Century Dictionary 9781463211233

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON OF T H E ENGLISH LANGUAGE 4

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

MAM D W I G H T WHITNEY, PH.D., LL. D. i ROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY

VOLUME IV

« GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the LTnited States of America

ABBREVIATIONS U S E D IN T H E E T Y M O L O G I E S a., adj abbr

. adjective. . .abbreviation.

en gin entom

.. engineering. .. entomology.

acc accom

equiv

act adv

. .accusative. .. accommodated, accommodation. .. active. .. adverb.

.. equivalent. . .especially. . .Ethiopic. .. ethnography. .. ethnology.

agri

.. agriculture.

Amer anat anc antiq aor appar

.. American. .. anatomy. . .ancient. . .antiquity.

F

.. apparently.

Fries fut G

archaeol arith art

.. archreology. .. arithmetic. .. article. .. Anglo-Saxon.

astro n attrib aug Bav Beng biol Bohem

Eth ethnog ethnol etym

DEFINITIONS.

cal. m en sur métal metaph Mex MGr MHG

.. French {uau-ally meaning modern French). . .Flemish. .. fortification.

AND

ML.

. . . .mensuration. . . . . metallurgy. metaphysics. Mexican. val Greek.

MLG

. .Friesic.

mycol

....mycology,

Gael. galv

ing New High German). . .Gaelic. . .galvanism.

N New. N ....North. N. Amer.... North America.

.. astronomy. .. attributive. . .augmentative. .. Bavarian. .. Bengali. .. biology. .. Bohemian.

geog geol geom Goth Gr gram gun

.. geography. . .geology. .. geometry. . .Gothic (Mcesogothic). . .Greek. . .grammar. .. gunnery.

Braz Bret bryol Bulg carp Cat Cath

, .Brazilian. . .Breton. .. bryology. .. Bulgarian. .. carpentry.

her herpet Hind hist horol

. .heraldry. . .herpetology. . .Hindustani, . .history. . .horology.

nom Norm north Norw

. .Catholic.

Hung

.. Hungarian.

0

ceram cf. ch Chal chem Chin

.. ceramics.

hydros Icel

. .hydrostatics.

obstet

meaning Old Icelandic, otherwise called Old Norse). .. ichthyology.

colloq com

. .colloquial, colloquially. ..commerce, commercial. .. .composition, compound. . .comparative. . .conchology.

wise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. OCat OB ....Old Dutch. ....Old Danish. ODan odontog.... . . . .odontography. . . . .odontology. odontol . . . .Old French. OF OFlem ....Old Flemish. OGael . . . O l d Gaelic. OHG . . . .Old High German. Olr . . . .Old Irish. Oit . . . .Old Italian. OL ....Old Latin. . . . .Old Low German. OLG ONorth Old Northumbrian. OPruss . . . .Old Prussian, ong

comp compar. conch coni contr Corn craniol craniom crystal

def deriv dial diff dim distrib drain dynam

.. church. .. Chaldee. . .chemical, chemistry. . .Chinese.

tion. .. Cornish. .. craniology. .. .craniometry. .. crystallography.

.. .definite, definition. . .derivative, derivation. ..dialect, dialectal. .. different. .. .distributive. . .dynamics.

ing modern English). eccl., eccles... . .ecclesiastical. econ .. .economy. .. .1. exempli gratia, for e. g example. .. .Egyptian. Egypt .. .East Indian. E. Ind elect embryol . . . embryology. ,. .English. Eng

ichth

. .impersonal. impers . .imperfect. impf. impv . .imperative. . .improperly. improp Ind .. Indian. ind .. indicative. . .Indo-European. Indo-Eur . .indefinite. indef inf instr . .instrumental. . .interjection. interj intr., intrans.. .. intransitive. Ir .. Irish. irreg .. irregular, irregularly. It . .Japanese. L. ing classical Latin). Lett .. Lettish. .. Low German. LG . .lichenology. lichenol lit. lit . .literature. Lith lithog . .lithography. lithol LI . .masculine. m., masc ..Middle. . .machinery. mach . .mammalogy. mammal manuf. . .manufacturing. math . .mathematics. MD . .Middle Dutch. ME wise called Old English).

naut nav. NGr. NHG NL

OS OSp osteol OSw OTeut part.

pers persp Peruv petrog Pg phar Phen philos

nautical. navigation. New Greek, modern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German).

. . . . photography. . . . .phrenology.

physiol . . . .physiology. plural. pi., plur. . . . poet poetical. polit . . . .political. Pol ....Polish. PP Pr

. ..Middle Latin, medieval Latin. . . . .Middle Low German.

Flem fort

photog phren

pref prep pres

pron pron pros Prot prov q- v refl reg

meaning Old Provençal). . . . .prefix. . . . .preposition.

. . . .pronoun. pronounced, ciation.

pronun-

Protestant. . . . .provincial. . . . .psychology. L. quod (or pl. quœ) vide, which see. reflexive. . . . . regular, regularly.

Latin. . . . .nominative. Norman. . . . . northern. Norwegian.

rhet Bom Rom.

....Old. obsolete. obstetrics.

S. Amer sc

. . . .South American.

Scand Scrip sculp

Scandinavian. Scripture» . . . .sculpture.

osteology. . . . .Old Swedish. Old Teutonic. participle.

. . . . person. perspective. Peruvian. . . . . petrography. . . . .Portuguese. pharmacy. . . . .Phenician. philosophy.

Russ

sing Skt

. . . .rhetoric. . . . .Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages). Russian.

supply.

Sanskrit.

sP sub] superl surg surv

. . . . Spanish. subjunctive. . . . .superlative. surgery. surveying.

Syr. techno] teleg teratol term

Syriac, . . . .technology. telegraphy. teratology. . . . . termination.

. . . . therapeutics. therap toxicol toxicology. transitive. tr., trans. .. trigon trigonometry, typog v var vet

. . . . typography. verb.

v. t. tranBitive verb. W. ....Welsh. Wall Walloon. "Wallach. . . . . . . .Wallachian. W. Ind West Indian. ' zoögeog, . . . zoogeography. zoot.

zootomy.

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, Trench u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: jj f Q ii

as in aa in as in aa in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot tinder a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short w-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : a g i o ji g fi

as in errant, republican, as in prudent» difference, aa in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot, as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j , sh, zk. Thua:

•v

J 4 s g

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. Til as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 1L French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouille) I. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y/ * t

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e,, theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

b a c k 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k * (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. back2f (bak), ti. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as f ; No." for number, " s t , " for ¡stanza, "p." for 2>age, "1." for line, 1| for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan : Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page >• Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page I I . 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter I I . iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or If vii. § or 3. Volume, part, and section or I. i. § or If 6. Book, chapter, and section or IT - • • • I. i. § or ^f 6. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II.. III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [I. c.] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, Trench u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: jj f Q ii

as in aa in as in aa in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot tinder a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short w-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : a g i o ji g fi

as in errant, republican, as in prudent» difference, aa in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot, as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j , sh, zk. Thua:

•v

J 4 s g

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. Til as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 1L French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouille) I. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y/ * t

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e,, theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

b a c k 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k * (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. back2f (bak), ti. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as f ; No." for number, " s t , " for ¡stanza, "p." for 2>age, "1." for line, 1| for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan : Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page >• Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page I I . 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter I I . iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or If vii. § or 3. Volume, part, and section or I. i. § or If 6. Book, chapter, and section or IT - • • • I. i. § or ^f 6. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II.. III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [I. c.] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, Trench u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: jj f Q ii

as in aa in as in aa in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot tinder a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short w-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : a g i o ji g fi

as in errant, republican, as in prudent» difference, aa in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot, as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j , sh, zk. Thua:

•v

J 4 s g

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. Til as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 1L French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouille) I. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y/ * t

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e,, theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

b a c k 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k * (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. back2f (bak), ti. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as f ; No." for number, " s t , " for ¡stanza, "p." for 2>age, "1." for line, 1| for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan : Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page >• Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page I I . 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter I I . iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or If vii. § or 3. Volume, part, and section or I. i. § or If 6. Book, chapter, and section or IT - • • • I. i. § or ^f 6. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II.. III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [I. c.] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

1. The eighth letter and sixth consonant in the English alphabet. The written

character comes, like A, B, etc. (see A), from the Thenician, through the Greek and Latin; and it had the same place in the Phcnician and Latin alphabets as in the English, though made seventh in order in the Greek by the later omission of the F-sjgn. The comparative scheme of the letter-forms is as follows:

0

Egyptian. Hieroglyphic. Ilieratic.

a

B H

speaking. In the pronouns he, him, her, when unaccented, as they usually are after another word, the A is almost universally omitted in colloquial speech, an omission long recognized in the common spelling of the related neuter pronoun hit, now always written and pronounced it, and in the colloquial plural hem, now written 'em. The h forms a number of digraphs, or compound characters, some of them of great importance and frequency. The origin of this practice goes back to the earliest Greek period, when the so-called aspirates were real aspirates— that is, mutes with an audible bit of flatus expelled after them : kh nearly as in backhouse, th as in boat-hook, ph as in haphazard. The Bounds were at first so written in Greek, with an A after each mute; later, simple characters were devised to take the place of these combinations. But in Greek words carried into Italy the spelling with Awaskeptup: thus, chorus, theatrum> philosophus; then, in the change of these aspirates to spirants, unitary values were won by the digraphs; and the use of th, especially with spirant value (thin, that), was widely extended to the Teutonic part of our language. The digraph sh comes by alteration of the k of sk to a spirant, and its fusion with the sibilant, making a more palatal sibilant. The origin of our gh (always either silent or pronounced as f\ by graphic change from earlier A, has been stated above. (See also under (?.) Finally, rh is found in Greek words, as rhetoric, and represents an r with preceding aspiration, as in AS. hring (whence it should properly be written hr, as hw for ivh); but the aspiration is always lost in our utterance. For the name of the letter, see aitch.

the ocean, = AS. *heaf or *hwf, in an early Kentish gloss ha'b, in pi. heafo (once), the sea, = OFries. hef = MLG. haf, the sea, > G. hajf, sea, bay, gulf, = MHGr. hap, neut., habe, £., the sea, a bay; allied to AS. hcefene, E. haven: see haven. ] A deep-sea fishing-ground. [Shetland.] haaf-boat (haf'bot), «. A boat used for deepsea fishing. [Shetland.] haaf-fishing (haf'fisMing), n. Deep-sea fishing for ling, cod, tusk, etc. [Shetland.] haak, n. Same as hahe%. haar (har), n. [Also har, harr, hair; cf. Sc. har, hore, hare, cold, chill, moist.] A fog; a chill easterlv wind accompanied by light fog. [Scotch.]

The sound belonging to the character in Phenician was that of a rough guttural spirant, nearly like the ch in On looking towards St. Andrews from Leitli walk I perGerman, or in Scotch loch (marked in this dictionary oh). ceived a dense cloudiness all along the horizon: this I In the Greek alphabet it had at first the kindred but have 110 doubt was your easterly haar at the very time that weaker value of our h ; and with this value it passed we were in brilliant sunshine and were oppressed with over to Italy, and so continued there; but in Greece it heat. Hanna, Chalmers, I I I . 85. came later to be used as a long e (down to that time long haardim, n. See hardim. and short e had been written alike E), the ¿-sound being indicated by a half H, namely K afterward reduced to »haarkies (har'kes), n. [G., < haar, = E. hairl, and -, which last then retained the /¿-value, or that of the + hies, gravel, pyrites, dim. kiesel, flint, flint"rough breathing," so called, now usually printed Our i,-sound is called the "aspiration," as being a near ap- 2. As a medieval numeral, 200, and with a dash stone, pebble, =* AS. ceosel, gravel, E. chesil, q. v.] Same as hair-pyrites. proach to pure unmodified breathing, an audible emission of breath before a vowel or semivowel, made, in every Haarlem blue. See blue. case, in the same position of the mouth-organs as that re- over it, thus, H, 200,000.-3. As a symbol: haave-net, •». See halve-net. quired by the following sound. That is, the h of ha is (a) In German musical nomenclature, the key, tone, or made in the mouth-position of a, the utterance in the note elsewhere called B—that is, B natural, (b) In ana- habt (hab), n. [A noun assumed from hab-orcombination changing only from unintonatcd to intonat- lytic much., the total energy, (c) In chern., the symbol of nab, q. v.] A venture ; a chance. ed breath; that of he is made in the mouth-position of hydrogen. Take heed, for I speak not by habs and by nabs. ee,\nnd so with ho, and so on. Thus, the h before each 4 . A s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n : (a) Hoar, (b) Horizontal Middle ton, Spanish Gypsy, iii. 2. different vowel represents a different product, and h sigis, the horizontal component of the earth's nifies a sort of common surd to all the vowels as sonants; force—that hab (hab), v. t. [ME. habbe: see have.'] A variand, being dependent always for its special character upon magnetic attraction, (c) His or Her, as in H. M. S., His I t exists in the phrase-words hab-nab, the following sound, it is very suitably written by the (Her) Majesty's ship or service ; H. R. H., His (Her) Royal a n t o f have. Greeks with a subordinate sign prefixed to the vowel. In Highness, (rf) In a ship's log-book h. indicates hail, (e) Itab-or-nab, and also independently as a negro corruption of have. English the aspiration occurs before all the vowels, and also before the semivowels w and y, as in whit (that is, hwit) In1orchestral scores and arrangements H. indicates horns. hab. In zodl., the regular abbreviation of habiand hue (that is, hyu), though in these cases some authori- ha (ha), interj. [Also hah; D. G. Sw. Dan. tat, 1. ties hold that the w- and i/-sounds themselves are not ut- F. Sp. Pg. It., etc., ha, L. ha, a natural utter[A var. of Abassine, tered, but only the A-sound, this being what it would be if ance, the same as ah (q. v.) with aspiration; Habassinf (ha-bas'in), a. the semivowel were really pronounced. This view may in Abyssine, obs. forms equiv. to Abyssinian.] part depend upon an actual difference of pronunciation, but its significance depends on tho mode of utter- Same as Abyssinian. Repeated, ha ha, ha-ha, AS. D. Sw. is more probably an error of apprehension and analysis; ance. Among these [the peoples of the Eastern and South-East certainly, in our ordinary utterance, whit is to hoo-it pre- OFries., etc., ha ha,, L. ha ha, Gr. a a, Hind. cisely as wit is to oo-it. In older English our ft-sound was ha ha, etc., it usually indicates laughter. Cf. Churches] the Russe and the Habassin Emperors are the Howell, Letters, ii. 9. pronounced also before r and I, as in AS. bring, E. ring, haw*."] 1. An exclamation denoting surprise, greatest. AS. hrim, E. rimeAS. hrof, E. roof, AS. hlOf, E. loaf, AS. hlid, E. lid, AS. hliehhan, E. laugh, etc.; in other lang'uages wonder, joy, or other sudden emotion, as sus- habbet, V. t. A Middle English form of have. it is found also before m and n. The English h in the Teu- picion, and also interrogation. Repeated, ha! habber (hab'er), v. i. [Sc., also happle; < D. tonic part of the language comes from an original surd gut- ha I it expresses either intensified surprise, etc., hapcren, falter, hesitate, = G. hapern, dial, haptural, a k, which first became a guttural spirant ( = ch in or laughter. peln — Sw. happla, stutter, hesitate, freq., the German, or in Scotch loch), and was then further weakened Interjections? Why, then, some be of laughing, as simple form being seen in Dan. happe, stutter.] to a mere aspiration. The spirant becomes mere aspiration Shak., iluch Ado, iv. 1. To stutter; stammer, when its production ceases to be accompanied with a con- ha! ha! he ! habber (hab'er), n. [< habber, t\] A stutter; striction at the top of the throat, causing a rough fricaHave you eyes ? tive sound, and so giving a specific character to the utterCould you on this fair mountain leave to feed, a stammer. [Scotch.] ance. A guttural mute was changed to a spirant also in And batten on this moor ? Ha! have you eyes? habberjont, n. An obsolete form of haubergeon. the interior of many of our words, and was formerly writShak., Hamlet, iii. 4. hab. corp. An abbreviation of habeas corpus. ten with h: thus, AS. niht, E. night; but it has long been Who's that? ha! lost in pronunciation, after being written with E, haberdashery), mentioned along with wool, wadmal, mercery, canvas, felt, fur, etc., as subject to duty (Liber Albus, ed. Riley, pp. 225,231). The origin of AF. hapertas is unknown; Skeat and others connect it with Icel. hapurtask, defined a s i i scruta f rivola " (Gudmundus Andrea?, 1683; Haldorsen, 1814), i. e. trumpery, riffraff, supposed by Skeat to have meant orig. ' peddlers' wares, or the contents of a peddler's bag/ < Icel. haprtask, hafrtasJc, a haversack, < hafr, oats (see haver2), + task, a pouch, pocket, = G. tasche, a pouch, pocket, scrip; cf. haversack. But Cleasby, who does not give hapurtask at all, indicates that the Icel. haprtask, hafrtask, haversack, is quite recent, his only reference being a collection of mod. poems published in 1852. The ME. word is more prob. of LG. origin.] 1. A dealer in small wares; specifically, a dealer in small articles of dress and in ribbons, trimmings, thread, pins, needles, etc.

habenar (ha-be'nar), a. [< habena + -ar 3 .] In anat., pertaining to the habena. Habenaria (hab-e-na'ri-a), n. [NL. (Willde- An haberdasshere [var. haberdassher, etc.] and a carpenter, now, 1805), < L. A webbe, a deyere, and a tapicer. habena, a thong, And they were clotlicd alle in oo [one] lyvere, strap, rein: see Of a solempne and a gret fraternite. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 361. habena.'] A large genus of Because these cunning men are like haberdashers of terrestrial tusmall wares, it is not amiss to set forth their shop. berous - rooted Bacon, Essays. orchidaceous There was a haberdasher's wife of small wit near him, plants, embrathat railed upon me. Shak., Hen. V I I I . , v. 3. cing about 400 To match this saint there was another, species, wideAe busy and perverse a brother, ly distributed An haberdasher of small wares throughout the In politics and state affairs. temperate and S. Butler, Hudibras, I I I . ii. 423. warmer regions 2f. A dealer in hats; a hatter. of both hemiThe haberdasher heapeth wealth by hattes. spheres. it is Gascoifjnc, Fruits of War, st. 64. distinguished from Haberdasher, a hatter, or seller of hats; also a dealer the nearest related in small wares. Phillips, 1706. genera by its sessile polymorphous 3. A schoolmaster. [North. Eng.] petals, which are haberdashery (hab'er-dash-er-i), n.; pi. habernot longer than the dasheries (-iz). [< ME. (AF.) haberdashrie; < sepals. It belongs haberdasher + -y'*.] 1. The goods and wares to the tribe Ophrysold by a haberdasher; the business of a haberde G. hacke, a hoe, mattock, hatchet, also heel), = Dan. hak, notch, hakke, pickax, mattock, = Sw. hak, notch; from the verb.] 1. A cut; a notch. Look you what hacks are on his helmet! Shah, T. and C., i. 2. •Sick unco' hacks, and deadly whacks, I never saw the like. Battle (,f Tranent-Muir (Child's Ballads, V I I . 173).

W e are the natural guardians of Mackintosh's literary fame ; will that not be in some degree tainted and exposed to ridicule, if his history is finished by a regular Paternoster hack ? Sydney Smith, To John Allen. The last survivor of the genuine race of Grub Street hacks. Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.

4f. A procuress; a prostitute. I I , a. Hired; mercenary; much used or worn, like a hired hoilse; hackneyed: as, a hack wri ter. Hack preachers employed in the service of defaulters and absentees. Wakefield, Memoirs. Dryden, like Lessing, was a hack writer, and was proud, as an honest man has a right to be, of being able to get his bread by his brains. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 71.

hack 4

(hak), v. [< hack*, n.~\ I. intrans. 1. To ride on the road; ride with an ordinary horse

hacking Rom. forms were extremely various, the orig. form and meaning not being commonly known; the E. form nearest the orig. is hackbush; all ult. of LG. or HG. origin: OFlem. haeckfouyse = M D . hacckbusse, I ) . haakbus = M L G - . hakebitsse, liakelbusse = > I H G . haken buchse, G . hakenbuchse

= 01)an. hagebdsse = Sw. hatcabyssa, a hackbut, lit. a 'hook-gun,' so called because fired from a forked rest, or because of the curved form of t h e s t o c k : < M D . haecke, D . haak = M L G K hake = G . haken = E . hake1, a h o o k , + M D . buyse, buwe, D. busse, bus = M L G . busse = G . buchse,

a gun, a box, etc.; the elements are thus ult. hake1

a n d box2

=

bush2,

t h e s a m e as t h e t e r -

minal element of blunderbuss, q. v . ]

Same as

harquebus.

o r p a c e : o p p o s e d t o cross-country riding, cavalCross-bow and long-bow, hand-gun and hack-but, falry riding, etc. conet and saker, he can shoot with them all. Scott, Monastery, xviii. Hitherto, only road or park riding has been considered, and, with wise people, hacking (except hacking to cover, hackbuteert (hak-bu-ter')? [< hackbut + or in the performance of a journey against time) means -eer.] A harquebusier. progressing at a strictly moderate pace. He lighted the match of his bandelier, Encyc. Brit., X I I . 196. And woefully scorched the hackbuteer. 2. To drive in a hack. [Colloq.] Scott, I>. of L. M., i i l 21. Are we more content to depend on street cars and walkh a c k b u t t e r t , n. [ < O F . hacquebntier, harquebuting, with the occasional alternative of hacking at six times etc., h a c k b u t : see hackbut, the money? Philadelphia Times, May 8, 1879. tier, < hacquebute,

3f. T o be common or vulgar; turn prostitute; have to do with prostitutes. Shah. II,

trans.

T o l e t o u t f o r h i r e : as, t o hack a

and cf. harquebusier.]

A harquebusier.

And his sonne sir William "Winter that now is, and sundrie other capteins, hauing vnder their charge two hundred hackbutters. Holinshed, Hist. Scotland, an. 1544.

horse. 2. A cut in a tree to indicate a particular hack 5 f (hak), n. [Abbr. of hackbut.'] Same as hacked (hakt), p. a. In her., indented with the indents embowed: said of the edge of any bearspot, or a series of cuts made in a number of hackbut. trees as a guide through woods; a blazed line. hackamore (hak'a-mor), n. [Origin obscure.] i n g . An edge hacked is represented as if chopped with a hatchet., the small pieces between the indents curled [U.S.] A form of halter with a nose-piece that can be upward as if by the force of the blow. Curt and I went into the woods to cut a hack as a guide tightened, so that it may serve instead of the hackee (hak'e), n. [Imitative of the animal's in hunting. Forest and Stream, X X V I I I . 179. head-piece of a bridle. [U. S.] cry.] The common chipmunk or ground-squir5. In foot-tall, a kick on the shin; also, a bruise hack-Darrow (hak'bar'o), n. A large wheel- rel of the United States, Tamias striatus. See barrow used to carry green bricks from brickproduced by kicking. cut under chipmunk. Those who had them to show, pulled up their trousers making machines to the drying-sheds, hackenaiet, n. All obsolete form of hackney. and showed the hacks they had received in the good cause hackberry (hak'ber // i), n.; pi. hackberries (-iz). Chaucer. [a foot-ball scrimmage]. [ A n alteration of hagberry, the bird-cherry: see hacker 1 (hak'er), n. A tool used for making inT. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 6. hagberry.] 1. Same as hagberry. Also called cisions in trees as channels for the passage of 4. A stroke on one's own account; turn at doing bird-cherry.—2. A n A m e r i c a n t r e e , CelUs occia hack. [U. S.] something: as, every one feels obliged to take dentalism natural order Urticacew, allied to the the sap; hacker 2 (hak'er), v.i. [Freq. of hack1, v,] Same aftacftatit. [Colloq.] — 5. A b l u n t a x ; a cut- e l m . I t ranges from Canada to Florida and west to Texas, 1 as hack' , 4. [Prov. Eng.] ting-tool for notching or hacking trees to bleed but is most typical and abundant in the Mississippi valley. hackery (hak'er-i), n.; pi. hackeries (-iz). [Anthem, as in gathering the sap of the maple.— glo-Ind., < Hind, chhakra, a cart.] 1. In Ben6. A pick; a pickax; a mattock; a spade; a gal, a rude two-wheeled cart drawn by oxen. hack-iron. [Prov. Eng.] In different districts it [the pick] is called either a mandrel, pike, slitter, mattock, or hack. Morgans, Mining Tools, p. 72.

7f. The lights, liver, and heart of a boar or swine. Holme, 1688. (EaJUwell.)—8f. Broken or hesitating speech. He speaks . . . with so many hacks and hesitations. Dr. U. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 270. Hackery.

hack 2 (hak), n. [Also dial, heck; theunassibilated form of hatch'1, q. v . ] 1. A grated frame.

used by the natives for the transport of goods, etc.— 2. In western India and Ceylon, a light covered vehicle drawn by small oxen, for the transportation of passengers, hacket (hak'et), n. [Var. of hatchet, after

Specifically— (a) A grated door; a hatch, (b) A frame of wooden bars in the tail-race of a mill, (c) A rack for feeding cattle. (d) A frame for drying fish or cheese, (c) A place for drying bricks before they are burned. ( / ) A row of molded brickB laid out to dry. Usually they [bricks] are hacked about eight courses high on the edge, and the hackft kept separate, to allow circulation of air. C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 126.

2. In falconry, partial liberty.

hack1.]

See the extract .

Hack.—The state of partial liberty in which young hawks must always be kept at first —loose to fly about where they like, but punctually fed early in the morning and again in the day, to keep them from seeking food for themselves as long as possible. Encyc. Brit., I X . 7.

hack 2 (hak),?;. t. [. a . [Ppr. of hack1,0. i., 5.] Short and interrupted: as, a hacking cough. Also hacky.

haddie

2676 in spinning, and of making the fibers smooth,

parallel, and of equal length. The combs used are of zinc or steel, and are of varying degrees of fineness, the process beginning with a coarse comb and ending with a fine one. Also called combing.

2 . Hackles collectively, as material for making artificial flies.

hackling-machine (hak'ling-ma-shen//), n. A

You are a generous author; I a hackney scribbler. Pope, To Dr. Parnell. Here comes Bob, And I must serve some hackney job. Lloyd, Hanbury's Horse to Rev. Mr. Scot. He endeavored to get employment as a hackney writer, to copy for the Btatiouers and lawyers about the Temple. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 73.

He took himself to be 110 mean doctor, who, being guilty machine consisting of a pair of horizontal h a c k n e y (hak'ni), v. t. [< hackney, « . ] 1. To of no Greek, arid being demanded why it was called an wear, weary, or exhaust by frequent or exceshectivc fever; because, saith he, of an hecking cough rollers set with brushes and hackles, and used sive use, as a horse; hence, to render worn, which ever attendeth this disease. in hackling and cleaning raw flax. Fuller, Holy State, i. 2. h a c k l o g (hak'log), n. [< hack1 4- log.] A trite, stale, etc., as by repetition. Had I so lavish of my presence been, [Rare.] h a c k i n g 2 (hak'ing), n. [Verbal n. of hack?, t \ ] ehopping-bloek. So common-hackney'd in the eyes of men, . . . A kind of editorial hacklog on which . . . to chop straw. In brick-making, piling bricks for drying. Opinion, that did help me to the crown, Carlyle, Sterling, i. 3. Had still kept loyal to possession. The necessary handlings required in stacking, or, as it 1 + -y1.] h a c k l y (hak'li),«. hackle 1. Kough; Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. is technically called, hacking, damage the bricks by chipbroken as if hacked; mangled by chopping or ping off the corners and bending the same. Both men and horses and leather being hackneyed, jadC. T. .Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 128. c u t t i n g . — 2 . In mineral., having fine, short, and ed, and worn out upon the errand of some contentious and obstinate bishop. Marvell, Works, I I I . 127. h a c k i n g - s e a t (hak'ing-set), n. In horsemanship, sharp points on the surface: as, a hackly fracHis [Mr. .Tames Quin's] jokes may be called the standing a seat proper for hack-riding, as opposed to ture. jests of the town; but those who have hackneyed some of cross-country or hard riding. Encyc. Brit., X I I . h a c k m a n (hak'man), n.; pi. hackmen (-men). them, and murdered others, have scarce ever entered into The driver or keeper of a hack or public car- the most cursory part of his lifo and character. 197, Life of Quin (reprint 1887), p. 7. h a c k - i r o n (hak'i/'ern), n. 1. A miners' pick; riage. [U. S.] In the hotel a placard warned them to have nothing to 2 . To ride or drive as a hackney. a hack. E. H. Knight.—2. A chisel used in [Rare.] do with the miscreant hackmen on the streets, but always cutting nails. It has a check or stop to regu- to order their carriages at the office. Galen's adoptive sons, who by a beaten way late the length of the nail. Their judgments hackney on, the fault on sickness lay. Howclls, Their Wedding Journey, vi. Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 554). h a c k l e 1 (hak'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. hackled,

ppr. hackling. [Also in var. form haggle1, q. v.; h a c k m a t a c k (hak'ma-tak), n. [Amor. Ind.] called — D. hakkelen, hack, mangle, stammer; freq. The American larch, Larix Americana: of hack1, v.] To hack roughly; haggle. See tamarack in the northwestern lumber-regions. 1 See larch. Sometimes hackmetack. haggle . h a c k n e y (hak'ni), n. and a. [Now often abbr. h a c k l e 2 (hak'l), n. [< ME. hakel (found only hack (see hack4'); < ME. hakeney, hakkeney, .in comp. meshakele, < AS. matssehacele = Dan. messehagel = Sw. messhake, a priest's cope, and haknay, hakenay, < A P . hakenai, hakeney, OF. mysthakel, a cloak or covering of mist), < AS. haquenee, hacquenee, hacquenet, and hacquenart, hacele, hwcla = OFries. hexil (for *hekil) — OHG. F . haquenee (nearly obs.) = Sp. Pg. hacanea, hachul, MHG-. luichel — Icel. hokull, a priest's Pg. also acanea, OSp. OPg. facanea = It. accope; cf. hekla, a cowled or hooded frock, = chinea, now abbr. chinea (ML. h-akeneius, hakeGoth, hakitls, a cloak.] A conical covering of netus), cf. MD. hackeneye, I). hakkenei, an amstraw or hay, such as is used to thatch a bee- bling horse. Cf. OF. haque (also dim. haquet) = Sp. haca, OSp. OPg. faca, a nag, possibly abbr. hive. [Prov. E n g . ] h a c k l e 3 (hak'l), n. [Also assibilated hatchel; from the preceding longer forms (cf. E . hack later forms (simulating h ack1, hatch^.)oi heckle, abbr from hackney ); but the origin and connecassibilated (obs.) hetchel: see heckle.'] 1. A tions of the words are obscure. The Rom. forms comb for dressing flax: same as heckle, 1 . — 2 . suggest a Teut. origin, and may come (through Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk.—3. O F . ) from MD. The MD. hackeneye is exOne of the long slender feathers from the neek plained by Gesner (in Kilian) from MD. haclien, or saddle of the domestic cock, much used by hakken, chop, the alternate lifting and dropanglers for making artificial flies. They are dis- ping of the horse's feet in ambling, with the tinguished as neck-hackles and saddle-hackles, according accompanying sound, being compared to the to their situation; the former are stouter and stronger alternating movement of a pair of choppingthan the latter. Many different colors are found, as black, knivesin chopping cabbage or the like. Skeat, white, gray, red, dun, ginger (light yellowish-red), ginger- overlooking this explanation, suggests the same barred, furnace (red and black), etc. Hackles for flies are hakken in a possible sense 'jolt.' The term. also dyed of any desired color. By extension the term is -neye is not clear.] I , n. 1. A horse kept for applied to the similar feathers of other birds, especially riding or driving; a pad; a nag. when used for the same purpose. Sometimes called shiner. The red hackle of a capon, over all, will kill, and, if the weather be right> make very good sport. I. Walton, Complete Angler, ii. 7.

4 . An artificial fly made without wings to represent a caterpillar or other larva, or the larvalike body of a winged fly; a palmer.—5. In her., same as bray5, 2 (b). h a c k l e 3 (hak'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. hackled, ppr. hackling. [Also assibilated hatchel; later forms of heckle: see heckle, v. and n.] 1. To comb, as flax or hemp: same as heckle.—2. To tear asunder. I t was so hackled that it seemed to be much blemished. Coryat, Crudities, I. 35. The other divisions of the kingdom, being hackled and torn to pieces, . . . cannot, for some time at least, confederate against her. Burke, Rev. in France.

h a c k l e - b a r (hak'l-bar), n. One of the spikes in a hackle which comb out the fibers of flax, h a c k l e d (hak'ld;, a. [< hackle3 + -ed^.] Having hackles: specifically applied to the Nicobar pigeon, Cakenas nicobarica. h a c k l e - f e a t h e r (hak'l-fe? l H // er), n. A hackle, hackle-fly (hak'l-fli), n. An artificial fly made with hackles, like a palmer, but also provided with wings, and sometimes with a tail. See hackle3, n., 4. h a c k l e r (hak'ler), n. [< hackle3 + -er1; same as hatcheler and heckler,'] One who hackles; a flax-dresser; a heckler or hatcheler. h a c k l e t , h a g l e t (liak'-, hag'let), n. [Appar. connected with hag1, 5, or hagden, q. v., the greater shearwater; local names of obscure origin.] A kind of sea-bird, probably the shearwater. See hagden. Below them from the Gull-rock rose a thousand birds, and filled the air with sound; the choughs cackled, the hacklets wailed, the great blackbacks laughed querulous defiance at the intruders. Kingsley, Westward Ho, xxxii.

h a c k l i n g (hak'ling), n. [Verbal n. of hackle3, i>.] 1. In Jiax-manuf.j the process of removing from the flax everything which would be detrimental

h a c k n e y - c o a c h (hak'ni-koch), n. Same as hackney, 3.

Up before day, and Cocke and I took a hackney-coach appointed with four horses to take us up, and so carried us over London bridge. Pepys, Diary, I I . 329.

hackney-coachman (hak'ni-koch^man), n. A man who drives a hackney-coach, h a c k n e y e d (hak'nid), p. a. T r i t e ; commonp l a c e ; threadbare: as, a hackneyed subject.

In the broad, beaten turnpike-road Of hackney'd panegyric ode, No modern poet dares to ride Without Apollo by his side. Churchill, The Ghost, ii. I always held that hackneyed maxim of Tope . . . as very unworthy a man of genius. Goldsmith, Vicar, xv.

h a c k n e y m a n (hak'ni-man), n.; pi. hackneymen (-men). [< ME. hackneyman, hakeneyman.] A man who lets horses and carriages for hire. Hikke the hakeneyman and Hughe the nedeler, . . . Dawe the dykere and a dozeine other. Piers Plowman (B), v. 320.

h a c k s t e r f (hak'ster), n. bully; a ruffian.

[< hack1 + -ster.]

A

Happy times, when Braves and Hacksters, the onely contented members of his Government, were thought the fittest and the faithfullest to defend his Person. Milton, Eikonoklastes, iii.

h a c k - t r a p (hak'trap), n.

A kind of weir for

taking fish, formed of slender stakes driven in Furth he rideth vppon his halcency, the bed of the river in the form of the letter T, Vppon the iieuerys side to hir logging. Generydex (E. E. T. S.), 1.1249. adopted by the early settlers of America from The knyghtis and squiers are well horsed, and the com- the Indians, and still employed in southern rivers for the capture of shad, mon people and other, on litell hakeneys and geldyngis. Berncrs, tr. of Froissart's Chron., I. xviii. h a c k - w a t c h (hak'woch), n. Naut., a watch He announced . . . the day he should arrive at Still- with a second-hand, used in taking observabro', desiring his hackney to be sent to the "George" for tions to obviate the necessity of constantly his accommodation. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxx. moving t h e c h r o n o m e t e r . The watch is compared 2. A h o r s e kept for hire; a horse much used; with the chronometer immediately before and after every observation. Also caUed job-watch. a hack.

Ac hakeneyes hadde thei none bote hakewayes to hyre; h a c k y (hak'i), a. [< hack1, 5, + -i/ 1 .] Same as Thenne gan Gyle borwe hors at meny grete maistres. hacking1. [Colloq.] Piers Plowman (C), iii. 175. Take time by the forelock ere that rasping hacky cough 3 . A coach or other carriage kept for hire. of yours carries you where so many consumptives have Also called hackney-coach. preceded you. Science, No. 296, p. iii. I would more respect a General without attendance in hacquebutet, n. See hackbut and harquebus. a hackney, that has oblig'd a nation with a peace, than him who rides at the head of an army in triumph, and h a c q u e t o n , n. Another form of acton. plunges it into an expensive war. h a d * (had). Preterit and past participle of have, Gentleman Instructed, p. 195. and as an auxiliary making pluperfect tense-

4f. A person accustomed to drudgery; a person phrases. ready to be hired for any drudgery or dirty h a d 2 (had), v. t [Scotch.] work; a hireling. Public hackneys in the schooling trade; Who feed a pupil's intellect with store Of syntax, truly, but with little more. Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 621.

5f. A prostitute.

She was so notoriously lewd that she was called an hackney. Bp. Burnet, Hist. .Reformation, I., App,

6 . A payment in hire or as in hire.

[Rare.]

The kingdom of Naples, at an early period of its history, became feudatory to the See of Rome, and, in acknowledgment thereof, has annually paid a hackney to the Pope in Kome, Jefferson, Correspondence, I L 347.

II. a. L e t out, employed, or done for hire; drudging; mercenary.

So the next daye, Tewysday, that was Candelmasse daye, after masses erly done, we toke our sayd halcney horses and rode to Vyncencia. Sir R. Guy If orde, Pylgrymage, p. 78. Slightly train'd up in a kind of hypocritical and hackny cotirs of literature to get their living by. Milton, Church-Govcrnment, ii., Con.

A variant of haud for hold1.

They fiang him iri, And put a turf on his breast bane, To had young Hunting down. Young Hunting (Child's Ballads, I I I . 297).

h a d b o t e t , W. [Only as a historical term in reference to AS. law, repr. AS. hddbot, < had, order, degree, priestly dignity (see -hood), 4bot, recompense, boot: see boot1, bote1.] In Anglo-Saxon law, compensation made for violence or an affront offered to a priest. h a d d e n H . An obsolete preterit plural of have. h a d d e n 2 (had'n). [Sc., var. hauden, hodden.] A dialectal form of hot-den, past participle of hold1. h a d d e r (had'er), n» A dialectal form of heather. h a d d i e (had'i), n. [Sc., a dim. equiv. to haddock.] A haddock. See finnan-haddock. [Scotch.] Weel, Monkbarns, they're braw caller haddies. Scott, Antiquary, xxxix.

haddie

2677

The haddock . . . is also cured by smoking in the "Scotch method." . . . Finnan haddies are manufactured in enormous quantities in Portland and Boston. Stand. Mat. Hist., III. 271. h a d d i n g , h a d d i n ( h a d ' i n g , -in), n. [ A l s o writt e n hadden, haudin; S c o t c h f o r m s of E . holding, q. v . ] A h o l d i n g ; a p o s s e s s i o n j a p l a c e of resid e n c e ; m e a n s of support. [Scotch.] We . . . are beginning to feel ourselves at home in our new hadding. Carlyle, in Froude, II. 73. h a d d o ( h a d ' o ) , n. [ A m e r . I n d . ] The h u m p b a c k s a l m o n . Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. [Oregon, U . S . ] haddock (had 7 ok), n. [< M E . haddok,haddolce, o r i g i n u n k n o w n . T h e Gael, adag, l o c a l l y also. attac, and prob. OF. hadot, hadon (ML. hadox, a k i n d of salt fish), are of ME. o r i g i n . ] A w e l l k n o w n fish, Melanogrammus(eglejinus, of t h e c o d f a m i l y , Gadidw, f o r m e r l y c a l l e d Gadus or Morrhua wglejinus. It resembles the cod, but has a smaller mouth, a slenderer form, a black lateral line, a spot on each

side just behind the pectoral fln, and more pointed or angular flns than the cod, especially the first dorsal. It breeds in immense numbers in the North Atlantic, and is a very important food-fish. The flesh resembles that of the cod, but is firmer and drier. The fishing-grounds are in general the same as those of the cod, but less extensive. The usual weight of the haddock is about 4 pounds, but specimens weighing 17 pounds have been known.— Golden h a d d o c k , the John Dory. Day. [Arran, Scotland.]—Jerusalem h a d d o c k , the opah, or king of the herrings.—Norway or Norwegian haddock, Sebastes marinus. See beryylt. (See also finnan-haddock.) h a d d o c k e r (had'ok-er), n. A p e r s o n or a v e s sel e m p l o y e d i n fishing f o r h a d d o c k , h a d d o c k - t e a ( h a d ' o k - t e ' ) , n. A t h i n c h o w d e r m a d e of h a d d o c k . [ N e w E n g . ] hade (had), v. i.; pret. a n d pp. haded, ppr. hading. [ A c o n t r a c t e d var. of heald, heeld, slope, e t c . : see heeld, v.] I n mining, t o u n d e r l a y or i n c l i n e f r o m a v e r t i c a l position, hade (had), n. [ A c o n t r a c t e d var. of heald, heeld, slope, e t c . : s e e heeld, •«..] I f . A s l o p e ; t h e des c e n t of a hill. And on the lower leas, as on the higher hades, The dainty clover grows, of grass the only silk. Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 400. 2. I n mining, t h e i n c l i n a t i o n of a v e i n f r o m a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n ; t h e c o m p l e m e n t of the d i p : s y n o n y m o u s w i t h underlay. A l s o hading. Owing partly to its low hade, and partly to subsequent folding, the outcrop of this thrust-plane resembles that of an ordinary overlying formation cut into a sinuous line by denudation. Anur. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX. 63. H a d e n a ( h a - d e ' n a ) , n. [ N L . , so c a l l e d i n allusion t o t h e i r n o c t u r n a l h a b i t s ; < Gr/'A£v f o r daipov, daqpuv, k n o w i n g , s k i l f u l ( i n D . heehtenis), = M L G . hechte, hefte = O S . hafta, c a p t i v i t y , = I c e l . hapt, haft, n . , a b o n d , a c h a i n . pa(j-), b l o o d , + iroif = ]£. / o o f . ] T h e t y p i c a l a l l u s i o n t o i t s ' d i v i n e e f f e c t ' ) . C o l e r i d g e f a n - (3) B o t h A S . hceftT-, n . , a h a n d l e , a n d A S . hcefP, g e n u s of Httimatopodidai: so c a l l e d f r o m t h e r e d c o l o r of t h e l e g s . II. ostrilegus is the common c i e s h e r e a c o m p o u n d of G r . aum, b l o o d , a n d m . , a b o n d , e t c . , w i t h t h e i r c o g n a t e s , a r e f r o m oyster-catcher of Europe; II, palliatus is that of North olvog, w i n e ; a l l u d i n g t o t h e b l o o d of J e s u s a n o r i g . p p . w h i c h a p p e a r s i n A S . hcefft, a s a A s u p p o s e d m i r a c u l o u s p l a n t , deAmerica. There are others, some of which are partly C h r i s t . ] n o u n , a c a p t i v e , a s l a v e , = OS. haft, a . , s e i z e d , white, like the two named, while the rest are of somber s c r i b e d in M i l t o n ' s " C o m u s . " c a p t i v e , = O H G . M H G . haft, a., c a p t i v e , = I c e l . blackish or fuliginous hues all over, as U. ater. See oysA certain shepherd lad . . . haftr, m . , hafta, f . , a c a p t i v e , p r i s o n e r , - G o t h . ter-catcher, and cut in next column. Would . . . show me simples of a thousand names, hafts, a . , j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , = L . captus, s e i z e d , Telling their strange and vigorous faculties. h s e m a t o r n ( h e m ' a - t o m ) , n. [< N L . Haimatort a k e n ; o r i g . p p . of A S . hebban, E . heave, e t c . , Amongst the rest a small unsightly root, Hi.v.] B l y t h ' s n a m e f o r a h a w k of t h e g e n u s But of divine effect, he cull'd me out: l i f t , = L . capere, t a k e , s e i z e ( t h o o r i g . m e a n Hamatornis ( V i g o r s ) , t h e b a c h a , Falco baclui. The leaf was darkish, and had prickles on it, i n g ) : s e e capable, captive, e t c . L e s s p r o b , f r o m H a e m a t o r n i s ( h e m - a - t 6 r ' n i s ) , it. [NL., < Gr. But in another country, as he said, t h e r o o t of have, q . v . Cf. heft1, heftf, e t c . ] A a\pn(j-), b l o o d , + SpviQ, a b i r d . ] 1 . A g e n u s Bore a bright golden flower, but not in this soil;

haft h a n d l e ; s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e h a n d l e of a c u t t i n g o r t h r u s t i n g i n s t r u m e n t , as a knife, sword, or dagger ; a hilt. But yet ne fond I nought the haft Whiehe might unto the blade accorde. Gower, Couf. Amant., iv. Earl Doorm Struck with a knife's haft hard against the board. Tennyson, G-eraint. Loose in. tile h a f t t , not quite honest. Wright's Political Songs, p. 339. haft 1 ( h a f t ) , v. t, [ = O S . heftjan, f e t t e r , b i n d , = D . Itechten, f a s t e n , a t t a c h , = M L G . hechtcn, he/ten, a t t a c h , a r r e s t , = O H G . heftan, MHG-. G. heften, f a s t e n , a t t a c h , = I c e l . hepta, hefta, b i n d , f e t t e r , refl. r e s t r a i n oneself, f o r b e a r , — D a n . hefte, S w . hafta, b i n d , s t i t c h , a r r e s t , — G o t h . haftjan, f a s t e n , a t t a c h , r e f l . c l i n g , s t i c k , f o r c e oneself in u p o n ; f r o m t h e n o u n . ] 1. T o set in a h a f t ; f u r n i s h with a handle. Tools and instruments consisted of polished flints of various shapes, and of teeth and bones of animals, hafted in different ways according to the uses for which they were intended. Westminster Jtev.% CXXVIII. 538. 2. T o d r i v e u p t o t h e h a f t o r h i l t , u s a k n i f e o r dirk. This mye blade in thye body should bee with speedines ha/ted. Stanihurst, Conceites, p. 143. 3 . T o fix o r s e t t l e firmly; p l a n t . [Scotch.] I liae heard him say that the root of the matter was mair deeply hafted in that wild muirland parish than in the Canongate of Edinburgh. Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xxxix. I t shows how well hafted is the Royal Society's claim, that a president should acquire the notion that it is acknowledged and acted upon by the other Societies. De Morgan, Budget of Paradoxes, p. 20.

haft 2

(haft), [Prob. connected with haft1, a s a ' f i x e d ' p l a c e of a b o d e . Cf. haft1, v., 3 . ] A p l a c e of a b o d e ; d w e l l i n g ; l o d g i n g . [Scotch.] " Her bairn," she said, "was her bairn, and she came to fetch her out of ill haft and waur guiding." Scott, Ilearb of Mid-Lothian, xviii. hafter 1 ( h a f ' t e r ) , n. [< haft1, v., + -er1.] I n cutlery, a w o r k m a n w h o f o r m s a n d fixes t h e h a f t s o r h a n d l e s of k n i v e s . hafter2t ( h a f t e r ) , n. [ A p p a r . < *haft, v . ( f o u n d e l s e w h e r e o n l y i n hafting), + - e r . ] A w r a n g l e r ; a c a v i l e r ; a d e b a t e r . HoUyband, D i e t . , 1593. (.HalUwell.) haftillgt, n. [ V e r b a l n . of *haft i n hafter2, q . v. ] Wrangling; debate. Whan was there more haftyng and craftyng to scrape money together ? J. Udall, On Ephesians, Prol. With these pernitious words iterated continually unto him, he grew enkindled, and (without any farther hafting or holding off) . . . delivered up all that was demaunded. Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 275. h a f t - p i p e ( h a f t ' p i p ) , n. A h a n d l e i n w h i c h t h e t a n g of a s m a l l t o o l i s t e m p o r a r i l y fixed f o r c o n venience in grinding the tool. The handle is called a haftpipe, and is commonly a short piece of hazel-rod. 0. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 425. h a g 1 ( h a g ) , n. [ E a r l y m o d . E . a l s o hagg; < M E . hagge, hegge, a s h o r t e n e d f o r m ( b y d r o p p i n g t h e s u p p o s e d t e r m i n a t i o n ) of A S . hcegtes, hwgtis, a l s o hwgtesxe ( i n e a r l y g l o s s e s s p e l l e d hachtis, haehtisse), p i . hcegtesse, a w i t e l i , a f u r y ( g l o s s i n g L . f u r i a , striga, Erinys, Pythonissa, 'fixijjhone, p i , hcegtesse, g l o s s i n g L . Furue, JCumenides, Par cat), = M D . haghetisse, a w i t c h ( c f . M D . haeghdisse, heghdisse, D . haagdis, hagedis, a l i z a r d , a n a c c o m . t o t h e w o r d f o r ' w i t c h ' of M D . eggedisse = A S . athexe, E . ask2, asker2, q . v . ) , = OHG-. hagazussa, ha-gzissa, hagzus, a l s o hdzissa, hazus ( g l o s s i n g L . furia, striga, Euinenis, Erynis), MHG-. hecsc ( a l s o haclce), G. hexe (> D . heks — D a n . hex = S w . hexa), a h a g ; a c o m p o u n d of uncertain formation.] If. A witch; a sorceress; an enchantress; very rarely, a male witch; wizard; magician. % But you [powerful herbs] can force the fiercest Animals, . . . Yea, fairest Planets (if Antiquitie .Haue not bely'd the Jlaggs of Thessalie). Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3, And that old hag fSilenus] that with a staff his staggering limbs doth stay. Golding, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., iv. How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags? ShaJc., Macbeth, iv. 1. 2 . A r e p u l s i v e , v i c i o u s , o r m a l i c i o u s old w o m a n . No, you unnatural hags, I will have such revenges on you both! Shak., Lear, ii. 4. The hag . . . scowled at the fair.Tewess with the malignant envy [with! which old age and ugliness, when united with evil conditions, are apt to look upon youth and beauty. Scott, Ivanhoe, xxiv. 3 . A c y c l o s t o m o u s o r m a r s i p o b r a n c h i a t e fish, Myxine glutinosa, or g l u t i n o u s hag, r e l a t e d to 169

2679

haggadistic

the lamprey, hagden, hagdon ( h a g ' d e n , - d o n ) , n. [ A l s o hag> rtonm, hagdel, a l s o hacklet, hackbolt; origin obt y p e of t h e s c u r e : cf . hag1,)/., 3.] T h e g r e a t e r s h e a r w a t e r , family MyxiPuffinus major. This sea-bird ranges widely in Atlannidm a n d s u b tic waters, and abounds on the Xorth Atlantic cousts of order HypeAmerica and Europe. It belongs to the petrel family, and rotreta. See Slime-eel ( Myxine glutinosa). to that section of Procellariida' in which the beak is comt h e s e techrriparatively long and slender, with short, low nasal tube?, c a l w o r d s . The hag resembles an eel in some respects, and a hook at the end. It is 18 or 20 inches long, and 4i> is a foot or more long, has a cirrous sucking mouth, a strong palatal tooth, pouched gills, and is parasitic. Also hagfash, dime-eel. 4 . A white mist; phosphoric light; an appeara n c e of l i g h t o r fire o n h o r s e s ' m a n e s o r m e n ' s hair. [Prov. Eng.] Haggs, says Blount, are said to be made of Sweat, or some other Vapour issuing out of the Head; a not unusual Sight among us when we ride by Night in the Summer-time : They are extinguished like Flames by shaking the Horses' Manes. But I believe rather it is only a Vapour reflecting Light, but fat and sturdy, compacted about the Manes of Horses or Men's Hair. Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 371, note. h a g H ( h a g ) , v. t. [< hag1, n.] T o v e x ; h a r a s s ; Harden, or (..reater shearwater u -kj/mus mr. Brayer to have anthelp a r t of a w o o d i n t e n d e d t o b e c u t . [ P r o v . E n g . ] mintic properties, and they are still used to remove tapeIn Warwickshire the rods which mark the boundary of worms. The dried flowers, as well as the whole plant, go a fall of timber are called hagg-staffs ; and the separate by the native name of cusso or kousso. hagester, n. S e e hagister. portions so divided are called each man's hagg. X. and Q., 7th ser., III. 197. h a g - f i n d e r t ( h a g ' t i n ^ d e r ) , n . A w i t c h - i i n d e r . George. If we should come to see her, cry So ho! once. 3 . O n e c u t t i n g o r f e l l i n g of a c e r t a i n q u a n t i t y Aiken. That I do promise, or I am no good hag-finder. of w o o d ; a l s o , t h e w o o d s o c u t . [Scotch.]—4. B. Jam on, Sad Shepherd, ii. 2. B r a n c h e s l o p p e d off f o r f i r e w o o d ; b r u s h w o o d . _ ( h a g ' f l s h ) , n. S a m e a s hag1, 3. [ S c o t c h . ] — 5 . A q u a g m i r e o r p i t i n m o s s y hagg, V. S e e hag'i. ground; a n y broken ground in a bog. [North. haggadah, hagadah ( h a - g a ' d a ) , n.\ p i . haggaEng. and Scotch.] doth, hagadoth ( - d o t h ) . [< H e b . haggadah, < This said, he led me over holts and hagp, hagad, s a y , t e l l . ] 1 . A l e g e n d , a n e c d o t e , or Through thorns and bushes scant my legs I drew. s a y i n g i n t h e T a l m u d i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h e l a w . — Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, viii. 41. 2 . [cap.] A f r e e e x p o s i t i o n a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n of Owre mony a weary hag he limpit, t h e H e b r e w S c r i p t u r e s ; o n e of t h e t w o c l a s s e s And aye the tither shot he thumpit. Burns, Tam Samson's Elegy. of r a b b i n i c a l B i b l i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f o r m i n g Hag, tag, and ragt [a riming phrase in which hag has no t h e M i d r a s h . definite meaningj, a rabble; rag, tag, and bobtail. This Haggadah or Agadah varies considerably both in Than was all the rable of the shippe, hag, tag, and rag, nature and form. In its nature it sometimes humours, at other times threatens; it alternately promises and adcalled to the reckeninge. persuades and rebukes, encourages and deters. Bp. Bale, The Vocacion (Harl. Misc., VI. 459). (Davies.) monishes, In the end it always consoles, and throughout it instructs h a g 4 t , n. [ S a i d t o m e a n ' b a c h e l o r , f e l l o w , m a n ' and elevates. In form it is legendary, historical, exegetic, 1 in this passage, b u t prob. the same as hag . didactic, theosophic, epigrammatic ; but throughout it is Encyc. Brit, XVI. 285. I t c a n n o t b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h A S . hœgsteald, a ethical. bachelor.] A bachelor; a fellow; a m a n . A l s o w r i t t e n haggada, agada, agadah. For thou can not but brag, haggadic, hagadic ( h a - g a d ' i k ) , a. [< haggadah, Lyke a Scottyshe hag. hagadah, + -ic.] Of o r p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e H a g SJcelton, Howe the Douty Duke of Albany, etc., 1. 205. gadah; characterized by free interpretation h a g 5 t , n. A k i n d of b o a t . S e e t h e q u o t a t i o n . The brokers of these coals are called crimps, . . . and a n d e x p o s i t i o n : o p p o s e d t o halachic, o r l e g a l . A l s o agadic. the ships that bring them, Cats, and Hags or Hag-boats, Like the Jews, too, the Samaritans had a haggada; ini'ly-boats, and the like. Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 144. deed, the Arabic books they still possess under the name 6 of chronicles are almost entirely haggadic fable, with very hag ( h a g ) , w. A b i r d : s a m e a s hagden. little admixture of true tradition. F.ncyc. Brit., XXI. 245. hagadah, hagadic, e t c . S e e haggadah, haggaSeveral entire treatises of an Agadic nature. dic, e t c . Encye. Brit., XVI. 286. 1 hagardf, a. a n d n. S e e haggard . haggadical ( h a - g a d ' i - k a l ) , a. S a m e a s haggadic.

hagberry, hegberry (hag'-, heg'ber'i), n. ; pi. haggadist, hagadist (ha-ga'dist), n. [< hag-

hagberries, hegberries (-iz). [Also hackberry, gadah, hagadah, + - i s i . ] A w r i t e r of h a g g a heckberry; a p p a r . of S c a n d . o r i g i n , < D a n . hœg- d o t h ; o n e of t h e a u t h o r s o r d i s c i p l e s of t h e H a g gebœr, o r Jiœggebœrtrœ (hagberry-tree), = Sw. g a d a h . Also agadtit. hdggbdr, o r s i m p l y hagg = I c e l . heggr, t h e h a g The agadists make much of the devotion of the indib e r r y , b i r d - c h e r r y . T h e I c e l . heggr a g r e e s i n vidual ant to the welfare of the whole colony as a salient Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 280. f o r m w i t h A S . *hecg, M E . hegge, E . hedge : s e e point of formic character. hedge, hag2, a n d berry1.'] A s p e c i e s of c h e r r y , haggadistic, hagadistic (hag-a-dis'tik), a. [< Prunus jpadw o r P. avium. A l s o c a l l e d bird- haggadist, hagadist, 4- -ic. ] Of o r p e r t a i n i n g cherry. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] t o a h a g g a d i s t o r h i s m e t h o d of i n t e r p r e t i n g hagboatt ( h a g ' b ô t ) , n. S a m e a s hag5. S c r i p t u r e ; u n r e s t r a i n e d b y legal or s t r i c t l y hagbushf ( h a g ' b u s h ) , ». S a m e a s hackbut, orthodox canons. Also agadistic. hagbutt, n. S a m e a s hackbut. According to the agadistic view, the primitive man as hagbuttert, w. S a m e a s hackbutter. well as the ape lived only on vegetable food. hagdel ( h a g ' d e l ) , n. S a m e a s hagden. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXI. 660.

haggadistic Manifestly lie [Mohammed] had relations with Jews at this period, and was under their influence; and from them, of course, it was that the material of his Old Testament and naggad'htvi narratives was derived. Encyc. Brit., X V I . 550.

2680 hag-ridden 2. A sheep's head and pluck minced, [Scotch hagiolatry (ha-ji-ol'a-tri), n. [< Gr. ay tor, sain both senses.] cred, LGr. a saint, +' aarptia, worship.] The haggish (hag'ish), a. [< hag1 + - M l . ] Per- worship of „4. saints jn Roman Catholic Church taining to or resembling a hag; old and repul- it is distinguished from the latria, or supreme worship due to (iod alone. See dulia. sive.

haggadoth, n. Plural of haggada. As to the actual state of hagiolatry in modern Europe, On us both did haggish age steal on, haggard 1 (hag'ard), a. and n. [Formerly also And wore us out of act. Shak., All's Well, i. 2. it is obvious on a broad view that it is declining among hag gar t, h agar â ; < OF. hagard, wild, strange, the educated classes. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I I . 111. fro ward, contrary, cross, unsociable (faulcon haggishly (hag'ish-li), adv. In a haggish man^ hagiologic (ha/'ji-o-loj'ik), a. [< hagiology + hagard, a wild falcon), lit. 'of the wood,' with n e r * -ic.] Of or pertaining to hagiology; contained suffix -ard, < MHG. hag, G. hag, a hedge, also haggisterf, n. See hagister, in hagiologies. a coppice, a wood" (' = AS. " haga, " E. "5. haw to11),) + haggle 1 (hag':' w 1), v.; pret. and pp. haggled, ppr. Reginald, one of tlie most credulous of hagiologic writF. suffix.] I , a. 1. Wild; intractable: said of haggling. [ V a r . o f hackle1, f r e q . of hacki, as ers. Hock, Church of our Fathers, I I I . i. 239, note. a hawk or falcon. hagS f o r hack1: s e e hackle1, hack1, hag^.] I, A collection of hagiologic material such as was read in trans. 1. To hack roughly; cut or chop in an monastic oratories on saints' days. For haggard hawkes mislike an emptie hand. Gascoigne, Memoires. unskilful manner; mangle in cutting. Amer. Jour. PhilolVII. 218. As hagard haukc, presuming to contend Suffolk first died : and York, all haggled over, hagiological (ha/ji-o-loj'i-kal), a. Same as haWith hardy fowle above his hable might. Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 19. A cast of haggard falcons, by me mann'd, Eyeing the prey at first, appear as if They did turn tail. Massinger, Guardian, i. 1.

H e n c e — U n t a m e d ; lawless; wanton; profligate. I f I do prove her haggard, Though that her jesses were my dear heart-strings, I'd whistle her oif, and let her down the wind, To prey at fortune. Shak., Othello, iii. 3. Thus I teach my haggard atid unreclaimed reason to stoop to the lure of faith. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici.

II. n. 1. A hawk; specifically, in falconry, a wild hawk caught when in its aault plumage.

Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteep'd. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 6. They not onely slew him and his family, but butchcrlike haggled their bodies. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I I . 68. They abused him to his face, and with their knives would cut and haggle his gown. Wood, i'asti, I.

giologic.

hagiologist (ha-ji-ol'o-jist), n. [< hagiology + -ist.] One who writes or treats of the lives of the saints. If we read the accounts of the hagiologist a, all is done by Dunstan, and we see nothing of Eadgar. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 306.

2. To tease; worry. [Prov. Eng.] II. intram. To bargain in a petty and tedious hagiology (ha-ji-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ayiog, sacred, -?uyyia, j ( l v - aa saint, + manner; higgle; stick at small matters; cavil TLGr. < < Àéyeiv, speak: see 1. That branch of literature which They never make two words upon the Price, all they -ology.] treats of the lives and legends of the saints; hagle about is the Day of Payment. Vaiibrugh, Confederacy, i. the list and legends of' the saints, and, by exHe has hundreds of tubs full of dollars in his vaults, tension, of popular heroes. and haggles with mo about a poor thousand louis. Macaulay, Frederic the Great. I t is not for incn of rank like us to haggle and chaifer about rewards. De Quincey, Esscnes, ii.

To write a hagiology of the Eastern Church would be a stupendous undertaking. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 759. The seventh century, which, together with the eighth, haggle 1 ( h a g ' l ) , n. [ < haggle1, v . ] A h a g g l i n g forms the darkest period of the dark ages, is famous in or chaffering. Fallows. the hagiology, as having produced more saints than any 2f. [By confusion with hag1, hagged.] A hag; haggle 2 (hag'l), v. i.; pret. and pp. haggled, ppr. other century, except that of the martyrs. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I I . 253. an ugly old woman; also, a wanton. haggling. [< HE. hagelen, etc., hail: see hail1, In the hagiology of each nation, the law-giver was in Is this your perch, you haggardfly to the stews. v.] To hail. Bailey, 1731. [Prov. Eng.] each case some man of eloquent tongue, whose sympathy Webster, White Devil, haggler (hag'ler), n. [Formerly also hagler; < brought hiin face to face with the extremes of society. Beneath the gloomy covert of an yew, E'lnerxon, Clubs. haggle1 4- -cr1.] 1. One who haggles or chafIn a dark grot, the baleful haggard lay, fers ; one who cavils and makes difficulty. 2. A history or description of the sacred writBreathing black vengeance, and infecting day. All this huckstering and haggling, upon what the hag- ings. Garth. p Z m a n d hucksterers themselves know is certain to be h a g i O S C O D e ( h a ' i i - 0 - s k ô p ) , n. [ < G r . ânoc, sahaggard 2 (hag'ard), a. [ A corruption of hug- done, nnnfl . . . must muet . . . t.onrl fi in l-Vio " T I r " - A V -. , ' -, ' tend tiMliminiaVi to diminish confidence the I n medieval arch., an governing classes, if not to induce new misgivings as to c r e d , + cKOTiiv, v i e w . ] I know, her spirits are as coy and wild As haggards of the rock. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1. What are we to cxpect but to prove haggards and settle upon carrion, even while we aim our flight at public justice? Goldsmith, Phanor.

ged, q. v., by confusion with the formerly more Gladstone, Gleanings, 1.1&2. opening in a wall, screen, or barrier of a church, common word haggard1, q. v.] 1. Wild-look- their good faith. ing, as from prolonged suffering, terror, or 2f. In London, a middleman in the vegetable- to afford a view of the chief altar to worshipers in the chapels or side aisles; a squint. See want; careworn; gaunt; wildly staring. markets ; a huckster or forestaller of green prosquin t. duce. Those . . . whose haggard eyes Elash desperation.

Cowper, Task, i. 501.

2. Desperately wild; reckless: with reference to an act. [Rare.]

Dorscrs are peds, or panniers, carried on the backs of horses, on which hagler* use to ride and carry their commodities. Fuller, Worthies, Dorsetshire.

Through the reredos into a little sacristy, from which the prior or his deputy could see through throe hagioscopes into the chapel. Abbeys and Churches (ed. Bonney), p. 262.

3. A bungler. [Prov. Eng.] hagioscopic (ha/ji-o-skop'ik), a. [< hagioscope hag-gull (hag'gul), n. The hagden. + -¿c.] Of or pertaining to a hagioscope or hagiarchy (ha'ji-ar-ki), n. [< Gr. ay tog, sacred, squint; resembling or serving the purpose of a holy, devoted to the gods (cf. Skt. s/yaj, make hagioscope: as, a hagioscopic opening, offering or sacrifice), + apx^tv, rule.] A sacred hagiosemantron (ha'ji-o-se-nian'tron), n. [< haggard 3 ( h a g ' a r d ) , [ S c . also haggart; prob. or sacerdotal government; government by the Gr. ayiog, sacred, + cfyavrpw, a signal, a bell: o f S c a n d . o r i g i n , as i f < hag3 = hay'* = yard2 = priests or clergy. Southey. , r „ s e e semantrm.'] _$ea>_isci)Mntron. haw1 + gard1, garth1.'] A stack-yard. [Eng.] hagiocracy (ha-ji-ok'ra-si), hagiosideron (ha^ji-o-si-de'ron), n.; pi. hagioWhen the barn was full, any one might thrash in the sacred, + -Kparia, < sparely, govern.] Governsidera ( - r a j . [ < G r . ayio