAMARIA-SEBASTE

49 63

THE COINS OF SEPPHORIS-DIOCAESAREA

67

(64-65)

THE COINS OF TIBERIAS

70

(65-70)

THE COINS OF ANTHEDON

79 92

THE COINS OF ASHDOD

93

(71-84) (84-85) (85)

THE COINS OF DIOSPOLIS

94 106

(85-99) (99-100)

THE COINS OF ELEUTHEROPOLIS

109

(101-103)

THE COINS OF GAZA

112

(103-117)

THE COINS OF MARISA

125

(118)

THE COINS OF NICOPOLIS

126

(118)

THE COINS OF AL-RAMLAH

128

(119-121)

THE COINS OF RAPHIA

134

(121-122)

THE COINS OF YUBNA

137

(123)

THE COINS OF ABILA

141

(124 -12 5)

THE COINS OF ADRAA

144

(126-27)

THE COINS OF AYLAH

146

(128)

(61-64)

CITY COINS OF JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA THE COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA

Printed in China

THE COINS OF ASCALON

THE DECAPOLIS AND PROVINCIA ARABIA

THE COINS OF BOSTRA

147

(128-131)

THE COINS OF CANATHA

153

(132)

THE COINS OF CAPITOLIAS

155

(133)

THE COINS OF CHARACHMOBA

157

(134)

THE COINS OF DIUM

158

(134)

THE COINS OF ESBOUS

160

THE COINS OF GADARA

162

(135) ( 135-142)

THE COINS OF GERASA

170

(142-144)

THE COINS OF HIPPOS

174

(145-147)

THE COINS OF MEDABA

178

(147)

THE COINS OF NYSA-SCYTHOPOLIS

180

(148-153)

THE COINS OF PELLA

188

(154)

THE COINS OF PETRA

191

THE COINS OF PHILADELPHIA

195

(155-158) (159-162)

THE COINS OF PHILIPPOPOLIS

200

(162)

THE COINS OF RABBATHMOBA

201

(163-164)

THE COINS OF THE SAMARIANS

205

(165-182)

THE COINS OF THE NABATAEANS

223

(183-188)

THE COINS OF THE ITURAEANS

230

(189-192)

PERSIAN PERIOD

240

(193-194)

UNDER THE PTOLEMIES

241

(194-195)

THE HASMONEANS

242

(195-206)

THE HERODIAN DYNASTY

257

(207-218)

UNDER ROME

269

(219-221)

THE JEWISH WAR

2 73

(222 -224)

UNDER ROME

274

(224-226)

THE BAR KOCHBA REVOLT

276

(227-236)

COUNTERMARKS OF ROMAN LEGIONS

28 4

TYRIAN SHEKELS AS TEMPLE TRIBUTE

285

(237) (238)

THE COINS OF THE SAMARIANS, NABATAEANS, AND ITURAEANS

JEWISH COINS

INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREFACE BY UTE WARTENBERG KAGAN The American Numismatic Society houses one of the world's greatest collections of coins and other numismatic objects as well as one of the largest numismatic libraries in the world. Founded in 1858, the Society has a long-standing history of publishing numismatic works of the highest quality, and we aim at publishing monographs or catalogues, which academics, scholars, and the general public will consult for decades to come. Coins of the Holy Land: The Abraham and Marion Sofaer Collection at the American Numismatic Society and the Israel Museum will be one of these works. The heart of this volume is the collection of Abraham D. Sofaer and his wife Marian Scheuer Sofaer, which they have carefully collected over many decades. Their approach to the material is historical, and this volume reflects the idea that coins serve as historical evidence for the history of the Holy Land from the Persian period in the 4'h century BCE to the Crusaders in the 13th century CE. The collection and this book would not have happened without the late Ya'akov Meshorer, who wrote the first version of the catalogue and was instrumental in putting together the collection together with the Sofaers. When Meshorer came to me with the manuscript more than a decade ago, we did not think that it would take as long as it did to publish the text. In the intervening years, however, hundreds of new coins were added to the collection and the text, and many additional scholars brought their expertise to this amazing volume. Abraham and Marian have begun to donate their collection to the Israel Museum and the American Numismatic Society, and on behalf of all scholars, now and future generations, I express my sincere thanks for this most generous act, which will allow much needed future research. One of the reasons this volume took years to produce is the fact that research in this area continues to evolve, and a supposedly final publication is always the step for more research and further change. With their donations and this volume, Abraham D. Sofaer and Marian Scheuer Sofaer will add their names to the many distinguished personalities who have provided numismatic collections for posterity. As Executive Director, I want to express my warmest thanks to the entire editorial team, including the additional authors, Dr. Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert and Dr. Gabriela Bijovsky, as well as the editors Dr. Andrew Meadows and Mr. David Hendin. I hope that the scores of other people involved in this project will forgive me for not listing them all.

EDITORS' NOTE BY DAVID HENDIN AND ANDREW MEADOWS The Sofaer Collection is bulging with history. So is the story of this volume. The late Prof. Ya'akov Meshorer, long-time chief curator of archaeology and curator of numismatics at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, delivered his manuscript for The Sofaer Collection to the ANS around 1999, and about the same time Abraham and Marian Sofaer delivered their collection for long-term loan to the ANS, and eventual gifting to the ANS and the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. The manuscript moved through various stages of editing. Before too long, the Sofaers told us that they would be adding several hundred coins to the collection that had not been previously cataloged. Meshorer became ill, and died in 2004, before he was able to catalog the additional coins. The ANS invited Gabriela Bijovsky, one of Meshorer's students, and a numismatist at the Israel Antiquities Authority to come to work at the ANS on the project for several months, during which she completed cataloging the additional coins. At the same time, Bijovsky also superbly rewrote all of the text on the city coins, adding extensive information about recent archaeological discoveries. During the same period Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert added considerable thought and expertise to the classification of the Samarian coins. In 2001 Meshorer's book A Treasury of Jewish Coins had been published and some of the text in this volume duplicated material in that book, so Bijovsky also revised the text on the Jewish coins, adding references and supplementary material. During the 13 years in which this book was in gestation, the ANS undertook two massive moves, which delayed the project. By our count more than 25 different curators, editors, and collectors worked on this project along the way. In 2010 we took over the project, and determined to move it along. The sheer number of hands involved in the assembly of the catalogue had created inevitable inconsistencies in presentation, which we have tried our best to resolve. These 13 years have also been a fertile period for scholarship of the mints included, and we have done our best to bring references up to date. Moreover, we quickly learned that, apparently during the early period of typesetting, all of Meshorer's original hand-written Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabataean scripts had been garbled. It took more than a year for Hendin to re-read and transcribe the legends of each of the hundreds of small Judaean and Nabataean bronzes. Simultaneously, Meadows reviewed and corrected the descriptions of all of the Roman provincial coins, and Michael Bates did the same for the coins with Arabic legends. Throughout we have been aided by the technical skills of Muserref Yetim and Julian Biber. For the most part this volume follows standard references for the various Greek, Persian, Jewish, Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic and Medieval coins it describes. A few technical aspects of this volume should, however, be noted here: The Greek, Latin, and Arabic inscriptions for most coins have been idealized for clearer reference. When known portions of legends are missing on the coins, they are nevertheless inserted in the text. Legends on Hasmonean and Nabataean coins are transcribed letter by letter using Aramaic (modern Hebrew) script. 2.Hasmonean coins are attributed according to groups, based on current understanding of these coins. 3.Coins of the Jewish War and the Bar Kokhba Revolt are shown in "natural" positions, favored by Leo Mildenberg, i.e. grapes and vine leaves are shown hanging downward. In TJC, Meshorer shows these oriented in the opposite direction based on his interpretation of the axis of the coins. 4. The distinction between the obverse and reverse of some Hasmonean and Herodian coins is subject to further discussion and research, and in general we have retained the original designations noted by Meshorer. 5. Agrippa II's dating eras and mints have been the subject of multiple theories. It was Meshorer's idea to simplify this catalog and list the coins according to the years on them, even though Agrippa II's multiple dating eras mean that the actual corresponding dates may vary from the CE dates shown here. In general, our intention has not been to open up new debates. The greatest value of this volume, it seems to us, is the remarkable view the Sofaers' collection provides of the coinage of the peoples who ruled or inhabited the Holy Land in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. It has been a privilege for us to be able to document the Sofaers' remarkable collection, which they are in the process of donating to the American Numismatic Society and The Israel Museum in Jerusalem.

Foreword

x

FOREWORD BY ABRAHAM D. SOFAER These volumes present the fruits of thirty years of collecting coins of the Holy Land. My first Holy Land coin was the glorious, silver shekel of Year One of the Jewish Revolt against Rome (66/67 CE), p. 273, plate 222, 1 in this collection. I was impressed by the coin's historic significance, its dramatic inscriptions ("Shekel of Israel" and "Holy Jerusalem"), the simplicity of its design, and its artistic quality, especially the chalice portrayed on its obverse. The artist who designed this coin knew how to convey a strong, political message on a small but significant medium, at once affirming the sovereignty of Israel and the sanctity of Jerusalem, and thereby appealing to its people for support. And since the Second Temple still stood in Jerusalem at the time the coin was minted, the artist must have copied the chalice from one used in Temple ceremonies and carted four years later to Rome, after the Temple's destruction. The coin's minting was part of a futile effort, against what was then the world's superpower, and a prelude to one of the greatest of all the great disasters suffered by the Jewish people. But this made it all the more poignant and important to me. I met the dealer who sold me my first coin through David Hendin, who has done so much to popularize Holy Land coins with his books and articles. Hendin also introduced me to Dr. Ya'akov Meshorer, the principal author of this volume, who at the time was Chief Curator of Coins at the Israel Museum. Ya'akov Meshorer, the world's leading authority on Holy Land coins, became my friend and mentor. The greatest tribute that could have been paid to my collection was his willingness to manage its publication. Meshorer taught me and other collectors how to appreciate the material we bought (he stressed the importance of condition), and encouraged us to support the Israel Museum and its work. Condition became the guiding principle of my collecting activity. Higher quality in coins correlates with greater historical, numismatic, aesthetic, and commercial value. Holy Land coins have a reputation of being ill preserved, particularly the Roman provincial coinage of the area. This collection makes its most significant contribution by raising the level of quality of the known specimens in this series. The higher quality of its coins enabled Dr. Meshorer to correct many errors in prior publications based on misreading or speculation. Quality coins have also proved a better investment than coins of lesser quality. My brilliant and knowledgeable friend, Shraga Qedar, a dealer based in Jerusalem, advised me to buy some of my most beautiful coins at prices that seemed high at the time. Among these are the medallion of Gadara, p. 165, No. 36; and the medallion of Agrippa II, p. 267, No. 236. Qedar is also responsible for about half my collection of the coins of Samaria. This extraordinary and mysterious series had not even been identified and catalogued when I began collecting, and a great deal remains to be learned about Samarian civilization. The coins will help uncover the story. An exception in my quest for good condition is the huge medallion of Neapolis, p. 51, No. 19. Though unattractive, this coin has numismatic importance as it is the largest and heaviest

known to have been minted in the area. The coin had the "disease" that ancient bronzes sometimes develop, and was cleaned with acid and repatinated to save it from total destruction. Meshorer urged me to buy the coin and deposit it in the Israel Museum. Like my friend Arnold Spaer, my only regret after 3o-plus years of collecting is having failed on two occasions to buy important, high quality coins that were offered to me at prices that seemed high at the time. A serious collector of any material in which rarity and quality are pivotal issues must be prepared to pay top prices for top quality items when the opportunity presents itself. Conversely, no price, however low, is a bargain for junk, and ordinary material should be bought only at ordinary prices. The coins of the Holy Land also have, for me, a cultural dimension. Collecting these coins is very much a multi-cultural experience. While I started out primarily interested in Jewish coins, I soon realized that the Holy Land presented an opportunity to collect coins minted in a single, small area, by no fewer than ten civilizations: Persians, Greeks, Hebrews, Samarians, Nabateans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, and Israelis. Vast differences exist, moreover, even among the Jewish coins minted in the area; some are very Hebrew, with no images of people or gods, while others bear the portraits of emperors and pagan gods. The coins minted in the area reflect the long history of Jews in the Holy Land, but also the long, multi-cultural, historical parade of other peoples. The Holy Land is important to many peoples, in addition to the Jews; and every effort by one cultural group to dominate the area to the exclusion of others eventually failed. A stable future for the Holy Land requires a commitment by all groups in the area to maintain multi-cultural populations and tolerant regimes. The challenge of collecting material that is unknown, and making sense of it, is still very much a part of collecting Holy Land coins. Serious study of these coins began with F. W. Madden's famous study, published in 1882. New discoveries and understandings have regularly been made since the State of Israel was established in 1948, many by Dr. Meshorer. Discoveries have included not only important individual coins, but entire coinages of historical significance. L. Sukenik identified the 4th century BCE coinage of Judea in 1934, Meshorer had found six such coins by 1966, and Mildenberg published 28 types in 1979. The contemporaneous coinage of Samaria was first identified in the 197os, by the great archeologist, Professor Frank Cross, while studying in Israel. One night, after having dinner at Arnold and Maud Spear's Jerusalem home, Arnold showed Cross some coins he had acquired from a hoard found in a village near Nablus. The coins were mainly silver obols, similar in design to coins already attributed to Cilicia. Some had inscriptions. Cross looked at the inscription on a coin similar to p. 167, No. 37 and announced that it read "Shamrai," in Aramaic, and must therefore be a coin of Samaria. `Are you sure?" Spaer asked. "I will stake my reputation on it" Cross replied. Meshorer studied the hoard and proposed in his 1982 book Ancient Jewish Coinage that a Samarian coinage existed. In 1991, Meshorer and Shraga Qedar published The Coinage of Samaria, which identified io6 different coins. Discoveries of new types came so quickly thereafter that in 1999 Meshorer and Qedar published a new study of the coinage including 224 different specimens. The present collection includes several coins of Samaria that supplement those published in the second Meshorer-Qedar study, and adds a rigorous reappraisal by Dr. Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert that reclassifies some of the types into known and unknown categories.

FOREWORD

Discovering new coins and coinages permits deeper understanding of the political, social, and economic history of the societies that minted them. The mysterious and beautiful coinage, classified as "Philisto-Arabian:' has been known for many more years than either the Judea or Samaria coins, but is less understood than either. Coins minted under the Byzantines, the Crusaders, and the Muslims, are likely to reveal many more secrets as more are found and competently analyzed. In short, Holy Land coins still offer opportunities for genuine discovery. Collecting Holy Land coins has also had, for me, an invaluable, personal dimension. On my very first trip to Israel after I began collecting, I had dinner with Arnold and Maud Spaer. Arnold's interesting legal practice did not prevent him from accumulating the greatest, private collection of Seleucid coins, and a veritable museum of beautiful antiquities. He also, somehow, found the time to meet regularly with friends, to visit dealers in the Old City and around the world, to write articles on important acquisitions, and to represent the Israel Museum, Hebrew University, and other charitable institutions, on a pro bono basis. Spaer took me to the antiquities shop of George Momjian, located in the Old City of Jerusalem. No one took the rituals of civility more seriously than this Armenian gentleman. Anyone who lacked the patience and good taste to appreciate Momjian's company might never see any of his coins, and certainly not his best. I spent hours with him, playing backgammon, drinking coffee, and eating meals delivered from a local restaurant. During these visits, he would suddenly get up and rummage through drawers and packages to find some interesting coin to show me. A long discussion would ensue as to the coin's identification, its condition, its rarity, and its price. Unlike many other dealers, Momjian never charged inflated prices, and virtually never reduced them. One bargained with him during the verbal sparring that preceded any offer to buy or sell, by making comments aimed at pushing up or down the item's value. This is a subtle form of negotiation, in which the most knowledgeable do best, which gave Momjian the advantage. Momjian's first son was named Saleh, so, as is customary in the Middle East, he was called Abu Saleh (father of Saleh). An inner circle of aficionados formed what we called the Abu Saleh Club. Someone made up "Abu Saleh Club" buttons with Momjian's name on them, which we wore when we got together in the US, even after he died and the shop was sold. I was also privileged to know Meir Rosenberger, a tailor who, with very little money, painstakingly put together a huge collection of city coins, which he published in four volumes. He was an avid and knowledgeable collector, and a gentle and intelligent man, whom everyone liked and admired. Another great character was Yoav Sasson, an Iranian Jew with exquisite taste in antiquities, and an uncanny ability to acquire the highest quality coins, seals, and ancient jewelry. On my frequent trips to Israel, Ya'akov Meshorer and I for would regularly meet early on Saturday mornings and go to Bethlehem to buy food in the soukh, and to meet with Samir Kando and other members of his distinguished family. (Samir's father was the dealer who sold the Dead Sea Scrolls, now at the Israel Museum.) Kando would greet us warmly (often along with his brothers), and then serve coffee and cookies while we talked about everything but coins. After a proper interlude for socializing, "material" would emerge, and the more interesting the material he was able to present us, the happier Samir was as he presented it. One of the saddest days of my life occurred when, in the midst of drinking coffee at Kando's shop, some young childen marched by with sicks, banging on cars and shouting in anger. It was December 12, 1987, the first day of the intifada, and the end of our visits to Bethlehem. I can only hope all

the pain suffered by Arabs and Jews in the Holy Land eventually leads to mutual respect and peace. I was privileged to have served as principal negotiator of the agreement between Egypt and Israel that settled their boundary at Taba. Peace agreements must be achieved between Israel and all its neighboring peoples. I am fortunate to have lived at a time when collecting coins of the Holy Land was still feasible on a comprehensive scale, and when discoveries and new insights were regularly made. The situation differs somewhat today. Collecting coins of historical and archaeological significance is seen by some as a questionable activity, even if undertaken with the intention of gifting the collection to institutions such as the ANS and the Israel Museum, to which my wife and I are in the process of transferring ownership of this collection. I doubt that, knowing what I do now about the perceived harm to science and history from collecting, that I would undertake this project today. I am grateful to those who helped make collecting a rewarding experience in my time, especially Dr. Meshorer, whose indomitable sprit and prodigious intellect inspired all who knew him. One of his students, Gabriella Bijovsky has provided invaluable help in editing and completing this work. She is responsible in particular for the historical and archaeological background information provided on each of the cities. Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert wrote an introdction to the section on Samaritan coins that brings a much-needed discipline and clarity to that relatively new and difficult category of Holy Land numismatics. David Hendin wrote the essay that deals with the proposition that certain shekels and half-shekels of Tyre were minted in Jerusalem, he also made countless improvements and corrections to the text, as did Dr. Andrew Meadows. Dr. Ute Wartenberg-Kagan, has provided patient guidance and support for this project. Palo Alto, California February 2012

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS Amandry-Hurter

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

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Amitai-Preiss et al.

Amitai-Preiss, N., A. Berman, and S. Qedar. 1994-1999. The Coinage of Scythopolis-Baysan and Gerasa-Jerash. Israel Numismatic Journal 13: 133-156.

Ariel Herod

Ariel, D. T. 2000-02. The Jerusalem Mint of Herod the Great. A Relative Chronology. Israel Numismatic Journal 14: 99-124.

Ariel Jannaeus

Hirschfeld, Y. and D. T. Ariel. 2005. A Coin Assemblage from the Reign of Alexander Jannaeus Found on the Shore of the Dead Sea. Israel Exploration Journal 55: 66-89.

Auge

Auge, C. 1999. Sur des types monetaires de Canatha. In Travaux de numismatique grecque offerts a Georges Le Rider, edited by M. Amandry and S. Hurter, 25-35. London.

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Avi-Yonah

Avi-Yonah, M. 1976. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kokhba War to the Arab Conquest. Oxford.

Baldus

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Baldwin

Baldwin, M. 1955. A History of the Crusades I: The first hundred years. Philadelphia.

Balog-Yvon

Balog P. and J. Yvon. 1958. Monnaies a legendes arabes de l'orient latin. Revue Numismatique 6 Serie, Tome I: 133-168.

Barag-Qedar

Barag, D. and S. Qedar. 1994-99. A Countermark of the Legio Quinta Scythica from the Jewish War. Israel Numismatic Journal 14.: 66-69.

Bendall

Bendall, S. 2003. The Byzantine coinage of the mint of Jerusalem. Revue Numismatique 159: 307-322.

Berman Baniyas

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Berman Sussita

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Berman Tiberias

Berman, A. 2004. The Coins. In Excavations at Tiberias, 1973-1974. The Early Islamic Periods, IAA Reports 21, edited by D. Stacey, 221-246. Jerusalem.

Bijovsky Caesarea I

Bijovsky, G. The Coins from Herod's Circus—Final Report. The Israel Antiquities Authority Excavations at Caesarea Maritima I: King Herod's Circus and the Related Buildings. MA Reports, edited by Y. Porath (forthcoming).

Bijovsky Caesarea II

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Bijovsky Gallus

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BMC Alexandria

Poole, R. S. 1892. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Alexandria and the Nomes. London.

BMC Arabia

Hill, G. E 1922. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Greek Coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. London.

BMC Galatia

Wroth, W 1899. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Galatia, Cappadocia and Syria. London.

BMC Oriental

Poole, Stanley Lane; Poole, Reginald Stuart. 1875-1890. Catalogue of 0riental Coins in the British Museum. London.

BMC Palestine

Hill, G. F. 1914. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Palestine. London.

BMC Phoenicia

Hill, G. E 1910. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Phoenicia. London.

Boardman

Boardman, J. 2003. Classical Phoenician Scarabs. British Archaeogical Reports 119o. Oxford.

Boutin

Boutin, S. 1979. Catalogue des monnaies grecques antiques de l'ancienne collection Pozzi. Maastricht.

Brin

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Burnett

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CAH 4

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Callatay

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CaHatay, Fr. De. 2002. La production des tetradrachmes civiques de la Cilicie jusqu'a la Palestine a la fin du IIe et dans la premiere moitie du Ier s. ay. J.-C. In Les monnayages syriens—Quel apport pour Fitistoire du Proche-Orient hellenistique et romain? Actes de la table ronde de Damas, 10-12 novembre1999, edited by Chr. Auge and Fr. Duyrat, 71-91. IFAPO Beirut.

Epstein et al.

Epstein, M.S., D.B. Hendin, L.L. Yu and N.W. Bower. 2010. Chemical attribution of corroded coins using X-ray fluorescence and lead isotope ratios: a case study from first-century Judaea. Applied Spectroscopy 64.4: 384-390

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Carradice

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Eshel, H., and B. Zissu. 1994-99. Roman Coins from the `Cave of the Sandal' West Jericho. Israel Numismatic Journal 13: 70-77.

Farhi

Casabonne

Casabonne, O.1994. La Cilicie a l'epoque achemenide. Paris.

Farhi, Y. 2003 The Coinage of Lod from the Roman Period to the Early Muslim Period. MA Thesis, Institute of Archaeology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

CH

Coin Hoards I-IX. London.

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Ciecielag

Ciecielag, J. 1997. Some Remarks on the Coinage of Herod Philip. Notae Numismaticae—Zapiski Numizmatyczne 2: 66—82.

Finkielsztejn, G. 1992. Phanebal, Deesse d'Ascalon. Studia Phoenicia IX: 51-58.

Flusser

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Foerster—Tsafrir 1986-87

Foerster, G. and Y. Tsafrir. 1986-87. Nysa-Scythopolis: A New Inscription and the Titles of the City on its Coins. Israel Numismatic Journal 9: 53- 58.

Foerster—Tsafrir 1990

Houghton, A.1983. Coins of the Seleucid Empirefrom the Collection ofArthur Houghton. American Numismatic Society Ancient Coins in North American Collections. New York.

Foerster, G. and Y. Tsafrir.1990. A Statue of Dionysos as a Youth Recently Discovered at Beth-Shean. Qadmoniot 23/89-90: 52-54 (Hebrew).

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Dar

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Galst

Galst, J. M. 1998. A New Variety of a Roman Provincial Tetradrachm from Neapolis. American Journal of Numismatics io: 103-104.

Decicedt

Decicedt, R. P. 1914. Plombs du Musee Biblique de Sainte-Anne de Jerusalem. Revue numismatique 28: 438-458.

GIC

Howgego, C. J.1985. Greek Imperial Countermarks. Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire. London.

Deutsch

Deutsch, R. 1992-3. A Unique Prutah from the First Year of the Jewish War Against Rome. Israel Numismatic Journal 12: 71-72.

Gitler Marcus Aurelius

Gitler, H.1990-91. Numismatic Evidence on the Visit of Marcus Aurelius to the East Israel Numismatic Journal 36-51.

Donceel

Donceel, R. 2007. Canatha de la decapole de Syrie. Contribution a l'etablissement du catalogue des monnaies eta Fexamen des types. In Liber Amicorum Tony Hackens, edited by G. Moucharte, M. B. Borba Florenzo, E de Callatay, P. Marchetti, L. Smolderen, and P. Yannopoulus, Numismatics Lovaniensia zo, pp. 229-266. Louvain-la-Neuve.

Gitler Survey

Gitler, H. 2003. The Levant. In A Survey of Numismatic Research 19962001. XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismatica. Madrid 15-19 Septiembre .2003, edited by C. Alfaro and A. Burnett, 159-175. Madrid.

Gitler—Kushnir-Stein

Dvorjetski, E. 1994. Testimonia. Nautical Symbols on the Gadara Coins and their Link to the Thermae of the Three Graces at Hammat-Gader. Mediterranean Historical Review 9: 100-111.

Gitler, H. and A. Kushnir-Stein. 2004. A New Date on Coins of Marisa in Idumaea and its Historical Implications. Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 83: 87-94.

Gitler—Tal

Gitler, H. and O. TaL 2006. The Coinage of Philistia of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. A Study of the Earliest Coins of Palestine. Collezioni Numismatiche—Materiali Pubblici e Privati 6. Milano.

Gitler—Tal SNR

Gitler, H. and O. Tal. 2006. Coins with the Aramaic Legend hrw and other unrecorded Samarian Issues. Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 85: 47-67.

Cohen

Cohen, G. M. 1998. The Letters IAA on Some Coins of Abila and Gadara. American Journal of Numismatics 10: 95-102.

CRE 2

Mattingly, H. B.1930. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Vol. Vespasian to Domitian. London.

CSE

Dvorjetski

Eidelstein

Eidelstein, A. 2004. Imperial Wedding Commemoratives. Schweizer Munzblatter 214: 36-39.

Elayi-Elayi

Elayi, J., and A. G. Elayi. 1993. Tresors de monnaies pheniciennes et circulation monetaire (Ve - INTe siecles avant J.-C.). Transeuphratene Suppl. 1. Paris.

xviii

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

xix

Gophna-Beit-Arieh

Gophna, R. and I. Beit-Arieh. 1997. Archaeological Survey of Israel. Map of Lod (8o). Jerusalem.

IGCH

Thompson, M., O. Morkholm, and C. M. Kraay. 1973. An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York: The American Numismatic Society.

Hahn 1981

Hahn, W 1981. Moneta Imperii Byzantini. Vol III Von Heraclius bis Leo III (610-72o). Vienna.

Jacoby

Jacoby, D. 1981. Some Unpublished Seals from the Latin East. Israel Numismatic Journal 5: 83-88.

Hamburger

Hamburger, L.1899. Die beiden palastinensischen Miinzstatte NikopolisEmmaus. Frankfurter Miinzsblatter 1 No. 8 and 9: 1-14.

longkees

Jongkees, J.H. 1941. The Kimonian Dekadrachms. Utrecht.

K. Aelia

Kadman, L. 1956. The Coins of Aelia Capitolina. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium I. Jerusalem.

Hamburger Caes.

Hamburger, H. 1954. Minute Coins from Caesarea. Atiqot 1 115-138.

Had

Had, K. W. 1984. The Coinage of Neapolis in Samaria, A.D. 244-253. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 29: 61-97.

K. Akko

Kadman, L. 1961. The Coins of Akko Ptolemais. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium IV. Jerusalem.

Hart

Hart, H. S. J. 1952. Judea and Rome: the official commentary. Journal of Theological Studies 3:172-198.

K. Caes

Kadman, L. 1957. The Coins of Caesarea Maritima. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium II. Jerusalem.

Hartal

Hartal, M. 2005. Land of the Ituraeans: Archaeology and History of Northern Golan, Ahipaz, A. Shapiro and P. Scott Geyer. [Golan Studies 2]. Qazrin.

Kindler Aelia

Kindler, A. 2000-2002. Was Aelia Capiolina founded before or after the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba War?: A numismatic evidence. Israel Numismatic Journal 14: 176-179.

Head Historia Nummorum

Head, B. V. 1911. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Second editon. London.

Kindler Antipatris 1

Kindler, A. 199o-91. The Coins of Antipatris. Israel Numismatic Journal 61-71.

Hendin-Shachar

Hendin, D. and I. Shachar. 2009. The Identity of eYNTN' on Hasmonean Overstruck Coins and the Chronology of the Alexander Jannaeus Types. Israel Numismatic Research 3: 87-94.

Kindler Antipatris 2

Kindler, A. 2000. Coins of the City of Antipatris. In Aphek-Antipatris Excavation ofAreas A and B the 1972-1976 Seasons, edited by M. Kochavi, 47-55. Tel Aviv.

Henig-Whiting

Henig, M. and M. Whiting. 1987. Engraved Gemsfrom Gadara in Jordan: the Sad Collection of Intaglios and Cameos. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 6. Oxford. Herman, D. 2000-02. Certain Iturean Coins and the Origin of the Heliopolitan Cult. Israel Numismatic Journal 14: 84-98.

Kindler Bostra

Kindler, A. 1983. The Coins of Bostra. Warminster.

Kindler Countermarks

Kindler, A. 1968. Two Countermarks, one of Caesarea and the other of the Tenth Legion on one and the same coin. Alon 2 (4): 77. (Hebrew).

Kindler Gaba

Herman, D. 2006. The Coins of the Itureans. Israel Numismatic Research 1: 51-72.

Kindler, A. 1988. The Coins of Gaba. In Geva: Archaeological Discoveries at Tell Abu-Shusha, Mishmar ha-Rmek, edited by B. Mazar, 43-67. Ramat Gan. (Hebrew).

Kindler Ituraeans

Herman, D. 2003. The Itureans in Light of Their Coins. MA thesis Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (Hebrew).

Kindler, A. 1993. On the Coins of the Ituraeans. Proceedings of the Xlth International Numismatic Congress, 283-288. Louvain La Neuve.

Kindler Tiberias

Kindler, A. 1961. The Coins of Tiberias. Tiberias.

Kindler-Stein

Kindler, A. and A. Stein. 1987. A Bibliography of the City Coinage of Palestine. From the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD. British Archaeological Reports International Series 374. Oxford.

Herman woo-02 Herman 2006 Herman Itureans Herzfelder

Herzfelder, H. 1936. Contribution a la numismatique de la Decapole. Revue numismatique 4e Ser., 39: 287.

Hollard

Hollard D. 2004. Le monnayage de la Legio III Cyrenaica frappe k Bostra sous Antonin le Pieux. Revue numismatique 160: 155-173.

Kloner

Hoover, O. D. 2006. A Reassessment of Nabataean Lead Coinage in Light of New Discoveries. Numismatic Chronicle 166: 105-119.

Kloner, A. 2003. Maresha Excavation Final Report I—Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 7o. IAA Reports 17. Jerusalem.

Kochavi

Kochavi, M. 1973. The Tel Aphek excavation: 1972 season. Tel-Aviv.

Kokkinos

Kokkinos, N. 2003. Justus, Josephus, Agrippa II and his Coins. Scripta Classing Israelica 22: 163-180.

Hoover Nabataean Huth-Qedar

Huth, M. and S. Qedar. 1999. A coin from North Arabia and related coins of the incense road. Numismatic Chronicle 159: 295-298.

ABBREVIATIONS

XX

ABBREVIATIONS

Kontorini

Kontorini, V. 1979. E Autonomie de Ptolemais-Akko de Phenicie. Revue numismatique 21: 30-41.

Levine

Levine, L. I. 1972. Some Observations on the Coins of Caesarea Maritima. Israel Exploration Journal 22: 131-140.

Kool

Kool, R. 2001. The Crusader mint of Vadum Jacob: new implications for the minting of coins in the Latin kingdom during the second half of the 12th century. In Luoghi della moneta: le sedi delle zecche dall'antichita moderna: atti del convegno internazionale, 22-23 ottobre 1999, Milano: 329-333.

Lichtenberger Sussita

Lichtenberger, A. 2004. Some Remarks on the Civic Coinage of Antioch at Hippos. In: Segal, A. et al., ed., Hippos-Sussita. Fifth Season of Excavations (September-October 2004) and Summary of All Five Seasons, pp. 106-122. Haifa.

Ma'oz

Kraay

Kraay, C. M. 1976. Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. London.

Ma'oz, Z. U. 1994-99. Coin and Temple—The Case of Caesarea PhilippiPaneas. Israel Numismatic Journal 13: 90-100.

Kraeling

Kraeling, C. H. 1936. Gerasa of the Decapolis. New Haven.

Magen

Kroll

Kroll, J. H. 1993. The Greek Coins, The Athenian Agora XXVL Princeton.

Magen, Y. 2005. Flavia Neapolis: Schechem in the Roman Period. Judea and Samaria Publications 5. Jerusalem. (Hebrew).

Magness

Magness, J. 2001. The Cults of Isis and Kore at Samaria-Sebaste in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Harvard Theological Review 94 (2): 157177.

Maltiel-Gerstenfeld

Maltiel-Gerstenfeld, J. 1982. 26o Years of Ancient Jewish Coins. A Catalogue. Tel Aviv.

Matsson

Matsson, G.O.1969. The Gods Goddesses and Heroes on the Ancient Coins of Bible Lands. Stockholm.

McCown

McCown, C. C. 1933. The Calendar and Era of Gerasa. TAPA 64: 7788.

Mesh. 1965-66

Meshorer, Y. 1965-66. An Enigmatic Arab-Byzantine Coin. Israel Numismatic Journal III: 32-36.

Mesh. 1966

Labrique, E 1993. Transpercer one a Edfou. In Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, edited by J. Quaegebeur, 175-189. Leuven.

Meshorer, Y.1966. Coin of the City of Gadara Struck in Commemoration of Local Naumachia. Sefunim I: 28-31.

Mesh. 1979

Lambert, C. 1933. Egypto-Arabian, Phoenician, and other coins of the fourth century BC found in Palestine. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 2: 1-1o.

Meshorer, Y. 1979. Sepphoris and Rome. In Greek Numismatics and Archaeology. Essays in Honor Margaret Thompson, edited by O. Morkholm, and N. M. Waggoner, 159-171. Wetteren.

Mesh. 1981

Meshorer, Y. 1981. The tysta Mystica' and Worship of Kore-Persephone at Samaria. Eretz-Israel 15: 356-357 (Hebrew).

Mesh. 1986—87

Meshorer, Y. 1986-87. The Coins of Dora. Israel Numismatic Journal 9: 59- 72.

Mesh. Aelia

Meshorer, Y. 1989. The Coinage of Aelia Capitolina. Jerusalem.

Mesh. AJC Add.

Meshorer, Y. 1990/1991. Ancient Jewish Coinage, Addendum I. Israel Numismatic Journal= 104-132.

Mesh. AJC

Meshorer, Y. 1982. Ancient Jewish Coinage, 2 vols. New York.

Mesh. Antipatris

Meshorer, Y.1999. Two New Coin Types of Antipatris. Israel Numismatic Journal 13: 86-89.

Kushnir-Stein 1995 Gaza

Kushnir-Stein, A. 1995. Gaza Coinage Dated LIC—A Reappraisal. Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 74: 49- 55.

Kushnir-Stein 2000 Gaza

Kushnir-Stein, A. z000. Late Hellenistic coins of Gaza and the date of the Hasmonean conquest of the city. Schweizer Miinzbliitter 198: 22-24.

Kushnir-Stein Demetrias

Kushnir-Stein, A. 1995. The Predecessor of Caesarea: On the Identification of Demetrias in South Phoenicia. In The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Recent Archaeological Research. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 14: 9-14.

Kushnir-Stein-Gitler

Labrique Lambert

Lampinen

Kushnir-Stein, A., and H. Gillen 1992-93. Numismatic Evidence from Tel Beer-Sheva and the Beginning of Nabatean Coinage. Israel Numismatic Journal 12: 13-20.

Lampinen, P.1999. A Further note on the Coins of Demetrias which is on the sea. In Caesarea Papers 2. Herod's Temple, the Provincial Governor's Praetorium and Granaries, the Later Harbor, a Gold Coin Hoard, and Other Studies, edited by K. G. Holum, A. Raban, and J. Patrich. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series No. 35: 358-359.

Lemaire

Lemaire, A.1999. MBGY/Menbigi, monetaire de Transeuphratene avant Alexandre. In Travaux de numismatiquegrecque offerts a Georges Le Rider, edited by M. Amandry and S. Hurter, 215-219. London.

Lenzen-Knauf

Lenzen, C. J. and E. A. Knauf 1987. Beit Ras/Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence. Syria 64: 2130.

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

Mesh. Arab Byzantine

Meshorer, Y. 1965-1966. An Enigmatic Arab-Byzntine Coin. Israel Numimatic Journal 3: 32-36.

Mesh. Ashdod & Ascalon

Meshorer, Y. 1989. The Mints of Ashdod and Ascalon at the end of the Persian Period. Eretz Israel 20: 287-291. (Hebrew).

Mesh. City Coins

Meshorer, Y. 1985. City-Coins of Eretz-Israel and the Decapolis in the Roman Period. Jerusalem.

Mesh. Discoveries

Meshorer, Y. 1993. New Discoveries in the Coinage of the Cities in Roman Palestine. In Biblical Archeology Today. Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archeology, 141-146. Jerusalem.

Mesh. Dora

Meshorer, Y.1995. The Coins of the Mint of Dora. In: Excavations at Don Final Report, Volume IA, Areas A and C: Introduction and Stratigraphy, edited by E. Stern, 355-365. Jerusalem.

Mesh. Exchange •

Meshorer, Y. 1998. Ancient Means of Exchange, Weights and Coins, the Reuben and Edith Hecht Collection. Haifa.

Mesh. Jerusalem

Meshorer, Y.1987. Coins of Jerusalem under Umayyads and the Abbasids. In The History of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099), edited by J. Prawer, 337-344. Jerusalem.

Miller

Miller, S.1999. Those Cantankerous Sepphoreans Revisited. In Ki Baruch Hu - Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Baruch A. Levine, edited by R. Chazan, W. Hallo, and L. Schiffman, 543- 573. Winona Lake.

Morey

Morey, C. R. 1914. Catalogue of the Coinage of Bostra. In H. C. Butler. Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria, II, A: XXXVIIXLIV.

NEAHL

Stern, E., ed. 1993. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. 4 vols. Jerusalem.

Negev

Negev, A. 1969. Seal-Impressions from Tomb 107 at Kurnub (Mampsis). Israel Exploration Journal 19: 89-106.

Price

Price, M. J. 1991. The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhideus. 2 vols. Zurich/London.

Price Raphia

Price, M.1992-93. The First Year of Coinage at Raphia. Israel Numismatic Journal12: 76-79.

Price—Trell

Price, M. J. and B. L., Trell. 1977. Coins and their Cities. Detroit.

Prieur

Meshorer, Y. 1989. The Coins of Masada. In Masada I: Yigael Yadin Excavation 1963-1965: Final Report, 71-132. Jerusalem.

Prieur, M., and K. Prieur. 2000. A Type Corpus of the Syro-Phoenician Tetradrachms and their Fractions 37 BC-AD 253. London.

Qedar Marisa

Meshorer, Y. 1975. Nabataean Coins. Qedem, Monographs of the Institute of Archeology 3. Jerusalem.

Qedar, 5.1992/1993. The Coins of Marisa: A New Mint. Israel Numismatic Journal 12: 27-33.

Rappaport

Meshorer, Y. 1989. On Three Interesting Cults at Neapolis in Samaria. In Kraay-Merkholm Essays: Numismatic Studies in Memory of C. M. Kraay and 0. Merkholm, edited by G. Le Rider, 173-177. Louvain-la-Neuve.

Rappaport, U. 1970. Gaza and Ascalon in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods in Relation to their Coins. Israel Exploration Journal 2o: 75-80.

Ros. 1984

Rosenberger, M.1984. Two Unpublished Coins from Ascalon. Israel Numismatic Journal 8: 6.

Mesh. Paneas

Meshorer, Y.1984/1985. The Coins of Caesarea Paneas. Israel Numismatic Journal 8: 37-58.

Ros. I

Rosenberger, M. 1972. City Coins of Palestine. Volume I Aelia-Capitolina, Akko, Anthedon, Antipatris and Ascalon. Jerusalem.

Mesh. Raphia

Meshorer, Y. 1976. Monnaies de Raphia. Revue Num smatique 6 XVIII: 57- 68.

Ros. II

Rosenberger, M. 1975. City Coins of Palestine. Volume II Caesarea, Titospoils, Dora, Eleutheropolis, Gaba, Gaza and Joppa. Jerusalem.

Mesh. TIC

Meshorer, Y. 2001. A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kokhba. Nyack/Jerusalem.

Ros. III

Meshorer—Spaer

Meshorer, Y. and A. Spaer. 1965-66. A. Varia: An Apparently Unpublished Coin of Akko-Ptolemais. Israel Numismatic Journal III: 74.

Rosenberger, M. 1977. City Coins of Palestine. Volume III Hippos-Sussita, Neapolis, Nicopolis, Nysa-Scythopolis, Caesarea-Panias, Pelusium, Raphia, Sebaste, Sepphoris-Diocaesarea, and Tiberias. Jerusalem.

Ros. IV

Metlich, M. A.1994-99. Another Heradius Follis from Jerusalem. Israel Numismatic Journal 13: uS.

Rosenberger, M. 1978. The Coinage of Eastern Palestine and Legionary Countermarks, Bar-Kochba Overstrucics. Jerusalem.

RPCI

Burnett, A., M. Amandry, and P. P. Ripolles. 1992. Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol. 1: From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius (44 BC-AD 69). London/Paris.

Mesh. Masada Mesh. Nabataean Mesh. Neapolis

Metlich Miles

Miles, G. C. 1951. Fatimid Coins in the Collection of the University Museum, Philadelphia and the American Numismatic Society. New York.

xxiv

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

X:CV

RPC II

Burnett, A., M. Amandry, and I. Carradice. 1999. Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol. 1: From Vespasian to Domitian (AD 69-96). London/Paris.

SNG ANS

Meshorer, Y. 1981. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum of the American Numismatic Society Vol. 6, Palestine-South Arabia. New York.

Samma

Samma, S. 1980. Islamic Coins Struck in Palestine. Damascus.

SNG Berry

1992. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum America: The Burton Yost Berry Collection, Part 2. Megaris to Egypt. New York.

Sandoli

Sandoli, S. de. 1974. Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae (1099-1294: Anthology of Crusader Inscriptions in the Holy Land. Jerusalem.

SNG Copenhagen Supp.

S. Schultz. zooz. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Copenhagen, Supplement. Acquisitions 1942-1966. Copenhagen.

Saulcy

Saulcy, L. E J. C. de. 1874. Numismatique de la Terre Sainte: description des monnaies autonomes et imperiales de la Palestine et de lArabie Pelt& Paris.

SNG Copenhagen

1961. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum. Palestine-Characene. Copenhagen: Fr. Bagges Kgl. Hofbogtrykkeri.

SC

Houghton, A., Lorber, C., and Kritt, B. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalog. Part 1, Seleucus I through Antiochus III. New York/Lancaster/ London.

SNG France

Levante, E. 1993. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum France, 2: Cabinet des medailles. Cilicia. Paris.

SNG Israel I

Houghton, A., and A. Spaer. 1998. SNG Israel I, The Arnold Spaer Collection of Seleucid Coins. London.

SNG Levante

E. Levante.1986. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Switzerland L Levante— Cilicia. Paris.

SC 2

Houghton, A., Lorber, C., and Hoover, O. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalog. Part 2, Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII. New York/ Lancaster/London.

Schmitt

Schmitt, G. 1987. Gaba, Getta and Gintikirmil. Zeitschift des Deutschen Paldstinaverein 103: 22-48.

SNG von Aulock

Franke, P.R. et al.1957-1968. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland. Sammlung v. Aulock. Berlin.

Schmitt-Korte 1990

Schmitt-Korte, K. 1990. Nabataean Coinage—Part II. New Coin Types and Variants. Numismatic Chronicle 150: 105-133.

Spaer Ascalon

Spaer, A. 1984. Ascalon from Royal Mint to Autonomy. In Festschrift Fiir Leo Mildenberg, edited by A. Houghton, and et al., 229-239. Wetteren.

Schmitt-Korte-Cowell

Schmitt-Korte, K., and M. Cowell. 1989. Nabataean Coinage—Part I. The Silver Content Measured by X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. Numismatic Chronicle 149: 33-58.

Spaer 1999

Spaer, A. 1999. The Royal Male Head and Cleopatra at Ascalon. In Travaux de numismatique grecque offerts Georges Le Rider, edited by M. Amandry, and S. Hurter, 347-35o. London.

Schmitt-Korte-Price

Schmitt-Korte, K., and M. Price. 1994. Nabataean Coinage—Part III. The Nabataean Monetary System. Numismatic Chronicle 154: 67-131.

Sp. Decapolis

Spijkerman, A. 1978. The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia. Jerusalem.

Scharer

Schtirer, E. 1973. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC-AD 135). Revised edition. Edinburgh.

Sp. Eleutheropolis

Spijkerman, A. 1972. The Coins of Eleutheropolis. Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus 22: 369-384.

Segal et al

Segal, A., J. Mlynarczyk, M. Burdajewicz, M. Schuler, and M. Eisenberg. 2004. Hippos-Sussita. Fifth Season of Excavations (September-October 2004) and Summary of allfive seasons (2000-2004). Haifa.

Stacey

Stacey, D. 2004. Excavations at Tiberias, 1973-1974 The Early Islamic Periods. MA Reports 21. Jerusalem.

Starr

Starr, C. 1970. Athenian Coinage 480-449 BC. Oxford.

Seltman

Seltman, C. T. 1924. Athens, its History and Coinage before the Persian Invasion. Cambridge.

Strickert

Strickert, E 2002. The First Woman to be Portrayed on a Jewish Coin: Julia Sebaste. Journalfor the Study of Judaism 33: 65-91.

Shachar

Shachar, I. 2004. The Historical and Numismatic Significance of Alexander Jannaeus' Later Coinage as Found in Archaeological Excavations. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 136: 5-33.

Svoronos

Svoronos, I. N. 1904. Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion. Athens.

Sheedy et al

Sheedy, K. A., R. Carson, and A. Walmsley. 2001. The Coins. In Pella in Jordan 1979-1990, edited by K. da Costa. Sydney.

Syon

SNAT

Ilisch, L. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum. Tiibingen. Paliistina : IV a Bilad as-Sam L Tubingen

Syon, D. 2004. Tyre and Gamla. A Study in the Monetary Influence of Southern Phoenicia on Galilee and the Golan in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. A dissertation for a Ph.D. Degree submitted to the Hebrew University. Jerusalem (Hebrew).

xxvi

ABBREVIATIONS

Traite I—IV

Babelon, E. 1901-1932. Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines I—IV. Paris.

Tsafrir

Tsafrir, Y. 2003. Numismatics and the Foundation of Aelia Capitolina—A Critical Review. In The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered. New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome, edited by P. Schafer, 31-36. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism ioo. Tubingen.

van Alfen

van Alfen, P. G. 2004-05. A New Athenian Owl and Bullion Hoard from the Near East. American Journal of Numismatics 16/17: 47-63.

Vogel

Vogel, M. 1973. Onos Lyras. 2 vols. Dusseldorf.

Voulgaridis

Voulgaridis, G. 2000. Les Ateliers Monetaires de Ptolemais-Akko et dAscalon sous la Domination Seleucide. These de Doctorat. Universite Marc Bloch-Strasbourg. Strasbourg.

I

Weiss

Weiss, Z. 2005. The Sepphoris Synagogue. Deciphering an Ancient Message through Its Archaeological and Socio-Historical Contexts. Jerusalem.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

Welles

Welles, C. B. 1938. The Inscriptions. In Gerasa: City of the Decapolis, edited by C. H. ICraeling, 355- 494.

Wineland

Wineland, J. D. 2001. Ancient Abila. An Archaeological History: BAR International Series 989. Oxford.

Zambaur

Zambaur, E. von. 1968. Die Miinzpriigungen des Islams: zeitlich und ortlich geordnet. Band I: der Westen und Osten bis zum Indus, mit synoptischen Tabellen. Wiesbaden.

AUCTION CATALOGUES: Aufhauser Bankhaus Aufhauser, Munich Antigua Antigua_ Woodland Hills, CA. Leu Bank Leu. Zurich. Berk Harlan J. Berk, Chicago CNG Classical Numismatic Group, Lancaster/London. FPL Fixed Price List Corny & Mosch. Giessener MUnthandlung, Munich Hess A. Hess AG, Luzern. Monnais Antiques. Michel Diirr and Roland Michel. Geneva. MMAG Munzen und Medaillen A.G., Basel. NFA Numismatic Fine Arts. Beverly Hills, CA. Spink-Taisei Spink-Taisei, Zurich Sternberg Frank Sternberg AG, Zurich Superior Superior Stamps and Coin Co., Beverly Hills, CA. Peus Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Frankfurt UBS Union des Banques Suisses, Zurich

THE COINS OF AKKO-PTOLEMAIS Akko-Ptolemais is identified with Tel Acco (Tel el-Fukhar) on the Mediterranean coast, about 13 kilometers north of Haifa. The historical importance of the city is closely related to its strategic geographical location. Akko is situated on a fertile plain enclosed by the Carmel Mountains, next to a natural bay with suitable anchorage. Near the city flows Nahal Ndaman (the Belus River depicted on the coins). It was also located at the junction of two international routes: the Via Maris—the road leading from Western Asia to Egypt—and the road leading from Syria and Transjordan to the Mediterranean. These characteristics helped Akko become one of the principal coastal cities of the Mediterranean for a period of more than 3,000 years from the time of the Egyptian Pharaohs to that of the Crusades. Akko-Ptolemais has the longest, most abundant, and consequently, best-researched coinage in the Holy Land. Because of the great extent of numismatic research and excavation work, only the most relevant studies are cited here. The vast quantity of coins minted in the city provides useful evidence of its history and cults, the nature of its people, and its economic background. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Akko-Ptolemais belonged to the region of Phoenicia, and together with Sidon and Tyre was one of the principal suppliers of coinage for the whole region, including the Galilee. During its long history, the city went by several names, most of which appear on the coinage. In the Bible (and modern Hebrew), the city was called Akko, which became Ake in Greek. This name became Alcka on the coins of the Islamic Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid dynasties, and Acon or Acre under the Crusaders. The city's second name, Ptolemais, was granted by Ptolemy II (281-246 BCE) and remained in use until the end of the Roman colonial coinage in 268 CE (Kindler 1978, 51-54). The earliest coins attributed to Akko are gold, silver, and bronze coins of Alexander the Great, which are marked with, 10, an abbreviation of the city's name in Phoenician (Nos. 1—n; Newell 1916; Price 1991, 405-406). However, it has also been suggested that these coins may be issues of Tyre and that the Phoenician letters abbreviate the name of Azemilkos, the Tyrian king during Alexander's siege of the city (Lemaire 1976, 11- 24). The Ptolemies struck coins in the city from the reign of Ptolemy II to that of Ptolemy V (204-181 BCE). The Sofaer collection includes a magnificent gold octadrachm depicting Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II (No. 32). The coinage of the Seleucid period was prolific, and includes issues (Nos. 38-63) from the reign of Seleucus IV (187-175 BCE) to Antiochus XII (114-96 BCE) (Newell 1939; Brett 1945). Under Antiochus IV, the city struck not only royal coinage, but also a civic series and an intermediate quasi-municipal series. The latter depicted the king, but named the community as the issuing authority (K. Akko, Nos. 59-61; Morkholm 1965, 66-67; Spaer 1976,139-141). The civic and quasi-municipal issues are struck in the name of "the Antiochenes who are in Ptolemais:' and after 126/5 BCE, the city advertises its sacred and inviolable status (Nos. 64- 94). The civic issues were comprehensively discussed by Seyrig (1962) after their publication as a group by Bouvier (1901,193-212) and Kadman (K. Akko, Nos. 1-80). The chronology of the coins has been addressed by Kontorini (1979). Two recent and important doctoral theses by Voulgaridis (zoo()) and Syon (2004) have also contributed to our understanding of the coinage of Akko in the Seleucid period. Discussion of the coinage of Demetrius I at Akko has been updated by Houghton (1992, 163-169) and Bijovsky (1994-1999, 39-45). Precolonial civic coinage continued to be struck at Akko-Ptolemais under Roman rule (Nos. 95-116). Some of these coins are dated according to a "Caesarean" era counting from Caesar's eastern sojourn in 49 BCE, rather than 48 BCE, as has often been suggested (Stein 1990,112-118; RPC I, 658 contra BMC Phoenicia, lxxxi; K. Akko,

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

21; Seyrig 1962, 33). There is, however, a series of coins dated to year 9 (Nos. 95-100) that might be based on a "Pompeian" era (Seyrig 1962, 31-32). The existence of a Caesarean era at Akko-Ptolemais has also been proven by a double-dated coin of year 3 and year 15 bearing the portraits of Antony and Cleopatra (Nos. 119-120). The dated coinage was relatively brief. When Claudius granted the city colonial status and the name, CoIonia Stabilis Germani(ca?) Felix Ptolemais, sometime between 5o/1 and 54 CE (see RPC I, 659 for a discussion on the complexities regarding the foundation of the colony), it generally ceased to date its coins. Two coins from the reigns of Elagabalus (No. 192) and Alexander Severus (Rouvier 1901, Nos. 1036 and 1041) bear "Caesarean" dates (Stein 1990,118 and n. 17). From the time of Nero (54-68 CE) onward, the coins name the city in Latin: COL PTOL ("Colonia Ptolemais"). The most interesting coin type from that period (Nos. 131-134) depicts the emperor plowing the boundary of the colony with the vexilla of Legiones III Gallica, VI Ferrata, X Fretensis, and XI Comitatensis in the background (RPC I, 659 corrects Meshorer's reading of "XII" with "XI"). Tyche, the city goddess, and the personification of the Belus River frequently appear together (e.g. Nos. 135-136, 243-244; K. Aldco, 66) and separately on the coins. A unique medallion of Caracalla (No.168) is perhaps the clearest example of the importance of these deities to the city. A coin of Philip II shows the Belus River offering Herakles a plant, while at their feet writhes a creature with many arms and a long twisted tail, probably the legendary Hydra (Nos. 262-263). This scene represents the city's foundation myth, in which Herakles is said to have found a plant on the banks of the Belus that healed the wounds from his combat with the Hydra (K. Akko, 73- 74). Perseus was also popular on the coins of Ptolemais and his presence may reflect a variant telling of the myth of Andromeda's rescue (e.g. Nos. 121-122; Mesh. City Coins, 13). In the late period of colonial coinage in Akko, the syncretistic god Zeus Heliopolites appears frequently (Nos. 246-248), as he also does at Neapolis (e.g., Neapolis No. 31), Eleutheropolis (Eleutheropolis No. 12) and Nicopolis (Nicopolis No. 7). Based on an inscription on the foot of a statue of this god discovered on Mt. Carmel, Meshorer identified the god in Akko with Ba'al of Carmel (Mesh. City Coins, 13, following Avi-Yonah 1952, 118-124). Meshorer also believed that the type of an old bearded man holding a torch was also intended to represent Zeus Heliopolites (Nos. 145,153). The god is sometimes depicted at the center of the zodiac wheel, a rare type, also known from Sidon and Alexandria (BMC Phoenicia, Sidon 26o; BMC Alexandria, 1078), and represented here by three examples, one of Valerian (No. 289), one of Gallienus (No. 300) and the third of Salonina (No. 308). Serapis is represented on the coins of Alcko in four different forms (K. Akko, 68-69), two of which are included in the Sofaer collection (e.g. Nos. 144, 227). The large human foot found on certain coins (e.g. No. 201) is a unique type among the coins of this area. The significance of this motif is still uncertain. Kadman (K. Akko, 75 and n. 55a) and initially Meshorer (Mesh. City Coins, 13) believed that it might be related to the cult of Serapis, but in his original manuscript of the present catalogue, Meshorer suggested a connection to the Ba'al of Carmel (the local Zeus Heliopolites). The coins show that various forms of underworld cults were practiced in Ptolemais. Demeter, KorePersephone (Nos. 200, 216), and Nemesis (No. 204) are popular types. The rape of Persephone by Hades (e.g. Nos. 264-265) is depicted in a similar manner to that of coins from Samaria-Sebaste (Sebaste, No. 18), while Isis, another goddess with underworld connections, appears standing with her son, Harpokrates (No. 26o; K. Alcko, 73). The worship of sacred trees was a widespread tradition in the ancient world. A sacred tree appears on the coins of Ptolemais, flanked by its guardians—two serpents, each issuing from an altar (Nos. 286-287). The landscape of the city in the Roman period is reflected on some of the coins. The most interesting of these show the fortified acropolis with a galley below (e.g. Nos. 252-253).

A few coin types are related to the imperial cult, depicting the emperor variously riding a horse and raising g g -, 229-233), crowned by Serapis (No. 227), or sailing on a galley while his hand in greeting (e.g. Nos. 13-,1-5-1234-235). being crowned by Tyche (Nos. The colonial status of the city is symbolized by the Marsyas of the Forum (e.g. Nos. 238), which was emblematic of the ius Italicum. The same figure of Marsyas appears on coins of Neapolis, commemorating the colonial rank received from Philip I (e.g., Neapolis Nos. 141-144). Akko, like other important cities of the Roman East, produced debased silver tetradrachms under Caracalla and Macrinus (Nos. 185-188), and Diadumenian (Nos. 189-190). This collection is rich in previously unpublished coins, especially from the period of Elagabalus (218-222 CE) and Severus Alexander (222-235 CE), which was the most prolific period of production in Roman Akko. Some are extremely interesting, such as coin No. 202, dated to Elagabalus, which depicts Aphrodite (?) standing within an unusual structure with a rounded roof. Another two previously unknown types are coins of Aquilia Severa. The first shows Tyche (?) and an unidentifiable figure flanking a building (No. 215); the second depicts two nude male figures that recall the Dioscuri, standing on both sides of a bridge (No. 218). From the time of Gallienus until the Umayyad period-45o years—no coins appear to have been struck at Alcko. Minting resumed in the early eighth century CE (see Nos. 309-311). Minting continued under the Abbasids (750-1258 CE), when a few bronze coins were struck in 815 CE and some later years (No. 312); under the Fatimids (910-1171 CE), the city struck gold dinars (see Nos. 313- 314). Under the Crusaders of the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, Akko became the most important city of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where many gold, silver, and bronze coins were struck. This collection includes all of the main types of this rich series, as well as a Crusader bronze seal and lead impression (Nos. 334-335). Also in this collection is the apparently unique coin No. 315, a Crusader imitation of a Fatimid dinar, stating on the obverse that it was struck in Egypt and on the reverse that it was struck at Akka.

4

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD In the Name of Alexander the Great

5

7.Type as 2, but date:1111111 = ( 27 = 320/19 BCE). Below throne Phoenician letter: A. (II), 16.02 g. Price 3271,

1.Obv.: Beardless head of Heraldes r., wearing lion scalp. Rev.: Zeus seated on stool-throne 1., holding eagle on outstretched hand and scepter: AAEHANAPOY; below throne Phoenician letter o (for Akko). Silver tetradrachm. (II), 17.16 g., undated, struck 330- 327 BCE. Price 3244.

10.Type as 2, but date: I - = (31 = 316/5 BCE). (I), 17.08 g. Price 3281.

2.Type as 1, but mintmark is in L field, 10 (Akko). (I), 17.25g. Price 3248.

11.Type as 2, but date: I I - = (32 = 315/4 BCE). (I), 16.95 g. Price 3283.

3.Type asc2e, b utd ate: 11 // ( 22 = 325/4 BCE). (XI), 16.96 g. p n 325 4.

12.Type as 2, but date: g. Price 3286.

4. Type as 2, but date: III /1 ,23 ( = 324/3 BCE). (X), 17.07 g. Price 3256.

13.Type as 2, but date: II III - = ( 35 = 312/1 BCE). (LX),17.11 g. Price 3291.

5.Type as 2, but date: IIII /1 ( 24 = 323/2 BCE). (VI), 17.18 g. Price 3260. 6.Type as 2, but date:11111 // 25 = 322/1 BCE). (X), 17.14 g. Price 3262.

14.Type as z but date in two lines:1111-=11 (36 = 311/10 BCE). (VIII), 17.08 g. Price 3292 (variant).

8.Type as 2, but date:11111111 = ( 28 = 319/8 BCE). (IX), 16.88 g. Price 3272. 9.Type as 2, but date: - = (3o = 317/6 BCE). (XII), 17.14 g. Price 3277.

- = (33 = 314/3 BCE). (I), 17.17

15.Type as 2, but date in two lines:11111H= 1 (37 = 310/ 309 BCE). (VI),17.08 g. Price 3293.

6

GALILEE AND SAMARIA 16.Type as 2, but date in two lines:111111-'11(38=309/8 BCE). (VIII), 17.05 g. Price 3295 (variant). 17.Type as 2, but date in two lines:III III -= Ill (39=308/7 BCE). (VII), 17.22 g. Price 3297. 18.Type as 2, but date in two lines: ill ill III (9 = 307/6 BCE). (XII), 17.15 g. Price 3299b. 19.Type as z but date: - (to = 306/5 BCE). (VI), 17.20 g. Price 3301. 20. Type as 2, but date: Hu = 305/4 BCE). (I), 17.13 g. Price 3302. 21.Same type, but silver obol, without date. (III), 0.46 g. Cf. Price 3253 (dated year 21).

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

32. Obv.: Head of Arsinoe II r., veiled; in 1. field, K Rev.: Two parallel comucopiae with fillets; APIINOHIOIAAAEA00Y; in I. field, mintmark . Gold octadrachm. (XII), 27.70 g. 262-261 BCE. Cf. Svoronos 785 (Different controls). 33.Type as 22, but on I., [II; on r., Plc 262-261BCE. Svoronos 786.

13.87 g.

34. Obv.: Head of Zeus-Ammon r., diademed. Rev.: Two eagles standing 1. on thunderbolt with a pair of cornucopiae on shoulder of the eagle on the right; IITOAEMAIOY BAIIAEf21, in 1. field, Bronze, (XII), 61.56 g. 271-246 BCE. Svoronos 788.

Under the Ptolemies

35.Type as 34. (XII), 68.63 g.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 BCE)

36. Type as 34, but with one eagle only; smaller denomination. (XII), 23.17 g. Svoronos 790.

22. O614: Head of Ptolemy I r., diademed.

Rev.: Eagle standing L on thunderbolt; I1TOAEMAIOY LOTHPOI; in 1. field, ITT, A, $54, ®. Silver tetradrachm. (XII),13.84 g. 285-272 BCE. Svoronos 401.

23. Obv.: Type as 22. Rev.: Eagle as on 22; IITOAEMAIOY If/THP01; in 1. field, nT. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.28 g. 285-272 BCE. Svoro1105 389.

24. Obv.: Type as 22. Rev.: Eagle as on 22, but: IITOAEMAIOY BAIIAEOI; in 1. field, 11T; below, ,n; in r. field, elongated shield. (XII), 14.02 g. 285-270 BCE. Svoronos 531. 25.Type as 24; but in 1. field, 1IT; A, P'. (XII), 13.97 g. Svoronos 544. 26. Type as 22, but in I. field, e; on r., date: K (25 = 261 BCE). (XII), 14.01 g. Svoronos 765. 27.Type as 22, but on I., M NE; on r., date: A (3o = 256 BCE) and 0. (XII), 14.06 g. Svoronos 770. 28. Type as 27, but date: AA (31 = 255 BCE). (XII), 13.43 g. Svoronos 773. 29. Type as 28, but date: AA (31 = 255 BCE). (X11), 14.18 g. Svoronos 774. 30. Type r e as 27, but on r., date: AI- (33) = 253 BCE, and O. (XII), 14.20 g. Cf. Svoronos 777 (var.). 31.Type as 22, but on 1., AE and on r., AT (34 = 252 ncE) and letter O. (XII), 14.10 g. Svoronos 778.

37.Type as 36. (XII), 18.08 g. Under the Seleucids Seleucus IV (r87-175 BCE) 38. Obv.: Head of Seleucus IV r., diademed. Rev.: Apollo seated 1. on omphalos, nude, holding arrow and bow; BAIIAE01 EEAEYKOY; in outer 1. field, palm branch; beneath Apollo's hand: 4; in exergue, IA. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 16.90 g. CSE 771 (this coin); SC 2 1331. 39. Type as 38. (XII), 16.87 g. Antiochus V (circa 164-162 BCE) 40. Obv.: Head of Antiochus r., diademed; on 1., 4' Rev.: Apollo seated 1. on omphalos, nude, holding arrow and bow; BAIIAE01 ANTIOXOY; to 1., 4; to r., NE; below, A AI. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 16.70 g. CSE 773; SC 2 1581. Antiochus IV (r75-164 BCE) 41. Obv.: Head of Antiochus IV r., diademed; in I. field; 4 Rev.: Zeus seated 1. on throne holding Victory and scepter; in outer 1. field, palm branch. BAIIAMI/ANTIOXOY/OE0Y/ MIOANOYE/ NIKWDOPOY; in exergue, tiC Silver tetradrachm. (XII),17.05 g. CSE 778 (this coin); SC 2 1476.1C. 42. Type as 41, but in exergue, 4 H. (XII), 1721 g. CSE

Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII (125-121

781; SC 2 1476.2a.

43. Type as 42, but in exergue I-P. (XII), 17.14 g. SC 2 1476.1a. 44. Type as 41, but in exergue,4 M. (XII), 16.89 g. CSE 782. SC 2 1476.2e. 45. Type as 44, but in exergue, M. (XII), 16.94 g. SC 2 46. Type Jz 76. 2

but in exergue, 4 A. (MD, 17.26 g. SC 2

47. Type s but in exergue, 7a67 (1

AI- . (M), 1704 g. SC 2

48. Type as 47, but in exergue, 4 Ai . ti.4 6 49.

7

1 7.07 g. SC

Head of Antiochus IV r., radiate. Rev.: Victory in biga galloping 1.; BAIIAMI/ ANTIOXOY; below horses: RC1 Bronze. (XII), 6.09 g. SC z 1484.2.

5o. Obv.: Type as 49. Rev.: Veiled female figure standing facing, holding scepter; BAIIAE111/ ANT1OXOY Bronze, serrated edge. (XII), 2.17 g. SC 2 1479. Antiochus VI (}45-1-42 ace) 51.Obv.: Bust of Antiochus VI r., diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt, barley stalk behind shoulder; BAIIAE01/ANTIOXOY; on 1., date: OEP (169 =144/3 BCE), on n, lti; in exergue, Al Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.98 g. CSE 798 (this coin); SC 2 2022.1a. Demetrius II (second reign 130-126/5 BCE) 52.Obv.: Bearded head of Demetrius II r., homed and diademed. Rev.: Zeus seated 1. on throne, holding Victory and scepter; BAIIAE01 / AHMHTPIOY/ CHOY / NIKATOPOI; in exergue, M Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 16.2o g. CSE 8o2 (this coin); SC 2 2202. 53.Type as 52, but different dies. (XII), 16.35 g.

54. Obv.: Jugate busts of Cleopatra, diademed and veiled, wearing stephane, and her son Antiochus VIII diademed r. Rev.: Eagle standing I. on thunderbolt; BAEIAIIIHI / KAEOFIATPAI/OEA1 /KAI/ BAIIAEfil /AN TIOXOY; in 1. field, t and below, iii; in r. field, date: B4P (192 =121/o BCE). Silver tetradrachm.(XII), 12.55 g. SC 2 2272.3. 55. Obv.: Type as 54. Rev.: Zeus seated 1. on throne, holding Victory and scepter; BAIIAIIIHI/ KAEOnATPAI/OEAE / KAI /BAIIAE0.1/ANTIOXOY; in 1. field, t; in exergue, date: en P (189 = 124/3 lice). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 16.60 g. SC 2 2271.2. Antiochus VIII (121-96/5 acE) 56. Obv.: Head of Antiochus VIII r., diademed. Rev.: Zeus standing 1. draped, holding star in extended hand and scepter; above head, crescent; BAIIAE01 /ANTIOXOY/ EllKDANOYE; in 1. field, Qf ; laurel wreath border. Silver tetradrachm, Attic standard. (XII), 16.27 g. SC 2 2336.2. 57.Type as 56, but different dies. (XII), 16.43 g. 58. Obv.: Head of Antiochus VIII r., diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing on thunderbolt 1; BAIIAE01 ANTIOXOY; in r. field, date: BLIP (192 =121/0 BCE); in I. field, Silver tetradrachm. (MI), 13.96 g. SC 2 2337.1. Antiocbus IX (n4-113; 96-95 BCE) 59. Obv.: Head of Antiochus IX r., bearded and diademed. Rev: Athena standing 1., holding Victory in extended hand and resting on spear and shield; BAXIAMI/ANTIOXOY/WIA011ATOPOI; in 1. field, g ; laurel wreath border. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 16.15 g. SC 2 2390.4. 6o. Type as 51, but on reverse, in I. field, cornucopia and monogram: Ff . (XII), 16.13 g. SC 2 238913. Attribution to Ptolemais is uncertain.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

8 Antiochus XII (88 -84 ece)

The following three coins of Antiochus XII are often attributed to the mint of Damascus. They are included in this section due to the monograms they share with coins of Ptolemais. 61.Obv.: Head of Antiochus XII r., diademed. Rev.: Zeus standing I., holding Victory in extended hand and resting on scepter. BAIIAMI / ANTIOXOY/AIONYIOY/ EDIOANOYIRDIAOITATOPOI/ KAAAINIKOY; in exergue, T?T Bronze. (XII), 6.34 g. Babelon 1579. Newell 1939 135. SC 2 2481. 62. Obv.: Type as 61. Rev.: Dionysus standing 1. naked, holding palm branch and resting elbow on tripod. BAZIAEOI/ANTIOXOY/ EllICDANOYI/OIA011ATOPOI/ KAMINIKOY; in L field, Tti Bronze. (XII), 4.4o g. Babelon 1586. SC 2 2477. 63. Obv: Type as 61. Rev.: Victory standing 1., holding palm branch and cornucopia; BAIIAEGI/ ANT1OXOY / AIONYIOY/ EDICDANOYIRDIAOITATOPOI/ KAMINIKOY; in 1. field, GIN Bronze. (XII), 8.11 g. Babelon 1584. Newell 1939 14o. SC 2 2476. Pre-colonial Civic Coinage Coin nos. 64-75 are rougly dated to 169-164 BCE (Syon 2004). 64. Obv.: Head of Antiochus IV r., radiate. Rev.: Zeus standing facing looking 1., holding wreath in extended hand. ANTIOXEON /TON / EN FITOAEMAIAI; in r. field, M; in 1. field, 41 /0 Bronze. (XII), 11.20 g. Cf. K. Akko 1-10. SC 2 1480, 65.Type as 64, but in I. field, 4. (XII), 11.64 g. 66. Type as 64, but in 1. field, En. (XII), 12.83 g. 67.Type as 64, but in I. field unclear monogram. (XII), 10.78 g. 68. Obv.: Jugate busts of the Dioscuri r. Rev.: Cornucopia; ANTIOXEON /TON / EN IITOAEMAIAI; in 1. field, H Bronze. (I), 2.62 g. K. Akko 15. 69. Type as 68, but monogram NE. (XII), 3.11 g. K. Akko 19.

7o. Type as 68, but in I. field. H. (II), 2.21 g. K. Akko 24. 71.Type as 68, but monogram illegible. (XII), 3.32 g. 72.Type as 71. (I), 2.84 g. 73.Type as 71. (I), 3.06 g. 74. Type as 71. (I), 2.61 g. 75.Obv.: Jugate busts of the Dioscuri r. Rev.: Cornucopia; ANTIOXEON TON/ EN IITOAE MAIAI / IEPAI AIYAOY; in 1. field, I; to r. of cornucopia, date: en (189 se = 124/3 BCE). Bronze. (XI), 3.03 g. K. Akko 34. 76. Type as 75, but date: CLIP (196 SE = 117/6 BCE); in 1. field, illegible monogram. (XII), 1.28 g. 77.Type as 76. (XII), 1.65 g. Seyrig 1962 29. 78. Type as 75, but date: VIP (197 SE = 116/5 BCE); in I. field, illegible monogram. (XI), 1.56 g. 79. Type as 75, but date illegible; in I. field, A (XII), 1.75 g. 80. Type as 76, but date: HIP (198 SE = 115/4 BCE). (XII), 1.63 g. 81.Type as 80. Monogram: H. (XI), 1.90 g. 82.Type as 75, but date: [...] LIP = 122/113 BCE; in 1. field, (1)? (XII), 2.23 g. 83.Type as 75, but crude style. Date illegible. [...]IEPAI [...] in 1. field, H. (II), 2.12 g. 84. Obv.: Jugate busts of the Dioscuri r. Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding scepter and cornucopia; ANTIOXEON /TON EN I1TOAE/ AIYA[...] MAIAI / Bronze, crude style. (XII), 3.51 g. Seyrig 1962 12; K. Akko 45. 85.Obv.: Head of Zeus r. Rev.: Zeus standing I., holding ears of grain and scepter; ANTIOXEON TON/ EN 111-OAE MAIAI/ IEPAI AIYAOY; in 1. field, H Bronze. (XII), 2.90 g. Seyrig 1962 7; cf. K. Akko 55• 86. Obit.: Head of Zeus r., laureate. Rev.: Tyche standing on galley 1., raising hand and holding trident. In I. field, date: LEI (zo5 SE =108/7 BCE); in r. field, Iii ; across field, IE PAI Bronze. (II), 3.42 g. Seyrig 1962 29.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais 87.Obv.: Head of Zeus r. Rev.: Tyche standing 1. on prow of galley, raising hand and holding scepter; IEPAI; in 1. field uncertain monogram and date illegible. Bronze. Uncertain date. Most probably last quarter of znd C. BCE. (I), 3.25 g. Seyrig 1962 z8; K. Akko 62. 88.Obv.: Head of Apollo r. Rev.: Lyre with three strings; ANTIOXEON /TON/EN IITOAEMAIAI; in 1. field, . Bronze. (XII), 2.41 g. Undated. K. Akko 50-52. 89.Type as 88, date and monogram illegible. (XII), 1.61 g. 9o. Type as 88, but in I. field, illegible letters. (I), 1.90 g. 91.Obv: Female head (perhaps Aphrodite or Artemis) 1., wearing high stephane. Rev.: Stag standing r.; on r., ANTIOXEON; above stag: TON; on 1., EN ITTOAEMAIAI; below, A Bronze. Undated.(XII), 2.37 g. K. Akko 271 (54a).

9

100.Type as 98. (XII), 2.03 g. 101.Obv.: Head of Zeus r. Rev.: Far of grain; ANTI TON /EN IITOA Bronze. (I), 1.78 g. Ros. I (Akko) 27. 102.Obv: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Prow of galley L; above, it IEPAI Bronze. (II), 1.25 g. 103.Obv.: Head of Zeus r., laureate; palm branch behind neck; rectangular countermark depicting bird r. Rev.: Tyche standing on rudder I., holding cornucopia and palm branch and resting on tiller topped by aphlaston; on r., IITOAE/MAEON / IEPAI; on I., LE / AIY/ (year 5 = 45/4 BCE (Caesarean era)). Bronze. (I), 8.78 g. Seyrig 196215; K. Akko 71; Ros. I Akko 4o (with countermark). 104.Type as 103, but to L of Tyche: LE / AIY / KA / (XII), 8.96 g. 105.Type as 104. (XII), 11.71 g.

92.Type as 91; in exergue, A. (I), 1.56 g.

106.Type as log. (XII), 10.53 g.

93. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Victory standing 1. holding long palm branch; ANTIOXEON /TON / ENIITOAEMAIAI; in r. field, MI Bronze. (I), 6.96 g. Cf. K. Akko 59-61.

107.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Tyche standing on galley 1., resting her r. on tiller with aphlaston and holding cornucopia with I.; on r., fITOAE / MAEON; in 1. field, date: LE (year 5 = 45/44 BCE (Caesarean era)). Bronze. (XII), 3.27 g.

94.Type as 93, but in I. field, AI. (I), 4.59 g. THE

ROMAN PERIOD

Pre-colonial Coinage 95.Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Zeus standing 1., holding ears of corn in extended hand, and resting on scepter; ANTIOXEON/TON/EN ITTOAE/MAIAI; in L field, date: LO (year 9 = 55/54 BCE? (Pompeian era) or 41/40 rice? (Caesarean era)). Bronze. (XII), 6.18 g. Seyrig 1962 14; K. Alcko 76, 84. 96. Type as 95, but with round countermark on reverse, depicting head r. (XII), 7.5o g. (Cf. K. Akko 85). 97.Type as 96. (XI), 5.87 g. 98. Obv.: Jugate busts of the Dioscuri r. Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding tiller and cornucopia; in three lines across field, L 0/ lifq IE 4‘ AY t NO M (year 9 = 55/54 BCE? (Pompeian era) or 41/40 BCE? (Caesarean era)). Bronze. (XII), 3.09 g. Seyrig 1962 3o; K. Akko 47. 99. Type as 98. (XII), 2.48 g.

108.Type as 103, but date: LC (year 6 = 43/2 BCE) and no countermark. (XII), 9.04 g. 109.Type as 104, but unclear date; no countermark. (XII), 11.15 g. no. Type as 104, but date: LO (year 9 = 41/0 BCE); in I. field, l . (XII), 8.37 g. Seyrig 1962 17 (same dies). 111.Obv.: Jugate busts of Tyche and Zeus r. Rev.: Tyche as on 103; on r., IITOAE/ MAEON / IEPAI; on 1., Le/ AIY/ A (year 9 = 41/0 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 10.82 g. Seyrig 196218. 112.Type as in. (XII), 11.24 g. 113.Type as in, but on 1. unclear monogram and: LI / KAI AIY (year io = 4o/39 BCE). (XII), 10.97 g. Syon 2004 2015. 114.Type as 113. (XII), 11.8o g.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

10

115. Obv.: Head ofZeus r., laureate, surroundedbywreath. Rev.: Tyche as on io3; across field, 11TOAEM / IEP AEY / AOY; in 1. field, above, date: LKA (year 21 =29/8 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 13.32 g. For general type see K. Akko 65; Seyrig 1962 21. u6. Obv.: Type as 105. Rev.: Tyche as on 103, to L, I1TOA / EM/IEP; to r., AI KA/I AIY/ AOY; in 1. field above, date: LKO (year 29 = 20/19 BCE). (XII), 10.42 g. K. Akko 8o (for reverse side). With Imperatorial and Imperial Portraits

Marc Antony with Cleopatra 117. Obv.: Head ofAntonyr, surrounded by laurel wreath. Rev.: Tyche standing on rudder I., holding cornucopia and palm branch and resting on tiller topped by aphlastoti; on r., IITOAE / MARIN / IEPAI; on I., LIA/ KAI AXY (year n = 39/8 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 10.42 g. K. Akko 73; RPC I 4740.

118.Type as 117, but rev. legend IEPAI . (XII), 9.31 g. 119.Obv.: Type as 117. Rev.: Bust of Cleopatra r.; to 1., IITO/AEMA; to r., IEPAI AIYAOY; in 1. field, date: LI (year 3); in r. field, date: IE (year 15 = 35/4 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 10.36 g. RPC I 4742

120. Obv.: Type as 117. Rev.: Bust of Cleopatra r.; around, DTOAEMAIECON TOY Li (year 3) KAI IE (year 15 = 35/4 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 9.41 g. Cf. K. Akko 74; Seyrig 1962 20; RPC I 4742. Claudius (4r-54 a;)

121. Obv.: Head of Claudius r., laureate. Rev.: Perseus advancing l., looking backwards, holding the head of Medusa in extended hand, and harpa; IEPMANIEON; below, date: L/Ocl (year 99 = 50/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.89 g. K. Akko 90; RPC I 4748.

122. Type as 121. (XII), 2.89 g. 123. Obv: Head of Claudius r., laureate. Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking 1., resting her outstretched hand upon rudder and holding cornucopia; IEPMANIEON TON EN 11TOAEMAILII; in field, double date: AI / L Ocl / L (year n, year 99 = 50/1 CE). Bronze. (I), 9.39 g. K. Akko 88; RPC I 4746.

124. Type as 123, but with one countermark on obverse as on 95. (I), 8.04 g. 125. Type as 123, but with two countermarks; on obverse, as on 95, on reverse, a square one depicting retrograde Phoenician letter (M). (I), 7.22 g.

126. Obv.: Head of Claudius r., laureate. Rev.: Type as 123, but blundered inscriptions. Lead. Crude style, ancient imitation. (XII), 14.04 g.

Trajan (98-117 GE) 135. Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; IMP CAES NER TRAINO OPT AVG GERMA

Rev.: Tyche seated on rock to r., extends ears ofgrain toward river god swimming at her feet; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 10.91 g. K. Akko 97. 136. Type as 135. (X1),10.29 g.

Hadrian (117-138 CE)

127. Obv.: Head of Claudius 1., laureate. Rev.: Zeus standing facing looking r., holding scep-

137. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP TRA

ter; IIPMANIKECIN TON EN 11TOAEMAINI; in field, double date: AI/L OWL (year n, year 99 = 5o/i CE.) Bronze. (XII), 6.18 g. Seyrig 1962 26; RPC I 4747.

Rev.: Founder, as on 132; above, DIVOS CLAVDI; in

128. Type as 127. (XII), 4.88 g.

Pseudo-autonomous 129. Obv.: Head of Zeus r., laureate. Rev.: Club surrounded by wreath flanked by inscription: COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 3.16 g. K. Akko 91; Ros. I Akko 45. 130. Type as 129. (XII), 3.15 g. Colonial Coinage

Nero (54-68 GO 131. Obv.: Head of Nero r., laureate; in r. field, star and crescent; IMP NER CLA CAES AVG GER PM TR POT Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing with ox and cow it; in the background four legionary standards depicting legion numbers: III, VI, X, XII; DIVOS CLAVD STA GER FEL; behind standards. COL CIA Bronze. (XII), 11.82 g. K. Akko 92; RPC 14750 132. Type as 131, but no star and crescent on obv. and rev.: DIVOS CLAVD STA GER PTO/COL CIA. (XII), 14.48 g. K. Ak ko 93. 133. Type as 132, but founder off flan. (XII), 13.33 g. 134. Obv.: Head ofNero 1., laureate; in 1. field, lituus; NER CAES AVG COS 1111 IMP XIIII P P Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing with ox and cow r.; in the background four legionary standards depicting legion numbers: III, VI, X, XII; DIVOS CLAVD GER FEL PTOL; between standards. COL C C ST Bronze. (XII), 8.58 g. K. Akko 95 (misread inscription); RPC I 4749 (dating 66/7 CE?).

HADRIANO CAESAR AV center, COL; below, PTOL Bronze. (XI), 9.67 g. K. Akko 101. 138. Type as 137, but the inscription is differently distributed: around, DIVOS CLAVDIVS; in center, COL; in exergue, PTOL. (XII), 6.65 g. 139. Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP CAES TRA HADRIANVS AVG Rev: Tyche seated on rock as on 135, but of crude style; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 7.4o g. K. Akko 104.

11

Rev.: Tyche seated on rock as on 135; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 9.93 g. K. Akko 135. 147. Type as 146, but lower part of Tyche's dress looks like fishnet. (XII), 13.10 g. 148. Type as 147. (XII), 12.01 g.

Commodes (177-192 GE) 149. Obv.: Draped bust of Commodus 1.; IMP C M AV COMMODVS AVG Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; in r. field, torch; COL PTOL Bronze. (V), 16.00 g. K. Akko 117. 150. Obv.: Draped bust of Commodus 1.; IMP C M AV COMMODVS Rev.: Tyche seated on rock as on 135; COL PTOL Bronze. (XI), 10.85 g. K. Akko n5.

Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) 151. 01w.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; IMP C L SEPT SEVERVS AVG; rectangular countermark depicting head r. Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking 1., resting on rudder and holding cornucopia, crowned with wreath by a small Victory standing on column; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 15.95 g. K. Akko 120. GIC 139.

140. Type as 139, but with rectangular countermark on obv. depicting thunderbolt. (XII),10.33 g. K. Akko 105; for countermark see GIC 474.

152. Type as 151. (I), 1o.81 g.

141. Type as 140. (XII), 7.03 g.

153. Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate;

142. Obv: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP TRA HADRIANO CAESAR Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking I., resting on rudder and holding cornucopia; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 7.16 g. K. Akko 107. 143. Type as 142. (I), 7.44 g.

Marcus Aurelius (1nt-18o CE)

IMP C L SEPT SEVER AVG; rectangular countermark depicting head r GIC 139. Rev.: Bust ofmale deity r.; in r. field, torch; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 10.73 g. Variant of K. Akko 123. 154. Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; IMP C L SEPT SEVER AVG Rev: Bust of Serapis r.; in r. field, torch; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 10.97 g.

Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; in r. field, torch.; COL PTOL

155. Obv.: Type as 154. IMP C L SEPT SEV PER AVG. Rev.: Thunderbolt flanked by: COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 11.61 g. K. Akko 124.

Bronze. (VI), 15.30 g. K. Akko no.

156. Type as 155. (I), 11.21 g.

144. Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAES M AVR AN AVG

145. Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAES M AVR AN AVG Rev,: Bust of male deity (Ba'al of Carmel?) draped, radiate, and bearded r.; in r. field, torch.; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 22.03 g. K. Akko 111. 146. Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR AN AV

157. Type as 155, but with countermark on obv. as on 151. (VI), 8.58 g. GIC 139. Julia Domna 158. Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Domna r.; IVLIA DOMNA AVGVSTA Rev.: Emperor (Caracalla?) onhorse, ridingI.,raising arm and holding scepter; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (I), 14.83 g. For rev. see K. Akko 141.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

12

159. Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Domna r.; IVLI DOMNA AVG Rev.: Tyche seated on rock r. as on 147; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 8.55 g. K. Akko 125. 16o. Type as 159, but square countermark on obv. as on 151. (MI), 9.34 g. K Akko 126. GIC 139. Caracalla (198-217 CE) bk. Obv.: Draped bust of young Caracalla r., laureate; IMP C M AV ANTON Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking 1., resting on rudder and holding cornucopia, crowned by a small Victory standing on column; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 12.35 g. K. Akko 136. 162.Type as 161, but with countermark on obv. as on Isl. (I), 14.17 g. K. Akko 137. GIC 139. 163.Obv.: Type as 161. Rev.: Thunderbolt flanked by COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 11.02 g. K. Akko 132. 164.Type as 163. (XII), 12.49 g. 165.Obv.: Type as 161. IMP CM AV ANTON AV Rev.: Bust of male deity r. as on 145; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 12.39 g. K. Akko 139. 166.Type as 165. (I), 13.93 g. 167.Obv.: Type as 162 (with the same countermark). Rev.: Bust of Serapis r. as on 144; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 11.62 g. (K. Akko 162 attributed to Elagabalus). 168 Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: Belus (Ndaman river) reclining r. over crocodile, resting elbow on amphora and holding reed; COLON IA PTOLEMAIS; in exergue: BHAOC Bronze medallion. (VI), 25.19 g. Mesh. Discoveries 9. 169. Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r. (large head), laureate; IMP CAESAR M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: Tyche as on 151 in tetrastyle temple with pediment; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 18.85 g. K. Akko 143. 17o. Obv.: Type as 169. Rev.: Tyche as on 151; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 19.01 g. 171. Type as 170. (XII), 16.77 g.

172.Obv: Type as 168. Rev.: Perseus standing 1., holding the head of Medusa, in extended hand, and harpa; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 12.34 g. K Akko 138. 173.Type as 172, but doublestruck. (XII), 10.90 g. 174.Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; IMP M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: Winged caduceus; COLON IA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 12.40 g. 175.Type as 174. (VI), 11.10 g. 176.Type as 174, but small denomination; COL PTOL (XII), 2.61 g. K. Akko 134. 177.Obv.: Head of Caracalla r., laureate; AYT K MA • AN TONINOC CEB Rev.: Eagle standing facing, head r., holding wreath in beak; between legs Zeus Heliopolites flanked by facing bulls; AHMAPX E YllATOC TA Silver tetradrachm. (XI), 12.57 g. Prieur, obv. 1212 with rev. 1216. 178.Type as 177, but Rev.: AHMAPX 13.06 g. Prieur 1215.

YFIATOC A. (XI),

179.Obv.: Type as 177; AYT K MA • AN TON INOC Rev.: Type as 177, but between legs the caps of the Dioscuri; AHMAPX E YllATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.26 g. Prieur 1223. 180.Type as 179. (XII), 12.72 g. 181.Type as 179, but rev.: AHMAPX EE YllATOC TA (XII), 12.38 g. Prieur 1225. Geta (209-212 CE) 182.Obv: Draped bust of Geta r., bareheaded; P SEPT GETA C Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing with ox and cow r.; in the background, four legionary standards; across field and in exergue, COL/PTOL Bronze. (XII), 5.79 g. K. Akko 150. 183.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r. bareheaded; P SEPT GETA C Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with pediment, standing on podium with steps and flanked by two laurel branches; starting above 1.; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 3.21 g. 184.Type as 183. (XII), 5.52 g.

Macrinus (217-218 CE) 185.Obv.: Draped bust of Macrinus r., laureate; IMP C M OP S MACRINVS Rev.: Emperor on horse, riding l., raising arm and holding scepter; COLON PTOL Bronze. (VI), 15.73 g. K. Akko 141 for rev. (Caracalla).

13

196.Type as 195, but rev. inscription above, COLONI; in exergue, PTOL. (XII), 7.11 g. 197.Type as 196. (XII), 7.98 g. 198.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; ANTONINVS AVG CAE Rev.: Tyche as on 194, but in exergue, COL PT Bronze. (VI), 8.5o g.

186.Type as 185. (XII), 12.34 g.

199.Type as 198, but between columns, two small figures; below, COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 10.53 g.

187.Obv.: Draped bust of Macrinus r., laureate; IMP C M OP S MACRINVS Rev.: Perseus as on 172, COLONI PTOLEM Bronze. (XII), 9.76 g. K. Akko 153.

zoo. Obv.: Radiate head of Elagabalus r., with drapery on 1. shoulder; [...]ANTONINVS A Rev.: Two female deities (?, Demeter and KorePersephone?) standing facing one another with scepters entwined by serpents, holding unidentifiable objects (ears of grain?) over cista mystica from which stems a serpent; COLON PT Bronze. (XII), 8.88 g. For rev. see K. Akko 240 (Valerian).

188.Type as 187, but undraped bust on obv. and shorter inscription on rev.: COL PTOL. (XII), u.88 g. Diadumenian (218 CE) 189.Obv.: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., bareheaded; M OP ANTONINVS AV Rev.: Winged caduceus; COLONIA PTOLEM Bronze. (XII), 7.72 g. var. of K. Akko 156. 190 Type as 189, but shorter inscription on rev.: COL PTOL. (XII), 5.67 g. K. Akko 156. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 191.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP CAES M AV ANTONINVS AVG Rev.: The emperor as founder, plowing with ox and cow r., with legionary standard in background inscribed TER/GAL (referring apparently to the Third Gallica legion); in r. field, below, caduceus and above, star; COL PTO Bronze. (VI), 9.63 g. K. Akko 159. 192.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IM C M AVR ANTONINVS [-] Rev.: Tyche as on 161 in hexastyle temple with pediment and decorated central arch; above, COL PTOL; in exergue, between two unclear objects (harpas?), date: HEC (year 268 = 220 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.64 g. K. Akko 171. 193.Type as 192, but in exergue, altar between harpa and caduceus. (VI), 14.84 g. 194.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r, laureate; IMP CAES M AV ANTON INVS AVG Rev.: Tyche in temple as on 161; above, COL PTO Bronze. (VI), 10.35 g. 195.Type as 194. (XII), 8.31 g.

201.Obv.: Type as 200; IMP CAES M AV ANTONINVS A Rev: Large foot with straps (symbolizing Zeus Heliopolites or the Bdal of Carmel?) r., topped by thunderbolt; in r. field, caduceus; in exergue, harpa; COLONIA PTOLEM Bronze. (XII), 13.69 g. Ros I (Akko) 66. 202.Obv.: Type as 200; IMP CAES M AV ANTONINVS A Rev.: Aphrodite standing between small Eros 1. and caduceus r., in distyle shrine standing on high podium with dome covered with tiles; COLON PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.30 g. 203.Obit.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP CAES M AV ANTONINVS AG Rev.: Acropolis of the city with walls, gate and tower; COLON IA PTOLEMAIS; in exergue, galley. Bronze, (XII), 9.44 g. K. Akko 175. 204. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP CAES M AV ANTNINV [sic] Rev.: Nemesis, winged, standing 1. in tetrastyle temple; at her feet 1., small griffin with wheel facing 1.; in exergue, COL PT Bronze. (VI), 5.76 g. Ros I (Akko) 67. 205.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AV PI ANTONIN Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing on base with two steps in a distyle shrine between two torches, holding scepter and torch; in exergue, thunderbolt; COL PTOL Bronze. (VII), 7.29 g.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

14

206.Obv.: Type as 202. Rev.: Victory standing facing looking 1., extending her hand at trophy and holding palm branch; at her feet, on r., small crouched figure; two more similar figures flanking the base of the trophy; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VII), 9.53 g. 207. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; [...]AVG (name of the emperor is not legible; portrait may be of Severus Alexander). Rev.: Perseus as on 172; COL PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 5.86 g. K. Akko 161 (same obv. die).

208.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r.? laureate; [...]CA[...]

Rev.: Thunderbolt; COL PTO (last three letters are retrograde). Bronze. (XII), 2.94 g.

209.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r, laureate; [-] ANTONIN Rev.: Caduceus between club and harpa; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 3.28 g. K. Akko 177. 210.Type as 209. (XII), 3.29 g.

Julia Maesa 211.Obv,: Draped bust of Julia Maesa r.; IVLIA MAESA AVG Rev.: Nemesis in tetrastyle temple as on 204; [...]TOL; in exergue, COLO Bronze. (XII), 4.94 g. Ros. I (Akko) 72.

Aquilia Severa 212.Obv.: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; IVL AQVILIA SEVERA AV Rev.: Tyche within hexastyle temple as on 192; in exergue, COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 10.52 g. K. Akko 179.

213.Obv.: Type as 212. Rev.: Type as 212, but in exergue, altar between caduceus(?) and harpa; above, COL PTO Bronze. (XII), 13.45 g. 214.Type as 213. (VI), 16.30 g. 215.Obv.: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; IVL AQVILIA SEVERA AVG Rev.: On 1., figure (Tyche?) standing r. between two arched columns; on r., tower (?); in center, standing male figure holding club (?); above him, small caduceus; above, COL; below, PTOL Bronze. (V), 13.30 g.

216. Obv.: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; IVL AQVILIA SEVERA AV Rev.: Female deity (Hygieia?, Kore-Persephone?) seated 1., holding torch, extending uncertain object (patera?) toward snake at her feet; in 1. field, caduceus (she may be extending the caduceus); COLONI PTOL OMAE [sic] Bronze. (XII), 11.78 g. For rev. see K. Akko 164. (Elagabalus).

217.Obv: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; IVL AQVILIA SEVERA AV

Rev.: The rape of Kore-Persephone: Hades in galloping biga 1., looking backwards; below, altar; on 1., caduceus; above, in two lines separated by a bar COL PTOLE Bronze. (VI), 9.89 g. 218.O12v.: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; IVL AQVILIA SEVERA AVG Rev.: Two nude male figures with caps and spears, raising one hand (Dioscuri?) standing on both side-pillars of a bridge with three arches; three small figures are seated on the bridge; in I. field, club, and in r. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.47 g. &Venn Alexander (222-235 CE)

219.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP C SEV ALEXANDER AVG Rev.: River god Belus-Na`arnan reclining r., leaning his elbow over amphora and holding reed; below, crocodile to 1.; COLONIA PTOLEMA Bronze. (I), 6.82 g. Mesh. City Coins 8. 220. Type as 219, but of somewhat crude style and the river god is seated rather than reclining. (XII), 4.98 g. 221.Type as 219, but below river god harpa instead of crocodile. (XII), 6.96 g. K. Akko 189. 222.Type as either 219 or 221. (XII), 4.21 g. 223.O12v.: Bust of Severus Alexander (?) r., laureate; crude inscription. (Portrait may be of Elagabalus.) Rev.: Type as 212; above, COL PTOL Bronze, smaller flan. (XII), 7.68 g.

224.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., radiate; IMP C 5EV ALEXANDER VS AVG Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing on base with two steps in a distyle shrine with high and ornamented gaison, between two torches, holding scepter and torch; on r. and I., COLO PTOL Bronze. (XII), 8.07 g. 225.Obv.: Bust of Severus Alexander (?) r., laureate; unclear inscription. (Portrait may be of Elagabalus.) Rev.: Type as 224, but in exergue, thunderbolt. Bronze. (VI), 5.52 g. Cf. K. Akko 196. 226. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., radiate; IMP C 5EV ALEXANDER AVG Rev: Marsyas of the Forum standing 1., carrying wine skin over shoulder and saluting with hand; COLONIA PTOLEM Bronze. (VI), 7.88 g. 227.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR SEV ALEXANDER AVG Rev.: The emperor standing 1., raising arm and holding scepter, crowned by Serapis standing on his r.; in 1. field, caduceus; COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (VI), 7.15 g. K. Akko 195.

228.Obv.: Type as 227. [-] MAR SEV AE-1 Rev.: Victory as on 206; COLONIA PTOLEM Bronze. (XII), 8.3o g. 229. Obv.: Upper body of Severus Alexander r., wearing cuirass and laureate, saluting; IMP CAE M AVR SEV ALEXANDER AVG Rev.: The emperor, in military dress, riding a horse 1., raising his arm and holding scepter; in 1. field, caduceus; COLO PTOLE Bronze. (VIII), 7.76 g. Cf. K. Akko 190-193. 230. Type as 229, rev.: COLON PTOLE. (WI), 7.54 g. 231.O12v.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP SEVR ALEXANDER AVG Rev.: Type as 229, but with caduceus between forelegs of horse. Bronze. (VI), 5.96 g. K. Akko 191. 232.Type as 231. (VI), 6.27 g. 233.Type as 231. (XII), 5.03 g.

234.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR 5EV ALEXANDER AVG

Rev.: Emperor and Tyche standing on galley sailing 1.; COLO PTOLE Bronze. (XII), 4.23 g. K. Akko 188.

15

235.Type as 234. (XII), 5.17 g.

236.Obv.: Type as 234. Rev.: Winged caduceus; COLONIA PTOLEMAI Bronze, small flan. (XII), 3.85 g.

237.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR SEV ALEXAND

Rev.: Perseus as on 1724 COLONIA PTOLEMAIS Bronze. (XII), 5.11 g.

238.Obv.: Type as 237. Rev.: Marsyas of the Forum standing r., carrying wine skin over shoulder and saluting with hand at long winged caduceus on r.; COLONIA PTOLBr0E0MzAelS(mo, 4.90 g. 239. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR 5EV ALEXAND Rev.: Herakles seated on rock r., resting his 1. over club; behind, caduceus; below, river god (Belus) swimming over Hydra; COLO PTOLE Bronze. (VII), 4.80 g. 240. Type as 239 (broken), COL PTOLE. (VI), 3.62 g.

241.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; unclear legend.

Rev.: The emperor, in military dress, riding a horse r., raising his arm; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 3.97 g.

Philip I (244-249 CE) 242.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG

Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing r. with ox and cow; in exergue, caduceus and thunderbolt (?); above, COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 18.75 g. K. Akko 199.

243.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG

Rev.: Tyche in hexastyle temple as on 192; in exergue, river god reclining 1., holding reed and cornucopia; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 19.87 g. K. Akko 203. 244. Type as 243. (VI), 17.81 g. 245.Type as 243. (XII), 15.41 g.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

16

246. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing in a distyle portable shrine (seen in perspective) with two poles for lifting, between two torches, holding scepter and torch; below, thunderbolt, altar and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 17.63 g. K. Akko 207. 247. Type as 246, but larger shrine. (XII), 11.63 g. 248. Type as 246, but smaller shrine. (XII), 18.24 g.

249.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG

Rev.: Two female deities (Nemesis? Demeter and Kore-Persephone?) standing facing one another, holding scepters entwined by serpents and unidentifiable objects (ears of grain?) over cista mystica from which stems serpent; in upper field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 14.35 g. 250. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG Rev.: Tyche standing facing, turning l., crowned by small Victory on column 1., holding cornucopia and resting r. on rudder; in 1. field, small figure of Marsyas of the Forum looking at Tyche and above him, caduceus; in r. field, thunderbolt; CO PTOL Bronze. (VI), 21.03 g. Cf. K. Akko 216 for rev.

255.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., bareheaded; IVL

264.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PHILIP-

PHILIPPVS NOB CAES Rev.: Tyche in hexastyle temple as on 192; to 1. of Tyche, star; in exergue, river god reclining 1., holding reed and cornucopia; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 19.52 g. K. Akko 219.

PVS NOB CAES Rev.: The rape of Kore-Persephone: Hades in galloping quadriga r., holding Kore-Persephone and reins; above, Eros and caduceus; below, Demeter(?) reclining holding cornucopia; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 17.32 g. K. Akko 222.

256.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., bareheaded; IVL PHILIPPVS NOB CAES Rev.: Large foot (symbolizing Zeus Heliopolites or the Ba'al of Carmel) I., topped by thunderbolt; in 1. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 9.48 g. Mesh. City Coins 15. 257.Obv.: Type as 256 (same die). Rev.: Victory standing facing loolcing1., holding palm branch and extending her arm at trophy; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 8.53 g. 258. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PHILIPPVS NOB CAES Rev.: Tyche standing facing, hand on rudder and crowned by Victory standing on column to r.; in 1. field, caduceus; on r., thunderbolt; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 16.16 g. K. Akko 217. 259. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PHILIPPVS NOB CAES Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Baca! of Carmel) in portable shrine as on 246; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII),17.63 g. K. Akko 220-221 (but not radiate).

251.Type as 25o, but not crowned by small Victory, and rev.: COL PTOL. (XII), 18.75 g.

260.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PHILIP

252.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP M IVL

Rev.: Isis standing facing looking 1., holding scepter

PHILIPPVS PF AVG

Rev.: Acropolis of the city with walls, gate and tower; below, thunderbolt, altar and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (VI), 15.24 g. K. Akko 208. 253.Type as 252. (XII), 13.94 g.

Philip EL (247-249 CE) 254.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., bareheaded; IVL PHILIPPVS NOB CAES Rev.: Emperor as founder plowing r.; in exergue, caduceus and thunderbolt; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 15.43 g.

PVS NOB CAES and hand behind back; on r., Harpokrates standing 1., holding cornucopia; in 1. field, caduceus; on r., thunderbolt; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.40 g. K. Akko 224. 261.Obv.: Type as 26o. Rev.: Type as 2 49. Bronze. (VI), 18.63 g.

262.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PHILIPPVS NOB CAES

Rev.: River Belus reclining r. handing a healing plant to Heraldes seated on rock r.; between them, caduceus; on r., club; below, Hydra; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.62 g. K. Akko 225. 263.Type as 262. (XII), 17.48 g.

265. Type as 264, but laureate bust. (XII), 17.91 g. 266. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IVL PILIPPVS NOB CAES [sic] Rev.: Tyche seated 1. looking backwards at small Victory standing on column and crowning her, handing ears of grain to river god swimming at her feet; in 1. field, caduceus; below, thunderbolt; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 14.34 g.

273.Obv.: Type as 270. Rev.: Acropolis of the city with walls, gate and tower as on 203; below, thunderbolt, altar and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze cast. (V), 14.45 g. K. Akko 214 (but below, galley).

Valerian (253-26o CE) 274.Obv.: Draped bust of Valerian r., laureate; IMP CAES VALERIANVS AVG

Rev.: Tyche standing facing resting hand on rudder, holding cornucopia, and crowned by Victory standing on column; in 1. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.30 g. K. Akko 229.

275.Obv.: Draped bust of Valerian 1., laureate, with spear and shield over shoulders; IMP C LIC VALERIANVS AVG Rev.: Type as 274. Bronze. (XII), 12.51 g. K. Akko 231.

267.Obv.: Type as 266 (same die). Rev.: Type as z66, but in I. field, altar and caduceus. Bronze. (XII), 18.87 g. Cf. K. Akko 232 (Valerian).

268.Obv.: Type as 262. Rev.: Aphrodite standing facing within niche; on 1., Marsyas of the Forum on dolphin; on r., caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.27 g. Cf. K. Akko 204 (Philip I). 269. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., laureate (?); traces of inscription. Rev: Marsyas of the Forum as on 238; in 1. field, thunderbolt; in r., caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 6.18 g. K. Akko 223.

Otacilia Severa 270. Obv.: Draped bust of Otacilia Severa r.; M OTAC SEVERA AVG Rev.: Tyche in tetrastyle temple as on 169; in exergue, from 1. tor., thunderbolt, altar and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.91 g. Meshorer-Spaer 74. 271.Obv.: Type as 270. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites in portable shrine as on 246. Bronze. (VI), 20.20 g.

272.Obv.: Type as 270. Rev.: Perseus on r., holding a harpa and holding hands with Andromeda on L, wearing long robe and holding staff; in between the two figures, altar and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 17.20 g. K. Akko 212.

17

276.

Type as 275.

Rev.: Type as 274; in 1. field, small Marsyas of the Forum and no caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 10.70 g.

277.Obv.: Type as 274. Rev.: Tyche seated as on 266, but in addition an altar in 1. field; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 17.49 g. K. Akko 232. 278. Obv.: Draped bust of Valerian (?) r., laureate; IMP [....]AVG Rev.: Tyche in hexastyle temple as on 192, but in exergue, river god reclining 1.; COLO PTOL Bronze. (XII), 11.90 g. Cf. K. Akko 233.

279.Obv.: Type as 274. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Bilal of Carmel) in disytle portable shrine as on 2o5; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), io.66 g. K. Akko 244.

280.Obv.: Draped bust of Valerian 1., laureate, with spear and shield over shoulders; IMP C LIC VALERIANVS AVG Rev.: Type as 279. Bronze. (XII), 13.84 g. 281.Obv.: Draped bust of Valerian r., radiate; IMP CAE LIC VALERIANVS AVG Rev.: Female veiled deity with kalathos (Tyche?, Isis?), raising hand; in r. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 14.55 g. Var. of K. Akko 239.

18

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

282.01/2.: Type as 274. Rev.: Artemis advancing r., holding bow and plucking arrow from quiver on her shoulder; at her feet, hound r.; in 1. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 14.81 g. K. Akko 237 (but radiate); Mesh. City Coins 14. 283.Obv.: Type as 275. Rev.: Type as 282. Bronze. (XII),15.52 g. K. Akko 236. 284. 01N.: Type as 274. Rev.: Rape of Kore-Persephone, as on 264; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 15.83 g. K. Akko 234 (but bust 1.). 285.Obv.: Type as 275. Rev.: Type as 284, but the scene is to the left; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 12.79 g. K. Akko 234. 286. Obv.: Type as 281. Rev.: Sacred tree flanked by two altars with snakes; in r. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.07 g. K. Akko 247. 287.01/2.: Type as 275. Rev,: Type as 286. Bronze. (XII), 11.81 g. K. Akko 248. 288.01/2.: Type as 274. Rev.: Large foot (symbolizing Zeus Heliopolites, the Bdal of Carmel) r., topped by thunderbolt; in r. field, caduceus; in exergue, harpa; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.74 g. K. Akko 25o.

Gallienus (253-268 cc) 292.O1711: Draped bust of Gallienus r., radiate; IMP CAES LLC GALLIENVS AVG Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking 1., holding cornucopia, resting on rudder and crowned by Victory standing on column at her r.; in 1. field, caduceus; between column and Tyche, unclear figure (Marysas of Forum?); COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 12.97 g. K. Akko 251. 293.01/2.: Draped bust of Gallienus r., laureate; IMP CAES LLC GALLIENVS AVG Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Bdal of Carmel) standing facing on dome-shaped stone in portable shrine, with two poles for lifting; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 9.85 g. K. Akko 256. 294.Type as 293. (XII), 16.39 g. 295.Type as 293. (I),16.88 g. 296. 01w.: Type as 293. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Bdal of Carmel) standing facing in a distyle portable shrine between two torches, holding scepter and torch; COL PTOL Bronze. (VII), 10.62 g. 297.()by,: Draped bust of Gallienus r., laureate; IMP CAES LLC GALLIENVS AVG Rev.: Aphrodite, nude, standing facing within niche, between Marsyas of the Forum and caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 14.60 g. K. Akko 265 (Salonina).

289. Obv.: Type as 281. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Baal of Carmel) in portable shrine, surrounded by Zodiac wheel; around shrine: COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.5o g.

298.01w.: Draped bust of Gallienus r., radiate; IMP CAES LLC GALLIENVS AVG Rev.: Nemesis, winged, standing facing, resting hand over wheel on column; in 1. field, griffin; on r., caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze, scratched. (XII), 13.81 g.

290. Obv.: Type as 274. Rev.: Tyche in hexastyle temple as on 192; in exergue, river god reclining 1. holding reed and cornucopia, COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.36 g. K. Akko 233.

299. 01/2.: Draped bust of Gallienus r., radiate; IMP CAES LLC GALLIENVS AVG Rev.: Marsyas of the Forum as on 238; in r. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 7.66 g. K. Akko 252.

291.01/2.: Type as 281, but illegible inscription. Rev.: Within domed distyle temple with inner niche, Tyche seated 1. on rock, holding ears of grain(?); at her feet, Belus the river god ; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 14.17 g.

300. Obv.: Type as 292, but inscription illegible. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites surrounded by Zodiac wheel as on 289; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 15.28 g.

The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais Salonina 301.Obv.: Draped bust of Salonina r.; CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Tyche as on 255 in hexastyle temple; in exergue, river god reclining 1.; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 13.20 g. 302.Obv.: Type as 301. CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Tyche as on 274; in 1. field caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII),13.86 g. K. Akko 262 (but Marsyas on 1.) . 3o3. Obv.: Type as 301. Legend illegible. Rev.: Tyche seated on rock as on 277; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 15.28 g. K. Akko 261. 304.Obv.: Type as 301. CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites (the Bdal of Carmel) standing facing between two bulls, holding flail and ears of grain; in 1. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 12.78 g. K. Akko 264. 305.Obv.: Type as 301. CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Aphrodite as on 297; COL PTOL Bronze. (I), 12.53 g. K. Akko 265. 306.01/2.: Type as 301. CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Artemis facing r., holding bow; at her feet, a stag; in 1. field, caduceus; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 10.90 g. K. Akko 267. 307.01/2: Type as 301. CORNEL SALONINA AVG Rev.: Large foot (symbolizing Zeus Heliopolites, the Bdal of the Carmel) r., topped by thunderbolt; in r. field, caduceus; in exergue, harpa; COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 16.09 g. K. Akko 270. 308. 01/2.: Type as 307 but seen from rear. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites in shrine, surrounded by Zodiac wheel as as on 289; flanking shrine, COL PTOL Bronze. (XII), 11.62 g.

19

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads 309. Obv.: In three lines surrounded by two dotted circles: 11/1/all 4 (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines: At I / Js / Ewa (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin, starting with five pointed star: Lill Lcs Liu IA (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Akka). Bronze fals. 3.32 g. SNAT 407. 31o. Typeas 309, t t no five pointed star on rev. 2.69 g. SNAT 403 - o6 311.Type as 31o, but struck on smaller flan. 4.13 g. Under the Abbasids 312.Obv.: In three lines: al LL.J..st /0_L>9 /sth (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); in margin: Loa L.C2.4 „in I.= tl Llib (this fals was struck at Akka in year 200) = 815 CE. Rev.: In three lines:. (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); below, in margin: L (as ordered by the Amir Ibrahim son of Khumra.n). Bronze fals. 2.47 g. SNAT 411.

The Coins of Alcko-Ptolemais

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

20 Under the Fatimids 313.Obv.: In five lines: 4J

al) YI all 2C/ L.,_Lc 21/'4 4111 ,19 (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Ali is the Friend of God); in margin: o „o ) d J 3-4-1 r> 9 j a.,4IL, 4L.J,l ALI j 9_99') Sy J9 8.49-/ 9 4-I-5 )-2-a (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith, even if the idolaters dislike it). Rev.: In six lines: —1D ro+i yl PLoXl/a,J9 9. :WI a_,_c/ aso ..4lly4II allL (Macad, servant of God and His friend, the Imam Abu Taman, al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful; High [alloy]); in margin: LS.v.4 lo-"" 9 cn.iL4:, 9 LW cei_a (in the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate, this dinar was struck at Akka in the year 483) = 1090 CE. Gold dinar. 4.15 g. Spink-Taisei 34 (1990), lot 177. Attribution to Akka is tentative.

314.Obv.: In three lines: /Jill 431X (there is no god but God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Ali is the Friend of God); in margin: C).2i 9 5. JL aL99.0 I 4111 ,j49.o) .k oth.6_,J aJJl„39 7In/A.III J9.

‘..)9-5.)-L-L ' I 0)1 93 9 415 3,431 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith, even if the idolaters dislike it). Rev.: In three lines: pLoYI (the Imam Ma'ad, al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful); in margin: L_Ca.4 ,:r.aLai 9 1.9...w aiLo_2.4.,I 9 (in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Akka in the year 487) = 1094 CE. Gold quarter dinar. 1.24 g. Zambaur p. 178.

Under the Crusaders

319.Type as 318. 3.07 g.

With Arabic inscriptions

320. Type as 318, but the cross on rev. is smaller. 3.23 g.

315.Obv.: In the center:

j) ,. 11.1/pLoYI (the Imam al-Mansur); interior margin: 9.,1 4111 Commander of (Abu Ali al-Amr bi-ahkam Allah, the Faithful). Exterior margin: [sic] yll [sic] y.a..e.)L,LIJI limy j_HYLL., Lai [ (In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate, this dinar was struck, illegible thereafter [in Egypt in year 515] = 1121 CE). Rev.: In the middle: aal./ LILL (extremely high [alloy]); interior margin: LI I X ba_.,9 [...] Alll 21 ail (there is no god but God alone, none); exterior margin: [...] 4113 (in the name of God). Remainder illegible, based on "the Merciful, the Compassionate; "the Imam proclaims; and "this dinar was struck, instead of (sic), can use (I. S) Kadha in Acre". Gold bezant, 3.72 g. This unrecorded coin supports the attribution of the gold Crusader imitations of Fatimid dinars to the mint of Acre. 316.Imitation of Fatimid dinar. 3.8o g. Metcalf 1995,119. 317.Imitation of Fatimid dinar. 3.90 g. Metcalf 1995,124. 318.Obv.: In center: oa_., .9 /43X1 (one divinity); around it: Lw a..a.JI [9,11 9 y219 (El the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit); in margin: cr! 9 Sul 9 3-1:.=1,3 9 '--4-11 a-1-w ICI '-1/-• (struck at Akka year one thousand two hundred and fifty one of the incarnation). Rev.: In center, PE in circle; around, starts in exterior margin and ends in interior margin: E9_9.9,4 I -n, L: 0311 a L5311 I::4. 9 (we are glorified by the cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah from whom we receive our salvation and life and resurrection and through whom we are delivered and pardoned). Gold bezant. 3.01 g. Balog-Yvon 40. Dated 1251.

321.Type as 318, but the cross on rev. is larger and the style is crude. 2.78 g. 322.Obv.: In square frame surrounding cross in circle: aai9..a_ell 19 3Lc XI 9.43 2_,..19 (God is one, the faith is one, and the baptism is one); in margin: '" 9 Sul 9 t) 9.2/Lo 9 ....LP cLi-Lu 1,,Y1 9 yXl (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one divinity); in margin: asal J.,ol 3+414 91 a_.41 ,,J (His is the glory forever and ever, amen amen). Silver dirham. 2.84 g. Balog-Yvon 42. Dated 1251. 323.Type as 322. 2.52 g. 324.Type as 322. 2.76 g. 325.Type as 322, but the cross is smaller and not n a circle. 2.66 g. Balog-Yvon 45. 326.Type as 325. 2.81 g. 327.Type as 325. 2.82 g. 328.Type as 322, but with small lily instead of cross in circle. 2.64 g. Balog-Yvon 47d. 329.Type as 322, but no cross in circle. 2.67 g. Balog-Yvon 47. .,XI (the Father, and 330. Type as 329, but obv.: the Son); the marginal inscription is illegible; rev. c9,..119; the marginal inscription is illegible. Half dirham. 1.27 g. Variant of Balog-Yvon 48. With Latin inscriptions 331.Obv.: In circle, double (patriarchal) cross with A CD in angles; MONETA REGIS Rev.: Cross in circle; around:'l REX IERVM Silver denarius. (XII), 0.76 g. Anonymous issue, mint attribution uncertain. Metcalf 1995, 146. Dated by Barag to between April 28th osi and May 8th 1192 (Barag 2006 p. 135)

21

332.Obv.: Lily in circle; around: al PVGES D'ACCON (pougeoise d'Acre [a quarter of a denier or an obol]) Rev.: In circle, cross with four pellets; around: Ei COMES HENRICVS Bronze. (VI), 0.88 g. Struck under Henri de Champagne (1192-1197 ce). SNAT 423; Barag 2006 11. 333.Type as 332. (VI), 0.79 g. Seal and seal impression 334. Almond-shaped with a small loop attached to the upper section. In the middle, a standing female figure facing with halo (St. Brigid), holding a book in 1. and a pastoral staff in r.; in margin between two lines of pearls: SbOSP ITA LIS • SCE • BRIGIDE • D'ACON (Sigilum hospitalis sancte Brigide dAcon). This is the original seal of the Crusader Order of the hospital at Acco, named after Brigid, a sixth century Irish nun who founded the first nunnery at Kildare, Ireland. (For a detailed historical commentary, see Jacoby pp. 85-88). Bronze. 38 X 24 mm. Seal impression of the Almonry of the confraternity of St. Andrew at Acco 335.Obv.: Two figures with halos; on 1., 5 /P (St. Petrus); on r., 5 /A (St. Andreas); in margin: ILI ELEMOSIN A • FRATERNITATIS • ACCO • (almonry of the Fraternity of Acco). Rev.: The Holy Sepulchre with Templum Domini inside; in upper I. field, sun and on r., moon; in margin: a, IN • HONORE • DI/1. XPIAVITATIS • (in honor of the god of the Christians). Lead. 32.61 g. Schlumberger 1894, 177.

The Coins of Antipatris

THE COINS OF ANTIPATRIS (APHEK) Antipatris is situated about twelve kilometers east of Tel Aviv, in a place abundant with water, near the source of the Yarkon River. The site—inhabited since the Early Bronze Age—was an important city during the Middle Bronze Age, when it was known by its ancient name, Aphek. Its location on the Via Maris, the road leading from Western Asia to Egypt, gave Antipatris a strategic position. In the Early Iron Age, Aphek became a city of the Philistines. In early Hellenistic times it was renamed Pegai ("Springs"). The name Antipatris was later given to the city by Herod the Great, who named it after his father Antipater (Josephus Ant. 16.142-16.143; B.J. 1.417). In the nineteenth century, the site was known as Tel Ras al-Ain ("The Headwaters of the Spring"), the name of the spring from which the Yarkon River flows. Excavations at Tel Aphek-Antipatris have yielded quantities of coins dating from the first century CE (mostly Jewish) to the fourth century CE, including a hoard of "Herodian" coins probably related to the foundation phase of Antipatris (Kochavi 1973, 246; Ariel 2000-2002, 111-112; Kindler Antipatris, 55). Like the city of Nicopolis, Antipatris only struck coins (all undated) during the reign of Elagabalus (218-222 CE) (Kindler Antipatris, 51-52). The closure of this mint, as well as of some nineteen other cities of Palestine and the Decapolis, after the death of Elagabalus, may reflect restrictions imposed by the Roman administration of Syria Palaestina during the first quarter of the third century CE (Kindler Antipatris, 51). The full city ethnic appears on the coins as Marciana Aurelia Antoniniana Antipatris, thereby illustrating its connection to Elagabalus, whose official name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The coins of the city are rare and usually poorly preserved; out of eleven different known coin types, four are represented by a single known specimen. The main reference for the coins of Antipatris is Kindler (see Kindler Antipatris, 47- 55, based on Kindler 1990-1991, 61-71), who discusses eight coin types. Two additional types were published by Meshorer in 1994-1999 (Mesh. Antipatris, 86-89). The Sofaer collection includes five different types. The most common types depict Tyche within a temple (Nos. 3-5) and the personification of the spring (Pegai, Ras al- Ain) and perhaps even the Yarkon River that flows from it (Nos. 1, 7-8). Other deities represented on the coins are Zeus, Athena, and Serapis, but no examples of these types appear in the Sofaer collection (Kindler Antipatris, Nos. 2, 6, and 7). A unique specimen at the Franciscan Biblical School in Jerusalem shows two temples, with the spring pouring forth through a gateway between them (Kindler Antipatris, 1; Meshorer Antipatris, 1). Coin No. 9 is related to this type in that it depicts two temples flanking an arch, most likely representing the water source, at the foot of the acropolis. THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 1. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AVT K M

AVP ANTWNINOC Rev.: River god (personification of Yarkon river) seated l., holding reed and extending hand toward fish swimming in his direction; below him, stream of water and two fishes; ANTI EIATPIC Bronze. (XII), 12.98 g. Mesh. Antipatris 1.

2.

Obv.: Type as 1; AVT K M AVP ANTWNINOC Rev.: The emperor, in military dress standing on r., sacrificing over altar to 1.; in upper 1. field, arch (source of the Yarkon river?); M AVP ANT ANTITIATPIC Bronze. 9.00 g. Kindler Antipatris 3; Mesh. Discoveries 6.

3.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche in short chiton standing I. holding small bust and spear, resting her foot on river god (Yarkon); in between columns, two small figures of Victory; M AVP ANT ANTI EIATP Bronze. (VI), 9.49 g. Kindler Antipatris 4a. 4. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; [...]NOC CEB Rev.: Type as 3, but Tyche kneeling; in exergue, ANTIII

Bronze, small flan. (VI), 7.23 g. Kindler Antipatris 4c. 5.Type as 4. (XII), 5.43 g. 6. Obv.: Type as 4. Rev.: Type as 4, but in exergue, ANTIIIAT Bronze. (XII), 4.86 g. Ros. I (Antipatris) 1.

23

Julia Maesa 7.Obv.: Bust of Julia Maesa r., draped; IOVAIA MAICA CEB Rev.: Type as 1, ANTIEll...] Bronze. (XII), 12.37 g. Kindler Antipatris 8. 8. Type as 7, but on obv. rectangular countermark depicting head r. IOVAIA MAICA CEB. Bronze. (XII), 8.67 g. GIC 175. 9. Obv.: Bust of Julia Maesa r., draped; over neck, rectangular countermark depicting head r.; IOVAIA MAICA CEB Rev.: Two temples; above them, the acropolis of Antipatris topped by a temple; below them, arch (symbolizing the local springs?) from which two staircases lead to the temples; M AVP ANT ANI1I1ATPIC Bronze. (VI), 9.57 g. Mesh. Antipatris 2. GIC 175.

The Coins of Caesarea

THE COINS OF CAESAREA Caesarea is situated on the Plain of Sharon about midway between Haifa and Tel Aviv. It is one of the most excavated sites in Israel (NEAEHL 1, 27o-291). The name Caesarea Maritima is used to distinguish the city from others with the same name, but was apparently not used in antiquity. The site was first occupied in Hellenistic times by a Phoenician port town called Straton's Tower. It flourished throughout the period, although it fell to Alexander Jannaeus, at the close of the second century BCE (Josephus Ant. 13.324, 395). In 63 BCE, Pompey included it as part of Provincia Syria. Octavian added it to the kingdom of Herod the Great in 31 BCE (Ant. 15.217). Looking for an appropriate place for a large harbor, in 10 BCE, Herod refounded Straton's Tower as Caesarea in honor of Caesar Augustus. Caesarea remained the capital of Judea (later Palaestina Prima) from that time until the Arab conquest. Certain coins of Herod depicting an anchor and Double cornucopiae or inscription may have been minted in Caesarea to commemorate its founding (Ariel 2000-2002, 122-123). After the annexation of Judea to Provincia Syria in 6 CE, Caesarea became the headquarters of the provincial governors. The name Caesarea first appears on coins struck in 42/43 CE, during the reign of Agrippa I (see section V Jewish Coins, Agrippa I No. 165). As the center of the Roman administration, Caesarea produced a series of coins with Latin inscriptions under Claudius and Nero (see section V Jewish Coins, Interim period between Agrippa I and Agrippa II, Nos. 88-92). The city only began to strike civic coinage in 68 CE, during the First Jewish Revolt (66-7o CE). Because these coins (as well as those of Agrippa I, mentioned above) also name the port of Sebastos, with which Caesarea was associated, Barag (1996) has suggested that they were actually struck on behalf of Sebastos as a different administrative entity than the city of Caesarea. After the defeat of the Jews in 7o CE, Vespasian refounded Caesarea as a colony with the name, Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Caesarea. The local Judaea Capta series was struck at Caesarea to commemorate the victory of Vespasian and Titus (see section V Jewish Coins, Roman Administration after the Jewish War, Nos. 1-14). During the reign of Domitian, the local Roman authorities at the city minted a series of coins for the province of Judea, bearing Latin inscriptions (see section V Jewish Coins, Roman Administration after the Jewish War, Nos. 15-39). Barag (1996, 612-613) believes that a coin from this Latin series, depicting a rudder and struck in 81-83 GE, marks the final issue produced on behalf of the port of Sebastos. As a reward for the support that it gave to Septimius Severus during his struggle with Pescennius Niger, in 201 CE, Caesarea was granted the additional titles, Felix Concordia (abbreviated as FC on the coins). From the time of Julia Maesa and Severus Alexander onward, the city also advertised its metropolitan status, sometimes giving the full title, METROPOLIS PROVINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTINAE, on the coinage. The corpus of Caesarea's Roman provincial coinage has been compiled by Kadman (K. Caes.). The city was one of the most productive mints in Palestine during the Roman period, and supplied currency for the entire region. The provincial mint operated from the time of Nero (54-68 CE) until the reign of Volusian (251-253 CE). The main types feature deities, such as Tyche, Serapis, Demeter, Dionysus, Apollo, and Victory (Levine 1972). Interestingly, despite the city's position as an important harbor center, maritime types are rare, with the exceptions of types depicting Tyche with a personification of the harbor, Sebastos (No. 21), and a galley with the inscription PORTVS AVGVSTI (No. 118). The coinage stressed the city's colonial status and Roman connections by frequently employing the type of an eagle holding a wreath inscribed with the letters, SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus, meaning "the Senate and people of Rome"). The most common of these types was minted under Severus Alexander (Nos. 84-96) and represents one of the largest issues ever struck in the city. Likewise,

25

the type of two eagles flanking a vexillum inscribed L III GAL (Nos. 145,165-166) suggests that Legio III Gallica was stationed in Caesarea under Herennius Etruscus (251 CE) and Trebonianus Gallus (251-253 CE). Coin No. 129 of Philip I is also connected to the activities of this legion. Under Philip I, and his son, Philip II, the number of coin types issued in Caesarea increased dramatically. Coins became heavier, larger, and richer in iconography. This reached its peak during the reign of Trajan Decius (249-251 CE), when some 75 coin types were minted in the city (K. Caes 36). In addition to the bronze coinage, under Caracalla, Macrinus, and Diadumenian, Caesarea struck debased silver tetradrachms (Nos. 55-62). The Sofaer collection includes several outstanding provincial coins of Caesarea: a medallion of Trajan, probably the best preserved specimen of its type (No. 21), a unique medallion of Lucius Verus (No. 44), depicting Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus shaking hands; and a rare medallion of Marcus Aurelius (No. 36), depicting the eagle with SPQR for the first time on the coins of the city. Along with the official provincial coinage, a large series of tiny, locally manufactured bronze coins circulated in the area of Caesarea as small change (Nos. 1-5; Hamburger Caes.). These minimi imitate coin types from other cities such as Tyre and Alexandria, as well as some Jewish symbols. Huge numbers of imitative Byzantine dodecanummia of the sixth and seventh centuries CE were discovered during excavations in Caesarea. We suggest that part of this coinage was probably issued in the city in order to fulfill the need for quotidian small change (Bijovsky Caesarea). An official mint was reopened under the Islamic Umayyad dynasty (661-75o CE) (No. 18o), and several coins of the Abbasids (750-1258 CE) have also been identified from the Caesarea mint (No. 181). THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits

Local Minimi

Nero (54-68 CO

1. Amphora in wreath. Rev.: Three ears of grain in wreath. Bronze. (V), 1.56 g. Mesh. TIC 372a (this coin). 2.Obv.: Vine leaf. Rev.: Palm branch. Bronze. im g. 3.Obv.: Palm branch. Rev.: Ear of grain (?). Bronze. 0.63 g. 4. Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Prow of galley. Bronze, crude style. (XII), 0.90 g. Hamburger Caes. 66. 5.Obv.: Head of emperor r., laureate. Rev.: Boar standing r. Bronze, (XII), 0.55 g. Hamburger Caes. 54. Quasi-Autonomous 6. Obv.: Head of Tyche r., veiled; in 1. field, date: L IA (year 14). Rev.: In three lines within wreath; CE / BAC /TOC Bronze. (XII), 3.24 g. K. Caes. p. 83 (Pl. XIX): quasiautonomous. Uncertain attribution.

7.Obv.: Bust of Nero r., laureate; NEPCON IEBAITOI KAIXAP Rev.: Tyche standing 1. in military dress with parazonium, holding bust in extended 1. and scepter in r.; KAIZAPIA H nPoz ZEBAITC0 AIME; in 1. field, date: L IA (year 14 = 68 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.46 g. K. Caes. 2; RPC I 4862; Barag 1996 8. 8. Type as 7, but rev. inscription: KAIXAPIA H npol IEBAZTI0 AIMENI. (XII), 11.63 g. 9. Type as 7, but with countermark on obverse depicting the letters XF of the Tenth Fretensis legion. Bronze. (XII), 6.42 g. K. Caes. 8. For countermark see GIC 727.

io. Type as 7, but with two rectangular countermarks on obv., one with the letters XF of the Tenth Fretensis legion and the other, touching it, with the letters KAI. On the rev. a third, round countermark depicting bust r. (XII), 10.01 g. Kindler counermarks 77. GIC 727, 543, and 113. ii. Type as io, but without the countermark of the Tenth Fretensis legion. (XII), 9.88 g. K. Caes. 10.

The Coins of Caesarea

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

26

12.Type as n, but with additional rectangular countermark depicting: I I C. (XII), io.6o g. 13.Type as 7, but with two rectangular countermarks on obv., one inscribed with LVS and the other ITAL (?). (XII), 11.63 g. For countermarks see GIC 596 for LVS and 597 for ITAL. 14.Type as 7, but with rectangular countermark on obv. inscribed AVG. (XII), 9.92 g. K. Caes. IL For countermark see GIC 575. 15.Type as 7, but with two rectangular countermarks on obv KAI and KOB. (XII), 9.3o g. K. Caes. 12. For countermarks see GIC 543 for KAI and 548 for KOB. 16.Obv.: Head of Nero r., laureate; NEPWN CEBACTOC KAICAP Rev.: Surrounded by wreath: Fill/OYES nA/ XIANOY/ KAIEAPE / CON L (year 14 = 68 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.26 g. K. Caes 18; RPC I 4865. 17.Obv.: Type as 7. Rev.: Male figure (genius?) standing r., holding bust and scepter; KAI1APEWN, in 1. field, date: L IA (year 14 = 68 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.03 g. K. Caes. 16; RPC I 4863; Barag 1996 10-11. 18.Type as 17. (XII), 5.58 g. Domitian (8r-96 CE) 19.Obv.: Head of Domitian r., laureate; IMP DOMITIANVS CAESAR DIVI F AVG Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding bust and scepter, resting foot on helmet; COL I FLA AVG CAES Bronze. (XII), 7.8o g. K. Caes. 2o; RPC II 2231. 20. Type as 19. IMP DOMITIANVS CAESAR DIVI F AVG. (XII), 775 g. Trajan (98-117 CE) 21.Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; IMP CAES NER TRAIANO. OP AVG GER DAC COS VI P.P Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch standing behind enclosure with altar in front; within, Tyche standing as on 19; at her feet in r. field, harbor-god holding anchor; C I F AVG /CAES Bronze. (XII), 27.73 g. K. Caes. 22.

22.Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OP AVG GER DAC COS VI PP Rev.: The emperor, togate, standing 1., holding cornucopia and sacrificing on altar; COL PRI FL AVG CAESARENSIS Bronze. (XII), 11.25 g. K. Caes. 23. Irregular shape. 23.Type as 22. (I), 13.15 g. 24.Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OP AVG GER DAC COS VI PP Rev,: Victory advancing 1., holding wreath and palm branch; COL PRI FL AVG CAESARENSIS Bronze. (XII), 10.7o g. K. Caes. 24. 25.Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; IMP CAES[...] Rev.: Lion walking r.; above, C I F AVG Bronze. (XII), 2.82 g. K. Caes. 25. Hadrian (117-138 eel 26.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP TRA HADRIANO CAES AVG Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing r. with ox and cow; above, Victory flying 1. to crown him with wreath; COL.I-FL AVG /CAESARENS Bronze. (XI), 22.3o g. K. Caes. 27. 27.Type as 26. (XII), 14.o2 g. z8. Obv: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP TRA HADRIANO CA AV Rev.: Tyche as on 19, but resting her foot on harborgod; C I F AVG CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 11.22 g. K. Caes. z6. 29.Type as 28. (XII), 9.14 g. 30.Obv.: Type as 28. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL I FL AVG CAESARENSIS Bronze. (XII), 12.65 g. K. Caes. 28. 31.Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP TRA HADRIANO CA AV Rev.: Apollo standing 1., holding snake and leaning his elbow on tripod; C I F AVG CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 6.16 g. K. Caes. 29. 32.O/Yv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IM TR HADRIANO CA A Rev.: Lion walking r., above, snake; below, CIFAC Bronze. (XII), 2.88 g. K. Caes. 30. 33.Type as 32. (XII), 2.85 g.

Antoninus Pius (238-161 CE) 34. Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; inscription starting on r. above: IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS IV Rev.: Emperor as founder, as 26; COL PRIMA/FL AVG; in exergue, CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 18.98 g. K. Caes. 34. 35.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; IMP CAES ANTONINO A Rev.: Apollo, as 31; COL PRIMA FL AVG CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 5.32 g. K. Caes. 37. Alarau Aurelius (162-186 36.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., bareheaded; IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PAR Rev.: Eagle standing with spread wings facing looking r., holding diadem with SPQR; around it, COL PRIMA FLAVIA AVGVSTA CAESAREA Bronze medallion. (XII), 33.70 g. K. Caes. 45. 37.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., bareheaded; AVRELIO CAES ANTON AVG P F Rev.: Type as 30; COL PRIMA' FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 12.50 g. K. Caes. 38. 38.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG AN(?)PF Rev.: Bust of Serapis as on 37, but decorated kalathos; COL PRIMA' FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze. (XI), 13.48 g. K. Caes. 40. 39.Type as 38. (XII), 12.68 g. 40. Obv.: Type as 38; IMP CAESAR ANTONINVS AV Rev.: Victory as on 24; COL PRIMA FLA AVGVS CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 9.68 g. K. Caes. 43. 41.Type as 40, but obv.: IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVGVS. (XII), 8.39 g. Faustina Junior 42.Obv.: Draped bust of Faustina Junior r.; FAVSTINA AVGVSTA Rev.: Emperor sacrificing as on 22; COL PRIMA FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 9.03 g. K. Caes. 5o. 43.Obv.: Type as 42, but inscription is retrograde. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 19; COL PRIM FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 11.37 g. K. Caes. 49.

27

Lucius Verus (161-169 CE) 44. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Lucius Verus r., laureate; IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG ARM Rev.: Marcus Aurelius on r. and Lucius Verus on 1., togate, standing facing one another and shaking hands; COL PRIMA FLAVIA AVGVSTA; in exergue, CAESAREA Bronze medallion. (XII), 24.49 g. 45.Obv.: Draped bust of Lucius Verus r., bareheaded; IMP CAES L AVR VERVS AVG ARM Rev.: Bust of Serapis as on 30; COL PRIMA FL AVGVS CAESAREA Bronze. (MI), 12.05 g. K. Caes. 52. Commodus (277-192 CE) 46. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus r., laureate; COMMODVS ANTONINVS[...] Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL PRIMA FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 10.29 g. K. Caes. 59. 47.Otw.: Type as 46; COMMODVS ANTONIN[...] Rev.: Demeter standing I., holding ears of grain and torch; COL PRIMA F AVG CAESA Bronze. (XII), 8.00 g. K. Caes. 6o. 48.Obv.: Type as 46. Rev.: Emperor sacrificing as on 224 COL PRIMA FL AVG CAESAREA Bronze, crude style. (XII), 6.73 g. K. Caes. 61. Septimius SeVEITIS (193- 211 CE)

49. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; inscription illegible. Rev.: Emperor as founder as on 26; COL PR FL/AVG F C; in exergue, CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 16.06 g. K. Caes. 63. Julia Maesa 50.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Maesa r.; IVL MAE SA AVG Rev.: Emperor riding on horse to r., aiming with a spear in r. at small figure below; in exergue; CAE/ SA Bronze. (II), 10.26 g. K. Caes. 87.

The Coins of Caesarea

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

z8

Caracalla (198-217 cs) 51.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; IMP • CA E • M • A • ANTONIN Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding bust and scepter, resting her foot on harbor-god, within tetrastyle temple with central arch; statues between columns; COL[...]CAES Bronze. (VI), 11.53 g. K. Caes. 66. 52.Type as 51, but head of emperor radiate. (XII), 13•43 g. K. Caes. 67. 53. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla r., radiate; IMP C M Al...1 AVG Rev.: Emperor as founder as on 26; above, COL PR FL; in exergue, CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 11.38 g. 54. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla r., laureate; IMP CAE M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL PR FL AVG F C CAESAREA Bronze. (XII), 10.04 g. K. Caes. 68. 55. Obv.: Undraped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYT KAI ANTONINOC CEB Rev.: Eagle standing facing on torch entwined by serpent, looking 1. with wreath in beak; AHMAPX EE YnATOC TO•&• Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.71 g. Prieur 1661. 56. Type as 55, but obv.: AYT KAI ANTONINOC CE; rev.: AHMAP EE ITIATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 11.29 g. Prieur 1662. 57.Obv. as 56 and rev. as 55. Silver tetradrachm. (VI), 14.12 g. 58. Type as 57. (XII), 13.16 g. 59. Obv.: Small undraped bust of Caracalla r., laureate, on eagle r.; AYT KAI ANTONINOC CE Rev.: Eagle standing facing on torch entwined by serpent, looking 1. with wreath in beak; between legs, bull's head r.; AHMAPX EE Y0ATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.28 g. Prieur 1665. Macrinus and Diadumenian (217-218 CE) 60. Obv.: Draped bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AYT K M on CE MAKPINOC Rev.: Eagle standing facing on torch entwined by serpent, looking 1. with wreath in beak; between eagle's legs, bull's head r.; AHMAPX EE YllATOC nn Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.68 g. Cf. Prieur 1677.

61.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Diadumenian r., bareheaded; M • on • AN-RANI • KAI Rev.: Eagle standing facing on torch entwined by serpent, looking 1. with wreath in beak; AHMAPX • EE Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.12 g. Prieur 1683. 62. Type as 61, but between legs, pellet. (XII), 13.24 g. Prieur 1682. 63. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Macrinus r., laureate; IMP • CAE • MACRINVS AVG Rev.: Eagle standing facing with spread wings looking I., holding wreath with SPQR; around it, COL I FL AV F • C • CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 12.06 g. K. Caes. 77. 64. Obv.: Type as 63; IMP • CAE • MACRINVS AVG Rev,: Bust of Serapis r.; COL P F AVG F C CAE SAREA Bronze. (XII), 7.71 g. K Caes. 76. Diadumenian (218 CE) 65. Obv.: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., bareheaded; M OP DIADVMENIANVS CAE Rev.: Bust of Serapis as on 30; COL P F AVG F C CAESA Bronze. (I), 9.34 g. K. Caes. 78. 66. Type as 65, but misstruck. (I), 8.33 g. 67.Obv.: Type as 65. Rev.: Female deity (Demeter? Kore-Persephone?) standing r., holding long torch and ears of grain; COL P FL AV • F C • CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 5.73 g. Ros. II (Caesarea) 68. Elagabalus (218-222 cE) 68. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; IM C M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: Emperor as founder as on 26; above, COL IF AV/PFL; below, CAESAR Bronze. (VI), 10.07 g. 69. Type as 68, but laureate and rev.: COL FL / AV FC. (VI), 10.07 g. K. Caes. 71 (erroneously attributed to Caracalla). 70. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; IM C M AVR ANTON Rev.: Eagle standing with spread wings facing, looking 1., holding wreath with SPQR; around it, COL I FL AV F • C • CAESAR Bronze, crude style. (VI), 11.07 g. K. Caes. 86 (but laureate).

71.Obv.: Drapedbust ofElagabalus r.,laureate; HVSAVG Rev.: Tyche as on 51; COL [...] /CAESA Bronze. (VI), 6.24 g. K. Caes. 80. 72. Type as 71. (XII), 9.39 g. 73. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IM C M AV ANTON Rev.: Bust of Serapis as on 30; COL I FLA AV F C CAESA Bronze. (XII), 7.85 g. K. Caes. 82. 74• Type as 73. (VI), 7.95 g. 75.Type as 73, but struck on smaller flan; obv.: ANTON[....], rev. inscription, C I FL[...]. (VI), 4.50 g. 76. Type as 73. Obv.: [-]ANTON [-I; rev.: [-] CAES H. (I), 6.o6 g. 77.Type as 73, but head of emperor radiate and star in upper r. field of rev. (VII), 9.72 g. Severus Alexander (222-235 CE) 78. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate, seen from rear; IMP C SEV ALEXAND AVG Rev.: Bust of Tyche 1.; C I F AVG CAE METROP Bronze. (XII), 7.88 g. K. Caes. 88. 79. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate. Legend illegible. Rev.: Athena seated 1., holding small Victory and scepter, with shield leaning at her throne; C I F AVG CAE METROPO Bronze. (XII), 7.36 g. K Caes. 91. 80. Obv.: Bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP C SEV ALEXANDER Rev.: Type as 79; C I F AVG CAESA/METROP Bronze. (XII), 9.95 g. K. Caes. 92. 81.Obv.: Bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP C SEV ALEXANDER Rev.: Altar in hexastyle temple on high podium with steps; C I F AVG CAESA/METROP Bronze. (VI), 12.84 g. K. Caes. 93. 82. Obv.: Bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IM C SEV ALEXANDER Rev,: The emperor riding on horse r., aiming with spear at lion below. Legend illegible. Bronze. (VI), 8.79 g. K. Caes. 94.

29

83. Obv.: Type as 80. IMP CAE SEV ALEXANDER Rev: In wreath: COL/IF AV F C / CAESAR / METRO/ POLI Bronze. (XII), 10.22 g. K. Caes. 84. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP C SEV ALEXANDER Rev.: Eaglestandingwithspreadwingsfacingtoolcing I., holding wreath with SPQR; around it, CIF AFC CAE METROPOLIS Bronze. (XII), 15.91 g. K. Caes. 96. 85.Type as 84. (II), 11.3o g. 86. Type as 84, but emperor undraped and eagle is standing on branch. (XII), 12.02 g. Cf. K. Caes. 97. 87.Type as 84, but with obv. legend IM CAES AV [...] ALEXAND. (XII), 8.68 g. 88. Type as 84, but head of emperor radiate. (I), 11.56 g. K. Caes. 99. 89. Type as 84, but smaller denomination. (VI), 704 g. 90. Type as 84. (VI), 6.81 g. 91.Type as 84. (VI), 4.76 g. 92. Type as 84, but crude style. (VI), 4.49 g. K. Caes. 98. 93. Type as 84, but due to brockage the letters SPQR are incuse on obv. (VI), 10.52 g. 94. Type as 84, but with round countermark depicting head r., on rev. (XII), 6.14 g. GIG 116. 95. Type as 84, but obv. legend illegible and on rev. the letters SPQR are retrograde. 2.31 g. K. Caes. too. 96. Type as 95. 3.91 g. Philip I (244-249 CE) 97.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Philip I r., radiate; IMP • C • M • IVL • PHILIPPVS AVG Rev.: Dionysus on r., holding thyrsos, looking at Demeter on I., holding torch entwined by serpent and patera(?); between them, cista mystica; COL PR F AVG CAESAR /METROP Bronze. (XII), 32.15 g. K. Caes. 114. 98. Obv.: Type as 97. IMP CM IVL PHILIPPVS AVG Rev.: Dionysus reclining 1., over lion walking r.; COL PR F AVG CAESAR /METR Bronze. (XII), 18.19 g. K. Caes. 113.

The Coins of Caesarea

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

30

99. Type as 98. IMP CM IVL PHILIPPVS AVG. (XII), 18.5o g. Obv.: Type as 97. Rev.: Eagle standing with spread wings facing, looking r., holding diadem with bust of Tyche in it, flanked by SPQR; in the corners, COL PR FL AVG F C CAE METROPOLIS Bronze. (XII), 19.92 g. K Caes. n8. 101.Obv.: Type as 97. Rev.: Eaglestandingwithspreadwingsfacing,looking r., holding diadem with three figures in it: Tyche as on 28 flanked by Demeter on L and Dionysus on r.; COL PR FL AVG F C CAE METROPOLIS Bronze. (XII), 18.19 g. K. Caes. 112. 102.Obv.: Type as 97. Rev.: Tyche as on 19; at her feet on 1., small figure of harbor-god;.,at her feet on r. a half figure raising hand; on 1., Demeter (?), holding long torch and ears of corn; at her feet, cista mystica. On r., Dionysus standing naked; COL PR FL AVG CAES/METR Bronze. (XII), 20.62 g. Otacilia Severa 103.Obv.: Draped bust of Otacilia Severa r. M OTAC SEVERAE AVG Rev.: Dionysus reclining I., over lion as on 98; COL PR FLAV GEC CAES; in exergue, METR Bronze. (VI), 22.24 g. K. Caes. 117. Philip H (247-249 or) 104.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., radiate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PP AVG Rev.: Type as 102; COL PR FL AVG FC CAES/METR Bronze. (VI), 20.24 g. 105.Obv.: Type as 104? Rev.: On 1., emperor sacrificing over altar to r., in front of Roma seated 1. holding spear and small Victory; COL PR FL AVG F C CAE / METROP Bronze. (XII), 17.7 7 g. K. Caes. 115 (identified as Philip I). Attribution to Philip II is uncertain. 106.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II r., laureate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS PP AVG Rev.: Dionysus on r., holding thyrsos, looking at Demeter on 1., holding torch entwined by serpent over cista mystica and resting over small figure in center; COL PR F AVG F C CAES/METR Bronze. (VI), 16.89 g. K Caes. 121.

107.Obv.: Type as io6. Rev.: Type as im; COL PR FL AVG F C CAE METROPOLIS Bronze. (XII), 18.15 g. Variant of K. Caes. 119. Trajan Decius Wray or) Obv.: Draped bust of Trajan Decius r., radiate; IMP C C MS Q TRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: Tyche standing as on 19; at her feet, r., small figure of harbor god holding anchor; COL PR F AVG FC CAES MET S P Bronze. (II), 15.71 g. K. Caes. 123. 109. Type as 108, but small rectangular countermark with head r. (?) on rev. (II), 18.67 g.

117.Obv.: Type as u6. Rev.: Victory standing 1., holding palm branch and wreath; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET S P Bronze. (XII), 16.15 g. Variant of K. Caes. 147. 1113. Obv.: Draped bust of Trajan Decius r., radiate; IMP C CMS QTRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: War galley sailing I. with four oarsmen, standards and ram; around, COL P F AVG C CAES; above galley, PORTVS /AVGVSTI Bronze. (XII), 20.03 g. K Caes. 152. 119.Obv.: Type as io8. Rev.: Roma seated 1. holding spear and small Victory; COL PR F AVG FC CAES MET S P Bronze. (XII), 16.39 g. K. Caes. 145.

no. Obv.: Draped bust of Trajan Decius r., laureate; IMP C C MES QTRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: Apollo standing I., holding branch and resting elbow on tripod entwined by serpent; COL PR F AVG FC CAES METR PS P Bronze. (VI), 20.38 g. K. Caes. 133.

120.ObV.: Type as 113. Rev.: Victory standing r., handing wreath to emperor at r.; COL PR F AVG FC CAES MET S P Bronze. (VII), 17.76 g. K. Caes. 148.

in. Obv.: Type as 1°8, but bearded. Rev.: Ares standing r., holding spear and shield; COL PR F AVG F C CAES METR P Bronze. (XII), 16.43 g. K. Caes. 137.

122.Obv.: Type as no. Rev.: Altar; behind it, palm tree and olive tree; COL PR F AVG F C CAES METR S P Bronze. (XII), 22.88 g. K. Caes. 155.

112.Obv.: Type as io8. Rev.: Dionysus standing 1., holding thyrsos and pouring wine from jug on panther I.; COL PR F AVG F C CAES METR P Bronze. (XII), 15.23 g. K. Caes. 138.

123.Type as 122, but bust of emperor undraped. (XII), 19.38 g.

113.Obv.: Draped bust of Trajan Decius r., laureate; IMP C C MS Q TRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., resting foot on rock, holding trident and dolphin; COL PR F AVG FC CAES METS P Bronze. (XII), 17.15 g. K. Caes. 135. 114.Obv.: Type as 113. Rev.: Poseidon as on 113, but holding only trident; COL PR F AVG FC CAES METR P Bronze. 19.31 g. K. Caes. 136. 115.Obv.: Type as 113. Rev.: Female deity (Demeter or Kore-Persephone), standing r., holding torch entwined by serpent, and ears of grain; COL PR F AVG F C CAES METRPSP Bronze. (VI), 19.18 g. K. Caes. 143. 116.Obv.: Type as n3; IMP C C MS QTRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: Victory standing on globe 1., holding labarum in each hand; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET S P Bronze. (I),15.73 g. K. Caes. 153.

121.Type as 120. (VI), 19.01 g.

124.Obv.: Type as 113. Rev.: The emperor galloping on horse r., holding spear; below, small retreating figure (harbor god?); COL PR F AVG FC CAES METH PS P Bronze. (XII), 16.38 g. K. Caes. 149. 125.Type as 124, but the last two letters of the rev. inscription S P are in exergue. (VI), 20.50 g. 126.Obv.: Type as io8. Rev: Eagle standing with spread wings facing looking r., holding diadem with bust of Tyche r. within; COL P F AVG F C CAES METR Bronze. (XII), 17.50 g. K. Caes. 129. 127.Obv.: Type as no. Rev.: In five lines surrounded by wreath: COL/PR FL/AVG F C/CAES ME/TR P S Bronze. (VI), 19.40 g. K. Caes. 16o. 128.Obv.: Type as no. Rev.: Labarum with L III /GAL between two eagles; COL P F AVG F C CAES/METR Bronze. (XII), 18.44 g. K. Caes. 157.

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129.Obv.: Type as io8. Rev.: Upper part of legionary standard composed of bar topped by eagle and vexillum, all flanked by two standards; COL P F AVG F C CAES/METR Bronze. (VI), 19.96 g. K. Caes. 158. 130.Obv.: Small draped bust of Trajan Decius r., laureate; IMP CCMQ TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG Rev.: Tyche standing facing, veiled, holding scepter and small bust, her foot over prow of galley; at her feet, r., small figure of harbor-god holding anchor; COL P F AVFCCAESMETRS P Bronze. (VI), 13.65 g. 131.Type as i3o.(VI), 12.69 g. 132.Obv.: Type as 108. Rev.: Bust ofTyche r.; COL P F AVG F C CAES METROP Bronze. (XII), 6.45 g. K. Caes. 126. Herennia Etruscilla 133.Obv.: Draped bust of Herennia Etruscilla r., ERENN IA ETRVSCILLA AVG Rev,: Type as 130; COL PR F AVG FC CAES METR P Bronze. (VII), 18.86 g. K. Caes. 161. 134.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Roma as on 119; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET Bronze. (XII), 16.73 g. K. Caes. 169. 135.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Dionysus as on in; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET SP Bronze. (VI), 16.21 g. K. Caes. 167. 136.Type as 135.

16.92 g.

137.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Eagle as on 126 holding bust of Tyche; COL P F AVG F C CAES MET Bronze. (XII), 17.90 g. K. Caes. 165. 138.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Demeter and Dionysus standing as on 97; illegible inscription. Bronze. (VI), 20.83 g. 139.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Cista mystica on podium, between four torches; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET Bronze. (VI), 16.96 g. K. Caes. 171. 140.Obv.: Type as 133. Rev.: Tyche in tetrastyle temple as on 51; [...]CC [...] AV[...] Bronze. (XII), 11.84 g. K. Caes. 162.

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The Coins of Caesarea

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

141.Obv: Type as 133. Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; COL P F AVG F C CAES MET Bronze. (VII), 7.59 g. IC Caes. 163. 142.Type as 141, but Tyche 1. (XII), 7.17 g. K. Caes. 164. Herennius Etruscus (251 or) 143.Obv.: Draped bust of Herennius Etruscus r., radiate; MES Q EREN ETRVSCO DECIO CAES Rev.: Decius, Etruscus and Etruscilla standing shaking hands; COL PF AVG F C CAES MET S P Bronze. (XII), 13.76 g. K Caes. 179. 144.Obv.: Type as 143; MES Q EREN ETRVSCO DECIO CAES Rev.: Sol standing 1., raising hand and holding globe and whip; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET S P Bronze. (VI), 18.40 g. K. Caes. 177. 145.Obv.: Type as 143. Rev.: Labarumewith two eagles as on 128; COL PR F AVG FCCAES/METSP Bronze. (VI), 20.30 g. K. Caes. 185. 146.Obv.: Type as 143. Rev.:Eagle holding bust of Tyche as on 126; COL PR F AVG F C[...]P Bronze. (I), 13.63 g. K. Caes. 175.

Hostilian (251 or) 153.Obv.: Draped bust of Hostilian r., radiate; HOSTILIANO QVINTO C Rev.: Bust of Tyche as on 151; COL P F AV F C CAES METR 5 P Bronze. (VI), 4.43 g. K. Caes. 188. 154.Obv.: Type as 153. Rev.: Type as 152; COL P F AV F C CAES METR S P Bronze. (XII), 8.38 g. Trebonianus Gallus (251-2S3 or) 155.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., laureate; IMP C C VIB GALLVS P F AVG Rev.: Tyche standing I., holding scepter and small bust, 1. foot over galley; at her feet, r., small figure of harbor-god holding anchor; COL P F AVG F C CAES METR P S PAL Bronze. (I), 13.94 g. K. Caes. 198. 156.Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., radiate; IMP C C VIB GALLVS P F AVG Rev.: Female deity (Demeter?, Kore-Persephone?) standing r., holding long torch and ears of grain; at her feet, 1., cista mystica with serpent; COL P F AVG F C CAES METR S P Bronze. (VII), 15.02 g. K. Caes. 212.

147.Type as 146; COL PF AVG FC CAES METS. (XII),14.48 g. K. Caes. 175.

157.Type as 156. (I), 16.78 g.

148.Obv.: Type as 143, but seen from front. Rev.: Altar as on 122; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET S P Bronze. (XII), 17.81 g. K. Caes. 183.

158.Obv: Type as 155. Rev.: Tyche seated on throne 1., flanked by two lions; COL P F AV F C CAES METR SP Bronze. (VI), 15.13 g. K. Caes. 204.

149.Obv.: Type as 143, but laureate. Rev.: Boar standing r.; behind it, two vexilla; FC CAES METRP [...] Bronze. (XII), 16.04 g. K. Caes. 186. 15o Obv.: Type as 145. Rev.: In center above, Tyche as on in; below, two female figures sacrificing birds over altar flanked by two bulls; COL P F AV F C CAES METROP Bronze. (XII), 13.85 g. K. Caes. 176. 151.Obv.: Type as 145; MES Q EREN ETRVS DECIO CAES Rev.: Bust of Tyche as on 14i; COL P F AV F C CAES METR S P Bronze. (XII), 7.01 g. K. Caes. 173. 152.Type as 151, but bust of Tyche I. (XII), 734 g. K. Caes. 174.

159.Type as 158. (VI), 15.4o g. 16o. Obv.: Type as 155. Rev.: Zeus seated on throne 1., holding scepter and thunderbolt; at his feet, eagle; COL P F AV F C CAES METR 5 PAL Bronze. (XII), 14.06 g. K. Caes. 207. 161.Type as 16o. (XII), 15.53 g. 162.Obv.: Type as 155. Rev.: Dionysus as on in; COL P F AVG F C CAE MET SP Bronze. (VIII), 10.97 g. K. Caes. 21o. 163.Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., radiate; IMP C C VIB GALLVS P F AVG Rev.: Eagle as on 126; COL P F AVG F CCAES METR PS Bronze. (I), 12.30 g. K. Caes. 202.

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164.Type as 163, but bust of Tyche 1. (XII), u.88 g.

176.Type as 168, but rev.: MET P R S PAL. (XII), 11.92 g.

165.Obv.: Type as 155. Rev.: Labarum with two eagles as on 128; COL PR F A G F C CAES / METR S P Bronze. (VI),11.83 g. K Caes. 213.

177.Obv.: Type as 175. Rev.: Altar as on 122; COL P F AVG F C CAES MET PR S PAL Bronze. (XII), 13.26 g. K. Caes. 229.

P.

178.Type as 168; COL P F AVG F C CAES MET PR S P / AL. (VI), 12.75 g.

167.O11v.: Type as 163. Rev.: Bust of Tyche as on 141; COL P F AVG F C CAES METR S PAL Bronze. (I), 6.51 g. K. Caes. zoo.

179.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Serapis standing 1., r. arm raised; COL P F AVG F C CAES Bronze. (XII), 5.87 g. K. Caes. 221.

166.Type as 165, but legend ends with MET PR ul 194g. 4.

Vo/usian (251-253 ae) 168.Obv.: Draped bust of Volusian r., laureate; IMP C C VOLVSSIANVS P F AVG Rev.: Female figure standing I., holding cornucopia and extending unrecognizable object (patera?) above heifer standing I. at her feet; COL P F AVG F C CAES MET P RS PAL Bronze. (XII), 13.23 g. K. Caes. 217. 169.Type as 168. (XII), 11.62 g. 17o. Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Tyche standing facing, veiled, holding cornucopia and patera over altar, (her r. foot over prow of galle y? );CO, P: AV CAES METR S PAL Bronze. (xi, ), 14 19 171.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Roma as on u9; COL P F AVG F C CAES METR PS PAL Bronze. (VI), 15.47 g. K. Caes. 223. 172.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Victory advancing 1., holding wreath and palm branch; COL P F AVG CAES METR PR S PAL Bronze. (XII), 11.34 g. K. Caes. 225. 173.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Dionysus as on 98; COL PR F AVG CAESAR METR; in exergue, PR S PAL Bronze. (XII), 10.69 g. K. Caes. 224. 174.ObV.: Type as 168. Rev.: The emperor galloping on horse r., holding spear; COL PR F AVG F C CAES MET P 5 PAL Bronze. (XII), 12.31 g. K. Caes. 227. 175.Type as 168, but bust of emperor radiate; obv. VOLVSSINVS and rev. inscription begins with COL P F AVG. (XII), 14.40 g. K. Caes. 228.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads 180.Obv.: In three lines surrounded by three dotted circles: a_a-9 /4.111YI/4.1I (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines: 4il I / / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: ‘3.4, , J „1,; II I:lib name of God, this fals was struck at (in the Qaysariyah). Bronze. 2.58 g. SNAT 199. icaJ.J

Under the Abbasids Sa`id and Bakhira (Unidentified Officials) 181.Obv.: In four lines: / a_L.,-9 n1J l / XI all (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, just weight); in margin: hill ra_siy Lb a! (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Qaysariya). Rev.: In circle surrounded by a wreath, in five lines: (Said, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Bakhird). Bronze. 2.16 g. SNAT zoo.

The Coins of Caesarea Panias

THE COINS OF CAESAREA PANIAS Caesarea Panias (Banias) is located in the northern Galilee, on a plateau at the foot of Mount Hermon, bounded by the Golan Heights on the east and the northern section of the Jordan Valley on the west. The site was well known in antiquity due to its water sources and the Paneion—a grotto dedicated to the god Pan (Pliny Nat. Hist. 5.71.74). There, in zoo BCE, the Seleucid king Antiochus III won the battle that removed Palestine from the Ptolemaic sphere of power. During the second and first centuries BCE, Panias belonged to the Ituraeans, but in 20 BCE, the region was granted to Herod the Great. Herod erected a temple in the city—the Augusteum—in honor of Augustus (Josephus B.J. 1.404; Ant. 15.363) and to the west of the grotto he built a palace. The ruins of the Augusteum were apparently revealed during excavations below the rock debris that blocked the entrance to the grotto (NEAEHL 14.0). In 4 BCE, Panias was refounded as a Caesarea by Philip the tetrarch (Josephus Ant. 20.211; B.J. 3.443), who also struck the city's first coins, dated according to an era beginning in 2/1 BCE. Most of his coins depict the Augusteum (See section V Jewish Coins, Philip Nos. 117-146). From 37 to 44 CE, Caesarea Panias was ruled by Agrippa I, who had received the city from Caligula after the death of Philip It was here that Agrippa I minted his first coins (See section V Jewish Coins, Agrippa I Nos. 147-152). A series of Claudian and Neronian coins with Latin inscriptions are attributed to Panias and date to the interim period between the reigns of Agrippa I and Agrippa II (See section V Jewish Coins, Roman Administration before the Jewish War, Nos. 83-87). In 61 CE, Agrippa II refounded the city as Neronias in honor of Nero (Josephus Ant. 20.211), making it his capital and primary mint (See section V Jewish Coins, Agrippa II, Nos. 175-182). After the death of Agrippa II, the whole region reverted to direct Roman rule. Roman provincial coins were minted by the city from 169 CE under Marcus Aurelius until the closure of the mint under Elagabalus (218-222, CE). The first issues are three types of quasi-autonomous coins, two of them dated to 169 CE (Nos. 1-3). Most of the Roman Provincial coin types have been published and discussed by Meshorer (Mesh. Panias). On the coins of this period, the full name of the city is given as, "Caesarea Panias Augusta, Sacred, Inviolable." From 1988, the site was systematically excavated by the Israel Antiquities Authority in two main sectors: the urban center (areas B and C, by V. Tsaferis) and the area of the grotto of Pan (Z. Mdoz; see NEAEHL 1, 140-143). A reciprocal analysis between the archeological evidence and the architectural depictions on the coins has allowed Mdoz to reinterpret the finds and to identify the whole complex as the Sanctuary of Pan (Ma`oz 90-too). The sanctuary was located at the foot of a cliff next to a terrace that sloped down toward the springs, the source of one of the tributaries of the Jordan River (Mdoz, pl. 13:2). At this cliff there is a large natural cave or grotto (the Paneion mentioned above) and four niches hewn in the cliff face where statues could be displayed. Meshorer believed that these features are replicated in the architectural elements and cult statues represented on the coins (Mesh. Panias, 42-46). Mdoz however, attributes the architectural elements described on coin Nos. 24 and 33 to two unusual temples that stood at the eastern end of the sacred precinct, both dedicated to the cult of Pan and the Sacred Goats. Both of these structures were constructed in the Severan period. As we might expect, Pan with his attributes—the flute, the syrinx and the pedum—is the dominant type for coins of Panias (Nos. 2- 3, 5, 13, 22, 36), but Tyche with a personification of the Jordan River (No. 23), and Zeus (Nos. 7, 31) also appear. The Zeus types are published here for the first time. According to Mdoz, remains of a temple dedicated to Zeus were discovered at the site (Mdoz, 92- 93). One of the Tyche issues in the name of Julia Soaemias (No. 41) with a ship in the exergue is also notable. Meshorer speculated that this is probably the

35

ship of the Argonauts, based on a comparison to a coin from Sidon and later Mishnaic sources (Mesh. Panias, 46-47)• In recent years, several Umayyad coins bearing the city's name have come to light, one appears in this collection (No. 42). During the Crusader period, a few copper dirhams were also struck at Panias (Baniyas, in Arabic) in the name of Bahra ad-Dal, the Syrian leader of the Ismaili Hashishiyyin (Berman Baniyas) sect, and vassal of the Atabegs of Dimashq, Zahir ad-Din Toghtigin and his son Taj al-Muluk Bari (Berman Banaiyas). THE ROMAN PERIOD Quasi-Autonomous 1.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: In wreath: POB/KAICAP/TIANIA/ AOC (172 = 169 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.o6 g. Mesh. Panias 1. 2. Obv.: Bust of Pan r. Rev.: Syrinx; POB KAICAP flANIAAOC (172 =169 CE). Bronze. (IX), 3.31 g. Mesh. Panias 2. 3. Obv.: Bust of Pan 1. Rev.: Syrinx. Bronze. (X), 1.28 g. Mesh. Panias 3. With Imperial Portraits Marcus Aurelius (161-18o CE) 4. Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT KAI M AYP ANTC0NEINOC CEB Rev.: Zeus standing 1., nude, holding patera and resting upon scepter; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYT fl FIANEIC0; in r. field, date: POB (172 = 169 CE). Bronze. (XI), 10.48 g. Mesh. Panias 5 (this coin). 5. Obv.: Type as 4. Rev.: Pan standing nude, looking r., playing the flute; on his r., tree trunk with syrinx hung on lower part, pedum at foot; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYT fl RANEIC0; in field, date:: POB (172 = 169 CE). Bronze. (XI), 12.39 g. Mesh. Panias 6. 6. Type as 5, but date written: BOP. (XII), 8.59 g. Mesh. Panias 6b. 7.Obv.: Type as 4; 1...1M AYP AN[...] Rev.: Bust of Zeus 1.; KAICAP flANIAAOC POB (172 = 169 CE). Bronze. (VI), 6.63 g. Commodus (177-192 CE) 8. Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; AY K M AYP ANTW KOM Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYT f1 RAN; across field, date: PqA (191 =188 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.73 g. Mesh. Panias 9.

9. Type as 8. KAICAP[-]. (XII), 7.05 g. Septimius Severus (193-211c4 10. Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AYT A CMT CEYHPON Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5; KAIC CEB IEP MI CY T IIAN; across field, date: NO (199 = 196 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.21 g. Mesh. Panias 11 Type as to. KAICCEB IEP KAI ACYA flAN.(XII), io.55 g. Julia Domna 12. Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Domna r.; IOYAIA AOMNA CEBACTH Rev.: Tyche standing r., holding rudder and cornucopia; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYA T MANIA across field, date: CB (202 = 199 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.46 g. Mesh. Panias 13 (this coin). 13. Obv.: Type as 12.

Rev.: Pedum on 1. and syrinx on r.; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYA T fl RANA; above, date: C B (202 = 199 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.5o g. Mesh. Panias 14. Geta (209-212 GO 14. Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., laureate; CEITTI IETAC KAICAP Rev.: Zeus standing as on 4; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYA T H MANIA; across field, date: CB (202 = 199 CE). Bronze, (XII), 11.03 g. Mesh. Panias 15. 15. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYAT n MANIA; in L field, date: CB (202 =199 CE). Bronze. (I), 7.52 g. Mesh. Panias 17. 16. Type as 15. (XII), 7.86 g. 17. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: In wreath: CB / KAICAP /11ANIA / AOC; (202 = 199 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 2.92 g. Mesh. Panias 18 (this coin).

The Coins of Caesarea Panias

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

36 Caracalla (198-217 cE)

18.Obv.: Draped bust of young Caracalla r., laureate; AVT KAIC M AVP ANTON Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5; KAIC CEB IEP KAI ACYT PA; across field, date: OW (199 = 196 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.65 g. Mesh. Panias 21. 19.Type as 18, but date written: Pqe. (XII), 8.96 g. 2o. Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; M AVP ANTWNEINOC CEB Rev.: Tyche standing as on 12; KAICAPIA MANIAC; across lower field, date: CIA (214 = 211 CE). Bronze. (VI), 15.01 g. Mesh. Panias 22. 21.Obv.: Type as 20. Rev.: Zeus standing as on 4; KAICAPEIA MANIAC; across field, date: C I A (214 = 211 CE). Bronze. (VI), 9.21 g. 22.Obv.: Type as 20. Rev.: Pedum and syrinx as on 13; KAICAPIA PANIAC; below, date: C IA (214 = 211 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.36 g. Mesh. Panias 24. Plautilla 23.Obv.: Bust of Plautilla r.; PAAYTIAAA CEB (1)OY... Rev.: Tyche seated r., holding ears of grain; at her feet, river god (Jordan); [...[KAIllANI[...] ; across field, date: A C (204 = 201 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.52 g. Mesh. Panias 26. Elagabalus (218-222 CE)

27.Type as 26, but draped bust of emperor, laureate. (XII), 12.02 g. Mesh. Panias 34a. 28.Obv.: Type as 24. AVT K M AVP ANTC0H Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Tyche seated on rock as on 23, holding ears of grain; at her feet, river god (Jordan) swimming; KAI MA CEB ACY; in exergue, date: CK A (221 = 23.8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.85 g. Mesh. Panias 36. 29.Type as 28. (XII), 20.06 g. 3o. Obv.: Type as 27. [- K]AIC MAP ANT[-] Rev.: Male figure (the emperor?), half-nude, standing 1., holding wreath in r. hand; in r. field, tree; KAI PAN CEB IEP ACYA; across field date: CK A (221 = 218 CE). Bronze. (XII), 22.46 g. 31.Obv.: Type as 24. [-]ANTWNINOC Rev.: Zeus (?) standing as on 4; behind him a tree; all in semi-circular colonnaded area with fence in front; in exergue, KAIC PAN IEP/ACYA; in I. field, date: CKB (222 = 219 CE). Bronze. (XII), 24.51 g. The coin has been tooled; the figure in the colonnade may originally have looked different. 32.Obv.: Type as 31. Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5, standing between two standards; KAIC MA CE IEPA ACYAO; across field, date: CK B (222 = 219 CE). Bronze. (VI), 22.23 g. Mesh. Panias 40a.

24.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; AVT K M AVP ANTWNINOC C Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5 in semi circular colonnaded area with fence in front; in exergue, KAI MA N CEB/ACYA; across field, date: CK A (221= 218 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.49 g. Mesh. Panias 32.

33.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AVT K M ANTWNINOC C Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5, inside niche cut in the rock; below, cave with fence in front; on rock edges, trees; in 1. field, pedum and in r. field, syrinx; KAI PAN CEB I AVC; in exergue, date: CK1 (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (II), 12.59 g. Mesh. Panias 41.

25.Obv.: Type as 24. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 12, but rudder on globe; in r. field, tree trunk; KAIC PAN CEB IEP ACY; across field, date: C K / A (221 = 218 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.62 g. Mesh. Panias 33.

34. Obv.: Type as 33, but seen from rear. AVT KM ANTWNINOC Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5, standing on podium between standards; traces of inscription:

26.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; AVT K M AVP ANT[C0NIN...] Rev.: Tyche standing as on 12, but rudder on globe; KAIC PAN CE B IEP ACYA; across field, date: CK A (221 = 218 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.54 g. Mesh. Panias 34.

Bronze. (XII), 13.29 g. Mesh. Panias 42 (this coin). 35.Obv.: Type as 34. AVT K M ANTWNINOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 12, but 1., with pedum behind her, all in distyle temple with pediment; KAI MAN CEB[...] in exergue, date: CET (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.42 g. Mesh. Panias 44.

Julia Maesa 36.Obv.: Drapedbust °Puha Maesa r.; IOYAIAMECA AY1 Rev.: Pan, standing as on 5, playing the flute to a goat standing on 1. and looking backwards at him; pedum leaning on trunk; [...]IEPI AD'; in exergue, date: cm- (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (VI), 12.52 g. Mesh. Panias 48. 37.Obv.: Type as 36. IOYAIA MEC AY1 Rev.: Pan, standing in semicircular colonnaded area as on 24; in exergue, KAI n CE IE ACY CK1 (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (I), 15.92 g. Mesh. Panias 45. 38.Obv.: Type as 36. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 124 in r. field, pedum; KAI PAN CEB I AC Bronze. (VI), 7.87 g. Mesh. Panias 52. Julia Soaemias 39.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Soaemias r., IOYAIA COAIMIAC A Rev.: Pan playing the flute as on 5; KAI MA CE IE ACYA; in exergue, date: CM' (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.39 g. Variant of Mesh. Panias 54, but without goat in 1. field. 40. Obis.: Type as 39. Rev.: Pan standing between two standards; KAI MA CE IE ACYA; across field, date: C K f (223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.48 g. Mesh. Panias 55.

37

41.Obv.: Type as 39. Rev.: Tyche standing within a tetrastyle temple with central arch; KAI MA CE I ACY; in exergue, from 1. to t, boat with four rowers (the ship of the Argonauts?), a cave and a date: CK1(223 = 220 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.11 g. Mesh. Panias 56.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Under the Umayyads 42. O1/2.: In three lines surrounded by three circles:

Wall X (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines: (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: C.. I A II Pis (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Beniyes). Bronze fals, 4.15 g. SNAT 255.

THE COINS OF DEMETRIAS (CAESAREA?)

THE COINS OF DORA (DOR)

A small group of enigmatic bronze coins, found in Israel, have been discussed by Kushnir-Stein (Kushnir-Stein Demetrias). These coins are all of the same type and depict the head of Tyche on the obverse and Zeus standing holding Victory on the reverse, with a short inscription that includes the date (years 1, 3, 22) and the two Greek letters AH. Kushnir-Stein, following Henri Seyrig, proposed that the letters AH represent the ethnic AHMHTPIAZ and suggested that this Demetrias is the one mentioned on a weight inscribed, "of Demetrias which is on the sea:' Seyrig (1950a) suggested that the Demetrias mentioned on the weight and coins is either Shiqmona (near Haifa) or Tel Qum el-Awamid, south of Tyre. Kushnir-Stein proposed Straton's Tower, the city later refounded as Caesarea Maritima by King Herod. Lampinen (1999, 358-359) reinforced Kushnir-Stein's identification and location of Demetrias by publishing more specimens of this mint, including a new type from the Sdot Yam Museum collection. Hoover agreed as well with the identification of the mint (2007) and stated that Demetrias was probably a Seleucid re-foundation of Strato's Tower. He presented two dated series of silver drachms (with the monogram 'HS' in ligature) struck during the first reign of Demetrius II Nicator which could have been minted at Demetrias starting from SE 171 (142/141 BCE). He also dated the civic Zeus/cornucopia bronzes from Demetrias to the period between 138/7 and 63/62 BCE. The coins in the Sofaer collection of year 1, year 3, and year 22 are dated according to a local era, starting in 64/3 BCE if they are correctly interpreted as issues of Demetrias-Caesarea.

The ancient harbor city of Dora lies on the Mediterranean coast, some twenty-one kilometers south of Haifa and about ten kilometers north of Caesarea Maritima. The site is identified with Khirbet el-Burj (NEAEHL 1, 357). Dora had a large and busy harbor, the remains of which are visible to this day. Excavations were first undertaken in 1923 by the British School in Jerusalem. Large-scale excavations were only resumed in 1980 by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Israel Exploration Society under the direction of E. Stern. Excavations revealed that the site was first settled in the Middle Bronze Age IIA and was inhabited almost continuously until the third century BCE (NEAEHL 1, 358). The Phoenician name of the city, Dor, became Dora in Greek, possibly in honor of Doros, a maritime god and son of Poseidon. The cult of Doros probably became a central cult of the city in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, as is shown by the coins (e.g., Nos. 2 and 13). During the Persian period the city was under Sidonian control; a group of ten silver-plated coins discovered at the site, depicting the head of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes (No. 1), is associated with this period and attributed to the mint of Dora (Qedar 2000-02, 13-14). The city flourished during the Hellenistic period, but frequently found itself involved in the inter- and intra-dynastic warfare of that time. Dora resisted a siege by the Seleucid king Antiochus III during the Fourth Syrian War (219-217 BCE), and produced a single tetradrachm type for Ptolemy V during the Fifth Syrian War (205-199 BCE), although it and the rest of Coele Syria ultimately fell to the Seleucids (Svoronos No. 1262; Morkholm 1981, 6-8, pl. 3: 4-6). The city later became the final stronghold of the Seleucid usurper Tryphon (142-139 BCE) against Antiochus VII, who was unable to take it by force (I Maccabees 15: 11-37). By the late second century BCE, Dora and Straton's Tower (Caesarea Maritima) were ruled by the tyrant Zoilus. Both cities were captured by the Hasmonean priest-king, Alexander Jannaeus, who incorporated them into the Hasmonean kingdom. The numismatic material is not particularly extensive, but it is regularly dated. It was first listed by Rouvier (1901,125-131); subsequently, a corpus was compiled by Meshorer (1986-87), which was later supplemented by his numismatic report on the coins from the Hebrew University excavations (Mesh. Dora). Rouvier and Meshorer identified the era of the city as "Pompeian:' counting from 64/3 BC, but Stein has suggested that the era must begin sometime between 63 and 61 BCE, based on the obverse inscription of coin No. 25 (dated to year 132), which is identical to an Antiochene issue of the second year of Vespasian (69/7o CE) (Stein 199o, 49-52). The coins are divided into two main groups, both of which were struck simultaneously: the pseudo-autonomous issues, which bear on the obverse the head of Tyche or Doros, or an aphlaston; and a second group depicting imperial portraits on the obverse. The iconographic repertoire is quite limited, and mainly serves to express the maritime character of the city. The importance of this harbor city is also proclaimed by its titles. The inscription above Doros' head on Nos. 33 and 36 reads: NAYAPXIC (ruler of the fleet). This title is known only from the coins of especially large harbor cities, such as Phoenician Tripolis, and Sidon (Mesh. Dora, 360 na8). The Sofaer collection includes two remarkable coins (Nos. 6 and 7) bearing jugate portraits and a female head, which have been attributed to Cleopatra and Marc Antony by Meshorer following Baldus (1989, 477-48o). This attribution still needs verification. Th e tyz:Z suggest that the city of Tripolis in Phoenicia was responsible for their minting (RPC I, 6 6L Nos., .

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Autonomous 1.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Zeus standing l., resting on scepter and holding bird (eagle?); LA AH (year i = 64/3 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 5.95 g. Kushnir-Stein Demetrias 4 - 5. 2.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Type as 1, but date: Lr AH (year 3 = 62/1 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 6.76 g. Kushnir-Stein Demetrias 4. 3.Type as 1, but date: L KB (year 22 = 43/22 BCE). (XII), 5.51 g. Kushnir-Stein Demetrias 5.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

40

With the exception of a single issue bearing the portrait of Augustus and dated by Meshorer to 7/6 BCE (Mesh. Dora, No. 3o), all of the coins up to 69/7o CE are pseudo-autonomous issues. During the Flavian period, portrait coins were struck only by Vespasian (Nos. 25-27). Coinage was resumed for a single year in 112/13 CE under Trajan (Nos. 28-32) and in 144/5 CE under Antoninus Pius (Nos. 36-38, dated to 144/5 CE). After a gap of fifty-seven years, coins were again minted by the city under Septimius Severus. All of the Severan coins of Dora in the Sofaer collection are dated to 202/3 CE (Nos. 39-42, 46). The latest coins of Dora known today are dated to year 274, namely 211/12 CE (Nos. 43-45). The coinage of Dora ends relatively early compared to that of other cities in the region, perhaps due to a decline in the importance of its harbor brought on by the rise of Caesarea Maritima, its younger neighbor to the south. THE PERSIAN PERIOD Tissapbernes (413-393 BCE) 1.Obv.: Bearded head of Persian satrap r., wearing tiara. Rev.: In incuse square, owl standing r.; in 1. field, BA Bronze, silver clated drachm. (XII), 4.01 g. Qedar 2000-02, D8 (this coin). THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Autonomous and Pseudo Autonomous 2. Obv.: Bust of Doros r. Rev.: Tyche standing to I., holding palm branch and caduceus; in upper 1. field, date: LA (year = 63/2 BCE); in upper r. field, Si in lower I. field, &WI /TON Bronze. (XII), 10.65 g. Mesh. Dora 2 (64/3 BCE). 3. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Tyche standing to 1., resting her hand over tiller and holding cornucopia; in field, LA AO (year = 63/2 BCE). Bronze. (XI), 8.58 g. Mesh. Dora 3 (64/3 BCE). 4. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, the two pilei of the Dioscuri and date: L A (year 1= 63/2 BCE); below, AD Bronze. (I), 6.57 g. Mesh. Dora 4 (64/3 BCE).

7.Obv.: Bust of female (Cleopatra?) r., surrounded by wreath. Rev.: Poppy-head between two ears of grain; in field, date: L M (year 31 = 33/4 BCE). Bronze. (I), 3.27 g. Mesh. Dora 13 (this coin) (33/2 BCE); RPC I 4754. 8. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Vine branch with leaf and bunch of grapes; AD PIT Bronze. (I), 1.63 g. Mesh. Dora io. 9. Obv.: Bust of Doros r. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 2; AO PI /TON in 1. field, date: L BA (year 32 = 33/2 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 9.51 g. Mesh. Dora 14 (32/1 BCE); RPC 755. THE ROMAN PERIOD Quasi-Autonomous Under Nero o.

Obv.: Bust of Doros r. Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking r., holding standard and cornucopia; on r., AWPITCON; on I., date: L PKH (year 128 = 65/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.54 g. Mesh. Dora 16 (64/5 CE); RPC 14757•

5.Type as 4, but half denomination; the prow faces r. and no pilei. (XII), 3.73 g. Mesh. Dora 6 (this coin).

u. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Tyche as on to; AUDITION; on I., date written upwards: L PKH (year 128 = 65/6 CE). Bronze. (XI), 5.65 g. Mesh. Dora 1.7a (64/5 CE); RPC I 4761.

6. Obv.: Jugate busts (Antony and Cleopatra?, the Dioscuri?) r., laureate, surrounded by wreath. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 3; in field, date: L AA (year 31 = 33/2 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 5.41 g. Mesh. Dora 12 (33/2 BCE).

12. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Galley sailing 1.; above, AOPITQN / L PKH (year 128 = 65/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.57 g. Mesh. Dora 18 (64/5 CE); RPC 4765.

The Coins of Dora 13.Obv.: Bust of Doros L. Rev.: Tyche standing and inscription as on io, but date: AP (130 = 67/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.44 g. Mesh. 1986-87: 20 (66/7 CO; RPC I 4758. 14.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 13, on I., date: AP (year 130 = 67/8 CE); on r., AO Bronze. (XII), 8.99 g. 15.Type as 14, but rev.: ACOPITCON, and date is written alongside the standard. (XII), 4.64 g. Mesh. Dora 20 (variant); RPC I 4762 16.Type as 14, but date: L AP (year 13o = 67/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.95 g. RPC I 4766. 17.Type as 16, but date: PA (year 13o = 67/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.91 g. Mesh. Dora 2.1 (variant). 18.Obv.: Bust of Doros r. Rev.: Tyche standing as on io; on r., AWPITWN; on L, date: MP (131 = 68/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.78 g. Mesh. Dora 23 (67/8 CE); RPC I 4759.

41

With Imperial Portraits Vespasian (79-81 CE) 25.Obv.: Bust of Titus r., laureate; T (DAAYI oyun KATE ETOYE NEOY IEP Rev.: Tyche standing as io; date: BAP (132 = 69/7o CE). Bronze. (XII), 9/4 g. Mesh. Dora 32; RPC II 2089. 26. Type as 25. (XII), 8.89 g. Mesh. Dora 32a (this coin). 27.Type as 25, but with round countermark on obv. depicting head I. (XII), 9.76 g. Trajan (98-117 CO 28. Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; AYTO KAIC NEP TPAIANOC CEB IEPM AAK Rev.: Bust of Doros r.; below, aphlaston; POE MP IEP ACYA AYTON NAYAP (175 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.70 g. Mesh. Dora 33 (111/2 CE). 29.Type as 28, but rectangular countermark on obv. depicting amphora (?). (XII), 12.11 g.

19.Type as 18. Bronze. (XII), 9.75 g.

3o Obv.: Type as 28. Rev.: Bust of Tyche r., surrounded by vine-wreath; across, ACO P; below, date: POE (175 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.5o g. Mesh. Dora 34 (111/2 CE).

20. Obv.: Bust of Tyche 1. Rev.: Tyche standing as on io; on r., ACOPITCO; on l., date: BAP (132 = 69/70 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.18 g. Mesh. Dora 26 (this coin, 68/9 CE); RPC I 4764.

31.Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; AYTO NEP TPA KAI CE ITPM AAK Rev.: Tyche standing as on io, but facing 1.; on r., AWPITCON; on I., date: POE (175 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.15 g. Mesh. Dora 35 (111/2 CE).

Under Vespasian 21.Type as io, but date: OAP (139 = 76/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.87 g. Mesh. Dora 28 (75/6 CE); RPC II 2090. 22.Type as 21, but with round countermark on obv. depicting head r. (XII), 9.58 g. 23.Type as 2o, but bust of Tyche r., and date: OAP (139 = 76/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.32 g. Mesh. Dora 29 (75/6 CE); RPC II 2091. 24. Type as 21, but date is flanking Tyche, retrograde, and incomplete: [..] P (139?= 76/7? CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.63 g.

32.Obit.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; NEP TPAIA CE f A Rev.: Galley sailing 1.; above: ACOPA/ IEPA below, date: POE (175 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.95 g. Mesh. Dora 36 (111/2 CE). Hadrian (117-138 CE) 33.Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; AYTO TPA AAPIANW KAIC Rev.: Bust of Doros L, below, aphlaston; ADP IEP ACYA AYT NAYAP; below, date: HP (18o = 117/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.86 g. Mesh. Dora 37 (116/7 CE). 34. Type as 33, double struck. (MI), 12.75 g. 35.Obv.: Type as 33; [...1 AAPIANCO KAI Rev.: Type as 32, but date: nP (18o = 117/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.83 g. Mesh. Dora 4o (116/7 CE).

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

42 Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE)

36.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate, in r. field, star; AYT KAI AAp ANTC0NEINOC CEB EY Rev.: Bust of Doros r.; below, aphlaston; AC0P IEP AC AYT NAYAPXIC LCZ (year 207 = 144/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.33 g. Mesh. Dora 41 (143/4 CE). 37.Obv.: Type as 36; AYT K AAP ANTC0NEINOC CE Rev.: Bust of Tyche as on 3o; across field, AO) PI Bronze. (XII), 8.77 g. Mesh. Dora 42 (this coin). 38.()fry.: Type as 37. Rev.: Tyche standing as on to; on r., AC0PITWN; on 1., date: LZC (year 207 = 144/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.83 g. Mesh. Dora 43 (this coin 143/4 CO. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE)

39.Obv.: Draped bust of Septinaius Severus r., laureate; AYT KAI A cEn CEOYHPOC CEB Rev.: Caracalla and Geta, togate, standing facing one another, shaking hands; AYT K M AYP ANT KAI CEn rET KAI; in exergue, AOPI EEC (265 = 202/3 CE). Bronze. 23.17 g. Mesh. Dora 44 (201/2 CE). Julia Domna 40. Obv.: Bust of Julia Donma r.; IOYA • AOMNA CEB Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; in lower r. field, prow of galley; AC0P NAY EEC (265 = 202/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.62 g. Mesh. Dora 45 (201/ 2 CO. Geta 41.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta t, bareheaded; fl CEll ['ETA K Rev.: Bust of Doros r.; below, aphlaston; AC0P IEPA EEC (265 = 202/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.19 g. Mesh. Dora 47 (201/2 CE).

Caracalla (198-217 CE)

4z. Obv.: Draped bust of young Caracalla r., laureate; AYT K M AYP ANTU) CEB Rev.: Tyche, holding standard and cornucopia, standing facing within tetrastyle temple; in exergue, AC0PA; on 1., IEPA; on t, date: EEC (265 = 202/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.19 g. Mesh. Dora 48 (201/2 CE). 43.O6v.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; M AYP ANTC0NEINOC CEB Rev.: Type as 42, but on r., IEPA; on I., date: AOC (274 = 211/2 CE). Bronze. (VI), 12.72 g. Mesh. Dora 49 (this coin, 210/1 CE). 44. Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; M AYP ANTON El NOC CEB Rev.: The emperor on horse galloping r., holding spear; AOPA IEP ACY[...1AOC (274= 211/12 CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.46 g. Mesh. Dora 5o (21o/1 CE). 45.Obv.: Type as 43; M AYP ANTON El CEB Rev.: Bust of Doros r.; AC0PA IEPA; on r., date: AOC (274 = 211/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), tom g. Mesh. Dora 51 (21o/1 CE). Plautilla 46. Obv.: Draped bust of Plautilla r.; ilAAYT AYf Rev.: Galley sailing I.; above, AURA / NAYA; in exergue, date: EEC (265 = 202/3 CO. Bronze. (XII), 4.93 g. Mesh. Dora 52 (201/2 CE).

THE COINS OF GABA Many cities in the East were called Gaba or bore similar names; consequently it was difficult for a long time to properly identify the city to which the coin inscription laBHNC0N (of the Gabenes) referred (see also Schmitt 1987, 28-31; Kindler Gaba, 58). Numismatic literature in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries attributed these coins to Gaba of Trachonitis, in the northern Transjordan. However, recent excavations of several Roman sites in the Jezreel Valley and the discovery of many Gaba coins in this area suggest that they actually originated in Galilee. The now generally accepted identification for Gaba of the coins is Geva' Parashim (City of Cavalry), situated on a hill next to Kibbutz Mishmar-Ha`emeq. The city was founded by the proconsular governor of Syria, Aulus Gabinius (perhaps a connection exists between his name and the name of the city) and used an era beginning probably in 59 BCE (RPC II, 307, following Stein 199o, 53-56). This date seems to relate to Marcius Philippus, governor of Syria in 61-6o BCE, who most likely granted the status of polis to Gaba (Kindler Gaba, 62). The title "Philippeia" on the coins is probably linked to this governor and continued to be in use until the first years of Hadrian, 116/117 CE (Kindler Gaba, 62). The corpus compiled by Kindler is the best reference for the coins of Gaba, all of which are dated (Kindler Gaba). The coinage begins with a pseudo-autonomous issue of 36/5 BCE (not in this catalogue; Kindler Gaba, 1; RPC I, 672) and ends under Elagabalus (218-222 CE) (No. 36). A number of pseudo-autonomous coins were struck simultaneously with the imperial portrait types during the first and second centuries CE. Vespasian issued coins with portraits of his sons Titus (No. 9) and Domitian (Nos. 12-13). About a third of the total coinage of Gaba depicts members of the imperial families, especially empresses. These include portraits of Domitia, the wife of Domitian (No. 15; known also from coins of Sidon: Kindler Gaba, 58), Plotina, the wife of Trajan (Nos. 19-2o), Sabina, the wife of Hadrian (Nos. 27-28), and Faustina Junior, the wife of Lucius Verus (No. 31; Wroth 1899, Gaba 2). Not surprisingly, Tyche, the city goddess, is a major type at Gaba. More unusual, however, is the important place of the Phrygian god, Men, who is otherwise rarely found on coins or other objects from the region. Since Men was a popular deity among Roman legionaries, it seems possible that the god might have been introduced by veterans of Legio VI Ferrata living in the city. This legion was stationed nearby, at the entrance to Nahal `Iron, a place still known as Lajjun ("Legion"). The Sofaer collection includes a number of new and apparently unpublished variants, including pseudoautonomous issues under Claudius (No. 1) and Trajan (Nos. 4-5), respectively depicting Men (for the first time) and a female figure sacrificing over an altar. Also new are the Tyche in temple types for the reigns of Antoninus Pius (No. 29) and Commodus (No. 32).

THE ROMAN PERIOD Pseudo-Autonomous Under Claudius 1.

Obv.: Bust of Men r., on crescent, with Phrygian cap. Rev.: Men standing r., resting on scepter and his hand on hip; unclear inscription: (NAM • ON in 1. field, date: IP (year no = 51/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.75 g. For dating see RPC I 672.

Under Vespasian 2. Obv.: Bust r., veiled or with long hair; (DAAOY CEBAC Rev.: Victory advancing 1., holding wreath in extended arm; rABH; across field, c; date: AP (year 136 = 77/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.5o g. CE Rosenberg II (Gaba) 3. RPC II 234.

The Coins of Gaba

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

44 Under Domitian

3. Obv.: Men standing facing looking 1., resting on scepter and his hand on hip; KAAY CDIA111 IABH Rev.: Victory advancing I., holding wreath and palm branch over shoulder; in r. field, date: PMB (142 = 83/4 CE). Bronze. (XI), 2.54 g. Kindler Gaba 13; Ros. II (Gaba) 6. Under Trajan

4. Obv: Men standing as on 3; IABHNWN Rev.: Female figure standing I., holding cornucopia and pouring from patera over altar; in r. field, date: AOP (?) (171 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 1.61 5. Type as 4, but date: ZOP (177 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (XIp, 2.35 g. Kindler Gaba 25. With Imperial Portraits Claudius (41-54

6. Obv.: Bust of Claudius r., laureate. Rev.: Female figure seated r., resting on scepter and holding branch; KAAYAIEDN 01A11111HNCIN; across field, date: IP L (year uo = 51/2 CE); below chair: I Bronze. (XII), 8.26 g. Kindler Gaba 2; RPC I 4856. 7. Obv.: Type as 6. Rev.: Tyche standing I., holding scepter and cornucopia; [-IN IABHNON. Bronze. (XII), 3.78 g. Kindler Gaba 3 (this coin); RPC I 4857. Vespasian (69-79 CE)

8. Obv.: Bust of Vespasian I., AYT KAIC OYECI1ACIANOC CEBAC Rev.: Tyche standing facing, holding scepter and cornucopia; KAAYAL..1 01A111 fABHNDN; in r. field, date: L PAS (year 136 = 77/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.7o g. 9. Obv.: Bust of Titus r.; laureate: AYTOKPA TITOC KAICAP Rev.: Nude male figure (Zeus?) standing I., resting on scepter and his hand on hip; on 1., KAAYAI 01; on r., IABHNW; in 1. field, date: PAZ (137 = 78/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.10 g. Kindler Gaba 9 (76/7 CE); RPC II 2236.

m. Type as 9. (XII), 8.73 g. Kindler Gaba 25.

n. Type as 9, but no date. (XII), 11.36 g. 12.Obv.: Bust of Domitian r., laureate; AYT AOMIT1A KAICAP Rev.: Men standing as on obv. of 3; in upper r. field, crescent; on r., IABHN; on 1., date: L PAS (year 136 = 77/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.22 g. Kindler Gaba 6 (75/6 CE); RPC II 2233. 13.Obv.: Type as 12; AOMITIANOC KAIC[...] Rev.: Men standing as on 12; FABHNC0N; on I., date:

Plotina

Domitian (81-96

20.Type as 19, but date: AOP (174 = 115/6 CE). (XII), 6.29 g. Hadrian (117-138 CE) 21.Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; AYT KAIC TPAI

AAPIANOC CEB Rev.: Victory advancing as on 18; KAAY 01

FABHNC0N; in r. field, date: ZOP (177 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (I), n.o6 g. Kindler Gaba 22 (116/7 CE). 22. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian r., laure-

ate; AYT KAIC TPAI AAPIANO CEB fl II

14. Obv.: Bust of Domitian r., laureate; AYTO KAI

Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch and dome;

AOMMANOC rEPMA CEBAC

inside, Tyche standing I. as on 7, crowned by small Victory standing on column; in exergue, IABHNWN / AFT (181 = 122/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 23.87 g. Ros. II (Gaba) 12.

Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking 1., holding

scepter and cornucopia; KMYAIEWN 0IAlfl IABHNWN; in r. field, date: PMB (142 = 83/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.37 g. Kindler Gaba 11 (81/2 CE); RPC II 2238. Domitia

15.Obv.: Bust of Domitia r., lightly draped; AOMIT1A CEBACTH Rev.: Male figure (Zeus?) as on 9; KAAYAI 01A111 rABHNC0N; in r. field, date: PMB (142 = 83/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.96 g. Kindler Gaba 12 (81/2 CE); RPC II 2239. Trajan (98 -117 GE) 16. Obv.: Bust of Trajan r., laureate; AYTOKP KAIC NEP

TPAIANOC CEB IEPM AAK Rev.: Tyche standing as on 14; KA 01 IABHNWN; in

r. field, date: AOP (171 = 112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.91 g. 17.Obv.: Type as 16. Rev.: Victory advancing I., holding wreath and trophy; KA 01 1ABHNC0N; in r. field, date: AOP (171 = 112/113 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.89 g.

18.Obv.: Type as 16. Rev.: Victory advancing 1., holding wreath and trophy; KA 01 1ABHNC0N; in r. field, date: AOP (174 = 115/116 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.10 g.

Antoninus Pius 438-161 ce)

19.Obv.: Bust of Plotina r.; 11ACUTEINA CEBACTH Rev.: Nude male figure (Zeus?) standing as on 9; KA 011ABHNCON; in r. field, date: AOP (171 =112/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.22 g. Kindler Gaba 21(110/1 CE).

PAZ (137 = 78/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.99 g. Kindler Gaba 10 (but obv. legend is given as TITOC KAICAP AYTOKPA; (76/7 CE); RPC II 2237.

45

29. Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; AYT KAIC

ANTCONEINOC CEB Rev.: Tyche in temple as 22; in exergue, IABHNWN

and date: ZIC (217 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 20.37 g. 30.Obv.: Type as 29; AYT KAIC ANTC0N El NOC CEB EYC Rev.: Men standing facing looking 1., holding spear and sword; in upper 1. field, star; in r., crescent; IABHNWN ZIC (217 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.91 g. Kindler Gaba 32 (156/7 CE). Lucius Vents (161-169 ce)

31.Obv.: Bust of Lucius Verus r., bareheaded: AVP OYHPOC KAICAP Rev.: Bust of Faustina Junior r.; OAVCTINA CEB FAB Bronze. (XII),8.41 g. BMC Galatia (Gaba) 2. Wrongly attributed to Gabala in Syria. Commodus (177-192 CE)

ate: AYTO KAIC •TPA • AAPIANOC CEB Rev.: Type as 21; KA 01 IABHNWN; in r, field, date: rnp (183 = 124/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.82 g.

32.Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; AYT KAIC KOMMOAOC CE Rev.: Tyche in temple as on 22, but inscription starting on I., IA; on r., BH; in exergue, NC0N EMC (245 = 186/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 16.52 g.

24.Type as 23, but with square countermark on obv. depicting head r. (?). (XII), 8.91 g.

33. Obv.: Type as 32; AYT KAIC KOMMOAOC Rev.: Men standing as on 3o; 1ABH NC0N EMC (245 =

23. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian r., laure-

25. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate: AYT KAIC

TPAI AAPIANOC CEB Rev.: Tyche in temple as on 22; in exergue, FABHNC0N /1911P (189 = 130/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 25.11 g. Kindler Gaba 27 (128/9 CE). 26. 017R: Type as 25; AY KA TP AAPIANOC C

Rev.: Draped bust of Sabina r.; CABEINH CEBAIABH

Bronze. (VI), 13.45 g. Kindler Gaba 30. Sabina 27.Obv.: Draped bust of Sabina r.; CABEINH CEBACTH Rev.: Nude male figure (Zeus?) standing as on 9;

KAAY 01 IABHNWN; in r. field, date: ZOP (177 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.52 g. Kindler Gaba 24 (116/7 CE). 28. Obv.: Type as 27; CABEINH CEBAC Rev.: Type as 27, but: I-ABHNWN; in 1. field, star and

date: NA (194 = 135/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.98 g. Ros. II (Gaba) 14 (133/4 CE).

186/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.44 g. Kindler Gaba 36 (184/5 CE).

34. Obv.: Type as 33. Rev.: Tyche standing 1., resting her foot on object,

holding scepter and head of Men wearing Phrygian hat; IABHNWN EMC (245 = 186/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.36 g. Kindler Gaba 37 (184/5 CE). Geta (209-212 CE) 35. Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., bareheaded; [...]ET[...] Rev.: Men standing as on 30; IABHNWN; in upper

field, on I., small star and on r., crescent. Bronze. (VI), 7.98 g. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 36. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate: M AVR

ANTWNINO CEB Rev.: Men standing as on 30, but surrounded by

wreath; IABHNWN SOC (279 = 220/1 CE). Bronze. 14.27 g. Kindler Gaba 44a (this coin 218/9 CE).

The Coins of Joppa THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Under the Ptolemies

THE COINS OF JOPPA (JAFFA) The ancient city of Joppa is situated south and adjacent to the modern city of Tel Aviv, on a high promontory. The ancient harbor is located at the foot of the hill. The city is first mentioned in Egyptian sources of the fifteenth century BCE, when Thutmose III conquered the city (NEAEHL 2, 655). In the Bible, the territory of Joppa is allotted to the Israelite tribe of Dan (Joshua 19:46). The Greeks identified the city as the place where the hero Perseus saved Andromeda from being devoured by a sea monster. According to local tradition, the marks of the chains that bound Andromeda could still be seen on the cliff (Josephus B.J. 3.9; Matsson 1969, 5-6). Pliny also reports that the petrified bones of the sea monster were taken to Rome, where they were exhibited by Pompey's lieutenant, M. Aemilius Scaurus (Pliny Nat. Hist. 9.4). Joppa was under Sidonian control during the Persian period (Cambridge Ancient History 4:15o, following Pseudo-Scylax Periplus) and in the Hellenistic period it was ruled consecutively by the Ptolemies and then by the Seleucids until it was at last conquered by the Hasmoneans and became the port of Judea. In 67 CE, during the Jewish Revolt, the legate of Syria, Cestius Gallus, destroyed the city, but it was ltter refounded by Vespasian with the name Flavia Joppa (BMC Palestine, xxv). Excavations have been undertaken at Joppa since 1937. From 1948 to 1950, the site was excavated on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums by E L. O. Guy and the University of Leeds. From 1955, J. and H. Kaplan directed excavations on behalf of the Museum of Antiquities of Tel Aviv-Jaffa (NEAEHL 2, 655-659). From the I99os to the present, systematic and salvage excavations have been conducted in Jaffa by the Israel Antiquities Authority. Most of them were carried out in densely built areas, revealing finds from the Middle Bronze Age up to the Ottoman period. The earliest coins are gold (No. 1), silver (Nos. 2-10; 13-15), and bronze (Nos. 11-12) issues of the Ptolemaic period; most of them bear the mintmark, Ft After a hiatus under the Seleucids, Hasmoneans, and during the early Roman period, minting was resumed under Caracalla (211-217 CE), but continued only into the reign of Severus Alexander (222-235 CE). The Sofaer collection includes an unpublished coin of Julia Domna, the mother of Caracalla (No. 16). Coins from Joppa are rare. G. E Hill knew only the Athena types of Elagabalus (here Severus Alexander, Nos. 20-21), which he connected to the Perseus myth (BMC Palestine, xxiv—xxv). Perseus also appears (Nos. 16-17), as does a bull (No. 24), which may possibly represent the animal that he sacrificed to Zeus (along with a calf to Hermes and a cow to Athena) in gratitude for assistance in the rescue of Andromeda (Mesh. City Coins, 24; Matsson 1969, 5, following Herodotus and Apollodorus). Another well-known coin type depicts Tyche standing within a tetrastyle temple built on a substructure with a central arch that may represent the entrance to the city's harbor (Nos. 18-19). A Crusader coin from Joppa, first published by Vogile in 1865, depicts a castle or citadel with the inscription DENARIVS IOPPENSIS (No. 26) and was probably minted by Walter of Brienne (c. 1235/6-n44 CE) or his widow, Mary of Lusignan. Metcalf also raised the possibility that the coin might have been struck to commemorate Walter's funeral in 1252 (Metcalf 1995, 92). Beside the coin in the Sofaer collection, only three other specimens of this type are known.

Ptolemy II (285-246 BCE) Obv.: Head of Arsinoe II r., veiled. Rev.: Two parallel cornucopiae; APIIN0H1 WIAAAEND0Y; in 1. field, date: AB (32 = 254/3 BCE); in r. field, the monogram of Joppa IYI. Gold mnaieion. (XII), 27.25 g. 2. 0bv.: Head of Ptolemy I r., diademed; in upper r

field, punchmark; on neck, countermark: tb(?) Rev.: Eagle standing I. on thunderbolt; in upper 1. field, punchmark and countermark with illegible monogram; in r. field, three crescent shaped punchmarks; IIT0AEMAI0Y MTHP0E; in 1. field, / ; in r., date: A (3o = 256/5 BCE); and O. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.72 g. Svoronos 798. 3.Type as 2; in 1. field, 19; in. r., AB (32 = 254/3 BCE), and 0; between eagle's legs, A. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.77 g. Svoronos 802. 4. Type as z, but monogram M and VC; in r., date: Al (33 = 253/2 BCE), and 0. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.18 g. Svoronos 804. 5.Type as 4, but date: AA (34 = 252/1 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.58 g. Svoronos 807. 6. Type as 4, but date: AE (35 = 251/0 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.65 g. Svoronos 8w. 7.Type as 2, but date: AE (35 = 251/o BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (I), 13.92 g. Svoronos 809. 8. Type as 2, but date: AS (36 = 250/249 BCE). Silver tetradrachm, misstruck. (XII), 13.82 g. Svoronos 811. 9. Type as 2, but date: AZ (37 = 249/8 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.12 g. Svoronos 814. to. Type as 2, but date: AH (38 = 248/7 scE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.39 g. Svoronos 816. 11.Obv.: Head of Zeus Ammon r. Rev.: Eagle standing1. on thunderbolt; I1T0AEMAI0Y BADAME; in I. field, mintmarlc harpa. Bronze. (XII), 4-97 g. Svoronos 818. 12.Type as n but half denomination. (XII), 3.3o g. Svoronos 819.

47

Ptolemy III (246-222/1 BCE) 13.Obv.: Head of Ptolemy I r., diademed. Rev.: Eaglestandingl.on thunderbolt; fiT0AEMAI0Y E0THP0E; in 1. field, monograms: 19 IA on r., date: B (2 = 245/4 BCE), and e Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.80 g. Svoronos 1039. 14.Type as 13, but date illegible. (XII), 13.98 g. 15.Type as 13, but in 1. field, 19 and AI; in r., date: 1(3 = 244/3 BCE); graffiti on rev. surface. (XII), 14.13 g.

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Julia Domna 16.Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r.; I0YAIA A0MNA CEB Rev.: Perseus standing r., wearing Phrygian hat and winged sandals, holding harpa and the head of Medusa in extended r.; WA Ion n H C Bronze. (XII), 9.39 g. Caracalla (198-217 CE) 17.Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYT KAI ANTC0NIN0C Rev.: Perseus standing as on 16; retrograde inscription (starting on r.), WA ionnhic Bronze. (XII), 9.98 g. Mesh. City Coins 35 (this coin). Diadumenian (218 CE) 18.Obv.: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., bareheaded; onhvv\ lac ANTC0NIN0 Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; in center, Tyche standing 1., holding small bust and resting on long sceptre; in between columns, two figures (Athena on r. and Perseus on I.?); mA ionnHC Bronze. (XII), 11.07 g. Elagabalus (218-222 BCE) 19.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AYT KAI M AVP ANTC0NIN0C Rev.: Tetrastyle temple as on 18; WA ionnhic Bronze. (XII), 8.77 g. Ros. II (Joppa) 7.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

48

Severus Alexander (222-235 BCE) zo. Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; AYT KA[...] Rev.: Athena standing r., resting her 1. on long spear and her r. on shield; CDA ionnFic Bronze. (I), 5.87 g. BMC Palestine (Joppa) 1 (identified as Elagabalus). 21.Type as 20. (XII), 6.91 g. 22.Type as zo, but Athena is standing 1., resting her 1. on long spear and her r. on shield. (XII), 5.45 g. Ros. II (Joppa) 12. 23.Type as 22, but crude style. (II), 7.09 g. 24.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; AVT K MA AA [...] Rev.: Bull standing r.; (DA ionDHC Bronze. (XII), 4.97 g. Mesh. City Coins 37. 25.Obv.: Type as 20. Rev.: Perseus as on 16. Bronze. (XII), 9.75 g.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Crusaders Latin Kingdom of:Jerusalem z6. Obv.: Cross; in margin: ° + ° DENARIVS Rev.: Schematic design representing the fortress of Jaffa; ° + ° IOPPENSIS Silver denarius, pierced. o.66 g. Struck 1235/6 CE, Cf. Metcalf 1995 fig. 29b.

THE COINS OF NEAPOLIS (SHECHEM) The Roman city of Neapolis was founded close to the site of biblical Shechem, and lies between Mount Gerizim to the south and Mount Ebal to the north. Josephus refers to the city as "Mabortha" and Pliny the Elder as "Mamortha" (Josephus B.J. 4.8.1; Pliny Nat. Hist. 5.13.14). The Arab name Nablus derives from the ancient Greek name Neapolis. Comprehensive excavations have been conducted at the Roman city since the 1980s by Y. Magen, on behalf of the Staff Officer of Archaeology from the Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria (Magen 2005). The city was refounded as a polis by Vespasian after the suppression of the Jewish War (66-7o CE), with the dynastic name, CMAYIA NEAFIOAIEEAMAPEIAI (Flavia Neapolis of Samaria). The local era counts from 72/3 CE, but the coinage only begins under Domitian (81-96 CE). His coins are dated and bear aniconic types related to the local Samaritan population including wreaths, cornucopias, palm trees, ears of grain, and bunches of grapes (Nos. 2-13). These motifs also appeared on the later Trajanic coinage of Sepphoris (see Sepphoris, Nos. 1-4). The Sofaer collection includes four extremely rare Domitian pieces of year 15 (Nos. 9-12; RPC II, 305). After Domitian, there is a gap in the coinage until the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE), when explicitly pagan symbols first appear on the coins. From this time until 244 CE, the geographical modifier ZAMAPEIAZ ("of Samaria") is either omitted on the coins or replaced by EYPIAZ 11AAAIETINHE (of Syria Palaestina). The coin type depicting Mount Gerizim (e.g. No. 14) first produced at the city under Antoninus Pius represents one of the most outstanding landscape types used in ancient Palestine. The mountain is shown topped by the Hadrianic temple of Zeus Hypsistos, with its altar, colonnade and stairway. A smaller temple appears over a second peak to the right (BMC Palestine, xxviii n5; Magen 2005, 219-226). The remains of the smaller temple have been discovered at Tel er-Ras, the northern ridge of Mount Gerizim, facing Neapolis, which has been surveyed and excavated since the late nineteenth century. From 1964 to 1968, excavations were conducted by R. J. Bull, on behalf of the American School of Oriental Research; excavations were renewed by Y. Magen between 1983 and 1988. The excavation results show that the temple was erected by Antoninus Pius, with a second phase dated to the reign of Caracalla (NEAEHL 2, 488-490). The Sofaer collection contains a medallion with the Mount Gerizim type that is the largest (48 mm) ever struck in the region (No. 19). In addition to appearing as the primary type, Mount Gerizim was also used as the city's mintmark (e.g. Nos. 171, 177, 180, 190, 191). Greco-Roman deities also make their first appearance on the coinage during the Antonine period. Among them are Hygieia and Asclepius (Nos. 16, 27), who may be connected with curative properties attributed to the waters of the spring at the foot of the mountain, syncretistic Zeus Heliopolites (e.g., Nos. 31, 38, 61), Ares (e.g., Nos. 17 and 65), Athena (e.g., No. 37), Ephesian Artemis (e.g., No. 47; see also BMC Palestine, 'God), Serapis (No. 33), and Tyche, the city goddess, (No. 29). Depictions of the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, also begin to appear on the coinage under Antoninus Pius, although the earliest example in the Sofaer collection is a previously unknown variant struck under Caracalla (No. 77). A commemorative issue was struck in Neapolis in honor of the visit of Marcus Aurelius (Gitler Marcus Aurelius, 41, pl. 7:6). Because of the city's support for Pescennius Niger in the civil war of193 CE, Septimius Severus punished Neapolis by reducing its status and withdrawing its coinage rights, although these were restored by the end of his reign (Kushnir-Stein 2000, 149-154). When Neapolis resumed production under Caracalla, it struck debased silver tetradrachms (Nos. 81-82), including a remarkable type featuring a representation of Mount Gerizim (Galst 1998, 103-104). Also notable in the Severan period are the bronze coins of Elagabalus struck at Neapolis and Aelia Capitolina to commemorate the transport of the black stone of Emesa to Rome (Nos. 102-103; BMC Palestine, mil). Philip I (244-249 CE) raised the city to colonial rank, which was celebrated on numerous coins struck in his name alone and along with his son Philip II. In this period, the coinage of Neapolis reached its peak, not

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only with respect to typological diversity, but also the quality of manufacture. The coins of this last decade of the city's provincial coinage have been comprehensively summarized by Harl (1984, 61-97). As a colony, the city was variously called Colonia Sergia Neapolis, or Colonia Julia Neapolis, sometimes with the additional title, Neocoron, advertising the prestige of a temple of the imperial cult. During the joint reigns of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian (251-253 CE), both Greek and Latin inscriptions were used on the coins (see Harl 19-4, 68, 72-73). Coinage continued in Neapolis until the reign of Volusian (251-253 CE). The period features a number of standard colonial types, including the emperor plowing the borders of the city (No. 132), Marsyas of the Forum, symbolic of the ius Italica (e.g. Nos. 141 and 177), and the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus (e.g. No. 137; cp. Aelia Capitolina No. 17). Somewhat more original are the types of an eagle holding up either Mount Gerizim (e.g., No. 133) or a tabula ansata with the titles of the colony (Nos. 244-246). A coin (No. 234) with a Latin inscription and showing Mount Gerizim, along with Poseidon facing a boar and a military standard with an eagle—both emblems of Legio X Fretensis—suggests the settlement of veterans from that legion in the city (Harl 1984, 72). A number of coins from this period remain enigmatic. Most depict scenes that Meshorer believed to represent syncretistic cults combining pagan and Samaritan traditions. For example, he suggested that coin No. 249, featuring Zeus-Ammon or Serapis with a ram and an ear of grain, combined the rites of the Samaritan Passover sacrifice (the ram) and the first harvest (the ear of grain) with the pagan worship of Zeus-Ammon or Serapis (Mesh. City Coins, 51, No. 143). He also thought that the complex reverse type of coin No. 179 represented a reenactment of the sacrifice of Isaac on Mount Gerizim. (Mesh. Neapolis, 176-177). A third type (No. 235) shows Mount Gerizim with two doves in dovecotes and a female figure (Tyche?) standing on a she-wolf. Meshorer linked this coin to the Babylonian Talmud (Hullin 6a): "Rab Nahman bar Izchak said: the effigy of a dove was found on Mount Gerizim which they worshipped" (Mesh. Neapolis i; Mesh. City Coins, 51, No. 147). The Sofaer collection includes the most comprehensive corpus Neapolis coins, with many outstanding issues, such as the unique and unpublished type (No. 36) of Marcus Aurelius depicting Mount Gerizim; and the 16 medallions of Antoninus Pius (Nos. 14-28, 3o). Also notable is coin No. 85, of Macrinus, struck by the same reverse die as a coin of Elagabalus (Ros. III, Neapolis, No. 38). A number of coin types appear to be published here for the first time: No. 26, depicting a figure standing on a quadriga (Apollo?, Sol?); and coin No. 151 of Philip I, a variant of coin No. 15o; coin No. 157 of Philip I was described by Meshorer as Hygieia holding a bowl, facing Asclepius, with a third figure seated on a throne. All of these types deserve further study. THE ROMAN PERIOD Pseudo-Autonomous 1.Obv.: Three letters: (1) between N and E. Rev.: Palm tree; to I. and r.: CV Bronze. (XII), 0.62 g. Ros. III (Neapolis, Suppl.) 1. With Imperial Portraits Domitian (8z-96 CE) 2. Obit.: Head of Domitian r., laureate; AYTOK AOMITIANOX KAICAP EEBAITOZ Rev.: In wreath: OAAOYI / NEADOAI / EAMAPE / L Al (year 11 = 82/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.6o g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) i; RPC II 2218; Ros. III (Neapolis) 1.

3. Obv.: Type as 2. Rev.: Double cornucopiae surrounded by wreath; CDAAOYI/NEAFI/XAM IL Al (year 11 = 82/3 CE). Bronze. (VI), 14.55 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 4; RPC II 2219; Ros. III (Neapolis) 3 (this coin). 4. Obv.: Type as 2. Rev.: Palm tree; below, CDAAOYI / NEA ROAI / ZAMAP / L Al (year 11 = 82/3 CE). Bronze. (VI), 8.78 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 9; RPC II 2220; Ros. III (Neapolis) 5. 5.Type as 4. (VI), 9.38 g. 6. Obv.: Type as 2. AVTOK AOMITIANOI KAICAP EE Rev.: Two ears of grain on one stalk; WAA NEA LAM L Al (year ii = 82/3 CE). Bronze. (V), 3.21 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis)16; RPC II 2221.

51

7.Type as 6. (VI), 3.66 g.

18.Type as 17; date unclear. (XII), 19.45 g.

8. Obv.: Type as 2. AY AOMMANOE KATE IEBAI Rev.: Vine branch with leaf and small bunch of grapes; 'ME NE LAM L Al (retrograde)(year 11 = 82/3 CE). Bronze. (VI), 2.14 g.

19.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; starting on r., above: AYTOK KAICAP ANTON INOC CEB EYCE Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; 0A NEACITOAEWC CYPIAC DAAICT1NHC; in exergue, date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/16o CE). Bronze. 53.59 g. This is the largest medallion ever struck in the region.

9. Type as 2, but date: L El (year 15 = 86/7 cE). (VI), 17.29 g. RPC II 2223. 10.Type as 3, but date: L El (year 15 = 86/7 CE). (VI), 12.8o g. RPC II 222 4. D. Type as 4, but date: L El (year 15 = 86/7 CE). (VI), 8.36 g. RPC II 2225; Ros. III (Neapolis) 6. 12.Type as ii. (VI), 9.23 g. 13.Obv.: Type as 2. AY AOMITIANOI KAI' IEBAX Rev.: Vine branch with leaf and small bunch of grapes; CDAE NE EAM L El (retrograde)(year 15 = 86/7 CE). Bronze. (III), 2.15 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 19; RPC II 2222. Antoninus Pius (138-16r ce) 14.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; AYTOK KAICAP ANTWNINOC CEBAC EYCE Rev.: View of Mount Gerizim; below in front, a colonnade with two arched entrances; the 1. one leads to a stairway on I., flanked by a series of shrines or altars on the slope; the stairway leads to a temple seen in three-quarter view; another roadway flanked by trees leads from the colonnade to an altar on top of the hill to the r.; (DA N EACDOAR.0C CYPIAC DAAAICTINHC; in exergue, date: ET nz (year 87 = 158/9 cE). Bronze. (XII), 19.43 g. SNG ANS 965. 15.Type as 14, but from different dies. (XII), 23.61 g. 16.Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Asclepius standing facing looking 1., leaning on serpent staff; (DA NEAC ROAEWC CYPIAC flAAAICTINHC; in field, date: ET RZ (year 87 = 158/9 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 21.21 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 7. Mesh. City Coins 127 (this coin). 17.O1/V.: Type as 14. Rev.: Ares standing r., holding spear on shield and Victory resting her foot over prow of galley (?); (DA NEAC DOAECDC CYP IAC RAAAICTINHC; in field, date: ET nz (year 87 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 21.81 g.

20. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14, but date: ET nH (year 88 = 159/6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.75 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 9 (this coin). 21. Type as 14, but no date. (XII), 24.71 g. 22. Type as 21. (XII), 26.25 g.

23. Type as 14, date unclear; rectangular countermark ale head (Marcus Aurelius?) r. bve..depicting depict male oBnroora (XII), 24 g 24. Type as 16, but date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/6o CE). (XII), 22.38 g. 25.Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Naked warrior advancing I., wearing helmet, holding spear and small Victory; at his feet, cuirass and shield; CA NEAC flOAEWC CYPIAC RAAAICTINHC; in field, date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/60 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 20.7o g. SNG Copenhagen 16. 26. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Figure standing in quadriga r., draped and radiate (Apollo?, Sol?) raising hand; (DA NEACIOAEC0C CYPIAC RAAAICTINHC above, date: ET[..] Bronze. (XII), 20.45 g. 27. Obv.: Type as 14.

Rev.: Asclepius and Hygieia; on 1., Asclepius standing facing looking r., leaning on serpent staff; on r., Hygieia standing facing looking l., feeding serpent from patera; (DA NEAC DOAEC0C CYPIAC RAAAICTINHC; below, date: ET R H (year 88 = 159/ 6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 20.64 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 20.

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28. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Athena seated on cuirass and shield 1. holding cornucopia and small Victory; (DA NEAC MAROC CYPIAC IlAAECTINHC; across field, date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/60 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.56 g. Mesh. City Coins 129. 29. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch between two small pediments; within, Tyche in short dress standing facing on square base, resting foot on unidentified object, holding scepter; (DA NEAC IlOAEC0C • CYPIAC; in exergue date: ET Ile (year 89= 160/1 CE). Bronze. (MI),13.16 g. Variant of Ros. III (Neapolis) n. 30. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14, but date: ET Ile (year 89= 16oh CE). Bronze. (XII), 22th9 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 10. MarcusAurelius as Caesar (139-161 CE) 31.Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., bareheaded; AYPHAIOC KAICAP EYCEB CEB YIOC Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing facing, flanked by foreparts of two bulls, holding in raised r. a whip and in extended 1. two ears of grain; 0A NEAC FlOAECOC CYP • HA; in field, date: ET HZ (year 87 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.17 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 28. 32.Type as 31, but longer inscription on Rev.:0A NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC IlAAECTI; and the letter Z of the date is retrograde. (XII), 10.31 g.

Marcus Aurelius (161-18o 36. Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., radiate; AYTOKP • KAIC MAP • AYPHA • ANTWNEI CEB Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; OA NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC FIAAEC; in exergue date: ET Ile (year 89 = 16o/i CE). Bronze. (XII), 20.09 g. 37.Obv.: Type as 36 (same die). Rev.: Athena seated on cuirass and shield 1. holding cornucopia and small Victory; 0A NEAC flOAEC0C CYPIAC IIAAECTI; in field, date: ET Ile (year 89 = i6o/i CE). Bronze. (XII), 24.31 g. Mesh. City Coins 131 (this coin). 38.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT M AYP ANR0NEINON CEB AHMAPX EE IE Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 32; in field, date: ET Ile (year 89 = i6o/i CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.76 g. Cf. Ros. III (Neapolis) 16. 39.Obv.: Type as 37; AYTOKP KAIC MAP AYPHA ANTCONI Rev.: Apollo (?) standing 1., holding branch and bow; OA NEAC flOARDC CYPIAC FIAAAI; in field, date: ET ne (year 89 = 16oh CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.4o g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 9. 40. Type as 39; date: ET q (year 90 =161/2 CE). (XII), 133 g. 41.Type as 40. (XII), 2.89 g.

Faustina Junior 45. Obv.: Bust of Faustina Junior r.; WAYCTEINA CEB EYCE CEBA eYIA Rev.: Tyche wearing kalathos, standing facing looking 1., holding cornucopia, and resting on rudder; 0A NEAC IIOAEC0C CYPIAC IIAAAICTINHC; in field, date: ET HZ (year 87 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.75 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 52 (rev. legend reads FIAAECTI). 46. Type as 45, but rev. legend: OA NEAC EIOAEC0C CYPIAC LIAAECTI. (XII), 13.82 g. 47 Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Ephesian Artemis (?) facing resting both hands on fillet-like supports, flanked by two stags; OA NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC LIAAE; in field, date: ET HZ (year 87 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.35 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 61. 48. Obv.: Type as 45, but obv. legend: OAYCTEINA CEB EYCEB CEB OYIA Rev.: Tyche as on 45; date: ET n H (year 88 =159/6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.58 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 57 (rev. legend reads ilAAECT1NHC); Ros. III (Neapolis) 20. 49. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Ephesian Artemis (?) facing resting both hands on fillet-like supports, flanked by two stags; OA NEAC MAROC CYPIA EIAA; in field, date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.24 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 63.

Type as 31. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; WA NEAC IlOAEC0C CYPIAC flAA; in field, date: ET HZ (year 87 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.87 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 42.

42. Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; MA AYPH ANTLO KC Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing on podium facing, looking r.; 0A NEAC n OAEC0C CYPIAC nAA Bronze. (VI), 2.70 g. Cf. SNG ANS 985.

50.Type as 49, but rev. legend reads 0A NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC [IAA. (XII), 6.16 g.

34. Obv.: Type as 31. Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 32, but date: ET RH (year 88 = 159/6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.05 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 30; Ros. III (Neapolis) 15.

43 Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT K AY ANTC0NINOC EYC Rev.: Victory standing 1., holding wreath and a palm branch; OA NEAC IlOAEC0C CYP Bronze. (XII), 7.64 g. SNG ANS 980.

52.Type as 45; date: ET ne (year 89 = 16o/i CE). (XII), 12.71 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 58.

35.Type as 33, but date: El- nu (year 88 = 159/6o CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.36 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 44; Ros. III (Neapolis) 12.

44. Type as 43. (XII), 7.3o g.

33.

51.Type as 47, but headdress ends with three vertical strokes; OA NEAC EIOAEWC CYPIAC (XII), 745 g.

53.Type as 52. (XII), 13.02 g. 54.Type as52; undated;0A : N EAC 110AECOC • CYP • A ( xi0 14 98 g• 55.Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Goddess standing facing holding small wreaths or pateras in extended hands and flanked by two long-necked birds; 0A NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC ilAAECTI; in field, date: ET ne (year 89 = 160/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.17 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 6o.

53

56.Type as 55; undated; OA NEAC HOAEWC CYPIAC 11AAECT1NHC. (XII), 14.20 g. 57.Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Ephesian Artemis as on 47, but date: ET ne (year 89 = 1.6o/1 CE); 0A NEAC flOAEC0C CYPIAC IIAAECTINHC Bronze. (XII), 6.83 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 66. 58 Type as 57. (XII), 6.90 g. 59 Obv.: Type as 45; OAYCTEINAN CEBACTHN Rev.: Type as 5o; date: ET q (year 90 = 161/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.15 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 68. Lint Venus (161- 169 CE)

6o. Obv.: Bust of Lucius Verus r., (bareheaded?); AYTOK KAI AYP OYHROC CEB Rev.: Athena seated 1. as on 37. OA NEAC EIOAECDC CYPIAC EIAAECTI; in field, date: ET ne (year 89 = 160/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 22.85 g. 61.Obv.: Bust of Lucius Verus r., laureate; AYTOKPKATAYP OYHPOC CEB Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 31; date: ET q (year 90 = 161/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), io.65 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 73. Commodus (177-192 Cr) 62. Obv.: Young (unbearded) bust of Commodus r., bareheaded and draped; K AV KOMOAOC Rev.: Trophy flanked by shield I. and spear r.; 0A NEAC HOA • CY n Bronze. (XII), 3.38 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 23. 63.Obv.: Type as 62. Rev.: Horse advancing r.; mA NEAC DOA-CYP HA Bronze. (XII), 4.81g. Ben-Dor 1945-46, p. i6o and P1. 7. Fig. 2.1 64. Obv.: Bearded bust of Commodus r., laureate and draped; MAP AYP KOMMOACD Rev.: Tyche standing I. in military dress, foot on prow, holding small bust in extended hand and resting on spear; 0A NEAll CYP HA Bronze. (XII), 4.35 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 81. 65. Olns: Type as 64. Rev.: Ares standing facing, looking r., holding spear and shield; TA NEAC CYPIAC HA Bronze. (I), 3.99 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 79; Ros. III (Neapolis) 25 (this coin). 66. Obv.: Type as 64. R ev.i Type as 47; 0A BNLAcCPCY e (Neapolis) 77. alePstlinilA Bronze m n , 4. 15 g.

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67.Obv.: Type as 64; M AYPHA KOMMOA KAI Rev.: Type as 66; without flanking stags; (DA NEAC CYPI nA Bronze. (VI), 3.87 g. SNG ANS 981; Ros. III (Neapolis) z6. 68. Obv.: Bust of Commodus as on 63, but undraped; MAP AYP KOMMOA Rev.: Apollo, nude, standing facing, looking I., holding branch and bow; WA NEAC no CYP nn Bronze. (XII), 2.23 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 27. 69. Type as 68; Obv.: MAP AYPH KOMM04W; Rev.: (DA NEMO CYP II. (XII), 2.25 g.

70. Obv.: Type as 68. Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing on podium facing, looking r.; OA NEAC no CYPI IlAA Bronze. (VI), 2.16 g. SNG ANS 985.

Julia Domna 71. O1/2.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IOYAIA AOMNA • CEB • Rev.: Tyche standing I., holding cornucopia and rudder; AYP • (DA • NEAC IlOAECDC CYP nA Bronze. (XII), 9.57 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 85.

72. Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IOYAIA AOMNA CEB

Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Tyche as on 64; AYP • (DA NEAC I1OAEWC CYP IlAA Bronze. (XII), 8.08 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 84.

73.Obv.: Type as 72; IOYAIA AOMNA Rev.: Female figure, wearing long robe and veiled, standing I., holding cornucopia and patera over altar; NEAI1OAITON Bronze. (XII), 4.67 g.

74. Obv.: Type as 73. Rev.: Nike advancing r., AYP IDA NEAC [MAR0C Bronze. (XII), 4.83 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 29. 75. Obv.: Type as 73. Rev.: Goddess as on 55; NEAllOAE0C Bronze. (XII), 5.37 g.

Caracalla (198-217 CE) 76. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYTO KAI M AYP ANTWNEI Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; AYP WA NEAC I1OAEWC CYP DAA Bronze. (XII), 17.64 g. SNG ANS 991.

77.Obv.: Type as 76. Rev.: The Capitoline Triad: Jupiter seated facing, looking I., holding scepter and extending hand at Minerva on I., helmeted and holding spear and shield; on r., Juno standing 1.; [...] NEAC11OAEC0C CYPIAC Bronze. (XII), 15.74 g.

78. Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., radiate; AYT K M AYP ANTWNEI

Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14 in wreath; traces of inscription. Bronze. (I), 3.04 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 87; Ros. III (Neapolis) 31. 79. Obv.: Type as 78; AYTO KAI ANITC0NEINOC Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; AYP (DA NEAC noAEOC Bronze. (XI), 6.31 g. SNG ANS 992.

80. Obv.: Same die as 79. Rev.: Serapis standing facing I., raising arm and holding scepter; AYP (DA NEAC non aP IlAA Bronze. (VI), 8.21 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 86. 81.O/w.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYT KAI ANTONINOC CE Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing, looking 1., holding wreath in beak; between legs, small altar; AHMAPX EE YllATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.71 g. Prieur 1707. 82. Type as 81. AYTO KAI ANTONINOC CE. (XII), 11.03 g. Prieur 1705. MaCTillUS (217-218 CE)

83.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AY K M on CE MAKPINOC CE Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; WA NEACI1 OAEWC CYP I1AAE Bronze. (VI), 15.89 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 88. 84. Type as 83. (XII), i6.85 g.

85.Obv.: Type as 83. Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14, but with sun to 1. of the temple on top and crescent to its r.; (DA NEA[...] Bronze. (XII), 12.54 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 38 (same reverse die, but with Elagabalus). 86. Obv.: Type as 83. Rev.: The Capitoline Triad as on 77; 0A NEAC IIOAEWC CYP Bronze. (XII), 14.66 g. Sternberg XXV (November 1991) 378 (this coin).

87.Obv.: Type as 83. Rev.: Bust of Zeus r.; below, small globe; (DA NEAC IIOAEWC CYP I1AA Bronze. (VI), 12.04 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 91.

Diadumenian (218 or) 88. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Diadumenian, bareheaded; M on ANT AIAAOVMENIANOC Rev.: Tyche standing within tetrastyle temple as on 72; AYP (DA NEAC IlOAEC0C CYP IlAA Bronze. (XII), 7.71 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 33 (var.).

89. Obv.: Type as 89, but bust seen from rear. Rev.: Tyche standing facing and looking l., holding cornucopia and rudder; (DA NEAC I1OAEWC CYP

nm Bronze. (I), 9.18 g.

90. Obv.: Type as 89. Rev.: Elpis, walking 1., raising the lower part of her chiton and holding flower; WA NEAC IIOAEWC CYP nm Bronze. (I), 8.32 g.

Elagabalus (218-222 cE) 91.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed small bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AY KAI MAP ANR0N El NOC CEB

Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; AYP WA NEAC non •

ap nm

Bronze, crude style. (XII), 11.50 g.

92. Obv.: Type as 91; AYT K M AYP ANTWNINOC Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; (DA NEAC n CYP n AA; in exergue, E(?). Bronze. (XII),15.43 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 39 (but N in exergue). 93. Type as 92, but no letter in exergue; (DA NEAC CYP nm. (mu, 10.82 g. 94. Type as 93, but in exergue, n.

n0

14.29 g.

95. Type as 93, but in exergue, Z • . (VI), 9.12 g. 96. Type as 93. (XII), 6.61 g. 97. Type as 96. Rectangular countermark on obv. depicting letter A. (XII), 11.50 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 99. GIC 666. 98. Type as 97; the inscription terminates in exergue. (XII), 12.71 g. SNG ANS 1004. 99. Type as 98, but the last letters of the reverse inscription turn outwards and are wrongly distributed: MIA. (VI), 8.49 g.

55

ioo. General type as 91-96, but overstruck on a different coin type (see No. io5). On the obv. of this coin the letters (DA NE are visible, as well as the wheel of Nemesis and on the rev., the bust of Elagabalus is visible beyond Mount Gerizim as well as traces of the former inscription. (VI), 7.08 g. ioi. Obv.: Type as 91, but rectangular countermark on neck: A Rev.: Type as 92; (DA NEAC Bronze, middle denomination. (XII), 7.92 g. Ros III (Neapolis) 41. GIC 666. 102. Obv.: Type as 93, but legend AYT KM AY ANR0NINOC Rev.: Quadriga facing, carrying the stone of Emesa decorated with eagle on 1., and Mount Gerizim on r.; (DA NEAC flOARDC CY nn Bronze. (IV),1o.48 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 50 (this coin). 103.Type as 102, but rectangular countermark on obv. with letter A; on Rev.: 0A NEAC no CYP HA. (VI), 13.77 g. GIC 666. 104. Obv.: Type as 91. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with Tyche as on 72; IDA NEAC 11OAEWC CY nm Bronze. (VI), 8.89 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 104. 105.Type as 104, but rev.: (DA NEAC I1OAEWC CYP. (I), 9.68 g. io6. Type as 104, but two draped figures standing in both aisles of temple with wreaths (?) hanging above them; central arch in pediment flanked by two pellets and rev.: WA NEAC 11OAECDC CYP n. 6.76 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 43. 107. Type as io6, but obv. radiate and on rev. no wreaths hanging over figures . Bronze. (XII), 9.15 g. io8. Type as 105, but smaller denomination. (X), 6.32 g. 109. Obv.: Type as 91. Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking 1., holding cornucopia and rudder; (DA NEAC CYP IlAA Bronze. (XII), 7.02 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 103. no. Type as 109; (DA • NEACITOAEC0C. (XII), 6.61 g. in. Type as no. (X), 7.12 g. 112. Obv.: Type as 92. Rev.: Nemesis, winged, standing 1., holding scepter and pointing at her mouth; WA NEAC I1OAEWC Bronze. (XII), 4.69 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 52.

The Coins of Neapolis

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

56 113.

Obv.: Type as 92. Rev.: Elpis, moving 1., raising the lower part of her chiton, and holding flower; 0A • NEAC 110AECOC • CYP nAA Bronze. (XII), 7.09 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 48.

114. Type as 113, struck on smaller flan. In I. field, A. 5.8o g. 115. Obv.: Type as 91, but legend AYT K MAY ANTCON I Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; WA • NEAC MAROC Bronze. (XII), 5.74 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 47. 116. Type as us. (VI), 4.7o g. 117. Type as 115, but struck on small flan. (II), 3.59 g. 118. 017v: Draped bust of Elagabalus r, radiate; AYT • K M • AYP • ANTCONI Rev.: Ephesian Artemis as on 47; 0A • NEAC IIOAECOC Bronze. (VI), 4.57 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 55. 119. Type as n8. (XII), 3.48 g. 12o. Obv.: Type as 118; AYT. K. ANTCON Rev.: Nike as on 74; 0A. NEAC 110A Bronze. (VI), 3.83 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 54. Julia Soaemias 121.017v.: Draped bust of Julia Soaemias r.; IOYAIA COAEMIA CEB Rev.: Tyche as on io9; CYP[...] Bronze. (XII), 5.24 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 68. Julia Maesa 122.Obv: Draped bust of Julia Maesa r.; IOYAIA MAICA CEB Rev.: Tyche standing as on no; WA.] NEAC [non...] Bronze. (VI), 7.87 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 61.

Severus Alexander (222-

235 cE)

128.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; [...] AAHANAPO Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; 0 NEAC ITOAE CO C Bronze. (XII), 8.23 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 69. 129.Type as 128; 0 NEAC flOAECOC CV 11AA. (XII), 7.45 130.Obv.: Type as 128. Rev.: Serapis as on 8o, but looking r.; WA NEAC non E Bronze. (WI), 4.16 g. 131.Obv.: Type as 128. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; WA. NEAC non[...] Bronze. (VII), 2.55 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 72. Philip I (244-249 CE) 132.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Philip I r., radiate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS P F AVG Rev.: The emperor as founder, plowing with ox and cow to r. and above Mount Gerizim (?); legend illegible. Bronze. (XII), 19.62 g. 133.Obv: Type as 132; IMP C M IVL PHILIPPO P F AVG Rev.: Mount Gerizim supported by eagle standing with spread wings, head r.: COL IVL NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 16.78 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 117; Harl r. 134.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., laureate; IMP C M IVL PHILIPPO P F AVG Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 134; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 16.50 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) n6 (rev. eagle head r. and legend slightly different).

A. (V), 6.46

135.Type as 133, but eagle head 1. and rev. inscription, starting above eagle: COL S / NEAPOLI NEOCORO. (VI), 13.48 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 74.

124 Type as 122; struck on smaller flan; OA. NEAC MAROC. (VI), 3.7o g.

136.Obv. as 134 and rev. as 136 (same reverse die); irregular flan. (VI), 17.80 g.

123.Type as 122; countermark on Obv.:

125.Obv.: Type as 122. Rev.: Elpis as on n4; n 1. field, crescent; WA NEAC 110AECOC Bronze. (I), 7.21 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 63. Julia Mamaea

137.Obv.: Type as 135. Rev.: She-wolf standing 1., head turned at Romulus and Remus suckling; above, Mount Gerizim; COL SERG/NEAPOL Bronze. (VI)06.86 g. Harl P1. 7: 21.

126.Obv.: Bust of Julia Mamaea r.; 10V MAMEA CE Rev.: Ephesian Artemis as on 47; WA. NEA[...] Bronze. (XII), 2.07 g.

138.Type as 137, but emperor radiate and the rev. inscription, starting in exergue, COL NEAPOLI NEOCORON. (VI), 10.64 g.

127.Type as 127. (I), 1.93 g.

139.Type as 137, but she-wolf standing r. (V I),13.58 g. Harl 32.

14o. Type as 138, but emperor radiate and rev.: COL IVL NEAPOL (XI), 15.77 g. 141.Obv.: Draped bust of Philip I r., radiate; IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG Rev.: On 1., Marsyas of the Forum standing r., holding wine skin over shoulder and raising arm at eagle standing on r. with spread wings, head 1., supporting Mount Gerizim; COL SERG; in exergue, NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 12.91 g. Harlin; Ros. III (Neapolis) 77. 142.Type as 141, but with eagle head r. (XII), 13.42 g. 143.Type as 142, but different distribution of the rev. inscription. (XII), 12.11 g. 144.Obv.: Type as 135. Rev.: Type as 141, but Marsyas on r. and eagle supporting Mount Gerizim on 1.; between them a star, and in exergue, COL [...] Bronze. (XII), 14.10 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 120.

145.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Eagle with spread wings carrying the bust of Zeus-Serapis r.; COL IVL NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 15.32 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 78; Harl 4. 146. Type as 145. (VI), 14.36 g. 147.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Female deity (Cybele?, Tyche?) seated 1. on throne between two lions, holding scepter and small imperial bust; in upper 1. field, small reversed Mount Gerizim; COL NEAPO Bronze. (XII), 13.83 g. Had 3. 148.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Hygieia standing r., feeding serpent from patera, looking at Asclepius standing on r. facing 1., holding patera and serpent staff; between them, above, small Mount Gerizim; COL SERG[...] Bronze. (XII), 14.49 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 124; Harl 9. 149.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Hygieia standing r., feeding serpent from patera, looking at Asclepius seated on r. facing 1., holding patera and serpent staff; between them, above, small Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 16.27 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 125; Han 16.

57

150.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: On r., helmeted female figure (Roma?, Athena?) standing 1., holding scepter behind lighted altar, looking at Victory carrying Mount Gerizim on her raised arms; COL SERG NEAPO Bronze. (VI), 15.83 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 99 (erroneously identified as Philip II); Had 14. 151.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: On 1., nude male figure standing r., wearing helmet, resting 1. foot on rock (?), extending hand at female figure seated on r., extending her r. at him; above her hand three pellets; between the two figures, spear or labarum topped by Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAPO Bronze. (XII), 15.67 g. 152.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Type as 151 with r. hand of female figure raised to lips; in exergue, COL and small star; around, NEAPOLI NEOCRO [sic] Bronze. (XII),13.66 g. For rev. see BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 133. 153.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: Athena seated 1., helmeted, resting hand on shield, supporting spear topped by small Mount Gerizim and crowned by small Victory flying behind her, holding palm branch and wreath; COL SERG/NEAPO Bronze. (XII), 1427 g. 154.Type as 153, but struck four times. 14.11 g. 155.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: The Capitoline Triad: Jupiter seated facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt (?); Minerva on his I., helmeted and holding spear and shield; on his r., Juno standing r., holding scepter and patera; above, COL; in exergue, NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 15.51 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 122. 156.Type as 155, but on obv. bust laureate, and on rev. Minerva on Jupiter's r. and Juno on 1.; in exergue, COL and small star; on 1., NEAPO; on r., NEOCORO. Bronze. (VI), 14.37 g• Harl 20. 157.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: On 1., Hygieia (?) standing r., holding bowl, facing Asclepius (?) seated on chair with curved legs r., extending hand toward her; behind him, figure seated 1. raising hand; in upper L field, small Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 13.47 g.

58

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

1.58. Obv.: Type as 134. Rev.: Helmeted figure seated facing, r. foot placed on globe (?), holding scepter; on r., figure standing 1., raising hand and holding scepter; on 1., male figure standing facing raising his hand at another male figure turning at him; above, small Mount Gerizim; below, COL and small star; NEAPOL NEOCORO Bronze. (VI),14.87 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 82 (this coin). 159.Obv.: Type as 141. Rev.: On r., the emperor (Philip I?) in military dress, sacrificing over altar in front of a togate and veiled figure standing on 1. (Philip II?) toward the altar and holding a patera and a spear in 1.; between them, above, Mount Gerizim; COL SERG / NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 14.31 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 128; Harl 5. • 160.Obv.: Type as 134. Rev.: Triptolemos in chariot pulled by two winged snakes to I.; above, small Mount Gerizim; in field, r., star; inscription starting in exergue, COLONIA NEAPOLI Bronze. (VI), 16.43 g. For general type see Spijkerman 1958 58 and Ros. III (Neapolis) 102. 161.Type as 16o, but inscription starting on 1., COL NEAPOLI / NEOCORO. (VI), 14.25 g. 162.Obit.: Type as 134, but seen from front. Rev.: Zeus seated on throne 1., resting on scepter and holding globe; at his feet, eagle standing 1. looking backwards with a wreath in its beak; COL IVL NEAPOL Bronze. (I), 14.36 g. Spijkerman 1958 57. 163.O/2V.: Type as 141. Rev.: In wreath: COL/SERG / NEAPOL; at the end of the second row, vine branch. Bronze. (VI), 15.06 g. Har113. 164.Obv.: Type as 134. Rev.: Serapis standing 1., holding scepter, and raising arm; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 4.62 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 86; Harl 34. 165.Obv.: Type as 134. Rev.: Victory advancing 1. holding wreath with both hands on breast; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 3.07 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 87.

Philip land Philip II (247-49 CE) 166.Obv.: Type as 135. Rev.: Draped bust of Philip II r., laureate; IMP C M IVL PHELIPPO P F AVG Bronze. (VII), 17.26 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 103 (Philip II); Harl 83. 167 Obv: Draped and laureate busts of Philip I 1. and Philip II r. face to face; [...]IS AVGG Rev.: She-wolf r. nursing Romulus and Remus as on 139; above, Mount Gerizim; COL [...] SERG; in exergue, NEAPOL Bronze, doublestruck. (VI), 14.56 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 93 (this coin). 168.Obv: Jugate busts of Philip I and Philip II r., both draped and laureate; IIMM CC P FILIPPIS AVGG Rev.: Eagle carrying Mount Gerizim and inscription as on 135; COL SERG NECORO. Bronze. (XII), 15.56 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 37. 169.Type as 168. (XII), 13.21 g. 170.Type as 168. (VI), 19.80 g. 171.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Two Victories holding wreath; within, Mount Gerizim; NEAPOL NEOCORO; in exergue, COL and small star. Bronze. (VII), 13.28 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 90; Harl 43. 172.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Marysas as on 144, but eagle looking E Bronze. (VI), 19.92 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 91; Harl 40. 173.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: She-wolf as on 137. Bronze. (XII), 17.57 g. Harl 36. 174.Type as 173, but different distribution of the rev. inscription; in exergue, COL and small star; on 1., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), 12.25 g. 175.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: On r., helmeted male figure standing 1., extending hand at female figure seated on 1., with hand raised to lips, holding a spear; above, Mount Gerizim; in exergue, COL; on 1., NEAPOLI; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (VII), 15.59 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 88. 176.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Type as 151, but NEOPOL NEOCORO; in exergue, COL Bronze. (XII), 11.24 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 92.

The Coins of Neapolis 177.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: Marsyas standing r., holding wine-skin over shoulder and raising hand at small Mount Gerizim carried by Victory; NEAPOLI NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), io.90 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 132; Harl 42. 178.Type as 177. (XII), 15.60 g. 179.Obv.: Type as 168. Rev.: At 1., figure standing r. with hand raised to lips; facing her a figure standing 1., holding a kneeling figure and a sword or knife; to r. a forth figure advancing 1. and raising hand, and at side, ram 1.; in exergue, COL; on 1., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), 9.7o g. Harl 46. Meshorer interpreted the scene on the rev. as the binding of Isaac by his father Abraham (Mesh. Neapolis, pp. 176-177). Otacilia Severa Obv.: Draped bust of Otacilia Severa r., on crescent; M OT SEVERAE AVG M C Rev.: Eagle standing facing and looking I., carrying Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 15.2.0 g. 181.Type as 180. (XII), 15.09 g. 182.Type as 18o, but no crescent on obv.; on rev., head of eagle r. and COL IVL NEAP Bronze. (VII), 12.12 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 94; Harl 49. 183.Obv: Type as 182. Rev.: Marsyas as on 142; COL NEAP Bronze. (II), 16.90 g. 184.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: Zeus seated on throne 1., holding small Mount Gerizim on his palm and resting on scepter; at his feet, eagle; in exergue, COL; on I., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO; in upper I. field, star. Bronze. (VII), 12.32 g. 185.Type as 184. (VII), 17.76 g. 186.Obv.: Type as 1.80. Rev.: Tyche standing 1. in military dress, resting foot on crouching figure, holding scepter and small Mount Gerizim; COL IVL FL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 15.88 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 95; Harl 54. 187.Obv.: Type as i80. Rev.: Female deity (Cybele?, Tyche?) as on 148, seated I. on throne between two lions, holding scepter and resting on globe; in upper 1. field, small reversed Mount Gerizim; COL NEAPO Bronze. (I), 15.46 g.

59

188.Obv.: Type as i80. Rev.: On 1., helmeted female figure seated to r., holding spear; on r., male figure with helmet, standing to 1., holding club, and extending hand; above, Mount Gerizim; in exergue, COL; on 1., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), 13.20 g. SNG ANS 1023; Harl 59. 189.Obv.: Type as i80. Rev.: Quadriga facing containing three figures: Philip I between Philip II and Otacilia Severa; above, small Mount Gerizim; in exergue, COL; on I., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), 10.27 g. Harl 57. 190.Obv.: Type as i80. Rev.: Male figure (Decanos?) walking r., carrying small altar or modius and holding lily scepter; in r. field, star; above, Mount Gerizim; on I., AEKANOE (in small letters); in exergue, COL; on 1., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (VI), 15.15 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 96; Mesh. Neapolis 2. Harl 6o. 191.Obv.: Type as 1.80. Rev.: Two emperors, Philip I wearing toga and holding scepter and Philip II cuirassed with spear, standing facing each other, sacrificing with patera over lighted altar; above, Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 14.81 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 97. 192.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: She-wolf as on 137; COL IVL SERG; in exergue, NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 13.09 g. 193.Type as 192; rev.: NEAPOLI NEOCORO; in exergue, COL and star. Bronze. (VII), 10.38 g. Philip II (247-249 GE) 194.Obv: Draped bust of Philip II r., laureate; IMP C M IVL PHILIPPO PF AVG Rev.: Emperor as founder plowing with bull and cow r.; above the animals' heads, a small standard; above, Mount Gerizim; in exergue, COL and small star; on 1., NEAPOLI; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (XII), 16.57 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) io5; Harl 76.

The Coins of Neapolis

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

6o

195.Obv.: Type as 194. Rev. Mount Gerizim as on 135; COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO Bronze. (VI), 14.98 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) ror (eagle facing r.). 196. Obv.: Type as 194. Rev.: Marsyas as on 141; COL NEAP Bronze. (VI), 16.79 g. Variant of Harl 79.

197.Obv.: Type as 194, but seen from front. Rev.: Marsyas and Mount Gerizim (reversed) as on 1424 COL SERG NEAPOL Bronze. (WI), 15.37 g. Variant of Ros. III (Neapolis) 107.

198.Obv.: Type as 194. Rev.: She-wolf with Mount Gerizim as on 137; in exergue, COL and small star; on 1., NEAPOL; on r., NEOCORO Bronze. (VI), 14.26 g. Had 78.

199.Obv.: Type as 194. Rev.: She-wolf with Mount Gerizim as on 140. Bronze. (VI), 14.07 g. Had 94.

200. Obv.: Type as 194, but seen from front; IMP C M IVL PHELIPPO P F AVG

Rev.: Eagle with spread wings carrying the bust of Serapis; COL IVL NEAPOL Bronze. (VII), 15.86 g.

201.Obv.: Type as 194. Rev.: The two emperors, each wearing toga and holding scepter, standing facing each other, sacrificing with patera over lighted altar; above, Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAP Bronze. (VI), 15.79 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 143; Had 65.

202.Obv: Type as 197; legend: IMP C M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG Rev: Two emperors as on 191. Bronze. (VI), 18.53 g.

203.Obv.: Type as 194. Rev.: The emperor riding on horse r., saluting r.; in upper r. field, Mount Gerizim; COL SERG NEAP Bronze. (VI), 13.90 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 142; Harl 63. 204. Type as 203. (XII), 11.73 g. 205. Type as 203, but emperor riding 1., and inscription differently distributed: COL SERG; in exergue, NEAPOL. Bronze. (VI), 13.52 g.

206. Obv.: Type as 200. Rev.: Zeus seated on throne 1., holding uncertain object and resting on scepter; at his feet, eagle; on I., COL; on r., NEAPOL Bronze. (I), 15.25 g.

207.Obv.: Type as 200. Rev.: Tyche standing r. in tetrastyle temple with central arch, resting on scepter and extending small bust; to her r., a small column or altar; above, COL IVL; in exergue, NEE...] Bronze. (VI), 9.27 g. Identification as Neapolis is uncertain.

208.Obv.: Type as 194, but radiate. Rev.: Emperor in military dress standing 1., sacrificing with patera above altar; crowned by Victory standing behind on r.; in upper 1. field, Mount Gerizim and star below; NEAPOL NEOCORO Bronze. (XLI),15.96 g. Ros. III (Neapolis)100;Harl 62.

209.Obv.: Type as 202. Rev.: Male and female figures as on 151 (same reverse die). Bronze, misstruck (VII), 13.33 g. For rev. see Harl 92, but struck on ordinary flan. 210.Type as 209. (VI), 15.53 g. 211. ObV.: Type as 197.

Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing, looking L, carrying tabula ansata inscribed: COL/ SERG/NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 12.72 g. Spijkerman 1958 53 (erroneously listed under Philip I).

215.Obv.: Type as 214. Rev.: Asklepios on r., standing 1., extending hand to a serpent (?); on I., Hygieia standing r., feeding serpent from patera; above, Mount Gerizim and star; below, traces of inscription. Bronze. (XII), 9.06 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 109; Harl 103.

Trebonianus Gallus (251-2S3 216.Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., laureate; AYT • KAI • I • OYE • TPEB • IAAOC Rev.: Eagle supporting Mount Gerizim as on 215, but no star; (M NEAC IlOAEC0C Bronze. (VI), 9.59 g. Harl 104. 217.Type as 216, but obv.: AYT • KAI -1• OYE • TPEB • IAAOC CEB; on rev. Mount Gerizim is flanked by star on I. and crescent on r. (VI), 9.35 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 113. 218.Type as 217, but no star or crescent on rev. (XII), 8.4o g.

219.Obv.: Type as 216. Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing looking 1., carrying wreath encircling Mount Gerizim; (DA NEAC nonEcoc Bronze. (I), 10.71 g. Harl no.

220.Obv.: Type as 217. Rev.: In wreath, in five lines, topped by Mount Gerizim flanked by star on 1., and crescent on r.; (DA NEAC • / IlOAR0C / EllICHMOY / NE0KOPO/Y Bronze. (VI), 12.27 g. Hail 112; BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 153. 221.Type as 220 (same reverse die). (VI), 14.17 g.

212.Type as 211. (VII), 14.55 g.

222.Type as 220. (XII), 8.54 g.

213. Obv.: Type as 197.

223.Type as 221, but rev.: (DA NEAC / IlOAEC0C / EllICHMOY / NEC0KOP / OY. (XI), 13.84 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 113.

Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing, looking 1., carrying wreath encircling Mount Gerizim; COL / SERG / NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 18.13 g.

Hostilian (251 CE) 214.Obv.: Draped bust of Hostilian r., radiate; AVT KAI KVINTOC tEKIOC

Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing looking I., carrying Mount Gerizim; on upper 1., star; (DA NEAC IlOAEC0C Bronze. (I), u..18 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 163.

224. Obv.: Type as 217. Rev.: Tyche standing r. in military dress, resting her foot on crouching figure, holding scepter and small Mount Gerizim; to I. of her head, small star; (DA NEAC IlOAEU)C Bronze. (XII), 12.48 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) no; Harl 113.

61

225.Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., radiate; AYT KAI r OYIBTPIB IAAOC CEB

Rev.: On r., female figure standing facing in distyle shrine, raising hand toward her mouth; at her feet, altar with snake (?); on 1., Victory, advancing r., carrying Mount Gerizim (reversed); between her and shrine, star; (DA NEAC IlOAEC0C Bronze. (VI), 11.04 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 115 (this coin). 226. Obv.: Type as 225. Rev.: On r., Nemesis standing 1., with wheel behind her feet, extending hand to winged griffin seated on column; on 1., Victory carrying Mount Gerizim (reversed); to her r., star; (DA NEAC nonEcoc Bronze. (VI), 12.37 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 156; Harl 122. 227.Type as 226 (same reverse die). (VI), 9.10 g.

228.Obv.: Type as 217. Rev.: The two emperors Gallus and Volusian each wearing toga and holding scepter, standing facing each other, sacrificing with patera over lighted altar; between them, star; above, Mount Gerizim; (DA NEAC rionEux Bronze. (VI), n.65 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 112; Harl 120.

229.Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus 1., radiate; AYT • KAI .1• OYI • TPEB • fAAOC CEB

Rev.: On r., helmeted female figure standing 1. as on 151, holding scepter behind lighted altar and looking at Victory carrying Mount Gerizim (reversed) over her raised arms; CM NEAC flOAEC0C Bronze. (VI), 9.02 g. Spijkerman 1958 76 (rev.). 230. Obv: Type as 229.

Rev.: Female figure (Demeter?) standing r., pointing at cista mystica; on r., Victory carrying Mount Gerizim; between figures, torch or standard; (DA NEAC ITOARDC Bronze. (VI),11.87 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) n8; Har1126.

231.Obv.: Type as 229. Rev.: Nemesis standing facing looking 1., extending hand at winged griffin seated on column 1., resting foot on globe, with wheel behind her foot; on r., Victory carrying Mount Gerizim; (DA NEAC Bronze. (I), 9.59 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 117; Had 128.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

62 232. Obv.: Type as 229.

Rev.: Two figures as on 153; (DA NEAC flOAEC0C Bronze. (XII), 7.15 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 157; Had 129. 233. Obv.: Draped bust of Trebonianus Gallus r., radiate;

IMP C G VIB TRIB GALLO AVG Rev.: She-wolf with Mount Gerizim as on 137; COL NEAPO/LIS Bronze. (I), 10.35 g. Had 150. 234. Obv.: Type as 233. Rev.: On 1., Poseidon standing r., resting foot on prow of galley, holding trident and dolphin; on r., wild boar standing 1., with legionary eagle in background; in central field, star and above it small Mount Gerizim; COL NEAPOLI Bronze. (XII), 12.47 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 12o; Harl 152. 235. Obv.: Type as 233. Rev.: Tyche standing above she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus; on either side, temple-shaped cote from which a dove emerges; above, Mount Gerizim; COL NEAPOL Bronze. (XII), 13.76 g. Mesh. Neapolis BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 159; Harl 153. Volusian (237-253 CE) 236. Obv: Draped and cuirassed bust of Volusian r., radiate; AVT KAIC f OVI TPEB OVOAOVCIANO Rev.: Eagle carrying Mount Gerizim as on 215; (DA NEACIIOAEC0C Bronze. (XII), 11.14 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 123; Had 148. 237. Type as 236. (XII), 12.52 g.

238. Type as 237 (same obverse die). (XII), 9.98 g. 239. Type as 236. (V1),10.17 g. 240. Type as 236. (VI), 7.31 g. 241. Type as 236. (VI), 12.77 g.

242. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Volusian r., radiate; AVT KAIC f OVI WEB OVOAOCIANO Rev.: Mount Gerizim as on 14; (DA NEACIIOAEC0C Bronze. (VI), 4.10 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 124; Harl 149. 243. Obv.: Type as 236.

Rev.: Eagle as on 219. Bronze. (VI), 13.24 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 122; Harl 139.

244.Obv.: Type as 236. Rev.: On r., helmeted female figure standing 1., sacrificing over lighted altar; behind, a scepter; on 1., Victory carrying Mount Gerizim; mA N[...] Bronze. (VI), 14.16 g. 245.Obv.: Type as 236. Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing, looking I., carrying tabula ansata inscribed: CDA NEAC/I1OAEC0C/EllICHM/NEWKOP; above, small Mount Gerizim flanked by star on 1., and crescent on r. Bronze. (VI), 13.68 g. Variant of BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 164; Harl 141. 246.Type as 245. (XII), 10.37 g. 247.Obv.: Draped bust of Volusian r., laureate; AVT KAIC OVI TPEB OVOAOCIANO Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing facing, looking I., carrying small tabula ansata inscribed: EllICHM/ OY/NEWKOP/ OY; around: (DA NEAC flOAEC0C Bronze, pierced. (VI), 9.3o g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 127; Harl 137. 248.Obv.: Draped bust of Volusian r., laureate; IMP C VOLVSIANVS P F AVG Rev.: Eagle carrying Mount Gerizim as on 215, but no star; COL NEAPOL Bronze. (VI), 13.38 g. Ros. III (Neapolis) 125; Harl 131. 249.Obv.: Type as 248. Rev.: On r., Serapis standing 1., raising r. arm toward Mount Gerizim and holding scepter; on I., legionary eagle and on its r., wheat stalk and ram standing 1. looking backwards; in exergue, star; in the central field, COL / NEAPOL / I Bronze. (VI), 9.85 g. BMC Palestine (Neapolis) 168; Harl 155.

THE COINS OF SAMARIA-SEBASTE (SHOMRON) Samaria was the capital of the Kingdom of Israel during the biblical period of the Divided Monarchy. The site is identified with the village of Sebastia, about ten kilometers northwest of Nablus (Biblical Shechem, ancient Neapolis). Major excavations were undertaken there from 1908 to 1910 by Harvard University, under the direction of G. Schumacher, and later under G. A. Reisner and C. S. Fisher; and from 1931 to 1935 by the Joint Expedition (Harvard University, the British Palestine Exploration Fund, the British Academy, the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), under the direction of J. W. Crowfoot, E. L. Sukenik, K. Lake, K. M. Kenyon, and G. M. Crowfoot. Small-scale excavations were performed between 1965 and 1967, by the Jordan Department of Antiquities (NEAEHL 4, 1300-1310). Toward the end of the Persian period, in the fourth century BCE, large numbers of minute silver coins were minted in the city (see section IV Samarian coins). In 332 BCE, Samaria was conquered by Alexander the Great and became a Greek city—this in contrast to the nearby city of Mount Gerizim, which remained the religious center for the Samaritans. Despite aid from the Seleucid king, Antiochus IX, Samaria was besieged and ultimately destroyed by the Hasmonean high priest, John Hyrcanus I sometime between 112/11 and 107 BCE (Barag 1992-1993, 7-8). A group of undated silver hemidrachms and obols of Antiochus LX found in the region of Samaria-Sebaste may be attributed to the city's mint (SNG Israel I, Nos. 276o-2764; Houghton 2000, 22-25). After a long interval, Samaria was incorporated into Provincia Syria by Pompey and was rebuilt by Gabinius in 57-55 BCE. Herod the Great refounded the city and named it Sebaste after Augustus (Sebastos in Greek). According to Josephus, this event took place during Herod's thirteenth regnal year. Hill interpreted this date as 25 BCE (BMC 1914, xxxvifi-xxxix), which became the standard view until Stein (199o, 121-128) argued for an era of 28/7 BCE, based on the de jure date of the beginning of Herod's rule (4o/39 BCE) and an analysis of later city coins. Meshorer proposed that the first coins struck by Herod were actually minted in Samaria-Sebaste (see section V Jewish coins, Herod Nos. 1-17). Sebaste first issued Roman provincial coins under Domitian. The city became a military center and therefore it is not surprising that the coinage is dominated by martial types (nos. 1, ro-12, 25, 31). Many of the Domitianic issues are also notable for the presence of countermarks applied by Legio X Fretensis after the coins had already gone into circulation. These countermarks depict the emblems of the legion—the boar, the dolphin, and the galley—as well as the letters LXF (Nos. 1-7; Barag 1967, 117-125). The countermarks may have been intended to validate coins that were otherwise too worn for continued circulation, or perhaps less likely, to restore their value after the Senate had damned Domitian's memory. It has also been suggested that the host coins had already been taken out of circulation, and that the countermarks were intended to turn them into tokens for use in legionary camps (see also section V Jewish coins, Countermarks of the Roman Legions). During the conflict between Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger, in 193-194, it is likely that Sebaste supported the former, in contrast to nearby Neapolis, which supported Niger. As a result of Severus's victory, Sebaste received colonial status in 198/9 or 199/zoo CE, while the administrative rights (ius civitatis) of Neapolis were withdrawn, including the right to mint coins (Kushnir-Stein 2000,149-154). The Sofaer collection includes a medallion of Septimius Severus (No. 19) depicting the temple of the Capitoline Triad, which may have been produced to commemorate the refoundation of Sebaste as a colony. After receiving colonial status, the coin inscriptions give the full Latin name of the city as, COL(ON IA) L(VCIA) SEP(TIMIA) SEBASTE. On coins Nos. 20 and 21 of Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, both Greek and Latin legends appear.

The Coins of Samaria-Sebaste

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

64

Most of the coin types are connected to the cult of Kore-Persephone, who had a splendid temple in the city (Magness, 158-159). She is shown on coin Nos. 14-16, holding a torch and ears of grain, just as she does in a statue found in the excavations of Samaria (Mesh. 1981, fig. I). Emblems of her cult, such as the cista mystica (Nos. 20- 21, 29) and the sphinx(Nos. 3o, 4o), and depictions of her rape by Hades (Nos. 18, 28, 34, 39) also appear. During the reign of Elagabalus (218-222 CE), Sebaste struck coins for the emperor as well as for Julia Maesa, his grandmother (Nos. 33-36), Julia Soaemias, his mother (Nos. 37-39), and Aquilia Severa, his wife (No. 4o). The mint closed after the production of these common issues.

THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits Domitian (8r-96 CE) 1.Obv.: Bust of Domitian r., laureate: IMP DOMMANVS CAESAR; rectangular countermark LXF (of the Tenth Fretensis legion). Rev.: Tyche standing I., resting foot on rock (?), holding spear and globe: CEBACTHNCON; in 1. field, date: LAP (year tog = 81/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.86 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 2; RPC II 2226. Countermark: GIC 733. 2.Type and countermark as 1, but very worn. (XII), 12.26 g. 3.Type as 1, but countermark: XF. 14.18 g. GIC 727. 4. Type and countermark as 3. (XII), 13.50 g. 5.Type as 1, but three countermarks on obv.: a round one depicting head r.; and two rectangular, the upper one depicting figure standing 1., holding scepter, the lower one depicting the initials: LXF. 12.95 g. GIC 727, 117, 281. 6. Type as 1, but with three countermarks; on obv., a round one depicting head r.; on rev., two rectangular ones, the upper one depicting a war galley and the lower one, a wild boar standing r. above, a dolphin r.; above, L • X • F. 9.81 g. SNG ANS 1069. GIC117, 410, 291; see also Jewish section, Countermarks of the Roman Legions 1. 7.Type and countermark as 6. u.68 g. 8. Obv.: Type as'. Rev.: Male figure (the emperor?, Zeus?) standing r., resting his hand on scepter and holding small Victory, who offers him a crown; CEBACTH WON; in upper r. field, date: LAP (year 109 = 81/2 cE). Bronze. (XII), 11.73 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 5; RPC II 2227.

9. Type as 8; obv. inscription starts on 1. (XI), 12.23 g.

10. Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Armed warrior (the emperor?) standing facing holding parazonium in r. and resting on spear with I.; CEBACTHNCON; in upper 1. field, date: WP (year 109= 81/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.93 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 8-9; RPC II 2228.

u. Obv.: Type as 1; IMP DOMIT CAESAR Rev.: Crested helmet with cheek pieces; CEBAC THNCON; in upper 1. field, date: LAP (year 109 = 81/2 CE). Bronze. (XII),1.87 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 6; RPC II 2229.

12.Obv.: Type as ii. Rev.: Sword; CEBACTHNWN Bronze. (XII), 1.24 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 11; RPC II 2230. Commodus (177-192 CO

13.Obv.: Draped bust of Commodus r., laureate; IMP C M V COM M Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing I., resting foot on small winged sphinx, holding scepter and small bust; in between columns, small figures; on 1., CEB; on r., ACTH; in exergue, capricorn, CYP, and date: CIE (215 = 187/8 CE).

Bronze. (VII), 13.12 g. SNG ANS 1078. 14.Obv.: Type as 13; IMP CAI AVC COMM Rev.: Kore-Persephone standing r., wearing kalathos over head, holding ears of grain and resting on long torch; CEBACTHNCON CYP; across field, date: CIE (215 = 187/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.80 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 13 (rev. type identified as Demeter). 15.Type as 14 (same dies). (XII), 12.19 g. 16.Type as 14. (XII), 7.49 g.

17.Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; IMP CAE KOMMO,O, Rev.: Female bust (Kore-Persephone?, Tyche?) r., veiled and wearing kalathos; CEBACTHNWN CYP CIE (215 = 187/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.20 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 12. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE)

18.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; IMP CAES LVC SEP SEV PERT AVG Rev.: Rape of Kore-Persephone: Hades in galloping quadriga r., looking back and carrying Persephone in r. arm; above horses, Eros flying r.; above, COL L SEP; in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (VI), 24.03 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 13. 19.Obv.: Type as 18. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; in pediment, wreath; within, Jupiter seated 1., between Minerva r. and Juno 1.; on 1., COL L; on r., SEP; in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (VI), 25.0o g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 12. Julia Domna 20.Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IVLIA DOMNA AVG Rev.: Kore-Persephone as on 14; in 1. field, below, cista mystica; CEBACTH CYP; across field, date: L CKS (year 226 = 198/9 CE). Bronze. (VII), 10.39 g. SNG ANS 1080. 21.Type as 20. (VII), 12.48 g. Caracalla (198-217 cr) 22.Obv.: Draped bust of young Caracalla r., laureate; IMP C M AVR ANTON AVG Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing r., with ox and cow; above, Victory flying I. to crown him; above, COL L; on r., SEP; in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (VI), 14.11 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 14. 23.Obv.: Type as 22 (same die). Rev.: Demeter holding torch, riding serpent chariot of Triptolemos to 1.; on 1., Triptolemos stands r. sowing and holding a sickle; above, CYP; to r. date: L CKS (year 226 = 198/9 CE); in exergue, CEBACTH Bronze. (XII), 14.48 g. Mesh. City Coins u6.

65

Geta (209-212 or) 24.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., bareheaded; P S GET E CAES Rev.: The Emperor, togate, sacrificing over altar, holding cornucopia; COL S SEBASTE Bronze. (XII), 6.91 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 26. 25.Obv.: Type as 24; L S GET C AVG PIIF Rev.: Ares, nude, standing r., leaning on spear and holding parazonium; at his feet, small round shield; CEBACTH CYP L CKS (year 226 = 198/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.43 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 24. Elagabalus (218-222 GO 26.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP CAESAR M AVR ANTON INVS Rev.: Tetrastyle temple of Jupiter Capitolinus as on 19. Bronze. (XII), 17.36 g. SNG ANS 1082. 27.Obv.: Type as 26; IMP M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: Type as 26, but Jupiter seated facing and the inscription is differently distributed: on 1., COL; above, L SEP SEBA; in exergue, STE Bronze. (II), 11.92 g., half denomination of 26. Ros. III (Sebaste) 28. 28.Obv: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP M AVR ANT[...] Rev.: Rape of Kore-Persephone as on 18; in exergue, SEBASTE (the inscription above is off flan). Bronze. (I), u.86 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 27. 29.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M • AV ANTONIN Rev.: Kore-Persephone as on 2o; COL L SEP SEBASTE Bronze. (I), 8.78 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 29. 3o. Obv.: Type as 27; IMP M AVR ANTONIN Rev.: Sphinx seated 1., with r. fore-leg on wheel; on top of its wing, head I.; COL L SEP; in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (XII), 9.04 g. 31.Obv.: Type as 3o. Rev.: Ares standing as on 25; COL • L S • SEBASTE Bronze. (X), 6.04 g. 32.Obv.: Type as 29. Rev.: Kore-Persephone as on 20; COL L SE SEBASTE Bronze. (I), 4.39 g. Similar to Ros. III (Sebaste) 29, but smaller denomination.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

66

Julia Maesa 33.Obv.: Draped bust oflulia Maesa r.; MAESAAVGVSTA Rev.: The Capitoline Triad as on 19; on L, COL; above, L • SEP; on r., SEBA; in exergue, STE Bronze. (VI), 10.13 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 33. 34. Obv.: Type as 33.

Rev.: Rape of Kore-Persephone as on 18; COL • LI...I in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (III), 11.28 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 16. 35.Obv.: Type as 33. Rev.: Kore-Persephone standing as on 14; [...]SEBASTE Bronze. (VI), 6.63 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 31. 36. Obv.: Type as 33; MAES.AVG

Rev.: Ares standing as on 25; [...]SEBAS Bronze. (VII), 3.29 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 32 (Demeter).

Julia Soaemias 37.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Soaemias r.: SVAEMIAS AVGVSTA SEB

Rev.: The Capitoline Triad as on 19; onI., COL; above, SEB; in exergue, ASTE Bronze. (I), 10.24 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 36. 38.Type as 37, but rectangular countermark on obv. depicting head r. (VII), 9.27 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 37.

39.Obv.: Type as 37. Rev.: Rape ofKore-Persephone as on 18; above, COL • L • SEP; in exergue, SEBASTE Bronze. (I), 12.11 g. Ros. III (Sebaste) 34.

Aquilia Severa 4o. Obv.: Draped bust of Aquilia Severa r.; AVGVSTA SEVERA Rev.: Sphinx as on 3o; above, COL L SEP; in exergue, SEBAS Bronze. (XII), 6.14 g. BMC Palestine (Sebaste) 19.

THE COINS OF SEPPHORIS-DIOCAESAREA (TZIPORI) The ancient site of Sepphoris, declared a national park in 1992, is located in the heart of the Lower Galilee. It has been excavated over the last twenty-five years by three principal expeditions: the Joint Sepphoris Project (JSP) of Duke University with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, directed by E. Meyers, C. Meyers, E. Netzer, and Z. Weiss; the University of South Florida (USF), directed by J. Strange; and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, under the supervision of Z. Weiss (NEAEHL 4,1324-1328). The remains of the early Hellenistic city were discovered on the summit and along the slopes of the hill. The city expanded to the east and, by the beginning of the second century CE, had a network of streets, including a cardo and a decumanus. Several public buildings from this period were also discovered, some of which remained in use until the end of the Byzantine period. These include three bathhouses, a basilica, a theater, a synagogue, and two churches. A number of villas and private houses richly decorated with mosaic floors were also discovered. Despite the Roman flavor of the architecture and city planning, archaeological finds and literary sources indicate that a large Jewish community lived and flourished in the city. Through much of the Roman and Byzantine period, Sepphoris was an administrative, religious, and cultural center for Jews living both in Palestine and in the Diaspora (Weiss, 1-5). Sepphoris was the temporary capital of Herod Antipas before he founded Tiberias in 19 CE, but no coins in his name were struck at the city (Mesh. TJC, 81). A previously unknown prutah has recently been published and attributed to Antipas (Hendin 2006, 56-61). Whether the two civic coins dated to 67/68 cE bearing the name Neronias were issued in Sepphoris under Agrippa II is still disputed (see section V Jewish coins, Agrippa II, Nos. 173-174). According to Meshorer, the title on these coins is an allusion to the stand taken by the city during the Jewish War of 66-70 CE, when it opened its gates to the Roman army in 67 CE. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, many Jewish refugees settled in Sepphoris, and it became the foremost Jewish city in Galilee. Under Trajan, the city struck a series of four denominations (Nos. 1-4) bearing Jewish symbols (wreath, palm tree, winged and filleted caduceus, and grain ears) on their reverses with the city ethnic, EEIRDOPHNON (of the Sepphorenes). The inscription around the portrait of Trajan on the obverse is very unusual because it includes the Greek term EAOKEN (gave) (Mesh. Sepphoris, 163-164). During Hadrian's reign, no coins were minted in Sepphoris. The coinage was resumed under Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE), but with a completely different flavor from the Trajanic issues. The city was renamed as Diocaesarea, in honor of Caesar and Zeus, and the coinage frequently depicted the latter in his temple (Nos. 5-7, 13, 15, 17-19). The full tides of the city are given as, AlOKAI(CAPIAC) IEPA(C) ACYA(0Y) AYTO(NOMOY) (of Diocaesarea, sacred, inviolable, autonomous). The Sofaer collection includes an apparently unpublished coin type of Antoninus Pius, depicting the head of Herakles (Nos. io—n). After Antoninus Pius, no coins are known from Sepphoris until a series was produced for the Severan empress, Julia Domna (No. 13). By the time of the emperor Caracalla, the Sanhedrin (the general council of the Jews) had moved to Sepphoris, together with its leader, Rabbi Judah haNasi . Meshorer connected the issue of a medallion and a commemorative bronze coin (No. 14) to a supposed treaty of friendship and alliance between the Jewish authorities in Sepphoris and the Roman Senate (Mesh. Sepphoris, 166-171), but this view has been rejected by other scholars (Miller 1999, 556 n. 58). Sepphoris stopped issuing coins after the reign of Elagabalus, but briefly resumed some five hundred years later under the Islamic Umayyad dynasty (66I-75o cE)(No. 2o). It is interesting that on the Umayyad issues the name of Diocaesarea was eschewed for the old Semitic name, which appears as Arabic Safuriyah. This name, meaning "Bird," is also alluded to in the city's mintmark, which appears in the form of a small bird on some of the Umayyad coins.

68

The Coins of Sepphoris

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits Trajan (98-1r7 CE) 1.Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; TPAIANOI AYTOKPATOP EAOKEN Rev.: In wreath: IMOD / PHNON Bronze. (XII), 13.42 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) Ros. III (Sepphoris) 3. 2.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Palm tree; below, IE1RDO / PH NON Bronze. (XII), 9.26 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 5; Ros. III (Sepphoris) 4. 3.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Caduceus with fillet; lEIRDO / PH NON Bronze. (XII), 5.91 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 12; Ros. III (Sepphoris) 5. 4. Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Two ears of grain bound in their stalks; IMOD / PHNON Bronze. (XII), 3.08 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 17; Ros. III (Sepphoris) 6. Antoninus Pius (138-161 CEJ 5.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r.; AYTO KAI ANTC0NINC0 EY Rev.: Tetrastyle temple facade with central arch flanked by two triangular pediments; within, Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva); AIOKAIC IEP ACYA • AYTON Bronze. (XII), 16.77 g. Ros. III (Sepphoris) 7 (this coin). 6. Obv.: Type as 5. Rev.: City-goddess standing r., in tetrastyle temple with central arch, resting 1. hand on scepter and holding cornucopia with r.; AIOKAI IEP ACY AYTO Bronze. (I), 11.20 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 21; Ros. III (Sepphoris) 8. 7.Type as 6. (XII), 10.29 g.

to. Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r.; AY • KAI • ANTWNINO Rev.: Bust of Herakles (or young Marcus Aurelius?) r.; AlOK • IEPA • ACY Bronze. (XII), 3.97 g. 11.Type as 10. (XII),

3.50

g.

12.Obv.: Type as lo. Rev.: Bust (Tyche?, Faustina?, Helios?) n; AIO• IEP • ACY • AY Bronze. (XII), 1.24 g. Ros. III (Sepphoris) to. Julia Domna 13.Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r.; IOYAIA CEBAC Rev.: Tyche standing 1., in a tetrastyle temple with central arch, holding scepter, and small bust; r. foot on small river god (0; AIOKAIC IEP ACY AY Bronze. (XII), 10.96 g. Mesh. City Coins 92. Caracalla (198-217 CE) 14.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYTOKPA CEBAC ANTCDNINON Rev.: In wreath: AIOK I/EP ACYA/AYT flKC/IEP ("Diocaesarea the holy, inviolable, B C K/A autonomous, loyal and ally of the holy Senate and People of Rome"). Bronze. (XII), 17.71 g. Ros. III (Sepphoris) n; Mesh. Sepphoris P1. 18:9 (this coin). 15.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; ANTONINOC AYIOYCTOC Rev.: Zeus seated I. in a tetrastyle temple with pediment decorated by a wreath, resting hand on scepter and holding unclear object; AIOKA IEP ACV Bronze. (XII), 8.97 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 26. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 16.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AYT K M AY ANTON Rev.: In wreath: AIOK I/ EP BACYA/AYT Il0C/IEP BC KA/A PC) Bronze. (I), 8.59 g. Variant of Ros. III (Sepphoris) 14; Mesh. Sepphoris Pl. 18: to-11. 17.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; AYTK[..] Rev.: Zeus seated as on 15; AIOK AYT ACYA Bronze. (XII), 12.55 g. BMC Palestine (Sepphoris) 27; Ros. III (Sepphoris) 16.

8.Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r.; AY• KAI • ANT00NINOC EY Rev.: Hera standing facing, holding patera; AIOKAI IEP ACY AYTO Bronze. (XII), 9.49 g. Ros. III (Sepphoris) 9; Mesh. Sepphoris P1.18:7.

18.Type as 17, but in exergue, AIOKAI; on 1., IEP. (XII), 8.68 g.

9. Type as 8, but struck on smaller flan. (XII), 6.41 g.

19.Type as 18. (XII), 6.92 g.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Under the Umayyads 20. Obi,. Three lines within three concentric circles: o.ar9 /4LP xlI 5P 2' (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: Three lines: gJJ- I/j9-ax) / o (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in marA ll lim yy..O aJe3 LH (in the name of God, this fals was struck at SafFtiriyya). Bronze, 3.05 g. SNAT 278.

69

The Coins of Tiberias

THE COINS OF TIBERIAS The city of Tiberias, founded by the tetrarch, Herod Antipas, in honor of the emperor Tiberius, is situated on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Systematic and rescue excavations conducted in Tiberias from the last quarter of the nineteenth century until today have revealed extensive parts of the Roman-Byzantine and Muslim city (for a summary of the principal excavations, see NEAEHL 4,1465-1473; Stacey 2004, 9-10). The most probable date for the foundation of Tiberias seems to be 19/20 CE (Mesh. TJC, 81-82, based on BMC Palestine, xiv). Antipas immediately started to mint coins. His first issues, dated to year 24 (20 CE), bear a reed plant characteristic of those found locally. Later issues depict a palm tree, a palm branch, and bunches of dates (see section V Jewish coins, Antipas Nos. 87-116). The coins of Agrippa I formerly attributed by Meshorer to the mint of Tiberias (Mesh. TJC Nos. 117-119) are now assigned to Caesarea Panias (see Jewish coins section, Agrippa I, Nos. 150-152; RPC I, 683). It is likely that several issues were minted in Tiberias under Agrippa II. Besides the single issue of year 15, bearing a palm branch and the name TIBEPIAC within a wreath (see section V Jewish coins, Agelppa II, No. 183), there is a series of three denominations dated to year 13 of Claudius (53/54 CE), depicting a palm branch and a wreath with the inscription, TIREPIA7 (PP(' 4851-4854). After the death of Agrippa II, Tiberias fell under direct Roman rule. The earliest coins of Trajan are dated to year 81 of the local era (99/100 CE; Nos. 1-4). On these coins, the city is called Tiberias Claudia, in honor of emperor Claudius. Under Commodus, the city describes itself on the coinage as, "Tiberias Claudia, which is in Syria Palaestina" (Nos. 14-18). Included among the Roman provincial types used by Tiberias are Tyche (Nos. 1, 14-15), a variety of maritime symbols (Nos. 7-9, 13), Poseidon (Nos. 21 and 25), and Zeus in a tetrastyle temple (No. to). This last type, found on a coin of Hadrian dated to 119/20 CE (the year of his visit to Palestine), may represent the Hadrianeum mentioned by Epiphanius (Haer. 30.12). The most distinctive coin types struck in Tiberias feature Hygieia, the goddess of health (Nos. 2, 5-6,16-17). Here she serves to symbolize (and advertise) the hot springs of Hammath-Tiberias, whose curative properties were well known. Sometimes Hygieia also appears with her father, the healer-god, Asclepius (Nos. 19 and 2o). The Talmud (Aboda Zara 10:71) raises the question whether Tiberias would be granted the rank of colony: "And Antoninus said to Rabbi: I ask that my son Severus should reign instead of me and that Tiberias be declared a Roman colony" Kindler suggested that this paragraph refers to Antoninus Pius, relying on a coin of this emperor that bears a Latin inscription (Kindler Tiberias, 19 and No. 16), but no coins from Tiberias dated to this emperor have so far been discovered. Meshorer suggested that the emperor in question should be identified as Elagabalus (218-222 CE), since the colonial title appears on the relatively rare coins of his reign (Mesh. City Coins, 35, No. 86). After 221 CE, coins ceased to be minted at Tiberias. By this time the Jewish administrative institutions had moved from Sepphoris to Tiberias (the Sanhedrin and the Patriarchate), making the city the most prosperous Jewish center in Palestine. Coin production was resumed after the Arab conquest, when the city, called al-Tabariya in Arabic, became the capital of the military district, Jund al-Urdunn, thereby replacing Beisan (Beth Shean/Scythopofis), which had previously been the capital of the Byzantine province of Palaestina Secunda (for a recent summary of the history of the city see Stacey 2004, 1-8; for the Islamic coinage see Ilisch 1993, 3o-36; Berman Tiberias, 221-245). Under the Umayyad caliphs (661-75o CE), extensive minting took place in Tiberias, beginning with Arab-Byzantine fulus. The Sofaer collection includes an impressive number of varieties depicting the name of the city both in Greek and Arabic (Nos. 28-45). Later, several types of post-reform issues (Nos. 46-63) were

71

struck with Arabic inscriptions only The city continued to issue coins under the Abbasids (750-1258 CE), the Ikhshidids (935- 969 CE), the Qarmatids (972-978 CE), and the Fatimids (910-1171 CE), yielding an impressive variety of gold, silver, and bronze coinage (Nos. 64- 74). In the past, some Crusader coins were attributed to Tiberias, but this theory has been rejected (Schlumberger 1878, 110-112; Metcalf 1995, 27, No. 5).

THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits

Trajan (98-117 CE) 1.

Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; AYTOKP KAIC NEP • TPAIANOC CEB IEPM Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking I., holding cornucopia and resting on rudder; at her feet, prow of galley; TIBEPIEWN T KAAYAIO; across field, date: ET An (year 81= 99/100 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.83 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 3; Kindler Tiberias 4.

2. Obv.: Type as i; AYT KAI NEPTPAIANOC CEB rEP Rev.: Hygieia seated r. on rock below which water is flowing, feeding snake from bowl; TI BEP I KAAYAI; across field, date: ET All (year 81= 99/100 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.34 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 10; Kindler Tiberias 3. 3. Obv.: Type as 2. Rev.: Double cornucopiae crossed, with palm branch in between; TIBEP KAAY; across field, date: ET All (year 81 = 99/10o CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.73 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 14; Kindler Tiberias 6. 4. Type as 3. (XII), 6.18 g.

5.Obv.: Type as 2; AYT KAI NEPTPAIANOC CEB IEPM Rev.: Hygieia as on 2, but date: ET q (year 90 =m8/9 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 11.32 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 12. 16.Type as 5. (XII), 12.09 g. 17.Obv.: Type as i; AY KAI NE TPAIANO CE FE AA Rev.: Anchor; TIBEP KAAY; in field, date: L q (year 90 = 108/9 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 2.86 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 18; Kindler Tiberias 5. 18.Type as 7, but date: L A q (year 91 =109/110 CE). (XII), 2.10 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 2o.

9. Type as 8. (I), 2.3o g.

Hadrian (17-138 CE) 10. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian r., laureate; AYT TPA AAPIANC0 KAIC CEB Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Zeus seated I., holding bowl and scepter; TIBEP KAAYA; in exergue, date: ET AP (year im = 119/120 cE). Bronze. (XII), 10.56 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 23; Kindler Tiberias 7. 11. Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; AYT TPA &PIAN0) KAIC CEB Rev.: Tyche standing 1. wearing short dress, resting r. foot on prow of galley, holding bust and scepter; TIBEP KAAYA; in field, date: AP (ioi = 119/120 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.89 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 29; Kindler Tiberias 9. 12. Obv.: Type as 11; AY TP AAPIANW KAIC CEB Rev.: Victory standing facing, looking 1., holding wreath and palm branch; TIBEP KAAYA; in lower field, date: LAP (year ioi = 119/12o CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.72 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 32; Kindler Tiberias 8. 13. Obv.: Type as ii; AYTP AAPIANC0 KAIC CEB Rev.: Galley with oars, 1.; above, TI BE / KAAY; below, date: L AP (year ioi = 119/120 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.62 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 34; ICindler Tiberias 10.

Commodus (177-19.2 cE) 14.Obv: Draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus r.; AYTOKP KAI KOMMOAOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 1; TIBEP KAA CVP IRA; across field, date: PEZ (167 =185/6 CE). Bronze. (XI), 19.10 g. Mesh. City Coins 84 (this coin). 15.Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; AVT K M AVP KOMMOAOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 1; T1B KA CVP IAA; across field, date: ET PO (year 170 188/9 CE). Bronze. (XI), 11.89 g. Kindler Tiberias 14.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

72

16. Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Hygieia standing facing, looking r., feeding a snake from a bowl; TIB KA CVP IlAA; across field, date: ET PO (year 17o = 188/9 cE). Bronze. (XI), 9.39 g. Ros. III (Tiberias) 16 (this coin). 17.Obv.: Type as 14. Rev.: Hygieia as on 2; TIB KA CVP IlAA; across field, date: ET PO (year 170 = 188/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.97 g. BMC Palestine (Tiberias) 38; Kindler Tiberias 16. 18.Obv.: Type as 15. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; TIB KA CVP Bronze. (XII), 12.70 g. Kindler Tiberias 15. Elagabalus (218-222 CO 19. Obv: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; [...] Rev.: Asklepios I. and Hygieia r. standing facing one another; Asklepios holding staff and snake and Hygieia holding snake; in exergue, TIBE; on r., KAA; in upper 1. field, C fl; on 1., date: ETC (year 200 = 218/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.99 g. SNG ANS 1117. 20. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; [...]M AVP ANTCONINOC Rev.: Type as 19, retrograde date: ET C (year zoo = 218/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.44 g. Ros. III (Tiberias) 19; for rev. see SNG ANS 1117. 21.Obv.: Radiate bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; [...] AN[...] Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., resting his foot on galley with sails and three oarsmen; holding scepter and dolphin; 11B KAAYA Bronze. (XII), 13.52 g. 22. °LW.: Type as 21, but bust laureate. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Zeus standing r., resting on scepter and holding small Victory (?) in extended r.; in exergue, TIB; on r.,

ap n Bronze. (XII), 16.98 g. SNG ANS 1118.

25.Obv.: Type as 21; AYT K[AI ....NTCON IN] Rev.: Poseidon as on 21; TIB KAAYA Bronze. (VI), 12.71 g. Ros. III (Tiberias) 21. z6. Type as 25. (VI), 15.26 g. 27.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; traces of inscription. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing as on 1; in exergue, TIB; on r., CY Bronze. (VII), 7.48 g. M. Tiberias 18 (Hebrew). THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Under the Umayyads Arab-Byzantine 28. Obv.: Imperial figure standing facing holding long cross in r. and short one in 1.; TIBEPIAC Rev.: Bl topped by small cross; on r., XAAKE; on 1. KAAA (retrograde); in exergue, NOB Bronze. 4.54 g. M. 1965-6. 29. Type as 28. 4.81 g. 3o. Obv.: Three imperial figures standing facing. Rev.: M topped by monogram: V and below A; starting on L, T1BEPIAA0C; on r.: (Tabariyya). Bronze. 529 g. Walker 1956 48.

The Coins of Tiberias 44. Obv.: Three imperial figures standing facing. Rev.: M as on 3o with retrograde monogram above and letter A below: (Mubammad is the Messenger of God). Bronze. 3.7o g. Qedar 1988-89 17. SNAT 283-5. 45. Obv.: Imperial figure standing facing holding long cross in r. and short one on globe in I. (compare with coin 28): (struck at Tabariyya). Rev.: M topped by small cross; on r., Possibly Arabic letters, retrograde Greek IKNO; on I., IZ Bronze. 4.60 g. Leu 34 lot no5 (this coin). Past-Reform 46. Obv.: In three lines starting with pellet, surrounded by three concentric circles: XI/all (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines:, 4111 / / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); above, a bird lies horizontally on its face; around: 0 ., I a 11 I fc,a.u., (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Tabariyya). Bronze. 3.55 g. Walker 1956 886. SNAT 302-312.

31.Type as 3o, but struck on smaller flan. 3.06 g.

47. Type as 46. 3.8o g.

32.Type as 3o, but different version of the Greek inscription: THBEPIAAOC. 5.74 g. SNAT 281.

48. Type as 46. 3.73 g.

33.Type as 32. 5.36 g. 34. Type as 32. 4.23 g. 35.Type as 32. 3.78 g.

49. Type as 46. 3.19 g. 5o. Type as 46. 3.26 g. 51.Type as 46- 3.53 g.

36. Type as 32, but somewhat crude style. 3.37 g.

52. Type as 46, but pellet in place of bird. 3.8o g. Walker 1956 89o.

37.Type as 36. 3.42 g.

53.Type as 46, but no bird. 4.00 g. Walker 1956 892.

38. Type as 32, but crude style. 2.63 g.

54. Type as 53. 3.94 g.

39. Type as 32, but below M, letter C (instead of A). 443 g. Walker 1956 43.

55.Type as 53. 2.57 g.

40. Type as 39. 4.65 g.

23. Type as 22. (VI), 12.64 g.

41.Type as 39, struck on smaller flan. 5.4o g.

24. Obv.: Type as 21. Rev.: Zeus in temple as on 22; IOU KA TIB Bronze. (XII), 14.61 g.

42. Type as 41. 475 g. 43. Type as 41, but retrograde C. 3.46 g.

73

56. Obv.: In three lines: (God is One, God is the Eternal); around: a os...1.-9 a ll XI4Jl (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate). Rev.: In three lines: 4LI / / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); on r., palm branch; around: 4.2),Ja.., I A Le, 411I (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Tabariyya). Bronze, 3.07 g. Walker 1956 898. 57.Type as 56. 3.08 g. 58. Obv.: Floral design (?) in dotted circle; around: 411I 4JI (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In dotted circle: (Tabar/iyya); around: ALI J9-w) (Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Bronze, 2.88 g. Walker 1956 p. 137. 59. Type as 58. 2.16 g. AbdAllab al-Walid (705-715 6o. Obv.: In three lines: 0.1_,-9 / All XI /aJI 11/'4 (there is no god but God alone); traces of marginal inscription:

U9JL 31.-0P.H.-4149-11 aJJI -L,-‘..)-41 (ordered by Abd Allah al-Walid, Commander of the Faithful, full weight). Rev.: Lion crouching to 1.; below, in three lines: Jill /W.) / s a o (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: 1.61,„a ‘12_,.÷.1cL? r a y,JI L091.a.11 3,59 (weight of the fulus that are struck at Tabariyya, sixteen qirats). Bronze. 4.28 g. SNAT 325-330.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA

74

6i. Obv.: In circle, in three lines, starting with a pellet: Xl/aJI (there is no god but God alone); in margin: 9-11 4111--a4t :1""91.41) rya, .)-4l Lr (from what was ordered of the striking of coppers at Tabariyya by Abd Allah al-Walid). Rev.: In circle, in three lines: dill /J9_,..) / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); on r., palm branch; around: ,..),J9 I a 3)9 4-b ‘ ,..)-,;z€ L65-4 (weight of the fulus that are struck at Tabariyya, twenty qirats). Bronze. 4.06 g. SNAT 313. 62. Type as 61. 4.40 g. Tiberias mint using the district name `al-Urdunn" 63.Obv.: In three lines: o_L›9 /4.ill XI/ all X (there is no god but God alone); below, star or flower. Rev.: In three lines: (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margir rc-m-' (in the name of God, struck in al-Urdunn). Bronze. 3.67 g. SNAT 331. Under the Abbasids Said b. al-Surkh 64. Obv.: In four lines and star below: 4.1iI/1(1 all X (there is no god but God, this fals was struck at Tabariyya year 200) = 814 CE. Rev.: In five lines: / 0 „La / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, ordered by Sdid b. al-Surkh by the hand of b. Shuja4). Bronze. 2.12 g. SNAT 377.

The Coins of Tiberias

Under the Ilchshidids

Under the Fatimids

Al-Muttap lillnb (9O-944 oEJ

Al-Mustansir

65. Obv.: In five lines: ywl / )9...al.° 94/ al a b_st X /0..1_,..9 J

e911

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abu Mansur, son of the Commander of the Faithful); in margin, two lines: >-o 9 1-9‘gl 4-rj -1-1' -49-2 9, 09-,4 11 4111 (to God belongs the order before and after; and in that day the faithful shall rejoice in the help of God). Rev.: In five lines: 411 ,r asp/41I/j9_,..,/sas.._0/41 (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, alMuttaqi lillah); in margin with date AII 329 = 940 CE: .3.:La tii 9 0'J iac 9 &J.:I Silver dirham. 2.27 g. SNAT 385. 66. Type as 65, but date: AEI 331 = 942 CE. z.66 g. Under the Qarmatians Al-Hasan b. Ahmad 67.The type in general similar to 65, but in place of the name of the Caliph on rev.: /411 / .14-N-0 / is l (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Hasan b. Aland"); in margin with date All 359 = 969 CE: 41_14R1 9 L, yf &la Silver dirham. 3.7o g. 68. Type as 67. 3.59 g.

69. ()by,: In four lines: / ALL ) tlirkt.i 94 .1_2_4 / pLal (the Imam Mdadd Abu Taman al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the faithful); in margin: 31.LI1 9 oLoi 4.4_,÷6.4 _,_;€ _JI Jim aila t l 9 (in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Tabariyyah in 438) = 1046-47 CE. Rev.: In four lines: win/4W' LL2).2., / ALI XI all 411 ,39 (there is no god but God alone, he has no associate, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, All is the Friend of God); in margin: 0 L' _I ,:9-4-1 L:Hi 9 41991 `Lb I J9- ") 9J9 °J-5 3€-1-1/ C19--C.)-aal (Muhammad messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the associators dislike it). Gold dinar. 4.18 g. Berman 126.

75

Ma'ad 70. Obv: In five lines: j 9_Ja.i) /

LI XI all 2(/„.1.c ALI ,J 9 /

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, All is the Friend of God); in margin: ,,I3J-1 3.p 9 j _s.6470..Ls0) 6.1-C 4l 9 LII yell (Muhammad is the messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the associators dislike it). Rev.: In four lines: „..e/ 9.,1 rt,l_albso (Miladd, the Imam Abu Tamim, al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful); in margin: &Ls, 4 k ,j _LI.Jl lim~,~~,.>r tl d.A.osi 9 cx!..1D 9 .;,_a.0 (in the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, this dinar was struck at Tabariyya in the year 436) = 1044 CE. Gold dinar. 4.22 g. BMC Oriental IV 135. 71.Gold quarter dinar of year AEI 440 = 1048 CE. 0.97 g. Spink-Taisei m lot 176.

II COINS OF JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

THE COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA (JERUSALEM) During the late Persian period (fourth century BCE), and throughout the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, Jerusalem operated as the central mint for Jewish coinage (see Jewish coins section). Coin production reached its peak during the Jewish Revolt of 66-7o CE. Shekels of year 5 of the war (minted between Nisan and Ab, 70 CE) were the last Jewish coins struck in Jerusalem. After lying in ruins for about sixty years, Hadrian refounded the city as a Roman colony with the name Aelia Capitolina, in honor of his family, the gens Aelia, and Jupiter Capitolinus. Kadman (1956) first compiled a corpus of the coins from this period, which was later updated by Meshorer (1989). The first coins of Aelia Capitolina struck by Hadrian constitute a crucial issue in the debate over whether the foundation of the colony was the immediate cause of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE), or its consequence. Numismatic evidence discussed by Kindler seems to support Cassius Dio's view (69.11-69.15) that Aelia Capitolina was indeed founded before the revolt, sometime between Hadrian's visit to Palestine in 130 CE and 132 CE (Kindler 2000-2002, 176-179). However, the contradictory version of events presented in Eusebius' Historia Ecclesiastica (IV, 6 quoting Ariston of Pella) is championed by Tsafrir (2003, 31-36). According to Eusebius, it was Hadrian's declaration that he would rebuild Jerusalem during his visit around 130 CE that caused the Jews to rebel. Only after the suppression of the revolt in 135 CE, was Aelia Capitolina actually built. Hadrian appears on the coins as a founder, plowing the boundary of the new city with a yoked ox and cow, a ceremony known as the sulcus primigenius (No. 2). The name of the colony on the foundation coin is followed by the inscription COND(ITA) ("founded"). Other coins of Hadrian bear symbols associated with Legio X Fretensis, which was quartered in Jerusalem. The veterans of this legion were the colony's first settlers. Prominent on the coins are the eagle, the boar (e.g., Nos. 5-6), and the galley (Nos. 37-38), all of which were emblems of the legion. Another coin of Hadrian shows the temple of the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva (No. 1), which was probably erected on the site of the Second Temple (Dio 69.12.1). During the reign of Antoninus Pius, new types were added to the coinage, the most prominent of which depicts the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus (No. 17). This scene, the emblem of Rome, was also represented on the coins of the colony of Neapolis (see Neapolis, Nos. 137-140). Coin No. 58, with a portrait of the young Commodus was probably issued to commemorate a visit by Marcus Aurelius in 175/6 CE (Gitler Marcus Aurelius, 41-42). A wide range of Greek and Roman deities worshipped in the city appear on the coins, including Tyche (e.g., Nos. 22-23), Serapis (Nos. 13-14,46, 66, 95,124, and 138), Dionysus, Ares (No. 30), Nemesis (No. 77), the Dioscuri, and Hygieia (No. 164). Meshorer believed that the cult of Hygieia could be associated with the Siloam spring, as it was thought to have curative properties (Mesh. Aelia, 56-57). He also connected the popularity of Serapis types to an inscription mentioning a temple of the god dedicated by soldiers of Legio III Cyrenaica (Mesh. Aelia, 25-26). Large bronze coins of Septimius Severus bearing the jugate busts of the emperor and his wife, Julia Donna, and the reverse type of their sons, Geta and Caracalla, shaking hands (Nos. 74- 75), were issued in relatively large numbers, perhaps in connection with an imperial visit to the colony in 199/200 CE (Dio 76.13; Mesh. Aelia, 37). On this occasion, several cities named in honor of Severus were founded in the region, including Diospolis (Lydda) and Eleutheropolis (Beit Guvrin).

80

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

The Coins of Aelia Capitolina

Another interesting coin of Aelia Capitolina, struck under Elagabalus (218-222 CE), shows a quadriga carrying the sacred stone of Elagabalus from Emesa to Rome (Nos. 120-122). This event, recorded by the Roman historian Herodian (5.6.6-7; Mesh. Aelia, 48-50), probably took place in 221/2 CE. This date is based on a coin from Aelia Capitolina of this same type, but bearing the jugate portraits of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander (No. 131). After the death of the latter, there is a significant gap in coin production at Aelia Capitolina. Minting only resumed during the reign of Trajan Decius (249-251 CE), which is surprising, considering the reopening of the mints of Alcko-Ptolemais and Caesarea Maritima, and the high output of Neapolis coins under Philip I. Because the city served as the primary base of Legio X Fretensis, the coins of Aelia Capitolina display a wide variety of symbols related to the legion (e.g., Nos. 36-39; 116-119), particularly under Trajan Decius and his sons (Nos. 139-140; 151-155, 161-163). Especially notable among the latter is an issue of Herennius Etruscus (No. 153), depicting the vexillum and animal emblems of the legion with the full name of the colony in the third century CE: COL(ONIA) AEL(IA) KAPI(TOLINA) COM(MODIANA) P(IA) F(ELIX). The bronze coinage of Aelia Capitolina used Latin legends exclusively, as was appropriate for a Roman colony, but the provincial silver tetradrachms of 215-218 CE carried Greek inscriptions (Nos. 79-84, 90-92, 96; Mesh. Aelia, 41-44). A cult of Dionysus in the city is indicated by the Dionysiac mintmarks found on the tetradrachms, as well as on some of the bronze issues produced from the time of Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) (Nos. 28, 29) to that of Hostilian (251 CE) (Mesh. Aelia, No. 183), the last emperor to strike coins in Aelia Capitolina. The city, again going by the name of Jerusalem, seems to have reopened its mint in 613/14 CE, during the assault on the city by the Sasanian Persians. These coins are extremely rare (Meshorer 1965-66, Meshorer 1987 Mesh. Jerusalem, 24- 26; meftich 1994-1999, 118), but one example is found in the Sofaer collection (No. 165). During the Umayyad period (661-75o CE), coins were again minted in Jerusalem (al-Quds in Arabic) in large quantities (Mesh. Jerusalem, 337- 344)• The city's first Arab-Byzantine fals of the seventh century CE were inscribed with the Greek denomination and the mintmark, IEPOCOAYMCON; two of the four known specimens are in the Sofaer collection (Nos. 166-167). The majority of the Arab-Byzantine fulus struck in Jerusalem name the city as Iliya (the Arabic form of Aelia), but no convincing explanation has yet been suggested for this unexpected reappearance of the Roman colonial name (Nos. 168-176). Many post-reform issues also give the mint name as Iliya. Nos. 184-188, which depict a five- or seven-branched candelabrum, have long been attributed to Jerusalem, although finds show that this series circulated throughout the military districts of Jund Filastin and fund alUrdun (Barag 1988-1989, 46). The rare type with seven branches may be intended to symbolize Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, possibly reflecting the name and title of the city during the Umayyad period: Iliya' madinat bayt al-maqdis, meaning "Aelia, City of the Temple" (Barag 1988-1989, 46-47). I_n 832 CE a few coins were struck by the Abbasids (Nos. 191-193), on which the city is called al-Quds ("the Holy"). A great number of coins were minted by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem during the twelfth century CE. Whether this coinage was issued in Jerusalem or in Acre (Akko-Ptolemais) is still uncertain (Metcalf 1995, 54; Barag 2006, 120-137). The largest series, depicting the Tower of David (Nos. 194-198) and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Nos. 199 and zoo), were struck in the names of Baldwin III (1143-1162 CE) and Amaury (1162-1174 CE), respectively. Another coin (No. 206) with the Church of the Sepulcher was minted by John of Brienne (1210-1212). Barag recently attributed this type to Akko (Barag 2006, 135 No. 13). Other anonymous coins depict a building identified by Metcalf as the aedicule of the tomb of Jesus (No. 203) and the patriarchal cross or Golgotha (No. 201). The suggested reading on coin No. 204 is SEPVLCHRVM DOMINI (Metcalf 1995, 77). Some scholars recreate on this coin an angel with open wings over the empty sarcophagus (Sabine 1979, Barag 2006, 130-131). Barag suggested that these three coin types form a particular group struck by the Crusaders during the siege of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 CE (Barag 2006, 133-134). The baronial coin (No. 205) of Raymond of Tripoli (1184-1186? CE), which Meshorer originally included in this section, should be attributed to a more northerly mint than Jerusalem (Metcalf 1995, 88), and can be dated

with certainty to his first regency, from 1174 to 1177. This is based on numismatic evidence from excavations at Mezad Ateret (Vadum Iacob; Kool 2006). Coin No. 204 is an example of the emergency coinage struck by the Crusaders during the siege of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 CE (Metcalf 1995, 77). Finally, this collection includes a Crusader lead seal depicting the patriarchal cross and an inscription naming a Jerusalemite crusader fraternity (No. 207). This piece was first published by Decloedt (1914, 451-452), and previously belonged to the Biblical Museum of Saint Anne collection in Jerusalem.

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Hadrian (H7-138 CE) 1.Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP CAES TRAI HADRIANO AVG PP Rev.: Facade of distyle temple; within, in center, Jupiter seated I., resting on scepter, flanked by Minerva on 1. and Juno on r.; COL AEL KAP Bronze. (XII), 15.30 g. Mesh. Aelia 1. 2. Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: The emperor as founder, plowing r. with ox and cow; in background, vexillum; COL • EL • KAPIT; in exergue, COND Bronze. (XII), 8.75 g. Mesh. Aelia 2 (this coin). 3.Type as 2, but rev. legend: COL • AEL KAPIT/COND (XII), 11.23 g. 4. Type as 3. (X), 10.55 g. 5. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP HADRIANO AVG Rev.: Legionary eagle r.; COL AE CAP Bronze. (XII), 4.63 g. Mesh. Aelia 3. 6. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP HAD Rev.: Boar standing r.; COL/AEL Bronze. (VI), 2.26 g. Mesh. Aelia 4. 7.01/2.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP CAE TR HAD AVG Rev.: Bust of Sabina r., draped; SABIN AVGVS Bronze. (V), 8.4o g. Mesh. Aelia 7. 8. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; IMP CAE TRAIA HADRIANO AVG Rev.: Bust of Aelius r., undraped; L AELIVS CAESA COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 11.24 g. Mesh. Aelia 8.

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9. Type as 8. (XII), 11.90 g. 10.Obv: Type as 8. Rev.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r., bareheaded and undraped; star on r. field below; IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS C A K Bronze. (XII), 9.24 g. Mesh. Aelia 9. Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) 11.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., bareheaded; IMP C HAD ANT A P Rev.: Hexastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing I., resting foot on unidentified object, holding small bust and scepter; in exergue, CO AE CAP Bronze. (XII), 15.13 g. Mesh. Aelia 11. 12.Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r., bareheaded; IMP CAES HAD ANTONINVS AVG PPP Rev.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., lightly draped; M AEL AVRELIVS CAES VERVS COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 11.55 g. Mesh. Aelia 12 (but rev. legend reads M ANT AVRELIVS CAES VERVS COL AEL CAP). 13.Obv.: Type as 12; IMP C T AEL- ANT Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL AE CAPIT Bronze. (XII), 7.95 g. Mesh. Aelia 13. 14.Type as 13. (XII), 9.73 g. 15.Obv.: Type as 12; IMP T C ANT Rev.: Dionysus standing 1., resting hand on thyrsos, pouring wine from jug (?) over small panther; COL AE CAPIT Bronze. (XII), 4.33 g. Mesh. Aelia 14. 16.Obv.: Type as 13; IMP ANT Rev.: She-wolf standing r., suckling Romulus and Remus, head turned back toward twins; above, CAE; below, CAP Bronze. (XII), 2.27 g. Mesh. Aelia 15.

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17. Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; IMP ANTONINVS AVG PPP Rev.: She-wolf standing r., suckling Romulus and Remus; above, CO AE; on base, CAP Bronze. (XII), 16.38 g. Mesh. Aelia 16. 18. Obv.: Type as 17, but inscription starts on 1. Rev.: She-wolf standing r., suckling Romulus and Remus, flanked by the Dioscuri; above, in two lines: COL / AEL; in exergue, CAP Bronze. (XII), 15.69 g. Mesh. Aelia 17. 19. Obv.: Type as 17. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with small eagle in pediment; within, Jupiter seated on throne 1., resting hand on scepter, holding small bust; in exergue, C A C Bronze. Pierced. (XII), 15.72 g. Mesh. Aelia 19. 20. Obv.: Type as 18. Rev.: Jupiter seated I., in tetrastyle temple as on 20, but eagle at hisefeet looking r. and an eagle looking L in r. field; beginning on L, C A -C Bronze. (XI), 20.76 g. Mesh. Aelia 18. 21. Obv: Type as 18. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing 1., resting foot on unidentified object, holding small bust and scepter; in exergue, C A C

Bronze. (XII), 9.44 g. Mesh. Aelia 20 (this coin). 22. Obv.: Type as 17. Rev.: Bust of Tyche r., hair in chignon; CO. AE CA • Bronze. (VI), 10.12 g. Mesh. Aelia 21. 23. Type as 22. (VI), 9.19 g. 24. Obv.: Type as 17. Rev.: The Dioscuri standing facing, looking at each other, one hand on spear, the other on hip, between them eagle standing facing, looking I.; CO AE CA Bronze. (XII), ii.o6 g. Mesh. Aelia 22. 25.Type as 24. (XII), 11.57 g. 26.Obv.: Type as 17. Rev.: Type as z5, but no eagle. Bronze. (XII), 12.48 g. Mesh. Aelia 23. 27.Type as z6. (XII), 9.5o g. 28.Obv.: Type as 17, but inscription starts below 1.: IMP ANTONIN° AVG PPP Rev.: Dionysus nude standing facing looking r., resting on thyrsos, pouring wine from jug over panther; COL AE LIA CAP Bronze. (XII), 6.5o g. Mesh. Aelia 24.

29. Type as 28. (XII), 7.49 g. 30. Obv.: Type as 28. Rev.: Ares, helmeted, standing facing, holding spear and resting on shield; CO AE CA Bronze. (X), 7.80 g. Mesh. Aelia 25a. 31. Type as 30. (X), 7.21 g. 32. Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; IMP CAES HAD ANTONINVS AVG PPP Rev.: Bust of Faustina Senior r., draped; FAVSTINA AVGVSTA Bronze. (XII), 6.87 g. Mesh. Aelia 26. 33. Obv.: Type as 32, but: IMP C T AEL HAD ANTONIN° AVG PP Rev.: Bust of Faustina Senior r., veiled; • CO. AE • CAPI• Bronze, (VI), 7.38 g. Mesh. Aelia 27. 34. Obv.: Type as 33. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; • CO • AE • • CAP • Bronze. (VI), 8.92 g. Mesh. Aelia 28.

42. Obv: Type as 32, but: IMP CAE ANTONINVS AVG PPP Rev.: Small draped bust of young Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, bareheaded; M • AVRELIVS CAESAR CAC Bronze. (XII), 10.07 g. Mesh. Aelia 37 (this coin). 43. Type as 42, but: IMP ANTONI AVGVS PPP. (VI), 6.24 44. Obv.: Type as 32, but: IMP ANTONINVS AVG PPP Rev.: Bust of young Marcus Aurelius r., bareheaded and draped; AVRELIO CAES AVG; below bust, C A C

Bronze. (VI), 7.37 g. Mesh. Aelia 38. Marcus Aurelius 06r-186 c4 45. Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG Rev.: She-wolf standing r. on base, looking at Romulus and Remus suckling; COL AELI; below, CAPE Bronze. (X), 26.25 g. Mesh. Aelia 43.

35. Obv.: Type as 32, but: IMP ANTONINVS AVG PP Rev.: Three female figures standing and raising one hand, holding unrecognizable objects; in exergue, • C • A • C • Bronze. (XII), 4.24 g. Mesh. Aelia 29.

46. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Serapis seated on throne 1., resting on scepter, extending hand over Cerberus at his feet; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 19.20 g. Mesh. Aelia 45.

36. Obv.: Type as 32, but: IMP CAES H ANTONIN() Rev.: Boar standing r.; K A C Bronze. (XII), 3.61 g. Mesh. Aelia 30.

47. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Trophy; COL A EL CAP Bronze. (VI), 11.2o g. Mesh. Aelia 46.

37. Obv.: Type as 36. Rev.: War-galley sailing 1.; above, COL AEL; below, CAP Bronze. (VI), 5.2o g. Mesh. Aelia 31.

48. Type as 47, but different distribution of rev. inscription: COL AE L CAP. (VI), 14.51 g. Mesh. Aelia 46a.

38. Obv.: Type as 32; IM ANTONIN Rev.: War-galley sailing r.; above, K A; below, C Bronze. (XII), 1.71 g. Mesh. Aelia 32.

49. Obv: Bust as on 45, but: IMP • CAE M AV ANT Rev.: Tyche standing 1. holding cornucopia; COL AEL KAP Bronze. (VI), 9.2o g. Mesh. Aelia 47.

39. Obv.: Type as 32, but: IMP CAE ANTON INV Rev.: Legionary eagle on thunderbolt standing r.; below, • C • A • C • Bronze. (XII), 4.66 g. Mesh. Aelia 34.

50. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Bust of Faustina Junior r. draped; FAVSTINA AVGVSTA C A C Bronze. (XII), 15.59 g. Mesh. Aelia 48.

40. Obv: Type as 32; IMP ANTONINVS Rev.: Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm branch; on 1., C; on r., A C Bronze. (III), 1.74 g. Mesh. Aelia 36.

51. Obv.: Draped and laureate busts of Marcus Aurelius on 1. and of Lucius Verus on r., confronted; IMP • CAES • ANTONIN° ET VERO AVG Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Tyche standing 1., holding scepter and bust; in exergue, COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 18.93 g. Mesh. Aelia 52.

41. Type as 40. (XI), 2.26 g.

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52. Obv.: Type as 51. Rev.: Type as 51, but on 1., COL; below, AEL; on r., CAP Bronze. (VI), 17.57 g. Mesh. Aelia 53. 53. Obv: Type as 51. Rev.: Victory advancing 1., holding palm branch and wreath; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 13.42 g. Mesh. Aelia 54. 54. Obv.: Type as 51. Rev.: Tyche seated 1. on throne, holding cornucopia and bowl; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (VI), 15.94 g. Mesh. Aelia 55. 55. Obv.: Type as 51. Rev.: Bust of Serapis 1.; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (VI), 7.02 g. Mesh. Aelia 56. 56. Obv.: Draped and laureate busts of Marcus Aurelius on 1. and of Commodus on r., confronted; IMP ANTON INVS • ET COMMODVS Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 20.64 g. Mesh. Aelia 57. 57. Obv.: Type as 56. Rev.: Roma seated 1. on arms, resting on scepter and holding small Victory; COL A EL CAP Bronze. (XII), 21.92 g. Mesh. Aelia 58. 58. Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; IMP CAES ANTONIN° AVG Rev.: Bust of young Commodus r., laureate; L AV COMMODO CA GE CO A CA Bronze. (VI), 9.96 g. Mesh. Aelia 59; Gitler Marcus Aurelius p. 42. 59. Obv.: Type as 58; IMP CAES ANTONIN° AVG Rev.: Commodus riding a horse r., hand raised; L AV COMMODO CA GE CO A CA Bronze. (XII), 11.28 g. Mesh. Aelia 6o. Lucius Verus (161-169 cE) 6o. Obv.: Bust of Lucius Verus r., laureate and draped, seen from rear; IMP CS L AVREL VERVS AVG Rev.: Serapis seated on throne 1., resting on scepter; at his feet, Cerberus r.; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 18.70 g. Mesh. Aelia 62. 61.Obv.: Type as 60; IMP CS L AVR VERVS AVG Rev.: Bust of Faustina Junior r., draped; FAVSTINA AVGVST C A C Bronze. (VI), 10.05 g. Mesh. Aelia 64. 62.Type as 61. (VI), 12.40 g.

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The Coins of Aelia Capitolina

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Commodes (177-192 CE) 63.01/2: Draped bust of Commodus r., seen from rear, laureate; IMP CAES M AVR COMMODVS AVG Rev.: Bust of Tyche r. as on 22; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (VI), 20.72 g. Mesh. Aelia 66. 64. Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; IMP CAE AVRE COMMODVS AV Rev.: Crispina and Lucilla standing facing each other, shaking hands, both veiled; CRISPINA AVG LVCILLA AV; in exergue, C A C Bronze. (XI), 17.54 g. Mesh. Aelia 67. 65.Obv: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; IMP AVRE COMODV Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding bust and resting on scepter; COL AEL CA Bronze. (XII), 10.26 g. Mesh. Aelia 69 (this coin). 66. Obv.: Type as 63, Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 15.38 g. Mesh. Aelia 71. 67.Type as 64, but of crude style. (XII), 14.44 g. Mesh. Aelia 7111. 68. Obv.: Type as 63. Rev.: Serapis standing facing looking 1., raising arm; COL AEL KAP Bronze. (XII), 12.39 g. Mesh. Aelia 73. 69. Obv.: Crude bust of Commodus r., laureate; IMP COM ANT CO AVG Rev.: Draped bust of Crispina r., hair in chignon; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 11.69 g. Mesh. Aelia 74. 70.Type as 67, but head of Crispina is smaller and inscription begins in upper field. (XII), 10.17 g. Mesh. Aelia 75. 71.Obv.: Type as 63. Rev.: Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm branch; C A K Bronze. (XII), 5.31 g. Mesh. Aelia 76. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) 72.Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; IMP CAES L SEPT SEVER PERT P AV Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Tyche standing L, holding scepter and bust; small figures of Victory between columns; COL AEL CAP PIAE Bronze. (VI), 14.48 g. Mesh. Aelia 78.

73.Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; [...]SEPT SEV AVG Rev.: Bust of J. Domna r., draped; IVLIA DOMNA[...] Bronze. (VI), 7.82 g. Mesh. Aelia 77. 74.Obv.: Jugate busts of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna r., draped; IMP CAES LV SEPT SEV ET IVLA DOMNA Rev.: Caracalla and Geta togate, standing facing each other, shaking hands; ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS GETA CAESAR Bronze. (XII), 17.09 g. Variant of Mesh. Aelia 81. 75 Type as 74, but reverse inscription in exergue, COL AE C COM P F. (XII), 21.96 g. Mesh. Aelia 81a. Julia Domna 76. Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IVLIA DOMNA Rev.: Tyche seated on throne 1., holding patera and cornucopia; COL AEL CAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 6.75 g. Mesh. Aelia 82. 77.Obv.: Type as 76. Rev.: Nemesis standing 1., holding top of chiton with 1. hand.; at her feet, 1., wheel; COL AEL C COMM P F Bronze. (XII), 4.61 g. Mesh. Aelia 83. Caracalla (198-217 CE) 78.01/2: Bust of young Caracalla r., laureate; ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS Rev.: Tetrastyle temple; within, Tyche standing 1., holding bust and scepter; COL AEL C below; COMM PIA FELIX Bronze. (XII), 13.49 g. Mesh. Aelia 86. 79.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT• KAI • ANTCONINOC • CEB• Rev.: Small bust of Caracalla r., laureate, undraped, supported by eagle with spread wings; in r. field, thyrsos bound with fillets; AHMAPX EE YllATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.83 g. Dated to 215-217 Cu. Mesh. Aelia 87; Prieur 1614. 80. Obe: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AVT KAI ANTCONINOC CEB Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing 1. on thyrsos, holding wreath in beak; between legs, wine jug; AHMAPX EE YFIATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (VI), 13.22 g. Dated to 215-217 CE. Mesh. Aelia 89a; Prieur 1626.

Obv.: Type as 79; AVT • KAI ANTCONINOC • CB Rev.: Type as 8o, but eagle standing on vine branch; AHMAPX EE YllATOC A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.79 g. Dated to 215-217 CE. Mesh. Aelia 91 (this coin); Prieur 1634. 82.017v.: Type as 79. Rev.: Eagle as on 8o, but between legs, vine leaf; AHMAPX EE YllATOC T A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.78 g. Dated to 215-217 GE. Mesh. Aelia 95; Priem 1617. 83.Type as 82; different reverse die. (XII), 12.62 g. 84.Obv.: Type as 79. Rev.: Eagle as on 81, but between legs, Dionysiac mask and small jar under the right wing of eagle. Silver tetradrachm. (VI), 13.42 g. Prieur 162oB. Geta (209-212 CE) 85.Obv: Bareheaded bust of Geta r., draped; SEP GET CAESAR AVG Rev.: Dionysus standing 1., resting 1. hand on thyrsos and pouring wine from jug, over panther at his feet; COLON IA ELIA CAP COM PIA FELIX Bronze. (XII), 10.94 g. Mesh. Aelia 8486.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta 1., seen from rear, bareheaded; SEP GET CASAR AVG Rev.: Dionysus as on 85; COLONIA AELIA CAP COM P FELIX Bronze. (XII), 9.06 g. Mesh. Aelia 85. Macrinus (217-218 CE) 87.01/2.: Bust of Macrinus r., laureate; IMP C OPEL S MACRINVS AVG Rev.: She-wolf standing r., head turned at Romulus and Remus suckling; COL AEL CAP COMM; in exergue, PIAE F Bronze. (XII), 20.36 g. Mesh. Aelia ioi (same dies). 88.O6e: Type as 87; IMP C OP MACRINVS AVG Rev.: Temple with Tyche as on 78, but with small figures of Victory between the columns; COL CAP CM/AELPF Bronze. (XII), 13.06 g. Mesh. Aelia io2a. 89.Obv.: Bust of Macrinus r., laureate; IMP C M OP MACRINVS AV Rev.: Bust of Serapis r., laureate; COL AEL CAP COMM/P F Bronze. (XII), 6.56 g. Mesh. Aelia 104.

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90. Obit.: Bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AYT K M 011EA C MAKPINOC CB Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing I. on thyrsos, holding wreath in beak; between legs, wine jug; below thyrsos, bunch of grapes; AHMAPX EE

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Silver tetradrachm. (VI), 11.99 g. Prieur 1641. 91.Obv.: Bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AYT K M on EA C MAKPINOC C Rev.: Type as 90, but below thyrsos, ivy leaf. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.34 g. Mesh. Aelia 96b; Prieur 1642. 92.Type as 89. (XII), 13.29 g. Diadumenian (318 CE) 93.Obv.: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., seen from rear, laureate; M OPEL DIADVMENIANVS C Rev.: Temple with Tyche as on 88; COL COM /AEL P F Bronze. (XII), 11.42 g. Mesh. Aelia 94. Type as 93, but rev.: COL AEL CAP COMM/ P F. (XII), 10.47 g. Mesh. Aelia io6b. 95.Obv.: Type as 93; M OPEL DIADVMENIANVS C Rev.: Serapis standing facing looking 1., holding scepter and raising hand; in 1. field, two torches (?); COL AEL CAP COMM P F Bronze. (XII), 9.39 g. Mesh. Aelia io8. 96. Obv.: Bareheaded bust of Diadumenian r., draped; M on ANTCON KAI Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing 1. on thyrsos, holding wreath in beak; between legs, wine jug; AHMAPX EE YllATOC n Silver tetradrachm, 13.19 g. Mesh. Aelia 99a (this coin). Elagabalus (218-222 c.E) 97.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M A ANTONIN Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing 1. with vexillum in back-ground; COL A C CO Bronze. (XII), 11.99 g. Mesh. Aelia 113a. 98. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS A Rev.: She-wolf standing r., head turned at Romulus and Remus suckling; COL AEL CAP COMM; in exergue, PIAE F (Type as 86). Bronze. (X),17.08 g. Mesh. Aelia 114a. 99. Obv.: Type as 98, but seen from rear. Rev.: Type as 98. Bronze. (XI), 17.39 g. Unpublished variant.

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

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100. 01/2.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, radiate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS AV Rev.: She-wolf as on 98; COL AEL CAP COMM; in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), 19.66 g. Mesh. Aelia 114b. 101.Type as mo, but head of she-wolf not turned toward twins. (XII), 17.23 g. 102.Obv.: Type as wo. Rev.: Type as 98, but: COL AVR AEL CAP COMM; in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), 19.35 g. Mesh. Aelia 117. 103.Type as 102, but bust undraped. (XII), 18.71 g. Mesh. Aelia 117a (this coin). 104.Obv.: Head of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: She-wolf as on 98, but standing 1.; COL AEL C P COMM (the I; is retrograde); in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), 15.92 g. Mesh. Aelia n8. 105.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS Rev.: She-wolf as on 101; COL AEL C COM; in exergue, wine jar flanked by P F Bronze. (XII), 9.58 g. Mesh. Aelia 119. io 6. Type as 105. (XII), 12.8o g. 107.Type as 105, but COL AEL CA COM P F; and in exergue, thyrsos. (XII), 11.22 g. Variant of Mesh. Aelia 119. 108.Type as to5, but no wine jar in exergue. (XII), 12.10g. Mesh. Aelia 119a. 109.Type as io5, but branch and P F in exergue. (VI), io.6o g. Mesh. Aelia 120. 110.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS A Rev.: Tyche standing 1., crowned by small Victory and holding bust; COL AEL CAP COMM P F Bronze. (XII), 9.96 g. Mesh. Aelia 122b. in. 01/2: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with Tyche as on 88; COL AEL CAP COMM; in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), 8.82 g. Mesh. Aelia 125 (this coin). 112.

Obv.: Type as no. Rev.: Type as in. Bronze. (VI), 9.63 g. Mesh. Aelia 125a.

113.O1w.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M A ANTONINVS Rev.: The Dioscuri riding horses 1.; traces of inscription. Bronze, badly preserved. (XII), 9.12 g. Mesh. Aelia 127.

114.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M A ANTONINVS Rev.: The emperor riding a horse r., holding a sword and raising hand; in exergue, wine jug; COLA C P F Bronze. (XII), 5.69 g. Mesh. Aelia 128. 115.01/2.: Type as 114. Rev.: Type as 114, but in upper 1. field, star; COL A C C PF Bronze, 8.34 g. Mesh. Aelia 128a. n6. Obe: Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AV ANTONIN Rev.: Tyche standing 1., resting on scepter and holding small bust above altar in front of her; in I. field, legionary standard with eagle; in exergue, wine cup; COL A C C[...] Bronze. (XII), 7.5o g. Mesh. Aelia 129b. 117.Type as n6; COL ACC P F. (XII), 8.17 g. 118.Obv: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M A ANTONINVS Rev.: Tyche standing 1. resting her hand on scepter and on legionary standard with eagle; behind her, another legionary standard topped by boar; at Tyche's feet, on r., wine jug; COL • AI C C Q • E • AV• A • Bronze. (XII), 10.62 g. cf. Mesh. Aelia 131. 119.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M A ANTONINVS Rev.: Boar standing r., in background, vexillum; inscription starting below, COL A C C P F Bronze. (XII), 7.31 g. Mesh. Aelia 132.

The Coins of Aelia Capitolina 123.Obv.: Type as 119. Rev.: Tyche in tetrastyle temple as on 88; COL AEL CAP Bronze. (XII), 11.32 g. Mesh. Aelia 125 variant. 124.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; IMP C M AVR ANTONI Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL AEL C A COMM P F Bronze. (XII), 7.76 g. Mesh. Aelia 134. 125.Type as 124, but head of Elagabalus radiate. (XII), 6.5o g. Mesh. Aelia 135. 126.Type as 115. (XII), 7.51 g. Mesh. Aelia 135. 127.O6v: Type as 124. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL •A•C•C- P • F Bronze. (XII), 4.06 g. Mesh. Aelia 136. 128.01/2.: Type as 124. Rev.: Bust of young Severus Alexander 1., bareheaded; M AV SE ALEXANDRVS N Bronze. (XII), n.26 g. Mesh. Aelia 139. 129.

Jugate busts of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander r., both laureate and draped; IMP C A AN AVG ET ALEX CAES Rev.: Emperor riding horse as on 114. Bronze. (XII), 10.48 g. Mesh. Aelia 140.

130.O6u: Type as 129. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 116. Bronze. (XI), 10.57 g. Mesh. Aelia 142. 131.Obv: Type as 130. Rev.: The stone of Emesa as on no. Bronze. (X), 7.26 g. Mesh. Aelia 143. 132.Obv: Type as 129. Rev.: Eagle standing facing looking r. with spread wings between two vocilla, behind eagle vexillum; COL ACC PF A V Bronze. (XI), 8.4o g. Mesh. Aelia 144. Severus Alexander (22.2-235 cE)

120.Obv.: Type as 119. Rev.: The stone of Emesa with eagle relief carried on quadriga facing; each pair of horses is shaded by a canopy; COL AELIA CA C PI FE Bronze. (XII), 9.27 g. Mesh. Aelia 133a.

133.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., seen from rear, laureate; IMP SE ALEXANDRVS SE Rev.: Tyche seated on throne 1., holding cornucopia and bowl; CO ELI CA CO P F Bronze. (XII), 8.58 g. Mesh. Aelia 148.

121.Type as 120. (XII), 8.39 g.

134.Type as 133, but rev.: COL A CA CO PIE FEL. (XII), 7.18 g. Mesh. Aelia 148a (this coin).

122.Type as 120, but no canopies. (XII), 8.52 g. Mesh. Aelia 133b.

135.Type as 134. (XII), 8.86 g.

87

136.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP SE ALEXANDRVS SE Rev.: Tyche seated on throne as on 133, but with eagle above bowl; CO ELI CA CO P F Bronze. (XII), io.58 g. Mesh. Aelia 149. 137.Type as 136, but crude style. (XII), 6.23 g. 138.Obv.: Bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; IMP SE ALEXANDRVS S Rev.: Bust of Serapis r; COL ACC PF Bronze. (XII), 4.31 g. Mesh. Aelia 151. Trajan Decries (249-25.r CE) 139.Obv.: Draped bust of Trajan Decius r., laureate; IMP C • C MES Q TRA DECIVS AVG Rev.: Tyche standing 1., in front of legionary standard with eagle, resting hand on scepter and holding small bust; crowned by small Victory standing on column behind her; at her feet, l., wine jar; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (VI), 13.81 g. Mesh. Aelia 152. 140.Obv.: Type as 139. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 139, but instead of legionary eagle, an eagle is landing on the small bust on her hand; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. 10.59 g. Mesh. Aelia 153. 141.Obv.: Type as 139. Rev.: Serapis seated on throne 1., holding scepter and extending arm above Cerberus; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 11.35 g. Mesh. Aelia 154142.01/2.: Type as 139. Rev.: Tyche seated on throne, holding cornucopia and bowl; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 9.21 g. Mesh. Aelia 155. 143.Obv.: Type as 139. Rev.: Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian standing facing each other, shaking hands, togate, holding scepters; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 15.77 g. Mesh. Aelia 156. 144.Obv.: Type as 139. Rev.: Four-line s within wreath: COL/AEL KAP/ COMM/PF Bronze. (VI), 11.80 g. Mesh. Aelia 157. 145.Obv.: Type as 139. Rev.: Draped bust of Tyche r.; COL AEL KAP COM P F

Bronze. (XII), 7.69 g. Mesh. Aelia 158.

88

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

Herennia Etruscilla 146.Obv.: Bust of Herennia Etruscilla r.; HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG Rev.: Type as 143, but chalice on high foot is between them. Bronze. 12.68 g. Mesh. Aelia 163. 147.Obv.: Bust of Herennia Etruscilla r.; HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG Rev.: Inscription as on 144. Bronze. (XII),12.85 g. Mesh. Atha 164. 148.Obv.: Type as 147. Rev.: Draped bust of Tyche r.; COL AEL K COMM P F Bronze. (I), 8.19 g. Mesh. Aelia 165. Herennius Etruscus (251 GO 149.Obv.: Draped bust of Herennius Etruscus r., seen from rear, radiate; Q HER ETR MES DECIO CAES Rev.: Tyche standing and inscription as on 14o. Bronze. (XII), 12.22 g. Mesh. Aelia 166. 15o. Obv.: Type as 149; Q HER ETRVS DECIVS C Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; COL AEL K COM P F Bronze. (XII), 4.87 g. Mesh. Aelia 167. 151.Obv.: Type as 149; C N Q DECIVS ETRVSCVS Rev.: She-wolf standing r., suckling Romulus and Remus, looking backwards; above it, legionary eagle r.; COL AEL KAP; in exergue, COM P F Bronze. (XII), 15.04 g. Mesh. Aelia 168a. 152.Type as 151, but rev.: COL AEL KAP COM; in exergue, P F. (XII), 13.90 g. Mesh. Aelia 168. 153.Obv.: Type as 151. Rev.: Boar running r.; on his back, legionary eagle with vexillum topped by star; in it, letters: L X F; COL AEL KAP COM P • F Bronze. (XII), 14.61 g. Mesh. Aelia 169. 154.Obv.: Type as 151. Rev.: Legionary eagle standing on base r., topped by vexillum containing the letters L • X • F; around, COL AEL KAP COM; in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), io.86 g. Mesh. Aelia 170.

Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian (251 CE) 157.Obv.: Jugate busts of Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian r., both radiate and draped; A ETRVSCVS ET QVINTVS CAESS Rev.: Zeus standing r., resting hand on scepter and holding small bust, between Zeus and the scepter, filleted thyrsos. Bronze. (XII), 11.96 g. Mesh. Atha 174. 158.Obv.: Type as 157. Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; COL AEL KAP COMP F Bronze. (XII), 11.8o g. Mesh. Aelia 176. 159.Obv.: Type as 157. Rev.: Tyche as on 149; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 17.2o g. Mesh. Aelia 173. Hostilian (251 GO 160.Obv.: Draped bust of Hostilian r., seen from rear, radiate; C VAL OST MES QVINTVS CAE Rev.: The emperor as founder plowing r. with bull and cow; COL AEL KAP; in exergue, COMM P F Bronze. (XII), 19.15 g. Mesh. Aelia 178. 161.Obv.: Type as 16o. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 139, but no wine jar at Tyche's feet. Bronze. (XII), 14.73 g. Mesh. Aelia 179a. 162.Obv.: Type as 16o. Rev.: She-wolf as on 45 topped by legionary eagle; COL AEL KAP; in exergue, CON F (N instead of M). Bronze. (XII), 14.05 g. Cf. Mesh. Aelia 181.

The Coins of Atha Capitolina THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

175.Type as 174, but on rev., in exergue, four pellets. 3.18 g.

Under the Byzantines

176.Type as 168, but above m, dot; on I.,

Heraclius (6ro-64r ce) 165.Obv: Crowned bust of Heraclius facing; DN hERACLIVS PP AVG Rev.: M; above, cross; on 1. and r., date: ANNO II/ II (year 4) = 613/4 CE; below, IEPOCOA Bronze follis, probably overtruck on an earlier follis. (VI), 13.58 g. Hahn 108-110; Meshorer 1965-66 and Meshorer 1987, pp. 24-26. Under the Umayyads Arab-Byzantine 166.Obv.: Imperial figure standing facing; on I., CONO Rev.: Ill; around, Greek : on 1., IEPO; on r., COAV; in exergue, MUM (of the people of Jerusalem). Bronze. 2.73 g. Mesh. Jerusalem 1. 167.Type as 166. 2.54 g. 168.Obv.: Bearded figure of the caliph standing facing, wearing long robe, placing hand on his sword: (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: M; on 1., (Iliya), on r.,

• I., I (Filastin) written downwards on r., (Iliya) written upwards. 3.32 g. Post-Reform 177.Obv.: In three lines: LI?, / c9 /Ill all 11/'4 (there is no god but God alone, Iliya). Rev.: In three lines: LI I Lill/ (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Iliya). Bronze. 3.19 g. Mesh. Jerusalem 3. 178.Type as 177. 2.83 g. 179.Obv.: Three lines within a triple circle: ill' YUJI 11/'4 (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines: (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); around it: Li* Lp, I a aill r (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Iliya). Bronze, 2.82 g. Walker 1956: 235, no. P.124. 180.Type as 179. 3.24 g.

(Filastin). Bronze. 3.52 g. Walker 1956 73. 169.Type as 1.68. 3.5o g.

163.Obv.: Type as 16o. Rev.: She-wolf as on 162, but two legionary standards in background; COL AEL KAP COM; in exergue, P F Bronze. (XII), 12.29 g. Mesh. Aelia 182.

170.Type as 168. 3.21 g.

164.Obv.: Type as i6o. Rev.: Hygieia seated on rock 1., placing hand over serpent rearing up to feed from a bowl in her 1.; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. Mesh. Aelia 184.

172.Type as 171. 3.10 g.

171.Type as 168, but crescent above Ill and pellet in exergue; inscription on I. upwards and on r. downwards. 2.91 g. Walker 1956 79.

173.Type as 168, but above Ill, star and crescent below line; on 1., Io (Filastin) written upwards; on r.,

155.Type as 154. (XII), 14.17 g. 156.Obv.: Type as 151. Rev.: Zeus standing r., resting hand on scepter and holding small bust; COL AEL KAP COM P F Bronze. (XII), 9.97 g. Mesh. Aelia 171.

89

(lliya) written upwards. 3.11 g. 174.Type as 173. 3.03 g.

181.Type as 179, but six pellets after mint name and struck on larger flan. 3.92 g. Under the Name "Filastin" 182.Obv.: Three lines within a circle: (there is no god°b-s-> ut9G God I 41j aX1olIn4j e)I; in margin: unla Lill all (the kingdom is God's, full weight). Rev.: Three lines wItliin ad,td i ij9_s,, , (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin, with palm branch: (struck at Filastin). Bronze. 5.23 g. SNAT 18-2o. 183.Type as 172. g.

The Coins of Aelia Capitolina

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

90

Under the Abbasids; mint name al-Quds

Without Mint Name 184.Obv.: Seven-branched candelabrum with flat base;

around: ovq 4111 XI all 2' (there is no god but God alone); Rev.: In three lines:, all I / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Bronze. 2.38 g. Barag Type 1.

191.Obv.: Three lines with two crescents underneath,

surrounded by a rope-like border of curly lines: d ifr,ti ca_-9 4111/X14_11 (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate). Rev.: In three lines, in circle: 4131 / J9_40) / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin:

185.Obv.: Five-branched candlestick with high base: ADI YI (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines:, 41JI I (there is no god but God alone). Bronze. 3.47 g. Barag Type 3b.

192.Type as191, but star instead of crescents on obv. 2.54 g.

186.Type as 185. 3.41g.

193.Type as 191. 2.78 g.

0 „ I a II Lib ,-ryes 4131rz)-Aaa..?

cyl_lito 9 (in the name of God, this fals was struck at alQuds in the year 217 = 832 CE). Bronze. 2.38 g. SNAT 32.

187.Type as 185. 2.81 g.

The Crusader Kingdom ofJerusalem

188.Type as 185. 4.01 g.

In the name of Baldwin HI (1143-1162 CE)

189.Obit: Type as 185. Rev.: In three lines in lobed square: XI/all (there is no god but God alone). Bronze. 3.02 g. Barag Type 2b.

194.Obv.: Cross in a ring; + REX BALDVINVS Rev.: Tower of David in a ring; + IERVSALEM Silver denier. (VII), 1.12 g. Metcalf 1995, 156-164-

190.Obv.: In three lines:

196.Type as 195, but rough style and the cross and Tower of David are in dotted frame. (IX), 0.84 g. Metcalf 1995,147.

YI/aJI (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: Pentagram in circle:

sa.

(Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Bronze. 2.61 g. SNAT 26.

195.Type as 194. (X), 0.90 g.

197.Type as 194, but half denomination. Silver obol. (IV), 0.55 g. Metcalf: 1995 154. 198.Type as 197. (VI), 0.43 g. In the name ofAmaury (1162-1174 CE)

199.Obv.: Cross in a ring; + REX AMALRICVS Rev.: Church of the Holy Sepulcher in a ring: + DE IERVSALEM Silver denier. (I), 0.71 g. Metcalf 1995, 169. 200.Type as 199. (XII), 0.76 g. Anonymous (nth century GE)

201.Obv.: Cross in a ring; + CRVCIS (retrograde civitas crucis, "city of the cross"). Rev.: Patriarchal cross on pedestal above a building (?) between two branches and two stars (monument of Golgotha?). Silver (billon) denier. (XII), o.88 g. Metcalf 1995, 201 and pp. 77-79; Barag zoo6 9. 202.Type as 201. (IX), 0.87 g.

203.Obv.: Cross in a ring; ['I. SANACRCA WI ("Sancta Aerea"). Rev.: Central building of the church of the Holy Sepulcher, between two towers (Meshorer) or aedicule of the tomb of Jesus flanked by corner posts (Metcalf 1995; Barag). Silver (billon) denier. (XII), 0.63 g. Metcalf 1995, 77-79; Barag 2006 8. 204.Obv.: Tower of David with balconies; +TVRRIS DAVID (retrograde). Rev.: Sarcophagus and aedicule of the tomb of Jesus in the Holy Sepulcher church; unclear inscription [SEPVLChRVM DOMINI?] Base silver denier. (VIII), 0.94 g. Baldwin 76; Metcalf 1995, 77; Barag 2006 7. Baronial Coinage: Raymond ofTripoli (2174-1177?)

205.Obv.: Tower of David flanked by two dots, in a ring; T•V•R•R•I•SRev.: Eight-pointed star in a ring; + • D • A •V• NT • Bronze. (I), o.6o g. Metcalf 1995, 206 and p. 88 (minted in Beirut); Kool 2007.

91

John ofBrienne (222o—nr7)

206.01/2.: Cross in a ring; +IOHANNES REX Rev.: Church of the Holy Sepulcher in a ring; + DE IERVSALEM Silver gros. (I),1.90 g. Metcalf1995,18 fig. 5. Attributed by Barag to the mint of Acre (Akko-Ptolemais): Barag 20 06 13. Seal Impression 207.Obv.: In five lines: S/ SCE # FRA/ TNITATIS / DE IHERU/M (sigilum sanctae fraternitatis de iherusalem). Rev.: Patriarchal cross in oval frame.

Lead, 24.70 g. This seal belonged most probably to a Jerusalemite Crusader fraternity (the St. Mary hospital of Josaphat?, St. John?). Decloedt 1914 54 (this seal); Sandoli p. 331 (this seal). This seal previously belonged to the Biblical Museum of Saint Anne in Jerusalem.

THE COINS OF ANTHEDON

THE COINS OF ASHDOD

Anthedon is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, close to Gaza. The site is usually identified with Teda or el-Balakhiye (BMC Palestine, xlv), but some scholars prefer to locate it at Shekh Zuweid (Mesh. City Coins, 31). The history of Anthedon is poorly known and its short-lived coinage gives the only clear evidence for its status in the Roman period. Augustus granted Anthedon to Herod the Great, who renamed it Agrippias, in honor of the Roman general, M. Vipsanius Agrippa (Josephus Ant. 13.357; B.J. 1.86, 416). The city minted coins during the reigns of Elagabalus (218-222 CE) and Severus Alexander (222-235 CE), when it most likely received the status of polls. The coins are dated according to a local era that began sometime between 215 and 218 CE (Stein 1990, 151-152). The possibility that coinage might have begun sooner under Caracalla (211-217 CE) was raised by Hill based on a single specimen (BMC Palestine, pl. XL, 14). A second coin, apparently of the same die, is found in the Sofaer collection (No. 1). The portrait on this coin is clearly that of Caracalla, however the date is illegible. The attribution of these coins to Caracalla, according to Kushnir-Stein, seems nevertheless uncertain (Stein 1990, 15o). The coin types are quite limited, and almost exclusively depict the figure of Tyche laying her hand on the stern of a galley, or resting her foot on a prow, thereby indicating the city's connection to the sea (No. 6). A coin representing Poseidon, holding a trident and a dolphin, also stresses this maritime character (No. 3).

Ashdod, situated fourteen kilometers north of Ascalon, was a major city during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. It is mentioned in literary sources found at Ugarit, dated to the Late Bronze Age II. Ashdod is also mentioned in the list of the cities of Judah (Joshua 15:47). It was one of the five cities of the Philistine Pentapolis (Joshua ii: 22, 13:3). Biblical sources give many references to Ashdod under Assyrian, Egyptian, and later Babylonian rule. After the return from the exile in Babylon, the Persian province of Ashdod became an enemy of Judah. The history of Ashdod during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, when the city was called Azotos (a corruption of the Semitic name), is recorded in the books of the Macabees and Josephus. Eusebius refers to Ashdod as a city of "certain importance" (Onom. 18.20). Excavations were carried out during the I96os and 197os on the acropolis, in the lower city, and in a cemetery, by the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, the Pittsburgh Carnegie Museum, and the Israel Department of Antiquities, under the direction of M. Dothan, D. N. Freedman, and J. Swauger. Twenty-three strata were discovered, dating from the Middle Bronze Age (IIC) to the Byzantine period (NEAEHL 1, 93-102). The city of Ashdod struck coins only in the Persian period, between 400 BCE and 333 BCE. It recently became possible to identify the coins of this mint, when new silver coins of the Philistian series were discovered bearing the full name of the city: wm ("Ashdod"). The iconography of the coins has been discussed by Gitler (2000, 73-87). Eighteen different types are listed in the new catalogue compiled by Gitler and Tal (2006). Of the four coins in the Sofaer collection, only two can be attributed with certainty to Ashdod: a unique drachm (No. 1) and an obol with a reclining bull and the letters tiw ("Ashd"; No. 4). Coins Nos. 2 and 3 are attributed to Philistia in general (Gitler and Tal 2006, 70-71)

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Elagabalus (218-222 CO 1.Obv.: Head of Caracalla r., bearded and laureate; [...1 ANTWNINOC CE Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing 1., holding small bust and resting on scepter; in exergue, ANOH; in I. field, ETOYC Bronze. (XII), 9.62 g. Date illegible; in the upper I. field a decorative sign resembling the Greek letter 0 appears. This symbol however, cannot be interpreted as the date of the coin according to the era of Anthedon and the portrait on the obverse. The attribution to Elagabalus is based on a similar coin known from the A. Spaer collection (A. KushnirStein and H. Gitler, pers. comm.). C£ BMC Palestine pl. XL, no. 14. 2. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT K M AV ANTWNINOC Rev.: Type as r. In exergue, ANOHA; on 1. and r., date: ET f (year 3). Bronze. (XII),12.52 g. Ros. I (Anthedon) r (this coin). 3.Obv.: Type as 1, crude style. Rev.: Poseidon standing r., holding arm on trident and a small dolphin; ANOHAONOC ET f (year 3). Bronze. (XII), 7.28 g. Mesh. City Coins 67 (same dies).

Severus Alexander (222-235 ce)

4. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; AVT • K • M • AY CE AAEEANA Rev.: Tyche seated on chair I., holding short scepter and resting on shield between her feet; ANOHAONOC ETOYC • Z (year 7). Bronze. (XII), 10.73 g. BMC Palestine (Anthedon) 2-3 (but different date). 5.Type as 3; obv.: [...]AYP CE AAEEANAPOC. (XII), 11.93 6. Obv.: Type as 3. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch and round roof; within, Tyche standing I., resting her foot on prow of galley, extending hand and resting on scepter; in exergue, ANOHAO; on r., NOC; on 1., date: Z (7). Bronze. (XII), 8.33 g. Ros. I (Anthedon) 6. 7.Obv.: Type as 3. Rev.: Tyche as on 5, but the shield is decorated in front of her; ANOHAWNOC ET 0 (year 9). Bronze. (I), 9.32 g. Mesh. City Coins 68. 8. Type as 7, but facing bust on shield. (XII), 8.96 g.

1.Obv.: Bearded male head r. Rev.: Cow standing 1., suckling a calf standing r. below her; above, w.D-v ('SDD). Silver drachm. (VI), 3.59 g. M. Ashdod 2; Gitler-Tal 82 ILAshdod.4D (this coin).

3. Obv.: Head to r. with earring. Rev.: Bull mounting cow to r.; above, ( S). Silver drachm (with chisel cut). (VI), 3.58 g. GitlerTal 26o, XX.Oriental head/ Bovidae.5Db (this coin).

2.Obv.: Bearded male head I., with long hair over shoulder. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; on r., AGE; on 1., olive spray and Semitic letter: t ('). Silver plated drachm. 3.47 g. Attributed to Ashdod by Kindler (1995 PI. A,4). C£ Gitler-Ta1196, XIV. Reverse Athenian-stylecLi6D.

4. 017v.: Bearded grotesque male head r. Rev.: Bull reclining r.; above, v i ( S), the 'Aleph is retrograde. Silver obol. (III), o.6o g. QDAP II 53; M. Ashdod 5; Gitler-Tal 88, II.Ashdod.9O [variant]a (this coin).

The Coins of Ascalon

THE COINS OF ASCALON Ascalon, the great harbor city of the Philistine Pentapolis, is situated to the south of Ashdod on the Mediterranean coast, about sixty-three kilometers south of Tel Aviv and sixteen kilometers north of Gaza. The site was inhabited from at least the Middle Bronze Age, when Ascalon is twice mentioned in Egyptian texts of the Hyksos period (NEAEHL 1, 103). In the twelfth century BCE, it was a major Philistine city. During the Persian period, Ascalon became a, "city of the Tyrians" (Ps.-Scylax Periplus 1.78). During the Hellenistic period, the city was first ruled by the Ptolemies and later by the Seleucids. Ascalon kept its autonomy under the Hasmonean dynasty, and was the only coastal city in Palestine that never fell under its control (i Macc. 10:84-87,11:6o; Stein 1990, 11). Herod the Great was born in Ascalon; this king adorned the city by building baths, fountains, and a temple in honor of Augustus (Josephus B.J. 1.422; Ant. 17.321). The city fought against the Jewish rebels during the Jewish War (66-7o CE) and suffered severely. Together with Gaza, Ascalon became one of the most important international trade centers in the region, especially for the export of grain and wine. The city was rebuilt by the Severan dynasty in the second century CE, and in the sixth century, became a bishopric. After its conquest by the Islamic Arabs in 636 CE, the city flourished until the Fatimid period (910-1171). It was captured by the Crusaders in 1153, but was retaken by Saladin after the battle of the Horns of Hattin (1187) and razed before the arrival of Richard the Lion-Heart in 1191. In 124o, Richard, Duke of Cornwall built a fortress at Ascalon, which was later destroyed by the Mamluk sultan, Baybars (1260-1277). The archaeological remains uncovered at Ascalon span a period of six thousand years, from the Chalcolithic to the Mamluk period. The first systematic excavations at the site were conducted by J. Garstang and W J. Phythian-Adams in 1921-1922. Salvage excavations have been undertaken at Ascalon since 1930 by the Mandatory and Israeli Department of Antiquities and Museums and later by the Israel Antiquities Authority. Since 1985, large-scale excavations have been conducted at Tel Ashkelon by the Leon Levy Expedition, sponsored by the Harvard Semitic Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and directed by L. E. Stager (NEAEHL 103-112). Part of the ancient city is today located within Yigael Yadin National Park. Ascalon began minting coins under Persian rule in the fifth century BCE (Nos. 1-3), together with Ashdod and Gaza (Meshorer 1989, 287-291 and bibliography). These so-called "Philistian" silver coins were struck in various denominations following the Attic system. The types of the Philistian series are numerous and varied (Gitler 2000, 73-87), making it difficult confidently to identify the mint city except when the abbreviation of the city's name appears (i.e., r' 4 the first and last letters of the name "Ashkelon"). Ascalon's coinage during the Persian period has been comprehensively studied by Gitler and Tal (2006), who have identified twenty-five different coin types. In Hellenistic times, Ascalon was a bone of contention between the rival Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms. Ascalon struck silver tetradrachms under Ptolemy IV (221-205 BCE); only two different dates of these rare coins are known, and both are represented in this collection (Nos. 4- 5). The range and variety of the Seleucid coinage of Ascalon (Nos. 6-18) has been discussed at length by Brett (195o, 43-54)• From the time of Antiochus IV (175-163 acE) onward, Ascalon struck numerous silver (on both the Attic and local Phoenician standards) and bronze coins. The dove of Derketo-Astarte, usually associated with the abbreviated ethnic, AI, or an aphiaston served as the city's mintmarks in the Seleucid period (Herodotus 1.105; Brett 195o, 43 and 51). On coins of Antiochus VIII dated to 112/111 BCE and onward, the titles IEP(AI) KAI

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AIY(A0Y) ("sacred and inviolable") appear for the first time (Nos. 15-18), reflecting a grant made by the king after he reclaimed the city from his half-brother, Antiochus IX (Nos. 11-14; Brett 195o, 51-52, No. 2o). Ascalon acquired autonomous status in 104/103 BCE and became the first city in Palestine to inaugurate its own era (Stein 1990, 9-25). From that year until the reign of Augustus, Ascalon issued autonomous coins, the most valuable of which were silver tetradrachms struck like the Seleucid issues to the Ptolemaic standard (Nos. 28-32). This coinage has been discussed by Spaer, who—based on the discovery of a hoard of tetradrachms from the Gaza strip—suggested that the transition from the late Seleucid royal issues of Ascalon to the early autonomous silver coinage was seamless (Svoronos 1904, 474-479; Spaer 1984, 229-239; see also de Callatay 2002, 71-91; Gitler and Master 2010, 72-84). Ascalonite autonomous tetradrachms closely imitated Seleucid Ptolemaic-weight tetradrachms, but replaced the royal inscription with AIKAAONITON IEPAZ KAI AXYAOY AYTONOMOY ("of the Ascalonites, sacred and inviolable, autonomous"). The obverse portraits of these tetradrachms are most likely those of late Ptolemaic Icings, although Spaer has argued that the coin portrays Antiochus VIII, who granted Ascalon its autonomy (Spaer 1999, 347-35o). The latest tetradrachm of this series is a rare type bearing the portrait of Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt (Gitler and Master 2010, 84-95; RPC 1, 673-674, No. 4866). In addition to tetradrachms, small silver and bronze autonomous issues, often displaying maritime types, were struck in Ascalon in great quantities (Nos.19-27 and 35-46). Most interesting in the autonomous series is a large, crude, bronze coin, depicting on the obverse the head of a bearded male (Askalos?) and an eagle standing on a thunderbolt—apparently imitating the silver tetradrachms—on the reverse (Nos. 33- 34)• Coins bearing the portraits of Roman emperors were struck practically every year from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) until the time of Maximinus (235-238 CE). No silver issues were produced during the early years of the Empire, and the first dated bronze coins only appear in year ioi (4/3 BCE) (RPC 1, 4877). The dates on many of these issues are uncertain, and the imperial portraits are very similar to each other, thus making their proper identification difficult. Although the local era of Ascalon continued to be used throughout the imperial period, an additional era was briefly introduced under Hadrian in order to commemorate the emperor's visit to Palestine (Nos. 135-136; Stein 1990, 9, 190-191). Three different denominations of bronze coins were struck at Ascalon from Augustus to Hadrian (RPC 674-675; RPC 2, 304), each of which is distinguished by reverse type: Tyche on a galley for the large (e.g., No. 65), Phanebal for the medium (e.g., No. 71), and a galley for the small bronze (No. 73). The most distinctive coin types minted in Ascalon have been discussed by Finkielsztejn (1992, 51-58). Among the deities represented are Tyche and Derketo, the latter of which appears frequently from the time of Antoninus Pius onwards (e.g. No. 140). Poseidon (e.g. No. 142) and Herakles (No. 198) are also represented. The latter may possibly represent the syncretistic god Herakles Belus mentioned in a dedicatory inscription made by a self-styled "Ascalonite" in Egypt (Mesh. City Coins, 27; Finkielsztejn, 57 n37). Phanebal (Pene Ba'al) seems to have been the most popular coin type minted in Ascalon. His first appearance under the Julio-Claudian dynasty (e.g.,No. 51) is quite exceptional, since most of the deities of the local pantheon of Ascalon are depicted only on coins produced after Hadrian or Antoninus Pius (Finkielsztejn 1992, 54). The origin of this cult is Phoenician and seems to be related to the cult of Aphrodite Palaistine/Ourania (Finkielsztejn, 55-58). The most notable type related to Phanebal, found on coins from the reign of Antoninus Pius onward, appears to depict his temple as a series of recessed gates in Egyptian style (Nos. 173-175). The proper identification of this architectural type as the temple of Phanebal was made possible only by the recent discovery of a coin of Julia Domna (Mesh. City Coins, 28, No. 49) that clearly depicts the god within the innermost gate. Egyptian influence can also be found in the types depicting Isis, perhaps as an avatar of the local Astarte (Nos. 145, 201, 202; Mesh. City Coins, 28; Prieur 1653). The extensive reuse of the Trajanic and Hadrianic coins of Ascalon (and Gaza) as flans for the bronze issues of the Bar Kokhba War (132-135 CE) is also worth noting. Despite the use of files to obliterate the original

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JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

types, sometimes the symbols and inscriptions of the host coins can be discerned under the Bar Kokhba types (Bijovsky 2000, 158-163; No. Bio). The provincial coinage of Ascalon ceased in 235 CE, but the mint was reopened under the Islamic Umayyad and Fatimid dynasties, for which the city struck not only silver dirhams and bronze fulus, but also gold dinars (No. 204).

THE PERSIAN PERIOD (400-333 BCE) 1.Obv.: Female head r., hair represented by granulated parallel lines. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; on 1. above, olive branch; on r., ri (N) ara ic Silver obol. (VI), 0.58 g. Gitler-Tal p. 102, IILAshIcelon.110. 2.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Type as 1. Silver hemiobor (III), 0.25 g. Gitler-Tal 102, III. Ashkelon.100a (this coin). 3.01/2: Helmeted head of Athena r. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; in upper 1. field, 4 (retrograde Aleph). Silver obol. (IX), 0.69 g. Gitler-Tal 108, III. Ashkelon.220 (this coin).

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Under the Ptolemies Ptolemy IV(22r-205 Bo& 4. Obv.: Jugate busts of Isis and Serapis r. Rev.: Eagle standing on thunderbolt 1., looking backwards; cornucopia above shoulder;IITOAEMAIOY BAIIAEDE; in 1. field, AI; on r., date: LI (year 3 = 219 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XI), 13.99 g. 5.Type as 4, but date: LA (year 4 = 218 BCE). (I), 13.69 g. Svoronos 1188. Under the Seleucids Antiochus /17(275—r64 BCE) 6. 01/2: Head of Antiochus IV r., radiate. Rev.: Dove standing 1.; above, BA; below, monogram: loK Bronze. (XII), 3.23 g. Spaer 1162; CSE 815; SC 2, 1495.1.

Alexander Balas (150-145 BCE) 7.01/2: Head of Alexander Balas r., diademed. Rev.: Dove standing I.; above, BA Bronze. (XII), 2.57 g. Spaer 1557; SC 2, 1848. Tryphon

Lier-138 BCE)

8.Obv.: Head of Tryphon r., diademed. Rev.: Macedonian helmet with cheek-pieces, spike and ibex horn I.; BAIIAEOE/TPY0ONOI/ AYTOKPATOPOE; in inner L field, AEK Bronze. (XII), 5.64 g. Cf. Spaer 1825; SC 2, 2040 (uncertain mint). Antiochus VII (138-129 ece) 9. Obv.: Crested Macedonian helmet. Rev.: Aphlaston; BAIIAEOI/ANT1OXOY Bronze. (XII), 1.65 g. Spaer 2095; CSE 818; SC 2, 2122 (uncertain mint). Alexander II Zebina (128-123 BCE) to. Obv.: Head of Alexander II Zebina, diademed r. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; palm branch behind shoulder; BAIIAEOI AAEEANAPOY; in 1. field, dove topped by AI; in r. field, illegible date. Silver drachm. (XII), 3.10 g. Cf. Brett 195o 13 (dated 124/23 BCE); SC 2, 2256 (dated from 126/25 BCE to 124/123 BCE). lIntiorbus VIII (125-0 BCE) 11. Obv.: Jugate busts of Cleopatra Thea, veiled, and Antiochus VIII, diademed, r. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; palm branch behind shoulder; BAIIAIIIHE/KAEOFIATPAI BAIIAME/ANTIOXOY; in 1. field, dove topped by AI; on r., date: NIP (191 = 122/1 BCE); between eagle's legs, IXI Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.02 g. Spaer 2484; CSE --821; SC 2, 2277.1a.

The Coins of Ascalon 12.Obv.: Head of Antiochus VIII r., diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; palm branch behind shoulder; BAIIAEOVANTIOXOY; in 1. field, dove facing I. topped by AE; below it, 4; on r., date: Ali P (194 = 119/8 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.45 g. Spaer 2597; CSE 822; SC 2, 2339.2a. 13.Obv.: Type as 12. Rev.: Type as 12, but below dove in 1. field, ft; in r. field, date: PAP (197 = 116/5 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 10.66 g. SC 2, 2339.5. 14.Obv.: Type as 12. Rev.: Type as 12 but below dove in 1. field, X' ; in r. field, date: eqP (199 = 114/3 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.60 g. Spaer 2608; SC 2, 2339.8. 15.01/2.: Bust of Antiochus VIII r., diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing I. on thunderbolt; palm branch behind shoulder; between legs, A; BAIIAEOE/ANT10X0Y; in 1. field, dove; above it, AI/ IEP /AEY; on r., date: a (203 = 110/9 BCE). Not in SC 2. Silver didrachm. (XII), 6.65 g. 16.01/2: Bust of Antiochus VIII r., diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt with palm branch behind shoulder; BAIIAE01/ ANTIOXOY; in 1. field, dove; below it, aphlaston; above it, AE/ IEP/ AIY; on r., date: LAI (year 204 = 107/8 BCE); between eagle's legs,* Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.94 g. Spaer 2622; SC 2. 2340.5. 17.01/2: Type as 16. Rev.: Type as 16 but between legs, and on r., date: LZI (year 207 = 108/7 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.53 g. Not in SC 2. 18.Type as 17, but monogram illegible and date: LHE (year 208 = 105/4 BCE). (XII), 13.58 g. Spaer 2638. Quasi-Autonomous and Autonomous (Municipal Coinage) 19.01/2.: Male head r., laureate. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; in center above prow, a dove standing 1.; AIKAA.ONITON/AHMOY; below prow, illegible inscription (IEPAI?; date?). Bronze. (XI), 5.85 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 1 (IEPAI); Voulgaridis (p. 347, dating NIP or PIP).

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20.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r., veiled. Rev.: Galley 1.; above, AI; below, date and monogram: eql) A (199 = 114/3 BCE). Silver hemidrachm. (II), 1.41 g. 21.01/2: Type as 20. Rev.: Type as zo, but in 1. field, palm branch; below, 71, and date: I (200 = 113/2 BCE). Silver hemidrachm. (XII), 1.59 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon suppl.) pl. XL.17; Voulgaridis p. 354 group 1. 22.Type as 21, but no monogram. (XII), 1.71 g. 23.01/2.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, AI; below, ITT Silver hemidrachm. (XII),1.6o g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 6; Voulgaridis: 355 group b. 24.Obv.: Type as 23. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, AI; below, palm branch. Bronze. (XII), 1.48 g. 25.Type as 24, but no palm branch. (XII), 1.93 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 8. 26.Obv.: Head of Aphrodite r. Rev.: Dove standing 1.; above, AI; to 1., 4 Silver hemidrachm. (XII), 1.18 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 1 (but different monogram). 27.01/2: Head of Aphrodite r., scepter behind shoulder. Rev.: Dove standing I., in 1. field, A; above, I Bronze. (XII), 1.54 g. Voulgaridis p. 363. 28.Obv.: Bust of Antiochus VIII r., diademed and draped. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt with palm branch behind shoulder; AIKAAONITON IEPAI All AYTO; in 1. field, dove and A; in r. field, date: LS (year 6 = 99/8 BCE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.93 g. Spaer Ascalon 5o (but different monogram). 29.Type as 28, but date LH (year 8 = 97/6 BCE); between eagle's legs, A and illegible monogram. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.97 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 23. 3o. Type as 28, but date: LKA (year 24 = 81/8o BCE); between eagle's legs, I Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.86 g. Spaer Ascalon H (but slightly different monogram). 31. Type as 28, but above dove, date: LM (year 4o = 65/4 BCE); on r., A/MI. (XII), 13.58 g. Misstruck. M. SNG ANS 65o.

The Coins of Ascalon

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

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32.Type as 31, but above dove, date: LMA (year 41 = 64/3 BCE); between eagle's legs, (XII), 13.67 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 18. 33.Obv.: Bearded male head r. (Askalos?), crude style. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; palm branch behind shoulder; in 1. field, dove; above it, Al; on r., AO (74 = 31/30 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 11.15 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 16; Cf. Ros. I (Ascalon) 8; RPC I 4869. 34.Type as 33, but extremely crude style and date illegible. (XII), 11.01 g. 35.Obv.: Male head r. Rev.: Dove standing 1.; A C Bronze. (XII), 2.76 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 7. 36.Type as 35. (IX), 2.42 g. 37.Type as 35. (LX), 2.29 g. 38.Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Galley with ram and aphlaston r.; above, AC; below, date: OM (49 = 56/5 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 4.27 g. M. SNG ANS 66o. 39. Type as 38, but undated; above galley, Al. (XII), 6.54 g. 40. Type as 39. 4.69 g. 41.Type as 38, but half denomination and galley to 1.; no date. (XII), 3.37 g. M. SNG ANS 663; Ros. I (Ascalon) 47. 42. Type as 41. (XII), 3.63 g. 43. Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, AC Bronze. (XII), r.34 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 28. 44. Obv.: Male head r. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, Al; below, date: NZ (57) = 48/7 BCE. Bronze. (XII), 2.98 g. M. SNG ANS 662. 45. Obv.: Young male head r., laureate (?), behind neck, trident. Rev.: Prow of galley I.; above, Al; below, date: EA (64 41/40 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 3.35 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 3o; Ros. I (Ascalon) 37. 46. Obv.: Bearded male head r. Rev.: Double cornucopiae; between horns, ear of grain; in field below, A C Bronze. (IV), 2.20 g. Variant of BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 41-2.

THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits Augustus (27 BCE-1.0 CE) 47.Obv.: Head of Augustus r. Rev.: Prow of galley 1.; above, AC Bronze. (XII), 2.54 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 35; Ros. I (Ascalon) 35; RPC I 4873. 48. Obv.: Type as 47. Rev.: Double comucopiaee with caduceus between the horns; in field below, AC Bronze. (XII), 1.90 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 45 (with the same die break on obverse). 49. OIm: Type as 47. Rev.: Triple cornucopiae(?) Bronze. (XII), 1.76 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 44. 5o. O/w.: Type as 47 (?)• Rev.: Winged caduceus flanked by A C Bronze. (XII), 3.25 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 39; RPC I 4874. 51.Obv.: Head of Augustus (?) r. Rev.: Phanebal standing 1., nude, holding sword and shield, to I., A C Bronze. (XII), 6.8o g. 52.Type as 51. Bronze. (XII), 6.7o g. 53.Obv.: Crude head of Augustus (?) r.; on r., IC (?) Rev.: Phanebal (?) standing I. with short military dress, holding unclear objects; in r. field, AC Bronze. (XII), 3.56 g. The identification of this so far unique coin is uncertain. 54. Obv.: Bust of Tyche r. Rev.: Tyche standing facing, looking I., holding tiller and small scepter; on I., AC; on r., date: OP (109 = 5/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.11 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 17 (dated to 26/5 BCE); RPC I 4871 var. Tiberius (14-37 0E) 55.Obv.: Bare head of Tiberius r.; across field, C E Rev.: Tyche standing on prow of galley 1., holding standard and aphlaston; in 1. field, dove; AC; on r., date: L OIP (year 119 =15/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.27 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 83; RPC I 4880.

56. Obv.: Type as 55. Rev.: Tyche as on 57; on r., date: L ZKP (year 127 = 23/4 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 10.47 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 84; RPC I 4881. 57.Type as 56, but date L AP (year 130 = 26/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.67 g. 58.Type as 56, but date L EAP (year 135 = 31/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.07 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 85. Gaius Caligula 637-41 CE) 59.Obv.: Head of Gaius Caligula 1.; CEBAC Rev.: Tyche standing on prow of galley 1., holding standard and aphlaston; on 1., altar and ACKAA; in r. field, dove and date: IMP (143 = 39/40 CE). Bronze (1I), 11.05 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 824 Rpc i 4883. 6o. Type as 59, but very crude. (I), 10.91 g. 61.Type as 59, but crude style. (I), 12.61 g. 62. Obv.: Head of Caligula 1., flanked by C E Rev.: Phanebal standing facing with short military dress looking r., holding dagger and palm branch with shield; on 1. and r., A C Bronze. (XII), 6.57 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 8o; RPC I 4884. Claudius (41-54 CE) 63.Obv.: Head of Claudius r. laureate. Rev.: Phanebal standing 1. with short military dress, holding sword and shield, flanked by A C Bronze. (XII), 3.67 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 81; RPC I 4886. 64. Obv.: Head of Claudius r., laureate; below, square countermark depicting male head r. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59. Very worn; by comparison with similar coins the date on this coin is probably SMP (146 = 42/3 CE). (Meshorer). Bronze. (XII), 11.05 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 99 (erroneously related to Nero); RPC I 4885; GIC 143 (countermark). 65.Obv.: Head of Claudius 1,, laureate; CEBACT Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; ACKAAO; in r. field, dove and date: SNP (156 = 52/3 CE); in I. field, altar. Bronze. (XII), 12.66 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 84; RPC I 4887. 66. Type as 65. (XII), 14.06 g.

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Nero (54-68 cE) 67.Obv.: Head of Nero I., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; ACKAAO; in r. field, dove and date: BEP (162 = 58/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.21 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 88; RPC I 4888. 68. Obv.: Head of Nero r., laureate; CEBAC TOC; in r. field, altar. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; ACKAAO; in r. field, dove and date: AOP (171 = 67/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.08 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 93; RPC I 4891. 69. Type as 68, but obv. portrait to 1. (XII), 12.43 g. RPC I 48 0.

7o. Obv.: Head of Nero r., laureate; CEBACTOC; in r. field, altar. Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on 1., AC; on r., date: AOP (171 = 67/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.81 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) ioo; RPC I 4892. Vespasian (69-79 GE) 71.Obv.: Bust of Vespasian r., laureate; IEBAITOE Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., Al; on 1., date: SOP (176 = 72/3 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 7.57 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) no; RPC II 2203. 72.Type as 71. (XII), 8.25 g. 73.(DIN.: Bust of Tyche r., veiled. Rev.: War-galley r. with cruciform standard at stern; above, SOP/AE (176 = 72/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 4.43 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 46; RPC II 2204. 74. Type as 73, but date: np (18o = 76/7 CE). (XII), 4.29 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 5o; RPC II 2205. 75.Type as 74, but with countermark of Tenth Fretensis legion on obv. (XII), 4.85 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 56; for countermark, GIC 735. 76. Type as 75. (XII), 3.09 g. 77.Obv.: Bust of Vespasian I., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; ACKAAO; in r. field, dove and date: Bn P (182 = 78/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.43 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 105; RPC II 2207.

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The Coins of Ascalon

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

Titus (79-8r ce) 78. Obv.: Bust of Titus r., laureate; IEBAITOI Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; AIKAAO; in r. field, dove and date: Anp (184 = 80/i CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.08 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 117; RPC II 2209. Domitian (8r-96 c.E) 79. Obv.: Bust of Domitian n, laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; ACKAAQ; in r. field, dove and date: HI1P (188 = 84/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.88 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) u9; RPC II 2210. 80. Obv.: Type as 79. Rev.: Type as 79, but date: SAID (189 = 85/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.05 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 121; RPC II 2212. 81.Obv.: Bust of DOmitian 1., laureate; CEBA Rev.: Type as 8o, but additional letter B under the date. Bronze. (XII), 9.94 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 126; RPC II 2211. 82.Obv.: Bust of Domitian 1., laureate; CE Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., AC; on 1., date: en (189 = 85/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.03 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 129; RPC II 2213. 83.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r.; AC Rev: War-galley r.; above, date: &IP (189 = 85/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.33 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 56; RPC II 2214. 84. Obv.: Bust of Domitian r., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 59; AIKAA; in r. field, dove and date: I-IP/A (191 = 87/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.47 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 117 (this coin); RPC II 2215/5 (this CO—,. coin).

104.Type as 102, but date: AIC (214 = no/i CE). (XII), 2.83 g.

120.Type as 119. (XII), 12_88 g.

88. 01n.: Bust of Tyche r.; ACKA Rev.: War-galley r.; above, date: ZC (?) (207 =104/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.55 g. Date is uncertain.

105.Type as 89, but date: EIC (215 = in/2 CE). (XII), 12.94g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 145; Ros. I (Ascalon) 138.

89. Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; CEBAC Rev.: Type as 59; ACKAA; in 1. field, altar; in r. field, dove and date: OC (209 =105/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.62 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 121.

106.Obv.: Type as 90. Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., ACKA; on 1., date: EIC (215 = 11112 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.26 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 163; Ros. I (Ascalon) 139.

121.Obv.: Type as 119. Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on 1., ACKA; on r., date, across field, AKC (221 = 117/8 CE). Bronze. (II), 5.19 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 182; Ros. I (Ascalon) 149.

Trajan (98-n7 CF.)

90. Obv.: Head of Trajan r., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., AC; on 1., date: OC (209 = 105/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.39 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 159; Ros. I (Ascalon) 122. 91.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r.; ACK Rev.: War-galley r.; above, date: OC (209 = io5/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.69 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 59• 92. Type as 89, but date: IC (210 =106/7 CE). (XII), 11.96 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 136; Ros. I (Ascalon) 124. 93. Type as 91, but date: IC (210 = 106/7 CE). (XII), 3.22g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 61. 94. Type as 89, but date: AIC (211 = 107/8 CE). (XII), 12.15g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 140. 95.Type as 90, but date: AIC (211=107/8 CE). (XII), 8.63g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) la 96. Type as 90, but r. inscription written downwards and 1. inscription written upwards. (XII), 5.93 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 130. 97.Type as 91, but date: AIC (211 = 107/8 CE). (XII), 3.o9g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 60. 98. Type as 97, but crude style. (XII), 3.18 g. 99. Type as 89, but date: SIC (213 = 109/10 CE). (XII), 11.14 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 143; Ros. I (Ascalon) 132.

85. Obv.: Bust of Domitian r., laureate; CEBAC Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., AC; on I., date: HIP (198 = 94/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.27 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 132; RPC II 2216.

um. Obv.: Type as 90. CEBAC Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on r., ACK; on I., date: TIC (213 = 109/10 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.3o g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 133.

86. Type as 85, but struck on smaller flan. (XII), 3.43 g.

102.Type as 91, but standard on galley and date: IIC (213 = 109/10 CE). (XII), 3.08 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 63.

87.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r., veiled; AC Rev.: War-galley as on 83; above, date: HIP (198 = 94/5 CE). Bronze. (I), 3.18 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 57; RPC II 2217.

101

107.Type as 81, but date: EIC (215 = 111/2 CE). (XII), 1.96g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 62. 108.Type as 89, but date: SIC (216 = 112/3 CE). (XII), 14.70g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 146; Ros. I (Ascalon) 140. 109.Type as io8. (XII), 13.60 g. no. Type as io8. (XII), 12.79 g. in. Type as 9o; on r., ACK; on I., date: SIC (216 = 112/3 CE). (XII), 5.8o g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 165; Ros. I (Ascalon) 142. 112.Type as 81, but date: SIC (216 = 112/3 CE). (XII), 2.96g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 64. 113.Type as 112, but standard on galley and date: ZIC (217 = 113/4 CE). (XII), 1.98 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 65. 114.Tyche as on 89, but date: KC (22o = 116/7 CE). (XII), 12.30 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 156; Ros. I (Ascalon) 144. 115.Obv.: Type as 90. Rev.: Phanebal as on 6z; on 1., ACKA; on r., date: KC (220 = 116/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.32 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 168; Ros. I (Ascalon) 145. 116.Type as 115, but on rev. date is on 1. and name of city on L. (XII), 7.59 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 146. 117.Type as 81, but standard on galley to 1. and date: KC (22o = 116/7 CE). (XII), 3.03 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 66. u8. Type as 117. (XII), 2.71 g.

101.Type as mo. (XII), 5.26 g.

103.Type as ioo, but date: AIC (214 = no/i CE). (XII), 6.35g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 162; Ros. I (Ascalon) 135.

Hadrian (117-138 cE) 119. Obv.: Head of Hadrian r., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche as on 59, but date: AKC (221 = 117/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.76 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 169; Ros. I (Ascalon) 148.

122.Type as 91; obv.: ACKAA; rev., date: AKC (221 = 117/8 CE). (XII), 2.72 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 68. 123.Type as 119, but date: BKC (222 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.37 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 171; Ros. I (Ascalon) 150. 124.Type as 121, but date: BKC (222 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.10 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 151. 125.Type as 122, but date: BKC (222 = 118/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 3.95 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 70. 126.Type as 119, but obv. draped and cuirassed bust and date: IKC (223 = 119/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.24g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 175; Ros. I (Ascalon) 152. 127.Obv.: Type as 121. Rev.: Phanebal as on 121; on I., date: TKC (223 = 119/ 20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.39 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 153. 128.Type as 126, but date: AKC (224 = 120/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.01 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 155. 129.Type as 128, but head of Hadrian 1. (XII), 9.63 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 156. 130.Obv.: Bust of Hadrian 1.; CEBAC[...] Rev.: Phanebal as on 121, but date: AKC (224 = 120/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.38 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 184. 131.Type

as 126, but date: SKC (226 = 122/3 CE). 12.08 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 178; Ros.

(XII), I (As-

calon) 159. 132.Type as 121, but draped and cuirassed bust on obv., and date: SKC (226 = 122/3 CE). Crude style. (XII), 5.66 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 16o. 133.Obv.: Lightly draped bust of Hadrian r., laureate; CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche as on 59, but date: SAC (236 = 132/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.18 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 165. 134.Type as 133. (XII), 12.16 g.

102

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

135.Obv.: Type as 132, but seen from rear. Rev.: Phanebal as on Ur, but: AC (VAN and date: SAC (236 = 132/3 CE); in I. field, E (4) indicating fourth year of Hadrian's visit to Judaea. Bronze. (XII), 6.42 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 187; Ros. I (Ascalon) 168.

145.Obv.: Head of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; ANTWNINOC CEBACTOC Rey: Deity standing r. on flat basis, holding flail and scepter; below, three lions standing r.; on r., ACKAACON; on 1., date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.53 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 202.

136.Type as 135. (XII), 6.72 g.

146.Obv.: Type as 145. Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., resting foot on rock, holding dolphin and trident; on r., ACKAACON; 0111., date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.62 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 208; Ros. I (Ascalon) 176.

137.Obv.: Head of Tyche r, above, ACK; below, L Rev.: War-galley; date: SAC (236 = 132/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.5o g. Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) 138.Type as 137, but date: EMC (245 = 141/2 CE). (XII), 2.12 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 63; Ros. I (Ascalon) 72. 139.Obv.: Head of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; CEBAC Rev.: Phanebal?s on 62, but wearing Phrygian cap; AC CDAN...A; in 1. field, date: NC (25o = 146/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.5o g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 216; Ros. III (Ascalon Suppl.) 28. 140.Dim.: Head of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; ANTWNINOC CEBACTOC Rev.: Derketo standing on Triton, holding cornucopia, dove and scepter; on I., ACKAAON; on r., date: INC (253 = 149/50 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.64 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 192. 141.Type as 140, but date: ANC (254 =150h CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.47 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 175. 142.Obv.: Type as 140. Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., holding trident and dolphin; on 1., date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE).; in r. field, ACKAACO Bronze. (XII), 12.26 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 208. 143.Obv.: Laureate head of Antoninus Pius r., with a large rectangular countermark depicting Phanebal; CEBACTOC ANTWNINOC Rev.: Facade of Phanebal temple at Ascalon with four recessed gates; on 1. and r., ACK AAW; in exergue, date: ANC (254 = 150/51 CE). Bronze, very worn. (XII),11.39 g. Mesh. City Coins 5o; for counterman() GIC 265. 144.Type as 143, but date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.03 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 194; Ros. I (Ascalon) 177.

147.Obv.: Type as 145. Rev.: Tyche standing on 1. looking r., holding aphlaston, shaking hand with Derketo standing on r. looking 1. and holding scepter; ACKAAW; on r., date: ENC (255 =151/2 CE). Bronze. (XI), 12.04 g. 148.Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; ANTCONINOC Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking 1., holding scepter and aphlaston; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., dove 1. and date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XI), 8.78 g. Ros. III (Ascalon Suppl.) 29. 149.017v.: Head of Antoninus Pius r., laureate: CEBACTOC Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on I., ACKAA; on r, date: ENC (255 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XI), 4.00 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 219. 150.Type as137, but date: ENC (255 =151/2 CE). (XII),1.86 g. 151.Type as 145, but date: CNC (256 = 152/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.92 g. 152.Type as 140, but date: HNC (258 = 154/5 CE). (XII), 18.21 g. 153.Type as 140, but date: ANC (259 = 155/6 CE). (XII), 14.35 g. 154.Type as 140, but date: EC (26o = 156/7 CE). (XII), 17.33 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 182. 155.Type as 154. (XII), 20.43 g. 156.Type as 148, but date (below dove): EC (26o = 156/7 CE). (XII), 8.54 g. 157.Type as 156, but date written above dove, downwards. (XII), 5.75 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 180. 158.Type as 157. (XII), 8.17 g.

The Coins of Ascalon 159.Obv.: Type as 149. Rev.: Phanebal as on 62; on I., ACKAACON; on r., date: EC (26o = 156/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 4.14 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 222; Ros. I (Ascalon) 181. 160.Type as 159. (XII), 4.19 g. la Type as 140, but date: AEC (261 = 157/8 CE); rectangular countermark on reverse with Phanebal. (XII), 8.85 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 184; for countermark see GIC 265. 162.Type as 148, but date: AEC (261 = 157/8 CE). (XII), 8.65g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 185. 163.Type as 140, but draped and cuirassed bust seen from rear, and date: BEC (262 = 158/9 CE). (XII), 19.19 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 186. 164.Type as 148, but date (written above dove): BEC (262 = 158/9 CE). 6.95 g. 165.Type as 159, but date: BEC (262 = 158/9 CE). (XII), 3.38g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 187. 166.Type as 165. (XII), 3.74 g. Marcus Aurelius (16r-18o CE) 167.Obv.: Bareheaded bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, draped and cuirassed; ANTWNINOC AVPHAIOC Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., resting foot on prow of galley, holding dolphin on outstretched palm and trident; on 1., ACKAACON; on r., date: BEC (262 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XI), 15.94 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 189. 168.Obv.: Bareheaded bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, draped and cuirassed; ANTWNINOC AVIV AVPHAIOC Rev.: Deity standing r. on three lions as on 145; on r., ACKAACON; on I., illegible date. Bronze. (XII), 15.11 g. Faustina Junior 169.Obv.: Bust of Faustina Junior r.; WAOYCTEINA AY1OYCTA Rev.: The Dioscuri standing facing looking at each other, resting outer arms on spears; above, crescent; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: BEC (262 = 158/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.08 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 226; Ros. I (Ascalon) 192.

103

Commodus (197-192 CE) 170.Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; traces of inscription. Rev.: Poseidon standing 1. as on 167; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: Bnc (282 = 178/9 CE). Bronze, very worn. (XII), 12.93 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 194. 171.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus r., seen from rear, laureate; KOMOAOC CEBACTOC Rev.: The Dioscuri standing facing as on 169; on I., ACKAACO; on r., date: BIIC (282 = 178/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.84 g. Mesh. City Coins 51 (this coin). 172.Obv.: Bust of young Commodus r., laureate; KOMOAOC CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche as on 148; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: Bnc (282 = 178/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.55 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 195. Septimius Severus (193-211 GE) 173.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AV KA C CEOVHP[...]CEB Rev.: Building with four doorways, one within the other, and Egyptian style columns (temple of Phanebal?); on 1., ACK; on r., AAW; in exergue, date: AT (301 = 197/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.01 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 231; Ros. III (Ascalon Suppl.) 32. 174.Type as 173, but date: TB (302 = 198/9 CE). 15.88 g. 175.Type as 173, but date: AT (309 = 205/6 CE). 15.93 g. Julia Domna 176.Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r.; AOMNA CEBACT Rev.: The Dioscuri standing facing as on 172; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: AT boa = zoo/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.35 g. Caracalla (198-217 CE) 177.Obv.: Laureate bust of Caracalla r.; AYT K M ANTCONEINOC Rev.: Eagle standing on palm branch facing with spread wings, head turning 1.; below, small dove holding olive spray in beak; AH EE YIIATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (Dated to 215-217 CE). (XII), 14.26 g. Prieur 1654. 178.Variant of 177. AYT KAI ANTCON El NOC. (VI), 15.40 g. Prieur 1654(vax.).

104

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

Geta (209-212 or) 179.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., bareheaded; A ... FETA Rev.: Tyche as on 148; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: BT (302 = 198/9 cE). Bronze. (XII), 4.73 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 235. Macrinus (217-218 cE) 180.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Macrinus r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT • K • m•on•cE•MAKPINOCCEB Rev.: Poseidon standing 1., raising arm and holding trident; at his 1., dolphin; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XII), 22.14 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 206. 181.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: Deity standing 1. on three lions, holding flail and raising hand; ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). • Bronze. (XII), 21.61 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 207.

Elagabalus (218-222 cE) 187.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; CE• A • K • M • AY• ANTWNEINOC Rev.: Phanebal standing 1., wearing long chiton, raising arm and holding palm branch and shield; in lower 1. field., thunderbolt; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XI), 18.46 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 212. 188.Obv: Type as 187: AYT • K • M • AY[...1 Rev.: Derketo as on 14o; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321= 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XII), to.88 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 237; Ros. I (Ascalon) 213. 189.Obv.: Type as 187; [...ANTW]NEINOC CE Rev.: Deity standing on three lions as on 181, but to 1. no scepter and hand raised; in I. field, star; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321= 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.99 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 211.

182.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: Tyche standing as on 148; on 1., ACKAAW; on /1, date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XII), 13.40 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 205.

19o. Obv.: Type as 187, but seen from rear; AYT K M A ANTWNEINOC Rev.: Derketo as on 140; on I., ACKAAW; on r., AM and date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (VI), 12.85 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 213.

183.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: Derketo as on 140; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XII), n.75 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 236; Ros. I (Ascalon) 203.

191.O1/2.: Type as 187; f...1ANTC0NEINOC Rev.: Derketo as on 14o; on 1., ACKA; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 cE). Bronze. (XII), 7.23 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 214.

184.Obv.: Type as 180. Rev.: Temple as on 173, but within central doorway an X design; on 1., ACK; on r., AAW; in exergue date: AKT (321 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.88 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 204. Diadumenian (218 CE) 185.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Diadumenian r.; AYT KAI • MA Oil CE AIAAOYMENIAN Rev.: Derketo as on 14o; on 1., ACKAAW; on r., date: AKT (321 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.55 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 210. 186.Obv: Type as 185. Rev.: Temple as on 173; on 1., ACK; on r., AAW; in exergue, date: AKT (321 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.30 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 209.

192.Obv.: Type as 187; [...IANTC0NEINOC CE Rev.: Derketo aS on 140, but date: BKT(32.2= 218/9 cE). Bronze. (VII), 8.22 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 24o; Ros. I (Ascalon) 219. 193.Obv.: Type as 187: AYT • K• M • A ANTC0N[...] Rev.: Poseidon as on 18o; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: BKT (322 = 218/9 cE). Bronze. (XII), 12.53 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 220. 194.Obv.: Type as 187: AYT • K • MA AN[...1 Rev.: Temple as on 173; on I., ACK; on r., AAW; in exergue date: BKT (322 = 218/9 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 7.70 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 245; Ros. I (Ascalon) 217. Smaller denomination? 195.Type as 194. (XI), 11.62 g.

The Coins of Ascalon Severus Alexander (222-235 or) 196.Obv: Draped and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; AYT Kf...1AAEZAN Rev.: Nude figure standing 1., raising arm and holding flail; ACKAAW; date: HKT (328 = 224/5 cE). Bronze. (VI), 1.56 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 221. 197.ObV.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander r., seen from rear, laureate. Rev.: Deity standing r. on three lions as on 145; on r., ACKAAW; on I., date: AAT (331 = 227/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.98 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 228. 198.Obv.: Type as 197; A KA M AV CEVH • AAEEANAPOC Rev.: Herakles standing 1., crowned by small Victory he holds on palm, resting hand on club; on r., ACKAAW; on I., date: MT (334 = 230/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.94 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 25o; Ros. I (Ascalon) 233. 199.Obv.: Type as 196. Rev.: Phanebal standing 1. as on 187; on I., ACKAAW; on r., date: MT (334 = 230/1 cE). Bronze. (VI), 18.89 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 247; Ros. I (Ascalon) 23o. Maximinus (235-238 zoo. Obv.: Draped bust of Maximinus r., laureate; MAEIMEINVC AYH[...] Rev.: Diety standing on three lions as on 145; on r., date and inscription: HAT ACK (338 = 234/5 cE). Bronze. (XII), 9.32 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 236. 201.ObV.: Type as 200; MAEIMEIM...WOC Rev.: Bust of Isis 1. wearing Atef crown, holding scepter in front and flail behind; below, three lion heads; on 1., date and inscription: HAT ACK (338 = 234/5 CE); on r., KAA Bronze. (VII), 11.64 g. BMC Palestine (Ascalon) 251. 202.O1 w: Type as 200, but seen from rear; legend unclear. Rev.: Herakles as on 198; on r., date and inscription: HAT ACKAA (338 = 234/5 cE). Bronze. (VI), 13.35 g. Ros. I (Ascalon) 235.

105

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads 203.O1/2.: Inscription surrounded by three concentric dotted circles: aJ LL2)_,:. 611. I/YI all 21/'4 (there is no god but God, He has no associate). Rev.: In three lines: 4.1l I / /.sac, (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in marmy,

lien L.-Pj.a.G> alll r. s4sJ (in the name of God, this was struck at Asqalon). Three stars are inlaid in the border of dots. Bronze. 2.72 g. SNAT 169. Li

Under the Fatimids al-Amir (1101-1130 or) 204.Obv: In the middle: / pLal (al-Imam al-Mansur). Inner circle: 0.1.c 9.4 till (Abu Ali al-Amir by the authority of God, Commander of the Faithful); in outer circle: 5 j I • ra., (in the name of God, this dinar was struck at AsqaI011 in the year 510 = m6 cE). Rev.: In center: a.2L/Jin (high fineness); inner circle: ,tb" I ,J9 tall abl 4JI (there is no god but God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Ali is the Friend of God). Outer circle: ° ,.4-4-1 3-P 9 ,5i9-1L 4-1-4 41/ L.19—w) cD9-5.)—I-11 °)-5 9J 9 4-J-5 ,:)-11 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, who sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 4.03 g. Miles p. 42.

The Coins of Diospolis THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits

THE COINS OF DIOSPOLIS (LOD) Lod is situated about fifteen kilometers southeast of Tel Aviv, near the southern bank of Nahal Ayalon. The city first appears in the list of Canaanite settlements conquered by Thutmose III in the fifteenth century BCE. Lod is also mentioned among the cities settled by the Jews who returned from the Babylonian Exile (Ezra 2:33; Neh. 7: 37). Under the Greek name, Lydda, the city became a toparchy of Judaea in 145 BCE, when it was granted by the Seleucid king, Demetrius II, to the Hasmonean ethnarch, Jonathan Apphus. (Josephus Ant. 13.127; B.J. 3.55). In 66 CE it was burned by the Roman governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, on his way to Jerusalem. Located at the junction of major land routes, Lydda flourished between the two Jewish revolts (70-132 CE), becoming a seat of the Sanhedrin, and home to a Christian community (Acts 9: 32-35). When Septimius Severus visited the region in 199/200 CE, he refounded the city as a polls with the new name Lucia Septimia Severina Diospolis ("City of Zeus") (Stein 1990,147-150; Kushnir-Stein 2000,154). During the same visit, Eleutheropolis was also founded as part of broader administrative measures taken by Septimius Severus in Syria Palaestina (Stein 1990, 147). Lydda, along with Tiberias and Sepphoris, is said to have taken part in a revolt against the eastern Caesar, Constantius Gallus, in 351 CE, and to have suffered for its involvement. However, there is some dispute about the authenticity of the descriptions of this revolt in the ancient sources (Avi-Yonah 1976, 176-184; Bijovsky Gallus). During the Byzantine period, a major church was dedicated in Lydda to the cult of St. George, since, according to tradition, the town was either the birthplace or location of the martyrium and reliquary of St. George, hence its name Georgiopolis in late Byzantine and Crusader sources. After the Muslim conquest, the city became the headquarters of the governor of the Jund Filistin, but it was soon superseded by al-Ramlah (Walker 1956, lxxxviii). The Crusaders, who were attracted by the connection to St. George, again raised the status of the city and rebuilt the church. The importance of Lydda decreased after it was conquered by Saladin in 1187. The ancient site is completely covered by modern buildings. Excavations were conducted by J. Kaplan in 1951-1952 on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (NEAEHL 3, 917). A systematic archaeological survey of Lod and its surroundings was conducted by R. Gophna and I. Beit Arieh, of Tel Aviv University (Gophna and Beit Arieh 1997). Because of the recent accelerated development of the area, which has damaged many of the ancient sites, a significant number of systematic and salvage excavations have been undertaken by the Israel Antiquities Authority. The coinage of Diospolis/Lydda is quite rare and has never been comprehensively studied. An annotated catalogue of all the known specimens in public and private collections has been compiled recently by Farhi (2003). Coins were issued in Diospolis only during the brief period from the reign of Septimius Severus, with the first coins dated to 206/207 CE (M. SNG 889), to the reign of Elagabalus (218-222 CE). Among the deities depicted on the coins are: Zeus in his classical form (No. 1) and as the syncretistic Zeus Heliopolites (Nos. 7 and 11), who also appears on the coins of Eleutheropolis (e.g., No. 14; Tyche, often in her temple(s) (Nos. 6, 8-io, and 15-19); Dionysus (No. 5); Serapis (Nos. 3 and 13); and Demeter (Nos. z and 14). Minting was resumed at Lydda (Ludd in Arabic) in the Islamic period under the Umayyads (661-75o CE), who first struck very rare Arab-Byzantine fulus (No. 2o), and later various types of post-reform silver and bronze coins (Nos. 21-25). Coin production continued at Ludd under the Abbasids (750-1258 CE) until about 835 CE (No. 26), when the mint was permanently closed.

Septimius Severus (193-211 cE) 1.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AYT KAI cEn CEOYHPOC CE Rev,: Zeus seated on throne 1., holding scepter and Victory in extended hand; behind throne, eagle; in I. field, date: E I (year io = 2°8/9 CE); A cEn CEOYH IAN H[...]; in exergue, alocnomc Bronze. (XII), 17.77 g. Julia Domna 2.Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IOYAI AOMNAN CEBA Rev.: Bust of Demeter 1., wearing kalathos with veil, holding torch; A cEn CEOV alocnonic Bronze. (XII), 9.11 g. Mesh. City Coins 156. 3.Obv.: Type as 2. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; A cEn CEOV AlOCTIOAIC; in field, date: E I (year to = 208/9 CE). Bronze. (VI), 9.26 g. Ros. II (Diospolis). 2. 4. Obv.: Bust of Julia Domna r., draped; IOYAI AVI CE Rev.: Within wreath: AID / O1O / AIC Bronze. (XII), 3.47 g. Ros. II (Diospolis) 1. 5.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Donna r.; IOVAI • AOMNAN • CEBAC Rev.: Dionysus, naked, standing 1., holding thyrsos and pouring wine from jug to panther at his feet on I.; A cEn CEO • Aiocnon Bronze. (XII), n.88 g. Ros. II (Diospolis) 5. Caracalla (198-217 CE) 6. Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; traces of inscription; AVT[...] Rev.: Distyle temple shown in perspective; within, Tyche standing 1., resting foot on small reclining figure, holding scepter and extending hand; behind her, small standing figure; A CEll CEOV AlOO1OAIC; in exergue, date: ET 0 (year 9 = 207/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.98 g. Mesh. City Coins 157. 7.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla n, seen from rear, radiate; K M AV ANTON Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing facing between two bulls, holding whip in raised hand and ears of grain; AC C AlOCTI; in 1. field, date: 0 (9 = 207/8 CE). Bronze. (VI), 7.04 g. Ros. II (Diospolis) 8 (this coin).

107

8.O1/2.: Type as 6; AVT K M AV ANTC0NINOC Rev.: Bust of Tyche 1.; [...]CEOY AlOCTIOAIC; in r. upper field, date: 0 (9 = 207/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.92 g. Ros. II (Diospolis) 7. 9. Obv.: Type as 6; AVT KAI MAP AVP ANTONIN Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; A • CM • CEOV AIOCTIOAIC; to 1. and r., date: E I (year io = 208/9 CE). Bronze. (VI), 12.29 g. 10.Type as 9, but Tyche 1. and no date. 12.34 g. Mesh. City Coins 153; Ros. II (Diospolis) to. Geta (209-212 CE) 11.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., seen from rear, bareheaded; nr KAICAP IETAC Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 7; A CEll CEOV Alocnonic Bronze. (XII), 5.57 g. Variant of Ros. H (Diospolis) 12. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 12.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AVT K M AVP ANTC0N IN Rev.: Zeus seated 1., resting on scepter and holding small Victory (?); AIOCI1OAIC Bronze. (XI), 10.37 g. Cf. Ros. II (Diospolis) 11 (Caracalla). 13.Obv.: Type as 12; A K M AV ANTO (crude style). Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; A • C • CEV • AI • no E 10 (year 19 = 218 CE). Bronze. (I), 7.05 g. Mesh. City Coins 155; Ros. II (Diospolis) 13. 14.Obv.: Type as 12; AVT K M AV ANTONIN[...] Rev.: Bust of Demeter as on 2; CEVH P Bronze. (VI), 9.05 g. 15.O6E: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, radiate; AVT K M AV ANTWNEINO Rev.: Tetrastyle domed building; within, Tyche standing 1., resting her foot on unidentified object and holding scepter and small bust (?); to 1., A C CEO; to r., Al0O1; in exergue, E 10 (year 19 = 218 CE). Bronze. (XII), n.88 g. 16.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; AVT ANTWN Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with central arch; within, Tyche standing 1., holding scepter and small bust; between columns, two figures; in exergue,

alocnonic Bronze. (XII), 5.33 g. Ros. II (Diospolis) 14.

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JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

17. Type as 16, but laureate bust; same rev die. (XII),

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

25.Obv.: Three lines, surrounded by three circles: 04_,./ 9 al VI 4.1IX (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines:, a I/ / ate. o (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: al? (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Ludd). Bronze. 3.24 g. Walker 1956 925.

Under the Umayyads

26.Type as 24. 3.26 g.

6.11 g. i8. Type as 16, but the rev inscription is retrograde and coin is struck on smaller flan. (XII), 4.68 g. 19.Type as 17. (II), 4.44 g-

20.Obv.: Imperial figure standing facing holding scepter with cross; AlOC11OAHC (Diospolis). Rev.: M with small star on top; on 1., NNO; on r., q / II; in exergue, NIKO Bronze. 3.53 g. Qedar 15 (this coin). 21.Obv.: In three lines: O.1_,-9 /

X1/ all

(there is no god but God alone); in margin: ,419 (the kingdom is God's, full weight). Rev: In three lines:. al/ (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: -a! (struck, Filastin, at Ludd). Bronze. 5.3o g. Walker 1956 924. 22.Type as 20. 3.24 g. 23.Type as 20. 2.81 g.

Under the Abbasids 27.Obv.: In three lines: 41 Y/i) dill IC/ I 4.311C (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); in margin: 4.14 ailI ro—w., (in the name of God, this fals was struck at Ludd in the year 210 (?) = 835 CE). Rev.: In five lines: / / / (son of Abd Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Dinar); in margin: ai ''s oq. 9 ,.s--e.-114 J9S,_1.11 o,S 9J9 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Bronze. 2.64 g. SNAT 219.

THE COINS OF ELEUTHEROPOLIS (BEIT GUVRIN) Beit Guvrin is situated in the Judaean Shephelah, on the route between Jerusalem and Ascalon. The Arab village, Beit Jibrin, retains the ancient name as it was preserved on Umayyad coins minted in the city (No. 31) in the seventh and eighth centuries CE. When nearby Marisa was destroyed by the Parthians in 4o BCE, Belt Guvrin took its place. The city was granted the rank of polls and renamed Eleutheropolis by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, presumably during his visit to the province of Syria Palaestina in 199/200 CE. The city of Lydda (Lod), renamed Diospolis, received the same rank under the same circumstances (Kushnir-Stein 2000, 154). Eleutheropolis flourished during the Roman and Byzantine periods. The Crusader King Fulk of Anjou rebuilt the city in 1136, and later it was given to the Order of the Hospitaller Knights. Large-scale excavations directed by A. Kloner on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority have been undertaken over the past twenty years. A Roman amphitheater, a Roman inn, Jewish and Christian burial caves, cisterns, and churches have been uncovered (NEAEHL 1, 195-201). The coins give the full city ethnic as Lucia Septimia Severa Eleutheropolis ("City of Free Men"), which translates the old Hebrew name, Beit Guvrin (11a rp3), meaning, "House of Free Men:' A Midrash (Genesis Rabba 42.6) also notes the similarity of this Hebrew name with the word for "cave a common topographic element in the vicinity, and calls the place, "City of Cave-Dwellers" (1'11.1111) . Spijkerman compiled a full catalogue of the coins of Eleutheropolis in 1972 (Sp. Eleutheropolis, 369- 384). The coinage was of very brief duration from Septimius Severus to Elagabalus, lasting only the nineteen years from 199/20o CE to about 218/9 CE. The coins are quite rare, and almost all coin types are known from other cities in Palestine. However, notable types include depictions of a river god, probably representing Nahal Guvrin, the stream that flows past the city, either on his own (No. 23; Mesh. City Coins, 64, No. 18o), or swimming at the feet of Tyche (Nos. 2-6; 25, 28); Zeus Heliopolites (Nos. 12-16, 20, 26, 27); and types illustrating concord between members of the imperial family (Nos.1 and 24). The Sofaer collection includes an unpublished Severan issue showing Caracalla and Geta shaking hands (No. 1) and a new Serapis type struck for Geta (No. 21). The attribution of coin No. 3o to Eleutheropolis must remain uncertain because the reverse inscription naming the city is unclear on all known specimens. Spijkerman and Rosenberger gave this type to Eleutheropolis, but Meshorer suggested that it might actually belong to nearby Diospolis. A similar scene appears on a coin of Joppa under Caracalla (Mesh. City Coins, 24, No. 39).

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The Coins of Eleutheropolis

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILIST1A

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Septimius Severus (193-211 GE) 1.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate;

AY KAI A cEn CEOV EVC • IMP • CEB Rev.: raracalla and Geta standing, facingone another, shaking hands; A K M AV ANTC0 fl CE FET AK; in exergue, EAEYO Bronze. (XII), 17.08 g. 2. Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Within tetrastyle temple, central arch, Tyche

standing I. on river god, cornucopia and small bust; on 1., A CE; on r., CEO; in exergue, • EAEVO • ; flanking Tyche, date: E f (year 3 = 201/2 CE). Bronze. (I), 13.93 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 1.1; BMC Palestine (Eleutheropolis) 2. 3. Type as 2; in exergue, EAEVOE. (XII), 12.93 g. 4. Type as 2, but date: E A (year 4 = 202/3 CE). (XII), 13.34 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 2.2.1; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 3. 5.Type as 2, but rev.: A cEn /CEOV/ EAEVOE; and date: E H (year 8 = 206/7 CO. (XII), 12.41 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 4.4; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 7. 6. Type as 2, but date: E A (year 9 = 207/8 CE). (XII), 13.27 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 5.5; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 8. Julia Domna 7. Obv.: Bust of J. Domna r., draped; IOV AOMNA CEB Rev.: Victory advancing l., holding palm branch and

wreath; A cEn CE • EAEVOE; across field, date: E Z (year 7 = 205/6 CE). Bronze. (XI), 6.58 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 7.1. 8. Type as 7, but no date. (XII), 8.05 g. 9. Obv.: Type as 7. Rev.: Tyche standing facing within niche, holding

cornucopia and small bust(?); to 1., column; to her r., river god; A cEn CEO EAEVO; across field, date: E H (year 8 = 206/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.57 g. 10.Type as 7, but date: E H (year 8) = 206/7 CE. Bronze. (XII), 7.68 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 8.2; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 9. H. Type as 7, but date: E 0 (year 9 = 207/8 CE). (XII), 6.47g. Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 10.

Caracalla (198-217 CE) 12.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., seen from rear,

laureate; AY K M AV ANTW CE Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing facing between

two bulls, holding whip and ears of grain; A cEn CEO EAEVOE; across field, date: E F (year 3 = 201/2 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 1o.18 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 13.1; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 11. 13.Type as 12, but date: E Z (year 7 = 205/6 CE). (XII), 9.15g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 14.2; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 12. 14.Type as 13, but date in 1. field and rev.: A CETI CEO EAEVOEPOII. (XII), 11.18 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 14.2; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 13. 15.Type as 12, but Zeus Heliopolites holding one ear of grain, and date: E H (year 8 = 206/7 CE); obv.: AY K M AV ANTWN CEB; rev.: A CEIT CEOV EAEVO. (XII), 9.61 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 15.3; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 14. 16.Type as 15, but date: E O (year 9 = 207/8 CE). (XII), 7.82 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 16.4; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis)15. 17.Obv.: Type as 12. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; A • cEn • CE • EAEVOEP; in r.

field, date: Z (year 7 = 205/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.81 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 17.5.1; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 16. 18.Obv.: Type as 12. Rev.: Bust of Serapis r.; A cEn CEO EAEVO EP (year 8 =

206/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.6o g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 18.6. 19.Type as is. (XII), 9.12 g. Geta as Caesar (198-209 CE) 20. Obv.: Draped bust of Geta, seen from rear, bare-

headed; 11 CERT ZETA KAI Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 12; A cEn CE EAEVOEPO; across field, date: E f (year 3 = 201/2 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 9.38 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 22.1. 21.Obv.: Type as zo. Rev: Bust of Serapis r.; A cEn CEO EAEVOEP 0 (9 =

207/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.49 g.

22. Obv.: Type as zo. Rev.: Two male figures in short tunics, holding spears and shaking hands. Bronze. (XII), 7.39 g. 23.Obv.: Type as 20; Il cEn ZETA Rev.: River god (Nahal Guvrin?) recumbent 1., holding reed in hand and cornucopia; A CE CEO; in exergue, EAEVO Bronze. (XII), 2.51 g. Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 19. Macrinus (217-218 CE)

24. O1w: Draped bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AY KAIC MAKPINOC CEB Rev: Macrinus on r. and Diadumenian on L standing facing one another, shaking hands; M on AN AIAAOY on CE MAKPIN EAEYO; across field, date? Bronze. (XII),14.89 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 27.4; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 23. 25. Obv.: Type as 24, but bust undraped. Rev.: Tyche in tetrastyle temple as on 2; A cEn CEO

EAEVO; on 1. and r. of Tyche, date: E Si (year 19 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (VI), 11.59 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 25.24 Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 20. Diadumenian (218 CE) 26. Obv: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., seen from

rear, bareheaded; AIAAOVMENIANOC K Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 12; A cEn CEO EAEVOEPO; across field, date: E el (year 19 = 217/8 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 9.61 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 28.1; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 24. Elagabalus (218-222 c.8)

Draped bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AYT K ANTC0NEINOC Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites as on 20; A cEn CEO EAEVOEPO; in exergue, date: E 01 (year 9 = 218 CE). Bronze, 9.25 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 29.1.

27.

28. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear,

laureate; AYT K M AV ANTWNIN Rev.: Tyche in tetrastyle temple as on 2; A CE CEO

EAEY; on 1. and r. of Tyche, date: E AI (year 19 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.22 g. S. Eleutheropolis 30.24 Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 25.

111

29. Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., radiate; AYT K M

AV ANTWNEINOC Rev.: The emperor riding on horse r., raising hand;

A cEn CEOY EAEVOEPO; in exergue, date: E el (year 19 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.36 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 31.4; ; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 27. 3o. Obv: Type as 29. Rev.: The emperor riding on prancing horse r., aiming with spear at animal below; A CER[...] Bronze. (XII), 9.49 g. Sp. Eleutheropolis 31.4; Ros. II (Eleutheropolis) 28. The attribution to Elagabalus is uncertain. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads 31.Obv.: In three lines: XI/all (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In three lines: (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); marginal inscription: CH.)-!-? `‘.1-!÷.1 0" I A II LC° y)-ho (this fals was struck at Bayt Jibrin). Bronze. 3.03 g. SNAT 44. 32. Obv: Inscription in three lines, surrounded by a

circle:. (•There is no god but God alone). Margin: indistinct Arabic, possibly ,..61 9 Lysto dill ell (The kingdom belongs to God, fals, full weight), preceded or followed by an uncertain word. Rev: Inscription in three lines, surrounded by a circle: (Muhammad is the messenger of God). Palm branch downward from annulet. Margin: u t, I A II Web y o (this fals was struck in Bayt Jabrin). Bronze. 3,54 g. Unique. Cf. Walker p. 256 no. P.132 (al-Ramla mint), Walker p. 273 no. 903 (Asgal£n mint), and Walker p. 275 no. 908 (Ghana mint).

Judaea, Idumaea, and Philistia

THE COINS OF GAZA Gaza is located on the Mediterranean Sea, in the southern coastal strip of Palestine, north of Anthedon, on the road to Egypt. The ancient site is called Tel Harube or Tel Azza. It was called Kadytis by Herodotus (3.5), who stated that the city resembled Sardis in magnitude. Gaza was a commercial center and port for international trade, mainly from southern Arabia to the Mediterranean (Rappaport 1970, 75-80; Mildenberg 1990, 137-146). The city first appears in the list of conquests by Pharaoh Thutmose III in the fifteenth century BCE, and is repeatedly described in Egyptian sources as an administrative center. In the Bible, this city of the Philistine Pentapolis was allotted to the tribe of Judah (Joshua 13:3, 15:47; Judges ia8; Samuel 6:17; Jeremiah 25:2o). It received new fortifications during the Persian period (Rappaport 1970, 75), which were besieged by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. In the Hellenistic period, Gaza remained under Ptolemaic control until it was conquered by the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, in 198 BCE. The city was attacked by the Hasmonean Jews under Jonathan Apphus, in 145 BCE (.1 Macc. 11:61-62) and later captured by Alexander Jannaeus after a long siege (c. 95/4 BCE) (Kushnir-Stein 2000 Gaza, 24; Joseprius Ant. 13.12.2-13.3). Gaza was restored by Pompey and rebuilt by Gabinius. Augustus granted the city to Herod the Great after the battle of Actium in 3o BCE, but after Herod's death it returned to the province of Syria. Hadrian visited the city in 130 CE and Gordian III (,-244 23.,R CO granted further honors to Gaza. The city later appears to have become a Roman colony, although there is no evidence of this on the coins (BMC Palestine, lxviii). From the fifth century onward, Gaza developed as one of the most important Christian centers in the region and was the scene of pagan persecutions led by Bishop Porphyrius (BMC Palestine, lxviii, n6). The city was home to several famous rhetoricians, philosophers, and theologians, including Procopius of Gaza. It was also adorned with many churches, such as the Eudoxiana, which was constructed on the site of the old pagan temple of the local god, Mamas. In 635 CE, Gaza fell to the Islamic Arabs; nevertheless, the city's Jewish and Samaritan communities continued to flourish under their rule. In 1149 CE the Crusaders occupied the city, which they called Gadres. It became a Templar stronghold in 1152 CE, but ultimately fell to Saladin in 117o. Gaza became the capital of a coastal district under the Mamluks and continued to prosper under Ottoman rule. Excavations on the mound of ancient Gaza were conducted by W. J. Phythian-Adams on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1922. In 1965, the remains of an ancient synagogue were discovered, including a magnificent floor mosaic depicting King David as Orpheus playing the lyre to the animals, and a mosaic with inhabited-scroll designs. The site was also excavated by A. Ovadiah on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, with the cooperation of the Gaza Military Government in 1967 and 1976 (NEAEHL 2, 464- 467). The first coins struck in Gaza date to the Persian period, from about 400 BCE onward, when the city seems to have become a Persian garrison. These coins (Nos. 1-18) belong to the Philistian series, which were also struck contemporaneously at Ashdod and Ascalon. Initially, these silver coins, ranging in denomination from the Attic tetradrachm to the quarter obol, imitated Greek and Achaemenid prototypes (Mildenberg 1990, 142; Gitler 2000, 73-87). Coin No. 1 illustrates an imitative silver tetradrachm of the well-known Athenian prototype. The Phoenician letter'-h (mem) in the left field identifies Gaza as the true issuer of this Athenian type. The letter mem has been thought to be the initial of Mamas, the patron deity of the city (Babelon 1910, 668-669; van Alfen 2004/2005, groups I and Ia). Other issues depict the city name in Phoenician letters: o (Nos. 11-12, 17). In the recent study by Gitler and Tal (2006), forty-two coin types and varieties have been identified for Gaza. During the third century BCE, under Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III, Gaza struck silver tetradrachms (Nos. 19-22) and even some gold octadrachms. In the second century BCE, coins were minted under several Seleucid

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kings (Nos. 23-26). Since they bear no control marks or other identifying symbols that could be clearly related to this mint, some of these issues (No. 26) have been assigned to Gaza with reservations (SNG Israeli, 28o). During the Seleucid period, autonomous coins were struck in Gaza carrying the Greek legend AHMOY IAZAIGN IEP(AZ) AIY(A0Y), meaning, "of the Gazaean people, sacred [and] inviolable" (e.g., 27). Two of these coin types bear the dates, year 13 (96/5 BCE?, No. 27) and year 14 (95/4 BCE?; Kushnir-Stein 2000 Gaza, 23 No. 3), which suggests the replacement of the old Seleucid era of 312 BCE, with a new local era. Kushnir-Stein (1995 Gaza, 51-52) has related these issues to a probable grant of autonomy given to Gaza by one of the late Seleucid kings no earlier than 108/107 BCE. The exact date remains unclear. This collection includes, however, three remarkable lead coins (Nos. 33-35) that bear the date, year 235 (78/7 BCE, according to the Seleucid era), indicating that the Seleucid era was still used at Gaza in the first half of the first century BCE (Hoover 2006). After Pompey's eastern settlement, a new era was established at Gaza in the autumn of 61 BCE (Stein 199o, 52-53). All Roman coins of Gaza are dated according to this era. During the Roman Republican period, autonomous coins continued to be minted in the city. Four different coin types have been published and chronologically rearranged by Kushnir-Stein (1995 Gaza, 52-55, Nos. 2-5); three of them are represented in the Sofaer collection (Nos. 36-38, 40-41). All of these coins have in common the use of the sign L before the date, the name of the city written in full, and the mintmark, The first coins with imperial portraits were produced under Augustus (Nos. 44-46). Gaza issued a voluminous coinage during successive reigns, particularly those of the second and third centuries CE. An additional dating era was introduced in year 190 (129/30 CE) to commemorate Hadrian's visit to Judaea in that year. The new era, indicated on the coins (Nos. 51-80) by the abbreviation, EIll(AHMIA) ("visit"), was discontinued after Hadrian's death (Stein 1990, 53). A similar era of Hadrian's visit was also used by the nearby mint of Ascalon (see coins Nos. 135-136). In addition to the copious bronze coinage, Gaza also struck silver tetradrachms under Caracalla (Nos.198-202), Macrinus (Nos. 203-204), and Diadumenian (No. 205). These coins bear the old mintmark , which was also occasionally used as the main reverse type for the city's Roman bronze coins (Nos. 42-43, 144,191-193) as well for lead tesserae (No. 224). The iconography of Gazaean coinage is primarily related to the local pantheon. Mamas (an Aramaic name meaning, "Our Lord") was the patron god of the city and appears in a manner similar to that of Zeus on the coins of the Hellenistic and early Roman periods (BMC Palestine, hod n2). From Hadrian onward, he is shown as a nude youth (e.g., No. 51). Heraldes is also a deity found frequently on the coins of Gaza (e.g., No. 72), probably alluding to the identification of the eponymous city god Azon (the name of Gaza was actually pronounced Azzah, which sounded like Gaza to Greek ears) as a son of Heraldes (Mesh. City Coins, 30; BMC Palestine, lxxviii and n5). Two previously unknown autonomous coins (Nos. 28 and 46) depict Heraldes and his club. The coinage of Gaza is also notable for its frequent use of types related to Crete. Minos is named on several issues and depicted along with his sacred tree (Nos. 78-8o). Sacred trees connected to the cult of Minos are also known from the provincial coinage of Crete. The connection between Crete and Gaza is recalled by Stephanus Byzantinus, who states that Gaza was also called Minoa (Mesh. City Coins, 29, after BMC Palestine, lxxii-lxviii). This view may hark back to the origin of the Philistines among the "Sea Peoples:' some of whom may have come from Crete. A Cretan association may also lie behind the appearance on some issues (e.g., Nos. 57 and 64) of the Nymph Io, who was forced to wander in the form of a heifer (Matsson 1969, 116-117). Notable in the Sofaer collection is a virtually complete series of large bronzes depicting the head of Tyche from the reign of Antoninus Pius (Nos. 81-100). Likewise, two coins depicting the confronted busts of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (No.129) and their wives, Faustina Junior and Lucilla (No. 145), are perhaps the bestexecuted and best-preserved coins of Gaza in existence. Coin Nos. 130 and 151 illustrate the phenomenon of recutting dates on the dies so that they could be reused in the following year. On both specimens the numeral H of HIC (year 228) was recut as O for OKI (year 229). Gaza ceased issuing coins in 242 CE, in the time of Gordian III, and minting was resumed only during the rule of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs (Nos. 225-226). The last coins minted at Gaza are silver Ayyubid dirhams (Nos. 227-228).

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THE PERSIAN PERIOD (FIFTH-FOURTH CENTURIES BCE)

1.O1/2.: Head of Athena r. wearing crested helmet and olive wreath. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; in 1. field, olive spray, crescent, and the mintmark of Gaza: I-h; on r., AOE Silver tetradrachm. (IX), 17.02 g. Gitler-Tal 128, V.Gaza.19T [variant]a (this coin). 2.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; in 1. field, olive spray and 0; on r., AGE; all in incuse square. Silver drachm. (XII), 4.24 g. Mildenberg 1990 13; Cf. Gitler-Tal 122, V.Gaza.ioD. 3.Obv.: Bearded male head r. Rev.: Owl standing r. and looking r.; in 1. field, olive spray; on r., retrograde inscription: UlIv (Gaza); square dotted frame. Silver drachm. (V), 3.82 g. Mildenberg 1990 33; Cf. Gitler-Tal 114, V.Gaza.ia 4. O1/2: Type as 3, but head L Rev.: Type as 3 (?); no border. Silver drachm. (III), 3.47 g. 5.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; in 1. field, olive spray and crescent; on r., retrograde mintmark of Gaza: w and AGE Silver obol. (III), 0.68 g. Gitler-Tal 152, IX.Imitation. 1Oc (this coin). According to Gitler-Tal, this coin is not from Gaza. The apparent mintmark is actually part of the owl's talons. 6. Type as 5, but crude style. 0.72 g. Gitler-Tal 148, VILImitation.3Oa (this coin). 7.Type as 6, but 0 on 1. field. 0.67 g. M. SNG ANS 21. 8. O1/2: Head of Athena r. wearing helmet and olive wreath. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing; in 1. field, olive spray; on r., A and amphora. Silver obol. 0.63 g. Gitler-Ta1176, XILlmitation.230a (this coin). 9. Obv.: Type as 1, but very crude. Rev.: Owl standing I., head facing; in r. field, olive spray; on I., AGE; very crude. Silver obol. (LX), 0.52 g. Gitler-Tal 198, XIV.Reverse Athenian-Stylea9Oc (this coin).

to. Obv.: Bearded male head r., with wreath. Rev.: Owl standing facing with spread wings; in upper r. field, olive spray; on upper I., A, on lower 1., 0, and on lower r., E; all within incuse square. Silver obol. (XII), 0.78 g. Gitler-Tal 204, XIV.Reverse Athenian-Style.290a (this coin). D.

O1/2.: Bearded male head r. Rev.: Forepart of horse running r. above, Phoenician letters: 01 ("Gaza"); all in square dotted frame and incuse square. Silver drachm. (XII), 4.28 g. BMC Palestine (Philisto-Arabian) 14; Gitler-Tal 132, VI.Gaza.iDa (this coin).

12.Obv.: Forepart of lion r. Rev.: Type as 11; above horse, Phoenician letters: 10 ("Gaza"). Silver obol, o.7o g. BMC Palestine (Philisto-Arab an) 16; Gitler-Ta1138, VI.Gaza.1Oa (this coin). 13.Type as n, but hemiobol. (III), o.3o g. Gitler-Ta1138, VI.Gaza.nHoa (this coin). 14.Obv.: Lion head, facing (?). Rev.: Forepart of horse running r.; above, Phoenician letter: 0; all in square dotted frame. Silver hemiobol. (III), 0.24 g. Gitler-Tal 138, VI.Gaza.12Hoa (this coin). 15.Obv.: Janiform head: bearded male on 1. and female r. Rev.: Type as D. Silver obol. (VI), 0.68 g. BMC Palestine (Philisto-Arabian) 20; Gitler-Ta1136, VI.Gaza. 7Oa (this coin). 16.Obv.: Female head r. Rev.: Type as 14. Silver hemiobol. (III), 0.29 g. Gitler-Ta1134, VI.Gaza.s 2H0 (this coin). 17.Obv.: Bearded male head r.(?) Rev.: Two creatures with lion bodies and bull heads, seated facing each other; between them, a grotesque mask and above, 01 ("Gaza")'; all in square dotted frame. Silver drachm. (IV), 3.86 g. BMC Palestine (PhilistoArabian) 28 (but no inscription); Gitler-Tal 142, VI.Gaza.i6Dc (this coin). 18.Obv.: Bearded male head 1. Rev.: Paradise flower. Silver drachm. (II), 3.21 g. Cf. Gitler-Tal 232, XVII. Oriental Head/ Paradise flower. 3D.

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

Under the Ptolemies Ptolemy H (285-246 CE) 19. Obv.: Head of Ptolemy I r. diademed. Rev.: Eagle standing1. on thunderbolt; ITTOAEMAIOY LOTHPOX; in 1. field, A /k; on r., date: KO (29 = 257 BCE) and Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.01 g. Svoronos 825. 20.

Obv.: Type as 19. Rev.: Type as 19, but in L field, AO Z ; on r., date: A (30 = 256 BCE) and A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.12 g. Svoronos 826.

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Autonomous 27.O1/2: Head of Zeus r., laureate. Rev: Female figure standing 1., wearing kalathos, holding bowl and cornucopia; AHMOY IAZAIGN; across field, IEP Al! + Lir (year 13 = C. 96/95 BCE). Bronze. (I), 8.02 g. Kushnir-Stein Gaza iA; BMC Palestine (Gaza) 6. 28.O1/2.: Male head (Herakles?, Azon?) r. Rev.: Club; on 1., CE / A and monogram H; on r., IAZ Bronze. (I),1.30 g. 29.O1/2.: Male head (Heraldes?, Azon?) r. Rev.: Club; on 1., ; above, IAZA Bronze. (I), 2.94 g.

21.

Obv.: Type as 19. Rev.: Type as 19, but in 1. field, A /k; on r., date: M (31 = 255 BCE) and Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.17 g. Svoronos 828.

30.O1/2.: Type as 27. Rev.: Parallel double comucopiae;1AZAION AHMOY Bronze. (XII), 3.68 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 1-2; Ros. II (Gaza) 26.

22.

O1/2.: Type as 19. Rev.: Type as 19, but in 1. field, RC /A'; on r., date: AZ (37 = 249/8 BCE), and below, Z. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.16 g. Svoronos 833.

31.Type as 30, but crude style. (XII), 4.73 g.

Under the Seleucids Alexander I Balas (156-145 BCE) 23. Obv.: Head of Alexander I Balas r., diademed. Rev.: Mamas (?) standing facing, holding branch (?); BAZIARIE/AAEEANAPOY; across field, AH M Bronze. (XII), 2.56 g. SNG Israel I 1561; Ros. II (Gaza) 20; SC 2, 185o (attributed to Marisa). 24.

Obv.: Type as 23. Rev.: Apollo standing 1. holding arrow in r. and bow in 1. in three vertical lines: BAIIAEQI/ AAE /1AZ Bronze. (XII), 2.11 g. SNG Israel I 1562; SC 2,1852.

Demetrius H (145-139 BCE —first reign) 25. Obv.: Head of Demetrius II r., diademed. Rev.: Tripod with vessel; AHMHTPIOY B(AEIAEOE); across field, AOP / (171 = 142/1 BCE). Bronze. (XII), 3.13 g. SNG Israel I 1739; Ros. II (Gaza) 24; SC 2, 1975.2. Antiochus VI (144-142 BCE) 26. Obv.: Head of Apollo r., laureate. Rev.: Female figure standing r. extending hand and holding cornucopia; BADAEGE ANTIOXOY; in 1. field in vertical order,H A A M Bronze. (XII), 3.10 g. SNG Israel I 2105-2109; SC 2, 2028.1 (attributed to Marisa).

32.O1/2.: Type as 27. Rev.: One cornucopia; across field, AH Bronze. (XII), 2.58 g. Half denomination of 30 (?). 33.01/2.: Head of Zeus r., laureate. Rev: Parallel double cornucopiae with fillets; in 1. field mintmark, ; in r. field, date: L EAE (year 235 = 78/7 BCE). Lead. (XII), 3.14 g. Hoover 2006 1. 34. O1/2.: Type as 33, but rectangular countermark on neck with 7I. Rev.: Type as 33, but to r., branch. Lead. (XII), 2.73 g. Hoover 2006 2. 35.Obv.: Type as 34. Rev.: Type as 34, but branch is on 1. Lead. (XII), 3.7o g. Hoover 2006 3. THE ROMAN PERIOD

Autonomous 36.Obv.: Bearded male head (Zeus?, Bes?) r. Rev.: Nude figure (Apollo?, Mamas?) standing 1., holding branch and leaning elbow over short column; across field, FA ZA/L 141 (year io = 52/51 BCE).

Bronze. (XII), 12.91 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 31; Kushnir-Stein 1995 Gaza 2. 37.Type as 36. (XII), 12.08 g. 38.Type as 36, but crude style. (XII), 10.38 g.

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The Coins of Gaza

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

39. Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Herakles standing 1., holding lion skin and resting 1. on club leaning on rock; across field, 1AZA; in exergue, traces of inscription; all in wreath. Bronze. (XII), 9.85 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 29. 40. Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; palm branch over shoulder; across field, GAZA / 41 L I (year io = 52/1 BCE). Bronze, crude style. (I), 5.86 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 38; Kushnir-Stein 1995 Gaza 3. 41.Obv.: Bearded male head r. (Zeus?). Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; across field, FA L I 0 (year 19 = 43/2 BCE); in lower 1. field, rP (retrograde mintmark of Gaza). Bronze. (XII), 5.31 g. Kushnir-Stein 1995 Gaza 5; Ros. II (Gaza) 37 (with date misread). 42. Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: The mintmark of Gaza, 41, in wreath. Bronze. (XII), 2.96 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 41. 43. Obv.: Head of Tyche r.; on I. and r., G A Rev.: The mintmark of Gaza, +, between two ears of grain; below, date: L ES (year 66 = 5/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.33 g. RPC 1 4895; Kushnir-Stein 1995 Gaza 6, and discussion on pp. 52-53. With Imperial Portraits Augustus (27 BCE-24 CE) 44. Obv.: Bareheaded bust of Augustus r.; across field, below, K Al Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking 1., holding palm branch and two ears of grain; on 1., ; on r., L ES/IA (year 66 = 5/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.74 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) to; RPC 1. 4894. 45. Obv.: Bareheaded bust of Augustus r. Rev.: Altar with flame; on 1. and r., G A Bronze. (XII), 3.91 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 45; RPC 1 4896. 46. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Club; on 1. and r., F A Bronze. (XII), r.6r g. Identification uncertain. Vespasian (69-79 CE) 47. Obv.: Head of Vespasian(?) r., laureate; CEBAC Rev.: Male figure (Herakles?) standing I., holding ears of corn(?); across field, IAZ L PA (year 130 = 69/7o CE). Bronze, crude style. (XII), 6.37 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 50-51; RPC II 2202 (figure identified as Tyche).

48. Obv.: Head of Vespasian r., laureate; on r., CEBACTOC Rev.: Tyche wearing turreted crown standing facing, looking 1., holding palm branch and two ears of grain; across field, IAZ L. PA/ + (year 130 = 69/70 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 12.38 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 12. Ros. II (Gaza) 49; RPC II 2201.

59. Type as 57, but different distribution of rev. inscription: EIC0; in exergue, date on 1., and GAZA on r. (XII), 18.87 g. 6o. Type as 57, but date: A Eni RIP (4 of the visit, 193 = 132/3 CE). (I), 14.21 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 25. 61.Type as 6o. (I), 16.28 g.

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73.Type as 72, but date: A Eni FLIP (4 of the visit, 193 = 132/3 CE). The numerals LIP are on 1. and the S of GAZA is retrograde. (XII), 5.11 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 49; Ros. II (Gaza) 54. 74. Type as 72, but date: E Eni AAP (5 of the visit, 194 = 133/4 CE). (XII), 4.42 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 51; Ros. II (Gaza) 55.

49. Type as 48, but obv. inscription on 1. Very crude. (XII), 13.29 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 48.

62.Type as 57, but date: A EH AqP (4 of the visit, 194 = 133/4 CE). (XII), 16.39 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 69.

75.Type as 74, but IASA. (XII), 5.52 g.

5o. Type as 49, but date on rev. written outward. (XII), 11.89 g.

63.Type as 57, but date: S Eni EqP (6 of the visit, 195 = 134/5 CE). (XII), 15.72 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 43.

76. Type as 72, but date: S Eni ELIP (6 of the visit, 195 = 134/5 CE). (XII), 4.92 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 54; Ros. II (Gaza) 57.

Hadrian (117-138 ce) 51.Obv.: Bust of Hadrian 1., laureate; AYT KAI TPAI AAPIANOC Rev.: Distyle facade of the temple of Mamas; inside, Mamas on r. standing 1., holding bow and branch, looking at Artemis standing r., holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver at her shoulder; on I., GAZA; on r., MAPNA; in exergue, date: G Eni EY-IP 41 ([year] 3 of the visit, 192 = 131/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 29.69 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 14; Ros. II (Gaza) 65. 52.Type as 51. (XII), 29.75 g. 53.Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAI TPAI AAPIANOC Rev.: Type as 51, but date: A Eni rcip + (4 of the visit, 193 = 132/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.87 g. 54.Type as 53, but date blundered. (XII), 20.96 g. 55.Type as 53, but obv.: AYT KAI TPAI AAPIANOC CE; on rev., date: Z Eni SLIP 41 (7 of the visit, 196 = 135/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.54 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 19. 56.Obv.: Type as 55. Rev.: Type as 51, but date on rev.: H El ZLIP 41 (8 of the visit, 197 = 137/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 22.44 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 20. 57 Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAI TPAI AAPIANOC (struck three times). Rev.: Io on I. and Tyche on r. standing facing one another, shaking hands; between them, +; EIC0 GAZA; in exergue, date: G Efll BLIP (3 of the visit, 192 = 131/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.7o g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 23. 58. Type as 57. (XII), 21.37 g.

64. Obv.: Draped bust of Hadrian r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAI TPAI AAPIANOC CE Rev.: Tyche wearing kalathos standing facing looking 1., resting her hand on scepter and holding cornucopia; beside her, heifer standing I.; in r. field, H; on 1., GAZA; on r., date: B Eni (2 of the visit =130/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.31 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 28; Ros. II (Gaza) 59. M. Type as 64, but double date: G Eni BLIP (3 of the visit, 192 = 131/2 CE). Bronze (XXI). 9.44 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 32; Ros. II (Gaza) 6o. 66. Type as M. 11.45 g. 67.Type as M, but date is differently distributed: on r., En I; in 1. field, B/cIP. (XII),10.81 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 30. 68. Type as 65, but date: A Efll GLIP Hi (4 of the visit, 193 = 132/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.48 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 36; Ros. II (Gaza) 62. 69. Type as 68, but letter A of date is situated on 1. (XII), 12.28 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 38; Ros. II (Gaza) 63.

77.Type as 72, but date: Z Eni EcIP (7 of the visit, 195 = 134/5 CE). (XII), 4.89 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 55. 78. Obv.: Minos standing facing looking 1., holding long branch and spear; on r., MEI NCO Rev.: Tree; in r. field, +; on I., GAZA; above 1. and on r., date: I. E • BqP • (3 of the visit, 192 = 131/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.77 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 33. 79.Type as 78, but shorter inscription on rev.: GAZA B El. Possibly struck year 2 = 130/131 CE. (XII), 3.59 g. 80. Type as 78, date: EqP (195 = 134/5 CE). (XII), 3.60 g. Antoninus Pius (138-161 GO 81.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; [..JAAP ANT[...] Rev.: Bust of Tyche r., with turreted crown, veiled; in r. field, H; on r., GAZA; on 1., date: AC (201 = 140/1 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 21.19 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 70. 82.Type as 81; obv.: AYT KAI AAP ANTC0NEINO; on rev., date: BC (202 = 141/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 23.51 g.

70. Type as M, but date: E Eni AciP (5 of the visit, 194 = 133/4 CE). (XII), 9.83 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 41.

83.Type as 82; on rev., + at end of inscription and date: GC (203 = 142/3 CE). (XII), 21.79 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 56.

71.Type as M, but date: H Eni Z€IP (8 of the visit, 197) = 136/7 CE. (XII), 7.63 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 45; Ros. II (Gaza) 64.

84.Type as 83; obv.; AYTOKP AAPIAN ANTWNEINO; on rev., GASH + and date: AC (204 = 143/4 CE). (XII), 24.7o g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 58.

72.Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; A KATP AAPIAN CE Rev.: Herakles, nude, standing facing, looking 1., resting on club and holding lion skin; in I. field, +; on 1., GAZA I; on r., date: En I Bq P (3 of the visit, 192 = 131/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.79 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 46; Ros. II (Gaza) 53.

M. Type as Si, but date: EC (205 =144/5 CE). (XII),19.40 g. 86. Type as 81, but bust of Antoninus Pius undraped and date: ZC (207 = 146/7 CE). (I), 20.07 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 65.

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JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

87.Type as 86, but date: HC (208 = 147/8 CE). (XII), 24.05 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 67; Ros. II (Gaza) 71. 88.Type as 86; obv.: KAI AAPIAN ANTWNEINO; date: SC (209 = 148/9 CE). (XII), 24.79 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 72. 89. Obv.: Type as 81; AYTOK KAI AAP ANTWNINOC Rev.: Bust of Tyche r. as on 81, but on this coin the mural crown of Tyche has clear details of the city's towers and gate; date: AIC (211 =150/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 22.69 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 74. 90. Type as 89, but bust is cuirassed and draped. (XII), 23.92 g. 91.Type as 81, but obv. legend illegible and date: BIC (212 = 151/2 CE). (XII), 21.17 g. 92.Type as 81, but obv.: AYTO KAIC ANTWNINOC; date: [IC (213 = 152/3 CE). (I), 21.15 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 68. 93.Type as 81, but obv.: AYTO KAI AAP ANTWNEINOC; date: AIC (214 = 153/4 CE). (XII), 24.27 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 69.

102.Obv.: Type as 101; [...]NTWNINOC CE Rev.: Type as 101, but on 1. date: SIC (216 =155/6 CE) and on r., IAZA. Bronze. (XII), 8.77 g. 103.Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius t, laureate; ANTWNEINOC Rev.: Herakles as on 72; in 1. field, Lb; on r, IAZA; on 1., date: BC (202 = 141/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.54 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 79104.Type as 103, but obv.: AVTI K ANTWNEINOC and rev. inscription starts on 1. (XII), 4.57 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 80. 105.Type as 103, ethnic on 1. and date on r., IC (2O3 = 142/ 3 CE). (XII), 5.21 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 81 (but IAZA on r. field); Cf. Ros. II (Gaza) 81. io6 Type as 1o5, but mintmark in lower 1. field, and date: AC (204 = 143/4 CE). (XII), 4.95 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 82. 107. Type as 1o5, but obv.: [...]KAICAP and date: HC (208 = 147/8 CE). (XII), 4.89 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 84.

94. Type as 89, but obv.: AYTO KAIC ANTWNINOC; date: EIC (215 =154/5 CE). (XII), 22.17 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 75.

io8. Type as 107, but obv.: KAIC ANTWNEINOC C; and on rev. IAZA is retrograde. (XII), 444 g.

95.Type as 81, but obv. [...]ANTWNINOC; date: SIC (216 = 155/6 CE). (XII), 22.55 g. M. SNG ANS 927.

109. Type as 105, but mintmark in lower 1. field, between club and Herakles' foot; IAZA (retrograde); on r., date: CH (208 = 147/8 CO. (XII), 5.48 g.

96. Type as Si, but obv.: ANTC0NINO CEBA; date: ZIC (217 =156/7 CE). 18.90 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 70; Ros. II (Gaza) 76. 97.Obv.: Type as 86, but obv.: AYTOKPATWP Rev.: Type as 81, but date: HIC (218 = 157/8 CE). (XII), 20.61 g. 98. Type as 97, but date: SIC (219) = 158/9 CE. (XII), 21.18 g. 99. Type as 97, but obv.: CEBACTOC; date: KC (220 = 159/ 6o CE). 23.80 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 72; Ros. II (Gaza) 77.

no. Type as 106, but date: BIC (212 = 151/2 CE). (XII), 4.51 g. in. Type as 106, but obv.: ANTWNEINOC and date: CIF (213 = 152/3 CE). (XII), 479 g. 112.Type as in, but date: CIA (214 = 153/4 cE). (XII), 5-54 8. Ros. II (Gaza) 88. 113.Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; CEBAC Rev.: Type as 1o5, but date: HIC (218 = 157/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.78 g.

ioo. Type as 99, but date: AKC (221 = 160/1 cE). (XII), 25.12 g.

114.Type as io6, but obv. legend illegible and mintmark in lower r. field and date: SIC (219 = 158/9 CE). (XII), 4.56 g.

101. Obv.: Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; AYTO KA[•••] Rev.: Tyche standing as on 64; in r. field, $ • on 1., IAZA; on r., date: BIC (212 = 151/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 10.90 g.

115.Obv.: Minos standing as on 78; MINC0 Rev.: Tree as on 78; on r., FAZA; on 1., date: AC (204 = 143/4 CE). BI'0112.e. (XII), 3.32 g.

The Coins of Gaza Marcus Aurelius (161—ri90 CE) 116 Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT KAI M AYPHAI ANTWNINOC CE Rev.: Tyche as on 64, holding scepter and cornucopia; beside her, heifer standing I.; in r. field, $ ; on 1., FAZA; on r., date: AC (230 = 169/70 CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.79 g. 117.Obv.:Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT KAI M AYPHAI ANTWNINOC Rev.: Type as 116, but date: SAC (239 = 178/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 24.06 g. 118.Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; KAIC ANTWNINOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 116; in upper r. field, x; on I., [ASA; on r., date: AKC (224 = 163/4 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 9.55 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 95. 119.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, laureate; CEBA ANTWNINOC Rev.: Type as n8, but the mintmark is in lower r. field, and date: AAC (234 =173/4 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 6.7o g. 120.Obv.: Type as 119, but head looks younger and the inscription is unclear. Rev.: Type as n6, but date: EAC (235 =174/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.32 g. 121.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r, laureate; AY KT AY AN-MAIN Rev.: Female figure (Isis?) standing I., holding bowl (?) in lower 1. field, Lb; on r., FAZA; on 1., date: SKC (229 = 168/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.76 g. 122.Obv.: Draped bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT K M AYP ANTWNINOC Rev.: Female figure (Isis?) standing r., holding unclear object and grasping her dress; in lower r. field, ; on r., IAZA; on 1., date: SKC (229 =168/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.48 g. 123.Obv.: Type as 122. Rev.: Nude male figure (Apollo?) standing 1., resting hand on long branch and pouring libation from bowl over flaming altar; in upper 1. field, $ ; on r., FAZA; on 1., date: SKC (229 = 168/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.37 g. 124.Type as 123, but mintmark is in lower r. field; on I., FAZA; on r., date: AAC (231=170/1 CE). (XII), 7.32 g. 125.Type as 124. (XII), 7.81 g.

119

126.Type as 124. (XII), 6.o5 g. 127.Type as 124, but the mintmark is in upper 1. field and date: ZAC (237 = 176/7 CE). Crude style, (XII), 6.14 g. 128.Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; BECCO ANTC0NIN Rev.: Head of Herakles r.; below, club; in lower r. field, Lh; on 1., IASA; on r., date: AKC (224 = 163/4 CE). Bronze. (VI), 4.05 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 90; Ros. II (Gaza) 94. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Vents (161-169 CE) 129.Obv.: Draped busts of Marcus Aurelius on 1. and Lucius Verus on r. facing each other; [...] ANTWNINOC KAI AOY[...] Rev.: Tyche as on 64; in lower r. field, Lb; on 1., FAZA; on r., date: HKC (228 = 167/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.65 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 96. 130.Obv.: Type as 129; AYTO KAI ANTWNINOC KAI AOY OHPONCCP Rev.: Type as 121, but mintmark is reversed and in 1. field, and date: SKC (229 = 168/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 26.20 g. The letter "0" from the date was originally "Fr. The change isdue to recutting the original die. 131.Type as 130, but mintmark is in r. field. (XII), 16.68 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 104. 132.Obv.: Type as 129, but undraped. Rev.: Male figure as on 123; on 1., FAZA; on r., date: HKC (228 = 167/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.99 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 97; Ros. II (Gaza) 102. 133.Type as 132, but mintmark is reversed. (XII), 7.49 g. 134.Type as 132, but mintmark is in r. field. (XII), 8.4o g. 135.Type as 132, but date: SKC (229 = 168/9 CE). (XI), 6.00g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 98. Faustina Junior 136.Obv.: Bust of Faustina Junior r., draped; CDAVCT1NA CEBACTH Rev.: Herakles standing as on 72; on 1., + and FAZA; on r., date: HKC (228 = 167/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.72 g. Ros. II (Gaza) io5. 137.Type as 136, but date: OKC (229 = 168/9 CE). (XII), 2.70 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 106.

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

120

138.Obv: Type as 136. Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; between them, $; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: AAC (231 = 170/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 21.63 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 109. Lucius Venn (161-169 CE)

Commodus (177-192 CE) 149.Obv.: Draped bust of young Commodus r., laureate; [...I MOAOC AYPHAIC ANTON Rev.: Tyche with turreted crown standing as on 64; on I., $ /FAZA; on I., date: SAC (236 = 175/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.38 g.

139.Obv.: Head of Lucius Verus r., laureate; OYHPOC KAICAP Rev.: Tyche standing as on 64; in upper r. field, ; on 1., FASA; on r., date: MC (224 = 163/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.78 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 102.

150.Obv.: Type as 149; KOMMOAOC KAIC AVI Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 138; between them, Lb; on r., IAZA; on 1., date: SAC (236 = 175/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.99 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 120.

140.Type as 139, but obv. inscription starts on 1., date on rev. is written downwards, and mintmark is in lower r. field. (XII), 6.39 g.

151.Type as 150, but obv.: AYT K M AYPHAIOC KOM[...] and on rev.: IAZA on I., and date on r.: enc (239 = 178/ 9 CE). The letter "0" was originally an "H". See coin 130. (MI), 17.90 g.

141.Type as 139, but reversed mintmark and retrograde date: EKC (225) = 164/5 CE. (XII), 6.63 g. 142.Obv.: Head of Lucius Verus r., laureate; KAICAP OYHPOC Rev.: Head of Herakles r.; in lower r. field, club (?); in upper r. field, $ ; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: AKC (224 = 163/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.32 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) io4; Ros. III (Suppl. Gaza) 9. 143.Type as 142, but date: OKC (229 = 168/9 CE). (XII), 4.49 g. 144.Obv.: Head of Lucius Verus r., laureate; OYHPOC Rev.: Mintrnark of Gaza $: on L, IAZA; on r., date: OKC (229) = 168/9 CE. Bronze. (VI), 2.28 g. Cf. BMC Palestine (Gaza)1o4 bis (identified as Commodus Caesar). Faustina Junior and Lucilla (wives ofMarcus Aurelius and Lucius Vents) 145.Obv.: Busts of Faustina Junior on r. and Lucilla on 1. confronted; AN AOYKIAAA WAYCTINA; below, CEBAC Rev.: Mamas and Artemis as on 138, but flower in pediment; on r., IASA; on 1., date: HKC (228 = 167/8 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 18.87 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) mo. 146.Type as 145, but mintmark is between heads of Marnas and Artemis and IAZA is on 1., HKC on r. (XII), 17.39 g. 147.Type as 146. (XII), 16.25 g. 148.Type as 146, but mintmark is between figures below, and date: OKC (229 = 168/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.24 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) ion.

152.Type as 151. (XII), 15.31 g. 153.Obv.: Draped and bearded bust of Commodus r.; AYTO KA M AYPH KOMMOAO Rev.: Type as 150, but mintmark is in exergue and date: EMC (245 = 184/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.09 g. Cf. Ros. II (Gaza) 125 (but different place for $). 154.Obv.: Bust of Commodus r., laureate; AYT K M AYPHA KOMMOA Rev.: lo and Tyche as on 57; on r., IAZA; on I., EIW; below, date: AMC (244 = 183/4 CE). Bronze, crude style. (XII), 9.19 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 124. 155.Type as 154, but date: EMC (245 = 184/5 CE). Crude style, (XII), 8.75 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 126. 156.Type as 154, but date: SMC (246 = 185/6 CE). 10.32 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 127. 157.Obv.: Draped bust of young Commodus r., bareheaded; KOMOAOC KAIC[...] Rev.: Male figure as on 123; on r., IAZA; on 1., $ and date: SAC (236 = 175/6 cE). Bronze. (XII), 7.01 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 105.

The Coins of Gaza i6o. Obv.: Type as 149; AYT K M A KOM Rev.: Herakles standing as on 72, but looking r.; on r., IAZA; on I., + and date: ZAC (237 = 176/7 CE). Bronze. 3.68 g. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) 161.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AYT K A cEn CEVHPO CEB Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; on r., IAZA; on 1., date: EEC (265 = 204/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.71 g. 162.Obv.: Type as 161; AYT KAI A • cEn • CEOVHP n EP Rev.: Tyche standing as on 64; in lower r. field, Lh; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: ANC (254 = 193/4 CE). Bronze. (I), 5.09 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 112. 163.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r, laureate; AYT CEO Rev.: Herakles standing as on 72; on 1., IAZA; in lower r. field, $ and on r., date: ANC (254 = 193/4 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 3.25 g. 164.Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; crude inscription. Rev.: Tyche standing as on n6; in r. field, 1-h; on 1., FAZA; on r., date: eNc (259 = 198/9 CE). Bronze, crude style. (XII), 17.18 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) n5. 165.Type as 164. Identical obv. and rev. dies; the rev. die has a break. (XII), 18.13 g. 166.Type as 165, but rev. has a rectangular countermark depicting star. (XII), 14.96 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 146; GIC 456.1 for countermark 167.Type as 164. Identical obv. die and different rev. die. (I), 21.25 g. 168.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AY K A cEn[...] Rev.: Tyche standing as on n6; in lower r. field, $; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: EC (260 = 199/20o CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.96 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 141.

158.Obv.: Draped bust of young Commodus r., laureate; AYT KAIL..10MMOAOC Rev.: Type as 157; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: CMA (244 = 183/4 CE); mintmark of Gaza is missing. Bronze. (I), 7.85 g.

169. Type as 168, but undraped bust and obv. inscription illegible; date: AEC (261 = 200/1 CE). Countermark as on 166. Bronze. (XII), 13.64 g.

159.Obv.: Draped and bearded bust of Commodus r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAICA KOMMOA Rev.: Tyche as on 64; on I., IAZA; on r., mintmark of Gaza (reversed) and date: AMC (244 = 183/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.99 g.

170.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AYT K A cEn CEYHP FIEP Rev.: Tyche standing as on n6, but date: BEC (260 = 201/2 CE). Bronze. (I), 16.32 g.

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171.Type as 168, but undraped bust; date: BEC (262 = 201/2 CE). BIDI1Ze, 12.16 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 142. 172.Type as 168, but date: FEC (263) = 202/3 CE; counter-mark with star and date AOC (274 = 213/4 CE). (XII), 16.11 g. Ros III (Suppl. Gaza) 15 (this coin); GIC 462.iv for countermark. 173.Type as 168, but obv.: [...]CEFI • CEVH PON • n EP • CEB; mintmark in L field and date: AEC (264 = 203/4 CE). (XII), 15.25 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 144. 174.Type as 173. (XII), 13.39 g. 175.Type as 173, but date: EEC (265 = 204/5 CE); countermark as on 166. GIC 462.i for countermark. (XII), 17.69 g. 176.Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AY KA[...] CEOYHP FIEP Rev.: Io and Tyche as on 57, but crude style; on r., IAZA; on 1., EICL); below, date: CNC (256 = 195/6 CE). Bronze, crude style. (XII), 8.63 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 123; Ros III (Suppl. Gaza) lo. 177.Obv.: Type as 176. Rev.: Io and Tyche as on 176; below, date: ZNC (257 = 196/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.78 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 138. 178.Type as 176, but obv.: AVT K MAK AVP[...] and date: eNc (259 = 198/ 9 CE). (XII), 9.18 g. 179.Obv.: Bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AY K A Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; between them, $ ; on I., IAZA; on r., date: HNC (258 = 197/8 CE). Bronze, crude style. (XII), 10.57 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 135. 180.Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; AY K A Cf...1HK...] Rev.: Type as 179, but pediment is shaped as wavy dotted line; between Mamas and Artemis, $ ; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: SEC (266 = 205/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.33 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 136. 18i. Type as 18o, but crude style, obv. inscription illegible and different distribution of rev. inscription: IAZA on r. and date on 1. (XII), 10.39 g.

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

122 Julia Domna

182.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Domna r.; IOYAIA AOMNA CEBAC Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; between them, +; in exergue, IAZA; on I. and L, date: EC (260 = 199/20o CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.34 g. 183.Obv.: Draped bust of Julia Domna r. as on 182, but with different hairstyle; CEBACTH AOMNA Rev.: Io and Tyche as on 57; between them, 41; on r., IAZA; on 1., EIW; below, date: AEC (264 = 203/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.16 g. 184.Type as 183, but IOYAIA [...] and date: cEC (266 = 205/6 CE). (XII), 8.36 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 126. 185 Type as 183, but IOYAIA AOMNA and date: ZEC (267 = 206/7 CE). (XII), 7.90 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 152. Geta as Caesar (197—zoo cE) 186.Obv.: Draped bust of Geta r., seen from rear, bareheaded; AY KAIC CEITTIMIOC rEITAC[...] Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; the mintmark is retrograde; in exergue, IAZA; on I. and L, date: EC (26o = 199/zoo CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.30 g. 187.Obv.: Type as 186. Rev.: Type as 186; on r., IAZA; on 1., date: rEC (263 = 202/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.55 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 163. 188.Obv.: Type as 186; [...]rETAC Rev.: Io and Tyche as on 57; between them,'; on I-AZA; on 1., EIW; in exergue, date: EC (26o = 199/ 200 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 7.53 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 136. 189.Obv.: Type as 186; A cEn IETAC Rev.: Tyche standing as on u6, but crude style; in r. field, IAZA; on 1., date: HEC (268 = 207/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 4.49 g. M. SNG ANS 953• 19o. Obv.: Type as 189; CEfl IETAC Rev.: Herakles standing as on 72; on r., FAZA; on I, date: AEC (264 = 203/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.53 g. BMC Palestine (Gaza) 138. 191.Obv.: Type as 186; CHIT fETAC Rev.: Mintmark of Gaza: +; on r., FAZA; on 1, date: AEC (264 = 203/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 2.16 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 165. 192.Type as 191. (XII), 1.58 g.

Caracalla as Caesar (r96-198 CE) 193.Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., bareheaded (?); (...]AYP ANTWNEINOC KAIC Rev.: Tyche as on 116; on r., IAZA and +; ; on L date: HNC (258 = 197/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 16.21 g. Caracalla (198-217 194.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., seen from rear, laureate; AY K M AYP • ANTC0N El NOC Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; in r. field, rr (reversed) and IAZA; on 1., date: AEC (264 = 203/4 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.63 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 155• 195.Obv.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., seen from rear, laureate; AY K M AYP ANTWNINOC Rev.: Io and Tyche as on 57; between them, Lb; on r., IAZA; on I., EIW; below, date: AEC (261= 2roo/i cE). Bronze. (XII), 7.47 g. 196.Obv.: Type as 195. Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: CEC (266 = 205/6 CE); countermark with star. Bronze. (I), 10.05 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 156 (but different countermark). For countermark cf. GIC 456.1. 197.Type as 196, but date: ZEC (267 = 206/7 CE). (XII), 11.69 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 157. 198.O1w.: Bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AYT K M ANTONINOC CE Rev.: Eagle standing on thunderbolt facing with spread wings, looking 1., holding small wreath in beak; AHMAPX EE YrIATOC T • A; between the eagle's legs, ry in circle. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.29 g. Prieur 1686 var. 199.Type as 198, but draped and cuirassed bust; AYT KAI ANTONINOC CE; between the eagle's legs, star; in upper r. field, H. Silver tetradrachm. (XI), 12.14 g. 200.Obv.: Bust of Caracalla r., radiate; AYT K M ANTONINOC CEB Rev.: Eagle as on 199, but in upper r. field, iH; AHMAPX EE YrIATOC TO A Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.42 g. 201.Obv.: Type as zoo. Rev.: Eagle as on 198, but between eagle's legs, small wreath; in upper r. field, mintmark of Gaza, , and another one (retrograde) in upper I. field. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 12.42 g. Bellinger (Gaza) 379.

The Coins of Gaza 202.Obv.: Type as 198; AYT K M AY ANTONINOC CE Rev.: Eagle standing facing with spread wings, looking I., holding small wreath in beak; AHMAPX El YPATOC •TO A; below eagle, Hi Silver tetradrachm. (VI), 12.41 g. Prieur 1689. Macrinus (217-218 CE) 203.Obv.: Bust of Macrinus r., laureate; AYT K M on CE MAKPINOC C Rev.: Eagle as on 198, but between eagle's legs, mint-mark of Gaza in circle; in upper r. field, star; AHMAPX EE YrIATOC T A Silver tetradrachm. (II), 14.42 g. Prieur 16 95. 204.Obv.: Type as 203; AY K M on CE MAKPINOC CE Rev.: Eagle as on 199, but between legs, star; in upper r. field, Hi. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.21 g. Diaa'umenian (217-218 CE) zo5. Obv.: Draped bust r., bareheaded; M on ANTON KAI Rev.: Eagle standing facing with spread wings, looking 1., holding small wreath in beak; AHMAPX EE YRATOC T A; between eagle's legs, Hi within a circle; in upper r. field, star. Silver tetradrachm. (I), 11.94 g. Prieur 1697. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 206.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus L, seen from rear, laureate; AYT K MA ANTC0N El NOC Rev.: Eagle with spread wings carrying small bust of Elagabalus r.; in r. field, Lb; on 1., IAZA; below, date: nc (280 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.19 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 183. 207.Type as 206. (XII), 14.32 g. 208.Obv.: Type as 206. Illegible countermark on reverse. Rev.: On r., Tyche standing 1. holding cornucopia; on I., Mamas standing facing holding thunderbolt and raising arm; behind Tyche, heifer standing 1.; in 1. field, Lb; on r., IAZA; in exergue, date: nc (280 = 219/20 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 13.11 g. 209.Obv.: Type as 206; AKMA ANTC0N E[...] Rev.: Tyche standing as on 116; in lower r. field, +; on 1., GAZA; on r., date: nc (280 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (VI), 8.68 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 175. 210.Type as 209, but with rectangular countermark on rev. depicting head r. (XII), 8.22 g. GIC 179 for countermark.

123

211.Type as 209, but date written differently: Enc (year 280 = 219/20 CE). (XII), 8.87 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 179. 212.O17E: Type as 206. Rev.: Marnas standing facing, looking I., holding thunderbolt and raising arm, crowned by Victory standing on column behind him; in I. field, Hi; on r., IAZA; in exergue, date: nc (?) (280 = 219/20 CE); rectangular countermark depicting head 1. Bronze. (XII), 14.37 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 169; GIC 179. 213.Obv.: Type as 206. Rev.: On r., Mamas holding thunderbolt and raising arm, looking I. at Artemis standing on 1., holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver at her shoulder; on 1., IAZA; on r., +; in exergue, date: nc (280 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.45 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 174. 214.Obv.: Type as 206. Rev: Female figure (lo) wearing long robe standing facing looking 1., holding drapery and raising hand; IAZAIWN Enc (year 280 = 219/20 CE); in 1. field, +; in exergue, IW Bronze. (XII), 15.31 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 184. 215.Obv.: Type as 206. Rev.: Io on 1. and Tyche with heifer on r. standing facing one another, shaking hands as on 116; in 1. field, +; on 1., EIW; on r., IAZA; in exergue, date: EI1C (year 280 = 219/2o CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.01 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 179. 216.Type as 245, date illegible. (XII), 14.61 g. 217.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AYT K MA ANTC0NEINOC Rev.: Herakles leaning on club r.; IAZAIWN nc (280= 219/2o CE); in E. field, + . Bronze. (II), 8.54 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 182. 218.Obv: Type as 217; [...]NEINOC Rev.: Male figure (Minos?, Mamas?) standing 1. in front of tree, holding patera (?); between them, $ ; on 1., IAZA; on r., date: nc (280 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.48 g. Ros. III (Suppl. Gaza) 17. Julia Maesa 219.Obv.: Bust ofJulia Maesa r., draped; IOYAIA MAICA -C Rev.: Tyche as on 209. Bronze. (VII), 9.65 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 185. 220.Type as 219, but in exergue, + and date: ARC (281= 220/1 CE). (XII), 9.39 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 187.

124

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

Julia Paula 221.Obv.: Bust of Julia Paula r., draped; KOPNH FIAYAA Rev.: Mamas and Artemis in distyle facade as on 51; on r. and 1., IA ZA; in exergue, date: iC (280 = 219/20 CE); in pediment: Lh Bronze. (XII), 9.25 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 188. Gordian III (238-244 c.0 222.Obv.: Draped bust of Gordian III r., seen from rear, laureate; AYTOK K M ANTWN Rev.: Mamas crowned by Victory as on 212; FAZAK0N; in exergue, date: ETI TB (year 302 = 241/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.90 g. Ros. II (Gaza) 19o.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Abbasids 225.Obv.: Three lines, in ornamented frame: .21..frali / LI /Y14_11 2( (there is no god but God, He has no associate). Rev.: Inscription in four lines: / ail / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, good); in margin: cAr b &A) 4_;_w i-- 0 „1 A 11 as-,at.,,, 9 (this fals was struck at Gaza in the year 217 = 832 CE). Bronze. 2.64 g. SNAT 179. 226.Type as 225. 3.17 g.

223.Type as 222. (XII), 11.63 g. Under the Ayyubids Lead Tessera 224.O1w.: Monogram of Gaza: -V (composed of the letters IAZA). Rev.: Retrograde mintmark of Gaza: Lh. Lead. 1.43 g. Hoover 2007 4.

al-Kamil (1218-1238 cE) 227.Obv.: Three lines, in square frame: / r ibal 9_,I Jl ,111 / Muhammad b. (Al-Malik al-Kamil Abu-Bala b. Ayyab). Rev.: Three lines, in square frame: pLal ,,_01/ ALL —•(Al-Imam al-Mansur Abu JaTar al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful); marginal inscription: ...4.nu 6:44 fost,_31 him (this dirham was struck at Gaza in the year...). Possible dates are AH 635-37 (1235-37 CE). Silver dirham. 2.90 g. SNAT 184 -194. 228.Type as 227, but obv. inscription in four lines. 2.98 g.

THE COINS OF MARISA (MARESHA) Marisa (biblical Maresha), is located thirty-eight kilometers southwest of Jerusalem, and is identified with Tel Sandakha. In the Bible, the city is allotted to the Israelite tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:44). During the Persian and Hellenistic periods, it became a major Idumaean administrative and commercial center with a prosperous Sidonian colony. The city was captured and the population forced to convert to Judaism by the Hasmonean high priest, John Hyrcanus I. The conquest of Marisa can be dated to 112/111 BCE, based on a hoard of Seleucid tetradrachms from Ascalon discovered during excavations at the site (Barkay Marisa, 21-26; Barag 1992-1993, 4-3). Following Pompey's eastern settlement in 64 BCE, the proconsular governor of Syria, Aulus Gabinius, refounded Marisa as a polis (Josephus Ant. 14.88), but it was destroyed by the Parthians in c. 40 BCE and never rebuilt. In 200 CE, its place was taken by Eleutheropolis (Beit Guvrin), which was founded nearby. The site of Marisa was comprehensively excavated in 1900 by Bliss and Mara lister and in 1989 by A. Kloner on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The excavations uncovered the acropolis as well as buildings and caves used for dwellings, subterranean installations, and burials in the lower city (Kloner 2003). Barkay (20032006) summarized the Hellenistic coin finds discovered during excavations at the site. She applied archaeological data to propose dates for three hitherto undated groups of coins: coins from Side, Pamphylia; autonomous city-coins mainly from Ascalon, and early Nabataean issues. The coins of Marisa were first identified in 1992 by S. Qedar (Qedar Marisa: 27-33), who suggested that they were all struck in 57 BCE, according to a "Gabinian" era, counting from 6o BCE. The abbreviated city ethnic, fA(BEINIEDN) MA(PIEHNON), meaning "of the Gabinian Marisenes," indicates that the city was renamed in honor of Gabinius. Qedar maintained that the helmeted head depicted on the large denomination (No. a) is that of Gabinius (Qedar Marisa, 29), however, recent discoveries make both the identification of the head and the era doubtful. In a recent article, Gitler and Kushnir-Stein argue that the helmeted head must be that of Athena and publish two new coin types of year 2 (Gitler and Kushnir-Stein Marisa: 87-94; see particularly figs. 7-8). Following this discovery, it appears that the earliest possible date for the start of Marisa's era must be 59/58 BC (under the Syrian governor, Lentulus Marcellinus), or perhaps more likely, sometime during Gabinius' tenure as governor (57-54 BC). Of the six known coin types struck in Marisa, the Sofaer collection includes examples of two (Qedar Marisa, types B and C).

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Autonomous Obv.: Head of Tyche r. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt with palm branch over shoulder; in 1. field, date: LI (year 3) and FA; in r. field, MA Bronze. (XII), 11.15 g. Qedar Marisa B-1.

2.Obv.: Head r., with helmet and curly hair. Rev.: Palm branch with entwined serpent; in 1. field, date: LI (year 3) and FA; in r. field, M/A Bronze. (I), 6.73 g. Qedar Marisa C-1 (this coin). 3.Type as 2. (XII), 6.51 g.

The Coins of Nicopolis

7. O17v.: Small bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, laureate; M AV ANTWNINOC CEB

Rev.: Zeus Heliopolites standing facing between

THE COINS OF NICOPOLIS (EMMAUS) Nicopolis (Emmaus) is situated on the road connecting Jaffa to Jerusalem, some sixteen kilometers to the northeast of Diospolis (Lydda/Lod), in the vicinity of Latrun. Historical sources refer to two different sites called Nicopolis-Emmaus. Both Hill (BMC Palestine, lxxix-lxxx) and Stein (1990,16o-162) agree that the place mentioned by Sozomen, recalling Luke (24: 13), and founded by Vespasian immediately after the Jewish War to settle eight hundred Roman veterans, is not the same as the mint of the coins discussed here. Eusebius states that Emmaus was elevated to the rank of polls during the reign of Elagabalus, either in 219 or 220 CE, and changed its name to Nicopolis (Eusebius Chron. 178; Stein 1990:159-16o). Consequently, coins of Marcus Aurelius that have been previously attributed to Nicopolis (BMC Palestine, lxxx- lxxxi) should be related instead to the mint of Nicopolis ad Lycum and not to Nicopolis in Palestine (Stein 1990:159). The coins of Nicopolis are among the rarest city coins of the region. All five of the known types were struck during the second year of Elagabalus, namely 219/2o or 22o/1 CE (for the dating era, see Stein 1990:161-162). The city was granted the title of Marcia Aurelia Antoniniana. On one of the coins the city's name is written twice: the legend around reads, "Marcia Aurelia Antoniniana Nicopolis", while the central inscription within the wreath reads "Nicopolis" (No. 1). This appears to be the only instance of a city's name occurring twice on the same coin. There are five different coin types: Tyche, the city goddess in a temple (No. 3-6); the bust of Tyche (No. 8); Zeus Heliopolites (No. 7); an eagle holding a wreath inscribed with the name of the city (No. 1-2); and Victory standing on a globe, a type which is associated with the Greek name of the city. Other cities in the region that issued coins only under Elagabalus are Antipatris, Esbous, and Charachmoba.

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits

Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 1.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, radiate; M AV ANTWNINOC CEB Rev.: Eagle standing facing, head 1., supporting wreath: NEI / KOTIO/AIC; around: M AV ANTCON IA NIKOTIOAEC0C; date between eagle's legs: E B (year 2 = 219/20 CE).

Bronze. (VI),17.06 g. Mesh. City Coins 159 (this coin).

2.Obv.: Type as 1 (same die). Rev: Eagle holding wreath as above, but wreath is made of groups of three leaves each, with a big medallion on top; within, NIKO / nOAIC; around, M AV ANTC0NIA NIKonOAE0K; date flanking eagle:

E B (year 2 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.14 g. M. SNG ANS 10 43.

3.Obv.: Draped bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT K M AYP ANTWNINOC

Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with pediment and central arch; within, Tyche standing with foot on prow, resting on standard and holding small bust (?); ANT NIKOTIOAIC; between columns, date: E B (year 2 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.73 g. M. SNG ANS 1044; BMC Palestine (Nicopolis) 4.

4. Obv.: Type as 3, but letters are bigger; M AV ANTWNINOC CEB

Rev.: Type as 3, but date in exergue; A NTC0NI NIA NA NIKOrlOAIC Bronze. (XII), 13.75 g. Hamburger 1899 13. 5.Type as 4. Same dies. (VI), 10.20 g.

6. 0bv.: Type as 3. Rev.: Tetrastyle temple with Tyche as on 4. Bronze. (VII), 9.97 g.

two heifers; around, M AVP ANT0) NIKOMAIC; to 1. and r., date: E B (year 2 = 219/20 CE). Bronze. (V), 7.69 g. BMC Palestine (Nicopolis) 5.

127

8. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT K M AVP ANTWNINOC Rev.: Bust of Tyche L; ANTWNINOC A N NIKOrlOAIC Bronze. (XII), 10.98 g. Ros. III (Nicopolis) 6.

The Coins of al-Ramlah Under the Abbasids

FILASTIN (STRUCK AT AL-RAMLAIII)

8.Obv.: In three lines:

THE COINS OF AL-RAMLAH Al-Ramlah (Ramlah) is the only city in the Holy Land that was founded by the Arabs. The city was founded by the Umayyad caliph Sulayman, son of `Abd al-Malik, around 712-715 CE. Since the land on which this city was built was covered with sand, it was called "al-Ramlah," meaning "The Sands." Many of the stones used for its construction were taken from Byzantine buildings in the neighboring city of Lod (Diospolis). Soon thereafter, al-Ramlah served as the capital of the military district (fund) called Filastin, which included Judaea and Samaria. Some parts of the original buildings such as the "square tower" of the mosque and the impressive water reservoir have survived until today. The mint of al-Ramlah was very active and struck large quantities of coins during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. At first, large post-reform bronze coins were struck, characterized by a small palm branch as mintmark or as the main design on the smaller denominations. Under the Abbasids, bronze coins, many of which are dated, were struck under various rulers. Some Abbasid bronze, silver, and gold coins with the name "Filastin" rather than al-Ramlah are also attributed to the mint of al-Ramlah on the basis of design and the fact that Ramlah then served as administrative center of Jund Filastin. Extensive minting of gold and silver coins took place under the Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Qarmatids, and Fatimids until al-Zahir (1O2o-1O35 CE), altogether a period of more than three hundred continuous years of Arabic coinage.

AL-RAMLAH Under the Umayyads

1.Obv.: Three lines surrounded by frame with stria-

Rev.: Three lines surrounded by a circle: al I / / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin, with five-pointed star:

tions: (there is no god but God alone).

Rev.: Three lines with palm branch on r., ZVI / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: akkj.IL! f.4_,.,L4 (in the name of God, this fals was struck at alRamlah). Bronze. 3.28 g. Walker 1956 846. 2. Obv.: Three lines surrounded by a circle: pa_>9 /j.11 YI/4.I1Y (there is no god but God alone); in margin: 4111I 41J (the kingdom is God's, full weight fals).

(Struck at al-Ramlah). Bronze. 3.98 g. SNAT 59.

3.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Type as 2. Bronze. 4.53 g. SNAT 63. Hybrid of coins 1 and 2.

4.Obv.: Palm tree (or branch) in circle of dots; in margin: [04_.-9] d111 XI a]I X (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: Crescent and star surrounded by a circle of dots; in margin: (this fals was struck at al-Ramlah). Bronze. 2.02 g. Walker 1956, 855. 5.Type as 4, but struck on smaller flan. 2.31 g. 6. Type as 5, but struck on smaller flan. 2.01 g. 7.Type as 6. 1.26 g.

129

Under the Abbasids

6111/XI 4.11 d ej. t, (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); in margin: 4.e.IL LJ

7.taa ..

1 4,4 j.4 I L'

111

(in the name of God, among those things ordered by the Amir Sdid b. al-Surkh). Rev.: Four lines surrounded by a circle of dots: (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, BibarIcha [?]); in margin: c5..1q Jlc ato.)..11? Lib (this fals was struck at al-Ramlah by AbfflRayan). Bronze. 1.63 g. (Struck around 816 CE). SNAT 91. 9. Obv.: Three lines surrounded by ornamented frame: 1{ X /ov9 AL I / (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); below, two crescents. Rev.: Four lines surrounded by a circle of dots: / Ai) I / j 9_.) / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, good); in margin: I li.eb 41.0 4711.411 4 znali..3

9

(in the name of God, this fals was struck at alRamlah in the year 217 = 832 CE). Bronze. 2.6o g. SNAT 96. 10.Type as 9, but year 218, and below obv. inscription, wavy line. 3.45 g. Variant of SNAT 103.

11.Obv.: Four lines surrounded by a circle: 0.4 _%.ta..u,/)..!_4Y1 a, 1_41 Le

ratioJ-O,54 (among those things ordered by the Amir Sdid b. al-Surkh at the hands of Muhammad b. Ibrahim). Rev.: Three lines surrounded by a circle: .d.„0).114 Lis (in the name of God, this fals was struck at alRamlah). Bronze. 1.99 g. Leu 34 (1983) lot 114 (this unique coin).

al-Mu`tamid (87o-892 CE) 12.

Obv.: In four lines: PYI AJI 4i1 I (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, al-Mufawwid ila Allah); around: CX.I-1:11-4 9 j1-;-11' 9 (in the name of God, this dirham was struck at Filastin in the year 263 = 877 CE); in margin: .i..1.49.2 9 . .1-2.4 9 j...22f1 all AllI (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in help of God). Rev.: Five lines within two circles: / / j 9_wi (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Mietamid 'ala Allah); in margin: a) 6 9 6 1,04 4-1—wil 4111 J9-Asij j 9S1-2u-1.1 0.4 9.3 41.5 (Muhammad is the messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Silver dirham. 2.52 g. Earliest date on Abbasid dirhams of Filastin. SNAT 118.

al-Muqtadir (908-9p CE) 13. Obv.: In five lines: X/

/

ail

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abul-Abbas, son of the Commander of the Faithful); inner margin: 31.4.1

Znie,

(.4.6)-1JI U.A0

LQ_LL.; 9 (in the name of God, this dirham was struck at Filastin in the year 308 = 920 CE); outer margin:. 4-1J j9-i-69-il CA, --1-09q 9,-1-:' 0-'1 9 J-t-i1 sill ' ,al.? (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God). Rev.: In five lines: 4.IJI4).431I/dill/(j9_.))/.1-Q_>-.4/ (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Muqtadir billah); in margin as on 12. Silver dirham. 3.10 g.

130

The Coins of al-Ramlah

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILIST1A

14.Type as 13, but gold

ri at;-ate-319 =9310E. SNAT122.

al-Radi (934-94o CE) 15.Obv.: In three lines: • 41 / 4b1/ X14.11 X (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); inner margin: I" 41.11

Rev.: In six lines: / ‘7.La

(to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Mtftarnid `aid Allah, Khumarawayh b. Ahmad); marginal inscription as on rev of coin 12. Gold dinar. 4.28 g. Spink-Taisei 34 (1990) lot 169. Harun b. Khumarawayb (897-905 CE)

,j..2"..).L.c. 9

(tn the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 325 = 937 cE); in outer margin, inscription as above. Rev.: In five lines: 411/ J9_,4„, 4.1.1 (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al Radii billah). Gold dinar. 3.63 g. Leu 36 (1985) lot 477 (this coin).

18.Obv.: Type as 17, but date "year 290" = 902 CE. Rev.: Type as 17, but central inscription: 9)1"4":" .

(to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al Mu`ta~iid billah, Harun b. Khumarawayh). Gold dinar. 4.28 g. Hess 255 (1984) lot 157.

al-Muttagi (940-944 CE) 16.Obv.: In five lines:

Under the Ikhshidids

941/4J

41.11/Y14_11 Muhammad b. Tugbj (93s--946 CE)

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abil Mansur, Commander of the Faithful); inner margin: L..,. I

di I (4.44/4

aiLoili 9

(in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 33o = 942 cE); outer margin: b9-,-49-11 C.)-4 ,5'4 9 s-4s-4X1 4 J (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in help of God). Rev: Five lines: j.1,4.-.11/.11/j9_.) /4/4i1 (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Muttaqi lillah"); in margin as on rev of 12. Gold dinar. Leu 36 (1985) lot 48o (this coin). Under the Tiillinids Khumarawayb (884-896 CE) 17.Obv.: In three lines: 4..11/10 4_11 Y

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); marginal inscription in two lines: &.14:1

jt >^ +. I 2,

1-?) ..lia AliI

4:11-;:11-0 9 ..1.4-!-sw 9 (in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 279" = 892 cE).

19. Obv.: In five lines: 9.?1 /

.11/ Y1 4.112f ,)!-1-49-LT (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abu Mansiir son of the Commander of the Faithful); inner margin: ‘5.1..>-!

&LAI) J.!

22.Type as 21. 3.97 g.

20. Obv.: In three lines: 4t11/J9-.4) /..L.4-,-4/41I

I 2,

j.;4.-1.31 lim ,71)...b aL I

t4."'..1

331-4 1'9 cistr) 9

(in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 331 = 943 CE); outer marginal inscription: j-49 J-4 ,:)-0),:al (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in help of God). Rev.: Six lines: 41) Lra.L.ti / .>.O/ all (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Muttaqi lillah, al-Ikhshid); in margin: ti9-5.)-1L-U O./S. 9-1 9 4.L

OtP-1-51

(Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 4.35 g. Leu 36 (1985) lot 481 (this coin).

/XI ail X / (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); inner margin: 9 ~~I 41_,,,) ‘‘, I db. I 4141119 (in the name of God, this dirham was struck at Filastin in the year 334 = 946 CE); outer margin: I 4U j 9.1.49.1.1c).A.211,09.2 ..1.2.! zy-o j i-a (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God). Rev.: In six lines:. / All _,In.11/ 41.1 / / / 411 (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, al-Mutr lillah, al-Ikhshid); in margin: et.,6bs ).) 9 S'6-IL 4L11) 41.11 j 9-w, j9-5)20-11 0)-5 9.1 9 4-I-5 %).4-1-11 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 3.4o g. Abul-Qasim (946-961 CE) 21.Obv: In seven lines: r4.. .L2. - 941/ 4.1

131

I„,. 9 4L1/XI ,d) X/ 9

(There is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abul-Qasim b. al-Ikhshid, $); inner margin: Lib pr o 4111la-"" &AI a.:.„uv 01. te• “. I A ! 41..31l.I9 0;4

9

(in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 337 = 948 CE); outer margin: .1-2-? 3-49 J-t-e rQXI 4L J9-i-G9-11cA (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God). Rev: Six lines followed by Arabic letter $: 4:0 I /4.t.ic (to God, Muhammed is the Messenger of God, God bless him and peace be with him, al-Muti` lillah); in margin: I :§31 jj..p 9 „51.6.M..? J9..a.u) J9-51-411-11 °.)S 9-/ 9 41-C j--"JI (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 3.74 g. Samma 35-82.

23.Type as 21, but date: 339 = 950 CE. 3.01 g. SNAT 128. 24. Type as 19, but in the name of al-Mutr lillah; date: 346 = 957 CE. 4.29 g. SNAT 133. 25.Obv: In five lines: 941/41 ....d..4)_‘1 X/

4i.11/ ICI 4.11 X

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, Abul-Qasim b. al-lkhshid); in margin: (in the name of God, this dirham was struck at Filastin...); the date is missing. Rev.: In six lines: 4.4c. al (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, God bless him and his family, al-Mutr lillah); in margin: d I" , 9 „5.4.114 4..L4)14.1.11j9.4) 9-) 9 41-IS >.1-JI (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Silver dirham. 2.84 g. !elli 6. al-Ilthshid (961-966 CE) 26. Type as 19, but in the name of Ali b. al-Ikhshid; date: 351 = 962 CE. 3.81 g. SNAT 135. 27.Type as 25, but date: 353 = 964 CE. 4.22 g. SNAT 136. 28. Obv: Three-lines followed by Arabic letter K in the fourth: X/4.1,9 4111/Y1 4.1$ ..t1/ 4J (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, K); inner marginal inscription: Lab era, 4L I rs-LIA.4 •.. I A eLS1.4.11,19 ,:n ••• 9

(in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 355 = 966 cE); outer marginal inscription: ,...,9.1.4911 11.49,1 0-0 9 , ..)-4J-AZY I (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God).

132

The Coins of al-Ramlah

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

Rev.: In six lines: 9 /4-44111,1-.0/411J9.d.d) /..1..4_, -4/41.) 411 &Jail/ 4JI (to God, Mubammed is the Messenger of God, God bless him and his family, al-Mutr lillah); in margin: 9 45.1.6JI.? a.L,I 4.111

09-51)2 " 1 °.) 5 9-1 9 415 041 0-1-

(Mubammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 4.33 g. SNAT 139. Under the Qarmatians ilhmad b. 211i Tughj 29. Obv.: In five lines: 41.11

4t.1

al) I /

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, al-tlasan b. `Abd Allah); inner marginal inscription: dill (in the name of God, this dirham was struck at Filastin in the year 358 = 969 CE); outer margin: 39.L4911Crii-1 -1-14 0-4 9 Lit-1 0-45 .)-41Y I (to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in help of God). Rev.: In six lines: 4_,La a1J I /1,1..2] 41.i I ea.16/,_Lc. 3.? a 0 i / 41J [laW. 9] (to God, Mubammad is the Messenger of God, God bless him and peace be with him, al-Mull` lillah Abmad b. `Ali Tughj); in margin: [.rte

0

d

1

,.5.2.) 9 s.14.314 aLu.D I oLIJI J9-w) a,.5 9-1 9 4-1S

(Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Silver dirham. 3.25 g. SNAT 145.

Rev.: In two lines:

Under the Fatimids

al-Hasan b. Ahmed (969-972 CE) 30. Obv.: In five lines:

andziz (975-996 CE) ?Si

/ Ain YI

(there is no god but God alone, He has no associate, the Noble, the Chief); inner margin:. &Law ;,1 rtuajail IA.1 I 9 u

„-`u 9

(In the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 361 = 972 CE); outer marginal inscription: 9 -1-314 0-09 J-4 O-4i-a I 41) .

(to God belongs the power before and after and in that day the believers shall rejoice in help of God). Rev.: In six lines: ,71.c.9 / 410 ,,L /411,1 jg_w) ali / E4 ail (to God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God, God bless him and his family, al-Mull lillah, alklasan b. Ahmad); in margin: ')-4-Ne3 8 09-5.)-AW O,.S 9-1 9 4-1-5 04.-O1 (Mubammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Gold dinar. 3.29 g. Pierced. Cf. SNAT 153, but dated one year later.

133

31.Obv.: Pellet in circle, surrounded by inscription between two lines: 41.11

Xl 4.31

(there is no god but God, Mubammad is the Messenger of God, All is the best of God's elect); outer margin: l c a) 6 t:, L0.1 34., 9 ,54.1I..? 4.1_112) o Z/9-5 -111-1.1 0,S 9-1 9 415 04/

(Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Rev.: Pellet in circle, surrounded by inscription between two lines: ogll, of 41JLy J1 pLoYIA.:, 449 9 LI (the Servant of God and His Friend Nizar, the Imam al-`Aziz billah, Commander of the Faithful); outer marginal inscription: 9 O1.4; ...I A !i_.yJ.JI Lim (o_alL4 4.1L4-di 9

(in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 368 = 979 CE). Gold dinar. 4.18 g. 32.Type as 31, but date: 369 = 98o CE. 4.12 g. 33.Type as 31, but date: 371 = 981/2 CE. 4.16 g. Leu 32 (1982) lot 73.

34. Type as 31, but date: 373 = 983/4 CE). 4.14 g. Hess 255 (1984) lot 166. al-Hakim (996—xo2r c.E) 35.Obv.: In two lines: 411

Ain j 9-w) ago

(Mubammad is the Messenger of God, Ali is the Friend of God); inner marginal inscription: 41;1.x ,:,, 2f oa..). 9 4.1.11 YI (there is no god but God alone, He has no associate); outer margin: 0.O 9 d.1.4.11 aLw,l 4.111 j 9-wi

.394,-Ill4iS 9-1 9 415 (:)-2.1-11 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it).

41JI .).4L? (al-tlakim bi-Amr Allah, Commander of the Faithful); inner margin: 9q1 )9-.='-1-11 4-49 9 4111 •-%-t-c•

(the Servant of God and His Friend al-Mansur Abu `Ali the Imam); outer margin: Ali1 a.31.0e gl (in the name of God, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 400 = 1010 CE). Gold dinar. 4.11 g. Spink-Taisei 34 (1990) lot 175 (this coin). al-Mustansir (ro36—zo94 CE) 36. Obv.: In five lines: 4111 YI 4J1

/,.,.L4

4111 X9 /4111 (there is no god but God, Mubammad is the Messenger of God, All is the Friend of God); in margin: old

Lt.:I

0.1 j .g 9 S.i,9J1j 41-4 4111 ,19-Av, jg.5,21SJI D,S g.1 9 ai..c

(Mubammad is the Messenger of God, He has sent him with the guidance and the religion of truth so that he may proclaim it above every faith even if the idolaters dislike it). Rev.: In four lines: 4:71_1, 0911 .).1,41/ ..11/ 0+4' ' 41 (Ma'add the Imam Abu Tamirn al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful); in margin: 4.1JI (4.mq 9 01....14) 9

(in the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, this dinar was struck at Filastin in the year 446 = 1054 CE). Gold dinar. 4.15 g. 37.Same type as 31, but struck under al-Mustansir in the year 447 = 1055 CE. 4.05 g.

The Coins of Raphia Commodus (177-192 ce)

THE COINS OF RAPHIA Raphia is situated inland, at the southern end of the Mediterranean coast of Palestine, at the threshold of the Sinai desert. Raphia was the site of a famous battle between the armies of the Ptolemaic king, Ptolemy IV, and the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, in 217 BCE. Josephus names Raphia as one of the cities conquered by Alexander Jannaeus (Ant. 13.357) and rebuilt by Aulus Gabinius in 57-55 BCE (Ant. 14.88). Beyond this, little of the city's history would be known, if not for the numerous provincial coins struck at Raphia in the Roman period. The coinage begins during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in 177/8 c, most probably as a result of the emperor's visit to Palestine (Gitler Marcus Aurelius, 44, table 2) and ceases under Philip I and Philip II, in 245 CE. The coins are dated according to an era starting in 6o BCE, during the Syrian governorship of L. Marcius Philippus (BMC Palestine, lxxxii; Stein 199o, 53). Meshorer published a corpus of the coinage of Raphia in 1976 (Mesh. Raphia, 57-68) and a study by Price deals primarily with its iconography (Price Raphia, 76-79). Yashin (2007) includes issues from Raphia. Dionysus was an important deity on the coinage of Raphia, perhaps in part because the city's name is PAOIA, the Greek word for "seam:' and may have alluded to the myth in which the infant Dionysus was sewn up inside the thigh of Zeus (Mesh. Raphia, 6o; BMC Palestine, lxxxii-lxxxiii). Apollo also frequently appears on the coins (Nos. 1, 4,18), mostly in association with his sister Artemis (Nos. 12, 17), but also with their mother Leto (Nos. 2, 8, 10-11, 16, 26; Mesh. Raphia, 58-59; Price Raphia, 78; BMC Palestine, lxxxiii). This triad may reflect syncretism with Egyptian religion, in which these deities were equated with Horus, Bubastis, and Isis, respectively, and understood as the children of Osiris (Dionysus) (Herodotus 2.156; Mesh. Raphia, S9; Price Raphia, 78). Other Egyptian types also appear on the coinage, including a bird with a plumed headdress, identified by Meshorer as the hawk of Horus wearing the crown of Egypt, and by Price as the Egyptian deity Sop du (No. 3). The same bird is depicted later standing on a lyre placed on a trunk entwined by a serpent (No. 23), suggesting an association of the bird with Apollo (Mesh. Raphia, 61-62; Price Raphia, 78-79). Egyptian Isis (No.19) and the sphinx (Nos. 20-22) are also depicted. Under Severus Alexander (222-235 CE), the city acquired sacred status, which it advertised on the coinage (Nos. 16-18). The coins of Raphia are poorly manufactured, as one might expect from a small township. During the reign of Gordian III, the coins were struck from cast, rather than engraved, dies, resulting in rougher designs and more schematic outlines. The issues of Gordian III at Raphia are also unique among the coinages of the region in that his name appears without the regular imperial titulature (Nos. 19-23; all dated to 244 CE). THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Marcus Aurelius (161-18o CE) 1. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT ANTC0NINOC KAIC Rev.: Apollo standing facing looking r., holding laurel branch, arm on tripod entwined by serpent; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: ZAC (237 = 177/8 CE). Bronze. (I),15.66 g. Mesh. Raphia Ros. III (Raphia) 1; Price Raphia 3; Gitler Marcus Aurelius 44.

MarcusAurelius and Commodus

2. Obv.: Confronted busts of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, both draped and laureate; AVT ANTCONINOC KAIC ET KOMMOAOC Rev.: Leto seated on throne 1., resting hand on small figure of Apollo in front of her and holding scepter; behind her, small figure of Artemis; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: ZAC (237 = 177/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 19.27 g. Mesh. Raphia 3; Price Raphia 1.

3. Obv.: Draped bust of young Commodus r., laureate; AVT KOM Rev.: Bird (raven?, falcon?) standing r., with plumed headdress (Sop du?); on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: ZAC (237 = 177/8 CE). Bronze. (XI), 3.5o g. Mesh. Raphia 6; Price Raphia 6. 4. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus r., laureate; crude style, traces of inscription. Rev.: Apollo standing as on 1, but date: OAC (239) = 179/80 CE.

Bronze. (XI), 13.71 g. 5.Obv.: Type as 4. Rev.: Tyche standing facing looking L, holding in her palm the infant Dionysus and cornucopia; on r., PAOIA; on L, date: MC (240 = 180/81 CE). Bronze. (XII), 21.17 g. Mesh. Raphia 10, plate 3.10 (this coin). 6. Obv.: Type as 3; [...]AM..] ANTCONINOC Rev.: Tyche standing as on 5, but Dionysus is holding bunch of grapes; date: EMC (245 = 185/6 CE). Bronze. (I), 16.44 g. Mesh. Raphia 15. Septimius Severus (193- 211 CE) 16. Obv.: Draped bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; [...]CEn • CEOYH PO Rev.: Leto seated L as on 2; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: AEC (261 = 201/2 ca). Bronze. (XII), 12.53 g. Mesh. Raphia 21. Caracalla (198-217 CO

8. Otry.: Draped bust of Caracalla r., laureate; AV • K • M AVP • ANTC0NEINOC • CEB Rev.: Leto seated 1. as on 2; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: SEC (266 = 206/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.52 g. Mesh. Raphia 27, plate 5.27 (this coin). Diadumenian (218 CE) 9. Obv.: Draped bust of Diadumenian r., bareheaded; [...JANTC0N[...] Rev.: Leto seated I. as on 2; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: E ZOC (year 277 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 15.31 g. Mesh.Raphia 29; Ros. III (Raphia) 12.

135

Elagabalus (218-222 cE)

lo. Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus (?) r., laureate: AV K • M • AVP[...] Rev.: Dionysus standing 1., pouring wine over altar (or panther?) at his feet and holding thyrsos with 1.; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: HOC (278 = 218/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.85 g. Mesh. Raphia 3o, plate 5.3o (this coin). The details of this coin are not clear and it may have been minted earlier. 11.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; traces of inscription. Rev.: Dionysus and Apollo standing nude, facing each other; Dionysus on r., holding wine jug and thyrsos; Apollo on 1., holding laurel branch; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: HOC (278 = 218/9 CE). Bronze. (XII), 13.76 g. Mesh. Raphia 31, plate 5.31 (this coin). 12.Obv.: Type as ii; [...]ANTCONIN[...] Rev.: Artemis standing facing, plucking arrow from quiver on her shoulder and holding bow; stag at her feet; on r., PAOIA; on 1., date: AI1C (281 = 221/2 CE).

Bronze. (XII, 11.0o g. Mesh. Raphia 37; Ros III (Raphia) 17. Severus Alexander (222-235 CE)

13.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; [...]CEOYH AAEEAN[...] Rev.: Zeus seated on throne1., crowned by small Victory he holds on his palm and resting on scepter; at his feet, small eagle; on 1, PAOIA; on r., date: Anc (281 = 221/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.47 g. Mesh. Raphia 39; Ros. III (Raphia) 20. 14.Obv. Type as 13, but crude style; AY KAI M A CE AAEEANAPOC Rev.: Leto seated 1. as on 2; on 1., PAOIA; on r., date: AI1C (281 = 221/2 ca). Bronze. (XII), 7.68 g. Mesh. Raphia 4o. 15.Obv.: Draped bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate; AYT KAI M A CE AAEEANAPOC Rev.: Dionysus standing 1., resting on thyrsos and holding Egyptian crown (?); at his feet, panther; IEPA PAOIA and date qC (290 = 230/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.76 g. Mesh. Raphia 42, plate 6.42 (this coin).

JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA

136

16.Obv.: Type as 15. Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding cornucopia and infant Dionysus; IEPA PMDIA and date LIC (290 = 230/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 14.7o g. Mesh. Raphia 43; Ros. III (Raphia) 22. 17.Obv.: Type as 15. Rev.: Artemis advancing L, holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver at her shoulder; before her, stag running r.; IEPA PACDIA and date €IC (290 = 23o/1 CE). Bronze. (XI), io.98 g. Mesh. Raphia 44, plate 6.44 (this coin). 18.Obv.: Type as 15, but seen from rear. Rev.: Apollo standing facing looking 1., holding small branch and lyre over column; to 1. below, a bird (raven?, falcon?) standing I.; IEPA PAOIA and date LIC (290 s 230/1 CE). Bronze. (XI), 13.27 g. Mesh. Raphia 46. Gordian III 038-244 CO 19.Obv.: Draped bust of Gordian III r., laureate; IOPAIANOV Rev.: Head of Isis r. (very crude); on r., PAOIA; on 1., date: T (300 = 240/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.44 g. Mesh. Raphia 5o. 20. Obv.: Type as 19; ANT 1OPAIANOV Rev.: Sphinx 1., forelegs over wheel; on 1., PA(DIA; on r., date: T (300 = 240/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 11.4o g. Mesh. Raphia 52; Ros. III (Raphia) 27. 21.Obv.: Type as 20. Rev.: Sphinx as on 20; above, PAOIA; on I., date: T (300 = 240/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.48 g. Mesh. Raphia 53. 22. Obv.: Type as 19. Rev.: Type as 2o, but the date is inclined. Bronze. (XII), 7.98 g. 23. Obv.: Type as 19. Rev.: Bird (raven?, falcon?) perched r. on lyre resting on trunk entwined by serpent; on 1., PAI:DIA; on r., date: T (300 = 240/1 CE). Bronze. (XII), 5.78 g. Mesh. Raphia 54; Ros. III (Raphia) 29.

Philip 1 (244—.249 CE) 24. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Philip I r., seen from rear, laureate: AVT K IOVAIOC (DIAInnoc Rev.: Leto seated I. on chair as on 2, resting hand on scepter and on small figure of Apollo; behind her, small figure of Artemis holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver at her shoulder; on 1., PACDIA; on r., date: AT (304 = 244/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.90 g. Mesh. Raphia 56, plate 7.56 (this coin). Philip 11(147-249 CE) 25. Obv.: Draped bust of Philip II, radiate; K IOVAION (DIAnnoN Rev.: Type as 24. Bronze. (II), io.56 g. Mesh. Raphia 59; Ros. III (Raphia) 35. 26. Obv.: Type as 24. Rev.: Tyche standing 1. as on 16, holding small Dionysus and cornucopia; on 1., PACDIA; on r., date: AT (304 = 244/5 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.68 g. Mesh. Raphia 6o, plate 7.6o (this coin).

THE COINS OF YUBNA (YAVNEH) Yubna was situated on the coastal road between Ashdod and Joppa. In the Iron Age, Jabneh was a Philistine city, although it was not reckoned among the cities of the Philistine Pentapolis. In Hellenistic times the city was called Jamnia, being a part of the Seleucid eparchy of Idumaea. The city was inhabited by Greeks and Idumaeans, as shown by an inscription on the base of a statue of Herakles found on the Cycladic island of Delos. Thus, it is not surprising that Jamnia was one of the most obstinate opponents of the Maccabees, suffering greatly from their attacks. Jamnia was ultimately conquered by John Hyrcanus I and became a Jewish city. Pompey made Jamnia a free city, a status that it continued to hold under Gabinius. Later it belonged to Herod the Great. Strabo described it as a thickly populated city that could provide forty thousand fighting men. The city was bequeathed by Herod to Salome, who in turn gave it to Livia, the wife of Augustus. Under the Romans, Jamnia became the residence of a procurator. Philo tells us that the procurator Herennius Capito incited the Greeks of Jamnia to provoke the Jewish population by erecting an altar of the imperial cult. The outraged Jews destroyed the altar, thus causing the emperor Caligula to command the erection of a statue of Jupiter in the temple of Jerusalem. This threatening action was prevented only by Caligula's murder. In spite of the defiance of the Jews of Jamnia, the city was not destroyed during the First Jewish War, and so it became the center of the Great Sanhedrin. Prominent rabbis of the Mishnaic period, like Rabbi Hillel's pupil Johanan ben Zakkai, taught in the "vineyard of Jabneh," discussing and compiling the canon of Jewish sacred scripture. The Second Jewish War ended the flourishing rabbinic learning. While many rabbis escaped to Galilee or went into the diaspora, a Samaritan community began to settle in Jamnia. In 634, the city fell to the Arabs.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads Arab-Byzantine 1. Obv.: Caliph standing facing; on 1., on r., (Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Rev.: Ill; on 1., • Ia (Filastin) on r., (Yubna) Bronze. 2.97 g. SNAT 222. 2. Type as 1, but struck twice. 3.12 g.

Post-Reform 3. Obv.: In in three lines surrounded by three dotted circles: 0..)-9 / 411121/ 4JI (there is no god but God alone). Rev.: In in three lines: / (Muhammad is the Messenger of God); in margin: 4, je Lyi I A rc“Ly L7. , (in the name of God, this fals was struck inYubna). Bronze. 3.19 g. SNAT 223. 4. Type as 3. 3.05 g. 5. Type as 3. 3.25 g. 6. Type as 3. 3.17 g.

ANDPROVINCIA ARABIA,

THE DECAPOLIS

THE COINS OF ABILA (ABEL) According to Eusebius, the ancient city of Abila was situated twelve miles east of Gadara (Onom. 32.16). This identification of the site is also supported by a Greek inscription reading ABIAA, found there in 1984. The Semitic origin of the name comes from the word abel (51N), meaning "meadow" in Hebrew and "grow green" in Arabic. The site comprises two mounds: Tel Abila in the north, where the acropolis and a large Byzantine basilica were discovered; and Khirbet Umm el-Amad in the south, where remains of a theater and another Byzantine basilica were found. The place is rich in water sources, which were canalized through a number of subterranean aqueducts flowing into the Yarmuk river. Abila was surveyed by Schumacher in 1888 and again in 1980 by W. H. Mare of Covenant Seminary, St. Louis, together with A. Hadidi, director of the Jordan Department of Antiquities. From 1982 to 1990, systematic excavations were held at the site by the same institutions, revealing archaeological remains dating from the Neolithic to the Islamic periods (NEAEHL 1-3). Abila is not mentioned by Pliny as part of the Decapolis. It appears to have been annexed some time between the reign of Alexander the Great and that of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, who conquered the city together with Pella and Gadara in 218 BCE (Polybius Hist. 5.69-5.70). The city is also listed among the towns conquered by Alexander Jannaeus. All the coins of Abila are dated according to the same era, starting either in 64 BCE or between 64 and 62 BCE (Stein 1990, 3o-33). The city began to strike coins in 161 CE under Marcus Aurelius, and ceased by the beginning of Elagabalus' reign (c. 219 CE). The full name of the city as it appears on the coins is: CE(AEYKEION) ABIAHNON I(EPAC) A(CYAOY) A(YTONOMOY) F(?) KORAHC) CY(PIAC) (of the Seleucian Abilenes, Sacred, Inviolable, Autonomous, Well-known(?), of Coele Syria). The meaning of the abbreviation IAAF is not clear. Meshorer suggested that it might indicate that the people of Abila considered Alexander the Great to be the founder of the city, reconstructing the legend as IEPAC ACYAOY AAEEANAPOC [ENAPXHC (Mesh. City Coins, 78). Cohen (1998, 95-102), however, following Kellner and others, believes the correct reading of this abbreviation should be rNQPIMOY, meaning "well-known" or "distinguished." The coins of Abila are numerous and varied. A corpus of the coinage was first compiled by Spijkerman (Sp. Decapolis, 48-56) and most recently by Lichtenberger (20(33, 62-82). A study by Wineland deals specifically with the iconography of the coin types and discusses the coins discovered in Abila during the excavations (Wineland 2001, 79-94). Among the earliest issues are two coin types depicting a single bunch of grapes (No. 8) and a cornucopia with three bunches of grapes (No. 7). These symbols are clearly connected to the agricultural nature of the site and the production of wine. As at other cities of the Decapolis, at Abila the primary Greek deities to appear on the coinage were Herakles (e.g., Nos. 3-4,15-16,19; Mesh. City Coins, 78, No. 215)—probably syncretized with the local god Melqart-and the city-goddess Tyche (Nos. 1-2, 9, 12-14, 21). The Sofaer collection includes three previously unpublished objects: No.12, a bronze coin of Lucius Verus; a well-preserved lead seal depicting the head of Tyche with the inscription ABIAA, dated to the reign of Septimius Severus (No. 18) and a lead button with the same design as the seal, but undated (No. 27).

THE DECAPOLIS AND PROVINCIA ARABIA

142

THE ROMAN PERIOD With Imperial Portraits Marcus Aurelius (161-18o cE) 1.01/2.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; AYT KAIC M AVP ANT AV1 Rev.: Arch supported by two columns; in center Tyche standing r., holding scepter and small figure (?), crowned by small Victory flying at her; two more Victories standing on pedestals before and behind her, offer her wreaths; her foot rests on river god swimming at her feet; in exergue, CE ABIAHNCD/ EKC (225 = 161/2 cE); on r., N IAN"; on 1., KOI CY Bronze. (XII), 19.21 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) i; Lichtenberger 2003 (Abila) MZ 18 (this coin). 2. Obv.: Type as 1; AYT KAIC M AVP ANTCON El NOC Rev.: Type as 1, but differrent distribution of inscription; in exergue, CE ABIAHN (date is off flan); on r., CON 'AM; on 1., KOI CY Bronze. (XII), 18.30 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 1. 3.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Herakles, nude, seated on rock I., resting hand on club and leaning on the rock; CE ABIAHNCON I.A.A.1 KOI CY; in exergue, date: EKC (225 = 161/2 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 14.27 g. 4. Type as 3, but date: cKC (226) = 162/3 CE. On obv., oval countermark depicting head of Herakles r. Bronze. (XII), 11.98 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 3 (but no countermark). For countermark, cf GIC 16. 5.Obv.: Type as 1. Rev.: Bust of Tyche r., draped; CEAEYK ABIAA AC; (23o = 166/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.25 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 2; Ros. IV (Abila) 2. Faustina Junior 6. 017E: Bust of Faustina Junior r.; OAYCTEINA CEBACTH Rev.: Athena standing facing looking 1., resting hand on spear and holding branch; CEAEYK ABIAA SKC (226 = 162/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.75 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 4. 7.Obv.: Type as 6; (1)AYCT CEBACTH Rev.: Cornucopia with three branches of vine; across field, CEA ABI /SKC (226 = 162/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 6.33 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 5.

8. Obv.: Type as 6. Rev.: Bunch of grapes; CEAEYK ABIAA SKC (226 = 162/3 CE). Bronze. (VI), 3.65 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 6. Lucius Vows (161-169 GE) 9. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Lucius Verus r., laureate; AYT KAIC. A. AYR. OYHP AYf Rev.: Bust of Tyche r. as on 5; CEAEYK ABIAA EKC (225 = 161/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.85 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 7. 10.Obv: Type as 9; AYT KAICAP A AYP OYHPOC Rev.: Heraldes seated as on 3; CE ABIAHNCON I A Al KOI CY; in exergue, date: SKC (226 = 162/3 CE). Bronze. (XII), 9.77 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 9. u. Type as ro, but on obv., oval countermark depicting head of Herakles r. (XII), 11.25 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 10. GIC 16 (countermark). 12.Obv.: Draped bust of Lucius Verus r., laureate; [...]AYP OYHPOC Rev.: Tyche standing r. in tetrastyle temple with central arch, holding scepter and small figure, and crowned by a small Victory from above; at her feet, river god swimming; two small figures raising hands (Victories) between columns; in exergue, CE ABIAHNCON; on r., I A A l; on 1., KOI CY; in upper field, date: A C (23o = 166/7 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.99 g. 13.Type as io, but rev.: CE ABIAHNCON I A A f KOI CY; and date: AC (23o) = 166/7 CE. (XII), 11.15g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 11. Commodus (177-192 CE) 14.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAIC KOMOAOC Rev.: Tyche standing under arch as on 1; below, CE ABIAA; on r., I A A l; on 1., CY ANC (251 = 187/8 CE).

Bronze. (XII), 15.50 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 12. 15.Obv.: Type as 14, but bust undraped; AYTO KAIC KOMOAOC Rev.: Herakles, nude, standing r., leaning on club, resting on rock covered with lion's skin; CE ABIAHN KO I A Al. ANC (251 = 187/8 CE). Bronze. (VII), 10.60 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 13. 16.Type as 15, but rev.: CE ABIAHN KO CY I A A I ANC (251 = 187/8 CE). (VII), 8.85 g. Ros. IV (Abila) (same dies).

The Coins of Abila Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) 17.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Septimius Severus r., seen from rear, laureate; AY K A cEn CEOYHPOC Rev: Tyche standing facing under arch supported by two columns, holding scepter, flanked by two Victories crowning her; between legs, river god (?); below, CE ABIAH; on r., NCON I A A 1-; on 1., KOI CY Bronze. (XII), 12.26 g. 18. Head of Tyche r., veiled; in 1. field, ETOYC; in r. field, AEC ABIAA; date: (261) = 197/8 CE. Lead seal. 19.25 g. Caracalla (198-217 GE) 19.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of young Caracalla r., seen from rear, laureate; AYT KAI C M AYP ANTWNEINOC Rev.: Heraldes fighting the Nemean lion; CE ABIAHNCON KOI; in r. field, club; in exergue, date: EEC (265 = 201/2 CE). Bronze. (XII), 7.89 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 2o; Lichtenberger 2003 (Abila) MZ 23 (this coin; dating to 201/2, 202/3 or 203/4 CE). 20. 017E.: Draped and cuirassedbust ofCararalla r.,laureate and lightly bearded; AVTO KAI • ANT(ONINOC Rev.: Hexastyle temple facade with central arch and podium with stairs, flanked by two towers with doors and windows; in center, flaming altar; in front, colonnade (?); below, CE ABIAHNCO; on r., EK OC (27o = 206/7 CE) on I., KOI CY (the inscription reads KOH P due to harsh cleaning); above, TO A Bronze. (XII), 20.42 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 18; Lichtenberger 2003 (Abila) MZ 24 (this coin; dating to 206/7 to 208/9 CE). 21.017E: Type as 20. Rev.: Tyche standing r. in tetrastyle temple with central arch, holding scepter and cornucopia, and resting foot on round object; below, CE ABIAHNO..); on r., EK OC (270 = 206/7 CE); on 1., KOI CY; above, TO A Bronze. (XII), 14.91 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 19.

143

Elagabalus (218-222 cE) 22.01w.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; [...]AV ANT(ONEIN[...] Rev.: Temple facade as on 20; below, CE ABIAHN; on r., (ON CK[...] on 1., KOI CY; above, figure standing and date: ARC (281 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (X), 17.24 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 21. 23.Type as 22, but bust seen from rear and temple is tetrastyle; on peak of pediment, Victory standing r. extending wreath; detailed masonry on flanking towers; date: BIIC (282 = 218/9 CE). (XII), 8.63 g., small denomination. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 25. 24.017E: Type as 22; A K M AV ANTCONIN Rev.: Tyche standing under arch as on i; below, C. ABIAH; on r., NWN; on 1., date: ARC (281 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XI), 7.73 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 26. 25.Type as 22, but bust seen from rear and Tyche standing to 1. (XII), 10.76 g. Sp. Decapolis (Abila) 29. 26.Type as 23, but date: MC (283 = 219/20 CE). 12.21 g.

27.Lead button depicting bust of Tyche r., with turreted crown. In r. field, ABIA

The Coins of Adraa

THE COINS OF ADRAA Adraa is located in the ancient region of Basan in southern Syria near the Jordanian border, forty kilometers east of Gadara. The site is identified with modern Ed-Der'a. Eusebius believed the site to be the same as biblical Edrei (iliTTN), and wrote that the city was located in the province of Arabia, 24 or 25 kilometers from Bostra (Onom. 85.7). Little is known about the history of Adraa in the Roman period, and its coins serve as a major source for information. The coinage begins under Marcus Aurelius, probably a result of the emperor's visit to the east (Gitler Marcus Aurelius, nos. 36-37). The coins are dated according to the era of Provincia Arabia, established by Trajan in to6 CE (for general bibliography, see Sp. Decapolis, 58-65). The coins indicate that the city's central cult was that of Dushara (Dousares), a Nabataean Arab deity often identified with Dionysus and Zeus, who was also very popular at other cities in the region, such as Bostra (Dussaud 1903,169ff; 1904, 160-173). The coins show a dome-shaped stone, the sacred baetyl of Dushara, resting on a high altar approached by steps. The inscription around reads, "Dousares the god of the people of Adraa" (Nos. 2-3, 9-10). Not surprisingly, Tyche, the city goddess, also appears in a variety of forms (Nos. 4-7, 11, 14-15). However, the types depicting Tyche with the personification of the Yarmuk River, identified by the inscription IEPOMYKHC (the Hieromices of Pliny Nat. Hist. 5.74) are especially notable, as they illustrate the close connection between the prosperity of the city and the nearby river (Spijkerman 1971, 328). The Sofaer collection also includes a previously unpublished coin of Septimius Severus showing the river-god alone (No. 8). Other deities depicted on the coins of Adraa are Athena (Sp. Decapolis, Adraa Nos. 9-1o) and Herakles (No. 1). The city coinage of Adraa ceased in 257 CE, during the reign of Gallienus. Minting was only resumed after the Islamic conquest, under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750 CE) (No. 17).

1.Obv.: Helmeted bust (Athena?) r. Rev.: Herakles standing facing, resting hand on club and holding lion skin; AAP AHN Bronze. (VI), 3.44 g. Mesh. ANS 1129. With Imperial Portraits Marcus Aurelius (161-18o ce) 2.Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; M.AV ANTONINO Rev.: Dome-shaped baetyl on altar with staircase; AOYCAPHC OEOC AAPAHNC0N E O (year 7o = 175/6 CE). Bronze. (XII), 12.87 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 2; Ros. IV (Adraa) 2; Gitler. Marcus Aurelius notes 36-7. 3. Type as z. (XII), 10.48 g.

7.Obv.: Draped bust of Commodus r., laureate; [...]OA ANT[...] Rev.: Tyche seated 1. on rock turning backwards; TYX

ME...] Bronze,crudestyle.(X11),1.26g.Sp.Decapoks(Adraa)8. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) 8.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Septimius Severus r., laureate; [...]CEVHPOC Rev.: River god (Yarmuk?) seated 1., holding reed and cornucopia, leaning his elbow over amphora; [...] lEPOMVKHC Bronze. (XII), 19.83 g. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) 9. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AV KAICAP ANTWN I NO Rev.: Dome-shaped baetyl on altar with staircase; on either side of baetyl, a figure (worshiper?); AAPAHNC0N AOYCAPHC; in exergue, date: ET PIB (year 112 = 217/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 8.14 g. io. Type as 9, but undated and stairs leading to the baetyl are diagonal. (I), 7.89 g. Variant of Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 12.

THE ROMAN PERIOD Pseudo-Autonomous

6. Obv.: Type as 4 (same die). Rev.: Tyche standing as on 5, but resting foot on river god swimming (?), labarum with different top and bust much smaller; TYXH AAPAHNC0N. E. BO (year 72 = 177/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 17.54 g. Var. of Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 7.

Commodus (r77-192 CE) 4. Obv.: Draped and cuirassed young bust of Commodus r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT KAI .A. AV. KOMOAOC Rev.: River god (Yarmuk) on r., reclining I., holding reed and cornucopia, leaning elbow on rock; on 1., behind him, Tyche seated 1., holding cornucopia, and looking at him; AAPAHNC0N E BO I EPOMVKHC; (year 72 = 177/8 CE). Bronze. (XII), 18.60 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 6. 5.Obv.: Type as 4, but inscription starting on r. Rev.: Tyche standing r., supporting labarum, holding bust, and resting foot on rock; TYXH AAPAHNC0N. ET. BO (year 72 = 177/8 CE.) Bronze. (XII), 21.03 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 7.

11.Obit.: Type as io, but undraped bust. Rev.: Tyche standing r., leaning on scepter, holding cornucopia, and resting foot on river god, flanked by two small figures; TYXH AAPAHNC0N Bronze. (VI), 6.98 g. Cf. Ros. IV (Adraa) 5. 12.Obv.: Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate; AV KECAP ANTWN Rev.: Herakles, nude, seated 1. on rock, resting hand on club; retrograde: AAPAHNCON Bronze. (XII), 3.98 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 13.

145

13.Type as 12, but struck on smaller flan. (XII), 2.81 g. Valerian (253-26o CE) 14.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Valerian r., seen from rear, laureate; AY K fl AIKIN BAAEPIANOC A Rev.: River god (Yarmuk) and Tyche as on 4; retrograde inscription, from r. to 1., [...]PAHNC0 Bronze. (I), 19.19 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 15 (same dies). 15.Obv: Draped bust of Valerian r., radiate; AY K[...]ANOC CEB Rev.: Tyche standing r. under arch supported by two columns, holding scepter and cornucopia; MPA HNWN; in exergue, date: ANP (151 = 256/7 CE). Crude style. Bronze. (XII), 9.09 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 16 (this coin). 16 Obv.: Type as 15 (same die). Rev.: Baetyl on altar as on 2; AAPAHNC0N (retrograde); in exergue, date: ANP (151 = 256/7 CE). Crude style. Bronze. (XII), 7.76 g. Sp. Decapolis (Adraa) 17. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Under the Umayyads 17. 017v.: In three lines:

cug / aiJ I XI / (4.1) (there is no god but God alone); below, wavy line. Rev.: In three lines with line between the second and the third lines: an):14 st I , /(• 0) (Muhammad is the Messenger of God, Dhiedt). Bronze, fals. 1.92 g. SNAT 241.

THE COINS OF AYLAH (ELATH)

THE COINS OF BOSTRA

Biblical Elath and the nearby `Ezion Gayer were the gateway of the Kingdom of Judah to the countries along the Red Sea and India from the Solomonic period in the tenth century BCE onwards. From time to time the Edomites took over the cities and the territories around them and later lost them again. In the late eighth century BCE Judaea lost Elath and `Ezion Gayer permanently. During the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, Elath is hardly mentioned in historical sources. We take it for granted that Aila was a Nabataean city in the ist century BCE until 106 CE when Nabataea was annexed to the Roman Empire. According to Hieronymos, the tenth Roman Legion was stationed there in the beginning of the fourth century CE. Historians of the Christian Church mention the Christian population of Aila in the Byzantine period. In the seventh century CE, when Muhammad moved with his army toward Aila, representatives of the Jewish and Christian communities of Ada and of the cities in north Arabia went to him to ask for peace and protection. Aylah became an important base for the Arabs under the Umayyads and the Abbasids and some of its early Arabic monutnental buildings and fortifications have survived. A very rare coin of the Arab-Byzantine type is known today by three examples only, the best of which is in this collection. No other coin type is known for the city, and it seems that gradually Aylah lost its importance. Modern `qabah lies on the ruins of Aylah.

Bostra is situated at a location known today as Basra, about loo kilometers south of Damascus. The city was rich in springs and, thanks to its location at the crossroads of important trade routes, became the starting point of the Via Traiana. Bostra is first mentioned in the list of cities conquered by the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis III in the fifteenth century BCE. In the second century BCE, this Nabataean city was captured and burnt by Judah Maccabee (I Macc. 5:24-28). Eusebius identified Bostra, the Metropolis of Arabia, with the Biblical in (Onom. 46.10), which in Semitic languages means "Fortress" or "Fortified City': It was also known as Bostris (Tabula Peutingeriana, seg. 9.1). Together with Gerasa and Philadelphia, Bostra is mentioned as one of the three most important fortified cities of Provincia Arabia (Ammianus Marcellinus Historiae 14.8.13). With Trajan's creation of Provincia Arabia out of the Nabataean kingdom in 106 CE, Bostra became the provincial capital under the name Nova Traiana Bostra. It was the governor's seat and headquarters for Legio III Cyrenaica (the "Bostra Legion" of Ptolemy Geography 5.16.4 and Dio 55.23). Under Severus Alexander, Bostra was granted colonial status (Damascius Vita Isidorus, ed. Bekker cod. 242, p. 347). During the reign of Philip I (244-249 CE), who was himself born in Bostra, troops of Legio I Parthica were also stationed in the city. After the division of Provincia Arabia under Diocletian in 295 CE, Bostra remained the capital of the northern part, which also included the Trachonitis and Batanaea. Eusebius states that Bostra was also the seat of the bishop of Arabia (Hist. Eccles. 6.19.15; 6.33.1-3). According to Rabbinic sources, a considerable Jewish community settled in Bostra. Under Muslim rule, Bostra was incorporated into the military district of Jund el-Dimashq. The city remained well fortified and continued to flourish throughout the Middle Ages as an important center for the caravan trade. The Crusaders called the city Bostrum or Bossereth in French. Most of the archaeological remains of Bostra are still visible, but the city has never been properly excavated, although it was surveyed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Roman city was surrounded by a wall; the principal monuments were placed on the eastern and higher part of the city, which may possibly be identified as the acropolis. The garrison of Legio III most likely lay elsewhere in the city. Among the monuments discovered are a public building (palace?), theater, hippodrome, nymphaeum, market, an open shrine, water installations and baths, cemeteries, churches, and mosques (Kindler 1983,16-23). A large number of inscriptions in Greek, Latin, Nabataean, and Arabic discovered in Bostra constitute an extensive corpus, published by the Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria and by the Institut Francais d'archeologie de Beyrout and the Institut F. Courby de Lyon (Kindler 1983,3, with full references). These inscriptions also provide evidence for the era used in Bostra, which was identical with that of Provincia Arabia, andcommenced in 106 CE. There is evidence that this era continued to be used into the mid-ninth century CE (Kindler 1983, 10, 41-48). A comprehensive study and corpus of the coins of Bostra has been compiled by Kindler (1983). Part of the coins discovered at Bostra was published by Morey (1914). Largely undated bronze coinage with imperial portraits and bearing the name of the city was struck from the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) to those of Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian (251 CE). There is good reason to believe that the Roman Provincial drachms (Nos. 1-2) and tridrachms (Metcalf 1975,104-105, Nos. 3, 6, and 8) previously attributed to Caesarea in Cappadocia were actually struck by the mint of Bostra (Metcalf 1975, 93-95; Walker 1977, 98-117; Kindler 1983, 95-103). We follow here the classifications of Metcalf and Kindler, although in a recent article Hollard (2004,155-160) has suggested that the mints of Rome and Antioch produced these coins. In contrast to the contemporary Roman denarius, these coins are of light

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Arab-Byzantine 1. Otiv.: Caliph standing to front:

411 (Muhammad is the Messenger of God). Rev.: 111; on 1., ALI (Aylah); on r., I-,

16

(Filastin) Bronze. 3.09 g. Leu 36 lot 473 (this coin).

148

weight and debased silver, following the local Nabataean tradition. Some of the drachms were even overstruck on earlier Nabataean coins. Kindler suggests that this provincial silver coinage was intended primarily to pay the Roman military forces (Kindler 1983, 36). The coins are commonly found in hoards and archaeological contexts related to the Bar Kokhba War, indicating that they circulated well beyond the borders of Provincia Arabia (Bijovsky z000,164-168, Nos. Cu- C16 and Cho; 2004, 248, Nos. C81-C146). The first bronze coins (Nos. 3-4) were produced at Bostra under Hadrian (Hollard 2004, 161). Although the attribution of coin No. 3 seems assured by the depiction of the personification of Arabia (BMC Arabia, xxy, 14, Nos. 1-6), Meshorer's attribution to Bostra of coin No. 4 with the reverse type of Zeus-Ammon is uncertain. Successive issues all identify the mint city as N EA TPAIANHC BOCTPAC (Nova Traiana Bostra). A single quasi-autonomous issue depicting Tyche and a camel (Nos. 25-26) was minted in 182/3 CE, during the reign of Commodus, simultaneously with the undated coinage bearing the imperial portrait. As at other cities of Provincia Arabia and the Decapolis, the Nabataean Arab god Dushara (Dousares) was the chief deity of the city (Kindler 1983, 79-83). He appears on the coinage of Bostra in anthropomorphic form (Nos. 34 and 40) as well as in the form of his aniconic Motab, or altar (Nos. 37-39, 58). The coins even mention the penteteric Actian games celebrated in the god's honor (Nos. 54-55, and 58; Kindler 1983, 6o). The altar of Dushara is depicted as a mintmark in the background of the colonial foundation scene on coin No. 42. The camel that appears on coins.of Bostra is both the main attribute of Provincia Arabia and a symbol of Dushara. The city goddess, Tyche, who sometimes takes on attributes of the native Astarte (Kindler 1983, 55, No. 3), commonly appears on the coinage of Bostra (Nos. 5-9, 13-14, 16-18, 25-33, 35, 43, 46-47, 59-6o; Sp. Decapolis, No. 45). Other scholars have identified Tyche of Bostra with Allat, the consort of Dushara (BMC Arabia, xxx). The presence of Legio III Cyrenaica in Bostra also had an impact on the coinage (Hollard 2004, 163-170), both in the form of countermarks applied to the regular city coinage (Nos. 6-7; Kindler 1983, 4o, No. 4; Hollard 2004, 163-164), particularly under Antoninus Pius, and in the form of the Zeus-Ammon type used by the city (Nos. 24, 36 [identified as Serapis in Sp. Decapolis No. 401, 45, 49- 53, 56-57, and 59). Zeus-Ammon, a popular Egyptian god and chief deity of Cyrene, was also the patron of the Third Legion (BMC Arabia, xxix n. 1; Kindler 1983, 61). An especially interesting type shows Zeus-Ammon shaking hands with Tyche with the legend CONCORDIA BOSTRENORVM, symbolizing the harmony between the people of Bostra and the military garrison (Nos. 56 and 59; Kindler 1983, 62). Athena, who takes on attributes of Tyche and possibly Mkt (BMC Arabia, xxx and n. 2; Kindler 1983, 83), also appears on the coinage (Nos. 19-20, 23). Bostra struck an undated bronze series to commemorate the imperial visit of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna to Palestine and Provincia Arabia in 199-202 CE (No. 3o; Kindler 1983, 33). All other issues in the name of this emperor date to year 104 (209/10 CE) (Kindler 1983, 46). There is some similarity between the obverse type of coin No. 3o and that of an issue struck at Adraa (Sp. Decapolis, No. 11). Under Severus Alexander, several special coin series, depicting the Roman foundation ritual (No. 42) and Marsyas of the Forum (Nos. 44, 48, and 6o; Kindler 1983, 65-67), were produced to celebrate the city's elevation to colonial status. When Philip I stripped Petra of its metropolitan title and bestowed it upon Bostra, this new rank was also recorded on the coinage (No. 51; Kindler 1983, 9, 52-53). At this time, the city's previous titles disappear from the coin inscriptions. Minting ceased at Bostra during the reigns of Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian (251 CE), but was resumed ,__1-750 CE). The following the Islamic conquest with a limited issue (Nos. 61-62) under the Umayyad dynasty (A6 present collection includes a unique Umayyad fals (No. 61) overstruck on a Bostra bronze of Severus Alexander (see No. 43).

149

The Coins of Bostra

THE DECAPOLIS AND PROVINCIA ARABIA THE ROMAN PERIOD

With Imperial Portraits Trajan (98-117 CE) 1.Obv.: Draped and cuirassed bust of Trajan r., laureate; AVTOKP KAIC NEP TPAIAN CEB rEPM AAK Rev.: Personification ofArabia standing facing, head to 1., holdingbranch and bundle of sticks; to her I., small camel; AHMAPX EE Ic YTIAT c Silver drachm. (VI), 3.3o g. Dated to 112 CE. Metcalf 1975 14. 2. Obv.: Type as i; AVTOKP KAIC NEP TPAIANC0 APICT(.0 CEB IEPM MK Rev.: Camel standing 1.; AHMAPX E YflATO c Silver drachm. (VI), 3.05 g. Dated to 112-114 CE. Metcalf 197518.

Hadrian (Ir7-138 CE) 3. Obv.: Bust of Hadrian r., laureate; AVTOKPATWP KAICAP TPAIANHC MPIANOC Rev.: Bust of Arabia to r., holding in each arm small figure of seated child; below, APABIA Bronze. (VI), 6.13 g. Kindler Bostra p. lox, 0; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 1.

4.Obv.: Type as 2: HADRIANVS[...] Rev.: Head ofZeus-Ammon r.: COS III Bronze. (VI), 2.69 g. Attribution of this coin to Bostra is conjectural.

Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) 5.Obv.: Bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; AVTOKP KAIC ANTWNINOC CEB EYCEBEC Tyche standing facing, holding scepter topped by trophy, and three ears of grain; 1. foot restson crouching figure; TYXH NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC Bronze. (VI), 19.21 g. Kindler Rostra 2; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 5.

Rev.:

6.Type as 5, but on rev. countermark depictingletter: A (VII), 22.88 g. Cf. GIG 748. 7.Type as 5, but on obv. countermark depicting three clubs. (VI), 24.10 g. Kindler Bostra 2C; Sp. Decapoas (Bostra) 5-1a. Cf. GIG 509.

8. Obv.: Type as 5. Rev.: Distyle temple; in pediment, crescent and star; within, Tyche-Athena standing L, holding spear and pouring libation over altar; below, a shield; above altar, a star; TYX NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC Bronze. (VI), 10.09 g. Kindler Bostra 4; Sp. Decapolis

(Bostra) 8. 9.Obv.: Type as 5; ANTWNEINOC CEBACTOC Rev.: Bust of Tyche r.; below, BOCTPA Bronze. (VI), 10.49 g. Kindler Bostra 3 (this coin). 10.Obv.: Type as 9. ANTC0N CEB Rev.: Bust of Zeus-Ammon r.; below, AMMWN Bronze.(VI),5.99 g.Kindler Bostra, p. 93,21(this coin). ii. Obv.: Type as 9. ANTC0NEINO Rev.: Camel standing to r.; in exergue, BOCT Bronze. (VI), 5.01 g. Kindler Bostra 5; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 9.

12.Obv.: Type as 9. Rev.: Ram standing r.; retrograde: BOCT Bronze. (VI), 0.84 g. Kindler Bostra 6a (this coin). Faustina Senior 13.Obv.: Bust of Faustina r., veiled; 0EA (DAYCTEINA Rev.: Tyche standing facing as on 5; TYXH NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC Bronze. (VI), 8.37 g. Kindler (Bostra) ii.

Bostra 8; Sp. Decapolis

14.Type as 13, but smaller denomination. (VI), 4.6o g. Kindler Bostra 8b.

15.Obv.; Type as 13; (DEA (DAYCT Rev.: Three ears of grain fastened together; NT O / B Bronze. (VI), 1.58 g. Kindler Bostra 11; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 15.

MarcusAurelius (161—do cE) 16.Obv.: Draped bust ofyoung Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, bareheaded; AVPHAIOC KAICAP CEB Bust of Tyche r.; TYXH NETPAIANE BOCTPA Bronze. (XII), 8.54 g. Kindler Bostra 12a (this coin); Ros. IV (Bostra) 14 (this coin).

Rev.:

17.Type as 16, but smaller denomination; obv.: AVPHAIO KAICAP; rev.: TYX NEA TPAI BOC. (VI), 2.87 g. Kindler Bostra 12b; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 20.

THE DECAPOLIS AND PROVINCIA ARABIA

150 18.Type as 17. (VI), 2.95 g.

19.Obv.: Draped and bearded bust of Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, laureate; AVT M AVP ANTWNEINOC CEB Rev.: Temple as on 8; within, Tyche-Athena standing 1., holding spear and pouring libation over altar; on her r., below, shield; NE TPA BOCT Bronze. (XII), 10.57 g. Kindler Bostra 13; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 22. 20. Type as 19. (VI), 9.75 g. Kindler Bostra 13 (this coin).

21.Obv.: Bust of Marcus Aurelius r., laureate; M AVPII ANTONINOC ?

Rev.: Camel standing to r.; N TPA BOCTPA Bronze. (VI), 2.54 g. Kindler Bostra 14. 22. Type as 21. (VI), 2.72 g.

Commodus (177-192 ce 23.Obv.: Draped bust of young Marcus Aurelius r., seen from rear, bareheaded; A AVP KOMOAOC KAI AVI 11O Rev.: Bust of Athena r.; NE TPAIA BOCT Bronze. (XII), 8.59 g. Kindler Bostra t6.

24.Obv.: Type as 23; A AVP KOM KAIC AVT 1OA Rev.: Bust of Zeus-Ammon r., with disk on top of head; BOCTPWN Bronze. (XII), 5.42 g. Kindler Bostra 17; Sp. Decapolis (Bostra) 23.

25.Obv.: Bust of Tyche r.; in field, date: O Z (77) = 182/3 CE; in r. field, below,
-99. (135W111, Jerusalem). Rev.: Bundle of lulav, myrtle, and willow; on 1., ethrog; L cW9 X1-1L XELF X9W n5x15 nnx n3w, year I of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII),15.05 g. Mild. 1984 p.123 no. 1; Mesh. TIC 218. 2. Obv.: Jug with handle and fluted body; on r., branch; 93433 9.17/0.1f firron iry5x, Eleazar the

priest). Rev.: Bunch of grapes with small branch and leaf;

XPV1LXBF X9W (1w n5x.15 nnx n3w, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 2.71 g. Mild. 1984 p. 172.8 (this coin). 3. Obv.: In palm wreath: VI.LUb 5T0'3W LV9W1 (5N1W1 xv3 pyr3w, Shim'on, prince of Israel). Rev.: Amphora with fluted body, ring of pellets on shoulder, and two handles;

277

20; Mesh. TIC 222e.

14.Type as 13. (VI), 13.18 g.

15.Obv.: Palm branch in wreath;

Lf9W1

Jto13l..0

(5N1W1 WWI DPW, Shim'on, prince of Israel. Rev.: Lyre with seven strings;

Lrquia. XLr7L X8F X9W

LY9l)J1, XLI1L XF3F X9t.oU (5x-wP n5Na5 nnx my, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Large bronze. (XII), 37.85 g. Mesh. AJC II 3b Plate 2o; Mesh. TIC 22o.

(5N7w, nix35 nnx nly, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Medium bronze. (XII), 8.75 g. Mesh. AJC II 6 Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223.

99_ (13W/11', Jeru-

16.Type as 15 but the lyre has six strings. (XII), 8.25 g. Mesh. AJC II 6a Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223a.

4. Obv.: In laurel wreath: iut_u/

salem). Rev.: Type as 3 but undertype visible: bust r. Large bronze. (XII), 17.76 g. Scratched surface on both sides. Mesh. AJC II 4 Plate 2o; Mesh. TIC 221.

5.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below, LV9UJ1 F 9 W 5 tto, u.) (5rnur NIM 1113w, Shim`on, prince of Israel). Rev.: Three-lobed vine leaf;

Lrquil XL1=1L Xl3F X9W (5N1w1 n5Na5 nnx my, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Medium bronze. (VI), 10.37 g. Mesh. TIC 222 (this coin). 6. Type as 5. (VI), 12.39 g. 7.Type as 5. (VI), 9.56 g. 8. Type as 5 but different style. (VI), 15.10 g. Mesh. AJC II 5b Plate 20 (same dies).

9. Type as 8. (VI), 18.72 g. to. Type as 8. (VI), 12.50 g. It. Type as 8. (VI), 8.73 g. 12.Type as 5 but very crude style. (VI), 8.37 g. Mesh. AJC II 5c Plate 20 (same dies). 13.Obv.: Type as 5 but different shapes of some letters. Rev.: Five-lobed small vine leaf;

Lrqua. xzr -ri XBF X9W (5Niwi n5Na5 nnx my, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Medium bronze. (VI), 12.97 g. Mesh. AJC II 5d Plate

17.Type as 15 but the lyre has five strings. (XII), 12.25 g. Mesh. AJC II 6b Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223b. 18.Type as 15 but struck on smaller flan and the lyre is smaller. (XII), 4.41 g. Mesh. AJC II 6d Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223d. 19.Type as 15 but the lyre has four strings. (XII), 10.36 g. Mesh. AJC II 6f Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223f (same dies). 2o. Type as 19. (XII), 10.59 g. Mesh. AJC II 6g Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 223g (same dies). 21.Type as 19, (XII), 11.10 g. 22.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below, laJff 174 t. l iD l 11y 5x, Eleazar the priest). Rev.: Bunch of grapes with small branch and leaf;

9W1 XII 1L xar X9W n5x15 nnx .11.W, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/3 CE). Bronze. (VI), 4.92 g. Mesh. AJC II 7 Plate 21; Mesh. TJC 224. 23.Type as 22. (VI), 5.4o g. 24. Type as 22 but different distribution of obv. inscription. (V 6.26 g. Mesh. AJC II 7a Plate 21; Mesh. Tjc 224 25.Type as 24. (VI), 4.87 g. 26. Type as 22 but retrograde obv. inscription. (VI), 5.61g. Mesh. AJC II 8 Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 225.

278

The Coins of the Bar-Kokhba Revolt

JEWISH COINS

27.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below, `3I. v../3- (135vni, Jerusalem). Rev.: Type as 22. Bronze. (VI), 5.2o g. Mesh. AJC II io Plate 21 (this coin; Mesh. TIC 227 (this coin); Mild. 1984 p. 329 no. 151.2 (this coin).

38.Type as 36 but the inscription starting below r. (XII), 3.12 g. Mesh. AJC II 18 Plate 22 (this coin); Mesh. TIC 235 (this coin).

28.Type as 27. (VI), 7.50 g. Coins of the Second Year (r33/4 CE) 29.Obv.: Tetrastyle facade of the Temple at Jerusalem as no. 1; around, `31.W}99_ (135W111, Jerusalem). Rev.: Bundle of lulav, myrtle, and willow; on 1., ethrog; 1.Y9W1 981. S UJ (5N1W1 "in5 3 VJ, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.38 g. Mesh. AJC II 12 Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 229. 3o. Type as 29 but balustrade, podium, and architrave with two dotted lines. On obv., retrograde I and additional sign above: +. 14.15 g. Mild. 1984 p. 127 no. 11. 31.Type as 3o but on obv. the inscription is differently distributed: three letters on r. and three on 1. (I), 14.75 g. Mesh. AJC II 13 Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 230a. 32.Type as 29 but on rev., different shape of the letter W (w). (I), 13.49 g. Mesh. AJC II 13b Plate 21; Mesh. TIC 230c. 33.Type as 32. (XII), 14.5o g. 34.Type as 32, rev.:1.1"1W1 H1. S W (5N1W1 n5 3 w, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). (XII), 14.56 g. Mild. 1984 p. 131 no. 21. 35.Obv.: Facade of the Temple in Jerusalem as on 29; above, rosette; on r. and 1., 74 0•J W (11Ynk),Shimbn). Rev.: Type as 32. Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 13.79 g. Mesh. AJC H 16 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 233. 36.Obv.: In wreath, with center pellet: 0/`5w (1) Shim'on). Rev.: Jug with handle and fluted body; on r., palm branch; inscription starting above, 1.: 1*/(-19E1c),Ir Oman -try5x, Eleazar the priest). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.23 g. Mesh. AJC II 17a Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 234a. 37.Type as 36 but undertype visible in obv.: head r. (XII), 3.28 g.

22; Mesh. TJC 243. 46. Obv.: Type as 45. Rev.: Trumpets as on 45; between them, pellet; around, Lf9W1 981..5 W (5N1W1 ni5 1 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.23 g. Mesh. AJCII 26a Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 243b. Reverse die type as Mild. 1984 25.

39.Obv.: Bunch of grapes with same inscription as on 2. Rev.: Lyre with broad sound box and three strings; irciw1 484 .5 W 1n5 1 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (VI), 2.33 g. Mesh. AJC II 19 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 236. Hybrid coin.

47 Obv.: Type as 43. Rev.: Trumpets as 46; I. r9 w 9. 981. .5 W (S fl in5 2 V.), year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.43 g. Mesh. AJC II 27 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 244.

40. Obv.: Type as 36. Rev.: Type as 39. Silver denarius. (XII), 2.97 g. Mesh. AJC H 21 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 238.

48. Obv.: Type as 45 but central pellet. Rev.: Palm branch; 9W R. 981. S W (5N1W1 1n5 3 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (I), 3.27 g. Mild. 1984 14.2.

Shim'on). 41.Obv.: In wreath: ti / 0 / UJ (13 /.11/ Rev.: Type as on 39 but crescent-shaped soundbox. Silver denarius. (XII), 3.08 g. Mesh. AJC II 22 Plate 22 (this coin); Mesh. TIC 239 (this coin). 42.Obv.: Bunch of grapes with small branch and leaf; 5110'3W (PAW, Shim'on). Rev.: Type as 41. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.21 g. Traces of Latin undertype inscriptions on both sides. Mesh. AJC II 23 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 240. / nW,Shimon). 43.Obv.: In wreath: ti 05.J W Rev.: Lyre with elongated soundbox and three strings; 1.VW1 981-5W (5NW1 in5 1 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Note the missing "r" in "Israel". Silver denarius. (XII), 3.36 g. Mesh. AJC II 24 Plate 22; Mesh. TJC 241a.

49. Obv.: Type as 36. Rev.: Type as 48 but: 1 r w 9 981 (5mw, 1n5 3 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Note the missing 1 in "Israel". Silver denarius. 3.48 g. Mesh. AJC II z8 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 2455o. Obv.: Type as 43 (same die). Rev.: Type as 49. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.37 g. Mesh. AJC II 29 Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 246. 51.Obv.: Type as 43. Rev.: Lulav as on 48 but re-cut die, the lulav was engraved at a different angle causing the inscription to start on 1. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.42 g. Mesh. AJC II 3o Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 247.

44. Obv.: Type as 42 but different shape of some letters. Rev.: Type as 43 but with four strings; Lr9W9. 981.1 W (5N1w, in5 a W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 cE). Silver denarius. (VI), 2.82 g. Mesh. AJC II 25a Plate 22; Mesh. TIC 242a.

52.Obv.: Type as 42. Rev.: Type as 48. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.35 g. Mesh. AJC II 31 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 248.

45.Obv.: Type as 36 but no central pellet. Rev.: Two trumpets; the last letter 1 is between the trumpets; 9 W19BL W (1W' ins 1 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.27 g. Mesh. AJC II 26 Plate

54.Obv: Bunch of grapes and inscription as on 42. Rev.: Type as 49. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.27 g. Traces of undertype inscriptions on both sides. Mesh. AJC II 31b Plate 23; Mesh. TJC 248b.

53.Type as 52. 3.10 g. Mesh. AJC II 31a Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 248a.

55.Obv.: Type as 45.

279

Rev.: Jug with handle and fluted body; on r., branch; LY9W1 981. S W (5rowi in5 a v), year 2. of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.3o g. Mesh. AJC II 33 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 25o. 56.Type as 55 but rev.: PW3 981. S W (NW' Tn5 2 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.26 g. Mesh. AJC II 33b Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 250b. S7. Obv.: Type as 41. Rev.: Type as 55 but: 1.9P W9. 961. S W (517•4W1 1n5 3 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Note the disorder in the letters of the word "Israel's. Silver denarius. (XII), 3.64 g. Mesh. AJC II 35 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 252. 58.Obv.: Type as 42. Rev.: Type as 57. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.35 g. Mesh. AJCII 36 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 253. 59.Type as 58 but crude style. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.16 g. Mesh. AJC II 37 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 254. 6o. Obv.: In laurel wreath: 1dZW->91(115W111, Jerusalem). Rev.: Type as 3, but : LY9W 1 981. S W (5N1W' 1T15 1 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Large bronze. (XII), 18.41 g. Mesh. AJC II 38a Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 255a. 61.Type as 6o but visible undertype on obv.: bust r. (XII), 16.28 g. 62.Obv.: In laurel wreath with double knot below: ShiMon). J% Rev.: Type as 6o. Large bronze. (XII),16.97 g. Mesh. AJC II 39 Plate 23; Mesh. TIC 256. 63.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below, 0'5U..) (103W, Shinion). Rev.: Three-lobed vine leaf; LV9U.R. xifiL XIEIV >MU (5riv.), n5r4.15 nnti r)w, year one of the redemption of Israel = 132/2 CE). Medium bronze. (VI), 11.13 g. Mesh. AJC II 4o Plate 24; Mesh. TJC 257. 64.Type as 63. (VI), 9.84 g. 65.Type as 63 but crude style. Different distribution of the obv. inscription. (VI), 8.41 g. Mesh. AJC II 41

280

JEWISH

Plate 24; Mesh. TJC 258. 66. Obv.: Type as 63. Rev.: Vine leaf as on 63 but inscription: L P9W9- 98LJUJ (5N-wp 1n5 2 V, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 cE). Medium bronze. (VI), 9.88 g. Mesh. AJC II 43 Plate 24; Mesh. TIC 260. 67.Type as 66 but there are clear traces of a rectangular countermark which was stamped on the undertype. This countermark is of Legio X Fretensis legion depicting a wild boar standing r. on dolphin above which are the initials of this legion: L.X.F. (VI), 11.65 g. For countermark: GIC 291; see also Jewish Coins, Countermarks of the Roman Legions 1.

COINS

The Coins of the Bar-Kokhba Revolt Medium bronze. (VI), 10.4o g. 92.

1984 p. 318, no.

80.Type as 79. (VI), 8.61 g. 81.Type as 79. (VI), 11.62 g. 82.Obv.: Type as 79 but the last letter of the word "Shimcon" is on I. Rev.: Type as 73. Medium bronze. (VI), 10.44 g Mesh. AJC II 42c Plate 2 4; Mesh. TJC 259c. 83.Obv.: Type as 79. Rev.: Type as 82. Medium bronze. (VI), 10.36 g. 84.Type as 83 but struck on small flan. (VI), 12.24 g.

69. Type as 68. (VI), to.6o g.

85.Obv.: Type as 63 but, below: 7 pro'JW(11Yr3W, Shim'on). Note the shape of the "n': Rev.: Type as 79 but inscription: L r 91W 986 S W (5rolw in 5 2 w [sic], year z of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Note the retrograde 1. Medium bronze. (VI), 12.30 g. Mesh. TIC 259a (this coin).

7o. Type as 68 but small flan. (VI), 10.29 g.

86.Type as 85. (VI), 13.59 g.

71. Type as 70. (VI), 10.17 g.

87.Obv.: Type as 85. Rev.: Type as 76. (VI), 9.91 g.

68. Type as 66 but different distribution of letters on the obv.: nu.) on r. and .1/ on I. (VI), 11.73 g. Mesh. AJC II 43a Plate 24, Mesh. TIC 260a.

72. Type as 70. Visible on obv.: head T. (VI), 9.91 g. 73.Type as 66 but the second letter (9 = 1) of the rev. inscription is off line. (VI), 10.52 g. Mild. 1984 p. 314 no. 73. 74.Type as 66 but on rev., clear traces of the original coin of Ascalon on which this coin was struck, mainly the Greek letters: [...]OWA (VI), 10.22 g.

88.Type as 68 but crude style. (VI), 11.83 g. Mesh. AJC II 44 Plate 24; Mesh. TIC 261. 89.Type as 68 but crude style. (VI), 9.47 g. Mild. 1984 p. 336 no. 174. 90.Type as 68 but crude style; obv. inscription retrograde. (VI), 10.50 g. Mild. 1984 p. 337 no. 177. 91.Type as 90. (VI), 12.68 g.

75.Type as 74 but the Greek inscription ACKAA[...] is on the obv. (VI), 12.10 g.

92.Type as 90. (VI), 9.68 g.

76.Type as 74 but on obv., clear traces of the original coin of Ascalon, arm of Tyche with scepter and the Greek letters: ACKA[...]. (VI), 8.93 g.

93.Type as 90 but rev. inscription is also retrograde. (VI), 11.38 g. Mild. 1984 p. 338 no. 190.1 (this coin).

77.Type as 68 but features original coin of Ascalon are as clear as those of the overstruck type; on the obv. the head of Trajan and on the rev. Tyche-Astarte holding scepter and aphlaston. (VI), 12.03 g.

94. Type as 93. (VI), 9.5o g. 95.Type as 93. (VI), 11.17 g.

78.Type as 68 but with clear traces of the original coin of Ascalon on which this coin was struck, mainly the head of Domitian I. (VI), 12.15 g. 79. Obv.: Type as 63 but : S t, 0'5W Own 1, Shimbn). Rev.: Type as 63 but: trinw 9BI S W (5N11[1.) 1115 1V [sic], year z of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE).

96.Type as 79 but crude style. (VI), 12.75 g. Mild. 1984 p. 338 no. 187 (same dies). 97.Obv.: Type as 79 but different distribution of letters. Rev.: Type as 66 but cruder style and different distribution of letters. (VI), 11.64 g. Mild. 1984 p. 335 no. 168 (same rev. die) 98.Type as 88 but even cruder and traces of undertype visible on rev. (VI), 10.56 g. Mild. 1984 196.

99.Type as 98 but different dies. (VI), 9.7o g. ioo. Type as 88; obv.: '5o w'7 (07./W0); rev. inscription, retrograde: WEIL9XW (wn5inw). (VI), to.io g. lot. Type as 88 but extremely crude and undertype visible on obv.: bust r. (VI), 11.09 g. Mild. 1984 p. 343 no. 222 (this coin).

281

Shim'on). Rev.: Bundle of lulav, myrtle, and willow; on I. ethrog; ¶Wx91 X%981 niin5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Silver tetradrachm. (XII), 14.82 g. Mesh. AJC II 51 Plate 25; Mesh. TIC 267. 108.Type as 107 but ethrog placed differently (XII), 15.38 g.

102.Obv.: Palm branch in wreath; tr9w9_ rftw5 5,,,otyw (5N1w' WW2 11913W, Shimcon, prince of Israel). Rev.: Lyre with broad soundbox and five strings; zy9w9_ 986 5 W (5rowi 1115 2 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Medium bronze. (XII), 5.68 g. Mesh. AJC II 46 Plate 2 4; Mesh. TIC 263. 103.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below, *91 (ID 5W111, Jerusalem). Rev.: Bunch of grapes as on 22; Lr9w 3 986 S W (5N1w) in 5 2 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel C Bro=n1z3e3/(4VI)E,)4.98 g. Scratched. Mesh. AJC II 49 Plate 24; Mesh. TIC 266. 104.Type as 103 but on obv. rectangular countermark applied to undertype of the Legio X Fretensis depicting a galley. (VI), 4.22 g. For countermark: Gic it9 o. 105.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; on both sides, laCia r (mull 11W5N, Eleazar the priest). Rev: Bunch of grapes as on 22; Lr 9W 9_ 986 S W (5N1W1 ins 3 W, year 2 of the freedom of Israel C Bro=n1z3e3/(4VI)E,4 ). .91 g. Mild. 1984 p. 33o no. 152; Mesh, TIC 266. 'o6. Obv.: Palm branch in wreath; 'dt W a93 X pit98L (05W111 min', for the freedom of Jerusalem). Rev.: Lyre with broad crescent-shaped sound box and four strings; tr9W1 9815W (51NVP 11151 el, year 2 of the freedom of Israel = 133/4 CE). Medium bronze. (XII), 6.59 g. Mesh. AJC II 46a Plate 24; Mesh. TIC 263a. Undated Coins (134/5 GO 107. Obv.: Facadeof the Temple in Jerusalem as on 35; above, rosette; on r. and 1., 1%0'3 W (1111n V),

109.Type as 107 but crude style; note the partially retrograde obv. inscription. (XII), 14.32 g. Mesh. AJC II 52 Plate 25 (same dies); Mesh. TIC 268. no. Type as 107 but on obv., wavy line above pediment and different shape of some letters. (XII), 14.26 g. Mild. 1984 p. 167 93.1 (same dies). in. Type as no but rev.: [J1Ww91 X%981 (nrin5 own', for the freedom of Jerusalem). (XII), 15.27 g. Mesh. AJC II 53c Plate 25; Mesh. TIC 269c; Mild. 1984 p. 165 no. 91 (same dies). 112.Type as no but crude style. (XII), 16.69 g. Mild. 1984 pp. 163-164 no. 88 (same dies). 113.Type as 107 but no ethrog on rev. (XII),15.40 g. Mesh. AJCII 54 Plate 25; Mesh. TJC 270; Mild. 1984 p. 143 no. 52 (same obv. die). 114.Obv.: Inscription in wreath as on 45. Rev.: Jug with palm branch as on r but: W %91 X pr 981 (D5wu'u' min5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Silver denarius. (XII), 2.81 g. Mesh. AJC II 66c Plate 26 (this coin); Mesh. TIC 283c (this coin). 115.Obv.: Type as 43. Rev.: Type as 114. Silver denarius. (I), 3.42 g. Mesh. AJC II 66b Plate 26. n6. Obv.: In wreath: 190'9 W (uynv, Shirdon). Rev.: Type as 114, no branch. Silver denarius. (XII), 3.21 g. Mesh. AJC II 66 Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 283; Mild. 1984 p. 229 no. 113 (same dies). 117.Type as 114. Traces of Latin inscriptions of the undertypes on both sides. Obv.: [...]GERM[...]IMP[...]; rev.: [...]COS (XII), 3.32 g. 118.Type as 114 but obv.: woJ 9 Vy (1.V.MW,Shimbn). (XII), 3.39 g. Mild. 1984 p. 218 no. 87 (same dies).

282

JEWISH

119. Type as 118 but no palm branch on r. of jug. (II), 3.33 g. Mesh. AJC II 67a Plate 27; Mesh. TIC 283a. 120.

121.

Obv.: Bunch of grapes; wco3W (11.1MW, Shinfon). Rev.: Type as 114. Silver denarius. (I), 3.35 g. Mesh. AJC II 68 Plate 27; Mesh. TIC 285. Type as 120. (XII), 2.74 g.

COINS

The Coins of the Bar-Kokhba Revolt

131.Type as 130 but top of palm branch turns 1. (XII), 3.24 g. Mesh. MC II 62d Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 279d; Mild. 1984 p. 205 no. 65 (same dies). 132.Obv.: Type as 116. Rev.: Type as 13o. Silver denarius (XII), 3.39 g. Mesh. AIC II 62 Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 279; Mild.1984 p. 232 n0.122 (same dies).

Type as no but no branch on r. of jug. (I), 3.11 g. Mesh. AJC II 69 Plate 27; Mesh. TJC z86; Mild. 1984 p. 256 no. 164 (same dies).

133.Obv.: Type as 120. Rev.: Type as 130. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.69 g. Mild. 1984 p. 247 no. 149.

123. Obv.: Inscription in wreath as on 43. Rev.: Lyre with elongated sound box and three strings; `Wvic19_ XwcIBL (n5wril min5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.16 g. Mesh. AJC II 55 Plate 25; Mesh. TIC 272.

134.Type as 133 but crude style; obv.: on/v(1)0W, ShimronI). (VI), 3.07 g. Overstruck on Vespas an denarius. Traces of Latin inscription and bust r. on [...]VESP[...]. Mild. 1984 p. 292 no. 263.1 obv.: (this coin).

124. Type as 123 but rev.: L Ww9 R.XxclEIL (52)11' min5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). (XII), 3.64 g. Mild. 1984 p. 215 no. 84 (same dies).

135.Type as 133 but crude style; obv. inscription: 0'3w (UMW, Shimb[n]). (VI), 3.20 g.

122.

125. Obv.: Type as 119. Rev.: Type as 123 but the lyre is wider. Silver denarius. (II), 3.3o g. Traces of undertypes visible on both sides. Mesh. AJC II 55a Plate 25; Mesh. TIC 272a.

136.Obv.: Inscription in wreath as on 43. Rev.: Two trumpets (with last id beneath trumpets); `3.W7(99_ Xo'clEll, (n5w-ry min5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.19 g. Mesh. AJC II 59b Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 276b; Mild. 1984 p. 206 no. 67.

126. Obv.: Type as 120. Rev.: Type as 123. Silver denarius. (VI), 3.24 g. Mesh. AJC II 57 Plate 25; Mesh. TIC 274; Mild. 1984 p. 244 no. 139 (same dies) .

137.Obv.: Type as 116. Rev.: Type as 136 but different distribution of letters. Silver denarius (XII), 3.37 g. Mesh. AIC 1159 Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 276.

127. Type as 126 but two small "volutes" on the interior side of the lyre's sound box (hook-like finials). (VI), 3.15 g. Traces of undertype Latin inscriptions are visible on both sides (the coin belongs to Hadrian). Mesh. AJC II 57b Plate 25 (legend variant); Mesh. TIC 274b.

138.Obv.: Type as no. Rev.: Type as 136. Traces of undertype inscription visible: I ANVS[ Silver denarius. (VI), 3.4o g. Mesh. AJC II 6o Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 277.

128. Type as 127. (VI), 3.23 g. 129. Type as 127. (VI), 2.57 g. 13o. Obv.: Inscription in wreath as on 43. Rev.: Palm branch with its top turning r.; niln5, for the free`36W r99_ x%986 dom of Jerusalem). Silver denarius. (XII), 3.38 g. Mesh. AJC II 62b Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 279b; Mild. 1984 p. 204 no. 64 (same dies).

139.Type as 138 but rev. somewhat crude; traces of undertype inscription visible on rev.: I...II N [...]. (VI), 3.26 g. Mesh. AJC II 6o Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 277a.

140.Type as 138 but crude; rev. inscription starting above, 1.: `di. \A/ A' cn. X1/981, (05211' nin5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). (VI), 3.27 g. Traces of undertype inscription visible on both sides. obv.: EMP...; rev.:IPOT...Mesh. AJC II 61a Plate 26; Mesh. TIC 278a.

141.Obv.: Palm tree with seven branches and two clusters of fruit; below: 74 01J W (11.1n3W, Shimbn). Rev.: Five-lobed vine leaf; `dIA/V,(99_ Xw9B1, (them, nnti5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Medium bronze. (VI), io.o8 g. Mild. 1984 p. 322 no. u6 (same dies).

283

Rev.: Palm branch in wreath; W7(99_ Xx9B1. (052)11' 3111T1,, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Bronze. (XII), 6.81 g. Mesh. AJC II 77 Plate 28; Mesh. TIC 297.

142.Type as 141. (VI), 9.63 g. 143.Type as 141. (VI), 11.40 g.

161.Type as 16o, struck on smaller flan. (XII), 7.22 g.

144.Type as 141. Scratched. (VI), 9.26 g.

162.Type as 16o, struck on yet smaller flan. (XII), 8.10 g. Mesh. AJC II 77a Plate 28; Mesh. TIC 297a.

145.Type as 141. Undertype visible on obv.: head n ]NVSCA E[. (VI), 13.11 g. 146.Type as 141 but different distribution of letters. (VI), 11.07 g. Mesh. AJC II 74a Plate 27; Mesh. TIC 292a.

147.Type as 146. (VI), 10.24 g. 148.Type as 146. (VI), u.58 g. 149.Type as 146. (VI), 9.42 g. 15o. Type as 141. Overstruck on coin from Caesarea, undertypes visible on both sides. Obv.: CAES; rev.: bust laureate r. (VI), 11.98 g. 151. Type as 141 but square countermark on obv. depicting head laureate r., applied before the overstriking. (VI), 9.77 g. 152. Type as 141 but different distribution of obv. inscription: the last letter Th" ("n") is on r. (VI), 9.61 g. Mesh. AJC II 74b Plate 27; Mesh. TIC 292b. 153. Type as 152. (VI), 8.76 g. 154. Type as 141 but crude and struck on larger flan. Undertype is visible; on rev.: bust r. (VI), 17.72 g. Mesh. AJC II 72 Plate 27. Cf. Mesh. TIC 291. 155. Type as 141 but crude style. (VI), tom g. Mild. 1984 P. 341 no. 210 (same dies). 156. Type as 141 but crude style. (VI), 11.28 g. Mild 984 P. 342 no. 218 (same dies). 157. Type as 141 but crude style. 10.28 g. Mild. 1984 I/ 342 217 (same dies). 158. Type as 157. (VI), 7.79 g. 159. Type as 157. (VI), 8.79 g. ,6o. Obv.: Lyre with elongated soundbox, two small volutes on the interior side and three strings (like on 127 but crude style); 54 0 (IWOW, Shimcon).

163.Type as 161 but no volutes on soundbox. On r. field of lyre, incused retrograde letters n1 "resh het". The coin was struck using a clashed obverse die. (XII), 9.70 g. For this minting error see Hendin 1981: pp. 44-45. Same dies: M AJC II77b; M Treasury 297b; Mild. 1984 p. 306 no. 33. 164.Obv.: Type as 22. Rev.: Type as 103 but inscription; I. W x (52)11' roin5, for the freedom of Jerusalem). Bronze. (VI), 4.5o g. Mesh. AJC II 79 Plate 28; Mesh. TIC 300 (same dies). 165.Type as 164. (VI), 3.96 g. 166.Obv.: Type as 103. Rev.: Type as 164. Bronze. (VI), 4.69 g. Mesh. AJC II 8o Plate 28; Mesh. TIC 301. 167.Type as 166. (VI), 2.54 g. 168.Obv.: Type as 164 but inscription; o'JW (111M2, Shinion). Rev.: Type as 164. Bronze. (VI), 4.38 g. Mesh. AJC II 81 Plate 28; Mesh. TIC 302. 169.Type as 168. (VI), 5.53 g. 17o. Type as 168 but struck on smaller flan. (VI), 2.06 g. 171. Type as 168. On obv. traces of undertype Greek inscription: AYTPAAPIAN[...] (sic.). (VI), 4.88 g. (the coin belongs to Hadrian).

284

JEWISH COINS

COUNTERMARKS OF THE ROMAN LEGIONS

APPENDIX

This section includes a number of coins with countermarks of the Roman military legions that were active in Judaea. Other coins bearing similar countermarks have been described throughout the catalogue of the Jewish coins in several sections (Coins of the Interim Period between Kings Agrippa I and Agrippa II 91; Judaea Capta 6, 7, 8, 14); Domitian's Judaea Coinage 17, 24, 34, 35, 38; Bar Kokhba revolt 67, 104, 151). These countermarked coins were most probably intended as payment to the troops. Each group of countermarks was used on one size of coin only, probably indicating a specific value. The countermarks provide information about which coins were preferred by the army, and shed light on the circulation of the chosen coin-types. Legionary countermarks are usually found on worn coins. The countermarks in this section are roughly dated from the last years of Nero to just before the Bar Kokhba revolt. For further discussion see Howgego 1985; Barag 1967, pp. 117-125 (Legio X Fretensis); Barag and Qedar 199499, pp- 66-69 (Legio V scythica); Rosenberger 1978, pp. 78-84. See also Eshel and Zissu 1994-99, pp. 70-77 and Bijovsky 2000, pp. 155-189 for assemblages of legionary countermarks in archeological excavations in Israel.

TYRIAN SHEKELS AS TEMPLE TRIBUTE

1.Obv.: Head of Nero r., laureate. On neck, rectangular countermark of Legio X Fretensis: LXF (1). Rev.: Tyche standing 1., holding bust and scepter. On 1. field, large rectangular countermark of Legio X Fretensis with wild boar standing r., a dolphin below and LXF above (2); on 1. field, smaller countermark of the same legion depicting a galley (3). Bronze, (XII), 9.25 g. Minted in Caesarea in 68 CE (K. Caesarea 1). GIC (1) 737; (2) 291; (3) 409-410. 2. Two rectangular countermarks of Legio X Fretensis on the obv. of a coin of Tiberius from Antioch:1) a ligature of the initials of the legion: XF; 2) the sign or letter: h. Bronze, 12.60 g. GIC (1) 737, (2) 694•

3. Three rectangular countermarks of Legio VI Ferrata on an unidentified worn Roman provincial coin; on obv. two countermarks, (1) head r. and (2) standing figure; on rev. (3) the initials of the legion: Li-IF. Bronze, 5.28 g. GIC 119? {3) 726. 4. A coin of Antioch with two rectangular counter-

marks of Legio VI Ferrata: LCrIF and a countermark depicting head r. 5.62 g. GIC (1) 119? (2) 726. 5.Type as 4. 4.29 g.

Tyre first began to issue autonomous silver coinage—mainly shekels and half shekels— after it was freed from the Seleucid domination in 127/6 BCE. As on the Seleucid silver coins, an eagle continued to appear on the reverse, and the inscription no longer included the name of a king, but the name and titles of the city: "of Tyre the holy and city of refuge" The king's portrait was replaced by the head of the city god, Heraldes-Melgarth. A date, according to the era beginning in 127/6 BCE, also appears. Tyrian shekels and half shekels were prescribed as the coins of choice for payments to the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem (Tosephta, Ketubbot 13, 2o), including the half-shekel tribute that every Jewish male over the age of twenty was obliged to pay (Exodus 3o: 11-16; Shekalim 2,4). Based upon a Mishnaic text: "Silver, whenever mentioned in the Pentateuch, is Tyrian silver. What is Tyrian Silver? It is a Jerusalemite" (Tosephta, Ketubbot 13, 20) and the need for Tyrian silver at Jerusalem for the purposes mentioned above, Meshorer believed it was likely that from the year io8 (PH) of the Tyrian era (=19/18 BCE), Herod the Great and the Jerusalem authorities, rather than the mint of Tyre, produced the Tyre shekels. In this year the coinage is first marked with a new monogram (KAP—actually appearing to be KP in most cases) and displays stylistic and technical differences from the earlier products of Tyre. The later shekels ceased with the onset of the Jewish War in 65/6 CE. Levy has also devoted considerable study to the topic of Tyrian shekels, and argued against Meshorer's theory in 1991 (Levy 1991, pp. 267-274). Levy's brief summary: "It is unlikely that the Roman government would have countenanced the permanent transfer of a prestigious allied city's coinage to the capital of Herod's Judaea. Within the coin series itself there is no sign of a stylistic break at the proposed moment of transfer, nor of consistent and gradual later deterioration. Since it seems that users of the shekel became increasingly limited to those who paid the Temple tax, a concentration of find-spots in Judaea should not surprise us; but in fact the largest single find of late shekels —the Usfiye hoard, of over 4,000 pieces, closing in 53/54 CE—was buried much closer to Tyre than Jerusalem. Finally, the shekel of Israel differs in fabric from its Tyrian predecessor at least as much as it resembles ie(Levy 2oo6). Since Meshorer's earliest publication of his theory regarding Tyre shekels in 1982 (Mesh. NC II, pp. 8-9), it has generated a great deal of discussion and debate. The current consensus counters Meshorer's theory of a Jerusalem origin for these coins. However, irrespective of the actual mint of these later coins of Tyre, they are included in the Sofaer collection because there is no doubt that the silver shekels and half shekels of Tyre were the only coins approved for payment of tribute at the Jerusalem Temple until its destruction in 7o CE.

1. Obi!: Laureate bust of Heraldes-Melqart r., wearing lion skin tied at neck. Rev.: Eagle standing 1. on prow, palm branch over r. shoulder; in 1. field, club and date PAO (139) = 13/ 14 CE; on r., KP and monogram: 4, ; between legs, Phoenician letter 9 (B), around: TYPOY IEPAZ KAI AEYAOY

Silver shekel. (XII), 14.21 g. BMC Phoenicia (Tyre) 197-8 (but different dates). 2. Type as 1 but crude style; the date is illegible: PMA? (141) = 15/16 CE. 14.26 g. 3. Type as i; on r., on 1., PAN' (146) = 20/21 CB. (XII), 14.13 g. BMC Phoenicia (Tyre) 200.

286

JEWISH COINS 4. Type as 1: on r., a; on 1., PEE (165) = 39/40 cE. 14.14 g. Rouvier 2112; RPC I 4669. 5.Type as 1; on r., A; on 1., PEO (169) = 43/4 CE. 14.07 g. Rouvier 2115 (half shekel). RPC Suppl. 1 466913. 6. Type as 1; on r., ; on 1., PO (17o) = 44/5 CE. (XII), 14.28 g. RPC I 4670. 7.Type as r. (XII), 14.0o g. 8. Type as i; on r., IT; on I., POA (171) = 45/6 CE. (XII), 14.08 g. Rouvier 2116; RPC I 4671. 9. Type as 1; on r., EPi; between eagle's legs, € ('); on 1., 14.25 g. M. Means of PO1 (173) = 47/8 CE. Exchange 711. RPC Suppl. 1 4672A.

10.Type as 1; on r., EPi; between eagle's legs: ('); on 1., POA (174) = 48/9 CE. (XII), 14.14 g. BMC Phoenicia (Tyre) 209. RPC Suppl. 1 4673. n. Type as 1; on r., E n ; between eagle's legs, € ('); on 1., POE (175) = 49/50 CE. (XII), 14.14 g. BMC Phoenicia (Tyre) 21o. RPC Suppl. 1 4674. 12.Type as 1; on r., E Pi; between eagle's legs, 9 (B); on I., POc (176 )= 50/51 CE. (XII), 14.20 g. Rouvier 2119. RPC Suppl. 1 4675. 13.Type as 12. (XII), 13.82 g. 14.Type as 1; on r., EPi; between eagle's legs, ('); on I., POZ (177) = 51/2 CE. (XII), 13.96 g. RPC I 4676.

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INDEX OF HISTORIC PEOPLE Abel, 141

Aristobulus of Chalcis, 238

Abu'l-Qasim b, 131

Aristobulus, King of Armenia Minor, 264

Agrippa I, 24, 34, 7o, 181, 238-239, 263-264, 271, 273, z84

Ariston of Pella, 79

Agrippa II, 24, 34, 67, 70, 155, 175, 1.88, 238-239, 263-265, 267, 271-272, 284

Arsinoe II, 3, 6, 47 Augustus, 24, 34, 40, 63, 92, 94-95, 98, 112-113, 116, 137, 162-163, 174, 205,

Agrippina, 272-273

224, 226, 230, 238, 261-262, 269

Agrippina II, 272

as Octavian, 24, 162, 232-233

R. Alciba, 178

Bagabatas, 212

Alexander Batas, 96

Baldwin I, 191

Alexander II Zebina, 96

Baldwin III, 8o, 90, 170

Alexander Jannaeus, 24, 39, 112, 134, 141, 158, 160, 162, 170, 174, 180, 188, 195, 201, 237, 249

R. Bar Nathan, 181

Alexander the Great, 3, 5, 63, 112, 141, 155-156, 170-171, 173, 188-189, 205 Al-Hasan b. Ahmad, 74, 132 Al-Muqtadir, 129 Al-Mustansir, 75, 133 Al-/vluttaq, 74, 130 Amaury, 8o, 90 Ambibulus, 269 Amir Sa'id b. al-Surkh, 129 Antiochus IV, 3, 6-8, 94, 96, 170, 180 Antiochus VI, 7, 115 Antiochus VII, 39, 96, 242

Bedyehibel, 211 Beruhibel, 211 Bishop Porphyrius, 112 Britannicus, 272 Q. Caecilius Bassus, 181 Caligula, 34, 99, 137, 153, 164, 181, 183, 238 Caracalla, 4-5, 11-13, 25, 28, 36, 42, 46-47, 49, 54, 65, 67-68, 79, 84, 92, 103, 107,109-no, 113,122, 135, 143, 150, 156, 158, 163, 167-168, 170-171, 177-178, 182, 184, 189-190, 194, 201-202 Cestius Gallus, 46, 106 Claudia, 70, 272 Claudius, 4, 10, 24, 43-44, 70, 99, 153-154, 164, 181-183, 238-239, 264, 271-272

Antiochus VIII, 7, 94-97

Cleopatra, 4, 7, 10, 39-40, 95-96, 230, 232

Antiochus IX, 7, 63, 95

Cleopatra Thea, 7, 96

Antiochus XII, 3, 8 Antipas, see Herod Antipas Antipatris, 22-23, 126

Cleopatra VII, 95, 230 Commodus, 11, 27, 35, 43, 45, 53-54, 64-65, 70-71, 79, 83-84, 103, 120, 134-135, 142, 144-145, 148, 150, 153-154, 156, 163, 166-167, 171-173, 175" 176, 182, 184, 189, 193, 198

Antonia, 272 Constantius Gallus, 1o6 Antoninus Pius, 27, 40, 42-43, 45, 49-51, 67-68, 70, 79-82, 95, 102, 113, 117-118, 147-149, 162, 165, 174-175, 181-183, 192, 197

Coponius, 269

Antonius Felix, 271

Crassus, 181, 183

Aquilia Severa, 5, 14, 64, 66

Crispina, 84, 167, 171, 173

Aretas III, 178, 223-225

Cypros (wife of Agrippa I), 238, 263

Aretas IV, 223-229

Demetrius I, 3 Demetrius II, 7, 38, 106, 115

INDEX OF HISTORIC PEOPLE

302

INDEX OF HISTORIC PEOPLE

Diadumenian, 5, 13, 25, 28, 47, 55, 85, 104, 111, 113, 123, 135

Huldu,

Diocletian, 147

Isaac,

Diodorus of Sicily, 191

Jehuana, 213

R. Nahman, 50

Divus Marinus, 200

Jerobeam, 212

Domitia, 43-44

Jerome,

Nero, 4, 10, 24-26, 34, 40, 99, 164, 171,174-175, 181-183, 239, 264, 271273, 284

Shekh Zuweid, 92

Obodas II, 223-225

Shelemyah,

Obodas III,

Shugailat, 228-229

Domitian, 24, 26, 43-44, 49-50, 63-64, 100, 153-154, 174-175, 188-189, 197, 237, 239, 265-269, 275-276, 280, 284 Elagabalus, 4-5, 12-15, 22-23, 28-29, 34, 36, 43, 45-50, 54-56, 64-65, 6768, 70, 72, 8o, 85-87, 92., 104, 106-107, 109, 111, 123, 126-127, 135, 141, 143, 145, 150-151, 153-161, 168, 170-171, 173-175, 177-179, 181-182, 185, 188-191, 194-195, 198, 201-202

Jesus,

Maximinus, 95,105

50,59

201

20,

80, 91

John Hyrcanus I, 63, 125, 137, 178, 205, 237, 242

22, 24, 34,

223-226

46, 49, 63, 92-94, 106, 112, 125, 134, 153, 158, 160, 269

162, 170, 174, 178, 180, 188, 191, 195, 201, 224, 230, 239,

109-110, 121, 135, 141, 143-145, 148, 150, 158, 163, 167, 171, 178, 182, 184, 193-194, 201, 205

147-148, 151- 1521 195

Shugailat II,

Octavian, see Augustus

John of Brienne, So, 91

Septimius Severus, n, 24, 27, 35, 40, 42, 49, 63, 65, 79, 84, 103,106-107,

Severus Alexander, 5, 14-15, 24, 29, 46, 48, 56, 8o, 87, 92, 105, 134-135,

Octavia, 272

John Hyrcanus II, 178

Josephus, El-Balakhiye, 92

Mattathias Antigonus, 238, 256

227-228

303

210

229

Syllaeus, 223-224, 226-227

Otacilia Severa, 17, 30, 59, 200

Tarkumuwa, 212

Paul, 174

Tiberius, 70, 98, 164, 238, 262-263, 269, 284

El-Fukhar, 3

Judah Aristobulus, 248

Perdiccas, 170

Tiribazos, 214-216

Eudoxiana, 112

Rabbi Judah haNasi, 67

Perikle, 221

Titus, 24, 41, 43-44, 100, 164, 174-175, 188,195-196, 265-268, 274-275

Eusebius, 79, 93, 126, 141, 144, 147, 153,160, 162, 188, 191, 201

Judah Maccabee, 147

Pescennius Niger, 24, 49, 63

Trajan, 11, 25-26, 30-31, 40-41, 43-44, 67-68, 70-71, 80, 87, 100, 144, 147,

Faustina Junior, 27, 43, 45, 53, 83, 103, 113, 119-120, 142, 156, 165, 176, 183

Julia Domna, 11-12, 35, 42, 46-47. 54, 63, 65, 67-68, 79, 84, 95, 103, 107,

Pharnabazos, 208

Faustina Senior, 82, 149 Festus, 271

110, 122, 148, 150, 158, 167, 184, 193, 201-202

Julia Maesa, 14, 23-24, 27, 37, 56, 64, 66, 123

Gabinius, 43, 63, 112, 125, 134, 137, 153, 180-182, 191

Julia Mamaea, 56, 151

Gallienus, 4-5, i8, 144

Julia Paula, 124

Gamilat,

Julia Soaemias, 34, 37, 56, 64, 66

Geta,

229

12, 35, 42, 45, 65, 79, 84-85, 104, 107, 109-110, 122, 156, 158, 167, 178-

179, 182, 184-185, 193-194, 201-202

Julius Marinus, zoo Kheriga, 221

Philip I, 5, 15-17, 25, 29-30, 49-50, 56-60, 8o, 134, 136, 147-148, 151, zoo

Trajan Decius, 25, 30-31, 80, 87, 152

Philip II, 4, 16-17, 25, 30, 49, 57-59, 134, 136, 151, zoo

Trebonianus Gallus,

Philo, 137

Tryphon, 39, 96

Plautilla, 36, 42

Valerian, 4, 13, 17, 145

Pliny, 34, 46, 49, 141, 144, 153, 155, 158, 162, 170, 174,180, 188, 195

Valerius Gratus, 269

Plotina, 43, 4 5

Vespasian, 24, 39-41, 43-44, 46, 49, 99, 116, 126, 162, 164, 188, 265, 267-

Lentulus Marcellinus, 125

Gordian III, 112-113, 124, 134, 136, 162, 169, 181-182,185

M. Licinius Crassus, 181

Pontius Pilatus,

Hadrian, 11, z6, 41, 43, 45, 67, 70-71, 79, 81, 95, 101-102, 112-113, 116-117,

Livia, 137, 238, 262, 266

Poppaea,

Lucilla, 84, 113, 120, 175-176, 184, 189

Ptolemy II, 3, 6, 47, 112, 115, 195, 237

Hagru,

229

Hananyah, 213

191, 230

45, 53, 83, 113, 119-120, 141-142, 166, 172, 175-176, 182-184, 192, 195, 197-198

Lucius Verus, 25, 27, 43,

Lysanias, son of Ptolemy, 232

Heraclius, 89

Luke, 126

Herennia Etruscilla, 31, 88, 152

Macrinus, 5, 13, 25, z8, 50, 54, 85, 104, 111, 113, 123, 163, 168

Herennius Etruscus, 25, 32, 80, 87-88, 147-148, 152

Malichus I, 223, 225

Herod I (the Great), 22, 24, 34, 63, 92, 94,112, 137, 160, 162, 174, 230, 238-240, 257, 259, 260, 285

Malichus II, 229

Herod Philip, 261 Hostilian, 32, 6o, 8o, 87-88, 147-148, 152

Raymond of Tripoli, 8o, 91 Sald b. al-Surkh, 129 Sabina, 43, 45, 81 Saladin, 80-81, 94, 106, 112 Salome, 137, 239, 264

Herod Archelaus, 239, 259 Herod of Chalcis, 238, 264

IV, 94, 96, 134

Rabbel II, 191, 223, 229

L. Marcius Philippus, 134, 189 Marcus Aurelius,

272

Ptolemy V, 3, 39

Marc Antony, 10, 39, 230, 232 Herod Antipas, 67, 70, 238, 260-261

270

Ptolemy III, 47, 112 Ptolemy

Henri de Champagne, 21

11, 22, 25, 27, 34-35,

49-52, 68, 79, Si, 83, 103, 113,

119-120, 126, 134,141-142, 144, 149-150, 155, 162-163, 165-166, 171-173, 175-176, 180-18i, 183-184,189, 192, 195, 197-198

Marcius Philippus, 43, 134, 189

Salonina, 4, 18-19 Sanballat,

25, 32, 50, 61-62

268,274-275,282

Pompey, 24, 46, 63, 112-113, 125, 137, 153, 158, 162-163, 170, 174, 180,188,

R. Gophna, 106

148-149, 170-172, 191-192, 197, 240, 282-283

149, 152, 178, 180, 191, 195, 223, 280

210

Seleucus IV, 3, 6

M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 92 Volusian,

24, 33, 50, 61-62

Zenodorus, 230, 232

GENERAL INDEX

Apollo, 6, 9, 24, 26-27, 3o, 50-52, 54, 115, 119, 134-136, 189-190, 209

Ba'al of Carmel, 4, 11, 13, 16-19

Apollodorus, 46

Babylon, 93

Aquilia Severa, 5, 14, 64, 66

Babylonian Exile, 106

Alexandria, 4, 25

Arabata, 201

Babylonian Talmud, 5o

Altar, 4, 13-14, 16-17, 22, 26, 29-33, 43-44, 49, 51, 54, 57-62, 65, 86, 99100, 116, 119, 135, 137, 143-145, 148-152, 157-159, 178, 192, 221, 267, 272

Arabia, 112, 139, 144, 146-150, 156-158, 160, 170, 178, 180, 188, 191, 195,

Baetyl(s), 144-145, 152, 178-179

Abbasid caliphs, 113 Abbasid dynasty, 196

Altar of Dushara, 148

GENERAL INDEX Abbasid(s), 3, 5, 19, 25, 33, 71, 74, 80, 9o, 106, 108, 113, 124, 129, 546, 196, 199

200-201, 209, 223

Provincia Arabia, 139, 144, 147-148, 150, 156, 170, 178, 180, 191, 195, 200-201, 223

Abdeel, 213

Amarna Letters, 180

Abel, 141

Amaury, 80, 90

Abila, 141-143, 155, 239, 264

Ambibulus, 269

Abu'I-Qasim b. al-Ildishid, 133

Amir Sa'id b. al-Surkh 129

Acre, 3, 20-21, 80, 91

Amman, 157, 160, 170, t95, 198-199

e

Actian era, 162, 269

Amorite, 160, 178

Adraa, 144-145, 148, 171

Amphora, 12, 14, 25, 41, 114, 145, 222, 239, 270, 273-274, 277

Aelia Capitolina, 49-50, 79-81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 195, 240

Anchor, 24, 26, 30-32, 71, 237-238, 242, 249-251, 255, 258-260, 266, 272

Agrippa, 24, 34, 67, 70, 92, 155, 175, 181, 188, 238-239, 263-265, 267, 271273, 284

Andromeda, 4, 17, 46

Agrippa II, 24, 34, 67, 70, 155, 175, 188, 238-239, 263-265, 267, 271-272, 284 Death of, 34, 70, 155

Ankh symbol, 212-213, 215 Anthedon, 92, 112, 189 Antioch, 147, 175, 194, 276, 284

Arab(s), 24, 49, 70, 94, 109, 112, 128, 137, 144, 146, 148,153,170, 195, 182, 188, 200, 223

Banias, 34

Aramaic, 113, 174, 205, 213, 223-224, 250-251

Areopolis, 201 Ares, 30, 49, 51, 53, 65-66, 79, 82, 201-202

Aretas III, 178, 223-225 Aretas IV, 223-229 Aristobulus, 238-239, 248, 264

Ark of the Covenant, 276

Agrippina II, 272

Antiochus IV, 3, 6-8, 94, 96, 170, 180

Arsapolis, 201

Al-Muqtadir, 129 Al-Mustansir, 75, 133 Al-Muttaq, 74,130 Al-Quds, So, 90 Al-Ramlah, 106, 128-129, 131, 133 Al-Surkh, 74, 129 Al -Urdunn, 7o, 74, 196,199 Alexander Balas, 96 Alexander II Zebina, 96 Alexander Jannaeus, 24, 39, 112, 134, 141, 158, 160, 162, 17o, 174, 180, 188, 195, 201, 237, 249

Ariston of Pella, 79

Antiochus V, 6

Arsinoe II, 3, 6, 47

Antiochus VI, 7, 115

Artemis, 9, 18-19, 49, 53, 56, 116, 120-124, 134-136, 171-172, 231

Antiochus VII, 39, 96, 242

Asclepius, 49-51, 57, 70, 16o

Antiochus VIII, 7, 94-97

Ashdod, 93-94, 112, 137, 237

Antiochus IX, 7, 63, 95 Antiochus XII, 3, 8 Antipas, 67, 7o, 238, 260-261 Antipatris, 22-23, 126 Antonia, 272 Antoninus Pius, 27, 40, 42-43, 45, 49-51, 67-68, 70, 79-82, 95, 102, 113, 117-118, 147-149, 162, 165, 174-175, 181-183, 192, 197

M. Antonius, see Marc Antony Aphek, 22 Aphlaston, 9-10, 39, 41-42, 94, 96-99, 102, 258-260, 280 Aphrodite, 5, 9, 13, 17-19, 95, 97

Basra, 147 Batanaea, 147, 238 Battle of Actium, 112

Antiochus III, 34, 39, in, 134, 141, 162, 170, 18o, 188, 195

Al-Hasan b. Ahmad, 74, 132

R. Bar Nathan, 181

Aretas II, 191, 223-225

Agrippina, 272-273

Akko-Ptolemais (Acco), 3-5, 7, 8-19, 21, 80, 91

Bar Kokhba, 79, 95-96, 148, 180, 224, 237, 240, 276, 284

Baronial Coinage, 91

Antiochia, 170, 174

Akka, 3, 5

Baldwin III, 8o, 9o, 170

ArChelaUS, 238-239, 259-260

Agrippias, 92

R. 'Akiba, 178

Baghdad, 170 Baldwin I, 191

Antiochenes, 3, 170, 174

Ake, 3

Bagabatas, 212

Arabic, 20, 35, 67, 70-71, 73, 8o, 106, 111, 128, 131, 141, 146-147, 155, 182, 186, 188,196

Aradus, 237

305

Ashkelon, 94, 96 Askalos, 95, 98 Asklepios, 61, 72 Assyria(n), 93, 205, 215 Astarte, 95, 148, 177 Asteria, 195-198 Astragalos, 221 Athena, 7, 22, 29, 46-49, 52-53, 57, 96, 114,125, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153-154, 158-159, 165, 167, 189-190, 195-198, 206-207, 209, 212-215, 219-222, 225, 232, 240

Aylah, 146 Ayyubids al-Kamil, 124

Battle of the Horns, 94 Baysan, 182, 186-187 Bedyehibel, 211 Beirut, 91 Beisan, 7o Belus, 3-4, 12, 15-16, 18, 95 Benedictions, 224 Beqa'a Valley, 230 Beruhibel, 211 Bes, 115, 210-211, 215, 218-219 Beit Guvrin, 79, 109, 125 Beit Reisha, 155 Belt Shean/Scythopolis, 7o, 180-182 Bethsaida, 238 Biga, 7, 211 Bishop Porphyrius, 112 Boar, 25, 32, 50, 62-64, 79, 81-82, 86, 88, 206, 222, 280, 284 Bostra, 144, 147-153, 157, 178, 191, 200, 223 Britannicus, 272 Bull, 28, 46, 48-49, 59, 88, 93, 114, 154,161, 207, 210, 212-217, 219-220, 224-225

Bullae, 157, 191, 196

306

GENERAL INDEX

GENERAL INDEX

307

Byblos, 237

Commander of the Faithful, 20, 73-75, 105, 124, 129-130, 133, 198

Derketo, 95, 102, 104

Byzantine, 25, 67, 70, 93, io6, 109, 128, 141, 146, 170, 174, 180-181,188, 195

Diadumenian, 5, 13, 25, 28, 47, 55, 85, 104, 111, 113, 123, 135

Ebal, Mt., 49

Q. Caecilius Bassus, 181

Commodus, 11, 27, 35, 43, 45, 53-54, 64-65, 70-71, 79, 83-84, 103, 120, 134-135, 142, 144-145, 148, 150, 153-154, 156, 163, 166-167, 171-173, 175176, 182, 184, 189, 193, 198

Diaspora, 67, 137

E dom,: 9:

Caesarea Maritima, 24, 38-40, 8o, 153, 238-239, 264

Constantius Gallus, io6

Die break, 98, 214, 242

E domi es 146

Caesarea Panias, 34-35, 37, 70, 238-239, 263-264, 271-272

Coponius, 269

Dinar, 5, 20, 75, 105, 130-133, t87

Egypt, 3, 5, 20, 22, 95,112,134, 139, 150, 156, 230

Caesarean era, 3-4,9

Cornucopia(e), 6, 7-12, 15-18, 24, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 50, 52-55, 65, 68, 71, 83-84, 87, 96, 98, 102, 110-111, 115, 117, 119, 123, 135-136, 141-

Diocaesarea, 67-68

El-Balakhiye, 92

Diocletian, 147

El-Fukhar, 3

Diodorus of Sicily, 191

Dionysiac mintmarks, 8o

Elagabalus, 4-5, 12-15, 22-23, 28-29, 34, 36, 43, 45-50, 54-56, 64-65, 6768, 7o, 72, 8o, 85-87, 92,104, 106-107, 109, 111, 123, 126-127, 135, 141, 143, 145, 150-151, 153-161,168, 170-171, 173-175, 177-179, 181-182, 185, 188-191, 194-195, 198, 201-202

Dionysopolis, 153

Elath, 146

Dionysus, 8, 24, 29-33, 79-82, 85, 106-107, 134-136, 144, 153-154, 156,160161, 180-186

Eleutheropolis, 4, 79, 106, 109-111, 125

Caligula, 34, 99.137, 153, 164, 181, 183, 238 Canopy, 197

265-268, 272 (see also Double Cornucopiae)

Camel, 148-151 Canatha, 153-154, 171, 181, 200 Callthar0S, 186

145, 150-152, 155-157, 159, 162-167, 171-172, 175-176, 178-179, 183-184, 191-192, 197-198, 225-227, 232, 238, 242, 246, 248, 256, 256-260, 263,

Council of the Jews, 67, 242, 244, 246, 248, 251, 256 Countermark, 9-12, 23, 25-26, 29-30, 41, 45, 47, 51, 55-56, 64, 66, 99,

•

Capitolias, 155-156, 162, 171

Capitoline Triad, 49, 54, 57, 63, 66, 68, 79

102-103, 115, 121-123, 142, 149, 164, 173, 175, 182-183, 189, 193-194, 196-

198, 201, 228, 231-233, 257, 261-262, 264-266, 268, 270, 272, 275-276, 280-281, 283-284

Caracalla, 4-5, 11-13, 25, 28, 36, 42, 46-47, 49, 54, 65, 67-68, 79, 84, 92, 103, 107, 109-110, 113, 122, 135, 143, 150, 156, 158, 163, 167-168, 170-171,

Elpis, 55-56

Dionysus' nurse, 182

Emesa, 49, 55, 8o, 86-87, 195

Crassus, 181, 183

Dioscuri, 5, 8-9, 12, 14, 40, 79, 82, 86, 103, 197, 200, 231-232

Emmaus, 126

Crescent, 7, 10, 43-45, 47, 54, 56, 59, 61-62, 89, 103,114, 128, 149-150, 153,

Diospolis, 79, 106-109, 126, 128

Ephesian Artemis, 49, 53, 56

168, 171, 177, 187, 191-192, 200, 206, 208-209, 214, 216, 222, 225, 231, 241, 265-268, 272

177-178, 18z, 184, 189-190, 194, 201-202

Carmel, 3-4, 11, 13, 16-19

248, 256-257, 262-263, 265, 269-271

Cow, 10, 12-13, 15, 26, 46, 56, 59, 65, 79, 81, 88, 93, 151, 188, 194, 220

Cappadocia, 147, 217 Caps of the Dioscuri, 12

Dionysiac mask, 85

244,

Crested helmet, 64, 96, 114, 154, 165, 196, 198, 200, 208, 217, 220-221, 240, 246, 257, 260

Dirham(s), 21, 74, 79,106-109, 124, 126, 128-129, 131-132

Eros, 13, 17, 65

Distyle shrine, 13, 15, 61

Esbous, 126, 160 -161

Distyle temple, 18, 36, 81, 107, 149, 193-194, 264, 272

Eudoxiana, 112

Carmel Mountains, 3

Crete, 113

Dium, 155, 158-159, 171

Cerberus, 83

Eusebius, 79, 93, 126, 141, 144, 147, 153, 160, 162, 188, 191, 201

Crispina, 84, 167, 171, 173

Dolphin, 17, 3o, 62-64, 72, 92, 102-104, 168, 202, 220, 280, 284

Cestius Gallus, 46, 106

Facade, 81, 102, 116, 120-122, 124, 143, 155-156, 189, 261, 264, 276, 278

Cross, 20-21, 48, 72-73, 80-81, 89-91, 108, 173, 186-187

Dome, 13, 45, 272

Chalcedon, 178

Facade of distyle temple, 81, 264

Crusader bronze seal, 5

Domitia, 43-44

Chalcis, 230, 238-239, 264

Facade of Phanebal temple, 102

Crusader(s), 3, 5, 20-21, 35, 46, 48, 71, 8o-81, 90-91, 94, 106, 109, 112, 147,

Domitian, 24, 26, 43-44, 49-50, 63-64, 100, 153-154, 174-175, 188-189, 197,

Facade of temple, 156

Chalcolithic, 94 Charachmoba, 126, 157, 201 Charcha, 157 Chariot,58, A_ 5, 197-198 Christianity, t88, 237 Christians, 21 Chrysorrhoas, 170-172 Cilicia, 216, 221 Cista, 13, 16, 29-32, 61, 64-65, 168, 196

Claudius, 4, 10, 24, 43-44, 70, 99, 153-154, 164, 181-183, 238-239, 264, 271-272

Cleopatra Thea, 7, 96 Cleopatra VII, 95, 230 Coele Syria, 39, 139, 141, 150, 156, 181, 189, 195

157, 170, 191

237, 239, 265-269, 275-276, 280, 284

Cup, 86, 273-274

Domitian's Judaea coinage, 237, 239, 275-276, 284

Cybele, 57, 59

Dora, 39-42, 174

Cypros (wife of Agrippa I), 238, 263

Doros, 39-42

Dead Sea,157, 191, 240 Debased silver, 5, 25, 49, 148

Double cornucopiae, 24, 50, 71, 115, 162, 164, 191, 226-227, 238, 242, 246, 256-258, 263, 268

Decanos, 59

Dove, 5o, 62, 94, 96-100, 102-103

Decapolis, 22,139, 141-145, 148-153, 155-180, 182-186, 188-198, 200-202,

Drachm, 40, 93, 96, 114, 149, 206, 209, 213-214, 222, 224-229, 237, 240

224, 230-231

Drusilla, 263

Decumanus, 67

Dushara/Dousares, 144, 148, 1S3. 178, 224

Delos, 137

Eagle, 5-7, 12, 24-25, 27-32, 38, 47, 50, 52, 54-62, 79, 81-82, 84-88, 95-98, 103, 107, 115-116, 122-123, 125-126, 135, 150, 158, 168, 183, 193, 200, 215,

Demeter, 4, 13, 16-17, 24, 27-32, 61, 64-66, 106-107, 181, 184, 186, 195-198

220, 225-226, 228, 231, 241, 259, 285-286

Demetrias, 38 Demetrius 1, 3 Demetrius II, 7, 38, io6, 115

Ear pendants, 215, 219-220 Ear(s) of grain, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16-19, 25, 27-28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 49-50, 52, 64, 68, 98, 107, no, 116, 149, 172, 181-182, 184, 189, 196-197, 206, 216, 228,

Facade of tetrastyle temple, 155, 261 Facade of the Temple, 116, 276, 278 Falcon, 135-136, 241 Fals (fulus), 19, 33, 37, 69, 70, 73-74, 80, 89-9o, 96, 106,108, 111, 124, 128129, 137, 145, 148, 152, 171, 173, 182, 187

Fatimids, 5, 20, 71, 105, 133 Fatimid dinars, zo Fatimid dynasties, 3, 96 Fatimid period, 94 Faustina Junior, 27, 43, 45, 53, 83, 103, 113, 119-12o, 142, 156, 165, 176, 183 Faustina Senior, 82, 149 Flaming altar, 119, 143 Flavian emperors, 239-240 Flavius Josephus (see Josephus)

308

GENERAL INDEX

Founder, 10-13, 15-16, 26-28, 56, 59, 65, 79, 81, 85, 88, 141, 151, 155, 170171, 182, 188-189, 194, 238, 262

Hadrian, 11, 26, 41, 43, 45, 67, 70-71, 79, 81, 95, 101-102, 112-113, 116-117, 148-149, 170-172, 191-192, 197, 240, 282-283

Founder figure, 188

Hadrian's death, 113

Founder of Gerasa, 170

Hadrian's declaration, 79

Founder of Pella, 189

Hadrianeum, 7o

Founder plowing, 10, 12-13, 15-16, 26, 56, 59, 65, 79, 81, 85, 88, 141, 151, 194

Hagra (Hagru), 223, 228, 229

Gaba, 43-45, 160 Gabala, 45 Gabinia, 153, 181 Gabinian Marisenes, 125 Gabinius, 43, 63, 112, 125, 134, 137, 153, 180-182, 191 * Galilee, 1, 3-4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 43, 56, 58, 6o, 137, 16o, 162, 174, 230, 238 67, 70, 72, 74, Galley, 4-5, 8-9, 13, 15, 17, 24-25, 31-33, 40-42, 51, 62-64, 71-72, 79, 92, 95, 97-101, 103, 162-163, 165, 167-169, 202., 208, 216, 221, 231, 259-260, 266, 275-276, 281, 284

Gamilat, 229

Haifa, 3, 24, 38-39, 174 Half shekel(s), 273-274, 285-286 Half shekels of Tyre, 285

GENERAL INDEX

208, 211, 213-214, 216, 218-221, 241, 263

John Hyrcanus II, 178

Horse galloping, 42, 175, 208, 213, 216, 219-221

John of Brienne, 8o, 91

Horse protome, 213

Joppa, 46-48, 109, 137

Horse walking, 213-214

Jordan, 34, 36, 63, 141, 170, 178, i8o, 188-189,191, 195-196, 199

Horus, 134

Jordan River, 34, 170, 180

A , 80, 87-88, 147-148, 152 Hostilian, 32, „o

Josephus, 22, 24, 34, 46, 49, 63, 92-94, 106, 112, 125, 134, 153, 158, 160,

Hound 18,172 Huldu, 227-228

162, 170, 174, 178, 180, 188, 191, 195, 201, 224, 230, 239, 269

Judaea, 24, 77, 102, 106, 113, 128, 14 6, 180-181, 188-189, 195, 230, 237-240, 274-276, 284-285

Hydra, 4,15-16

Judaea Capta, 24, 188, 237, 239, 274-275, 284

Hygieia, 14, 49-51, 57, 61, 70-72, 79, 88

Judah, 67, 93, 112, 125, 146-147, 248

Idumaea, 77, 113, 137, 238, 240

Judah Maccabee, 147

Ikhshidids, 71, 74, 128, 13o

Jug, 3o, 81-82, 84-86, 107, 135, 154, 156, 161, 183, 276, 278-279, 281-282

India, 546

Jugate busts, 7-9, 40, 58, 79, 84, 87-88, 96, 150-151, 225-229

Hasmonean ethnarch, 106

Io, 113, 116,120-123, 149, 274-275

Hasmonean high priest, 63, 125, 237

Iron Age, 22, 93, 137, 170, 216

Julia Domna, 11-12, 35, 42, 46-47, 54, 63, 65, 67-68, 79, 84, 95, 103, 107, 110, 122, 148, 150, 158, 167, 184, 193, 201-202

Hasmonean priest-king, 39, 158, 160, 162, 174, 180, 188, 195

Isaac, 50, 59

Julia Maesa, 14, 23-24, 27, 37, 56, 64, 66, 123

Half-fals (fulus), 182 Hananyah, 213 Harpokrates, 4, 16 Hasmonean(s), 39, 46, 63, 94, 106, 112, 125, 158, i6o, 162, 170, 174, 18o, 188, 195, 237-238, 241-243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257

Gamla, 23o, 240

Helios, 68, 178-179

Isis, 4, 16-17, 95-96, 105, 119, 134, 136, 218

Julia Mamaea, 56, 151

Gerasa, 147, 155, 170-174

Helmet, 26, 51, 57, 59, 64, 96, 114, 125, 154-155, 165, 196, 198, 200, 206,

Islamic, 7o, 94, 106, 112, 141, 144, 148, 170, 180-181, 191, 195

Julia Paula, 124

Israel, 24, 34, 38-39, 46, 63, 93-94, 106, 109, 112-113, 115, 125, 153, 160, 174, 18o-181, 205, 237, 242, 273, 276-281, 284-285

Julia Soaemias, 34, 37, 56, 64, 66

Gerizim, Mt., 49-52, 54-63, 257 Geta, 12, 35, 42, 45, 65, 79, 84-85, 104, 107, 109-11o, 122, 156, 158, 167, 178179, 182, 184-185,193-194, 201-202

208, 217, 220-221, 231, 240, 246, 257, 260, 265-267, 274-275

Hemiobol, 96, 114, 206-210, 212-222, 241 Henri de Champagne, 21

Goat, 37, 214-215, 218

Hera, 68

Golan Heights, 34, 230

Herakles, 4-5, 15-16, 67-68, 95, 105,113, 115-123, 137, 141-145,163, 165-168,

Gold, 3, 5-6, 20, 46-47, 71, 75, 96, 105, 112, 128, 130-133, 187, 223, 274

309

195-198, 202, 209, 217-218, 231

Israel Antiquities Authority (Department of Antiquities), 34, 46, 93, 94, 106, 109, 112, 125, 174, 180, 181 Israel Exploration Society, 39 Ituraeans, 34,162, 203, 230-233 Ivy wreath,182-183, 257

Julias, see Bethsaida Julio-Claudian, 95, 16z Julius Marinus, zoo Juno, 49, 54, 57, 65, 68, 79, 81 Jupiter, 49, 54, 57, 65, 68, 79, 81-82, 137

Gold staters, Alexandrine, 223

Herennia Etruscilla, 31, 88, 152

Gold bezant, 20

Herennius Etruscus, 25, 32, 80, 87-88, 147-148, 152

Jabneh, 137

Gold dinar(s), 5, 20, 75, 96, 105, 130-133

Hermes, 46, 231

Jaffa, 46, 48, 126

Gold mnaieion, 47

Herod of Chalcis, 238, 264

Gold octadrachm(s), 3, 6, 112

Heshbon/Esbous, 160

Jerash, 17o, 173

Golgotha, 8o, 90

High Priest, 63,125, 178, 213, 237, 242, 244, 246, 248, 251, 256-257

Jerobeam, 212

R. Gophna, 106

Hippocamp, 218, 222

Jerome, 201

Gordian III, 112-113, 124, 134, 136, 162, 169, 181-182, 185

Hippos-Sussita, 174-175

Jerusalem, 5, 22, 39, 48, 63, 67, 79-81, 89-91, 106, 109, 125-126, 137, 170, 178, 18o-181,188,191, 205, 238-240, 242, 258-259, 263, 269, 273, 276-

Gorgoneion facing, 211-213, 218

Holy Sepulchre, 21

Gospels, 239

Horbat Zalit, 224

Jesus, zo, 80, 91

Grape(s), 40, 49, 51, 85, 135, 141-142, 163, 184, 186, 237, 26o, 270, 276-279,

Horned beast, 219

Jewish War, 24, 34, 49, 67, 94, 126, 137, 162, 170, 174, 180, 188, 195, 205, 237, 239-240, 269, 273-275, 285

Labarum, 30-33, 57, 144-145

Jezreel Valley, 43,18o

Lead, 5, 10, 21, 23, 81, 91, 113, 115, 124, 141, 143, 170, 199, 222, 224-225, 238,

281

Hadad, 158 Hades, 4, 14, 17, 64-65

Horned griffin, 214 Horned lion, 214-215 Horse, 5, 11, 13, 15, 27, 29, 31, 33, 42, 53, 6o, 83, 86-87, 111, 114, 151, 174-177,

Jamnia, 137

279, 281-283, 285

Kalathos, 17, 27, 53, 64-65, 107, 115, 117, 151, 158, 265, 267 Kandys, 211, 216 Kantharos, 183, 270

Kefer Abil, 158 Khirbet el-Burj, 39 Khirbet Mazin, 237 Khirbet Umm el Amad, 141 Khirbet Zeita, 239 Knucklebone, 221 Kore-Persephone, 4, 13-14, 16-18, 28, 3o, 32, 64-66, 181, 184, 186

251, 257

John Hyrcanus I, 63, 125, 137, 178, 205, 237, 242

Lead bulla, 199, 222.

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312

GENERAL INDEX

191, 23o Pontius Pilatus, 27o

Roman Administration, 22, 24, 34, 188, 237, 239, z69, 271-272, 274-275 Roman army, 67

GENERAL INDEX

Severus Alexander, 4, 5, 14-15, 24, 29, 46, 48, 56, 8o, 87, 92, 105, 134-135, 147-148, 151-152, 195 Shaking hands, 25, 27, 32, 42, 79, 84, 87, 109-111, 116, 123, 148, 152, 166167, 182, 184, 192

Poppaea, 272

Roman prefects, 238, 239, 269

Poppy, 257

Roman procurators, 271

Poseidon, 30, 39, 50, 6z, 70, 72, 92, 95, 102-104, 201-202

Roman Senate, 67

Pougeoise d'Acre, 21

Rome, 24, 46, 49, 68, 79-80,147, 162,191, 195, 200, 230, 238-239, 2 73-274

Prefects, 238-239, 269

Romulus, 5o, 56, 58, 62, 79, 81-83, 85, 88

Shekel of Israel, 273, 285

Propyleum, 195

Rudder, 9-12, 16-28, 24, 35-36, 53-55, 71, 157, 172, 208, 259-26o, 264, 266267, 272, 275

Shekels, 79, 239-240, 285

Prow of galley, 9, 25, 31, 33, 40, 42, 51, 62, 71, 92, 97-99, 103, 202, 26o Prutah, 67, 181, 237-240, 242, 244, 246, 248-251, 256-260, 263, 269-271, 273-274 Ptolemaic (Ptolemies), 3, 6, 4, 46-47, 94-95, Hz, 115, 134, 180, 195, 237, 241 Ptolemais, 3-4, 7-8, 11-15 Ptolemy II, 3, 6, 47, 112, 115, 195, 237 Ptolemy III, 47, 112 Ptolemy IV, 94, 96, 134 Ptolemy V, 3, 39 Punchmark, 47, 237, 240

Sabina, 43, 45, 81 Sacred stone (Elagabalus), 80, 178, 195 (see Stone of Emisa, Baetyl) Sacred tree, 4, 18, 113 Sa'id b. al-Surkh, 129 Saladin, 8o-81, 94, 106, 112 Salome, 137, 239, 264 Salonina, 4, 18-19 Samaria, 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 36, 49, 56, 58, 6o, 6364, 72, 74, 128, 205, 207, 209-213, 215, 217-219, 221, 237-238, 257 Samaria Hoard, 212-213, 218

Sharon, Plains of, 24 She-wolf, 5o, 56, 58-6o, 62, 79, 81-83, 85-86, 88 Shechem, 49, 63, zo5

Shekh Zuweid, 92 Shelemyah, zio Shew-bread table, 257 Shuciailat, 228-229 Shuciailat II, 229 Sidon (Sidonian), 3-4, 35, 39, 43, 46, 125, 210, 215-216, 220, 237 Siege coins, 239 Sihon, 160, 178 Silenus, mask of, 184 Siloam, 79

313

Table, 134, 257-259 Tabula ansata, 5o, 6o, 62 Talmud, 50, 7o Tarichaeae, 239, 264 Tel Acco, 3 (see Akko-Ptolemais) Tel Ashkelon, 94 (see Ashkelon) Tel Aviv, 22, 24, 46, 94, 106 Tel Beer-Sheva, 223 Tel Sandakha, 125 Tel Azza, 112 Tel Aphek-Antipatris, 22 Tel el-Ash'ari, 158 Tel el-Husn, 258 Tel er-Ras, 49 Tel Khisban, 16o Tel Qum el 'Awamid, 38 Tel Ras al `AM, 22 Templars, 112 Temple, 12-19, 22 - 23, 26, 28-29, 31, 34, 36-37, 42-43, 45-47, 49-52, 54-55, 6o, 63-65, 67-68, 70-72, 79-87, 92, 94-95, 102-104, 106-107, 110-112,

Qir Moab, 157

Sancta Aerea, 91

Simpulum, 270-271

Quarter obol, 112, 206-207, 216-219, 221, 241

Sanhedrin, 67, 70,106, 137

Six fingers, 225

Quarter of a denier, 21

Sardis, 112

Solomonic period, 146

116, 126, 137,142-143, 149-150, 153, 155-156, 158-160, 163, 165-169, 175, 177-180, 182-185, 188-190, 193-195, 200, 205, 238, 240, 257, 261, 264, 272, 276, 278, 281, 285

Rabbath-Ammon, 178, 195

Sargon II, 205

Sphinx, 64-66, 134, 136, 213-214, 216, 219

Temple, hexastyle, 13-19, 29, 81, 143, 155, 158-159, 189, 272

Rabbathmoba, 201-202

Scorpion Man, 216

SPQR, 24-25, 27-30

Temple menorah, 238, 257

Rabbel II, 191, 223, 229

Scythians, 18o

Star, eight-pointed, 91, 192, 249-250

Temple Mount, 8o

R. Judah haNasi, 67

Scythopolis, 70,162,180-182,188

Star, six-pointed, 250

Temple of Herades, 195

Rabbinic sources (literature), 147, 178

Sea monster, 46

Stela of Mesha, 178

Temple of Jerusalem, 137

Ram, 31, 50, 59, 62, 98, 149-150, 152, 211, 220, 231, 259-260, 266

Sebaste, 4, 63-66, 205

Stone of Emesa, 49, 55, 86-87, 195 (see Sacred Stone, Baetyl)

Temple of Phanebal, 95, 1O3

Ramlah, 128

Sebastos, 24, 63, 162, 23-P1

Straton's Tower, 24, 38-39

Temple of the Capitoline Triad, 63, 79

Rape of Persephone (see Persephone)

Seleucid(s), 3, 6, 34, 38-39, 46, 63, 94-96,106,112-113,115,125, 134, 137, 141, 162, 170, 174-175, ,8o, 188, 195, 213, 223, 230, 237, 285

Sukkoth, 240

Temple of the emperor, 205

Sussita, 174-175

Temple of the Nabataean god Ba'al Shamin, 153

Syllaeus, 223-224, 226-227

Temple of Tyche, 155, 182

Syria, 3, 22, 24, 39, 43, 45-46, 49, 63, 7o, 106, 109, 112, 125, 139, 141, 144, 147, 150, 155-156, 162, 174, 28o-182, 189, 194-196, 205, 223

Temple tax, 240, 285

Provincia Syria (Palaestina), 22, 24, 49, 63, 70, io6, 109, 112, 155, 162, 174,180

Temple, tetrastyle 12-14, 17, 23, 26, 28, 31, 36-37, 42, 45-47, 52, 54-55, 6o, 64-65, 68, 70-72, 82-84, 86-87, 92, 107, 110-111, 126, 142-143, 15o, 155-156, 260, 165-169, 175, 177, 179, 183-184, 190, 193, 261, 276 Temple Tribute Tyre, 285

Raphia, 134-136 Raymond of Tripoli, 8o, 91 Red Sea, 146, 191

Senate, 24, 63, 67-68, 200 Sepphoris, 49, 67-70, 106, 238-239, 264

Reqem, 191, 224

Septimius Severus, 11, 24, 27, 35, 40, 42, 49, 63, 65, 79, 84, 103, 106-107, 109-11o, 121,135, 141, 143-145, 148, 150, 158, 163, 167, 171, 178, 182, 184, 193-194, 201, 205

River god, ii, 14-19, 22-23, 36, 68, 109-111, 142-145, 153, 155-156, 159, 165, 167-168, 172, 183-184, 189, 201, 225

Serapis, 4-5, 11-12, 15, 22, 24, 26-29, 33, 49-50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 6o, 62, 72, 79, 81-85, 87-88, 96, 106-107, 109-11o, 148

Roma, 30-31, 33, 57, 83, 200

Serpent staff, 51, S7

Syrinx, 34-36, 268

Seven-branched candelabrum, 8o, 9o, 238

Tabariyya, 199

Remus, 5o, 56, 58, 62, 79, 81-83, 85, 88

Governor, 125

Tetrarch, 34, 70, 230, 238, 262 Tetrarch of Galilee, 238

314

GENERAL INDEX

Tetrarch of Gaulanitis, 238

Tetrastyle temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 65 Tetrastyle temple of Tyche, 155 Tetrastyle temple of Zeus, 155 Three Graces, 163, 168-169 Thunderbolt, 6-7, 11-19, 32, 47, 57, 82, 95-98, 104, 115-116, 122-123, 125, 165-166, 220, 225, 241

148-160,162-168, 171-179, 182-185, 188-194, 197-198, 201-202, 225, 238-239, 264-265, 267-268, 280, 284 Tyche of Bostra, 148 Tyche of Caesarea, 238, 264 Tyche of Damascus, 225 Tyche of Pella, 188 Tyche-Astarte, z80 Tyche-Athena, 149-150

Thutmose III, 46, 106, 112, 180

Tyche-Demeter, 265-268

Thymiaterion, 212-213, 216

Tyche-Nysa, 185

Thyrsos, 29-30, 81-82, 84-86, 88, 107, 135, 154, 156, 161, 181-183, 185-186 Tiberias, 67, 70-75, 106, 196, 238-239, 26o, 263-265, 271-272 Tiberius, 7o, 98, 164, 238, 262-263, 269, 284 Tissaphernes, 39-4o, 217 Titus, 24, 41, 43-44, 100, 164, 174-175, 188, 195-196, 265-268, 274 -275 Togate figure, 171-172 Tosephta, 285 Tower of David, 8o, 90-91 Trachonitis, 43, 147, 238 Trajan, 11, 25-26, 30-31, 4o-41, 43-44, 67-68, 70-71, 8o, 87, 100, 144, 147, 149, 152, 178, 18o, 191, 195, 223, 280

Tyre, 3, 25, 38, 195, 220, 237, 240, 285-286 Tyrian era, 285

GENERAL INDEX

Winged bull, 216, 219 Winged caduceus, 12-13, 15, 98, 163, 257, 267, 276 Winged griffin, 61, 210, 215-216 Winged hippocamp, 218 Winged horned animal, 208 Winged horse, 175, 208, 211, 216 Winged sandals, 47 Winged solar disc, 219 Winged sphinx, 64, 213-214, 216, 219 Winged stag, 222 Winged Victory, 225 Yarkon River, 22

Umayyad(s), 3, 5, 25, 35, 37, 67, 69, 7o, 72, 8o, 89, 96, 105-106, 108-109, 111, 113, 128, 137, 144-145, 148, 152, 171, 173, 182, 186, 195-196, 198-199

Yarmuk River, 141, 144, 153, 162

Valerian, 4, 13, 17, 145

Yavneh, 137

Valley of Moses (Wadi Musa), 191

Yubna, 137

Valley of the Hieromykes, 163

Zenodorus, 230, 232

Vespasian, 24, 39-41, 43-44, 46, 49, 99, 116, 126, 162, 164, 188, 265, 267268, 274-275, 282

Zeus, 4-10, 12-13, 15-19, 22, 32, 34-36, 38, 44- 47, 49, 52-53, 55, 58-60, 64, 67-68, 70-72, 88, 106-107, 109-111, 113, 115-116, 126-127, 134-135, 144, 153-156, 158-160, 163, 165-169, 171, 175-177, 18o, 182-186, 213, 231, 233

Via Mans, 3, 22 Via Traiana, 147, 170, 195

Zeus Akraios, 180 Zeus Arotesios, 175

Transjordan, 3, 43, 153, 155, 157-158, 160, 162, 170, 195, 201, 205, 223

Victory, 6-9, 11-12, 14-18, 23-24, 26-27, 29-31, 33, 38, 43-45, 51-52, 57-65, 71-72, 82-87, 105, 107, 110, 123-124, 126, 135, 142-143, 158-159, 165-168, 182-185, 188-189, 193, 196, 225, 231-233, z63, 265-268, 274-276

Zeus Heliopolites, 4, 12-13, 15-19, 49, 52-53,106-107, 109-111, 126-127, 158-159

Trebonianus Gallus, 25, 32, 50, 61-62

Vine leaf, 25, 85, 237, 273-274, 277, 279, 282

Zeus-Ammon, 6, 5o, 148-152

Tree, 4, 18, 31, 35-36, 50, 67-68, 70, 113, 117-118, 123, 128, 188-189, t96, 2O9, 214-215, 222, 261, 266, 268-269, 271, 274-277, 279, 281-282

Vine-wreath, 41

Trajan Decius, 25, 3o-31, 8o, 87, 152

Tribe of Judah, 112, 125 Tribe of Reuben, 16o, 178 Tripod, 8, 26, 3o, 115, 134, 193, 257 Triptolemos, 58, 65 Triton, 102 Trophy, 14, 16, 44, 53, 83, 149, 152, 192-194, 275-276 Trumpets, 278-279, 282 Tryphon, 39, 96 Tughj, 130, 132 Thutmose III, 112, 18o

M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 92 Volusian, 24, 33, 5o, 61-62 Wadi Daliyeh papyri, 213 Wadi Jerash, 170 Wadi Musa (Valley of Moses), 191 Walter of Brienne, 46 War-galley, 82, 99-100, 102 Warrior, naked, 51 Water nymphs, 189 Wine cup, 86 Wine jar, 86-88 Wine jug, 84-86, 135

Tyche, 4-5, 8-19, 22-47, 49-50, 52-57, 59-62, 64-65, 68, 70-72, 79, 81-88, 92, 95, 97-104, 106-107, 109-111, 113, 116-123, 125-127,135-136, 141-145,

Wine skin, 15, 57, 151

Zeus-Hadad, 224-225 Zodiac, 4, 18-19

315

COINS OF THE HOLY LAND THE ABRAHAM and MARIAN SOFAER COLLECTION at the AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY and THE ISRAEL MUSEUM (Volume II) ANCIENT COINS IN NORTH AMERICAN COLLECTIONS No. 8 Vol. II

COINS OF THE HOLY LAND THE ABRAHAM and MARIAN SOFAER COLLECTION at the •

AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY and THE ISRAEL MUSEUM (Volume II)

YA'AKOV MESHORER WITH GABRIELA BIJOVSKY WoLFGANG F1scHER-BossERT

EDITED BY DAVID HENDIN ANDREW MEADOWS

ANCIENT COINS IN NORTH AMERICAN COLLECTIONS THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK 2013

1

CONTENTS

to 0100034h

.

GALILEE AND SAMARIA THE COINS OF AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

© 2012 The American Numismatic Society

1-21

PAGE (3)

THE COINS OF ANTIPATRIS

21-22

(22)

THE COINS OF CAESAREA

22 - 34

(24)

THE COINS OF CAESAREA PANIAS

34-37 37

(34) (38)

THE COINS OF DORA

38-40

(39)

THE COINS OF GABA

41-43

THE COINS OF JOPPA THE COINS OF NEAPOLIS

43-44 45 -61

(43) (46)

THE COINS OF SAMARIA-SEBASTE

61-64

(49) (63)

THE COINS OF SEPPHORIS-DIOCAESAREA

64-65

(67)

THE COINS OF TIBERIAS

65-70

(70)

THE COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA

71-84

THE COINS OF ANTHEDON

84-85

(79) (92)

85

(93)

THE COINS OF DEMETRIAS

ISSN 0271-4019 ISBN-1o: o-89722-323-X ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-325 -6

PLATE(S)

CITY COINS OF JUDAEA, IDUMAEA, AND PHILISTIA The American Numismatic Society 75 Varick St, nth Floor New York, NY 10013

THE COINS OF ASHDOD THE COINS OF ASCALON

99-100

(94) (106)

THE COINS OF ELEUTHEROPOLIS

101-103

(109)

THE COINS OF GAZA

103-117

(112)

THE COINS OF DIOSPOLIS

Printed in China

85-99

THE COINS OF MARISA

118

(125)

THE COINS OF NICOPOLIS

118

(126)

THE COINS OF AL-RAMLAH

119-121

(128)

THE COINS OF RAPHIA

121-122

(134)

123

(137)

124-125

(141)

THE COINS OF ADRAA

126-27

(144)

THE COINS OF AYLAH

128

(146)

128-131

(147)

THE COINS OF YUBNA THE DECAPOLIS AND PROVINCIA ARABIA THE COINS OF ABILA

THE COINS OF BOSTRA THE COINS OF CANATHA

132

(153)

THE COINS OF CAPITOLIAS

133

(155)

THE COINS OF CHARACHMOBA

134

(157)

THE COINS OF DIUM

134

(158)

135

(160)

THE COINS OF GADARA

135-142

(162)

THE COINS OP GERASA

142-144

(170)

THE COINS OF HIPPOS

145-147

(174)

147

(178)

148-153

(180)

THE COINS OF PELLA

154

(188)

THE COINS OF PETRA

155-158

(191)

THE COINS OF PHILADELPHIA

159-162

(195)

THE COINS OF PHILIPPOPOLIS

162

(200)

THE COINS OF 11ABBATHMOBA

163- 164

(201)

THE COINS OF THE SAMARIANS

165-182

(205)

THE COINS OF THE NABATAEANS

183-188

(223)

THE COINS OP THE ITURAEANS

189-192

(230)

PERSIAN PERIOD

193-194

(240)

UNDER THE PTOLEMIES

194-195

(241)

THE HASMONEANS

195-206

(242)

THE HERODIAN DYNASTY

207-218

(2 57)

UNDER ROME

219-221

(269)

THE JEWISH WAR

222-224

(273)

UNDER ROME

224-226

(274)

THE BAR KOCHBA REVOLT

227-236

(276)

COUNTERMARKS OF ROMAN LEGIONS

237

(284)

TYRIAN SHEKELS AS TEMPLE TRIBUTE

238

(285)

THE COINS OF ESBOUS

THE COINS OF MEDABA THE COINS OF NYSA-SCYTHOPOLIS

THE COINS OF THE SAMARIANS, NABATAEANS, AND ITURAEANS

JEWISH COINS

PLATES

tu

ct

,60", :sossiec;:".assa

Akko-Ptolemais

AKKO- PTOLEMAI S

CC

V

VV 0

V

cn V

•

a

ro

0.

O.

V

0

E 0

co

•

0

I

0

AI(Ico-Ptolemais

•

Ct a.

0 I

C0 0J 0

ro

•

H O

O

I

0

H

G.

0

CC

E

V

0

`04

E

0

N N

ro w q

2 ca. 6 I

Co 0

0 N tu gLe

en

ANTIPATRIS

N N V ctl

Antipatris, Caesarea

•

0

VI N V

co Po

•

•

•

e U

•

Caesarea, Caesarea Panias

Plate 34

176

177

178

179

18o

Caesarea Panias

7

Plate 35

9

10

11

181 12

15

CAESAREA PANIAS

1

2

4

6

20

21

Caesarea Pallas

Plate 36

26

22

Plate 37

Caesarea Panias, Demetrias

37

38

42

27

DEMETRIAS

32

33

34

35

36

2

3

Dora

Plate 38

Dora

Plate 39

Dorn

3

2

1

6

11

12

13

17

4

5

9

10

21

22

15

26

27

14

23

19

20

24

25

29

3o

Dora

Plate 40

Plate 41

Gaba

GABA

31

32

33

34

35

36

1

2

3

4

5

6

(O -t v ca

a

a a 0 t—,

co

:1 0 ta. d W

z

•

V

ro

0

V

0 P.

z

0 ro

za)

Neapolis

Plate 50

8i

79

84

85

86

Plate 51

89

77

74

Neapolis

83

93

94

95

99

100

101

97

98

102

103

Neapolis

Plate 52

Neapolis

Plate 53

104

105

io6

107

108

119

109

110

111

112

113

124

114

115

33.6

117

118

130

110

125

131

121

126

132

122

127

128

133

123

129

134

Neapolis

Plate 54

Neapolis

Plate 55

135

136

137

138

139

150

151

152

153

154

140

141

142

143

144

155

156

157

158

159

145

146

148

149

16o

161

162

163

164

147

Plate 56

Neapolis

Neapolis

Plate 57

165

166

167

168

169

18o

181

182

183

184

170

171

172

173

174

185

186

187

188

189

175

176

177

178

179

190

191

192

193

194

Neapolis

Plate 58

Neapolis

Plate 59

195

196

197

198

199

210

211

212

213

214

200

201

202

203

204

215

216

217

218

219

205

206

207

209

220

221

222

268

223

224

Neapolis

Plate 60

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

Neapolis, Sebaste

Plate 61

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

SEBASTE

235

236

237

238

239

1

2

3

4

Sebaste

Plate 62

8

11

12

17

13

10

Sebaste

Plate 63

21

15

20

31

22

23

27

28

33

24

25

30

34

35

Sebaste, Sepphoris

Plate 64

36

37

38

39

40

4

5

Sepphoris, Tiberias

11

Plate 65

12

13

15

SEPPHORIS

1

2

3

17

19

TIBERIAS

7

8

9

10

2

20

Plate 66

Tiberias

6

11

8

10

12

17

is

19

20

Tiberias

Plate 67

21

22

26

27

29

33

34

35

Tiberias

Plate 68

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Tiberias

Plate 69

56

52

53

54

57

58

59

62

63

64

55

65

Plate 70

Tiberias

Plate 71

Aelia Capitolina

AELIA CAPITOLINA

66

68

69

2

4

71

9

12

13

14

10

11

16

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 72

17

22

20

21

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 73

32

33

34

37

38

39

42

43

44

35

36

41

45

46

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 74

47

57

48

49

53

54

58

59

55

Aelia Capitolina

56

72

Plate 75

63

64

65

68

69

70

74

75

73

66

71

Plate 76

Aelia Capitolina

79

8o

81

83

84

85

86

88

89

77

87

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 77

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

Plate 78

Aelia Capitolina

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 79

107

108

109

110

111

122

123

124

125

126

112

113

114

115

116

127

128

129

130

131

117

118

119

120

121

132

133

134

135

136

Plate 81

Aelia Capitolina

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 80

137

138

139

140

141

152

153

154

155

156

142

143

144

145

146

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

#

147

148

149

150

151

Plate 82

Aelia Capitolina

Aelia Capitolina

Plate 83

167

168

169

170

171

182

183

184

185

172

173

174

175

176

187

188

189

190

177

178

179

18o

181

192

193

194

195

186

196

Aelia Capitolina, Anthedon

Plate 84

197

199

198

201

200

Plate 85

Anthedon, Ashdod, Ascalon

8

202

ASH DOD

203

205

204

206

207

2

1

AsCALON

ANTHEDON

1

2

3

3

5

1

2

3

4

Plate 86

Ascalon

6

10

7

Ascalon

Plate 87

21

22

•

11

12

17

13

14

15

19

20

30

31

32

33

34

35

Ascalon

Plate 88

36

46

37

47

38

39

43

44

48

49

45

Ascalon

Plate 89

51

52

53

54

56

57

58

59

63

64

61

55

65

Ascalon

Plate 90

66

77

68

69

70

73

74

75

78

79

Ascalon

Plate 91

86

91

92

83

84

88

89

90

93

94

95

Ascalon

Plate 92

Ascalon

Plate 93

96

97

98

99

100

111

112

113

114

115

101

102

103

104

105

116

117

118

119

120

1o6

107

io8

109

110

122

123

124

125

121

Ascalon

Plate 94

Ascalon

Plate 95

126

127

128

129

130

141

131

132

133

134

135

145

146

144

143

142

147

148

149

Ascalon

Plate 96

Plate 97

Ascalon

155

156

157

158

159

170

171

172

173

174

166

161

162

163

164

175

176

177

178

179

165

166

167

168

169

i8o

181

182

183

184

Plate 98

Ascalon

185

186

187

188

189

Plate 99

Ascalon, Diospolis

200

201

202

203

204

4

5

DIOSPOLIS

190

191

192

193

194

1

2

3

Diospolis

Plate 100

Plate 101

Eleutheropolis

ELEUTHEROPOLIS

11

12

13

3

5

Eleutheropolis

Plate 1,02

16

17

Eleutheropolis, Gaza

Plate 103

31

20

18

32

GAZA

21

22

27

24

25

30

1

2

7

4

10

5

11

12

Plate 104

.0

Gaza

Plate 105

•0 14

21

Gaza

15

22

27

0 16

23

24

1

32

33

34

35

25

36

37

38

39

40

30

41

42

43

44

45

Gaza

Plate 106

46

56

47

57

48

58

49

50

54

55

59

Gaza

Plate 107

62

63

64

66

67

68

69

71

72

73

74

65

75

Gaza

Plate 108

77

81

86

87

Gaza

Plate 109

78

79

8o

91

92

93

94

95

83

84

85

96

97

98

99

100

88

89

90

101

102

103

104

105

io6

Gaza

Plate 110

107

111

110

109

108

Gaza

Plate 111

112

123

124

125

126

127

113

114

115

116

117

128

129

130

131

132

118

119

120

121

122

133

134

135

136

137

Gaza

Plate 112

Plate 113

Gaza

139

140

141

142

153

154

155

143

144

145

146

147

158

159

160

161

162

148

149

150

152

163

164

165

166

167

151

156

157

138

Plate 114

Gaza

168

169

170

171

173

174

175

176

178

179

18o

181

Plate 115

Gaza

172

183

184

185

186

187

1 77

188

189

190

191

192

182

193

194

195

196

197

Plate 116

Gaza

198

199

200

203

204

205

208

209

210

Plate 117

Gaza

202

213

206

207

218

211

212

223

201

215

214

220

224

225

226

216

217

221

222

227

228

Marisa, Nicopolis

Plate 118

Plate 119

Al-Ramlah

AL-RAMLAH

MARISA

4

2

2

1

5

NICOPOLIS

2

3

7

6

12

10

9

15

11

16

Plate 120

AI-Ramlah

17

18

20

Al-Rarnlah, Raphia

Plate 121

21

RAPHIA

22

27

23

24

25

26

2

6

5

8

10

Raphia

Plate 122

Yubna

Plate 123

YUBNA 11

13

12

15

1

2

18

4

21

22

23

6

Abila

Plate 124

Abila

Plate 125

ABILA

4

5

7

12

15

16

17

20

21

18

19

22

23

26

27

Adraa

Plate 126

Adraa

Plate 127

ADRAA

11

1

2

3

12

7

15

14

17

Plate 129

Bostra

Aylah, Bostra

Plate 128 AYLAH

11

I

BOSTRA

1

6

16

15

12

17

i

2

9

5

1

10

23

19

20

21

26

27

22

Bostra

Plate 130

30

35

41

32

31

37

33

38

43

34

Plate 131

Bostra

48

47

49

51

56

39

44

50

45

46

57

58

59

en en

ro ro

N

th

CAPITOLIAS

GC

Plate 134

Charachmoba, Dium

Esbus, Gadara

Plate 135

EsBOUS

CHARACHMOBA

1

3

2

1

5

2

DIUM

3

1

4

5

GADARA

10

2

11

12

Plate 136

Gadara

8

11

12

17

13

10

Gadara

Plate 137

21

14

19

20

31

22

23

24

27

28

29

32

33

34

35

Gadara

36

37

41

46

47

38

39

43

44

45

48

49

50

Gadara

Plate 139

56

57

53

54

55

58

59

6o

64

65

Gadara

Plate 140

68

67

66

Plate 141

Gadara

69

85

75

76

77

79

83

84

86

87

88

89

91

92

93

94

Gadara, Gerasa

Plate 142

95

100

Plate 143

Gerasa

96

97

98

99

6

7

101

102

103

104

11

12

14

15

GERASA

19

2

5

20

Plate 144

Gerasa

Plate 145

Hippos HIPPOS

21

22

23

28

33

29

34

1

30

35

31

36

2

9

7

11

12

13

14

10

Plate 146

Hippos

17

18

19

20

Plate 147

Hippos, Medaba

31

32

33

34

35

MEDABA

21

22

26

27

23

25

5

6

7

11

Plate 148

Nysa-Scythopolis

Plate 149

Nysa-Scythopolis

NYSA-SCYTHOPOLIS

1

2

6

11

12

20

4

13

9

10

14

15

21

22

27

24

25

30

Nysa-Scythopolis

Plate 150

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

Nysa-Scythopolis

46

56

Plate 151

47

48

49

52

53

54

57

58

59

55

Plate 152

Nysa-Scythopolis

63

64

Nysa-Scythopolis

Plate 153

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

83

86

85

84

88

Pella

Plate 154

Petra

Plate 155

PELLA

1

2

3

PETRA

4

5

1

10

11

12

13

14

7

11

12

13

9

10

14

15

Petra

Plate 156

16

21

19

Petra

Plate 157

20

32

33

34

22

24

25

36

37

38

39

27

29

30

41

42

43

44

35

45

Petra

Plate 158

Philadelphia

Plate 159

PHILADELPHIA

46

47

48

51

52

53

56

57

1

55

54

58

6

7

9

10

11

12

14

15

17

21

22

23

19

20

24

25

29

30

Plate 161

Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Plate 160

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

i

4

Plate 162

Philadelphia, Philippopolis

Plate 163

Rabbathmoba

RABBATHMOBA

46

48

47

49

50

1

4

5

54

PHILIPPOPOLIS

1

6

7

8

11

12

13

2

6

10

Plate 164

Rabbathmoba

Samaria

Plate 165

SAMARIA

16

17

21

19

22

20

23

6

4

ADO

9

10

11

12

13

t!zi,

tit

Samaria

Plate 166

14

15

Plate 167

Samaria

30

17

i6

••

0* • 20

Oa

24

••

22

21

*a

• 26

33

31

34

35

39

40

36

37

38

es 28

43

Samaria

Plate 168

44

45

49

50

54

55

Samaria

Plate 169

46

47

48

59

56

57

58

69

6o

61

62

63

72

73

11*

SO

Samaria

Plate 170

74

75

76

77

81

82

Plate 171

Samaria

89

93

91

00

79

se

84

83

94

95

96

97

98

88

99

100

101

102

103

on,

85

*0

86

87

SO

Samaria

Plate 172

104

105

106

107

108

Plate 173

Samaria

117

118

119

120

121

123

124

125

126

129

130

131

00

109

110

111

112

113

122

00

00

114

115

ce

127

128

00

tcP

Samaria

Plate 174

132

S. 137

133

134

00

138

135

136

Plate 175

Samaria

147

148

140

141

152

153

154

SO

142

143

144

145

es

151

4,5

es 139

150

149

146

157

158

se

159

155

0

156

so,

160

161

Plate 176

Samaria

162

163

168

169

•

173

166

177

178

1-79

180

181

185

186

SO

00 170

171

00

SO

174

175

176

SO

00

00

00

172

165

0•

00 167

164

Plate 177

Samaria

182

183

184

00

187

is

188

• *

189

190

191

00

Plate 178

Samaria

192

193

194

*ft

ee 197

198

a. 202

203

195

199

200

196

207

208

209

210

211

213

214

215

216

218

219

220

221

to 400

201

4

204

Plate 179

Samaria

*0

205

et

206

217

Plate 180

Samaria

222

223

224

225

00

0

227

228

229

226

• O

230

231

Plate 181

Samaria

237

238

239

243

244

240

241

so

242

245

246

00

232

233

234

00

235

00

236

247

00

248

00

249

250

251

Samaria

Plate 182

Plate 183

Nabateans

NABATEANS

253

252

254

09 e

255

256

1

2

3

4

5

00

441

y,

257

258

260

259

10

8

6

00

11

261

262

12

13

14

15

Nabateans

Plate 184

21

Nabateans

Plate 185

17

20

31

32

33

34

35

22

25

36

37

38

39

40

43

44

45

27

28

29

Nabateans

Plate 186

46

47

51

56

57

48

49

50

53

54

55

58

59

Nabateans

Plate 187

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

Ituraeans

Plate 190

Ituraeans

Plate 191

17

19

20

31

32

33

34

35

21

22

24

25

36

37

38

39

40

26

27

30

41

42

43

44

45

Ituraeans

Plate 192

Plate 193

Persian Period

PERSIAN PERIOD

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

1

• fb 56

57

58

Plate 194

Persian Period

Plate 195

Persian Period, The Hasmoneans

16

0 THE HASMONEANS

00

0

10

11

12

13

19

20

21

0

to

Plate 196

The Hasmoneans

33

35

43

49

44

51

57

58

65

66

59

73

37

45

53

6o

61

68

69

46

54

47

Plate 197

The Hasmoneans

74

79

77

75

88

48

55

56

89

63

64

97

72

105

96

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

Plate 198

The Hasmoneans

117

113

121

122

123

129

130

131

137

138

146

139

124

The Hasmoneans

153

u8

Plate 199

154

155

156

161

125

169

142

144

177

159

157

16o

166

170

171

172

173

174

175

ij6

184

Plate 200

The Hasmoneans

The Hasmoneans

Plate 201

192

200

239

201

202

203

204

208

216

224

205

206

213

218

219

220

221

228

229

207

240

248

241

249

244

250

252

259

230

2

245

253

254

263

255

The Hasmoneans

Plate 202

The Hasmoneans

Plate 203

312

272

320

283

280

321

314

315

322

323

316

324

317

318

325

326

319

327

O, 288

289

290

291

292

293 v

294

295

328

301

302

303

336

331

332

333

334 1

=

335

I

297

298

299

300

308

311

337

338

341

349

342

350

351

The Hasmoneans

Plate 204

352

356

360

364

368

369

3

376

377

378

384

386

371

372

380

387

388

»

d

The Hasmoneans

Plate 205

357

358 2

359

392

393

394

365

366

367

400

401

402

373

374

375

381

389

382

383

390

391

422

395

403

396

404

398

397

406

405

423

399

407

The Hasmoneans

Plate 206

Plate 207

Herod The Great HEROD THE GREAT

426

425

424

5

1

432

433

7

434

435

436

437

438

439

9

12

440

19

442

443

444

447 22

27

Herod the Great, Herod Archelaus

Plate 208

34

36

44

37

38

39

45

46

47

42

48

35

Plate 209

Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas

72

68

66

73

74

79

75

83

49

85

HEROD ANTIPAS 56

52

57

HEROD ARCHELAUS 87

58

59

60

86

Herod Antipas

Plate 210

Plate 211

Philip PHILIP

93

94

96

95

101

105

111

102

lob

98

97

104

103

109

114

117

123

110

115

129

116

135

118

124

122

119

125

126

132

138

127

128

133

139

140

Plate 212

Philip, Agrippa I

Agrippa I, Herod, Aristobulus, Agrippa II

Plate 213

HEROD THE KING OF CHALCIS 141

142

146

145

144

169

AGRIPPA I

ARISTOBULUS THE KING OF ARMENIA MINOR

147

148

149

150

151

152

153 170

172

171

AGRIPPA II 159

154

i6o

173

161

162

165

166

179

18o

181

182

Plate 214

Agrippa II

183

Agrippa II

Plate 215

198

199

200

204

188

189

205

202

203

206

207

192

208

193

201

209

210

211

212

213

Agrippa II

Plate 216

223

Plate 217

Agrippa II

235

236

241

232

244

245

Plate 218

Agrippa II

Plate 219

The Roman Procurators

THE ROMAN PROCURATORS

249

10

254

255

11

12

259 20

15

260

261

262

263

264

2

265

33

34

35

The Roman Procurators

Plate 220

3

Plate 221

The Roman Procurators

73

37

77

75

74

46

43

83

81

79

53

87

84

57

58

88

59

89 66

68

90

91

92

Plate 222

The Jewish War

The Jewish War

Plate 223

THE JEWISH WAR

1

2

3

32

38

11

12

13

19

20

39

40

41

i6

43 21

46

42

The Jewish War, Roman Administration

Plate 224

Roman Administration

Plate 225

53

49

14

ROMAN ADMINISTRATION: DOMITIAN'S JUDAEA COINAGE

ROMAN ADMINISTRATION: JUDAEA CAPTA

15

18

2

19

20

21

z6

11

12

13

22

Judaea Capta

Plate 226

Bar Kokhba

Plate 227

THE BAR KOKHBA REVOLT

1

34

7

39

8

9

Bar Kokhba

Plate 228

20

16

Plate 229

Bar Kokhba

32

37

21

25

22

43

27

28

29

49

44

Plate 230

Bar Kokhba

Plate 231

Bar Kokhba

71

55

So

76 61

62

63

64

65

81

82

Plate 232

Bar Kokhba

86

91

96

Bar Kokhba

Plate 233

101

92

io6

111

113

114

115

Plate 234

116

Bar Kokhba

117

Bar Kolchba

140

125

145

128

129

130

131

134

135

136

137

138

Plate 235

Plate 236

Bar Kokhba

Plate 237

Countermarks

COUNTERMARKS

156

155

157

158

159

2

1

•

165

4

166

167

168

170

171

5

Plate 238

Tyrian Shekels

APPENDIX-TYRIAN SHEKELS

2

6

4

8

7

11

12

5

9

13

10

14