Classical Armenian Culture, Influences and Creativity: Proceedings of the First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture 0891305653, 0891305661

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CLASSICAL ARMENIAN CULTURE

University of Pennsylvania

Armenian Texts and Studies Supported by the Sarkes Tarzian Fund

SERIES EDITOR

Michael E. Stone

Number 4

CLASSICAL ARMENIAN

CULTURE

Influences and Creativity Proceedings of the First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture

a

| LFA

CLASSICAL ARMENIAN

CULTURE

Influences and Creativity edited by Thomas J. Samuelian

i ene ee eae SCHOLARS

PRESS*

.

Theology Library CLAREMONT

SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY Claremoni, CA Published by Scholars Press

CLASSICAL ARMENIAN

CULTURE

Influences and Creativity

Proceedings of the First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture Edited by Thomas J. Samuelian

© 1982

University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture

(1st : 1979 : University of Pennsylvania) Classical Armenian culture.

(University of Pennsylvania Armenian texts and studies ; no. 4)

“Proceedings of the First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture”—T.p. verso.

1. Armenia—Civilization—Congresses. I. Samuelian, Thomas J. II. Title. III. Series. DS171.D7

1979

806’ .09566’2

ISBN 0-89130-565-3 ISBN 0-89130-566-1 (pbk.)

82-776

AACR2

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS Acknowledgements

vi

Preface

vii

List of Illustrations

Armenian ire

ii

Transliteration

James

Key

R. Russell

Zoroastrian

Problems

in Armenia:

1

Mihr and Vahagn

ae

Anders Hultgard

Change and Continuity in the Religion of Ancient Armenia with Particular Reference to the Vision of St. Gregory

8

3.

Robert H. Hewsen

Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians

27

4,

Robert

W. Thomson

Eti8é's History of Vardan: from

Ds

6.

Mesrob

Zaven

K. Krikorian

Arzoumanian

New Light

Old Sources

Sebéos, Historian Century

41 of the Seventh

52

A Critique of Sebéos of Heraclius, Document

68

le

Michael

van

Esbroeck

Legends

8.

W. Lowndes

Lipscomb

Foreign Influences on the Armenian Apoeryphal Adam Books

a:

Henning J. Lehmann

Severian of Gabala: New Identifications of Texts in Armenian Translation 113

10.

Giancarlo

Tradition

and Innovation

Armenian

Language

Bolognesi

about

and his History

A Seventh-Century

Constantine

in Armenian

79 102

in the

125

Ul

John A. C. Greppin

Two

ee

Edith Neubauer

Aspects of Classical Greek Heritage in Old Armenian Architecture

151

The Enthroned Ojun Church

159

13.

14. INDEX

Carolyn

Kane

Lucy Der Manuelian

Hurrian

Words

in Armenian

142

Virgin and Child in the

Armenian Sculptural Images, Eighth Centuries

Fifth to 176 209

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Robert

W.

Armenians.

Thomson,

trans.

p. 137, para.

&

124.

comment.

Copyright

Reprinted by permission of State University

Agathangelos'

History

@)1976 by Robert of New

York

of

the

W. Thomson.

Press.

vii

Editor's

Preface

The First Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian Culture was held November

4 - 6, 1979 at the University

of Pennsylvania

of the Tarzian Chair in Armenian History and Culture.

under the auspices

At the conclusion of

the conference, when these papers were first read, it was decided that they deserved

wider

and

more

permanent

distribution.

Thereafter,

transformed by authors and editors into the present collection. book easier to read and use, notes and names as possible, and an index of proper of classical

and

Biblical

books,

Since a comprehensive such

Catrecce

contents,

names,

has been

names

of

were

To make the

have been standardized as far

including place names

and titles

provided.

bibliography’ was not economical

the

they

authors

for a book of

cited—whether

mentioned

explicitly in the text or only in the notes--have been listed in the index along with all other proper names. one form, the name

If an author's name has been cited in more than

is given as it appeared

spelling is given in parentheses. proper

and

according

place

exceptions instead

names

of C>

which below

standardized

been

preferred

of the Revue

for typographic

of 9, and o, which

has been provided been

have

to the practice

in the work

Throughout

and

for the reader's to

the

Armenian

have

been

forms

reasons

had

with the

to be transliterated A transliteration

convenience.

Encyclopaedia

of

transliterated

des Etudes Arméniennes,

has been transliterated 6.

according

cited and any other

the book,

Persian Britannica

€

chart

names

have

(1974),

and

Greek has been transliterated according to one of the two systems set forth in the same

Many

edition.

thanks

are due Lou

Ann

Matossian,

who

as preliminary

editor

gave the collection the first semblance of a coherent volume; Michael Stone, who

gave

much

ization of notes

Gregorian, TJS

invaluable

and names,

who saw

advice

and

on the preparation

production

of the text, standard-

of the book

to making the book possible.

itself;

and Vartan

viii

Convenors'

Preface

The they

papers

were

Armenian

all

collected

presented

Culture

in this

at

the

volume

First

have

Dr.

H.

three

things

Markarian

held at the University of Pennsylvania

in common:

Conference

in November

on

1979;

they all deal with Armenian culture through the seventh century; and they all

address

the

same

theme--influences

and

creativity.

Sensitive

surroundings yet steadfast in their individuality, the Armenian

to

their

people in each

period of their history have created a colorful, coherent, supple yet enduring culture all their own. the

participants

interdependence

in

In specialized the

studies

conference

of Armenian

in their respective

focused

culture—art,

on

the

architecture,

and religion--among the cultures of the Mediterranean No

single

conference,

nor

any

single

volume

exhaust a subject of such breadth and complexity.

could

be

expected

to survey or define.

As a ground-breaking effort, this conference

scholarship,

more

has given

of the unity and variety of international

and we are indeed indebted

to all the contributors

culture.

Vartan

Stone

Michael Convenors

to

to cite and illustrate than

new light on many facets of Classical Armenian Gregorian

language

The aim of this collective

Armenian

a deep appreciation

was

literature,

and

and the Middle East.

probing of Classical the convenors

culture

disciplines,

independence

for shedding

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Ojun Virgin and Child Full View of Ojun Virgin and Child Detail of Ojun Virgin and Child

172

Virgin and

175

Ojun.

Child,

Saloniki

173 174

Ambo

Stelae, east face and

Ojun.

North

Ojun.

Church,

sculpture

above

central

sculpture

above

window

Ptini.

Church,

Sei eee Soo nc Coke aa a

Mren.

Cathedral,

eeOo.

Mren.

Lintel

South

194 stelae,

sculpture

of west

east

over

195

face

west

window on south portal

of east facade

wall

196 ihe 198

portal

Bishop Theophilus

and David

Saharuni

199 200

11.

Ravenna.

12.

Mren.

13.

Sisawan.

Chureh,

14.

Sisawan.

Evangelist

15.

Sisawan.

Niche

16.

Sisawan.

Interior relief.

Prince Kohazat

205

Wtle

Sisawan.

Interior

relief.

Bishop Yovsép'

206

18.

Sisawan.

Interior

relief.

T'odoros,

S. Vitale,

east

apse

201

Lintel of north portal view

from

202

the south

203

on cornice

sculpture

on west

204

wall

the

monk

207

Armenian

4

Transliteration

‘h

Ce

Io

DD

eee:

oy wr

ol

g

d

e

lu

o

y

a

U

C

Key

> oe

RT

x

@

k

C

fl

@,

2

n

r4

g

)

(oil

8

h

@

fih

g

L

th

ne

Ro

o