Civilización y cultura de España 0131946382, 2005018390

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Civilización y cultura de España Q uinta

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Vicente Cantaríno The Ohio State University

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© U pper Saddle R iyer, N ew J ersey 07458

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cantarino, Vicente Civilización y cultura de España/Vicente Cantarino.—5. ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-13-194638-2 (alk. paper) 1. Spain—Civilization. I. Tiüe. DP48.P235 2005 946—dc22 2005018390

Executive Editor: Bob Hemmer Sponsoring Editor, Spanish: María F. García Editorial Assistant: Debbie King Executive Director of Market Development: Kristine Suárez Director of Editorial Development: Julia Caballero Production Supervisión: Nancy Stevenson Full-Service Project Management: Katie Ostler and Sue Katkus, Schawk, Inc. Assistant Director of Production: Mary Rottino Supplements Editor: Meriel Martínez Moctezuma Media Editor: Samantha Alducin Media Production Manager: Roberto Fernandez Prepress and Manufacturing Buyer: Brian Mackey

Prepress and Manufacturing Assistant Manager: Nick Sklitsis Interior Design: Van Mua, Schawk, Inc. Cover Art Director: Jayne Conte Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Reo Interior Image Specialist: Beth Boyd Brenzel Manager, Rights & Permissions IRC: Zina Arabia Photo Research: Jerry Marshall Sénior Marketing Manager: Jacquelyn Zautner Marketing Assistant: Bill Bliss Publishing Coordinator: Claudia Femandes Publisher: Phil Miller Cover images: Courtesy of Vicente Cantarino

This book was set in 10/12 New Baskerville by Schawk, Inc., and was printed and bound by Courier Stoughton. The cover was printed by Courier Stoughton. Photo acknowledgments appear on page xii, which constitutes a continuation of the copyright page. Copyright © 2006, 1999, 1994, 1986, and 1980 by Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Pearson Prentice Hall™ ís a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a trademark of Pearson pie Prentice H all® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

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Educación de México, S.A. de C.V. Education-Japan, Tokyo Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 0-13-194638-2

Indice Introducción................................................................................................................1 La P en ín su la......................................................................................................................1 Geografía física de la P e n ín su la ...................................................................................2 Cordilleras y montañas............................................................................................... 2 Ríos de la P enínsula..................................................................................................3 Geografía p o lítica............................................................................................................ 4 Provincias y regiones..................................................................................................4 Regiones autónomas.................................................................................................... 5 Las lenguas.................................................................................................................7 Regiones geográficas de E spaña...................................................................................9 La zona cantábrica.................................................................................................... 9 La Meseta Central......................................................................................................12 Levante..................................................................................................................... 17 La cuenca delEbro.................................................................................................... 18 La zona ca talana.................................................................................................... 22 Las islas..................................................................................................................... 23

C a p í t u l o 1___________________________________________________ España prehistórica................................................................................................27 Los habitantes p rim itiv o s............................................................................................28 La Edad A n tig u a............................................................................................................ 30 Los vascos...................................................................................................................30 Los iberos...................................................................................................................31 Los celtas...................................................................................................................32 Los celtíberos..............................................................................................................33 Los pueblos co lo n izad o res..........................................................................................34 Los fenicios................................................................................................................ 34 Los cartagineses.........................................................................................................35 Los griegos................................................................................................................ 35

C a p í t u l o 2 ___________________________________________________ Roma y la romanización de la Península...........................................................37 R om a................................................................................................................................. 39 C onquista rom ana de la P enínsula............................................................................40 Organización rom ana de la P e n ín su la .....................................................................41 El Derecho romano.................................................................................................... 41 Clases sociales........................................................................................................... 42 Colonias, ciudades y municipios...............................................................................42 Provincias...................................................................................................................42 Rom anización de la P e n ín su la ...................................................................................43 Cultura hispanorromana........................................................................................ 44 La religión de R o m a..................................................................................................... 48 La religión cristiana y el Imperio............................................................................ 48 Cristianización de la Península.............................................................................. 50

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C a p í t u l o 3 ___________________________________________________ La Edad M e d ia .........................................................................................................52 La invasión de los b á r b a r o s ....................................................................................... 55 La invasión de la Península................................................................................... 56 Los visigodos................................................................................................................... 57 La Hispania visigoda............................................................................................. 57 La civilización visigoda...........................................................................................60 La Iglesia y la cultura hispanovisigoda...................................................................61 Fin de la Hispania visigoda....................................................................................64 La invasión de los A ra b es............................................................................................ 64 Los árabes................................................................................................................ 65 El Islam ..................................................................................................................... 65 La invasión árabe de la Península.......................................................................... 66 Al-Andalus................................................................................................................ 66 La civilización árabe................................................................................................ 70 La cultura hispanoárabe........................................................................................... 72 La religión del Is la m ................................................................................................ 79 Las minorías religiosas............................................................................................. 80

C a p í t u l o 4 ___________________________________________________ La Reconquista cristiana (7 1 8 -1 4 9 2 )................................................................ 84 La Reconquista cristiana (718-1492) ................................................................... 86 Los reinos cristianos.................................................................................................. 86 Núcleo occidental o cántabro-asturiano...................................................................87 Núcleo pirenaico central........................................................................................... 90 Núcleo pirenaico oriental...........................................................................................90 La vida social................................................................................................................... 92 La zona central......................................................................................................... 92 La zona oriental....................................................................................................... 93 La vida re lig io sa ............................................................................................................ 94 Los cristianos............................................................................................................94 Moros, judíos y conversos.........................................................................................95 La vida cu ltu ra l...............................................................................................................96 La literatura.............................................................................................................. 97 El a rte ........................................................................................................................99

C a p í t u l o 5 ___________________________________________________ La Edad M oderna.................................................................................................. 111 Europa durante el reinado de los Reyes C atólicos.............................................. 114 Los Reyes Católicos (1479-1517). . '..................................................................... 114 Política europea....................................................................................................... 117 Régimen político....................................................................................................... 119 Legislación social.....................................................................................................119 Descubrim iento de A m érica......................................................................................120 Afición viajera......................................................................................................... 120 U nidad relig io sa.......................................................................................................... 123 El cardenalJiménez de Cisneros.............................................................................123 Las minorías religiosas........................................................................................... 124

Indice

La predicación popular...........................................................................................125 La Inquisición......................................................................................................... 125 La expulsión de los judíos...................................................................................... 126 Los moriscos............................................................................................................127 La cultura bajo los Reyes Católicos..........................................................................127 Renacimiento y H um anism o................................................................................. 127 Humanismo y Renacimiento enE sp a ñ a ............................................................... 129 La literatura............................................................................................................132 La m ú sic a .............................................................................................................. 133 El a rte ..................................................................................................................... 134

C a p í t u l o 6 ___________________________________________________ España bajo los Habsburgos...............................................................................143 E uropa durante la dinastía a u s tría c a ..................................................................... 146 La Reforma.............................................................................................................. 146 La Contrarreforma.................................................................................................. 148 Protestantismo y catolicismo....................................................................................149 La Compañía deJ e s ú s ...........................................................................................150 Carlos V (1517-1555)............................................................................................... 150 Política interior.......................................................................................................152 Política exterior.......................................................................................................153 Conquistas en el Nuevo M undo.............................................................................155 Felipe II (1555-1598)............................................................................................... 157 Política exterior.......................................................................................................158 Política peninsular................................................................................................161 Juicio sobre Felipe I I ................................................................................................164 Los últim os H ab sb u rg o s............................................................................................ 165 Felipe III (1598-1621)......................................................................................... 165 Felipe IV (1621-1665)......................................................................................... 166 Carlos II (1665-1700)......................................................................................... 168

C a p í t u l o 7 ___________________________________________________ El Siglo de Oro español....................................................................................... 170 El Siglo de O ro e s p a ñ o l............................................................................................ 173 La sociedad española............................................................................................. 174 La vida religiosa.....................................................................................................177 La educación............................................................................................................181 Teólogos...................................................................................................................183 Organización de la sociedad enel Nuevo M u n d o ................................................. 185 C

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La vida cultural española durante el Siglo de O ro ....................................... 190 El Eenacim iento: El período im p e ria l...................................................................193 La literatura..........................................................................................................193 Poesía tradicional.................................................................................................. 194 Teatro........................................................................................................................194 Novela..................................................................................................................... 195 La música.............................................................................................................. 196

VI

Indice

La arquitectura....................................................................................................... 196 La escultura............................................................................................................ 199 La p in tu ra .............................................................................................................. 201 El Barroco: El período n acio n al.............................................................................. 202 Manierismo y Barroco............................................................................................. 203 La escultura............................................................................................................204 La p in tu ra ..............................................................................................................204 La literatura............................................................................................................204 Arte barroco y Contrarreforma...............................................................................205 El Barroco e sp a ñ o l..................................................................................................... 205 La literatura............................................................................................................206 Poesía........................................................................................................................209 La m ú sica ..............................................................................................................213 La arquitectura.......................................................................................................213 La escultura............................................................................................................216 La p in tu ra .............................................................................................................. 216

C a p í t u l o 9 ___________________________________________________ El siglo XVIII: El Siglo de los Reyes.................................................................. 224 El siglo XVIII: El siglo de F ran cia............................................................................226 España bajo los prim eros Borbones (1 7 0 1 -1 8 0 8 )............................................ 227 Felipe V (1700-1746)........................................................................................... 228 Fernando VI (1746-1759).................................................................................. 230 Carlos III (1759-1778)....................................................................................... 230 Carlos LV (1 7 7 8 -1 8 0 8 )....................................................................................... 231 La vida nacional durante el siglo X V III................................................................ 233 Reforma política.......................................................................................................233 Reforma económica.................................................................................................. 234 La vida cultural durante el siglo XVIII................................................................ 236 La lustración española...........................................................................................238 Las artes durante el siglo X V III.............................................................................. 241 La literatura............................................................................................................242 Las artes...................................................................................................................246

C a p í t u l o l o _________________________________________________ La edad contemporánea....................................................................................... 260 Europa durante el siglo XIX..................................................................................... 263 Emperador Napoleón Bonaparte............................................................................ 263 Absolutistas y liberales...........................................................................................264 F rancia...................................................................................................................264 Italia y Alemania.................................................................................................... 265 Inglaterra................................................................................................................ 265 España durante el siglo X IX ..................................................................................... 266 La Guerra de la Independencia............................................................................ 266 Las Cortes de Cádiz................................................................................................267 Fernando VII (1808-1833)...................................................................................... 268 Período absolutista.................................................................................................. 269 Período liberal......................................................................................................... 269 Período reaccionario................................................................................................270 Juicios de historiadores...........................................................................................271

Indice

Isabel II (1 8 3 3 -1 8 6 8 )............................................................................................... 272 La minoría de Isabel II (1833—1843)................................................................. 272 La mayoría de Isabel II (1843-1868)................................................................. 273 Revolución de 1868.................................................................................................... 275 Período de transición (1 8 6 8 -1 8 7 4 )...................................................................... 275 La regencia del general Serrano (18 68-1870).................................................. 275 El rey Amadeo de Saboya (1870-1873).............................................................. 276 La Primera República (1873-1874)................................................................... 276 La restauración de la m o n a rq u ía ............................................................................278 Alfonso XII (1875-1885).................................................................................... 278 La Regencia de María Cristina (18 8 5 -1 9 0 2 ).................................................... 279 La sociedad europea durante el siglo X IX ........................................................... 280 Revolución industrial y proletariado..................................................................... 280 La burguesía........................................................................................................... 280 El proletariado......................................................................................................... 281 Movimientos obreristas y socialistas....................................................................... 281 La sociedad española durante el siglo X I X ......................................................... 282 Burguesía................................................................................................................ 282 Obreros..................................................................................................................... 283 Desamortización.......................................................................................................283 Socialismo................................................................................................................ 283

C a p í t u l o 1 1__________________________________________________ La vida cultural durante el siglo X IX ................................................................286 La vida cultural en E u ro p a ....................................................................................... 288 Pensamiento filosófico en Europa..........................................................................288 Polémica anticristiana.......................................................................................... 290 Defensa del cristianismo........................................................................................ 290 Doctrina católica.................................................................................................... 290 Doctrina social católica...........................................................................................291 La vida cultural en España durante el siglo X I X ................................................ 291 El tradicionalismo católico......................................................................................292 El pensamiento liberal............................................................................................. 294 El pensamiento liberal español: Krausismo............................................................295 Las letras y las artes en Europa durante el siglo X IX ....................................... 298 Neoclasicismo......................................................................................................... 299 Romanticismo......................................................................................................... 299 Realismo...................................................................................................................300 Naturalismo........................................................................................................... 300 La literatura en España durante el siglo X IX .......................................................301 Neoclasicismo......................................................................................................... 301 Romanticismo......................................................................................................... 303 Costumbristas......................................................................................................... 306 Realismo...................................................................................................................306 Naturalismo........................................................................................................... 309 El arte en España durante el siglo X I X ................................................................ 310 La arquitectura...................................................................................................... 311 La escultura........................................................................................................... 312 La p in tu ra ..............................................................................................................314

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índice

C a p í t u l o 1 2 _________________________________________________ Fin de siglo: La Belle époque............................................................................. 317 Fin de siglo: La Belle époque en E u ro p a ................................................................. 519 Cambios sociales y políticos................................................................................... 319 Las artes de fin de siglo...........................................................................................320 España romántica.................................................................................................. 322 España castiza......................................................................................................... 322 Fin de siglo e s p a ñ o l................................................................................................... 323 La lite r a tu r a ................................................................................................................. 323 Poesía tradicional..................................................................................................324 Modernismo........................................................................................................... 325 Prosa modernista: Gabriel M iró ............................................................................ 326 La m ú s ic a ......................................................................................................................327 Isaac Albéniz........................................................................................................... 328 Enrique Granados..................................................................................................328 Música popular.......................................................................................................328 La a rq u ite c tu ra ............................................................................................................ 331 La escultura................................................................................................................... 332 La p in tu ra ......................................................................................................................332 Impresionismo romántico........................................................................................ 333 Impresionismo castellano........................................................................................ 334 Impresionismo catalán...........................................................................................334 Joaquín Sorolla.......................................................................................................335

C a p í t u l o 1 3 _________________________________________________ El siglo X X ............................................................................................................... 337 El siglo X X ................................................................................................................... 339 Situación de E u ro p a ................................................................................................... 339 Situación política.................................................................................................... 340 Desintegración de E uropa......................................................................................340 Crisis económica.................................................................................................... 341 Pensamiento europeo................................................................................................342 Situación política española................................................................................... 342 Situación cultural española................................................................................... 343 La vida política en España: Alfonso XIII (1902-1931)..................................... 343 Antonio M aura.......................................................................................................344 La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera.......................................................................... 345 Gobierno del general Dámaso Berenguer..............................................................346 Proclam ación de la Segunda R epública................................................................ 346 Elecciones de 1931..................................................................................................346 La vida intelectual: Crisis de fin de s i g l o .............................................................. 347 Angel Ganivet......................................................................................................... 347 Miguel de U nam uno............................................................................................. 348 Ramón María del Valle-Inclán...............................................................................349 A zo rín ..................................................................................................................... 349 Pío Baroja................................................................................................................ 350 Ramiro de M aezlu..................................................................................................351 Antonio M achado.................................................................................................. 352 José Ortega y Gasset................................................................................................353

Indice

La l ite r a tu r a .................................................................................................................355 La novela................................................................................................................ 355 El teatro...................................................................................................................356 La poesía................................................................................................................ 358 El a r t e ............................................................................................................................ 361 Arte deco...................................................................................................................362 La arquitectura.......................................................................................................362 La p in tu ra ..............................................................................................................365 La música................................................................................................................ 372

C a p í t u l o 1 4 _________________________________________________ La Segunda República y Guerra Civil................................................................375 La Segunda R e p ú b lic a .............................................................................................. 377 El quinquenio republicano (1931-1936)............................................................ 377 Etapa liberal........................................................................................................... 378 Etapa conservadora............................................................................................... 382 Etapa radical: República recuperada..................................................................... 384 La G uerra Civil (1936-1939) ................................................................................. 386 Situación europea.................................................................................................... 386 A lza m ie n to ................................................................................................................... 387 Milicias del pueblo..................................................................................................388 Colectivización......................................................................................................... 388 Persecución religiosa................................................................................................388 Juicios sobre el alza m ie n to ....................................................................................... 389 G uerra Civil................................................................................................................... 389 Ayuda extranjera.................................................................................................... 390 El año 1 9 3 7 ........................................................................................................... 391 El año 1 9 3 8 ........................................................................................................... 392 Fin de la G uerra C ivil.................................................................................................392

C a p í t u l o 1 5 _________________________________________________ El Régimen de Franco........................................................................................... 395 Situación e u ro p e a ........................................................................................................397 España frente al m u n d o ............................................................................................ 397 Hostilidad contra el régimen.................................................................................398 Reconciliación con E u ro p a ................................................................................... 398 El régim en de Francisco F ran co .............................................................................. 399 Etapa ideológica...................................................................................................... 399 Etapa social............................................................................................................400 Etapa pragm ática.................................................................................................. 401 La vida re lig io s a ..........................................................................................................403 La Iglesia................................................................................................................ 404 El O pus D e i ......................................................................................................... 404 La vida intelectual........................................................................................................405 Intelectuales en España...........................................................................................406 Intelectuales y artistas en ex ilio ............................................................................ 406 La lite r a tu r a .................................................................................................................407 La novela................................................................................................................ 407

IX

Indice

El teatro...................................................................................................................410 La poesía................................................................................................................ 411 El a r t e ............................................................................................................................ 412 La artesanía............................................................................................................412 La arquitectura.......................................................................................................413 La escultura............................................................................................................415 La pintura .............................................................................................................. 417 La música................................................................................................................ 420 Cine español............................................................................................................421

C a p í t u l o 1 6 _________________________________________________ España en la actualidad: El reinado de Juan Carlos 1.....................................424 España en la a c tu a lid a d ............................................................................................ 426 Reinado de Ju an Carlos I ..........................................................................................427 Período de transición 1975—1977: Arias Navarro y Adolfo Suárez...................427 Gobierno centrista de Adolfo Suárez (1977-1981).............................................. 429 Gobierno centrista de Calvo Sotelo (1981-1982)................................................ 431 Gobierno socialista de Felipe González (1982-1996)......................................... 432 Gobierno conservador deJosé Aznar (1 9 9 6 -2 0 0 4 )........................................... 436 Gobierno socialista de Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-)........................................... 439 Situación frente a la U nión E u ro p e a ..................................................................... 439 Régimen de au to n o m ías............................................................................................ 441 C ataluña................................................................................................................ 441 El País Vasco............................................................................................................442 Im perialism o regionalista..........................................................................................444 Política de los idiom as...........................................................................................445 Otras regiones......................................................................................................... 448 R etorno a las id eo lo g ías............................................................................................ 448 Izquierdas................................................................................................................ 449 Derechas...................................................................................................................450 La situación e c o n ó m ic a ............................................................................................ 451 La vida social.................................................................................................................452 Desamor y moralidad............................................................................................. 453 La m u jer................................................................................................................ 454 La vida re lig io sa .......................................................................................................... 455 La vida cu ltu ra l............................................................................................................ 456 El libro y la lectura.................................................................................................. 457 La literatura............................................................................................................459 El cine español en la actualidad............................................................................ 461 La arquitectura.......................................................................................................462 La escultura............................................................................................................463 La p in tu ra .............................................................................................................. 464 La m ú sica .............................................................................................................. 465 Cultura popular y cultura de masas..................................................................... 466 Cultura de masas y cultura generacional.............................................................. 467 Cultura popular.................................................................................................... 467 A m odo de c o n c lu sió n .............................................................................................. 468

Since Civilización y cultura de España wa.s First published, it has been revised and updated on several occasions to inelude the most im portant events that have taken place since its publicaüon, and also to offer a better view o f those events whose chronological immediacy had n o t yet allowed any historical perspective. With the Fifth Edition, a fundam ental aim has been to fu rth er clarify historical and cultural points and to inelude reference to developments and trends that have surfaced in the cultural life of Spain during the last few years. T h e Fifth Edition offers an im p o rtan t im provem ent th at we hope will lie as welcome as we believe it to be innovative. T he C om panion Website, accessed at www.prenhaU.com/cantarino provides readers with additional resources, including sum m ary outlines of each chapter, web links for further research and discussion, and an online versión of the end-of-chapter com prehension questions. Readers can also link to the robust author website to fínd additional support rnaterials such as a large num ber o f quizzes and tests for both teacher and student that provide program m ed instant electronic feedback and evaluation. Although contem porary history and culture rem ain of param ount im portance in the text, I have n o t lindervalued or excessively reduced the presentation o f those past events and accom plishm ents that have earned Spain an im portant place in the com m unity of nations. T he very favorable reception the text has enjoyed since its publication has convinced m e th at its fundam ental approach was not only justified on academ ic grounds, bu t also welcorned by students of Spanish culture. Thus the Fifth Edition rem ains as it was originally conceived as an interpretative history. It no t only presents the basic political, social, economic, religious, and cultural data that constitute the structure o f Spanish history, but it also sin­ gles o u t and explains those elem ents that have been decisive in forging the cultural identity of Spain. Although I have my own opinions on m ost o f the topics discussed, I avoid judging ideas and events from a partisan or personal point of view. W henever a judgm ent is necessary for a better presentation of the subject matter, it is no t my own personal opinión that has been expressed in the text, bu t that of Spanish authors, present or past, since, in my mind, in order to understand o th er individuáis or societies, we m ust recognize their motivations. A nd even though I often refer to results or consequences o f historical events and actions, I purposely try to abstain in all cases from m aking the final critical judgm ent. This Fifth Edition also retains its comparative approach. It is obvious that Spain's greatest achievem ents and failures cannot be effectively discussed and taught if they are presented as isolated historical phenom ena having a merely linear projection from their Spanish past to their future. Thus, besides this vertical line that stretches from yesterday to tomorrow, I also show the horizontal line of history that connects Spanish events with those of o th er nations of the E uropean com m unity with which Spain was in cióse contact. Such an approach to Spanish civilization can be, I believe, justified on several grounds: 1. A nation's cultural life does not consist of a series of events, all equally im portant, connected only by chronological sequence. Although we may speak, as we often do, of a chain of events, the history of a nation is m ore like a biography of a person, whose life is shaped by all his or h er experiences, not all of which have the same relevance. 2. T here is really no such thing as a Spanish civilization, indepenclent from and nnrelated to, that o f the rest o f Europe. T here is incleed a Spanish versión of a culture xi

and a civilization fundam entally com m on to all m em bers o f the so-called Western Civilization, although th eir particular developm ent in Spain m ight, and in fact often does, differ from that in others. 3. From a m ore practical point o f view, presentation of the subject m atter along these lines will provide students with a m ore com plete com prehension of Spanish civilization and offer them points o f reference that will help them to understand better no t only Spanish cultural history but also all cultural history. T h ro u g h o u t the text, the dates follow ing im p o rta n t ñam es in the Sciences, letters, and arts refer to their birth and death dates. For rulers, kings, and popes, however, the dates given indícate the length of their reign. In writing this edition I have kept in m ind the linguistic ability of the book's prospective readers. Thus, though the text preserves the linguistic fluidity characteristic o f the Spanish language, it uses a sim pler vocabulary and straightforw ard m an n er o f expression. A vocabulary and an Índex are provided to m ake the student's task easier. As with previous editions, the Fijih Edition can be used for a semester course. Yet it does no t offer the m ínim um the student m ust know at a given level, bu t rather sufficient material from which both, teachers and students, can choose for a variety of interests and levels of learning. Thus, the student m ore pressed for time, or the teacher who may prefer to discuss specific themes m ore fully, will find that the text lends itself to be used for specific subjects, w hether political, social, or cultural, because each section is self-contained. As with previous editions, m ore so with this one, I m ust express deeply felt thanks to my students at the University of Texas at Austin and T he O hio State University, who, with their intellectual awareness and interest for Spain, were a driving forcé b eh in d this effort.

V icente C antarino The Ohio State University

C r é d ito s Photos by Vincent Cantarino unless otherwise noted. 202 (left) Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.; 202 (right) Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.; 219 (left) Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.; 219 (bottom) Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.; 220 (top left) Art Resource, N.Y.; 220 (top right) Diego Velazquez de Silva, “Les Meninas” (with Velazquez’ self-portrait) or “The Family of Philip IV,” 1665. Oil on Canvas, 138 x 276 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain. Copyright Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y.: 221 (left) Murillo, Bartolomeo Esteban. (1618-1682) Children Eating Sweets. Copyright Scala/Art Resource, NY. Alte Pinakothek, Munich Germany; 221 (right) Neil Lukas © Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Museo de Bellas Artes, Seville; 255 Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.; 256 (left) Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain/SuperStock, Inc.; 256 (right) Scala/Art Resource, NY. Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain; 257 © Bettman/CORBIS; 364 Francisco Santiago Barbara Photographer; 365 Pablo Gargallo, El Profeta, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden/Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC; 366 (left) Mateo Inurria (1877-1924) La Forma Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid, Spain; 366 (right) José María Ciará, Diosa, Artists Rights Society (ARS), photo by Vincent Cantarino; 369 Pablo Picasso 1881-1973, Portrait of Fernade Olivier 1909, Oil on canvas 65 x 54.5 cm/2005 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS) New York/Artothek; 370 (top) Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973) Monument at the Civic Center in Chicago © Artists Rights Society, NY Art Resource, N.Y.; 370 (bottom) UNESCO/United Nations Educationa., Scientific and Cultural Organization; 371 Salvador Dali (1904-1989) The Enigma of Desire - My Mother, My Mother, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, SuperStock, Inc.; 415 Fundación Juan March

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In t r o d u c c i ó n En esta introducción se ofrece una descripción de las diversas regiones geográficas de la Península con referencia a su econom ía y costumbres. La naturaleza de su diversidad y la im portancia que los pueblos peninsulares han recibido desde los prim eros siglos de la historia justifican su incorporación a cualquier estudio de España y de los españoles. La descripción de España p o r regiones naturales se aproxim a bastante a las divisiones administrativas m odernas de autonom ías y provincias. Estas, aunque en últim a instancia basadas en razones geográficas naturales, responden en m uchos casos a procesos históricos y a razones políticas y económicas.

L a Península La Península Ibérica está situada en el extrem o suroeste del continente europeo. T iene u na extensión de 58S.500 km2 (225.290 millas cuadradas), de los cuales 492.247 km2 (190.060 millas cuadradas), o sea un 84%, corresponden a España y el resto a Portugal. Son parte integrante del territorio español las Islas Baleares en el m ar M editerráneo y las Islas Canarias en el océano Atlántico. España es uno de los países de E uropa occidental de mayor extensión. Sólo Francia, con 547.030 km2, es mayor; Alem ania tiene hoy, tras su reunificación, u n a extensión de 356.910 km 2, e Italia 301.230 km 2. El núm ero de sus habitantes se estima en la actualidad en poco más de 40 millones y su distribución m uestra unas peculiaridades dignas de mención. Com­ parada con otras naciones europeas, España ofrece la mayor concentración urbana de todo el continente europeo, con marcada aglomeración en zonas o centros muy deter­ minados. Mientras algunas regiones, como Extrem adura y partes de la Meseta Central, m antienen una población muy reducida, otras, como la región catalana y la valen­ ciana, tienen una gran densidad de población. En los centros metropolitanos de 1

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