Canadian corrections [Fifth edition] 9780176700034, 9780176827076, 017670003X

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Griffiths Murdoch

Canadian Corrections

Canadian Corrections

Fifth Edition

Canadian Corrections Fifth Edition

Fifth Edition

nelson.com ISBN-13: 978-0-17-670003-4 ISBN-10: 0-17-670003-X

9 780176 700034

Curt T. Griffiths Danielle J. Murdoch

Canadian Corrections FIFTH Edition

Curt T. Griffiths Simon Fraser University

Danielle J. Murdoch Simon Fraser University

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Canadian Corrections, Fifth Edition by Curt T. Griffiths and Danielle J. Murdoch

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Griffiths, Curt T. (Curt Taylor), 1948–, author Canadian corrections / Curt T. Griffiths, Danielle J. Murdoch. — Fifth edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats.

1. Corrections—Canada—Textbooks. I. Murdoch, Danielle J., 1983–, author II. Title. HV9507.G75 2017 C2017-904618-7 C2017-904619-5

364.60971

ISBN-13: 978-0-17-670003-4 ISBN-10: 0-17-670003-X

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

To my mentor: Dr. Robert W. Balch and To Dr. William J. Griffiths (Will), M.D., Ph.D., my brother, my hero. — C. T. Griffiths

To my love, Michael, and To our daughter, Ophelia, our greatest adventure yet! — D. J. Murdoch

To the memory of Dr. Elizabeth “Liz” Elliott A true champion of social justice — C.T. Griffiths and D. J. Murdoch

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Brief Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

PART I

CANADIAN CORRECTIONS: SETTING THE FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1 Perspectives on Crime and Punishment . . . . . . . 2 Chapter 2 The Origins and Evolution of Canadian Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chapter 3 Contemporary Canadian Corrections . . . . . . . . . 44 Chapter 4 Sentencing: Beginning the Corrections Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 PART II

CORRECTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY: ALTERNATIVES TO CONFINEMENT . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 5 Alternatives to Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 PART III

INCARCERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Chapter 6 Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7 Working Inside: The Experience of Correctional Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 Doing Time: The Experience of Inmates . . . . . Chapter 9 Classification, Case Management, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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vi

Brief Contents

PART IV

RETURNING TO THE COMMUNITY: RELEASE, RE-ENTRY, AND REINTEGRATION . . 281

Chapter 10 Release from Incarceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter 11 Re-entry and Life After Prison . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 PART V

SPECIAL POPULATIONS IN CORRECTIONS . . . . 361

Chapter 12 Women Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Chapter 13 Indigenous Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Chapter 14 Young Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 PART VI

GOING FORWARD: REFORMING CORRECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Chapter 15 Creating Effective Systems of Corrections . . . . 472 Glossary of Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

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Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

PART I

CANADIAN CORRECTIONS: SETTING THE FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1 Perspectives on Crime and Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A Definition of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Process of Correctional Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Early Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The British Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Perspectives on Crime, Offenders, and Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Classical (Conservative) School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Positivist (Liberal) School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Critical (Radical) School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Functions of Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The Objectives of Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Corrections, Punitive Penology, and Penal Populism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mass Incarceration and the Move Toward Decarceration in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Class/Group Discussion Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 2 The Origins and Evolution of Canadian Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 The Creation of the Canadian Penitentiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Local Jails and Provincial Prisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Late 1800s and Early 1900s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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viii CONTENTS The Beginnings of Modern Reform: 1930–1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Early 21st Century: The Swinging    Pendulum of Canadian Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The Functions and Symbolism of Canadian Prison Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Correctional Inquiries: Facilitating Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Reflections on Corrections History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Critical Thinking Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Class/Group Discussion Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 3 CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN CORRECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The Legislative Framework of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Constitution Act (1867) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Federal Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) . . . . . . 45 Provincial and Territorial Corrections Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 International Agreements and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The Correctional Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The Mandate and Goals of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Corrections in a Democratic Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Human Rights and Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Accountability and a Concern with the Rule of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The “Who” and the “What” of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The “Who” of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The “What” of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Corrections as a Political Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Corrections as a Philosophy for Responding to Criminal offenders. . 52 Corrections as a Subsystem of the Criminal Justice System . . . . . . . 52 Corrections as a Range of Programs Delivered in Community and Institutional Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 The Structure of Contemporary Canadian Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 The Split in Correctional Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 The Federal System of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Provincial/Territorial Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Parole Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Costs of Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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CONTENTS ix

Oversight: The Federal Correctional Investigator, Provincial Ombudspersons, and Auditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Citizen’s Advisory Committees (CACs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 The Private, Not-for-Profit Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Corrections and the Canadian Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The NIMBY Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Restorative Justice: An Alternative Approach to Crime and Criminal Offenders . 64 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Critical Thinking Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Class/Group Discussion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Chapter 4 Sentencing: Beginning the Corrections Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 The Purpose and Principles of Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 The Goals of Sentencing: The Cases of Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones . . . . 74 Utilitarian Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Retributive Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Restorative Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 What Sentences Did Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones Receive? . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Sentencing Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Sentencing Indigenous Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Judicial Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Life Imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Dangerous Offenders and Long-Term Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 How Judges Decide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 You Be the Judge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Specialized Problem-Solving Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 The Effectiveness of Specialized Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Sentencing in a Restorative Justice Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Circle Sentencing: A Restorative Justice Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Restorative Community Justice: The Collaborative Justice Program, Ottawa-Carleton Judicial District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The Effectiveness of Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Critical Thinking Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Class/Group Discussion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Answers for Box 4.2, “You Be the Judge” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 NEL

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x CONTENTS

PART II

CORRECTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY: ALTERNATIVES TO CONFINEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 5 Alternatives to Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 The Issue of Net-Widening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Intermediate Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Electronic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Probation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Recruitment and Training of Probation Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Role and Responsibilities of Probation Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Types of Supervision Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Probation Case Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Dual Role of Probation Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 The Application of RNR to Probation Practice: The STICS Initiative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 The Use of Motivational Interviewing in Probation Practice . . . . . . . 120 Programs for Probationers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Intensive Supervision Probation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Challenges for Probation Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 The Stress Levels of Probation Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Probation Officer Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Supervising High-Need Probationers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Heavy Workloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 High Caseloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 A Lack of PO–Offender Contact and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Increasing Needs and Risks of Probationers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Requirement to Provide Probation Services in Remote and Northern Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Supervising a Diverse Clientele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Experience of Probationers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 The Effectiveness of Alternatives to Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Class/Group Discussion Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

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Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.



PART III

CONTENTS xi

INCARCERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Chapter 6 Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Types of Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Security Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Specialized Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Forensic Psychiatric and Treatment Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Indigenous Healing Lodges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 The Attributes of Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Prisons Are Asked to Pursue Conflicting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Prisons Are Political and Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Prisons Are Total Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Roles and Responsibilities in Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Incarceration in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Trends in Federal Inmate Populations, 2005 to 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 The Challenges of Operating and Managing Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . 146 Meeting the Requirements of Legislation and Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Increasing Accountability and the Rule of Law and Justice . . . . . . . . . 147 Managing Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Conditions in Correctional Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 The Growth in Remand Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 The Changing Offender Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Elderly Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 The Mentally Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Offenders Suffering from Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Offenders with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Overcrowding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 The Impact of Overcrowding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Inmate Gangs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Ensuring Inmate Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Preventing Disorder and Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 The Use of Segregation ������������������������������������������������������������������������157 The Use of Administrative Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Admissions to Segregation ������������������������������������������������������������� 158 The Debate over Solitary Confinement����������������������������������������� 158 The Impact of Solitary Confinement��������������������������������������������� 159 Health Issues and Infectious Diseases��������������������������������������������������� 160 High-Risk Behaviour����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161 Prevention Strategies���������������������������������������������������������������������� 161 Interdiction Strategies��������������������������������������������������������������������� 162 Detention and Correctional Facilities in the North����������������������������� 163

NEL

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xii CONTENTS The Effectiveness of Incarceration��������������������������������������������������������������������� 163 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Critical Thinking Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Class/Group Discussion Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Chapter 7 Working Inside: The Experience of Correctional Officers������������������������������������������� 175 Roles and Responsibilities��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Recruitment and Training������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Correctional Service Canada����������������������������������������������������������������� Provincial/Territorial Training�������������������������������������������������������������� Going Inside: The Socialization of New Correctional Officers��������������������������� Patterns of Relationships among COs��������������������������������������������������������������� A Typology of COs������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Dualists��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Punishers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Moral Relativists������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� CO–Inmate Relationships and Patterns of Accommodation������������������������������� The Agendas of COs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� Exercising Authority: COs’ Discretion and Decision Making������������� The Exercise and Abuse of Power��������������������������������������������������������������������� Use of Force������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Ethics, Professionalism, and Corruption����������������������������������������������������������� Relationships with the Prison Administration��������������������������������������������������� Relationships with Treatment Staff ����������������������������������������������������������������� Stress Among Correctional Officers ����������������������������������������������������������������� Threats to Personal Security����������������������������������������������������������������� Lack of Support and Respect����������������������������������������������������������������� The Emphasis on Inmate Rights����������������������������������������������������������� Multiple Tasks���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Inadequate Training������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The Impact on Personal Life����������������������������������������������������������������� Shift Work ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The Impact of Prison Conditions ��������������������������������������������������������� The Impact of Critical Incidents����������������������������������������������������������� The Experience of Women COs����������������������������������������������������������������������� The Role of Correctional Officer Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

176 177 177 178 179 180 181 181 182 182 183 185 186 187 188 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 194 194 194 195 195 195 197 198 198 199 200 NEL

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CONTENTS xiii

Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Class/Group Discussion Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Chapter 8 Doing Time: The Experience of Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 A General Profile of Inmate Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Indigenous Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Black Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 The Health of Inmate Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Going Inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Living Inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 The Pains of Imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 The Inmate Social System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Inmate Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 The Inmate Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Status and Power among Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Violence and Exploitation Among Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Institutional Features That Contribute to Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Vulnerable Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Sexual Coercion and Rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 The Radicalization of Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Parting Thoughts on the Inmate Social System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Coping with Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Drugs and Contraband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Sexual Gratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Mature Coping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Failing to Cope with Confinement: Self-Injurious Behaviour and Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Self-Injurious Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Doing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Prison as “Home”: The State-Raised Offender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Inmate Relationships and Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 The Children of Inmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Maintaining Family Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Role of Families in Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Inmate Grievances and Complaints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 NEL

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

xiv CONTENTS Class/Group Discussion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Chapter 9 Classification, Case Management, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Classification and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Case Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Classification Tools and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Risk and Needs Profiles of Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 The Correctional Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Institutional Treatment Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 The CSC Integrated Correctional Program Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Treating High-Risk Offenders: Sex Offender Treatment Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Short-Changing Low-Risk Offenders? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Community Involvement in Institutional Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Inmate Community Services Projects and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 The Principles of Effective Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Creating the Conditions for Effective Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Inmate Amenability to Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Inmate Access to Programs and Program Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Potential Obstacles to Effective Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Punishment versus Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Doing Time and Doing Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 The Expectations of Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Short Periods of Confinement: Inmate Access to Programs . . . . . . . . 261 Low Rates of Inmate Participation and Program Completion . . . . . . . 262 Program Fidelity, Program Drift, and Therapeutic Integrity . . . . . . . . 262 The Importance of Throughcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 The Ethics of Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Does Correctional Treatment Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Measuring the Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 265 What Works in Correctional Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 “Nothing Works” versus “Some Things Work”: The Legacy of Robert Martinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Class/Group Discussion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 NEL

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.



PART IV

CONTENTS xv

RETURNING TO THE COMMUNITY: RELEASE, RE-ENTRY, AND REINTEGRATION . . . 281

Chapter 10 Release from Incarceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 The Origins of Early Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 The Purpose and Principles of Conditional Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Types of Conditional Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Judicial Recognizances for Sex Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 The Changing Face of Conditional Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Pre-release Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 The Parole File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 The Parole Hearing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 The Inmate and Parole Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 The Parole Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Victims and Conditional Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Inmate Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Issues in Parole Board Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Boards May Be Subject to Public and Political Influence . . . . . . . . . . . 307 The Absence of Clearly Defined Release Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 The Absence of Case Information Feedback to Parole Board Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Key Points Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Key Term Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Critical Thinking Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Class/Group Discussion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Media Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Chapter 11 Re-entry and Life After Prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 The Reintegration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Throughcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coming Back: The Pains of Re-entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Challenges of the Newly Released . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Dynamic Needs of Offenders on Conditional Release . . . . . . . . Housing and Homelessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical and Mental Health Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The “State-Raised” Offender and Re-entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parole Officers and the Supervision of Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Dual Function of Parole Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parole Officer Safety: A Death in Yellowknife ������������������������������������� Re-entry Courts: A Problem-Solving Approach �����������������������������������������������

323 324 326 327 327 328 328 329 329 331 332 333

NEL

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

xvi CONTENTS Special Offender Populations on Conditional Release������������