Bâb edh-Dhrâ': Excavations at the Town Site (1975–1981), 2 part set: Part 1: Text; Part 2: Plates (including CD-ROM) 9781575065496

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BÂB EDH-DHRº: EXCAVATIONS AT THE TOWN SITE (1975–1981) Part 1: Text

REPORTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE DEAD SEA PLAIN, JORDAN VOLUME 2

BÂB EDH-DHRº: EXCAVATIONS AT THE TOWN SITE (1975–1981)

The Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain is a sponsored project of

The American Schools of Oriental Research

Bâb edh-Dhrâº: Excavations at the Town Site (1975–1981) Part 1: Text

by

Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub

with contributions by Jack Donahue; Jack R. Harlan; David W. McCreery; Susan K. Short; Mark A. McConaughy; R. Maddin, J. D. Muhly, and T. Stech; Nancy Lapp; Nancy H. Broeder and H. Catherine W. Skinner; J. M. Adovasio, R. L. Andrews, J. S. Illingworth, C. A. Pappas, and E. A. Oliver; John R. Lee; and James M. Weinstein

Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003

Copyright © 2003 Eisenbrauns All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (1965–1967) Bab edh-Dhraº: excavations in the cemetery directed by Paul W. Lapp (1965– 67) / by R. Thomas Schaub and Walter E. Rast; with contributions by Wilton Marion Krogman . . . [et al.]. p. cm.—(Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan; v. 1) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-931464-51-X 1. Bab edh-Dhraº Site (Jordan) 2. Bronze age—Jordan. 3. Tombs—Jordan. 4. Jordan—Antiquities. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)— Jordan. I. Lapp, Paul W. II. Schaub, R. Thomas, 1933– . III. Rast, Walter E., 1930– . IV. Title. V. Series: Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (1965–67). Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan; v. 1. DS154.9.D38E9 vol. 1 [DS154.9.B32] 933 s—dc20 [939u.46]

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘

for

Susanna and Marilyn

CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Supporters of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv 1. The 1975–1981 Excavations at the Town Site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . .

1

2. Geology and Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Jack Donahue

3. Natural Resources of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Jack R. Harlan†

4. The Shaft Tomb Pastoralists of Stratum V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5. The Pottery of Stratum V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6. The Stratum IV Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7. The Pottery of Stratum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8. The Stratum III Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9. The Pottery of Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10. The Stratum II Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 11. The Pottery of Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 12. The Stratum I Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 13. The Pottery of Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 14. The Paleoethnobotany of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 David W. McCreery

15. Palynology of the Town Site and Its Surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Susan K. Short

16. Chipped Stone Tools at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Mark A. McConaughy

17. Metallurgical Studies on Copper Artifacts from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 R. Maddin, J. D. Muhly, and T. Stech

18. Cylinder Seals, Impressions, and Incised Sherds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Nancy Lapp

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19. Jewelry and Ornaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Nancy H. Broeder and H. Catherine W. Skinner

20. Basketry Impressions and Weaving Accoutrements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 J. M. Adovasio, R. L. Andrews, and J. S. Illingworth with C. A. Pappas and E. A. Oliver

21. Worked Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 John R. Lee

22. A New Set of Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 James M. Weinstein

PREFACE

This final report on excavations at the town site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠contains the results of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain between 1975 and 1981. The central objective of the expedition was to bring the Early Bronze Age occupation of the southeast Dead Sea Plain in Jordan to life by excavation, survey, and multidisciplinary exploration. As the largest Early Bronze Age site in the southern Ghor, Bâb edhDhr⺠was the focus because the site’s size and much longer history attest to the fact that the peoples at this particular location spearheaded the occupation of the region from the latter part of the fourth to the end of the third millennium b.c. Even the expedition’s decision to excavate a second settlement at Numeira along with cemeteries and burials at Feifa and Khanazir was part of the single focus on investigating what led to such widespread settlement in the southern Ghor, undoubtedly the most populous period in the region as a whole before modern times. Throughout the project we were motivated by aspirations to present a humanistic study concentrating on the Early Bronze peoples of the southern Ghor. It would be hubris to think that all the problems regarding the Early Bronze Age peoples in the southern Ghor have now been resolved and all the explanations finalized. Indeed, more challenges for research in this region remain, and therefore we have left an abundance of unexcavated material at all of the sites for others to pursue. Industrial development and local plundering have in some cases taken a toll, but we are convinced that enough remains for further projects to carry on potentially meaningful and valuable work. The southeastern Dead Sea Plain is truly an unusual area for studying patterns of human movement and settlement from the late fourth to the end of the third millennium. The tombs and burials at identified sites in the region, numbering in the hundreds and even thousands, with dates spanning the entire period, provide a perspective on the density of the population. During part of this period, specifically during the first part of EB I, the population was transient, leaving few or no settlement remains. By the end of EB I, signs of longer-term occupation began to appear, which flourished through EB II and III until the still-mysterious EB IV phase saw the end of this long span of activity. That there were favorable conditions in the southern Ghor for such an intensity of settlement from the late fourth to the end of the third millennium marks this area as one of special importance in the studies being undertaken on both sides of the Jordan River to track the movement toward Early Bronze Age urban life. We regret that the final publication of our results could not have appeared earlier. The principal investigators as well as most of the staff have held or hold academic positions with other responsibilities. Thus the research and writing were necessarily sandwiched in during whatever free hours could be rescued from often-demanding schedules. Fortunately, a number of grants for longer periods of free time made it possible to pursue the work without interruption, and these are listed in the acknowledgment section (p. xi). Our academic institutions were also supportive in offering secretarial and other forms of institutional assistance, as well as by making allowances

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for free time through reduced teaching loads or sabbaticals. These are also acknowledged. Finally, it has to be said that the retirements of the principal investigators have been a boon for bringing this publication to completion, and this is a testimony to the amount that can be completed during post academic life. Despite the constraints of time many gains have been made over the past 20 years in researching, processing, and reflecting on the data unearthed in our seasons at the town site. Initial presentations of the material remains appeared in preliminary reports published after each season, and many articles were written by staff members on aspects of the excavations (see the bibliography). A number of dissertations devoted to study of the cultural and human remains were completed. Younger staff members cut their teeth on Early Bronze Age archaeology in connection with the project’s work in the field and in publication, and some were able to find full-time employment or to achieve tenured positions at universities because of their association with the expedition’s work. The results of their researches have also profited those who have studied their works—all of this while the main tasks of processing, organizing, and reflecting on the material remains have gone on by the principal investigators and members of the staff. These 20 years, in short, far from being lean years, have been richly productive years. Most important, in our estimation, the length of time during which these results have been studied has brought the town site and its Early Bronze occupants much closer to all of us who have been puzzling over and organizing the results. How does an archaeological site, finally, reveal its mysteries and challenges to those investigating it? There is a distinct advantage to having time to assimilate the implications of the many data from an area such as ours and time to consider the results of excavation in relation to the human beings who once occupied an area and carried on their activities there. A slower pace in processing the results can be a plus, for it permits returning again and again to the data, putting them in relation to each other, pressing the point of what all this means for an interpretation centered on the ancient people’s challenges, successes, and failures. Certainly it is the attempt at a humanistic interpretation that provides the most satisfying results of the energy, time, and resources put into this kind of work. We cannot pretend that we have reached the level of “reflexive archaeology” being practiced by Ian Hodder and colleagues, but our efforts have been aimed in this direction, despite the fact that by this time we are an “old dig.” With this publication, the expedition’s results at the town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are completed. Still awaiting final publication are the human remains from the cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, material of great promise for bioarchaeological research. Further final publication also involves the EB III site of Numeira and EB tombs at Feifa and Khanazir. These studies along with the faunal analysis of both Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira will be needed before we will be able to offer a final interpretive summary of the site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It is the principal investigators’ hope to be able to oversee the final publications of most if not all of this remaining material, but if increasing age steals away this aspiration, younger staff are already working on this material and adding their own reflections to it. As all of this happens, the objectives of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain in examining the Early Bronze Age in the southern Ghor as a whole will have come to their final fruition. In the final preparation of this volume, Walter Rast was responsible for the overall organization and for the initial editing of the manuscripts. Rast is the primary author

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of chaps. 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Thomas Schaub authored the chapters on pottery, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, and contributed the sections on the interior fields XIV, XVII, and XIX in chaps. 6, 8, and 10. Schaub also was responsible for the organization of the plates and appendixes of part 2. Both authors have benefited throughout from the critique of each other’s contributions so that what is presented here is the fruit of a long-term collaborative effort. In the final preparation of the pottery chapters and chapters 12, 15, 17, and 21, the assistance and editing skills of Marilyn Schaub were indispensable. Acknowledgments Major funding for this volume was provided by two sources. Initial preparation of the materials was enabled in part by a substantial 1985 grant from the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Since 1998, the research and compilation of the final manuscript was made possible through a generous grant from the Shelby White–Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. Following this preface is the complete list of endowments, institutions, corporations and individuals who have supported the EDSP. We are deeply indebted to all of these donors for their excitement about the project and confidence in its worth. The field work of the EDSP was funded by four matching grants (1975, 1977, 1979, and 1981) to the Co-Principal Investigators from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency. The American Schools of Oriental Research was the sponsoring institution. Two grants to Rast from the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society along with generous grants from corporations and individuals provided the necessary matching funds for the National Endowment grants. Support from the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) has been a strong enabling factor for the work of the expedition. From 1973 to 1981, a succession of ASOR presidents, the late G. Ernest Wright, Frank Moore Cross, and Philip J. King offered encouragement and guidance to the Co-directors in the original planning and execution of the field work. We are also indebted to Edward F. Campbell, former Vice-President for Archaeological Policy, who offered invaluable help in seeking grant support for the expedition, and to David Noel Freedman, former Vice President for Publications, for expediting the preliminary reports of the expedition. A succession of administrative directors of ASOR guided us through the demands of financial reporting to various agencies. We gratefully acknowledge the ongoing collegial support of the ASOR Committees of Archaeological Policy and Publications and ASOR Presidents, the late James A. Sauer, Kyle McCarter, Eric Meyers, and Joe Seger, during the long years of preparation of the final reports. In Jordan, critical support was provided by the directors of the American Center of Oriental Research. During the field seasons, George Mendenhall and the late James A. Sauer offered access to field equipment, along with guidance and encouragement. During future follow-up visits and research fellowship years in the 1980s and 1990s, ACOR Directors David McCreery, Bert De Vries, and Pierre and Patricia Bikai provided a bridge to helpful contacts in Jordan and provided continuous assistance at many levels to the staff of the EDSP. For the gracious help and continuous support of the director-generals and staffs of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, we are most appreciative. Mr. Yaqoub Ouweis helped our project get started in 1975, and Dr. Adnan Hadidi was ever helpful

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during the remaining seasons of fieldwork. During the years of research involving many returns to the Dead Sea Region, Dr. Ghazi Bisheh always welcomed the codirectors in Jordan and provided encouragement and guidance at every turn. Walter Rast expresses appreciation to Valparaiso University for several regular sabbaticals and for summer research grants during a number of summers between 1973 and 1996, with special thanks to Valparaiso University presidents: the late Albert Huegli, Robert Schnabel, and Alan Harre; and to the Committee on Creative Work and Research. He also expresses gratitude to the National Endowment for the Humanities for senior fellowships at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem during 1982–83 and 1994–95. Special thanks are offered to William Dever and Seymour Gitin, directors of the Albright Institute, and to George Mendenhall and the late James Sauer, directors of the American Center of Oriental Research in Amman. Thanks are also extended to the Gerda Henkel Stiftung in Düsseldorf for support at Tübingen University during 1989–90, with appreciation also to Professor Siegfried Mittmann for arranging the grant and for facilitating the stay in Tübingen. R. Thomas Schaub wishes to acknowledge the major assistance he received from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Ongoing research for the project was made possible by faculty research grants in 1976, 1978, and 1988; a summer research grant in 1985; and sabbatical awards for 1982–83, 1989–90, and 1996–97. Continuing support for his involvement in research in Jordan was offered by Presidents Robert Wilburn, John D. Welty, John E. Worthen; Provosts Hilda Richards and Mark Staszkiewicz; and Deans Gerald Stacy, Joseph Gallanar, Oliver Ford, and Brenda Carter. Encouragement and support was never lacking from department colleagues and chairpersons Robert Hermann, Sharon Montgomery, Joel Mlecko, and Albert Bouffard. Gratitude is also extended by Schaub to the National Endowment for the Humanities for a research fellowship in 1982–83 and to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars for a Fulbright Scholar Research Grant in 1989–91, which provided additional necessary support during sabbatical years. The curators and staff of the Eugene O’Neil Research Center of Carnegie Institute have provided invaluable help and space for the processing and storage of a large percentage of the artifacts of the EDSP. Special thanks are owed to Curators James B. Richardson III, David R.Walters, and Verna L. Cowin; Collection Manager Deborah G. Harding; and Conservationist Joan S. Gardiner. Volunteer Eric Blaustein helped to organize the storage of the material and created an indispensable shelf list. Special thanks are also due Donald Ortner and Bruno Fröhlich of the Smithsonian Institution for their assistance to the project at many levels and to Marie Reilly Fröhlich, who inventoried the large collection of sherd material stored at the Smithsonian Institution. We are grateful for the expertise of many individuals who helped in the preparation of the illustrations for this volume. Cartographer Jeannine Schonta created the maps of the region and the overall site plans. In the field, the architectural drawings were prepared by Jennifer Loynd. For the publication, Josef Englert completed all of the plans and sections for Fields XI, XII, IV/XIII, and XVI. Plans and sections for Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX were contributed by Amber King, Aron Schmid, and Chuck Rotella. Flint drawings for chapter 16 were produced by Gerry Wagner. Marie Heerkens did the original sketches for the ground stone illustrations in chap. 21. Brian Ruskin and Don Romagno contributed the drawings and charts for chap. 2.

PREFACE

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Graphic charts and pottery figures for chapters 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 were prepared by Aron Schmid. Robert H. Johnston oversaw the photographic record of the Expedition, including all of the processing and printing. Photography during the 1975–77 seasons was done by Christine Helms and for the 1979–81 season by Henry Cowherd. Major contributions of other individuals in the preparation of the drawings and ware descriptions are recognized in the preface of part 2. We are also most grateful to Jim Eisenbraun and his staff for the care and concern with which they responded to the many challenges in producing this volume. Finally, we need to express our deepest appreciation for the continuous support and reassurance of our wives, Susanna and Marilyn, who through the past 30 years have accepted and endorsed our absorption in the mysteries of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. They exhibited great patience with our sustained stretches of preoccupied thought with the problems of the Early Bronze Age and shared our joys over infrequent insights. We dedicate this volume to them. Without their support and encouragement, this work would not have appeared. Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub March 30, 2003

SUPPORTERS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE DEAD SEA PLAIN, JORDAN Endowments, Foundations, and Funding Agencies National Endowment for the Humanities The Shelby White–Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications National Geographic Society Indiana University of Pennsylvania Foundation Hunt Foundation Kyle-Kelso Excavation Fund Chuck Wheeler Christian Foundation Institutions American Schools of Oriental Research American Center of Oriental Research, Amman Department of Antiquities, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Valparaiso University, Committee on Creative Work and Research Indiana University of Pennsylvania St. John’s University (Collegeville, MN)

Smithsonian Institution Rochester Institute of Technology The Carnegie, Museum of Natural History, Section of Man Harvard University Semitic Museum Pittsburgh Theological Seminary British Museum University of Montana Kansas State University Biblical Archaeology Society, Pittsburgh Chapter Illinois State Museum Musées Royaux d’art et d’histoire, Brussels, Belgium Episcopal Academy, Merion, PA 11:30 Community, Pittsburgh, PA Shadyside Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, PA

Corporations and Businesses Dynac Corporation Ernst & Whinney Jacobs International Limited, Inc.

MacAllister Machinery Co., Inc. SL Industries, Inc. Weller Grossman Productions, Inc.

Individuals Colonel and Mrs. Floyd M. Johnson, Jr. P. E. MacAllister Richard J. Scheuer Frank J. Schneider Fred A. Reddel, Sr. Fred A. Reddel, Jr. Mazie N. Reddel John J. Weyandt Bettye Young john Mr. and Mrs. Walter Ramshaw

Doug Moret Michael M. Ameen, Jr. Ted D. and Shirley Taubeneck Henry J. Hillman Sally H. Childs Dr. Robert A. Coughenour William D. Pettit Russell and Martha Bradley Alan and Francine Lef kowitz Dr. Donald E. Gowan

SUPPORTERS OF THE EXPEDITION Dr. Jared Jackson Dr. Robert Kelley Charles and Charlotte Dunning Ian and Lucille Rawson Nancy Mitchell Senator (Indiana State) William Costas F. F. Samman Elsie L. Gruel Mr. and Mrs. James McGill John Rosenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Jerry D. Korsmeyer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Smith Joseph J. Jacobs Nancy A. Broeeder Dr. James L. Kelso Robin Brown Mr. and Mrs. William G. Erat Mr. and Mrs. Walter E. Lindemann Roger E. Landgrebe Eleanor W. Smith Chuck Wheeler W. H. Gouty Richard E. Meier John B. Lowenstine Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Aldrich Douglas Heyvaert

Mr. and Mrs. Neil Curlee Robert Ingram Winifred Dickinson William J. Rodewald Janet Oellig Max and Victoria Green Barbro Evans Carl R. Helms Thomas and Doris Gilbert Georg Nickles Donald and Ruth Jones Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Ruthenbeck Eldred F. Penke Dr. and Mrs. Theodore D. Bean Walter K. Schmidt Don Stoltman Brendan T. Kirby W. Lee Hicks Maureen S. Block George L. and Dolores P. Zitner Krista M. Reitz James M. Flynn David G. and Ann T. Wilkins Henrietta Chotiner Sol J. and Clara Metlin

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations used for faunal material in the Primary Locus Lists AR—Anthropod B or BB or BD—Bird bone BM—Butcher marks BO—Burned, Oxidized (black) BR—Burned, Reduced (white) BT—Cattle (Bos Taurus) BV—Bivalve CH—Charcoal CR—Crystals D—Donkey (Equus asinus) GRB—Green break Gt—Goat GZ—Gazelle HC—Horn core HU—Human IM—Immature LM—Large mammal (larger than Sh/Gt) M—Mammal MB—Medium bird MM—Medium mammal (cat-dog size; up to Sh/Gt size) MS—Marine shell

NB—Newborn OC—Ossifed cartilage P—Pig (see SS) RG—Rodent gnawed RT—Rodent tooth SB—Small bird Sh—Sheep Sh/Gt—Sheep/Goat SM—Small mammal (smaller than cats) SN—Snake SO or SP—spall SS—Pig (Sus Scrofa; see P) T—Tooth TM—Tool marks UDM—Unidentified mammal UM—Use mark UN or UI—Unidentifed UT—Ungulate teeth W—Wolf WB—Worked bone

Abbreviations used in the pottery tables and figures of Chapters 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 A—appliqué design (see also PA/PAP) BA—Base BR—Large to medium-large bowl BS—Body sherd BU—Burnish C—Coarse temper c—centimeters cc—cubic centimeters CH—Column handle C/L—Coarse/Limestone temper d—diameter EH—Ear handle FD—Field Fig.—Figure HB—Holemouth bowl (also HMB) H/M—Height-to-mouth ratio HMJ—Holemouth jar (also HR) HMB—Holemouth bowl (also HB) HR—Holemouth Jar ( also HMJ) JB—Jar base JR/JU—Jar or juglet LCW—Light, cream ware LE—Ledge handle LO—Loop handle

Loc—Locus N—Nubian sand temper NN—Narrow neck vessel NV—Necked vessel OBW—Orange Burnished Ware OCW—Orange Chalky Ware P—Paint (see also SP—slip paint) PI/PIN—incised, punctate decoration PA/PAP—appliqué decoration (see also A) PB—Platter bowl Reg. #—Registration number SL—Slip SP—Wash/slip paint (see also P) SP—Spoon SR—Medium-small to small bowl ST—Subtotal SV—Spouted vessel TYP—Vessel Type TOT—Total UN—Unknown WS—Wadi Sand temper WSB—Wide, shallow bowl WFB—Wide, shallow, flat base bowl Z—Special wadi sand source for temper

LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13

2.14 2.15 2.16

2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Ghor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map showing the relation of the town site and cemetery area (note Areas J and H) . . . . . . . . Aerial photo of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠looking northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site and surroundings, with excavation areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site where moderate sediment depositional rates are contemporaneous with wall line construction . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site where erosion is occurring . Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site under stable conditions where neither significant erosion nor deposition is occurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topographic map of the Southeast Dead Sea Plain showing the location of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Numeira, Safi, Feifa and Khanazir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratigraphic column showing standard subdivisions of geologic time with radiometric BP absolute dates for the beginning and end of major time subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of Dead Sea area showing major faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ninety-year record of earthquake activity in the Dead Sea area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Climatic fluctuation as suggested from three different data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrammatic stratigraphic column representing the four different lithologies present within the Dana Conglomerate exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artist’s sketch of probable topographic conditions around Bâb edh-Dhrâº, after erosion of upper surface of Dana Conglomerate and before deposition of Lisan Marl gravel facies . . . Location of measured stratigraphic sections at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. All three sections are measured from the floor of the Wadi Kerak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrammatic illustration for three measured stratigraphic columns of pre-cultural lithologic units in the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see fig. 2.11 for their locations) . . . . . . . . Paleogeologic map of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠showing probable topography and geology of the surface on which Early Bronze people began their occupation during Early Bronze IA time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Sea level curve proposed by Bruins (1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artist’s sketch of landscape around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during EB III time, after construction of town wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Cross-section of probable configuration of exterior town wall at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. B. Diagrammatic longitudinal cross section showing wall construction on uphill slope north of Lapp’s (1966) trench which cut through the stone wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present condition of town wall where the two lower rock construction units are still preserved in a few places at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artist’s sketch of landscape around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠at the present time with erosion into the interior of the site by the western and eastern tributaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrammatic cross-section of the Wadi Kerak at several different points in time . . . . . . . . . . Contour map of the town site showing the distribution of boulder/cobble fields across the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contour map of town site showing an estimated thickness for post-occupational sheetwash deposits over the area of the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surviving specimen of Acacia tortilis, between Wadi Isal and Numeira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surviving specimen of Christ’s thorn, Ziziphus spina-christi, Ghor el-Masraªa . . . . . . . . . . . . ºAin Maghra at Haditha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three EB IA shaft tombs cut into marl in Area F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of Tomb F 4A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of the north balk of Area H 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drawing of the north balk section of Area H 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 5 9 13 19 20 21 22 25 26 32 36 37 38 39 40

42 43 45

46 48 49 50 51 54 57 58 61 66 67 69 71

xviii 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3

LIST OF FIGURES

Stratum V Jars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum V Bowls, Handles, and Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Balk section of Area F 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IV ash layers (Loci 4, 16) below later Stratum II Wall 63 with its posthole . . . . . . . . Corners of Wall 11 of Stratum IV in Area J 2 and Wall 12 of Stratum V below; looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 West Balk section in Area J 2, showing Walls 11 and 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Stratum IV mud-brick walls and hearth (Locus 50 in Field XII.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Hearth Locus 50 in Field XII.4 with base of later sanctuary wall above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Wall 29 in Field XII.9 left of meter stick, looking southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 West Balk section in Fields XII.7 and 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 East Balk section E–Eu in Field IV.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10 Stratum IV mud-brick Wall 75 of Field XIII.2A in lowest level of the trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 Small stone-lined cist cut into Stratum IV surface in Field II.7; note the bones of a bat in the bottom (Lapp excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12 Plan of Field XI; note Stratum IV Walls 40 in Field XI.6 and 76 in XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13 Looking east at the location of Field XIV in the central area of the town site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.14 Looking south at Field XIV.6 prior to excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Stratum IV Holemouth Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Stratum IV Jars, Juglets and Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Stratum IV Bowls, Spoons and Decorated Sherds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 Aerial photo of Field XII with arrow pointing north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Plan of the Stratum III sanctuary (Sanctuary B) with five columns through the center of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Interior of sanctuaries in Field XII looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Field I.1 looking west at east face of town wall, Wall B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Remains of mud-brick Wall B below stone Wall A above in section cut across the walls in Field II.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Drawing of cut section portrayed in figure 8.5 (Lapp Excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Looking north at Field II.7 in left foreground and Field I.5 and I.1 behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 West section in Field IV.1 showing mud-brick Wall 14 of Stratum III below town Wall A above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Bone tool a little over 6 cm long used for boring holes for bonding mud-brick walls to Lisan marl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 Photo looking southwest at Field XI.6 on left and Field XI.2 on right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11 Plan of walls and rooms of Strata IV and III in Field XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12 Section C–Cu in XI.2 showing Stratum IIID Wall 76 with associated layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.13 Photo of XI.2 looking west at circular Wall 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.14 Drawing of Section G–Gu, the west balk in XI.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.15 Photo of Stratum IIIA Walls 33 and 5 in XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.16 Drawing of Section A–Au, the east balk of XI.2 and XI.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.17 Photo of XI.4 looking northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.18a Section Loci (SL) in the east balk of the deep trench in Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.18b Excavated Loci (EL) outlined over Section Loci (SL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.19 Photo of stump of Wall 261 protruding from West Balk of XIV.3; looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.20 Field XVII.1 looking southwest after cleanup and initial excavation in 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.21 Schematic showing the expansion of Field XVII.1 from a small trial to a larger excavation area between 1979 and 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.22 Plan of Stratum IIIA2 in Field XVII.1 with surface Locus 143, Walls 121 and 141, and plaster-lined circular feature Locus 150 (see fig. 8.27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.23 Photo of charred wood Locus 138 on stone Locus 159, both on surface Locus 143 from Stratum IIIA2 of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.24 West Balk section drawing of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.25 Photo of Field XVII.1 looking east and showing earliest phases excavated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.26 Photo of Locus 150 in XVII.1, looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.27 Photo of mud-brick Wall 131 of Stratum IIIA3 in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83 85 103 104 108 110 117 118 119 119 120 122 123 124 127 127 139 141 143 158 159 164 167 169 169 171 174 174 176 177 182 182 183 185 186 186 190 191 192 193 194 195 199 200 200 201 202

LIST OF FIGURES 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32

Photo looking south from Field XVI across an erosional depression to the slope on which Fields XVII–XIX were located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of lowest levels reached in Field XIX—Stratum IIID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Field XIX looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of Stratum IIIC of Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elevation drawing of Wall 48/105 and associated loci in Trench 89/90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Wall 48/105 in Field XIX looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Field XIX.2 looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Wall 97/110 looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of Stratum IIIB–A in Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of corner of south and east balks of Field XIX.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section drawing of the east balk of Field XIX.1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Holemouth Vessels and Column Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Jars, Pitchers, Jugs, and Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Bowls and Decorated Sherds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Bowls, Platter Bowls and Ledge Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of the town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of Field XI during Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Field XI.1 and 5, looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aerial photo of the Northeast Towers of Stratum II in Field XI, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone foundation of the west tower of Stratum II; looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rows of small stones in the foundation of the Stratum II east tower; looking north . . . . . . . . Remains of wooden beams within three stone rows of Locus 3 of Field XI.6 and 6A; looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section B–Bu in Field XI.2 (see figs. 6.12 and 8.11 for location) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo showing how mud-brick superstructure of Stratum II east tower was mortared to stone foundation below; looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall 5 in Field XI.3 looking southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall A on the west side of the town looking north in a photo take in 1977 prior to the new excavation of this area by the EDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of the Stratum II West Gate and Wall A in Fields IV and XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of east face of Wall A (Locus 7) in Field IV.6, looking southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mud bricks fallen from the superstructure of Wall A in Field XIII.2 (Locus 29) . . . . . . . . . . . . Mud bricks from Locus 29 of Field XIII.2 containing various markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two mud bricks with markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section A–Au through Wall A in Fields XIII and IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of North Balk of Field XIII.1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall A looking east in Field XIII.2 at the beginning of excavation in 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East face of Wall A (Locus 7 in Field IV.6), looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section C–Cu in Field IV.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clump of mud-brick (Locus 7) in Field IV.5 found east of Wall A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of wooden beam (Locus 79) within Wall 23 in Field XIII.2, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . Section B–Bu in Fields IV.4 and XIII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of blocking within the West Gate after mud-brick facing Locus 26 was removed, looking east in Field XIII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of blocking within the West Gate as the mud-brick facing of Locus 26 was being removed; looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall A with the West Gate opened to the point of blocking Wall 117, looking east . . . . . . . . . . East face of Wall A in Field IV.3, looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South side of Wall A in Field VIII.1 and 1A, looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North face of Wall A in Field VIII.1B, showing tabular stones used in this segment of the wall, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut terraces made in the natural marl for placement of the foundation stones of Wall A . . . . South Balk drawn section in Field II.1 showing construction of Wall A on terraces cut in the natural marl (Lapp Excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xix

203 208 209 210 211 211 212 213 214 216 217 231 233 237 241 243 252 254 257 257 258 258 259 260 261 262 267 268 269 269 270 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 279 280 281 282 283 284 285

xx

LIST OF FIGURES

10.33 Plan of Field XVI in Strata II and I, with sections indicated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 10.34 Stratum II Wall 18 in Field XVI.2 is in lower half of the photo; upper walls belong to Stratum I; looking southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 10.35 Section A–Au in Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 10.36 Entry (Locus 44) to Stratum II plastered Cult Building (Locus 36) in Field XVI.3 and 4, looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 10.37 Close-up photo of cut stone, reg. no. 3101 (Locus 49), in Cult Building 36 in Field XVI.4, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 10.38 Photo showing south wall of Cult Structure in Field XVI.3 and 4, with cut stone . . . . . . . . . . 295 10.39 Special objects of Stratum II found in different locations of Field XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 10.40 Section drawing of South Balk of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 10.41 Plan of Stratum IIB2 and IIB1 building remains in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 10.42 Photo of mud-brick Walls 75 and 66 in Field XVII.1, looking south; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 10.43 Photo looking toward the south balk in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 10.44 Fragments of large storage jar (Locus 39) north of Wall 66 of Stratum IIB1 in Field XVII.1, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 10.45 Plan of Stratum IIA4 building remains in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 10.46 Plan of Stratum IIA3 building remains in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 10.47 Photo of Wall 58/60 of Stratum IIA3 in Field XVII.1, looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 10.48 Plan of Stratum IID in Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 10.49 Elevation drawing of Walls 108 (Stratum IIIC) and 91 (Stratum IID) in Field XIX.2 . . . . . . . . 313 10.50 Drawn section of South Balk in Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 10.51 Plan of Stratum IIC in Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 10.52 Photo of Field XIX, looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 10.53 Field XIX.1 looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 10.54 Mud brick with bonding grooves for mortar from Wall 46; looking down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 10.55 Plan of Field XIX in Stratum IIB–A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 10.56 Photo showing Stratum II occupation in Field XIX.1, looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 10.57 Plan of Stratum II Sanctuary A in Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 10.58 Section A–Au across the interior of Sanctuaries B and A of Stratum II in Field XII . . . . . 330–331 10.59 Staggered brick steps (Loci 10/12) in Sanctuary A of Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 10.60 Flagstones north of the steps (Loci 10/12) in Sanctuary A of Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 10.61 Wooden beam with notching (Locus 27) found on the floor of Sanctuary A in Field XII . . . . . . 333 10.62 Brick pavement of the courtyard of Sanctuary A found in the area of the semicircular altar in Field XII.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 10.63 Aerial photo of Sanctuary A in Field XII, looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 10.64 Locus 59 cresset implanted in the court of Sanctuary A west of the building in Field XII.5 . . 335 10.65 Locus 35 cresset implanted in the court of Sanctuary A east of the building in Field XII.1 . . . 335 10.66 Wall 239 built over Locus 256 as seen in the south balk of the Deep Trench of Field XIV . . . . 342 10.67 Composite Plan of Stratum IIB in Field XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 10.68 Field XIV.3 looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 10.69 Field XIV.4 looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 10.70 West Balk Section in Field XIV.3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 10.71 Field XIV.3 looking at the West Balk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 10.72 Field XIV.4 looking south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 10.73 Field XIV.6 and 4, looking east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 10.74 East Balk Section Field XIV.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 10.75 Field XIV.4, looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 10.76 Looking south at plastered feature in Field III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 10.77 Section B–Bu in Field III.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 10.78 Plan of the plastered feature in Field III.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 11.1 Distribution of fabric colors in Strata IV, III, and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 11.2 Distribution of fabric colors on basic forms in Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 11.3 Distribution of fabric colors on basic forms in Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 11.4 Surface treatment on necked vessels and bowls in Strata IV, III, II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 11.5 Surface treatment on basic forms in Stratum III and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

LIST OF FIGURES 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14

Surface treatment on basic forms in Stratum IIA and Stratum II, Field XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II holemouth vessels and ledge handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II holemouth bowls, jars, and jugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II necked vessels, handles, bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II shallow, flat-base bowls and small bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II bowls, platter bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II pottery of Field XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramic vessels with serpent motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of cult feature with large slab Locus 18 in Field XVI.4, looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of cult feature Locus 18 in Field XVI.3 with encompassing Wall 12 in Field XVI.3 and 23 in Field XVI.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of outdoor altar or butchering facility Locus 20 in Field XVI.3, looking south . . . . . . . . Section B–Bu including Locus 20 in Field XVI.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section C–Cu in Field XVI.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramic tournette and slate palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of the Stratum IC house in Field X.3, looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of the Stratum IC house and nearby remains in Field X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat ceramic plates (1–6), sherd (7), and flint blade (8) with bitumen, a polished stone (9) . . . Photo of Reg. 037, sherd caked with bitumen from Stratum IC, Field X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East Balk section of Field X.1 and North Balk sections of Field X.1, 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo of Field IX looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of the Stratum II buildings in Field IX reused in Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of fabric colors in Strata IV, III, II, and I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of fabric colors of the basic forms of Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface treatment of basic form groups in Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I holemouth vessels and jars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I wide, shallow bowls, jars, and lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rich assemblage of cultigens from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barley (Hordeum) from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053) . . . . . . . . Linseeds (Linum usitatissimum) from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olive (Olea europaea) pits from Stratum II (Field XVII.1, Locus 150, Bucket 300, F.S. #4213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grape (Vitis vinifera) pips and berries from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date (Phoenix dactylifera) pit from Stratum IV (Field XII.5, Locus 80, Bucket 231, F.S. #4205) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage pollen diagram, Dead Sea core, Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage pollen diagram, Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira archaeological soil samples . . . . . . . Percentage pollen diagram, Field IV.5 stratigraphic column, Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Jordan . . . . . . . Chipped Stone Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canaanean Sickle Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denticulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tabular Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tabular Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tabular Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tabular Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incised Tabular Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backed Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilized Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins and Chiseloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gravers and Borers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxi 363 371 373 375 381 383 387 388 399 400 401 401 402 402 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 426 426 427 435 437 441 450 458 458 459 459 460 469 470 471 478 486 488 489 489 490 490 491 493 494 496 497 498 499

xxii 16.15 16.16 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 19.1 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24

LIST OF FIGURES Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microtools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daggers from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. 1, 3 from Field XVI, Stratum I; 2, 4 from Tomb A 22 . . . . . . . . . Optical Microscope Photos of Metal Daggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dagger #017 from Tomb D1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Closeup of rivets of Dagger #017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal objects from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cylinder Seal No. 2828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 4320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 2038 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 1615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 2947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 3117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 4323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 4322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression Nos. 777/777a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 1503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 4319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 2847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression Nos. 2945–2946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression Nos. 4318/1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cylinder Seal No. 2860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 3008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 2815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impression No. 1616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cylinder Seal No. 2823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line-drawings of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional line-drawings of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photographs of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrations of Nos. 758, 759, 1346, 2881, 3112, and 2855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated view of Specimen #776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of Specimen #776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated view of eyed needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of eyed needles, obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of eyed needles, reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated view of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry. Obverse surface . . Photograph of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry. Reverse surface . . Microphotograph of axial striations from the tip of awl #2958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated examples of loom weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of loom weights. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of loom weights. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated examples of loom weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of loom weights. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of loom weights. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated examples of disc-shaped spindle whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated examples of disc-shaped spindle whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrated examples of sub-spherical spindle whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

499 499 515 516 517 517 518 527 528 528 529 529 531 532 533 534 536 537 538 538 539 540 541 544 545 546 547 548 557 561 563 573 601 602 604 604 604 605 606 606 606 607 608 608 608 609 609 610 611 611 611 612 612 613 614 614

LIST OF FIGURES 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8

xxiii

Illustrated examples of sub-spherical spindle whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration of multi-perforated disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of multi-perforated disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration of drilled bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of drilled bone. Obverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph of drilled bone. Reverse surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone pestles (1, 2), hand stones (3), pumice stone (4), honing stone (5), burnishing stone(6), percussion stones (7–9), stone rings (10, 12) axe (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone rings (1, 2), tournette fragment (3), mortars (4–6), quern (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Querns (1, 3), door sockets (2, 4–7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone mortar (1), querns (2, 4) milling slab (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone handle (1), raised decoration (2), calcite bowl rim (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo, Stone mortars, GSREG 96, 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo, Saddle Quern, GSREG 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo, Basalt Socket, (GSREG 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo, Door Socket, GSREG 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photo, Door Socket, GSREG 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photos of Game Stone, GSREG 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photos of Game Stone, GSREG 79; above: complete stone; below: close-up of game . . . . . . . . . Photo, Spiral Game Stone, GSREG 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibrated Dates of Sample Beta 134017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

614 615 615 616 616 616 616 616 626 627 628 629 630 630 631 632 633 633 634 635 636 639 641 642 644 644 645 645 646

LIST OF TABLES 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

Human Remains—Area F Shaft Tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cultural Remains—Area F Shaft Tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum V in Area H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum V in Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ware Data for Stratum V—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ware Data for Stratum V—J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table with Observed and Expected (in Parentheses) Frequencies for Jar and Temper Types in Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Forms of Stratum V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific types of Stratum V Bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Area F 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Fields XIII and IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Fields I and II (Lapp Excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ware Data for Stratum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Treatment of Orange Chalky Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Form Distribution in Stratum V (Areas H 1 and J 2) and Stratum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Basic Forms in Selected Fields of Stratum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Forms of Stratum IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large to Medium-Large Bowl Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected External Parallels to the Stratum IV Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Fields I and II (Lapp Excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Fields XIII and IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ware Data for Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingency table with observed and expected (in parentheses) frequencies for vessels and temper types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wares and gray, blackened cores in Strata IV and III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of surface treatments in phases of Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Basic Forms of Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Forms of Stratum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide–Shallow Bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Rim Types of the Wide–Shallow Bowls in Stratum III Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Parallels to the Stratum III Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Fields XIII and IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65 65 70 72 75 76 77 80 91 105 110 111 121 122 126 128 133 135 136 137 144 147 153 160 168 173 178 189 196 204 221 223 223 223 226 227 239 239 248 255 264 282 287 298 309 322 336

LIST OF TABLES 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.2 18.1 18.2 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 20.1 21.1 21.2 22.1 22.2

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field III (Lapp Excavations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II Ware Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingency table with observed and expected (in parentheses) frequencies for vessels and temper types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Forms of Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Basic Forms in the Fields of Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide-Shallow Bowls in Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum III and Stratum II . . . . . . Function Groups of Stratum III and Stratum II Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capacity and Possible Function of Vessels of Stratum II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Loci of Strata II and I in Field IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ware Data for Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Forms of Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Basic Forms in the Fields of Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum I and Stratum II . . . . . . . . Distribution of Selected Rim Types of the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum I . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Basic Forms in Field XVI, Stratum IB, and Field X, Strata IC, IB, IA . . . . . . . Selected Parallels to the Stratum I Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IV Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum III Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum II Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparative Percentages of Cultigens and Species, EB IB to EB IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiocarbon Dates*, Dead Sea Cores, Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Archaeological Soil Samples Used for Pollen Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field IV.5 Stratigraphic Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Tool Type Names Used in Various References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EB II–III Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EB I Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provenience of EB I Chipped Stone Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provenience of Utilized Flakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provenience of Debitage Flakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of EB II–III vs. EB I–IV Chipped Stone Tool Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chi-Square Contingency Table for EB II–III Tools by Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modified Chi-Square Contingency Table for EB II–III Tools by Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metallurgical Studies on Copper Artifacts from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tel Aviv University, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalog List of Seals and Impressions (by Registration Nos.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sherds With Partial Incised Marks (Too Small To Be Significant) * indicates Primary Locus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornaments according to Fields, Strata, Material, Registration Nos., and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . Colors of Calcite Ornaments Excavated at the Town Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bead Material and Shapes (Classification System after Beck 1928) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalog List of Jewelry and Ornaments (by Registration Numbers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronological and Spatial Distribution of Textile Impressions and Weaving Accoutrements at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functional Typology of Ground Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Stone from Primary Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxv 353 358 359 364 367 377 379 390 391 393 411 417 421 425 429 431 439 439 444 445 452 453 454 455 456 468 468 472 474 477 481 481 485 485 487 501 503 514 519 552 565 567 568 576 593 620 624 625 640 647

xxvi

LIST OF TABLES

The 1975–1981 Excavations at the Town Site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº

1 THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT THE TOWN SITE OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

For a site that has been well known for its tombs, this volume on Early Bronze Age settlement at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠brings a new perspective by turning attention from the cemetery to the living community and its activities, insofar as these can be reconstructed from the archaeological finds. The burial evidence and accompanying artifacts are naturally always important in themselves as well as for comparison, and reference to them will be found at many places in this volume. But the focus here is on a large body of data relating to the people who settled this Early Bronze site from the latter quarter of the fourth to the end of the third millennium b.c. Lapp’s excavations in 1965 were the first to show that Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was an Early Bronze Age settlement rather than a specialized ceremonial site, as many had speculated prior to his work (P. Lapp 1966: 560–61; for references to the prevalent interpretation of the site as a distinctive one accompanied by cultic activities see Schaub and Rast 1989: 17–18). Following upon Lapp’s discoveries, the several seasons of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain (EDSP) have uncovered a great deal more evidence for the history of Early Bronze settlement here. Therefore, it now has to be recognized that if a special significance is to be ascribed to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠it is not because it was an unusual site in antiquity but rather because it provides a unique case of Early Bronze Age urbanism in an exceptional part of the country, the isolated environment along the southeastern Dead Sea Plain. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠takes its place within the discussion of the social and political events occurring on both sides of the Jordan Rift during the late fourth and third millennia b.c. Its remains open a window to the lifeways of the people who constructed its numerous tombs throughout the entire Early Bronze Age. This volume is the second in the series Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan. The first contained the final publication of all tombs excavated in the cemetery under Lapp’s direction between 1965 and 1967 (Schaub and Rast 1989). Two further reports of the EDSP are to follow: one dealing with the excavations of the EB III site of Numeira, an EB I cemetery at Feifa, and an EB I cemetery at Khanazir; and another devoted to the tombs excavated by the EDSP, with special attention to the human remains. Both volumes are in progress. The present volume deals with the data retrieved at the town site by the EDSP during seasons in 1975, 1977, 1979 and 1981. The fields excavated under Lapp’s direction in 1965 are also incorporated. The inclusion of the latter was facilitated by the fact that the EDSP has been using the same numbering and locus system as the earlier excavations. Lapp’s fields were numbered Fields I–VII while those of the EDSP were designated Fields VIII–XIX within

2

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

the town site, and Areas F, H and J for areas outside the town site (other information on the numbering system is given below). The inclusion of the material excavated by Lapp thus brings to conclusion the publication of all of his work at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, including the cemetery and the town site (for a summation of the Lapp campaigns see Schaub and Rast 1989: 18–21). The Southern Ghor Survey of 1973 One issue that the expedition led by Lapp was unable to pursue was whether Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was an isolated Early Bronze Age site in the southeastern Dead Sea Plain, or whether other sites from this period existed in this area. Due to unstable political conditions at the time, the earlier expedition was restricted to Bâb edhDhrâº, and survey possibilities beyond that were excluded. The result was that Lapp’s interpretation tended to follow the conclusions reached by the 1924 survey led by Albright, which produced no evidence of additional Early Bronze sites in the southeastern valley (Albright 1924: 8). Being unable to carry out his own regional investigation, Lapp interpreted Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as a singular settlement in the southeastern plain (Lapp 1968b: 3; Schaub and Rast 1989: 17). The cemetery was viewed as being used by occupants bringing their dead from elsewhere, even from some distance, including settlements covered in later times by the waters of the shallow southern basin (Lapp 1968b: 25). New opportunities to search for other Early Bronze Age sites presented themselves as a result of a February 1972 visit to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠by the future co-directors of the EDSP, Schaub and Rast. While staying in Kerak, they were shown pottery reported to have come from tombs at e ß-Íâfî and Feifa, two other locations in the southern Ghor (fig. 1.1). Similar pottery, also said to be from e ß-Íâfî and Feifa, was seen in an antiquity shop in Amman. Both groups of pottery attracted attention because, even though the vessels were not identical to those at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, they showed many similarities. In the follow-up research after the survey, it was discovered that years earlier Fritz Frank had published photographs of pottery from two robbed tombs at eß-Íâfî (Frank 1934: 204, fig. 21A), and his examples were from the same horizon as those seen in 1972 in Kerak and Amman. Glueck knew of these photographs in Frank’s publication and, as part of his exploration of the southern Ghor, offered his opinion that Frank’s pottery belonged to the Early Bronze Age (Glueck 1935: 8; cf. Rast and Schaub 1974: 9–10). Thus, one clue led to another, giving hints that other sites dating to the Early Bronze Age could be expected to come to light in the southern Ghor. Unfortunately, the political conditions during the decades following Frank’s and Glueck’s travels in the region made access to the southern Ghor extremely difficult, and what they observed regarding these ceramics from e ß-Íâfî was not pursued by other researchers. Having occurred at a more expedient time, the visit in 1972 launched the beginning of a new time in southern Ghor research. With this new information on Early Bronze Age vessels from e ß-Íâfî and Feifa, a survey of the southern Ghor was planned for June of 1973. The survey was carried out by the future co-directors of the EDSP (Rast and Schaub 1974), and had as its single objective the search for other Early Bronze sites to complement Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The area covered was the coastal strip from the tip of the Lisan peninsula on the north to the line of marl hillocks separating the Ghor from the ºAraba on the south, a distance of approximately 50 km. Surface evidence and pottery from periods other than the

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Figure 1.1. Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Ghor.

3

4

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Early Bronze Age were recorded, but no effort was made to tabulate full information on all periods. Using a combination of vehicle and foot exploration, the search concentrated on obtrusive evidence in the wadis and deltas descending from the Transjordan highlands. The road from Mazraªa to eß-Íâfî was an asphalt one and could be traversed without difficulty; beyond eß-Íâfî it was necessary to follow one of many sandy paths, for which a four-wheel drive vehicle was essential. The survey recorded evidence of settlement and other usage, such as agriculture, and measured drawings were made of surface remains at a number of sites. Since the total area covered was large, a more detailed and planned survey would probably not have resulted in the discoveries made (cf. Banning’s [1996: 27] comments on the survey of the Diyala and central Euphrates flood plains which, similarly, covered a large territory minus many of the tactics of modern survey). In addition, many hours and parts of days were spent negotiating and making friends at different levels to open up entrance to this troubled region. The Early Bronze Age remains identified in the 1973 survey were mainly cemeteries, although one site, Numeira, was a crucial discovery for future investigation, since it turned out to be an EB III town with clear parallels to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Rast and Schaub 1974: 8–9, pl. 8). By contrast, the remains at eß-Íâfî consisted of an extensive EB I cemetery with no accompanying evidence of settlement (Rast and Schaub 1974: 9–11). The situation at Feifa was similar—an EB I cemetery was identified but no definite Early Bronze settlement remains were indicated. On a small tell at Feifa, Iron II, Roman, Nabatean and Arabic potsherds were found (Rast and Schaub 1974: 11–12; limited excavations were carried out on the tell during 1989–90). At Khanazir the survey recorded cist burials dating to EB IV (Rast and Schaub 1974: 13, 18; some of these were excavated along with Feifa during 1989–90). It was also apparent from survey around Khanazir that the latter site was not occupied during EB II and III, but that EB I burials were present nearby. The results of the 1973 survey opened the way to a multi-year series of excavations at sites of the southern Ghor, beginning in 1975 with the formation of the EDSP. The key discovery that other Early Bronze sites existed in the southern Ghor became the framework within which the EDSP was conceived. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was now to be set in a regional context and investigated as a major unit within the course of occupation of the southern Ghor from approximately 3300 to 2000 b.c. At the same time, the 1973 survey opened possibilities for other researchers in following years to plan explorations in the southern Ghor concentrating on a variety of problematics. None of these surveys has changed appreciably the conclusions arrived at for the Early Bronze Age by the 1973 survey but has brought to light much evidence for other periods (for a list of recent projects in the southern Ghor see Schaub and Rast 1989: 17–18; add to this, King and others 1987; Koerber 1993; MacDonald 1992; Politis 1995 [see refs. to the various publications of the excavations of the Byzantine hermitage at eß-Íâfî on p. 491]; Waheeb 1995, 1996; Worschech 1985). The Town Site and Its Surroundings The town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is located east of the Lisan peninsula (35˚ 32u 50uu E, and 31˚ 15u 15uu N UTM; Palestinian Grid 200.750—073.500) on terrain similar to that of the Lisan peninsula but at an elevation more than 100 m higher than the latter. It lies approximately 400 m northeast of the Cemetery area (fig. 1.2). Its Stratum IV

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº 5

Figure 1.2. Map showing the relation of the town site and cemetery area (note Areas J and H).

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THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

village and Stratum III and II towns were built on a number of marl and gravel knolls created during the time of the ancient Lake Lisan (see chapter 2). The ruins of the town site are 10 to 15 m above the surrounding Sahl edh-Dhr⺠on the east and south sides of the site, and 60 m above the Wadi Kerak on the north side. During Stratum II the major defensive wall, parts of which have all along been visible on the surface, was constructed around the rim of these knolls (chapter 10). A mud-brick defensive system seems also to have been built around the site in Stratum III (chapter 8). The area encompassed by the Stratum II town wall provides an approximate size for the town at around 4.5 ha., but the severe erosional depressions on the north suggest the actual size may have been somewhat larger. In comparison with other Early Bronze Age sites west and east of the Jordan River, Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is of medium size. With an area of approximately 11 ha., ºAi was almost three times larger (Callaway 1972: 9), while Arad at 9 ha. was twice as large (Amiran 1978: 3). Given the limited space and resources of the Dead Sea region, however, the size of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was impressive. Based on the various parts of the site excavated, it can be concluded that the area under use at the town site was roughly the same from Stratum IV through Stratum II, with a good deal of settlement occurring outside the walls in Stratum II. During Stratum I, settlement was concentrated mostly outside the town site, with only Field XVI showing stratified evidence of occupation within the confines of the former town site. The earliest phase, Stratum V, was represented by temporary camping remains discovered near the cemetery rather than in the area of the town site (chap. 4). Despite the marl and gravel terrain at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, which provided its own difficulties for town construction (see chap. 10), sufficient natural features were available to induce the Early Bronze Age inhabitants to choose this location. One was the site’s dominating view over the Lisan plain to the west, the Dead Sea littoral to the north and south, and the flatland of the Sahl edh-Dhr⺠to the east and south. Water was available in natural springs, with outlets into the Wadi Kerak. The availability of lands of the surrounding plains, along with natural resources for the cultivation of fruits and grains, also offered incentives to settlement (chap. 3). Fruit-bearing trees, such as the date palm, were also native to the area. On the whole, the greater number of trees at that time in comparison with the present offered opportunity for various building projects. Unfortunately, plowing of the fields of Sahl edh-Dhr⺠after 1973 badly disturbed evidence that was still well enough preserved in its lithic scatters during the 1973 survey to offer a fingerprint of Early Bronze agricultural technology. The 1973 survey recorded two separate enclosures containing small piles of flints and cores, suggesting workshops (cf. Rast and Schaub 1974: 7). The misfortune in this is that the lithics from the town site have been deprived of the chance to be compared with those from work areas (cf. chap. 16). Most likely as well, the location of these workshops in the plain would have shown in some detail how places of flint manufacture were located in the agricultural areas themselves rather than within the town. At least this much may be deduced from what was observed during the 1973 survey. The 1973 survey outside the walled town also showed that substantial settlement had occurred south and west of the town. Most of the large monoliths noted in 1924 (Albright 1924–25: 59) were still lying in the same locations at the time of the 1973 survey. Unfortunately, by 1977 they had been bulldozed away along with the flint material. The 1973 survey also noted numerous wall remains and much pottery on the northeast, east and south sides of the town site, indicating that settlers had built

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

7

many structures outside the town. Much of this settlement seems to have occurred during the time of Stratum II, the period that witnessed the greatest expansion at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠resulting in the establishment of a new town at Numeira (see chapter 23). In recent visits to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠we have observed a great amount of occupation west of the town site as well, much of it dating apparently to the Stratum II horizon. No remains have come to light indicating that the town site was occupied earlier than Stratum IV. A number of EB IA tombs were discovered in Area F outside the town wall on the west (chap. 4), suggesting that occasional tombs were also cut near where the later town was to be located, although not within what was to become the walled area. Most tombs from all phases, however, were concentrated in Cemeteries A and C southwest of the town site. During the last phase at the site (Stratum I), EB IV shaft tombs were also cut west of Area F on the slope above the Lisan plain. The Objectives of the EDSP The investigation of the town site by the EDSP was undertaken to determine what role Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as the largest Early Bronze Age site in the southern Ghor played in relation to other settlements in the region. The research objectives of the EDSP thus included regional and interdisciplinary analysis to place the town site into the context of settlement of the southern Ghor as a whole. The investigation was organized according to the following objectives: 1. With the discovery in 1973 of a second EB III walled town at Numeira some 15 km south of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, a contemporary site became available for comparative research on Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The expedition consequently set as a primary objective to obtain data from both Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira and their surroundings, to explain the relation of these two towns to each other, and to study their use of resources of the southeastern Dead Sea Plain. Two possibilities for explaining these proximate EB III sites presented themselves. One was that during EB III the population at Bâb edhDhr⺠grew and a sister EB III settlement was established at Numeira to absorb pressure of population growth. The other was that the Numeira settlement emerged in connection with some type of specialized activity that would contribute also to the mother town. That both sites met their demise by destruction at approximately the same time opened the problem of explaining the destruction of urban life, and the EB IV phase that followed. Although some of this discussion will appear in the volume planned for Numeira, in the present volume the issue is looked at from the standpoint of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. 2. Other phases of the Early Bronze Age represented at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were to be studied similarly in their regional context. For the EB IA and EB IB phases the evidence at eß-Íâfî and Feifa made two additional EB I cemeteries available for comparison with Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The southern Ghor during EB I was thus a heavily populated area, but how much actual settlement was taking place, in addition to the burial activities, indicated a problem similar to the EB IA phase at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. At the other end of the period, the EB IV cemetery at Khanazir put the EB IV phase at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠into a new perspective as well, with the two sites set in comparison with one another in the context of events occurring in the southern Ghor during EB IV. 3. Assuming that environmental attractions would have been one of the factors influencing settlement in the Dead Sea valley, especially as permanent settlement emerged, study of the resources of the southeastern plain was to be undertaken in relation to the history of settlement. Preliminary environmental survey had indicated

spread one line long

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THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

that conditions, including favorable water supplies (chapter 2) were at their prime during EB III, while in EB IV deflation of resources led to long-term abandonment of the southern Ghor. The expedition thus set as an objective the study of the degree to which settlement may have been affected by environmental challenges and changes. 4. The management of water was a major determinant for permanent settlement, given that agriculture was irrigation-dependent, and thus interdisciplinary investigations concentrated on water resources and their use, including perennial springs and rainfall, and the resultant impact on crop production. 5. As a site occupied throughout the Early Bronze Age, and with complementary data from tombs and settlement, the expedition set about to test explanations based on preliminary material from Lapp’s excavations, the 1973 survey, and the first season of excavation in 1975. The following interpretations regarding shifts in settlement and social organization were to be tested: that the earliest settlers were pastoralists whose residence at the site was seasonal; that the first permanent settlement was an EB IB village, and that settlers in this period envisioned the possibilities in remaining permanently, a decision that would affect their subsistence, settlement pattern and burials; that the first true town at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠occurred during EB II and did not follow smoothly from the preceding village that had been destroyed, but represented a new approach to settlement at the site; that the peak of urban settlement occurred during EB III and that it was accompanied by complex social organization and the flourishing of all aspects of town life; and that a destruction brought about the demise of the EB III town, presenting the expedition with the challenge to explain the cause or causes of this destruction. 6. Although the southeastern Dead Sea Plain was an isolated region, possibilities for outside contact were apparently present, as imported materials found in the tombs and at the town site showed. An objective was to determine the degree of trade during this period. Carrying Out the Objectives In order to achieve the above objectives, the EDSP was organized with an interdisciplinary staff. The following field activities by staff members were undertaken, in addition to the excavations conducted at the sites: •

•

•

•

Study of environmental influences on settlement and population during the different phases of the Early Bronze Age was carried out through investigation of resources of the southern Ghor by Harlan (natural resources), Short (pollen), McCreery (paleobotanical remains), Rosen (phytoliths—examined at the laboratory stage), and Finnegan (fauna, entomological material, and wood). Geological conditions affecting the settlement as well as the tomb constructions and burials in the cemetery were investigated by Donahue (with R. Bullard serving during the first season in 1975). The geologic investigation included the different areas of the southern Ghor, and the morphology of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠site itself. Determining biological factors affecting the populations at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was undertaken through laboratory work on the human skeletal remains by Ortner, Fröhlich, Finnegan, Bentley and Littleton. The results of the excavations of burials and their study are being prepared as a separate volume focusing on the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and southern Ghor populations from the standpoint of skeletal biology. Technological activities engaged in by the Early Bronze populations included the production of flint implements for agricultural production and domestic activity. Study of

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

9

Figure 1.3. Aerial photo of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠looking northwest; the town site is in the lower center above the Wadi Kerak which snakes around to the northwest and north; part of the Kerak road is at lower left (cf. fig. 1.2).

•

•

•

sourcing, type, and social significance were carried on by McConaughy (lithics), Stech, Maddin and Muhly (metals), and Lee (ground stone materials). Pottery was read daily by Schaub who together with Johnston and Maloney designed a complete program of ceramic study for Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and the other southern Ghor sites investigated. Drawing of plans and sections of the fields and areas was supervised by Rast, together with Schaub and field and area supervisors, while drafting was carried out by Jennifer Loynd. Photography was done by Christine Helms, Kjell Sandved, and Henry Cowherd. Following each of the field seasons, all items saved for laboratory analysis were packed and shipped to the United States with the agreement of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.

Field Seasons of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain The 1975 Season During its first season, the newly formed EDSP sought to acquire a more detailed understanding of the settlement area at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠than was known from the Lapp excavations (fig. 1.3). Reservations still existed that not much cultural debris

spread one/half line long

10

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

would be identified within the town site, despite the fact that Lapp’s excavations in 1965 had shown that the fortifications at the site were impressive. Yet, his excavations in the interior of the town site produced little evidence of occupation, with several fields being almost sterile. Only around the town walls did there seem to be any depth remaining from Early Bronze Age usage, and all of this was related to the fortification system itself. Consequently, even though the Lapp excavations established that the site was probably an Early Bronze Age settlement, it might have still appeared that the surrounding fortification was more an enclosure, as Albright and others of the 1924 survey had concluded. The one exception was Lapp’s Field V on the eastern interior of the town, where several mud-brick walls belonging to a structure were cleared. This find was substantial enough to suggest that other structures of domestic type ought to be present within the town site, and that there might, after all, be information for widespread settlement within the town site. Thus, one of the main hopes during this season was that an area or two within the town site, and with good occupational debris, might be identified. In reality, only Field XII, began to yield this kind of evidence. Once again, as had been the case with Lapp’s search, most of the new fields opened brought forth material on the defenses. This first season made clear that a careful assessment of the badly eroded interior of the town site would have to be undertaken before the problems of determining the nature of settlement could be illuminated. That assessment would begin to take place in the following season in 1977 in an examination of the site as a whole in correlation with the research of the geologist. The six new fields opened in 1975 were Fields VIII–XIII (fig. 1.4). In addition, Area F and Charnel House A 55 were excavated outside the town site. Field VIII was located along the outer face of the town wall on the south in order to clarify the defenses on this side. A trench was also cut from surface indications of occupation outside the settlement through the wall to the interior of the town, to obtain a section joining the defense system and any evidence of settlement within and outside the wall. Apart from some new information about the Stratum II defenses, the shallowness of cultural debris produced little significant material, and Field VIII was abandoned following the 1977 season. Field IX was opened to explore surface evidence of extramural occupation on the south side of the town. Here, too, surviving cultural evidence was shallow, but results did show that a Late EB III settlement existed on this side of the town, which also carried over into EB IV. This field was also discontinued after the 1975 season. Field X, located across a small wadi opposite the town site, was targeted for excavation when the 1973 survey noted substantial EB IV evidence here (Rast and Schaub 1974: 7, 14, pl. 2, figs. 1:1–2:51). This field, which continued to be explored in 1977, yielded valuable material for the late EB III and the EB IV phases. Fields XI and XII were selected since both were situated on the highest elevations of the site, and it was anticipated that cultural remains might be better preserved there. Wall lines were also visible on the surface in both fields, suggesting remains of structures. As excavation proceeded, these two fields offered some of the better preserved architectural evidence. Field XI was particularly valuable for the history of the defense system of the town, while Field XII began the examination of two superimposed sanctuaries, although this did not become clear until later seasons. Field XIII was opened northwest of Field XII on the outside of the existing remains of the western defenses. The field contained a mass of brick and fallen rock, obviously from the town wall. The squares of Field XIII were begun approximately 10 m south of the

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

11

western trench of Lapp’s Field IV. The contributions from this field were once again related to the defenses. In addition to these new fields, an area west of the western town wall was designated Area F. Several recently robbed shaft tombs were observed here, and excavation was undertaken to clarify these tombs in relation to the later town. Two of the disturbed EB IA shaft tombs were cleared during this season, and in the process a new problem occurred with the discovery of EB IB painted pottery mixed with the shaft tomb debris (see the discussion in chap. 4). The environmental surveys of the first season were focused on the geology of the immediate surroundings of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and the site itself. Bullard’s researches in 1975 focused on types of soils found in the excavation areas, the mud-brick debris found below the perimeter wall outside of the town site, and researched processes of erosion, a major problem followed up by Donahue in subsequent seasons. Mapping and survey of an area of approximately 100 m beyond the town site wall on the south and east sides was also undertaken, with the objective of tabulating concentrations of pottery, flints, stonelines, and other surface evidences. Finally, soil flotation was initiated during the 1975 season, and samples from promising levels were taken from all fields and areas. In the cemetery the excavation of Charnel House A 55 in 1975 initiated a new study of these tombs and the human skeletal material. The location of Charnel House A 55 was already known, since its southwest corner was exposed during the excavation of EB IB Charnel House A 53 in 1967 (P. Lapp 1968c: 90–91; Schaub and Rast 1989: 209–33). Finally, in order to resolve the problem of stone heaps within the town site and cemetery, one pile was excavated. The purpose was to test whether these heaps belonged to EB IV cairn burials, as proposed by Albright and others (Albright 1924–25: 58–59; Lapp 1968b: 10). The results were negative. The stone heaps belonged to field clearance activity, of the fields for agriculture, some of which may have occurred in antiquity, others in recent time (Rast and Schaub 1978: 24, 29). The 1977 Season During this season excavation continued in the squares opened in Field X, and new squares were begun in the previously opened Fields XI, XII and XIII. New fields were opened as Fields XIV, XV, XVI and XVII. Field XIV was the first major attempt to excavate within the town interior. It was located in the west-central area of the town, where survey of erosional patterns had indicated cultural depth might be preserved here. Field XV located on a higher level east of Field XIV produced only sterile results. The area was entirely denuded and natural marl was reached after only a short amount of work. Field XVI was located on the northern ridge of the town site because it offered promise of cultural deposits. The field was positioned between two erosional troughs (fig. 1.4). One question it was hoped would be answered in Field XVI was whether the town wall of Stratum II had continued across the heavily eroded area on the north side. The matter was not solved during this or any of the other seasons. To the west of Field XVI on the far side of the western erosional incision, Field XVII was opened during the second half of the season, as a result of the geologist’s suggestion. This field turned out to have more than 4 m of cultural deposit, representing an occupational sequence from Stratum IV through Stratum II.

12

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Two areas outside the town were worked on. In Area F, opened in the previous season, substantial occupation evidence was found above the EB IA shaft tombs excavated in 1975. The key area, which was mostly not disturbed, was Area F3. A new area located on the northern edge of Cemetery A was designated as Area H. The area produced evidence of temporary EB IA occupation, perhaps of the campsite type noted by Lapp. With participation by Ortner from the Smithsonian Institution, the 1977 season initiated an intensive exploration of EB IA shaft tombs in Cemetery A. A system for retrieving adequate samplings of human skeletal data for the study of the EB IA population was set up. This system for human skeletal material was used in all subsequent seasons, and forms the basis for the tomb volume (in preparation). The geomorphology of the cemetery was also studied, particularly the marl sediments sought out for shaft tomb construction by the EB IA population. Environmental studies continued and were expanded during the 1977 season. Although concentrating on Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Donahue researched other areas of the southern Ghor. Harlan examined runoff and spring discharge of the wadi systems, and collected representative specimens of plant life. He also surveyed in the highlands south of Kerak to determine conditions there in comparison with the southern Ghor. This research was complemented by soil flotation supervised by McCreery, and studies of pollen samples carried on by Short. Following the 1977 season Short studied the cores extracted along the Dead Sea shore by the Wimpey Corporation of England during 1976 and 1977. The results of the pollen retrieval were limited but are presented for what they might add to the environmental studies of the expedition. An area between the town site on the west and the eastern edge of the Lisan peninsula was surveyed to look for evidence of other occupational remains in the area. During this season work began at Numeira. Excavation here inaugurated the EDSP’s goal of examining several Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Ghor. Excavation at this site began modestly, with a single line of squares laid out across the central-eastern area serving as a controlling section for the stratigraphy. The 1979 Season The 1979 season concentrated on going to deeper levels in fields of the earlier seasons, and in some cases expanding the fields by opening a larger area. The defenses continued to be examined with Fields XI and XIII being taken to lower levels. Additional squares were opened in each of these areas. Field XII was expanded to clarify the rectangular structure thought to be a sanctuary. The remains of an earlier rectangular building, also thought to be a sanctuary, began to appear below it. On the town interior, earlier levels of Fields XIV and XVII were explored and new squares were opened in each field. On the northern ridge Field XVI was taken to deeper levels and expanded with new squares. Area F continued to be examined and was completed during this season. Following from the geological survey of the interior of the town, two new fields were opened along the slopes of the western side of the town site (fig. 1.4). Field XVIII opposite Field XII contained evidence of cultural material, but excavation here was abandoned because of insufficient depth of in situ material. The situation was different in Field XIX. No signs of occupation were present along the compacted surface soil here, but excavation into lower levels at the advice of the geologist produced a series

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Figure 1.4. Map of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site and surroundings, with excavation areas.

13

14

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

of well-preserved mud-brick constructions, which also opened up a window on the settlement patterns of the Early Bronze occupants. Excavation in the cemetery concentrated on the largest charnel house thus far discovered at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Charnel House A 22. In addition, a small number of EB IA shaft tombs were excavated, and a disturbed EB IV shaft tomb, cut by a recent trench as part of the industrial development of the southern Ghor, was cleared. The objective of the environmental studies during 1979 was to increase the data from the previous two seasons. Geologic survey by Donahue concentrated on Bâb edhDhr⺠and the Wadi Kerak, with some work being carried on in the Wadis Ibn Hammad and Numeira. Harlan gathered data from these same wadis and their related ghors, while materials for flotation and pollen analysis were isolated in the excavation fields and areas. During the 1979 season the Numeira staff was enlarged, and expanded work was undertaken. Coogan acted as field director. New squares were opened in the east-central area of the site, and what were thought to be the remains of a tower on the east side were explored (for a different interpretation of the building remains at the east end, however, see the forthcoming volume on Numeira). The 1981 Season The 1981 season was planned as the final one of the first phase of the expedition’s work. The objectives at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, therefore, were to complete squares opened during previous seasons, and to gather the additional environmental data necessary for final reports of the first phase of the expedition. While these objectives were mostly met, several excavation areas had to be left unfinished. Fields completed in 1981 were Fields IV, XII, and XVI, while the investigation of the apparent gateway in Field XIII needs further investigation to clarify this feature. Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX were unfinished, since sterile soils at the base were not reached. The objective in the cemetery was to secure additional burial and skeletal data for the final report. The two major goals undertaken with the Smithsonian Institution’s participation, however, were to survey the cemetery with an electronic device (Fröhlich and Ortner 1982: 251–56), and to produce a comprehensive contour plan on which all excavated tombs of the EDSP, as well as those from the 1965–67 seasons, could be plotted. A number of shaft tombs were also opened to test the resistivity surveying device, adding a group of valuable samples for study of the human skeletal biology. At Numeira, the objective was to complete the squares across the eastern-central section, and the supposed tower at the east end, first excavated in 1979. Both objectives were met. In the environmental investigations Donahue finalized data-gathering for the geologic report of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, while concentrating much of his work on Numeira. Soil samples from Numeira and Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were gathered. Flotation continued as previously, and pollen samples were gathered from both sites, including a column of samples in the deep siltation of Field IV at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Flints were shipped to McConaughy for continued analysis of this material, while faunal remains were processed by Finnegan. The 1983 Season Under the direction of Coogan, a limited season was conducted at Numeira in summer of 1983. The objective was to conduct excavation at the west end of the site to see

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

15

whether the patterns in buildings and their contents were similar at the west end to the central and east sections of the site, where the excavations had been concentrated in the previous seasons. In addition to clearing several additional rooms with clay silos like those found in the other parts of the site, the work in 1983 produced new evidence for the fortification of Numeira on this end. The interpretation was proposed that these remains may have belonged to a gate at the western end of the site, although the evidence for this theory was not certain (cf. the recent work on this end in Waheeb 1996: 452–55). In addition to the work at Numeira, a further excavation was undertaken on the slopes above to the east. Here a survey team found evidence of Early Bronze Age activity. The area was explored and given the name Ras en-Numeira. The site consisted of several well-preserved walls which broke off on the southern edge of the Wadi Numeira. Preliminary study dated the structure to EB IB. 1989–1990 Season at Khanazir and Feifa Excavation was undertaken at a newly discovered EB IV site near Khanazir in late December, 1989, and early January, 1990. The site was reported as Site #141 by MacDonald (MacDonald, and others 1987: 406, fig. 4; MacDonald 1992: 69, fig. 13, pl. 14). At the same time, excavation was carried on in the EB I cemetery at Feifa, and a sounding was made into the Iron Age site of Feifa. The material from the cemeteries at Feifa and Khanazir is important for the regional goal of the EDSP. The publication of these two sites is planned for the third volume of the EDSP, to include Numeira and these two sites. Format and Use of the Volume The decision was made to present the data by phases (Strata V–I) rather than by fields and areas. One difficulty in presenting the material this way is that, since deep erosional cuts had separated different parts of the site from one another, the stratigraphic connections between fields were not direct. To compensate for this we have attempted as careful a correlation of phases in differing parts of the site as the data would allow. Parallel ceramic sequences have also been important in correlations, although priority is always given to stratigraphy with the pottery as subsequent confirmation of sequences. A further problem in integrating the data by phase is the need for the reader at times to check a later or earlier phase to gain the full picture. For instance, in the case of the Stratum IV mud-brick structures in Field XII (chap. 6), the two Strata III and II sanctuaries discussed in detail in a later chapter are briefly introduced and reference is made to a drawn section found in the later chapter. The user of the volume must consequently shift to other parts of the volume for that information. On the other hand, the decision to place the plates of pottery from primary loci in an accompanying volume arranged according to phases should provide quick access to the pottery from those locations being described in the text. It is our belief that this setup will greatly facilitate the most productive use of the pottery from the town site. The twenty-two chapters are grouped as follows. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the EDSP’s work at Bâb edh-Dhrâº; chapters 2 and 3 deal with the environmental research at the site and in the area; 4 through 13 present the architecture, stratigraphy and pottery of the five strata and their sub-phases; and 14 through 22 offer specialized studies of data and artifact groups.

spread one line long

16

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Definitions and Terms Locus System. The discussions in chapters 4–13 are based on the consolidation of all loci excavated and recorded by the EDSP in the various fields and areas excavated. The EDSP employed the method commonly followed by projects affiliated with the American Schools of Oriental Research through the latter’s Committee on Archaeological Policy. All three-dimensional features (layers of soil, walls, pits, cisterns, etc.) are assigned separate locus numbers. Pottery and objects are not viewed as loci but as situated within loci (most commonly, soils). Occasionally, as will be noted, a field volunteer may have misunderstood this principle, recording an object or two under a locus number. We have included these few exceptions in the Master Locus List (MLL) despite the fact that they deviate from the standard practice. Architectural features such as a room or building are usually not referred to as a locus, but are made up of many loci within the room or building. The report below includes drawn plans and sections, and wherever possible loci are included on the drawings. Primary Loci. The locus system means that many hundreds of locus numbers are employed and, whereas all contribute to the total picture, specific loci are especially determinative for interpretation. It is these latter that are presented below as Primary Loci (PL). PL are isolated in post-season study of all loci, rather than during the fieldwork (cf. Braun 1997: 15 for the opposite). The PL are printed as tables within the text and are normally referred to in the discussion of the architecture and stratigraphy, while the MLL is found on the CD-ROM. The MLL also correlates all information for phasing, pottery readings, objects recorded, bone material, flotation results, and any other specific data for each locus. The locus method facilitates a check and balance system in which data uncovered can be viewed from various perspectives, according to the daily field books and top plans, pottery reading record, the photographic registry, and records of the geology, flotation, palynology and zoology. Pottery. On the basis of the locus method which stresses stratification, the pottery for each phase is presented in relation to soil layers, including cases where it was found within structures. Drawings and descriptions of pottery from all loci excavated are stored digitally and are available for further research. The digital system used in cataloguing the pottery in chapters 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 is similar to that used in the previously published volume on tombs (see Schaub and Rast 1989: 4–9 for details), facilitating valuable comparisons between the tomb and town site pottery (for details on the conventions used in the presentation of the pottery see the preface to part 2 of this volume). Field and Area. The term field is used according to the meaning commonly found in current excavation, that is, to refer to the large units of excavation. Fields I–VII were excavated by Lapp, while Fields VIII–XIX were opened by the EDSP. The term field is used for excavation units within the town site and units to the south (IX) and to the east (X), while the term area refers to excavation units outside the town site, such as Area H 1 on the northern ridge of Cemetery A, and Area F 4 west of the town site. The use of area as a defining unit served well for places where tombs were either discovered or were thought to be present, but where settlement evidence then came to light. In these cases, the entire unit was designated an area. Roman numerals are used to designate fields, while Arabic numerals are used for squares (e.g., Field I.1). Uppercase alphabetic letters specify areas, followed by Arabic numerals for squares or trenches in an area (such as Area F 4).

THE 1975–1981 EXCAVATIONS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

17

Site Map And Elevation. Due to the severe erosion of parts of the site, an architectural grid of the entire site was not made. A site map was produced, and each field or area was positioned on the site map (fig. 1.4). Elevations were determined from the bench mark established by Lapp east of the town site. The EDSP found an error of -32 m in the elevations used by the earlier expedition (see Schaub and Rast 1989: 3). The elevations used in the present volume are those determined by the EDSP, and their below-sea-level location is indicated by the minus sign. Town Site. The term town site refers to the evidence found specifically within the walled town of Strata III and II. It should be noted, however, that in the case of each of the five strata, some remains were also found outside the area defined by the walled town. Thus the bulk of the remains of the village of Stratum IV were within the area encompassed by the later town wall, but remains of the same stratum were also found in Areas F 4 and J2 outside the town site. Fields IX and X were also outside the town site, and contained evidence dating mostly to Stratum I. Survey also showed that Stratum II occupation occurred outside the town site on the west, south and east. The use of the term town rather than city is intentional since in our view Early Bronze urbanism, if it can be called that, was not of the same magnitude as the intensive urbanization found in Mespotamia or Syria during the third millennium b.c. The term village is the designation used for the first permanent settlement at the site during Stratum IV. As in the case of the first volume of these series, we have presented in the printed volume all of the synthesized evidence that most clearly interprets the development of settlement at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠through the various phases of the Early Bronze Age. Other databases are found on the CD-ROM. The present volume offers a descriptive report of the EDSP excavations at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and an interpretation of what we can know about the people who occupied this region for a period of more than a thousand years from the late fourth to the end of the third millennium b.c.

Strata at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum

Period

Stratum

Period

V

EB IA

IIC

EB III

IV

EB IB

IID

''

III

EB II

IC

EB IV

IIA

EB III

IB

''

IIB

''

IA

''

Geology and Geomorphology

2 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Jack Donahue

Introduction In an area like the Dead Sea valley, where fault movement and resultant earthquakes are rather common and where sites are located on or near the shore of the Dead Sea, a terminal water body whose volume and shoreline position is largely dependent on variations in climatic rainfall, a very important question arises: Where and when will archaeological sites and/or artifacts be preserved? Just as importantly, where and when will they either not be preserved or, at a later time, be removed by erosion? Areas that humans choose to occupy are highly variable in nature. In terms of site preservation, perhaps the most important variable is whether sediments are being deposited concurrently with occupation and at what rate. At any point on the earth’s land surface and at any particular time, one of three conditions exists. Deposition of sediments may be occurring with the resultant burial and preservation of any material located on the surface. In contrast, erosion may exist in which case any material located on the surface will be dislodged and transported away from the area. Finally, conditions of stability may occur, in which case neither deposition nor erosion are affecting the site. Indeed, under stable conditions, soil formation or pedogenesis often results (Holliday 1992: 101–4). Deposition Low-lying areas, where lake basins develop or where stream current velocity decreases, result in the deposition of sediment. As described by Ferring (1986: 259– 62) for fluvial flood plain deposits, the rate of sedimentation determines the preservation potential for sites and artifacts. With slow sedimentation rates, on the order of 10 to 15 cm/1000 years, materials such as mud-brick wall lines can remain exposed for tens of thousands of years and, even in an arid climate such as the Dead Sea region with very infrequent rainfall, be subject to erosion. An excellent example of this is at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠where excavations completed in 1981 were re-examined in 1989/90. Vertical balks up to 3 m in height, even with rare rainstorm events, were severely gullied in a period of only 9 years. Also of significance is the fact that shrubs and small trees were growing in those fields that had been excavated to depths of 2–3 m. More resistant material, such as stone wall lines, even with very slow burial in sediments, however, can still be preserved.

GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

19

Moderate depositional rates of 50 to 100 cm/1000 years mean one of two things to site occupants if they wish to remain at that location. Either they remove accumulating sediments or they build their structures upward to keep pace with a slowly rising land surface. In this depositional context, site preservation is probably at a maximum since more fragile items such as mud-brick walls or fire hearths will be buried and stabilized beneath a sediment layer before they are either eroded by natural processes, or removed or modified by human occupants (fig. 2.1). Where construction is carried out, either with stone or mud-brick wall lines, it can be very difficult to estimate natural depositional rates. A vertical wall line on a slope can act as a sediment dam, increasing the sedimentation rate on the upslope side of the wall (Wainwright 1994: 199–200). High to very high depositional rates, in excess of 200–300 cm/1000 years, will probably discourage any effort at construction. The continual addition of new sediment would make the locality very difficult for any type of permanent construction. Human visits to such areas, with very high natural sedimentation rates, would probably be ephemeral in nature with no interest or effort in building permanent structures. Erosion Areas that are topographically high or consisting of steep slopes will be subject to erosion. In the Dead Sea valley, when fault movement occurs with one side of the fault being uplifted to a higher elevation, or when the Dead Sea water level drops because

Figure 2.1. Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site where moderate sediment depositional rates are contemporaneous with wall line construction. The two lower, previously built wall lines are abandoned as natural sedimentation buries them. Although some erosion occurs, there is good preservation of buried walls.

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GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

Figure 2.2. Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site where erosion is occurring. The exposed and eroding wall line, if not repaired by humans, will become fragments with said fragments being transported and deposited with other sediment as illustrated on the left side of the diagram.

of more arid climatic conditions and decreased rainfall, erosion typically occurs. If an archaeological site is located in the area being eroded, it will eventually be removed. Thus an awareness of past or present fault movement and/or changes in Dead Sea level become critical in evaluating whether a locality is being affected by erosion. More importantly, however, is a field examination of sites and artifact distribution. Moving downslope from a site that is being subjected to erosion, one encounters artifacts and building material that are no longer in situ (fig. 2.2). Stone that was used in wall lines, for example, will have been transported downslope with the destruction of the original wall. Stability In areas where neither deposition nor erosion is occurring, artifacts and building structures will be present at the earth’s surface (fig. 2.3). Under humid climatic conditions, in situ weathering of artifactual material will occur. In addition, pedogenesis or soil development will take place and destroy or at least disrupt cultural material. In contrast, within arid climates, rates of weathering and pedogenesis are generally reduced with the result that exposed site material will be preserved for a longer period of time. The southern and eastern stone wall line at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is a good example of this. It appears entirely likely that this portion of the wall has been exposed, since Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was abandoned near the end of Early Bronze time. Although the upper, mud brick part of the wall is now missing, a major portion of the stone wall foundation is still preserved in its original position. A second rather important factor comes into play where site material remains at the earth’s surface. This is, of course, the reuse of materials by peoples who are in the area at any later time. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠again offers an excellent example of this. A small rectangular stone wall line located in the northeast portion of the town site could be mistaken for an Early Bronze structure. It is, however, a low stone wall that

GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

21

Figure 2.3. Diagrammatic cross-section at a hypothetical archaeological site under stable conditions where neither significant erosion nor deposition is occurring. Under these conditions, older wall lines remain exposed and suffer erosion, if not repaired. As shown in the upper half of the diagram, younger walls can be built on top of older wall lines. In some cases, older building material will be re-used in younger walls.

was placed around a tank emplacement during the 1967 war. The stones to build this wall had been taken from the Early Bronze Age town wall. Previous Work A number of comprehensive geologic studies are available for the Dead Sea area. The Dead Sea itself, as well as the preceding Lake Lisan, are described by Neev and Emery (1967, 1995), Frumkin (1997), and Frumkin and others (1991), with the most recent comprehensive coverage being that of Niemi, Ben-Avraham and Gat (1997). Regional geologic studies, geologic maps and geomorphology have been prepared by Quennell (1951; 1956; 1958; and 1987), Burden (1959), and Bender (1968a; 1968b; 1969; 1974; and 1975). A general and useful discussion of the geology of Jordan and especially groundwater can be found in a publication by the Goethe-Institut Amman (1991). Finally, for detailed geology around the town site, the works of Powell (1988) and Khalil (1992) are extremely valuable. Regional Setting Bâb edh-Dhrâº, the town site, is located on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea occurs in a north–south linear depression that is well below sea level (ca. -410 m in 1999). This linear feature has been termed the Western Arabia Rift System (Quennell 1987). In terms of modern plate tectonics, the Dead Sea depression developed along the Dead Sea–Jordan River transform fault, which has a strike slip motion as well as a rifting or sinking in a narrow zone between the eastern and western border faults (Niemi and Smith 1999: 792). The site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, like three other Early Bronze Age remains investigated by the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain (Numeira, Feifa and Khanazir), is located on an alluvial terrace surface along the eastern side of the Dead Sea (fig. 2.4). Like Bâb edh-Dhr⺠all three of these sites, two of which are cemeteries and one a settlement, are also situated adjacent to major wadis that drain water from the 1000 m high rift escarpment immediately to the east. The terraces are erosional remnants of alluvial fans deposited during the earlier existence of Lake Lisan; gravels, sands and silts were transported from the eastern rift escarpment down the wadis and deposited

22

GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

Figure 2.4. Topographic map of the Southeast Dead Sea Plain showing the location of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Numeira, Safi, Feifa and Khanazir. Safi is an EB site that was surveyed but not excavated by the EDSP. The shoreline depicted is the one that existed in 1977. At the present time, because of development of potash works and the use of water for irrigation both from the Jordan River and wadis draining into the Dead Sea, the South Basin has become dry land.

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along the shores of Lake Lisan. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠itself is located immediately south of an entrenched segment of the Wadi Kerak where the wadi stream has eroded a narrow valley into the terrace surface. The site and the alluvial fan occur just east of the Lisan Peninsula (fig. 2.4) which separates the larger, deep north basin from the smaller, presently emergent south basin of the Dead Sea. Natural Stratigraphy Introduction A survey and understanding of natural stratigraphy, both rocks and sediments, is critical for an archaeological excavation in several different ways. First, the deposition of almost all natural units precedes human occupation in any area. The only exception is where natural sedimentation, for example wind-blown sands and silts, may be coeval with human occupation and in situ cultural materials. Where rock and sediment units precede occupation, they form the basement or substrate upon which occupational units are situated. Thus it is important to be able to recognize when natural units are encountered in an excavation. More challenging, however, is a situation where natural sedimentation is contemporaneous with human occupation. In this case, natural sediments may be encountered at the bottom of an ongoing excavation. It could be a mistake, however, to discontinue excavation since older cultural deposits may exist beneath the natural sediments (fig. 2.1). Second, humans consistently use natural materials, whether it be rocks for wall construction, or clay for pottery or mud bricks. Thus, a description and understanding of the distribution of natural stratigraphic units is fundamental in determining the probable source for materials used by occupants of a site. For example, the stone wall lines constructed at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are dominantly Paleozoic and Mesozoic limestones, dolomites, and sandstones which are found cropping out along the walls of Wadi Kerak (Powell 1988). However, humans did not obtain these rocks from the nearly vertical walls of Wadi Kerak. During the erosion of the wadi, large numbers of boulder to cobble-sized sandstone, limestone and dolomite fragments were transported down the wadi and re-deposited on the alluvial fan surface on which Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is located. The evidence for this is threefold. The boulders at the site are abraded and rounded, demonstrating high energy fluvial transport. An examination of the alluvial fan surface adjacent to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠shows a paucity of loose small boulders since they were collected by Early Bronze people and used in the construction of stone walls. As one moves away from the site on the fan surface, loose boulders become increasingly common. Finally, winter flooding in the wadis draining into the Dead Sea valley are popularly called “boulder rollers.” In other words, large rock fragments are presently being transported down the wadis just as they were both preceding and during Early Bronze time. In discussing the natural stratigraphic sequence for the southeast Dead Sea valley, I will describe stratigraphic units from oldest to youngest and point out which units were utilized as resources at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, the town site. Within the two remaining volumes, Numeira and the Cemeteries, there is a change in resource exploitation because of a change in geographic location and a difference in exposure or outcrops of both rock and sediment units. Discussion of natural stratigraphy is divided into two sections; Pre-Graben (Precambrian {Greater than 570 myBP [million years before present]} to Miocene {about

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24 myBP}) and Post-Graben (Miocene to Present) (Garfunkel 1997: 43–48). Figure 2.5 illustrates the geologic time scale with standard names for geologic time periods and estimated absolute ages for the beginning and end of each time period. The last column in figure 2.5 shows the position of local stratigraphic units (formations, etc.) within the geologic time scale. Pre-Graben (Before Development of the Dead Sea Basin) A. Saramuj Conglomerate (Upper Proterozoic; Greater than 585 myBP; Powell 1988: 17–24). Beds of poorly sorted, well-rounded, clast-supported polymictic conglomerate with a grey green to brown, sand to granule-sized arkosic matrix. This unit occurs along the Dead Sea shore about 20 km south of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The Saramuj Conglomerate has not been identified at the town site and, in fact, may have not been accessible during Early Bronze time. B. Qunai Diorite (Upper Proterozoic; 585 myBP; Powell 1988: 9–11). An igneous rock that intrudes the Saramuj Conglomerate. This unit presently has a very limited exposure within the Saramuj Conglomerate outcrop described above. The Qunai Dolerite was probably not exposed during Early Bronze time. No pieces of this igneous rock have been identified at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Although copper and tin ores (the metals used to alloy bronze) might be associated with Precambrian rocks, none has been located. Both Powell (1988: 131) and Khalil (1992) do not report any significant copper or tin mineralization near the town site. Powell does, however, describe small stains and veins of copper minerals in the Cambrian Ram Sandstone Group. C. Ram Sandstone Group (Lower Paleozoic, Cambrian; 570–505 myBP; Powell 1988: 21–22). Although the Ram Sandstone Group contains three formations (Salib Arkose, Burj Dolomite Shale and Umm Ishrin Sandstone) only the Umm Ishrin Sandstone occurs within the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Khalil 1992: 5–8; Powell 1988: 21–25). The Umm Ishrin Sandstone is a red-brown to mauve-red, medium to coarse sandstone. It is dominantly a quartz arenite with quartz being the most abundant mineral component. On weathering and limited fluvial transport, this unit produces angular to subangular, subequant (close to a cube in shape rather than tabular) blocks 10’s of centimeters to 100 cm in size. The Umm Ishrin Sandstone crops out in two areas where it could become available to Early Bronze occupants of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠after fluvial transport down the Wadi Kerak. It is present in the Kerak Graben and in the crescent-shaped geologic feature that crosses the Wadi Kerak about 5 km east of the town site (fig. 2.6). Blocks of the Umm Ishrin Sandstone were transported by the Wadi Kerak stream to the alluvial fan surface at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, but it is not common. A small amount of this material was used in stone wall construction. D. Kurnub Sandstone Group (Mesozoic, Lower Cretaceous; 144 to 100 myBP; Khalil 1992: 10–14; Powell 1988: 34–40). The Kurnub Sandstone Group mainly consists of quartz arenite, generally lighter in color and not as well lithified or jointed as the Umm Ishrin sandstone. On weathering, subangular to subrounded blocks of sandstone are generated. With fluvial transport, rounding of the blocks is increased. The Kurnub Sandstone crops out on the slopes of the Wadi Kerak 7 to 10 km east of the town site so that subrounded to rounded pieces of the unit are relatively common on the alluvial fan surface. Kurnub Sandstone is a relatively common rock type making up stone wall lines in the site.

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Figure 2.5. Stratigraphic column showing standard subdivisions of geologic time with radiometric BP absolute dates for the beginning and end of major time subdivisions. The designation M.A. in the fifth column indicates millions of years before present. Names of local precultural stratigraphic units are given in the last two columns and positioned within the geologic time scale as accurately as possible.

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Figure 2.6. Map of Dead Sea area showing major faults. The Dead Sea Graben or trough has downdropped between the Western and Eastern Border Faults as much as 10 km since Miocene time. Cross-faults such as the Kerak Graben are sites where enhanced erosion has produced features such as the Wadi Kerak.

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E. Ajlun Group (Mesozoic, Upper Cretaceous; 90–66 myBP; Khalil 1992: 14–26; Powell 1988: 41–63). The Ajlun Group consists of three formations, two of which are suitable for stone wall construction. The lower and older formation, the Naur Limestone, consists of micritic to finely crystalline limestone to dolomitic limestone. The unit is fossiliferous in places and in its lower portions can be sandy. The Naur Limestone crops out on the slopes of the Wadi Kerak some 10 to 15 km east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. After fluvial transport down the wadi, it is found as subrounded to rounded, cobble- to boulder-sized rocks. This material was commonly collected and used in construction of stone wall lines at the site. The middle unit in the Ajlun Group consists of the combined Fuheis/Hummar/ Shuayb Formations. These units consist predominantly of soft marls, green-red shales with gypsum and nodular micritic limestone. As a result, erosion does not produce discrete cobble- to boulder-sized blocks. Fragments from these formations are not found on the alluvial fan surface or as building materials. The upper Wadi As Sir Limestone consists dominantly of micritic or very fine grained limestone and dolomitic limestone which can contain fossils in some cases. The formation has a limited outcrop area in the Wadi Kerak and is not abundant on the alluvial fan surface. As a result, it is only present to a limited extent in stone wall lines at the site. F. Belqa Group (Mesozoic, Upper Cretaceous; 90–66 myBP; Khalil 1992: 27–39; Powell 1988: 64–88). The Belqa Group consists of five formations, the Wadi Umm Ghudran, Amman Silicified Limestone, Al Hisa Phosphorite, Muwaqqar Chalk-Marl and the Umm Rijam Chert-Limestone. Only the Amman Silicified Limestone plays a significant part in wall construction at the Town Site. The Amman Silicified Limestone consists predominantly of laminated, grey, white or brown chert. The chert is typically interbedded with blue-grey micritic limestone or with shelly, fossiliferous limestone. The unit crops out north and south of the Kerak Graben at distances of 15 to 25 km from the site (fig. 2.6). Because of the chert’s hard, insoluble nature, this material survives transport down the Wadi Kerak and is available for wall construction. It should also be noted that this unit is a resource for production of lithic tools such as scrapers and knives. Post-Graben (After Development of the Dead Sea Basin) A. Olivine Basalt (Cenozoic; Miocene-Pliocene; 24–1.6 myBP; Powell 1988: 13– 14). Basalt flows associated with development of the Kerak Graben occur east of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠within the Wadi Kerak. The basalt is dark grey-green in color and is found on the alluvial fan surface around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as rounded small boulders between 10 and 30 cm in size. The basalt was used extensively for small bowls or mortars as well as other tools. It is also a minor component in stone wall lines. B. Dana Conglomerate (Cenozoic; Miocene; 24–5 myBP; Khalil 1992: 40; Powell 1988: 89–93). I originally described rocks included within the Dana Conglomerate as syntectonic units exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak beneath Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Donahue 1981: 141–44; Bender 1974: 23–26). As described by Khalil (1992: 40), the Dana Conglomerate consists of alternating beds of conglomerate, calcarenite and calcilutite (the latter two are limestone varieties). Powell (1988) describes the presence of pink to orange, medium to coarse grained sandstone units near the top of the Dana Conglomerate. These sandstones contain synsedimentary normal growth faults with

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small displacements between two and four meters. This is similar to lithologies I found along the floor of the Wadi Kerak just below Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The Dana Conglomerate is presently exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak and in the adh-Dhira area east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. No pieces of Dana Conglomerate have been recognized at the town site and, in fact, the unit was probably covered by younger sediments during Early Bronze time. The Dana Conglomerate, however, does play a very important role in the development of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. After deposition, the conglomerate was partially eroded, producing a land surface with stream valleys and ridges (fig. 2.10). The unit is relatively impermeable with respect to groundwater movement and forms an aquiclude, a subsurface unit through which groundwater will not easily flow. The overlying unit, the Lisan Marl Gravel Facies, is quite porous and permeable and serves as an aquifer. Thus, groundwater flow can occur within the Lisan Marl gravels and be channelized through stream valleys present on the paleotopographic surface of the impermeable Dana Conglomerate. C. Halite (Rock Salt) Beds (Cenozoic; Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene; 5 to 1 myBP; Correlates with Sedom Formation; Garfunkel 1997: 46; Khalil 1992: 40–41; Powell 1988: 94). Halite beds are present in the shallow subsurface beneath the Lisan Marl at depths of 100 to 150 m. The halite beds are recognized both by geophysical methods and within the few deep wells drilled on the Lisan Peninsula. The Lisan Peninsula is underlain by a thick salt diapir, causing the peninsula to be relatively high standing in contrast to the south and especially the north basin of the Dead Sea. A diapir develops where thick salt beds are buried beneath younger sedimentary deposits such as the Lisan Marl. Salt is less dense than other sedimentary rock types and will deform and flow plastically when buried beneath denser material. The term diapir is used to describe the structure formed when salt or other plastic material flows upward through denser overlying sedimentary units. Since rock salt is very soft and soluble even in an arid setting like the Dead Sea valley, it is generally not present in outcrop. Halite was probably used by Early Bronze people but in limited quatities. D. Lisan Marl (Cenozoic; Middle to Upper Pleistocene; 1 my to 12,000 yrBP; Khalil 1992: 42–44; Powell, 1988: 95–99). Three different sediment types or facies are recognized for the Lisan Marl with all being present at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The Lisan Marl itself (Lacustrine Facies) consists of very soft, white to grey sediments deposited within Lake Lisan from ca. 60,000 to 7,000 yrs. BP with a later short high stand between 5500 and 4500 BP (Neev and Emery 1995: 27, 62, fig. 3.6). The marl at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is laminated with alternating white and grey laminae which are distinct sediment layers ranging from less than a mm to a cm in thickness. The white laminae are composed of aragonite (CaCO3) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H20) and were deposited during more saline phases of Lake Lisan when conditions were more arid (Neev and Emery 1967: fig. 16, 17; 1995: 44). In contrast, the grey laminae were deposited during moister phases when clays were transported into the lake from peripheral wadis. Calcium carbonate is present as the minerals calcite and aragonite (Neev and Emery 1967: fig. 16, 17) and diatoms were living in the lake waters, indicating less saline conditions. The Lisan Marl is probably the major resource for manufacture of mud brick, although no chemical analyses have been made to compare compositions of mud bricks and Lisan Marl. The two are very similar in color and texture. In addition, the

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abundance of Lisan Marl adjacent to and within the town site boundary makes it the most likely candidate for manufacture of mud bricks. There are also bedded clays associated with the Lisan Marl. These units would have been possible sources for clay used in pottery manufacture. The second Lisan sediment type or facies consists of alluvial fan boulders, gravels and sands (Alluvial Fan Facies). These are deposits of coarse sediments derived from erosion of the highlands to the east and deposited as alluvial fans that built out into Lake Lisan during the early development of the lake. The thick, clastic, fining upward boulder through gravel sequence in the lower half of figure 2.12 (C), is characteristic of a transgressive lake shoreline with progressively deeper water through time. The appearance of the Lisan Marl facies above the gravels is also an indication of transgression since the marl reflects deposition under open lake conditions, away from any shore. Since the alluvial fan facies are very porous and permeable, groundwater moves very easily through the sediments. In an arid setting such as the Dead Sea valley, groundwater evaporates, leaving behind crystalline aragonite or calcite (CaCO 3) that then cements or lithifies the alluvial fan facies. With later erosion, nearly vertical to vertical cliffs can form. An excellent example of this is found in the vertical wall in the lower 20 m of the Wadi Kerak valley. The beach rock facies of the Lisan Marl (Beach Facies) is described as rounded and flat lithic clasts and sand grains coated with a carbonate crust (Powell 1988: 97). A gravel cap on the Lisan Marl, consisting of rounded and flat lithic pebbles, is located on a flat-topped ridge found about 10 m north of Field XIV (fig. 2.11). The flat top on the ridge is caused by the erosion-resistant nature of the gravel. This gravel as well as other layers occurring within the Lisan Marl are probably examples of the beach rock facies. Tectonics Simply described, tectonics is the movement or deformation of rock units after they have been deposited. Deformation often consists of the folding or large-scale bending of rocks, faulting where rocks are fractured and movement occurs on one or both sides of the fracture, or, in many cases, a combination of both. If an area is downdropped or subsides, a sedimentary basin can form where sediments accumulate. In contrast, when rock units are uplifted above lake or sea level, erosion can occur with the removal of previously deposited rock units. As described previously, only under conditions of subsidence or stability will archaeological sites be preserved. The Dead Sea over the last ten million years has been and still is one of the world’s most tectonically active areas. Deformation in this area is dominantly produced by fault movement along the Dead Sea–Jordan transform fault (Niemi and Smith 1999: 792; Niemi and Ben Avraham 1997: 73). This is a complex fault zone with development of several parallel north–south faults bounding the narrow, actively subsiding Dead Sea basin. Figure 2.6, a greatly simplified diagram of the Dead Sea area, shows the position for the Western and Eastern Border Faults. The Dead Sea basin, a downdropped segment between the two border faults, has been the depositional basin for up to 10 km of sediments since its initiation in Miocene (24 myBP) time (Garfunkel 1997: 453–48). East-southeast trending cross faults such as the Kerak Graben and Amazyahu Fault (fig. 2.6) are significant in determining the positions of wadis on both

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the east and west side of the basin as well as its southern terminus (Amazyahu Fault). The presence of faults such as the two defining the Kerak Graben causes a weakness in Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithified rocks that becomes more rapidly eroded to form a wadi; in the case of the Kerak Graben, the Wadi Kerak. The Lisan Peninsula, a high-standing feature, is underlain by a salt diapir. Salt, a relatively light or less dense, plastic material has flowed upward in the area of the Lisan Peninsula, causing it to maintain a higher elevation than the south basin and especially the deep north basin of the Dead Sea. Earthquakes There is a question about whether earthquakes have caused damage to any of the Early Bronze sites within the Dead Sea valley. Earthquakes are almost always caused by fault movement, with the quake being produced by vibrations generated during fault movement. Figure 2.6 illustrates the abundance of both north–south and, to a lesser extent, east–west faults. Repetitive and cumulative movement along these faults or fractures in the bedrock resulted in the development of the Dead Sea as we know it today. Only major faults are included on the figure. Examination of information contained on a geologic map such as the Kerak Sheet (Powell 1988) demonstrates the existence of numerous minor faults in the area, again with a dominant north– south and east–west orientation. Since the Dead Sea area has been tectonically active since at least Miocene time, fault movement or slippage with a resultant earthquake is a common event (Ben-Avraham 1997: 28–33; Garfunkel 1997: 36–41; Neimi and Ben-Avraham 1997: 76–80). An earthquake is caused by a sudden movement or slippage along a small segment of a fault. The amount of movement along the fault is generally small, usually only five to ten meters. When movement occurs, seismic or earthquake waves are generated. Seismic waves, either compressional (P waves) or lateral (S waves) radiate outward on a spherical front from the earthquake focus, the point at which fault movement took place. Most earthquake foci occur in the subsurface and when seismic waves, which travel at velocities up to six or seven km/sec., reach the earth’s surface, damage is caused by strong vibrations and development of fissures or cracks. Since seismic waves lose energy as they travel away from the focus, the closer one is to the earthquake’s epicenter or point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus, the more intense are the vibrations. The intensity of an earthquake is usually measured by use of the Richter Scale. The scale ranges up to values of 9.5 with readings of 5 or 6 representing damaging earthquakes at locations near the epicenter (Chernicoff 1995: 267–99). Damage from earthquakes is caused by a number of effects as seismic waves reach the earth’s surface. 1. The vibrations caused by seismic wave passage can cause building walls to break and collapse. 2. Where fault movement is close to the earth’s surface, tilting and actual movement along the fault line, where the fracture actually intersects the ground surface, can occur. This has been documented in areas such as southern California, where roads or stream valleys that cross a fault line are offset after fault movement at the ground surface.

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3. Where steep slopes exist, landslides can be initiated with burial of downslope areas including any human structures that are present. 4. Where flammable materials exist, such as roofing material, fire damage can occur. Although this is far more severe in modern cities, it could have happened in Early Bronze time. 5. Finally, where enclosed water bodies such as the Dead Sea occur, seiches or waves produced by the sloshing of water in the basin frequently happen. The waves can be up to 10 m in height and last as long as 11 or 12 hours although their amplitude would decrease with time. Human activity near the shoreline certainly would be disrupted by this effect. The location of earthquake epicenters in the vicinity of the Dead Sea over the last 90 years is diagrammed in figure 2.7. Only earthquakes with values between 4 and 6.5 on the Richter Scale are shown since those with values less than 4 would probably not cause significant damage. Also, in the last 90 years, no values higher than 6.5 have been recorded in the Dead Sea area although there certainly is the potential for earthquakes of that magnitude. Approximately one-third of the earthquake epicenters recorded in the Dead Sea area are close enough to Early Bronze sites to have caused damage. Although no accurate record exists for Early Bronze time, it seems reasonable to assume that earthquake frequency and magnitude similar to modern conditions existed in Early Bronze time. The actual documentation of earthquakes or earthquake damage at an archaeological site or within its vicinity is extremely difficult to obtain. Damage or disruption observed within an excavation wall can have causes other than seismic activity. For example, wall collapse during warfare or rapid erosional events such as landslides could easily resemble earthquake damage. One reasonable suggestion that has been made is that, when stone building columns found in Roman ruins have all fallen in the same direction and apparently at the same time, an earthquake is the most likely cause (Niemi, personal communication, 1999). After extensive field work and examination of excavation records and profiles from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, we found no clear-cut evidence for significant earthquake damage at the site. A likely candidate for earthquake-induced disruption is present in the precultural Lake Lisan / Lisan Marl facies within the walled perimeter of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. An exposure of Lisan Marl (see section on natural stratigraphy above) contains contorted bedding at the base of the marl sequence that resembles soft sediment deformation. The two most likely causes for this are either sediment movement caused by earthquake or seismic vibrations or flow of sediment down a gentle slope with resultant deformation. Of course, an earthquake could well have been responsible for initiation of the soft sediment flow. Neev and Emery (1995: 29, fig. 2.12) illustrate a very similar deformation in Lisan Marl at Nahal Parazim near Mount Sedom and state that the deformation was caused by an earthquake. Within building structures at the site, the most plausible candidate for earthquake damage consists of tilted mud-brick wall lines (see the west balk in Field XIV, fig. 10.70, chapter 10). The tilting could have been caused by seismic activity but it is just as likely if not more so that damage occurred from the slow processes of sub-aerial weathering and erosion (A. M. Rosen 1986: 25–52; W. Ginell, personal communication, 1999). This profile contains a large amount of eroded, transported and redeposited cultural debris. For example, significant percentages of the profile are of mud-brick detritus

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Figure 2.7. Ninety-year record of earthquake activity in the Dead Sea area. Richter magnitudes greater than 5.0 have the potential for causing damage if they occur near human-built structures. After Van Eck and Hoffstetter, 1990.

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and slope debris consisting of fragments of mud-brick and other construction material. Field XIV is located where the pre-cultural surface was sloping so that erosional processes would have been intensified. Dead Sea Levels The Dead Sea is a terminal lake in that there is no external drainage from the lake basin. All freshwater surface inflow from the Jordan River and the Wadis Yarmouk, Mujib and Hasa, as well as other smaller wadis draining into the lake basin, is mainly removed by evaporation. Since the Dead Sea is situated well below sea level (-410 m asl in 1999) and is surrounded by highlands in an arid climatic setting, temperatures are high and evaporation rates extreme. It is presently one of the most saline water bodies in the world (ca. more than 276 gm/liter or parts per thousand [‰] average salinity [Niemi, Ben-Avraham and Gat 1997: 3]). This is in contrast to normal ocean water which has a salinity of 35 ‰. There is a direct relationship between climate, especially the amount of rainfall, and both Dead Sea level and salinity. Under more humid conditions, the elevation of the lake surface will increase while its salinity will decrease. This is well illustrated by Lake Lisan sediments where gypsum (CaSO 4.2H2O) is found in the marl facies, but not halite (NaCl). Lake Lisan was much larger than the present Dead Sea, with lake levels reaching at least as high as -180 m asl (Neev and Emery 1967: 25; 1995: 58). Under less saline conditions, the mineral gypsum will crystallize from lake waters while halite (rock salt) will not. Rising or falling lake levels with associated high or low shoreline stands will cause significant changes not only in the Dead Sea itself, but also over the entire Dead Sea valley. 1. Shoreline Position. The Dead Sea water surface is the local base level for erosional processes in the Dead Sea valley. In other words, erosional down-cutting will not extend below the Dead Sea lake level. World ocean level is the base level for most erosion occurring on continents, but in the case of the Dead Sea valley, a feature some 400 m below sea level, the Dead Sea is the controlling local base level. With rising and higher lake levels, erosional rates in peripheral land areas will decrease, while with falling and lower Dead Sea levels, erosion and active down-cutting will occur. Downcutting within a tributary very often results in the migration of a knick point or erosional scarp that moves headward or up gradient along the course of the tributary. 2. Lake Stratification. Lake water can exist in one of two states. Monomictic or holomictic lakes are relatively uniform with no sharp changes in water temperature, density or salinity from water surface to lake bottom. The Dead Sea is presently in this condition. Meromictic lakes, in contrast, are stratified or layered with sharp changes or pycnoclines in temperature and/or density. Prior to 1979, the Dead Sea was meromictic with a shallow, less dense and less saline layer from the lake’s surface down to a depth of 40 meters (Neev and Emery 1995: 39–43). With the presentday falling lake levels, an overturn and mixing of the two layers occurred in 1979, converting the Dead Sea to a monomictic condition, with mixing and loss of the less saline upper layer. A rapid rise in Dead Sea level may well result in the development of a less saline upper level (Neev and Emery 1995: 39–43). With increasingly humid climatic

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conditions, the upper water mass should freshen and become a relatively stable feature unless the climate reverts to a more arid condition with falling lake levels. Another significant consequence of rising Dead Sea lake levels would be higher standing and fresher groundwater adjacent to the lake. At the present time, the only freshwater spring near Bâb edh-Dhr⺠occurs slightly above the floor of Wadi Karak at the contact between the Dana Conglomerate and the overlying Lisan Formation gravels. With a more humid climate, higher Dead Sea levels and an increase in meteoric freshwater infiltration, freshwater springs would occur at higher elevations and, more importantly, become more abundant. 3. Salinity. Finally, there appears to be a direct relationship between lake level and degree of salinity. As noted above, with Lake Lisan levels up to at least -180 m asl, no halite was crystallizing from lake waters as it is in the Dead Sea today. In fact, the thin dark layers within the Lisan Marl sediments reflect deposition under the most humid conditions at that time. The dark laminae consist of clay minerals, quartz, diatom frustules and aragonite and calcite (CaCO 3). Neev and Emery (1967: 25) also recognized a tufa or semi-consolidated calcium carbonate which they suggested may be organic deposits from calcareous algae. There are no evaporite minerals such as gypsum or halite being crystallized during these more humid times. This would suggest that Lake Lisan waters during these times were somewhat closer to normal ocean salinities. In the opposite direction, with lake levels at or below -400 m asl, Neev and Emery (1995: 44–45) state that halite or rock salt will be crystallized. Halite crystallization is an ongoing process in the modern Dead Sea with water surface levels at -410 m asl (Gavrieli 1997: 161; Stiller and others 1997: 171). When I joined the EDSP in 1977 and returned for a second field season in 1979, it became obvious that both Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira had undergone severe erosion at some point during or after EBIII occupation. It was possible to determine that ca. 28 m of erosional down-cutting had occurred at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Donahue 1985: 134) and about 50 m at Numeira (Donahue 1985: 138). With a difference of ca. 22 m in the amount of erosion between Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira, the most likely mechanism for generating down-cutting seemed to be fault movement (Donahue 1985: 136–39). The other mechanism that could account for rapid erosional down-cutting at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is a relatively fast drop in the level of the Dead Sea resulting in a decrease in base level for Wadi Kerak and upland areas adjacent to the wadi. The response to this change would be headward erosion, not only along the Wadi Kerak, but also along any tributaries emptying into the wadi. Any information that can be gained on either fault movement or Dead Sea lake levels during Early Bronze time becomes critical in understanding deposition of sediments or the presence of stable conditions with possible soil development versus erosion and corresponding loss of the archaeological record. Determination of the time and amount of fault movement that may have occurred in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠area during Early Bronze time is a daunting task. Neev and Emery (1967: 104), in their excellent work on the Dead Sea, state that vertical fault movement occurred at Mount Sedom and along northwest trending faults which now separate the Dead Sea into the North Basin, Lisan Peninsula and South Basin. Field evidence strongly suggests that this fault movement did not occur until after the time of Lake Lisan. In fact, this tectonic movement may well have caused the termination

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of Lake Lisan. As mentioned above, the 22-m difference in erosional downcutting between Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(28 m) and Numeira (50 m) also demonstrates a significant difference between the Lisan Peninsula and the Dead Sea’s South Basin. An exciting new research direction being taken by Niemi and associates in the northern Wadi ºArabah will attempt to recognize fault movement within archaeological sites where such movement occurred during occupation (Niemi, personal communication, 2000). The first attempts to document and describe lake-level changes within the Dead Sea basin were made by Klein (1961, 1982, 1986), Neev (1964), Neev and Emery (1967) and Neev and Hall (1977, 1979). Klein worked with historic records, documenting changes back to 2000 yrs. BP. In contrast, Neev, Neev and Emery, and Neev and Hall carried out extensive geologic and geophysical studies on the Dead Sea and its surroundings with a detailed examination of the last ca. 10,000 years of time. In the last decade, as summarized by Niemi and Smith (1999), three individual and different data sets have been used to estimate changes in Dead Sea levels. Horowitz (1992), in an examination of pollen records for the Dead Sea region (fig. 2.8), suggests that a more humid climate prevailed in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze time with more arid conditions during EB III and especially EB IV time. Neev and Emery (1995: 44–72, fig. 3.2) show a high stand for the Dead Sea during EB II, III and IV time although they do not estimate the elevation of this high stand (fig. 2.8). They also have a high stand during Late Bronze time. Finally, Frumkin and others (1991) and Frumkin (1997: 340) in a fascinating study of the solution of salt caves in Mount Sedom, suggest a Dead Sea high stand in EB II and III time (fig. 2.8). In the earlier paper (Frumkin and others 1991), it is suggested that the Early Bronze high stand may have reached -280 m asl which would mean that the Wadi Kerak would become a water-filled embayment. The later paper (Frumkin 1997), on the other hand, does not attempt to give a definite elevation for the high stand. Finally, Bruins (1994), using Dead Sea level changes proposed by Frumkin and others (1991), presents a lake level curve with a high stand of -300 m asl during EB II time (fig. 2.14) Both Neev and Emery (1995: 73–74) and Frumkin (1997: 242) cite our work on Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira (Donahue, 1985) to support their Early Bronze high stand. The depositional and erosional sequence that occurs at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see below) can best be explained by a rise and then fairly rapid drop in Dead Sea level. Unfortunately, none of the field data I have can be used to estimate accurately either the time or the elevation for the Early Bronze high stand. The small bluffs located immediately west of the site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠could conceivably be wave-cut features along the shore of a higher stand of the Dead Sea, but at the present time, with the field data available, this can only be a tenuous suggestion. Depositional and Erosional Events Prior to Early Bronze Occupation Introduction The natural stratigraphy described above lists and describes the significant rock units exposed, not only in the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, but also along the length of the Wadi Kerak to the east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Two of the youngest units described, the Dana Conglomerate and the Lisan Marl, are quite important in terms of providing natural resources and perhaps even more importantly, freshwater for the Early Bronze occupants of Bâb edh-Dhrâº.

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Figure 2.8. Climatic fluctuation as suggested from three different data sets: Frumkin and others (1991), Horowitz (1992), and Neev and Emery (1995).

Dana Conglomerate Dana Conglomerate units are presently exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak immediately below Bâb edh-Dhrâº. I originally described these units as syntectonic units (Donahue 1981), meaning that they were deformed by the development and movement of the Dead Sea Rift concurrently with deposition of the conglomerate units. Four different lithologies are presently exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak. The Dana Conglomerate units are gently folded with dips reaching a maximum of 30 o. Minor faults with displacements of less than two meters are also present. No effort was made to measure thicknesses within these units because they were probably not

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Figure 2.9. Diagrammatic stratigraphic column representing the four different lithologies present within the Dana Conglomerate exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak.

exposed at the time of occupation at Bâb edh-Dhrâº; none of this material has been found within cultural material at the site. Figure 2.9 diagrammatically illustrates the lithologies and stratigraphic position for the Dana Conglomerate units exposed within the Wadi Kerak. The basal unit, exposed some 100 m upstream from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, is a red to maroon shale containing abundant gypsum crystals. The gypsum contains numerous small fractures, reflecting the tectonic stress to which the unit was exposed during or immediately following deposition because of concurrent deformation in the Dead Sea rift. Overlying the gypsum-bearing shale is a tan silt to sandstone, also mildly deformed. The contact between the shale and silt to sandstone is not exposed in the Wadi Kerak sequence so that it is not known whether a conformable contact exists between the two. The black chert pebble conglomerate (fig. 2.9) overlying the tan silt to sandstone contains four to eight cm diameter black, well-rounded chert pebbles floating within a silt to sand-sized, buff to tan matrix. The chert pebbles contain numerous small fractures oriented parallel to each other while the surrounding matrix is undeformed. Contact relations with the super- and subjacent units are not exposed in the wadi. The uppermost unit of the Dana Conglomerate exposed in the Wadi Kerak is located immediately below Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It consists of a well cemented, reddish

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Figure 2.10. Artist’s sketch of probable topographic conditions around Bâb edh-Dhrâº, after erosion of upper surface of Dana Conglomerate and before deposition of Lisan Marl gravel facies.

brown to tan siltstone which is mildly deformed. It has an angular unconformable relationship with the overlying Lisan Marl gravels. All four units of the Dana Conglomerate exposed along the floor of the Wadi Kerak (fig. 2.9) consist of well-cemented, fine-grained sandstone, siltstone or shale. These lithologies have a very low porosity and are impermeable in terms of water movement through the units. Thus they act as an aquiclude or barrier to the movement of groundwater in the subsurface. The Dana Conglomerate was deposited during Miocene time, between 24 and 5 million years ago. After deposition, the upper portions of the unit were eroded, probably during a moister climatic interval with active stream flow and erosion. As previously documented (Donahue 1981: 143; 1985: 133), the upper surface of the conglomerate is

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Figure 2.11. Location of measured stratigraphic sections at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. All three sections are measured from the floor of the Wadi Kerak.

irregular and may well be a paleodrainage system with connected tributaries as suggested in figure 2.10. Since the unit overlying the Dana Conglomerate, the gravel facies of the Lisan Marl, is extremely permeable, it seems quite reasonable that the low points on the impermeable Dana Conglomerate surface, possibly a paleodrainage system, may still be serving as a subsurface drainage. In support of this suggestion, the presently active spring located on the south side of Wadi Kerak immediately below Bâb edh-Dhr⺠occurs at the lowest elevation for the Dana Conglomerate in the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Under moister climatic conditions with higher groundwater levels, it appears quite likely that groundwater flow from springs may have been more abundant than at present. Lisan Marl, Alluvial Fan Facies Figure 2.11 shows the position of three stratigraphic sections or columns which are discussed below. Each column presents a description of the sediment or rock type that occurs from the bottom of the section to its top as well as the thickness of each stratigraphic unit. Sections A and B are measured on the south side of the Wadi Kerak from the floor of the wadi up the western tributary (section B) and eastern tributary (section A) into the interior of the town site. Both columns contain both natural and cultural stratigraphic units. In contrast, Section C is measured on the north side of the Wadi Kerak and does not contain any of the cultural material found within the walls of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Sections A, B and C are illustrated in figure 2.12. The lowest

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Figure 2.12. Diagrammatic illustration for three measured stratigraphic columns of pre-cultural lithologic units in the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see fig. 2.11 for their locations). Sections A and B are measured from the present floor of Wadi Kerak up into the site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The tan, calcareous silt in both sections is actually post-occupational material produced by erosion and transport of in situ cultural material within Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Section C, measured from the floor of the Wadi Kerak and located on the north wall of the Wadi Kerak, consists entirely of non-cultural lithologic units.

unit exposed in all three sections, along the floor of the Wadi Kerak, consists of the calcareous siltstone member of the Dana Conglomerate. The wavy line at the top of the conglomerate in all three sections represents the eroded, unconformable upper surface for the Dana Conglomerate. The unconformity is at a low point (ca. 7 m above the wadi floor) 100 m east of section A (fig. 2.12). The contact is higher both east and west of this point. Interestingly, the low point in the conglomerate surface may well be responsible for the active freshwater spring located here (Donahue 1981: 144). In section C, on the north side of Wadi Kerak, the Dana Conglomerate contact is only about 4 m above the wadi floor, suggesting a gradient sloping to the north. No spring exists here because all the water has exited on the south side of the wadi. Although the three stratigraphic sections illustrated in figure 2.12 are somewhat different, they show a generally similar depositional history above the Dana Conglomerate. In all three columns, a coarse gravel, including boulder-sized material, with a sand- to siltsized matrix, is present above the conglomerate. The sediment is very poorly sorted with upper size limits of up to 90 to 100 cm. The gravel- to boulder-sized sediment

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grains are consistently well-rounded, similar to those found on the terrace surface around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠today. In all three columns, a fining upward of gravel grain size occurs. The gravel is cemented by calcium carbonate, undoubtedly crystallized during groundwater evaporation in this arid environment. Because of cementation of the gravel, present-day erosion produces vertical to very steep valley walls. These gravels represent the alluvial fan facies of the Lisan Marl and were deposited within alluvial fan sequences in the developing Lake Lisan. In Section C (fig. 2.12), a 10-m sequence of well-sorted silt to sand overlies the coarse gravel. No cross-bedding was noted within the sequence. This may represent a lens of sheet flood deposits, emplaced by floodwater flowing over the surface of the alluvial fan (Doeglas 1962). Overlying this is about 15 m of medium- to fine-grained gravel with a sand matrix in some horizons. The relatively good sorting within this unit would again suggest sheet flood deposition with transport of coarser-grained sediments. In Sections A and B, about 15 m of tan, calcareous silt (fig. 2.12) is found above the gravels. At first glance this sequence, located on the side walls of the western tributary, which is presently eroding into the interior of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, appears to be part of the natural stratigraphy. Closer examination however, reveals the presence of abundant cultural materials: mud brick, pottery sherds, fire lenses and stone “door sockets.” On the north slope of the western tributary, underneath the redeposited cultural silt, an eroded, in situ mud-brick wall occurs. The tan silt is actually a much younger cultural sediment deposited during late Early Bronze time or later and now covering both natural stratigraphy and in situ partially eroded building structures on valley sides within Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This sediment was derived from erosion and transport of loose sediment from in situ buildings and other materials upslope from its present location. Lisan Marl, Lacustrine Facies The uppermost natural stratigraphic unit exposed at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠consists of the white to tan, easily eroded lacustrine sediments of the Lisan Marl. Within the perimeter of the EB III town wall line, in some areas, the typical white lacustrine sediment is replaced by a fine-grained, well-sorted sand which may represent shallow water and thus higher energy conditions within Lake Lisan. As mentioned above, the flat gravel grains present at the top of the Lisan Marl on the linear ridge located north of Field XIV resemble the beach facies described by Powell (1988: 97). The marl is the uppermost natural unit exposed in all three stratigraphic sections (fig. 2.12). It ranges in thickness from 5 to 15 m and is present in the eastern and southern parts of the site. Its soft, non-resistant nature results in gentle, rounded slopes and hillocks after erosion. Pre-occupation Erosion Prior to Early Bronze occupation of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠area, the waters of Lake Lisan retreated, probably caused by development of a more arid climate as well as fault movement as described above in the section on Dead Sea Levels. The result was a low stand for water in the Dead Sea Basin with resultant erosion (Neev and Emery 1995: 62, Fig. 3.6). The area around the site probably underwent a period of slow erosion from Pottery Neolithic through Chalcolithis to Early Bronze I time. The period of slow erosion produced gentle rounded slopes in the upper portion of the Wadi

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Figure 2.13. Paleogeologic map of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠showing probable topography and geology of the surface on which Early Bronze people began their occupation during Early Bronze IA time. At this point in time, there is no evidence of construction of mud-brick or stone-wall structures. EB IA peoples were apparently pastoralists who occupied the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠area on a temporary basis (see chapter 4).

Kerak as well as the land surface that was going to be occupied by Early Bronze people. Figure 2.13 illustrates my estimate of both topography and pre-cultural geology when Early Bronze people began their occupation of the site. Another important point must be made here. With the termination of Lake Lisan, the stream flowing from the Wadi Kerak eroded a gentle valley into the alluvial fan surface. Thus, in contrast to smooth or planar alluvial fan surfaces where a stream flowing across the fan will move laterally back and forth across the fan surface, both eroding and depositing sediments, the entrenchment of the Wadi Kerak stream stabilized its position in one place. This means that the Early Bronze people establishing the town site could construct buildings on a surface which was not subject to yearly flooding. The entrenched stream next to their town would contain all except the most severe flooding. They would still, however, be adjacent to a relatively reliable water supply.

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Figure 2.14. Dead Sea level curve proposed by Bruins (1994). This curve shows a lake level high stand during EB II time with water levels being as high as -300 m asl. The curve is based mainly on the previous curve generated by Frumkin (1991).

Town Site Setting during Occupation (EB I, II, III, and IV) Introduction Field data at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠do not allow me to establish the time or the height of Dead Sea level rise. The Dead Sea lake level curve (fig. 2.14) constructed by Bruins (1994) calls for a maximum, perhaps as high as -300 m asl, during EB II with a progressive and rapid fall in level during EB III and IV time. It is useful to keep this curve in mind when discussing changes at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during Early Bronze time. Early Bronze I Early Bronze I is divided into earlier EB IA and later EB IB. As discussed in chapter 4, an EB IA presence is represented by shaft tombs outside what became the EB III walled perimeter of the town site. There is no preservation of EB IA habitation. It seems quite likely that at this time, the Dead Sea level was at -400 m asl as a response to a very arid climate. Freshwater supplies were probably minimal at this time so that occupation consisted of temporary camps that are not well preserved. In EB IB time, year-round occupation began at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see chapter 6). This is evidenced by construction of mud-brick buildings at Fields XI, XII and XIII as well as mud-brick debris at Area F and Fields I and II. The mud-brick structures had

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largely collapsed by the end of EB IB time. In Area F, and Fields I, II, IV, XII, and XIII, up to 0.5 m of an ashy burn layer are also present. Geologic information suggests that Dead Sea level was probably beginning to rise by EB IB time. The rise would be in response to improving climatic conditions and could also be one of the reasons for a change from temporary campsite occupation (EB IA) to a permanent village occupation (EB IB). Geologic data do not offer any explanation for the extensive burn layer found west of and in the western half of the town site. Early Bronze II Early Bronze II time represents a period of extensive mud-brick wall and building construction (see chapter 8). Fields XVII and XIX, located in the town interior, probably had the greatest amount of vertical mud-brick construction. This is in contrast to Fields XI and XII, located on topographically high areas. Although mud-brick construction existed at the latter two fields, it did not add significantly to elevation around the town site’s periphery. Finally, at Field XIV, where construction took place on a sloping surface, the profiles show relatively thick sequences of erosional debris intercalated with mud-brick construction. In Field XIV, a continual battle with erosion continued through EB II and EB III time. The interior of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, with human construction of mud-brick walls on originally sloping surfaces, was an aggradational process with increasing elevation in the site’s interior. Human construction of vertical mud-brick walls resulted in either intentional fill or natural sedimentation between the mud-brick structures (Wainwright 1994: 199–200). The net result was to raise and flatten the interior of Bâb edhDhrâº. Early Bronze II people probably became more advanced in terms of mud-brick and stone-wall construction than earlier peoples. However, the change to a more humid climate with rising Dead Sea levels and an increased availability of freshwater, both in surface runoff and increased spring activity, undoubtedly promoted the establishment of the EB II town site. Early Bronze III Early Bronze III occupation occurred over the entire area of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see chapter 10). As in EB II time, mud-brick construction continued with the greatest vertical extent being in Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX. Since these fields are located on sloping surfaces, they continued to be the areas most subject to erosion. In all three fields, mud-brick construction was oriented parallel to the natural slope in order to minimize downslope movement of sediment. Figure 2.15 shows an artist’s sketch of the area around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠after construction of the EB III town wall but before the extensive erosion that later affected the site. Town Wall Line Remnants of a continuous EB III stone wall are present on the east, south and west sides of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(fig. 2.11). At the northeast corner of the site the wall turns west but disappears before reaching Field XI. It has been removed by post-occupational erosion. At the northwest corner of the site the wall turns east and, again, has been removed by post-occupational erosion.

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Figure 2.15. Artist’s sketch of landscape around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during EB III time, after construction of town wall.

Composition of the rocks used in wall construction was determined at a number of points along its extant length. During this examination, a definite pattern of wall construction was discerned. A broad base, 3–4 m or greater in width and 1–1.5 m in height, was established for the wall by placing boulders taken from the surrounding terrace surface. Even today, the number of larger rock pieces shows a significant decrease as you approach the EB III town wall line. The wall width varies and increases to a maximum of 7 m along the south edge of the site. The subrounded to subangular boulders vary in size from 0.1 to 0.5 m in diameter, a size that allows them to be transported by one or two persons. The base of the wall is exposed near the northeast corner of the site in a trench initially excavated by Lapp in 1965. Here, the base of the wall is placed on a flat surface that has been designated as EB II mud brick (fig. 2.16 A). Northward from Lapp’s trench, the wall is constructed on a gentle uphill slope, eroded into the Lisan Marl

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Figure 2.16. A. Cross-section of probable configuration of exterior town wall at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The lower unit, still preserved in some places around the site, consists of angular to subrounded small boulders (20 to 50 cm in diameter) of Paleozoic sandstone and Mesozoic limestone and dolomite (see Natural Stratigraphy for descriptions of these units). The middle unit, the stippled rectangular blocks (5 to 10 cm thick by 20 to 30 cm in width and length) consist of Lisan Marl sands that are naturally cemented with calcium carbonate (calcite). These slabs were quarried and used to prepare a flat surface on top of the stone foundation for the wall. The upper, no longer preserved, portion of the town wall consisted of mud brick. B. Diagrammatic longitudinal cross section showing wall construction on uphill slope north of Lapp’s 1966 trench which cut through the stone wall. Trench is parallel to Field II. Explanation is the same as for figure 2.16A.

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(Lacustrine Facies), up to the northeast corner of the site. The outer or east side of the wall exposes a series of broad steps cut into the Lisan Marl (fig. 2.16 B), a relatively soft and easily excavated material. A similar “step-like” construction can be seen on the northwest corner of the site where the wall goes uphill. At these two locations it is obvious that a flat surface was prepared before stonewall construction was started. It seems likely that a similar process was carried out for the entire wall. A flat surface would result in a more stable wall structure. The lower 1–1.5 m of the stone wall is built with 0.1 to 0.5 m diameter, generally sub-rounded to sub-angular boulders. The boulders are composed of a number of different lithic types. Two sandstones are relatively common in the wall line. The most abundant is a tan to reddish, calcareous, weakly-lithified, fine-grained sandstone that probably consists of fragments of Kurnub Sandstone (see Natural Stratigraphy above) that have been transported some 7 to 10 km down the Wadi Kerak before reaching the terrace surface at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. A less common sandstone type in the wall line are fragments of Umm Ishrin Sandstone which is a red brown, medium to coarse grained well-lithified sandstone. With fluvial transport, it tends to break into smaller, angular fragments that are not as common as the Kurnub Sandstone on the alluvial fan surface or in the wall line. The Naur Limestone, a white, micritic to fine-grained limestone that can be fossiliferous, is also a very common rock type used in wall construction. Less common in the wall is the Amman Silicified Limestone. Rounded basalt boulders are also less common in the wall. The upper portion of the rock wall involves a distinct change in construction style. This is only preserved at two points along the present wall—immediately north of Lapp’s trench at the northeast corner of the site (fig. 2.16 A and B), and immediately east of Field VIII near the center of the southern wall segment. At these two points, tabular slabs of sand and gravel, weakly lithified with calcium carbonate, form an upper layer to the stone wall. These are Lisan Marl, alluvial fan facies sediments that are cemented with calcium carbonate. The blocks were probably quarried from the slopes leading down into the Wadi Kerak. The rectangular, tabular blocks, 40 to 60 cm in length and 20 to 40 cm in width, are placed to form a relatively smooth surface for the top of the stone wall base (fig. 2.16 A). The present condition of the top of the stone wall east of Field VIII shows that fine gravel and sand were used to fill the spaces between the slabs. The end result is a smooth pavement-like surface. The complete stone wall base only has an average height of 1.5 m. Although no preserved segments remain, I am certain that a substantial mud-brick wall existed on top of the stone wall to complete a defensive structure. A continuous debris slope exists on both sides of the stone wall line. A trench placed into this slope revealed the presence of numerous weathered fragments, as well as whole mud bricks (fig. 2.17). The mud-brick debris forming this slope could only have come from the top of the stone wall line. Secondly, the stone wall line consists of straight line segments rather than curved (fig. 2.11). The stone wall was built with straight line segments so that straight line segments of mud brick could be built on top of them. Early Bronze mudbrick wall lines are consistently straight rather than curved. It is easier to build mudbrick wall in a straight line. Early Bronze IV The preservation of Early Bronze IV occupation is quite limited (see chapter 12). Within the walled perimeter of the site, only Field XVI contains in situ structures.

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Figure 2.17. Present condition of town wall where the two lower rock construction units are still preserved in a few places at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This can be seen at the northeast corner of the site, just north of Fields I and II. Both the interior and exterior slopes adjacent to the stone wall consist largely of eroded fragments of mud brick which were originally located on top of the stone wall as a mud-brick wall of unknown height.

The same is found at Field X, a short distance east-northeast of the town site, and in Field IX south of the town. A small number of EBIV sherds were found in Fields XIV, XVII and XIX in the interior of the site, but it is not clear whether these can be taken as indicating EBIV settlement within the former walled town interior. What is clear is the EBIV settlement in Field XVI on the north edge of the former town, and in Fields IX and X outside the former EBIII town. Post-occupational Erosion Introduction Field examination of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠indicates that the site has been heavily eroded with the loss of a large amount of building structure and cultural material, especially along its northern edge and in the area of the western and eastern tributaries located within the site (fig. 2.18). The critical questions are when and where this erosion occurred at the town site. Perhaps less importantly is how long and how persistently erosional conditions have existed since Early to Middle Bronze time. Prior to and during Early Bronze occupation, the Wadi Kerak was shallower by ca. 28 m. This can be documented at two points: with a cross section of the wadi itself, located 500 m east of the town site, and across the western tributary that drains a large portion of the interior of the site along two east–west trending branches (fig. 2.18). The western tributary as well as a much smaller eastern tributary drain into the Wadi Kerak. A cross section of the Wadi Kerak (fig. 2.19) shows a gentle bowl shape down to an elevation of ca. -276 m asl and then vertical walls to ca. -304 m asl, the approximate elevation of the present wadi floor. A similar relationship occurs at the interior western tributary where it drains into the Wadi Kerak. The tributary has a gentle bowl-shaped cross-section down to an elevation of ca. -265 m asl while below that elevation the tributary is a narrow, deep and rapidly eroded valley with nearly vertical walls (fig. 2.11). Since the tributary is at the same grade as the Wadi Kerak, it demonstrates the same geometry as the Wadi Kerak.

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Figure 2.18. Artist’s sketch of landscape around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠at the present time with erosion into the interior of the site by the western and eastern tributaries.

Summarizing the above relationships, we have a slow, long-continued erosion producing the gentle upper slopes of the Wadi Kerak and its tributary. During Early Bronze time, we also have the construction of both stone and mud-brick vertical walls within the area of the town site. The lower vertical valley walls for the Wadi Kerak and its western tributary represent a change to rapid erosional downcutting. The western tributary is now eroding into EB II, III and IV structures. We do have some

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Figure 2.19. Diagrammatic cross-section of the Wadi Kerak at several different points in time. The left section shows the wadi in Chalcolithic times, when long, slow erosion had produced a bowlshaped valley. The middle two sections show conditions during EB I/III times when sediments began to accumulate in the wadi. Within the site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, building construction caused the accumulation of both cultural and natural sediment. During and especially toward the end of this period, erosion was also occurring, both in the wadi and at the adjacent town site. The right cross-section depicts conditions after the large drop in the level of the Dead Sea. Extensive erosion occurred in the wadi, creating the lower, straight-sided portion of the wadi. Within Bâb edh-Dhrâº, erosion removed a significant portion of both cultural and natural material.

evidence for erosion of some structures, at least in Field XIV, during EB III time. The Dead Sea level curve (fig. 2.14) constructed by Bruins (1994) appears to fit our field data reasonably well. Optimum climatic conditions would exist during EB II time with a falling Dead Sea level and increasing erosion during EB III and especially EB IV time. Figure 2.18 is an artist’s sketch of the town site after erosion of the western and eastern tributaries within the town site. The sketch is based on present topographic conditions and, at this point, I am not prepared to describe or quantify erosional rates. Suffice it to say that erosion at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is an active, ongoing process that was initiated some 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. Post-occupational Facies A number of degradational or erosional facies occur within Bâb edh-Dhrâº. These sediments are produced by the erosion of in situ cultural material and building structures, minimal (centimeters) to moderate (meters) transport of the eroded material, and then its deposition, generally downslope from its original position. Once any redeposited material is examined and the mechanism for its emplacement understood, it provides important clues for an accurate reconstruction of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠prior to erosional removal of a significant portion of the site. The different facies are discussed below. Boulder Fields There are numerous large cobbles to small boulders distributed either as lines up to 10 m long and 2 to 3 m wide or as patches up to 100 m long and 20 to 30 m wide (fig. 2.20). At first glance, these appear to be natural accumulations of coarse rock fragments on the land surface within the boundaries of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, somewhat similar to those seen on the alluvial fan surface peripheral to the site. Once the preoccupational natural topography and stratigraphy (fig. 2.13) within the town site are

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Figure 2.20. Contour map of the town site showing the distribution of boulder/cobble fields across the site. The fields were derived from the erosion and transport of former stone buildings and wall lines. Dashed line shows the possible position for the north part of the town wall.

examined, however, it becomes obvious that there is no natural source for coarse rock fragments in the area of the site. The only two natural units cropping out within the town site consist of the upper portion of the Lisan Marl Alluvial Fan Facies (fig. 2.12C) at elevations below -251 m asl or the Lisan Marl Lacustrine Facies, consisting predominantly of clay to silt-sized sediments, at elevations above -251 m asl. It should be noted that the elevations along Wadi Kerak in figure 2.13 are estimated elevations before the 28 m downcutting that occurred after EB III and IV time. The areas with boulder and cobble accumulations, all above -251 m asl, represent material carried by Early Bronze people into the site for stone-wall and building construction. Field examination reveals several types of accumulations. The boulder concentration around and downslope from Fields XI, XII, XIV and XV represents stone foundations and buildings that have been disrupted and transported downslope. In addition, the cobble and boulder patches on the hill slopes east of Field XII, south and west of Field XV and north and west of Field XIV, probably represent disrupted walls and buildings; erosion and transport have been so extensive in these cases that original wall lines are no longer detectable. The extensive boulder field that occurs on the northwestern portion of the site, just east and northeast of Fields IV and XIII, probably represents boulders transported into the site during erosion of the former town wall, which had extended along

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the north edge of the site. The northeast termination of the wall is located just north of Field XI, where an extensive boulder field does not occur. Boulders from the northeast portion of the former wall have been entirely removed by extensive erosion, with transport of wall material such as mud brick and boulders into the Wadi Kerak. This was a slow process, which has been ongoing to the present time, rather than a collapse caused by some catastrophic event. The dashed line in figure 2.19 shows the hypothetical position of the northern town wall. Finally, along the east-northeast trending ridge that has Field XV at its eastern end, a number of small boulder fields have a distinct north–south lineation. Field examination shows them to be obvious stone wall foundations, although excavation in Field XV was sterile. The boulder concentrations, especially in the eastern half of the site, must represent stone foundations and buildings that have been disrupted and transported downslope. Erosional transport has been so extensive that, in many cases, the original wall line is no longer present. In the northern portion of the site, erosion has been so extensive and deep along the western and eastern tributaries that nothing is preserved. The only exception is Field XVI. Mud-brick Detritus Mud-brick detritus results from the weathering and disaggradation of mud-brick walls. This is a heterogeneous, generally non-stratified white- to cream-colored deposit consisting largely of mud-brick fragments floating in a fine-grained matrix. The amount of mud-brick fragments present depends on the age and degree of weathering for the deposit. If any secondary transport has occurred, after collapse of a mud-brick wall, further disintegration and perhaps complete disappearance of mud-brick fragments can occur. In these cases the deposit may be difficult to recognize as mud-brick detritus. Mud-brick detritus commonly occurs in two settings. Within Bâb edh-Dhrâº, where mud-brick walls have weathered and disintegrated, mud-brick detritus can be found on one or both sides of remaining intact mud-brick walls. If the mud brick is entirely decomposed, then detritus can be found by itself. Where mud-brick walls are still intact, detritus may be found on only one side of the intact mud brick. The wall has served as a dam with buildup of detritus on only one side of the wall. The upper surface of a detrital zone typically slopes away from the originating mud brick, whereas its lower boundary can be horizontal if mud-brick collapse occurred on a living surface. Mud-brick detritus is characterized by a lack of stone, ash layers or pottery fragments, and generally consists exclusively of mud-brick fragments and disaggregated mud-brick matrix. If disaggradation has gone to completion, no fragments will be recognizable and the mud-brick collapse may be difficult to recognize. This type of deposit occurs to a greater or lesser extent in all interior fields. It is especially pronounced at Field XIV which was constructed on a slope, making erosion and weathering of mud-brick structures more prominent. Where excavation has been done adjacent to the EB III stone wall around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Fields I, II, IV, VIII and XIII), a distinctive degradational facies can be seen. This consists of whole and fragmented mud bricks contained within a finegrained matrix that represents degraded mud-brick wall. Over most of the area of the extant stone wall, and especially on the outer side, a gentle slope exists; excavation

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into this slope reveals the existence of a degraded mud-brick facies (fig. 2.16). As discussed above (see Town Wall Line) the stone wall around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was undoubtedly capped by mud brick to make a higher protective structure. Since abandonment of the site, erosion by intermittent rain storms and, perhaps, human destruction have resulted in removal of the mud brick from the stone wall and its redeposition as mud-brick detritus, especially on the outside of the stone wall. Since working at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, I have had the opportunity of visiting coastal Peru, where a similar type of construction was used by pre-Inca cultures (Moche and Chemu). In Peru, however, a mud-brick wall is still often in position on a stone foundation. Where the mud-brick wall is eroded, a mud-brick detrital slope is often present along the edge of the stone wall foundation. Sheetwash These are fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted and crudely stratified deposits that typically contain pottery sherds, cobbles and mud-brick fragments. They are surface deposits on top of any field situated on a slope. The layering is typically at an angle rather than horizontal with the upslope, being in the direction of the source for the sheetwash sediment. Sheetwash sediments are generated by downslope movement of sediments over degraded mud-brick building structures during intermittent rainstorms. The sediments cap the intermediate and lower slopes in the interior of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and result in a relatively smooth slope that covers in situ building structures at the site (fig. 2.21). The deposits are typically 10 to 100 cm thick and must be removed to begin excavation of in situ cultural material. They are, of course, absent on hilltops and tend to increase in thickness downslope except where vertical slopes exist such as in the lower parts of the western tributary. Present Distribution of Cultural Material at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠This section is an attempt to predict distribution of unexcavated in situ cultural material at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This should assist in planning the location of potential fields in future excavations. The prediction is based on field observations made during the 1977, 1979 and 1981 field seasons and the insight gained of the pre-cultural stratigraphy and topography as well as nature and distribution of in situ cultural material exposed by excavation of the present fields. There are several key areas where unexcavated material still remains at Bâb edhDhr⺠(fig. 2.21). As noted above, the northern edge of the site has suffered extensive erosion. The area around Field XI contains a thin veneer of cultural material. Moving westward, the eastern tributary is post-occupational in nature and its head is presently cutting into the north edge of the site; the erosion caused by the tributary has removed all cultural material from this small area (fig. 2.21). The ridge terminated by Field XVI at its western end contains cultural material in the vicinity of Field XVI. The western tributary has eroded and removed an extensive amount of cultural material in the northwest portion of the site. The lower slopes of the western tributary are non-cultural below elevations of -265 m asl where it enters the Wadi Kerak. The upper reaches of the tributary, near Fields XI and XIV, contain a thick wash of transported cultural debris and non-cultural sediment. Along the central and southern portions of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, the higher elevations may have thin cultural veneers (Field XII). These areas have been subject to continued

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Figure 2.21. Contour map of town site showing an estimated thickness for post-occupational sheetwash deposits over the area of the site. Thickness ranges from ca. 3.5 m at the western depositional flat (Field IV) to zero at Fields XI and XII.

erosion, both during and after Early Bronze occupation. The most likely areas for thicker in situ cultural deposits are along the slopes leading down to the western tributary and especially at lower elevations near the tributary itself. The entire slope area is covered by sheetwash deposits, but excavation on both the north and south slopes during the 1979 and 1981 seasons revealed the presence of significant in situ cultural material (Fields XVII and XIX, as well as other areas). Finally, the depositional flats inside the east and west walls offer an excellent potential for cultural sequences. Excavation of Field IV showed the presence of 3.5 m of post-occupational sediment in the center of the western depositional flat before reaching occupational material. The eastern depositional flat is presently unexcavated. Summary 1. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is situated on the surface of an alluvial fan terrace located on the Lisan Peninsula just east of the present Dead Sea shoreline. The Early Bronze site was built adjacent to an entrenched or deepened valley of the Wadi Kerak. The entrenchment reduced the likelihood of flooding of the town site since most high water would be contained in the entrenched valley. 2. The Early Bronze site is constructed from easily obtained local resources. Stone walls (i.e., wall foundations of which the upper parts are mud brick, such as the town

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wall) are built from limestone, dolomite, sandstone and basalt boulders and cobbles present on the terrace surface. Mud brick is probably made from abundant Lisan Marl lacustrine deposits at or immediately adjacent to the site. Pottery is probably made from clay deposits also available from Lisan Marl lacustrine deposits. No local sources for copper or tin, used in the manufacture of bronze, were found in the eastern Dead Sea region. Early Bronze copper works are present however, in the Wadi Araba, south of the southeast Dead Sea Plain. 3. Occupation during EB I, II, III and IV time coincides with development of a progressively more humid climate. As a response to increased rainfall, Dead Sea levels may have risen as much as ca. 60 to 100 meters. Abundance of freshwater springs probably also increased during this time. It is not possible to determine when a climatic optimum was reached, although it seems likely it was during EB II or III time. 4. The Dead Sea valley and its surroundings is a region with high earthquake activity. Within the exposures of the present archaeological excavations at Bâb edhDhrâº, however, there is no good evidence to support the idea that any severe earthquake damage affected the town site. 5. A climatic reversal with greatly increased aridity occurred either during or shortly after EB IV time, resulting in a rapid fall in Dead Sea level. The drop in lake level resulted in erosional downcutting both in the Wadi Kerak valley and in the eastern and especially the western tributary within the town site. At this point, erosion began to remove the northwestern portion of the interior of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Climatic deterioration resulted in the abandonment of the town site before Middle Bronze time. 6. Erosion has probably removed most of the upper levels of EB III building structures from the interior of the site. It may also have removed EB IV structures although, as noted above, the use of the town area by the EB IV people is unclear apart from the remains in Field XVI. Complete loss of Early Bronze material has occurred at the head of the eastern tributary and along the lower slopes of the western tributary where it drains into the Wadi Kerak.

Acknowledgments. I would like to thank several of my former graduate students, notably Diane Beynon Landers and O. Olaniyan, who made significant contributions to this research. My wife, Jessie, strongly encouraged me to make the first trip (1977) to the Dead Sea and has continued to be very supportive of my research effort. Finally, my heartfelt thanks to the people of Jordan who have consistently made my visits to Jordan enjoyable and pleasant.

Natural Resources of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Region

3 NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE BÂB EDH-DHRº REGION Jack R. Harlan†

Sufficient information is now available for a reasonable reconstruction to be made of the environment of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠at about 3000 b.c., when settlement of the site was taking off (cf. Harlan 1981). Data from geology, climatology, ecology, history and ethnology all contribute to a picture of what the occupants of the site faced as they began to settle permanently in this location. As Donahue has shown (chapter 2 above; Donahue 1980, 1985), the geological setting of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠at the beginning the Early Bronze Age was strikingly different from the present. At that time the bed of Wadi Kerak was approximately 28 m higher in relation to the site; the slopes of the valley were relatively gentle, the streambanks were stable and the valley possibly aggrading rather than eroding. Topographic evidence indicates the spring at that time may have been near the center of the settlement and if so, could have been a primary reason for the siting (Donahue 1981: 150–51, fig. 15). The relatively higher location of groundwater must have had a dramatic effect on the vegetation of the environs. The vegetation, in fact, has changed dramatically since the nineteenth century (Harlan 1982, 1985; cf. Vita-Finzi 1982: 25). Because of a number of eyewitness descriptions of the vegetation recorded in the nineteenth century, it is relatively easy to reconstruct the probable situation at the start of the third millennium b.c. Observers in the nineteenth century saw the land after several centuries free of urban disturbance, and it was a very different land from what we see today. The situation at the start of the first urbanization must have been similar ecologically to the eyewitness reports, although changes in climate and geology must also be taken into account. Evidence for change in climate over the time range of interest here has been reviewed by Ehrich (1965), Bell (1971), Crown (1972), Butzer (1976), Lamb (1977), McGhee (1981), and Wigley, Ingram, and Farmer (1981). The sources of the evidence are about the same for all reviewers so that there is a general consensus, although different authors have emphasized different features of the evidence. In general, it is agreed that the Early Bronze Age opened during a minor pluvial with a temperature averaging somewhat below the present, and the rainfall being somewhat higher. The difference is not considered to be very great but the climate was, on the whole, somewhat more favorable than the present one. The difference was surely not enough to permit dry farming in the Ghor, but rainfall in the highlands would have been

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE BÂB EDH-DHRº REGION

57

Figure 3.1. Surviving specimen of Acacia tortilis, between Wadi Isal and Numeira.

delivered to the lowlands by more abundant and consistent stream flow, spring flow and groundwater infiltration. This, together with differences in the geological setting, would have given a radically different aspect to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠environment during Early Bronze times. The Wadi Kerak was a perennial stream a century ago and must have been even more secure and stable 5,000 years ago when there was more rainfall and the catchment upstream had not been degraded. Essentially every perennial stream at low elevations in southwest Asia is bordered by the ornamental oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Several observers commented on the abundance of this shrub near Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during the last century (Irby and Mangles 1823; DeSaulcy 1853; Tristram 1873; F. A. Klein 1880). There are a few scraggly bushes left, but they have been stunted by flood waters rolling over them. The streambanks on which they grew have been ripped out by flash floods. Today the wadi bed is essentially bare from wall to wall. Other streamside plants, then and now, include tamarix, willow, common reed, and a robust reedy grass, Erianthus ravenae (L.) Beauv. Wild date palm and poplar were common a hundred years ago, but not now. Trees that survive, or even thrive, in the southeastern Dead Sea Plain by tapping ground water deep in the alluvium include the acacias (fig. 3.1), primarily the Acacia raddiana Savi and A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne, Christ’s thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. (fig. 3.2), and Salvadora persica L. Common grasses of the area also capable of reaching deep water are: Panicum turgidum Forssk., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,

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Figure 3.2. Surviving specimen of Christ’s thorn, Ziziphus spina-christi, Ghor el-Masraªa.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE BÂB EDH-DHRº REGION

59

Dichanthium annulatum Willem., Hyparrhenia hirta Andress. and several Pennisetum spp. The gentle slopes of Wadi Kerak of 5,000 years ago as well as the plain on which Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is sited must have been covered at that time by an open savanna-like woodland with grasses and forbs growing amongst the trees. In fact, Irby and Mangles (1844: 138), riding across the plain in 1818, noted: “An open grove of acacia and doomtree was thinly sprinkled on the first portion of our way, of these a great number were apparently either dead or dying, from what cause we did not learn.” The doom here is not the doom palm but Christ’s thorn. All of these have now disappeared, except a few in ravines in the cemetery area. Tree death in the nineteenth century was most likely due to a sinking water table, but both De Saulcy (1853) and Tristram (1873) indicate that some of the acacias survived on this plain for some decades after the 1818 observation. In the lower Wadi Kerak valley near the site, the trees would have been larger and more closely spaced next to the stream, and more widely spaced on higher ground. The valley, then, would have led to an alluvial fan and coastal flat with more gentle slopes than the present ones at the shores of the Dead Sea. A century ago the lower fan and coastal plain were covered by a dense, jungle-like growth of spiny trees, difficult and painful to penetrate. The lowest part bordering the sea was swampy, and covered by a canebrake, not only difficult to penetrate because of the density of reeds, but dangerous because travelers or their mount could easily be mired down in it (De Saulcy 1853). These canebrakes, then, were inhabited by droves of wild swine which in turn attracted a few leopards that preyed on them. In EB I times there would have been lions as well. The dense thorn forest and canebrakes as they were in the nineteenth century were well described by Irby and Mangles (1844), DeSaulcy (1853), Palmer (1871), Tristram (1873), Lortet (1884) and Hornstein (1898). Viewing the scene today, it is difficult to imagine how it was only a century ago, let alone five millennia ago when people began to settle here. In modern times the thickets have been cleared for agriculture and to supply the villagers with wood. A few relict specimens of acacia, tamarix, Christ’s thorn, and Salvadora remain, some of which are of impressive size. The canebrake is gone and only a few scattered patches of reed remain. The wild pigs and leopards are gone now, but a few jackals can be found. Most ibex have been killed off by local hunters. The stream in Wadi Kerak was perennial and contained fish a hundred years ago; today most of the water is removed for irrigation, and what is left sinks into the sands and gravels of the denuded wadi bed. Where an open woodland once stood is a barren plain and the forage cover has been replaced by bare ground. In the nineteenth century the banks of the Wadi Kerak supported a luxuriant growth of trees and shrubs. These have been washed away, banks and all, by the frequent flash floods that are now a feature of the hydraulic system. Hunting Technical Services (1973) estimated the flood frequency of Wadi Kerak at over 500 per century. Destructive floods must have been uncommon in the last century or the trees and shrubs could not have flourished as they did. The difference is clearly due to changes in the catchment areas in the highlands. These were once a luxurious grassland little disturbed by the plow (DeSaulcy 1853; Stanley 1856; Tristram 1873; C. Schick 1879; Conder 1881). The winter rains were caught by the sward, infiltrated the chalky plateau and emerged as springs at the top of the hard limestone layer near the castle at Kerak, or percolated slowly through lower strata to emerge as springs in the Ghor. Today, a large part of the Moab plateau is plowed for agriculture and the remainder is stripped bare by overgrazing. During the strongest winter rains, much of the water

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runs off and comes crashing down the wadis, rolling boulders and ripping out banks and vegetation on the way. The removal of the natural vegetative cover on the plateau in the twentieth century has resulted in the instability of the wadi, but it cannot be blamed for the down-cutting of 28 m or so since the Early Bronze times. As Donahue argues (see chapter 2), this is more likely to have occurred as a result of a drop in Dead Sea levels during EB III and EB IV. The declining level of the sea accordingly lowered the water table, as indicated by the probable change of position of the spring on the site, and the dearth of trees on the bench on which the ruin is sited. In an earlier study (Harlan 1981) the present land and water resources were evaluated and it was concluded that there are at present adequate resources to support the estimated population of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It was assumed that conditions in 3,000 b.c. were as good as or better than the present. In this study the spring flow from Wadi Kerak was discounted as unreliable and unusable. The chief sources of irrigation water within traditional commuting distance are indicated as follows (fig. 3.3): Location

Ave. Yearly Base flow (l/s)*

Wadi edh-Dhr⺠ºAin Sikkin ºAin Maghara Wadi Ibn Hammad Wadi ºIsal (*l/s = liters per second)

40 65 300 150 30

Hectares irrigable 65 110 510 255 51

It is considered that under conditions in the Ghor and using cool season crops, only 0.6 l/s can water one hectare. Spring water is more consistent and shows less seasonal fluctuation than stream flow. The principal perennial crops at Bâb edhDhr⺠were fig and grape according to plant remains recovered (see chapter 14). One would expect that dates, almond and pomegranate would also have been exploited. The principal cereal crop was barley, as expected. Conclusion Our understanding of the ancient environment during the long Early Bronze Age has been enhanced substantially by a better understanding of the geological history of the site (Donahue 1985). A higher water table and somewhat more rainfall, together with a gentle exploitation of the resources both in the highlands and the Ghor, leads to a view of almost luxurious abundance compared to the present situation. Neither land nor water was limiting to the population. Wood was abundant and pasturage ample for the livestock. Of course, an extreme and prolonged drought could dry up the springs and streams, and the migratory desert locust could destroy crops and wild plant food resources. The settlement was not completely secure from natural disasters, but on the whole occupied an excellent site. By contrast, the region today bears the brunt of population growth and various forms of human interference. Wild sources of food were much more abundant then than now and could offer some buffering against adversity. The fruits of Christ’s thorn are harvested today. Other possibilities include wild date, Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam. and grains of Panicum

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61

Figure 3.3. ºAin Maghra at Haditha. This is now the primary source of water in the area since Wadi Kerak is no longer usable.

turgidum. Seeds and pods of acacias can be used if suitably processed, and many of the wild herbaceous plants can be used as pot-herbs. The panicum has been a staple for some African tribes and is still harvested from the Western Sahara to Pakistan (Nicolaisen 1963). Wild animals were also abundant, but their exploitation would depend a good deal on cultural attitudes. If swine were taboo, this readily available source would have been of little value. Indeed, droves of wild pigs can be extremely destructive of cultivated crops. The enormous supply of doves and fish noted by Europeans in the nineteenth century was little exploited by the local people at that time. Ibex and gazelle were, however, hunted and appreciated. It seems safe, then, to visualize settlement, at least from EB I through EB III, as flourishing in a favored place. Irrigated fields of barley, vineyards, and fig orchards are substantiated by plant remains recovered in considerable quantities (chap. 14). Some glume wheats and flax were grown, and there was almost certainly a suite of fruits, pulses and vegetables, the remains of which are only attested in small quantities to date. † Jack Harlan, who died in August 1998, submitted this report in 1986. The text has been slightly updated by David McCreery, on the basis of further study of the expedition’s paleobotanical data.

The Shaft Tomb Pastoralists of Stratum V

4 THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V A challenge remaining from the excavations directed by Paul Lapp was the need to locate settlement evidence, if any existed, for the people who constructed the EB IA shaft tombs (for the term EB IA see P. Lapp 1970a: 102–6). In principle it is possible to generate explanations for settlement on the basis of tomb materials, but absent a quantity of true settlement-related data such efforts necessarily remain speculative. This is especially the case with populations who buried their dead in EB I or EB IV shaft tombs, which has raised a problem at many sites of the Early Bronze Age where cemeteries have been discovered without signs of accompanying settlement remains. Lapp concluded on the basis of the predominant practice of secondary interment that the EB IA folk at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were a new group of non-urban pastoral migrants into Palestine, with general similarities in ceramics and burial practice to the Proto Urban A and B pastoralists at Jericho and the Upper Chalcolithic tombs at Tell elFarºah, although also differing from the latter (P. Lapp 1968a: 25). Lapp held initially that overall the burials at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggested “an ordinary cemetery for local occupants” (P. Lapp 1968a: 13), but changed his view in favor of connecting the cemetery with the supposed “cities of the plain” in the valley below (including the south Dead Sea basin), an idea influenced by biblical accounts (P. Lapp 1968a: 13–14; 1968b: 24–25). This latter view, though, seems to collide with the notion that the EB IA occupants were non-urban. In addition, the surveys and explorations of the EDSP have shown that the likelihood of cities having existed in the south basin of the Dead Sea in antiquity is practically nil. During all periods of use the cemetery can be explained in terms of the people occupying the site, either temporarily in the earliest phase, or permanently in the phases of urban settlement. On the problem of specific settlement data, in his excavations at the town site in 1965 Lapp discovered that remains of EB IA were wholly lacking (P. Lapp 1968a: 13; for the term “town site” see chapter 1). His results squared with those of the later expedition which also found that the first permanent settlement began during the following phase with the village of Stratum IV (EB IB). More determinative, while Lapp’s staff was excavating in the cemetery during his third season, he decided to put in a trial trench away from the town in an area north of Cemetery A to test for possible indications of temporary settlement (P. Lapp 1968a: 13). The trench brought to light burn layers containing artifacts and animal bones in soils 20 to 30 cm below surface level. Unfortunately this breakthrough could not be followed up due to military restrictions and lack of time, but Lapp did propose that the remains in this trench were leftovers of temporary encampments, and he interpreted this evidence as related to the EB IA tomb people prior to the town (P. Lapp 1970a: 109; his earlier conclusion along this line is found in Lapp 1968c: 92).

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63

Stratum V in Areas F, H, J Given the amount of time the EB IA shaft tomb people spent at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in preparing the tombs, it seemed reasonable that evidence of their temporary sojourns might appear. Consequently, the EDSP took up again the search for such information, this time as part of the objective of dealing with settlement change at Bâb edhDhrâº. Evidence bearing on the problem of EB IA occupation was discovered in three different areas. One set came, notably, from a group of shaft tombs that happened to have been cut in just the proper place for drawing conclusions on the settlement history of these early phases. The tombs discovered in Area F west of the western defensive wall of the town site (fig. 1.4) were important not only for indicating how far-reaching were areas used for shaft tomb burial, but particularly for the stratigraphic relation of the shaft tombs to Stratum IV living surfaces and demolished building remains discovered above them (Rast and Schaub 1981: 9). From the standpoint of the settlement history of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠the contrasting data of the two phases highlighted the differences between the Stratum V occupants, whose principal activity during their temporary stays was tomb-cutting, and their Stratum IV successors, who built mud-brick structures and settled year-round in an emerging village. Because the shaft tombs in Area F have this special significance for the sequence of settlement and usage of the site, they are included in this volume on the town occupation rather than in the volume of the EDSP’s excavations in the cemetery to appear separately. More specifically for settlement data, camping remains similar to those discovered by Lapp were discovered in excavations carried on in Areas H and J, both of which were in the vicinity of the cemetery (fig. 1.2). Area H was discovered on the northern ridge of Cemetery A. Here a succession of burn and refuse layers with great amounts of pottery indicated temporary occupational refuse of the same kind Lapp had isolated in the eastern part of the cemetery. An adjacent area designated Area J, located at a lower level below the long ridge of Area H, also contained evidence of settlement dating to Stratum V, with the notable evidence in the lowest level of an early structure that may have been built during the latter part of Stratum V or early Stratum IV (see discussion below). Of special importance among the discoveries of these two areas was the pottery, since this was the first example of EB IA pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠found in a non-tomb context (see chapter 5, figs. 5.1 and 2 and pls. 1– 7, and the comparisons made there with the EB IA tomb material). This evidence from Areas F, H and J is coordinated as Stratum V, exemplifying the earliest occupation at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Although it was not found in the vertical stratigraphy of the town site, Stratum V is employed by the EDSP to encompass the EB IA tombs in Area F, camping remains of the kind found in Areas H and J, and future discoveries of similar data that might come to light. The evidence in these three areas supports the interpretation that the earliest occupants were pastoralists who buried their dead at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and who putatively grazed their flocks in the area. The EB IA Shaft Tombs West of the Town Site (Area F) The decision to excavate in Area F arose during the 1975 season when it was discovered that the area had been gouged by tomb robbers searching for treasures in the marls of the area (fig. 1.4). In the course of cleaning up and excavating Area F, two EB IA shaft tombs (Tombs F 1 and F 2) were excavated during the 1975 season

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(Rast and Schaub 1978: 5–6). Both had been badly disturbed by the robbing. Area F 3 was also opened to clear around robber trenches. This area contained a mudbrick wall (for a photo see Rast and Schaub 1978: 7, fig. 5), which was not securely dated, although it could have belonged to one of the Stratum IV village dwellings (see dicussion in chapter 6). Area F was expanded during the 1977 and 1979 seasons in order to look for additional tomb evidence and also to determine the stratigraphy of the area, which turned out to have a sequence from Strata IV through II. During the first season in 1975 the stratigraphy of Area F was enigmatic, since Stratum IV sherds were found scattered about in the robber trenches of Tomb F1. These sherds were interpreted as belonging to an EB IB reuse of an EB IA tomb (Rast and Schaub 1978: 5). Examples of such reuse of EB IA shaft tombs in EB IB were known elsewhere in the cemetery, as in the case of EB IA Tomb A 100N reused during EB IB (see Schaub in Rast and Schaub 1981: 58–61, fig. 19; cf. also Schaub and Rast 1989: 74–75 on Tomb A 45). This kind of reuse, however, was not the case with the tombs in Area F. The following seasons’ efforts determined that the EB IB sherds in Area F came from Stratum IV settlement above the tombs rather than from the burials, and that the pottery fragments had been mixed by the tomb robbing. Area F was thus a tomb area in the earliest phase, being followed by the building of village structures during Stratum IV. Tomb F 1 Tomb F 1 was discovered in the westernmost of three trenches opened in Area F (for photos of Tomb F 1 see Rast and Schaub 1978: 4, figs. 2, 3). Tomb F 1 was found 28 m southwest of Tomb F 2, and 23 m southwest of Area F 3, an area that produced no tomb material. Clearance of Tomb F 1 began with the removal of all disturbed soil and material from the recent robbing, in the course of which it was discovered that the robber trench had penetrated to the floor of the middle and northwest parts of the tomb chamber. Charcoal and sherds from an extensive Stratum IV ashy layer above had intruded into the tomb. Despite the tomb robbing, the chamber walls were defined. Since the ceiling was ruined, clearance was made from above. No shaft was found, but the entry was apparently on the north where four large stones were the blocking stones for the doorway of a typical EB IA shaft tomb. The chamber was entirely silted and pottery vessels were impacted in hard clay. A layer of sand containing large quantities of gravel and silt was found in the front part of the chamber. Pottery vessels of Tomb F 1 and a basalt bowl (reg. no. 032) of the usual type in these tombs were found on the floor (pls. 136–38). Some vessels were stacked inside one another, while others had been moved from their original places by water entering the chamber. Most of the bones stacked in the center of the tomb had been ruined by the robber trench, which had cut through several long bones. The burials, however, were typically disarticulated, arranged originally in a neat pile in the center of the chamber. Mat impressions (reg. nos. 045, 046) were below the bone pile. Five of the approximately 13 humans buried in the Area F tombs were children or infants. For the totals of human and cultural remains of the Area F tombs see tables 4.1 and 4.2. Tomb F 2 Recent robber trenching had also taken place on the northeast side of Tomb F 1, so that several exploratory trenches were opened here. Although the goal was to

spread one line long

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V Table 4.1. Tomb

65

Human Remains—Area F Shaft Tombs

Articulate Burials Adults

F1

Children

Infants Total

?

F2

3

1 (plus several more with bones)

1

1

3

F 4A

6

?

?

6

F 4B

1

3

F 4C

? Total

8 (plus several more with bones)

Table 4.2.

4

4

1

13 (plus several more with bones)

Cultural Remains—Area F Shaft Tombs

Tomb Pottery Basalt Bowls

Mace Heads Figurines Reed Mat Beads Others

F1

30

1

0

0

+

0

0

F2

18

0

0

1

0

0

0

F 4A

9?

1? (pieces)

1

0

0

0

0

F 4B

?

0 (2 pieces? in robber trench F4 Loc 2)

0

0

+

0

0

F 4C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Total

57

2?

1

1

2

0

0

search for EB IA shaft tombs, it became apparent that late settlement remains were above, so that excavation shifted from the normal search for tombs to assigning locus numbers relating to occupational activities. A robber’s pit had penetrated through the Stratum IV occupational debris in the western third of Tomb F 2. This pitting had cut into the edges of Tomb F 2, but it had left most of the tomb intact. Human bone material and some broken pottery vessels were left behind by the tomb robbers. Although the chamber walls of the tomb were disturbed, what remained showed that the walls were of the usual type, being mostly rounded but straighter on the northern side. A small amount of vertical curve in the upper south wall probably had joined originally with a portion of the ceiling. Siltation of the chamber was total. Although the tomb was disturbed, the burials of Tomb F 2 were defined. The chamber had a bone pile of the usual type. In addition, a fully articulated female skeleton, along with the fragile, articulated bones and skull of an infant, and the bones and skull of a child between the ages of 1 and 2, were found (see the photo in Rast and Schaub 1978: 6, fig. 4). The infant was cradled in one arm of the adult

66

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

Figure 4.1. Three EB IA shaft tombs cut into marl in Area F. Tomb F 4B (left), Tomb F 4C (middle), and Tomb F 4A (right); note the blocking stone for Tomb F 4B found on the left, and two others on the flat surface, not in situ.

female, and some pieces of the infant’s cranium had fallen into the location of the adult hand. The remains of the slightly older child were near the waist of the adult skeleton. The adult remains, apparently those of a lactating female, were facing north-northeast. The skeleton lay on its side, with arms and legs bent. A clay figurine (reg. no. 016; for a photo see Rast and Schaub 1978: 30, fig. 27) was found in front of the articulated adult burial. Pottery was mostly broken but partly reconstructable (pls. 139–40), and an unregistered basalt bowl was found. No evidence of matting was discovered. Tombs in Area F4 Area F4 was opened during the 1977 season when it was found that further illicit probing had been carried on after the 1975 season. The area was marked out over one of the fresh robber trenches northeast of Tomb F 1, overlapping with the west end of Area F 3 where a mud-brick wall was discovered in the south balk during the 1975 season (Rast and Schaub 1978: 7, fig. 5). The objective in the 5 x 5 m square of Area F4 was to search for further EB IA tombs on this ridge and to clarify the brick wall adjacent to Area F 3. Although the area had been disturbed, much of it had escaped serious gouging. Three shaft tomb chambers were discovered in a line along the Lisan marl of this area (fig. 4.1).

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

67

Figure 4.2. Plan of Tomb F 4A.

Tomb F 4A This caved-in tomb chamber was found in the southeast corner of Area F4. The western half of the tomb was wholly demolished by natural causes and probably the Stratum IV activities, but some contents were preserved on the eastern side (fig. 4.2). The chamber of Tomb F 4A was little more than 1 m below the surface. Chunks of Lisan marl from roof collapse covered the burials and tomb gifts, and the chamber was entirely silted. Post-cranial bones had floated 30 cm above the chamber floor, while a group of pottery vessels had also floated up into the silt and were overturned. Two smaller vessels, however, were still nested inside a larger bowl. The blocking stone also had collapsed and was moved by siltation. No shaft could be determined. Despite the poorly preserved condition of the tomb, the southern chamber wall could be defined.

68

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

The contents of Tomb F 4A were the usual type found in EB IA shaft tombs. Scattered smaller bones were found along with long bones. Six skulls had been lined as usual along the left side of the bone pile. Several whole vessels were present and several broken forms could be repaired (pl. 141). Basalt bowl fragments and a macehead (reg. no. 1717) were also found. The condition of the chamber (2.10 m in diameter) suffered from the later Stratum IV occupation above it. The tomb gifts had been crushed not only by siltation but also from the pressure of later occupation above. Tomb F 4B This shaft tomb chamber was found in the southwest part of Area F 4, below the Stratum IV ashy layers above (see fig. 6.1). Due to severe erosion, Tomb F 4B was excavated from above. The line of the south wall was still evident, and tool marks were identified at one point. Although the north side of the chamber was destroyed, the tomb’s diameter was estimated as 2.50 m. The entry contained a downstep of 30 cm to the chamber floor. As in Tomb F 4A, large chunks of Lisan marl from the ceiling had fallen into the chamber. Above this were displaced mud bricks from a dismantled Stratum IV building. The poorly preserved chamber was wholly silted. A large, dressed blocking stone had floated to a higher level. The downstep on the north showed that the entry had been on this side. Tomb F 4B was probably the only chamber cut from the shaft. Bones and skulls were fragile and badly crushed. They were identified as a single adult female (about 20 years of age), and three children (one child 8–10 years, another 4–5 years, and a third 1–2 years). Pottery fragments were scattered on the north, east, and south sides of the chamber, while one juglet (reg. no. 2124; cf. pl. 141:1) was well preserved. A section of mat impression was also present. Tomb F 4C This was the most poorly preserved of the three tombs in Area F4. It was located between Tombs F 4A and F 4B. A scant number of human bones was below the ash and debris of the Stratum IV occupation layers above, but no other tomb contents were identified. The Stratum III mud-brick Wall 63 directly above Tomb F 4C had incorporated the blocking stones of Tomb F 4C as a base on which the wall was laid (see fig. 6.2). The Camping Evidence in Area H Excavation in Area H occurred during the 1977 season. The area was located on the northern ridge of Cemetery A above the south side of the modern road to Kerak (fig. 1.2). The original plan was to explore here for further tomb data, and in keeping with the search for tombs during this season only a small trench of 1 x 1 m was opened. When several patches of ashy material began to appear in the first 30 cm below the surface, the tomb search was abandoned and the area closed for the time being. Later in the season a small team returned to excavate systematically into the charcoal area, with the objective to determine whether the charcoal layers might relate to occupation. The trench was designated Area H 1 and was expanded to 5 m east–west, and 2 m north–south, the north balk serving as the main section (fig. 4.3). A second trench was designated Area H 3, with smaller amounts of data on the whole

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

69

Figure 4.3. Photo of the north balk of Area H 1. The town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is to the right (not in the photo). Wadi Kerak is below the hills in the background, with the village of Mazraªa off in the distance on the left.

but identical to those from Area H 1. The presentation here centers on Area H 1 (for the pottery of Area H 1, see figs. 5.1–2 and pls. 1–5). As had been concluded when excavation first began, no signs of shaft tombs were discovered along this northern ridge, and at the same time no building remains were discovered. Stratigraphically, the soils consisted of a succession of layers, many containing charcoal and some a great deal of pottery (table 4.3). Cultural debris reached to a depth of 1.40 m, with layers sloping from northeast to southwest. The area as a whole was assigned to our Stratum V. The lowest layers in Area H 1 consisted of natural sterile huwwar, while above this the compact white layer of Locus 19, approximately 35 cm thick, was also sterile, although a small amount of pottery and animal bone had been pushed down into it from Loci 17 and 18 above (fig. 4.4). Loci 17 and 18 were thus the first layers in which cultural activity was attested, and they also represent the earliest activity carried on here. Loci 17 and 18 were both affected by weathering during and following the activities of Stratum V. The white, bricky layer of Locus 17 experienced ponding from winter rains, while the soft brown, pebbly soil of Locus 18, slightly higher up the slope and somewhat thicker, was laid by wind-blown soil. These two loci suggest activity for short periods, following which the area lay unused for a time. Locus 16 above Loci 17 and 18 consisted of roughly 50 cm of striated ashy deposit. The upper part of Locus 16 had more ash and charcoal, suggesting the latest burning

spread one line long

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

70

Table 4.3. Square Locus Description

Primary Loci of Stratum V in Area H Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

H1

2

Same as Locus 13; ashy soil with pebbles at east end of trench

3. Sh, UT

H1

10

Same as Locus 13, small stones in burned layers

25. Sh, UT, UD 27. Sh, UD

25. Charcoal

H1

13

Small stones in burned layers, below Loci 11, 14, 15

19. Sh, UD, IM

16. Charcoal 19. Soil sample

H1

16

Ashy below Loci 13 and 15

35. Sh, UT, LM, BR

35. Charcoal, wood

H1

17

Gray to white 45. #1261, pieces 37. Sh, UT, UD bricky soil between of pottery Loci 16 and 18 object

H1

18

Pebbles in soft brown soil below Locus 16

22. #763, spoon handle?

39. #1363, spoon 39. Sh, UT, LM, BR handle? 43. Sh, LM, UD 42. #1362, handle or figurine

43. Peach stone (probably intrusive)

carried on by the occupants. The pottery was less in quantity in this locus, which on the other hand contained a larger amount of animal bone and a small amount of wood. The same ash layer was also present in Area H 3, where it had more pottery along with animal bones and several tool objects. Locus 16 was spread over a wide area, and thus was not a hearth, although its contents suggested some type of activity related to food preparation. It is possible that fires were made higher up the slope in Area H 3, with erosion or dumping moving some of the ashy debris downslope into Area H 1. This downward sloping of the material was evident, in any case, by the narrowed amount of material to the southwest. The most enigmatic feature in the trench was found above Locus 16, where several lenses of small pebbles interlaced with soft and compacted soils appeared. The small size of the pebbles indicated that they were deposited by water, although human beings may also have dumped such material, which was then sorted by rain wash. Pottery in Loci 13, 14, and 10 was abundant, and was especially heavy in Locus 13. The latter locus also contained large amounts of animal bone, charcoal, wood and ash. The intepretation of Loci 10, 13, and 14 as refuse left over apparently from cooking activities of the Stratum V occupants is supported by the fact that Locus 16 extended into Area H 3, while the pebbly Loci 13 and 14 were confined to Area H 1. Tailing off from Locus 13 was Locus 15, apparently caused by slope wash. Locus 10 was the burn locus encountered immediately below the surface, the phenomenon that led to returning to this area for further work. Two additional trenches across a small wadi were also laid out as Areas H 2 and H 4. Like Areas H 1 and H 3, these trenches had been cut as probes in the search

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

71

Figure 4.4. Drawing of the north balk section of Area H 1.

for tombs, with a number of mud-brick wall segments of undetermined date appearing. The walls consisted of foundations of large stones, on which and next to which were found well-made rectangular mud bricks. A wall stub in Area H 2 was mostly one course deep, while in Area H 4 three mud-brick courses were founded on one or two layers of large, flat stones. In both cases the bricks were green to gray in color, averaging 40 x 15 x 9 cm in size, although some were smaller and one or two were larger. Whether or not these walls were parts of structures could not be determined. As found, they appeared to be unrelated wall stubs, perhaps from a later period. No pottery was found in association with them, although some EB I sherds were on the surface. The construction of the walls seems most parallel to EB II and III buildings in the town, or the charnel houses in the cemetery, and they may consequently date to the EB II or III phase. The Late Stratum V Building Remains in Area J 2 Although Stratum V consists primarily of settlement without structures, the foundations of a structure in Area J 2 with associated Stratum V pottery have raised the question whether this evidence may indicate a first attempt at settling more permanently at the site, specifically during the latter part of that stratum. Like Area H, Area J 2 was located at some distance from the town site, west of Area H but below the northern ridge of Cemetery A (fig. 1.2). Two superimposed structures were discovered, the upper one belonging to Stratum IV, the lower to Stratum V (fig. 6.3). The key locus for the lower building was Locus 19, a sandy soil layer mixed with gravel, which lay against Wall 12 of the lower building (see fig. 6.4). As the discussion in chapter 5 shows, the pottery from this locus (figs. 5.2:16–18; pls. 6:28–42, 7:1–20) is determinative for the date of the lower building. Other loci that are stratigraphically identified with the earlier phase are Loci 10, 12 (the east–west wall of the lower building), and 28 (table 4.4).

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

72

Table 4.4.

Primary Loci of Stratum V in Area J2

Square

Locus

Description

Reg. Objects

J2

10

Ashy with pebbles, bone, flint, shell, below Locus 9

J2

12

east–west stone wall, three to four rows wide, follows line of Wall 11 but at lower level

J2

19

Sandy and gravel, probably same as Locus 18, below Locus 10

J2

28

Ashy layer along 89. #2971, stone south side of object square, below Walls 11 and 25, abuts Wall 12, pit with plaster lining in it, 54 cm from west balk (= Locus 22)

Bone

Flotation

Other 43. Flint, stone weight

32. UT 44. Sh/Gt 46. Sh/Gt(2), UT, LM, BR, TM?

49. Stone object 60. Charcoal 99. Flint

70. Flint 76. Flint 88. Flint

78. #2964, ceramic 65. UT, OC 76. Sh/Gt, BR, handle TM? 88. #2968, circular 78. Sh/Gt stone 88. UT, LM, AR 90. Sh/Gt 89. Gt(2), LM, AR 91. LM

89. Flotation

89. Pollen sample, ash and charcoal sample, flint 91. Flint, figurinelike handle (not registered)

Summary In contrast to the urban phases of the Early Bronze Age, when more uniformity is found in different regions of the country, EB I eludes definition. What is commonly referred to as EB IB is broadly agreed upon, based on the line-group painted decoration often found on the pottery of this phase (Schaub 1982). More complicated is the first phase termed EB IA in much of the literature. Research on EB I has focused on diagnostic cultural features, primarily pottery, that marked off different regions of the country. Gray-burnished ware has been seen as a trademark of the northern sites, though found in some cases farther south. Grain-wash ware delineated another type in other areas. Braun has attempted a portrayal of the diversity during EB I, noting also the uniqueness of the EB IA pottery tradition at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, for which he could find no clear parallels (Braun 1996: 187; cf. Schaub in chapter 5). The conclusion that can be drawn is not so much that EB IA at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠stands out

THE SHAFT TOMB PASTORALISTS OF STRATUM V

73

as a curious exception, but rather that it fits in precisely to the kind of diversity that characterized the period, one distinguished by a mix of pastoralist and village societies, not greatly different from what occurred during the preceding Late Chalcolithic. The fact that some of the features of EB IA are suggestively similar to those found in Late Chalcolithic indicates that EB IA represents a carryover of Late Chalcolithic traditions and settlement patterns (cf. Braun 1989). In support of continuity between Late Chalcolithic and EB IA at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are a number of artifact types, specifically the maceheads and basalt bowls that commonly accompanied EB IA burials at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub and Rast 1989: 289–302). It may also be taken as a feature of pastoralism that different clans or families would fashion their own pottery traditions, thus projecting diversity rather than uniformity. In regard to Bâb edh-Dhrâº, we have made a case for interpreting the Stratum V occupants with their shaft tombs, secondary burials, and lack of settlement structures as pastoralists. Only late in that phase did a family or clan erect what may have been the structure in Area J 2, either for permanent or intermittent use. It is interesting that in the main area where camping remains were discovered (Area H 1) no broken or whole basalt bowls or maceheads were found. This raises the question whether these objects were made primarily for burials and not use in daily life, which again would support the more simple daily activity of the Stratum V people, a lifeway commensurate with pastoralism. If pastoralists, then how long did these occupants remain at the site when they buried the remains of their deceased here? Was it for weeks or months? Was it seasonal? Projections of the amount of time it would have required to prepare a single shaft tomb have been attempted (Ortner 1981: 130–31; Schaub and Rast 1989: 548– 49). Those estimates and the substantial amount of debris that built up at a camping stop like Area H 1, suggest that a period of weeks or possibly months would be indicated. If the efforts needed to produce the pottery included with the burials, or artifacts such as basalt bowls and maceheads as well as jewelry items are also added as determinants, the time spent at the site increases accordingly. The EB IA data at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠contain a rich assortment to add to the study of familial, social and economic dynamics during this early part of the Early Bronze Age. The tombs published previously (Schaub and Rast 1989), and those excavated by the EDSP to be published in a volume underway, have added or will add new material for such study.

The Pottery of Stratum V

5 THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

The pottery of Stratum V from Areas H1 and J2 provides the opportunity to set side by side this small corpus from a Stratum V temporary settlement and the EB IA pottery well known from the tombs. Questions arise around what the similarities and differences between these groups might suggest about the settlement and burial activities of the EB IA people. Since the early pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is unique, the challenge was to evolve an approach that could put the research on a firm base. A program of thin-section analysis was undertaken, along with full ware descriptions of all of the sherds of these two areas, to discern ware fabrics (Schaub 1996). This was complemented by statistical analysis of the basic forms and specific types (for the distinction see Schaub and Rast 1989: 234–36, and the preface to part 2 of this volume) as determined by diameters, stances and shapes. In what follows, the data from these analyses are presented. In addition, where possible, parallels from other sites are noted. Finally, after a summary of the dominant features of the Stratum V pottery, several inferences regarding the relation of the Stratum V pottery to that from the tombs are presented, and an explanation of Bâb edh-Dhr⺒s types in relation to EB I pottery at other sites is attempted. The pottery presented here is based on Primary Loci in Areas H1 and J2. Approximately 1200 diagnostic sherds from Area H were drawn, 712 of which came from Primary Loci in Area H1. It is this latter group that provides the basic ware data included in table 5.1. Only a selection of these Primary Loci sherds, 168 out of 712, are illustrated in plates 1–5. Ware data from 80 sherds of the Primary Loci of Area J2 are included in table 5.2. The latter are presented separately because, in contrast to the midden in Area H1, they derive from a structure and probably represent a longer time range. All 80 of the Area J2 sherds are illustrated in Plates 6 and 7, along with two stone objects. The basic repertory of Stratum V is limited, consisting mainly of holemouth and necked jars, bowls of various sizes and spoons. Potters achieved variety mainly by changing the shape and stance of rims on the vessels, as well as producing the similar vessel in differing sizes. As the ware fabric analysis shows, potters also tended to use different fabrics and tempers for certain types of pottery. The ware fabric data found in tables 5.1 and 2 relates the ware data to generic basic forms. The form designations are found in the first column of tables 5.1 and 2. The number of examples of each generic form are indicated along with the percentage of overall rim sherds. There are, for example, 106 holemouth jar rims from Area H1 and this group is 34% of the total number of rim sherds, 106 out of 316. The remaining categories summarize ware fabric data and surface treatment, with the percentages representing the proportion of each fabric category of each basic form. In the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V Table 5.1. TYP

HR

HB

ST

TOT

TEMPER C

WS

106

90

15

34%

85%

32

21

10%

66%

75

Ware Data for Stratum V—Area H1 FABRIC TEXTURE

FABRIC CORE

SL BU SP PIN PAP

Z UN

5

4

3

1

2

1

0

1

1

46

59

0

4

24

78

14% 1%

1%

43%

56%

4%

23%

74%

1

1

8

23

1

11

31% 3%

3%

25%

72%

3%

34%

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

2

0

0

0

0

63%

6% 0

0

0

9

4

0

10

3

53% 12%

6%

14%

4%

38

1

138 44%

JR

BR

SR

SP

75

13

61

1

24%

18%

81%

75

21

24%

0

1

72

1%

1%

96%

53

1

3

72

28%

71%

1%

4%

96%

19

4

14

1

1

18

6%

21%

74%

9

3

5

316

152

158

56%

48%

50% 1%

76

17

2

18

17

3% 24%

23%

0

40

16

24

35

3

2

21%

32%

47%

4%

3%

0

3

16

2

1

0

0

51% 0

1

95%

16%

7

1

7

39

80

195

16

7

79%

1% 12%

25%

62%

5%

2%

17%

2

73

6

21

49

19

2

1

0

19

3

11

3

8

6

2

2

0

48

224

1

46

116

112

21

8

5

9

10

4

14

5

1

1

3

3

59

250

1% 1%

19%

1

1

84% 11%

4 21%

1

3% ST

178 56%

TOT

LE

2

59

LO

22

2

20

BA

274

118

154

1

BS

24

6

18

1

ST

396

TOT

712

2

24

1

0

52

6

LEGEND: HR = Holemouth Jar; HB = Holemouth Bowl; ST = Subtotal; JR = Necked Jar; BR = Large to Medium-Large Bowl; SR = Medium-Small to Small bowl; SP = Spoon; LE = Ledge Handle; LO = Loop Handle; BA =Base; BS = Body Sherd; SL = Slip; BU = Burnish; SP = Wash; PIN = Incised, Punctate; PAP = Appliqué. Under Temper, C = Coarse Wadi Sand; WS =Plain and Fine Wadi Sand; Z = Separate Wadi Sand source. Under Fabric Texture, 5 = Friable; 4 = Coarse; 3 = Medium-coarse; 1 = Fine. Under Fabric Core, 2 = over 50% dark core; 1 = under 50% dark core; 0 = no core.

temper category, for example, 90 of the 106 holemouth jars have coarse wadi temper, which amounts to 85%. Petrographic Analysis (with Jack Donahue) Twenty sherds from Area H1 and three from Area J2 were thin-sectioned for petrographic analysis. In fabric texture the sherds ranged from medium coarse to coarse to friable. The forms thin-sectioned included eight necked jars, four large-to-medium bowl rims, two small bowl rims, three holemouth bowl rims, five holemouth jar rims,

spread one line long

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

76

Table 5.2. TYP TOT

HR

8

TEMPER C

WS

7

1

Z

Ware Data for Stratum V—J2

FABRIC TEXTURE UN

5

14% 88% 12% HB

2

4

3

1

7

2

6

12% 88%

25%

75%

2

2

1

FABRIC CORE 2

1

SL

BU

SP

PIN PAP

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

4% SUB

10

9

1

18% 90% 10% JR

16 18%

BR

9

1

12

3

14

2

4

1

11

2

2

3

4

1

2

11

6% 75% 19% 2

7

9

3

6

5

2

3

1

1

6

28

9

3

56

15

29

9

3

LE

2

1

1

LO

1

BA

17

BS

4

3

16% SR

16

2

7

6

2

3

1

1

1

4

1

29% SP

5

3

1

9% SUB

46 82%

TOT

SUB

24

TOT

80

2

1 7

1

10 1

1 2

1

2

14

1

6

9

2

2

1 2

3

1

2 1

1

1

2

See Legend for table 5.1

and one spoon. Six of the thin-sectioned sherds are illustrated in the pottery from the Primary Loci of Area H1 (Pls. 1:25, 30, 37; 2:1; 5:3, 4). Wadi sand, as originally defined in a preliminary study (Beynon and others 1986: 301–2), was identified as the basic source material in all of the thin sections of Stratum V. Patterned differences were noted, however, that indicated levels of choice and sorting on the part of the potters. Variations in the size of the inclusions are related to different fabric textures as well as distinctive basic forms. Four basic types of wadi sand were identified. Two of the types, fine and plain, were basically similar in the nature of the inclusions identified, with variations noted only in their size and abundance. The wadi sand in these groups contained rounded

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

77

Table 5.3. Table with Observed and Expected (in Parentheses) Frequencies for Jar and Temper Types in Area H1 Jar Type

Temper Type Coarse Wadi Sand

Wadi Sand

Holemouth

90 (60.6)

15 (44.7)

106

Necked Jar

13 (42.3)

61 (31.2)

74

103

76

180

Total

Total

to sub-angular, fine to coarse, sand-sized grains of quartz, limestone and chert in decreasing order of abundance (plain to fine). Chert was the least common. Sample point counts of the inclusions in several fine ware examples included quartz exclusively, with size ranging from 0.12 to 0.62 mm. Plain wares often had limestone particles occurring more frequently than quartz. The limestone particles ranged in size from 0.82 to 2.00 mm. These two tempers, fine and plain wadi sand, are also associated with all of the EB IA tomb pottery that has been tested. In tables 5.1 and 5.2, the fine and plain wadi sand are grouped together under WS. A third type, coarse wadi sand (C), included large angular to rounded chert and/or limestone, up to 5.00 mm in size, along with some fine-grained quartz. The fourth wadi sand temper (Z), identified in recent analysis is distinguished by dominant rounded to sub-angular limestone grains. The amount of sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz varies from very little to abundant. Chert is rare. Unidentified brown grains, possibly grog, also occur in this type. The Z temper appears to come from a different wadi source, either higher up in the Wadi Kerak or a different wadi. It is uncommon in Stratum V and occurs more frequently in Stratum IV. Fabric Texture, Fabric Cores, Ware Colors, and Surface Treatment In addition to tempers, the categories of fabric texture, presence/absence of dark cores, ware colors and surface treatment were included in the ware description process (see the preface to part 2 of this volume for a full description of this process and the terminology used here). Of the four fabric texture categories used to describe the sherds, only medium-coarse (Category 3) and coarse (Category 4) are significantly represented in the Stratum V material. Medium-coarse textures dominate in all of the basic form categories. Significant groups of coarse texture are associated only with holemouth jars (43% in Area H1) and holemouth bowls (25% in Area H1). Cores are more common in the necked jars and bowls than in the holemouth forms, but no clear pattern is present. The color ranges in the Stratum V sherds are dominantly reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8, 6/8, 7/6, 6/6). This color is found in 58% of the Area H1 and in 47% of the Area J2 material. Light red brown wares are more common (34%) in Area J2 than in Area H1 (16%). The most common surface treatment is a punctate horizontal line below the rims of the larger bowl forms (51%). Slip, and less frequently burnish, occurs on over 10% of the necked jars and small bowls. The categories described above, especially those of temper and fabric texture, may be used to distinguish three basic ware families in the Stratum V material: Fine,

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Plain and Coarse. The fine and plain wares essentially mirror those that were identified in the cemetery material (Schaub and Rast 1989: 270, table 15). The fine wares have thinner walls and finer wadi sand temper along with more care displayed in finishing the vessels, especially the everted rims on bowls. Plain wares are thicker and have larger inclusions. Punctate designs on the plain ware bowls are often irregular. The basic forms with plain and fine ware are dominantly bowls and necked jars. Coarse wares, particularly with large angular to sub-angular chert or rounded limestone temper, are associated with the larger holemouth jars, holemouth bowls, vats and larger necked jars. The clear choice by the potters of coarse temper for the larger storage vessels is demonstrated in the contingency table (table 5.3), which shows the observed and expected (in parentheses) frequencies of the holemouth and necked jar types with the different tempers. The chi-square is 82.75, with one degree of freedom. The probability that this pattern of use of wadi sand and coarse wadi sand tempers occurred by chance is less than 0.001. A fourth ware, termed Orange Chalky Ware (OCW), associated at times but not exclusively with the Z temper, tends to have a smooth chalky surface. It is found in a few sherds in Area H1, and in 12% of the Stratum V loci of Area J2. This ware also occurs in 18% of the Primary Loci of Stratum IV. Form Distributions in Areas H1 and J2 and Comparisons with Other Sites When the basic forms of Area H1 are compared to those of Area J2 some differences in the use of these two areas are indicated. Larger storage vessels, holemouth and necked jars are more common in Area H1 than in Area J2. For example, holemouth jars constitute 34% of the forms in Area H1 and only 14% in Area J2 (see the figures in tables 5.1 and 2). The many large bowls in fine and plain wares in Area H1 are practically duplicates of those found in the cemetery and this along with the large storage and industrial type vessels may indicate that the campers in this area were involved in producing the pottery for the shaft tombs. By contrast, Area J2 which contained a small domestic structure from late EB I, had a higher percentage of small bowls (29% compared to 6% in Area H1). Statistics from two recently published EB I sites offer material for comparison. At Hartuv, where a total of 1,109 total rim sherds was recorded, bowls (35%), necked jars (30%) and holemouth jars (20%) dominate the assemblage (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: 14). The basic form percentages from Area H1, all bowls (40%), necked jars (24%), and holemouth jars (34%), are similar, but the greater percentage of holemouth jars suggests a more focused activity in Area H1. At Operation 3 in the mining area of Wadi Faynan the percentages are almost identical with those of Area H1 at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Of 429 rim sherds in Operation 3 (3% of the total number of sherds) holemouth vessels represent 45%, open bowls 30–40% and jars 20–25% (Wright and others 1998: 52). In Area H1 all of the holemouth vessels, bowls and jars, represent 44% of the total of 316 rim sherds, while open bowls represent 30% and jars 25%. Typology of Stratum V Pottery Holemouth Jars Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. Five of the holemouth jars were thinsectioned for petrographic analysis, three from Area H1 and two from Area J2. The examples chosen from Area H1 showed the most variety. The most common, the

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coarse fabric texture, contained coarse wadi sand with very coarse to granular angular chert, some coarse rounded micritic limestone, and fine angular quartz (pl. 1:25). A medium coarse fabric, a holemouth jar with slightly upturned rim, had wadi sand with coarse angular chert, fine quartz, and sperry limestone. The third example from Area H1 had a finer wadi sand with fine-grain quartz and rounded micritic limestone. The two examples from Area J2 both had coarse rounded and angular chert and fine angular quartz. A difference noted in the Area J2 samples in contrast to the Area H1 group was the lack of obvious limestone inclusions. The great majority of the holemouth jars from Area H1 (90 of 106) and Area J2 (7 of 8) had coarse wadi sand. A high percentage in Area H1 (46 of 106) also were described as coarse in fabric texture. The medium-coarse fabric had 15 samples with the finer wadi sand but also 44 exemplars with the coarse wadi sand. Gray cores were not common (27%) in the holemouth jars. No surface treatments were noted. Slip and burnish were entirely absent as also were any punctate decoration. In contrast to other sites of this period, especially in southern Israel, there were no appliqué bands noted nor any scalloped treatment of the rims. Basic Forms. Four basic form size ranges for the Stratum V holemouth jars were determined, using rim diameter as the key (table 5.4). The mean mouth diameter for all 104 holemouth examples of Area H1 is 20 cm. A few sherds without diameters were not placed in basic form groups. Coarse ware dominates in all of the size ranges. The pithoi sample is small. The basic range in 5 of 6 exemplars is 30 to 38 cm in mouth width. One appears to be oversized with a diameter of 44 cm. Five of the 6 are coarse wares and one is plain ware. In the large category the most frequent diameter is 24 cm. The wares are dominantly coarse with only 2 examples of plain ware. Most of the ware fabrics in the medium category are also coarse, but this group has the largest number of plain wares (10) among the holemouth vessels. Coarse ware fabrics are also the most common (19 of 21) in the small form range. In Area J2 the 8 holemouth jar forms (pls. 6:1–6, 28; 7:21) belong to the medium (7 examples) and small (1 example) categories. The medium forms are consistent in size, with 5 having a diameter of 16 cm, one 18 cm and the largest 22 cm. Specific Types. No clear patterns relating specific rim types (see App. G) to basic form groups were evident in the Area H1 holemouth jars. Two of the rims of the pithoi are folded and bulbous (Type 18b), such as the example illustrated in figure 5.1:1. The others are simple rims, tapered or rounded. In the large category, the most common rim form (10 examples) is simple, tapered or rounded (fig. 5.1:4), or slightly beveled. Folded bulbous rims (7; cf. fig. 5.1:3) and slightly upturned (5; cf. fig. 5.1:2) are well represented. A similar pattern of rim types occurs in the medium category, with 24 of 54 examples having simple rims. Most of the simple rims are rounded to tapered (fig. 5.1:5) with a few beveled slightly inside. Thickened rims (25) are common as in the folded example (fig. 5.1:8). The most distinctive form in this group is the folded rim with slanted back profile (Type 18d; fig. 5.1:6). Only upturned rims with 5 exemplars appear to be underrepresented. The smallest size group, with 21 exemplars, includes the same range of rims with simple, rounded to tapered (10; cf. fig. 5.1:9), lightly upturned (4; cf. fig. 5.1:10), folded (5), and lightly beveled (3; cf. fig. 5.1:11). All of the holemouth forms in Area J2, medium and small, have simple direct rims. Rim variations thus occur across the range of basic forms in wares and sizes. The most common overall are simple rims, rounded or tapered (Rim Types 10, 11, and 12), and the folded bulbous rims (Rim Type 18b), both in the medium size category. The

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Table 5.4.

Basic Forms of Stratum V

Holemouth Jars Pithoi-mouth = 30 + cm Large = 29–23 cm Medium = 22–16 cm Small = 15–7 cm

(H1-6/104) (H1-23/104) (H1-54/104; J2-7/8) (H1-21/104; J2-1/8)

Basic Forms (0001–0009) (0010–0019) (0020–0029) (0030–0039)

(H1-5/32;) (H1-17/32; J2-1/2) (H1-8/3; J2-1/2) (H1-2/32)

(0040–0045) (0046–0049) (0050–0059) (0080)

(H1-3/71) (H1-15/71; J2-3/16) (H1-26/71; J2-4/16) (H1-23/71; J2-6/16) (H1-4/71; J2-3/16)

(0100–0109) (0110–0119) (0120–0139) (0140–0179) (0220–0229)

Holemouth Bowls Large-mouth = 31 + cm Medium = 30–20 cm Small = 19–11 cm Vats = 40 + cm Necked Jars Large Pithoi-Mouth width = 31+ cm Pithoi = 30–21 cm Large jars = 20–15 cm Medium-large = 14–10 cm Medium to Small Jars = 9–6 cm Large to Medium bowls Large = 31 cm + Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium-Large = 23–30 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium = 17–22 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, open Angled to splaying

(H1-22/67) (1) (9) (13) (H1-26/67; J2-4/7) (H1-5; J2-1) (H1-11; J2-3) (H1-10) (H1-19/67; J2-3/7) (H1-1) (H1-14; J2-3) (H1-4)

(0500–0509) (0520–0529) (0540–0545) (0510–0519) (0530–0539) (0546–0549) (0560–0569) (0570–0579) (0580–0589)

Medium-Small to Small bowls Medium-Small Bowls—M = 16–12 cm Deep, Lightly closed Neutral to open Medium depth Upright walls Neutral to open Straight walls Small Bowls—M = 10–6 cm Lightly closed Neutral to open

(H1-12; J2-7) (J2-1) (H1-1; J2-3) (H1-1) (H1-9; J2-1) (H1-1; J2-2) (H1-4; J2-8) (H1-1; J2-2) (H1-3; J2-6)

(0700–0709) (0710–0719) (0720–0729) (0740–0755) (0784–0792) (0756–0769) (0770–0782)

upturned rims (Rim Type 16), and slightly beveled inside (Rim Type 13), are found in the large to small sizes. In order of frequency there are holemouth jars with direct rims in four size ranges (45 examples); holemouth jars with folded, bulbous shaped rims, in four size ranges (39 examples); holemouth jars with lightly upturned rims in large to small sizes (14 examples); and holemouth jars with beveled rims in large to small sizes (7 examples). Function. The shape, size, and wares of the holemouth vessels offer some clues for determining their intended function as either cooking pots or temporary dry storage vessels. In a summary of ethnographic studies, complemented by comparing results from archaeological excavations, Henrickson and McDonald (1983) drew up a set of hypothetical morphological parameters for various functional categories of vessels. Cooking pots in their sample tended to be short and squat with a large basal

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81

surface for heating and a restricted mouth to prevent evaporation. The best candidates for this shape in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum V assemblage are some of the holemouth jar and bowl rims (restricted forms) with coarse temper and exterior blackening (pl. 6:6, 7, 29). The bases with the same features, coarse and blackened, are all flat. Other vessels in the Henrickson and McDonald survey, used for long-term dry storage, had two consistent features. The first is that almost all long-term storage vessels in their samples had rolled over or everted rims. This feature was understood as facilitating “tying a pliable cover over the opening for protection against insects and dirt” (Henrickson and McDonald 1983: 632). None of the large Bâb edh-Dhr⺠vessels in Areas H1 or J2, holemouth or necked, have this feature. It is, however, one of the features of the jars of the settled villages of southern Israel in EB I, where vessels with short sharply everted necks are common (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: 13; figs. 18:13–21; 19:4, 5). The second feature of the long-term storage vessels is that they are usually considerably larger than the short-term storage pots. Maximum width diameters in long-term storage jars ranged from 17.8 to 100 cm, with a mean maximum diameter of 49.3 cm. For the short-term the range was 19 to 22 cm (a small sample), with a mean maximum diameter of 20 cm. Although there are no restored vessels in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage, comparable holemouth restored vessels from other sites, with mouth diameters ranging from 19 to 27 cm, generally have a maximum vessel diameter that is twice the mouth diameter. In Area H1 the range of mouth diameters of holemouth vessels is from 8 to 44 cm, with a mean of 20 cm. Using that mean and the ratio of 1/2 for mouth width to maximum vessel width from the comparable group of vessels of EB IA sites, the mean maximum diameter of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠holemouth jars could be interpolated as 40 cm. This would be on the high side of temporary storage vessels but less than the mean for the long-term storage vessels studied by Henrickson and McDonald. Comparisons. The most distinctive rim types for comparison are the folded rim with slanted back profile (fig. 5.1:6), the rims with slightly upturned, rounded profile (fig. 5.1:2, 7, 10), and the beveled rim type (fig. 5.1:11). The first form is rare, with only this example in the Stratum V material. A similar-sized jar from Tel Halif Site 101 (Stratum IV) has a folded rim at a different angle (Dessel 1991: fig. 19a:2). The rim with upturned lip is more common, with 14 examples. A similar type begins in Phase Oi at Jericho where it is described as a “plain, slightly everted rim” (Hennessy 1967: 8, pl. 3.21; Kenyon and Holland 1982: figs. 63:38, 39 and 68:25. Other examples are found at Tel Halif Site 101 in Strata IV and V (Dessel 1991: figs. 17:1; 20:1, 3), and in the EB I assemblage at Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:8). Helms included everted rim types on closed forms as his Genre 6 (Betts 1992: p. 49). He recognized that all of his examples have an upright stance and could be just as well classified as holemouth bowls. A closer parallel to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠types is found in his Genre 10 (Betts 1992: fig. 68:e), which includes a wide range of rim treatments. The parallels cited for this form are mostly EB IB. Among other possible parallels, perhaps the closest to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠holemouth jar with upturned rim is an unclassified type from Tell Um Hammad (Betts 1992: fig. 171:7). The beveled rim form (fig. 5.1:11; cf. pl. 2:17, 26) is similar to examples from Tel Halif Site 101 Stratum IV (Dessel 1991: fig. 17a:2), and from Tel Erani (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: fig. 10:4). It would appear to be very close to an example from Tell Um Hammad (Betts 1992: fig. 68:d). This form belongs to Genre 10 of Helms, and most of the parallels cited are associated with EB IB.

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82

Figure 5.1. (opposite) Fig.

Reg. #

Field

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

77.0844 77.0758 77,1817 77.1272 77.1816 77.4343 77.0681 77.0841 77.0612 77.4883 77.5180 81.8397 77.4300 77.0804 77.1755 77.0747 77.0766 77.1827 77.0839 77.0837

H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 J.2 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1

Basic Loc. Form 10 2 2 17 2 13 13 10 13 10 13 28 13 10 18 13 10 2 10 10

0001 0010 0010 0010 0020 0020 0020 0020 0030 0030 0030 0280 0229 0149 0144 0144 0124 0120 0112 0100

Rim Type 18 16 18 11 12 18 16 18 12 16 13 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 61 61

Stratum V Jars

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl.

1:28 1:6; 1:1 1:5; 1:24; 2:12 4:4; 3:4 1:2; 3:21; J2-6:1–6, 28 2:18 2:13; 2:16; 3:35 1:25; 1:27; 2:11; 3:22, 36 2:10; 1:26, 4:27; J2-7:21 1:32; 3:37 2:26; 2:17 7:27 2:34 1:38 4:30; 4:7, 29, 30 2:27: as above 1:36; cp. 1:35; 2:30; 4:6, 31; J2-6:32 1:9 1:37; 1:8; 5:3 1:34; 2:32

Holemouth Bowls and Vats The term holemouth bowl is not used consistently in the literature. Some prefer holemouth jar for all restricted vessels. The difficulty in separating holemouth jars from holemouth bowls or kraters has been noted by Amiran (1978: 48). Yet, since holemouth bowls do appear in the cemetery material at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, described as kraters (Schaub and Rast 1989, Type 0040–0059, e.g., fig. 50: 1, 3), and holemouth jars do not, it seems clear that the types were perceived differently by the EB IA people. Here, we have used the term for lightly restricted vessels, with the walls between 10 and 25 degrees from a 0 degree vertical. Comparable intact holemouth bowl forms with this type of restriction are more globular in shape, with the height often less than maximum width. The vat form, similar in lightly restricted stance, is distinguished from the holemouth bowls by its wide diameter and the thickness of its walls. Fabrics and Tempers. The majority (21 of 32) of the holemouth bowl rims of Area H1 had coarse wadi temper. Eight samples also had coarse fabric and one was friable in texture. The remaining examples had plain wadi sand and medium-coarse fabric. Only 2 of the 32 holemouth rim sherds had traces of slip, and none was burnished. Punctate decoration was not present on the holemouth bowls. Three of the holemouth bowls were thin-sectioned. Two of the three had the Z type wadi sand inclusions with coarse rounded limestone and with little quartz. The third

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

Figure 5.1. Stratum V Jars.

83

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

84

Figure 5.2. (opposite) Fig.

Reg. #

Field

Locus

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

77.0705 77.1732 77.0639 77.1247 77.0762 77.1729 77.1206 77.1740 77.1841 77.0763 77.5165 77.1730 81.8406 77.4345 77.8392 81.8394 81.8379

H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 H.1 J.2 H.1 J.2 J.2 J.2

18 13 13 13 10 13 17 13 2 10 2 13 28 13 28 19 19

18 19 20

81.8325 77.1763 81.8483

J.2 H.1 J.2

19 18 28

Stratum V Bowls, Handles, and Spoons

Basic Form 0040 0046 0046 0050 0520 0500 0540 0510 0530 0560 0570 0570 0740 0720 0756 0770

0930

Rim Type Source (underlined) Stratum V Parallels 11 11 13 12 62 62 12 62 62 62 12 62 12 10 12 13

Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl.

4:28 2:20; 1:31; 2:21, 25 2:24; 2:23; 4:25 2:22; 3:4 1:41 2:37 4:11; 5:2 2:35 1:11; 1:10, 12, 41; 2:1, 38 2:2 1:15; 1:14; cp. J2-6:39; 7:29 2:36; 4:12 7:30 (J2), 6:40; 7:4 3:2 7:22; 6:8 7:31; cp. 6:15, 16, 42; 7:1, 31, 32 7:13; cp. 1:18, 19; 2:8; 3:17, 18, 19; 4:21, 22; 5:13, 14, 15 Pl. 7:14 Pl. 5:15; see 17 above Pl. 7:39; cp. 6:21; 7:17, 19; 1:22, 23; 2:9; 3:20; 4:24; 5:18, 19

had coarse wadi sand with angular chert, rounded limestone, fine quartz, and some grog. Two of the three also had a gray surface coloring which could be associated with soot from use as cooking pots. Basic Forms. The holemouth bowls fall into four basic form size categories (table 5.4) with a variety of wares in each category. The ware fabrics in the large range include both coarse and medium coarse. The medium size group has the most examples, 17 in all. Wares range from friable (pl. 4:25), to coarse (11 examples), to mediumcoarse (5 examples). The small size group contains four coarse wares, three mediumcoarse, and one fine ware (pl. 2:22). Specific Types. Simple rims dominate in all of the holemouth bowl ranges. In the large size group, 4 of 5 are simple rims, with rounded or tapered lips (fig. 5.2:1). One example has a thickened rim. Most of the rim types of the medium group are simple (16 of 17), rounded, tapered (fig. 5.2:2), or beveled (5 examples; cf. fig. 5.2:3), while one has a folded rim. Small holemouth bowls have mostly simple rims (7 of 8), rounded, tapered (fig. 5.2:4), or beveled. One small holemouth bowl has a folded rim. Both vats have thickened rims (pl. 1:4).

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

Figure 5.2. Stratum V Bowls, Handles, and Spoons.

85

86

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

Correlating the rim types with various size ranges produces only one distinctive group. The medium range basic form with beveled rim (rim type 13, 5 examples; cf. fig. 5.2:3) has close parallels as noted in the comparisons below. Area J2. Only two holemouth bowl forms were in the Area J2 Stratum V group, one medium (pl. 6:29) and one small (pl. 6:7). Both exemplars have a slightly upturned lip. They also have blackened exteriors and may be the best candidates for cooking pots. Comparisons. Excellent parallels for the holemouth bowls are found in the cemetery. Kraters are not one of the more common basic forms in the cemetery, with only 24 examples listed in the published groups. In the larger-size group over 23 cm, two distinctive forms with upturned rim (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 50:3; 58:3) find exact parallels in both Area H1 (pl. 4.25) and Area J2 (pl. 6:29). An example with rim beveled inside (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 50:1) is similar to an Area H1 form (pl. 2:23). The medium range forms (0050–0059) with tapered rims also have good parallels (cf. Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 14:3 and 13:7 to pls. 2:22; 4:2). Two of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery kraters have ledge handles below the rim (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 13:6 and 30:9). Holemouth bowls do not appear to be common at contemporary sites. A small holemouth bowl with handles from Arad Stratum V is an earlier example (Amiran 1978: fig. 2:8.). In the Jericho PUB series there are relatively few holemouth bowls (Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 40:19–26; 41:1–5). One of the forms classified as a holemouth jar (fig. 39:13), however, is a close parallel, in size, shape and rim type to several examples from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(cf. pl. 2:21 and pls. 1:30; 2:23–24). An exact parallel, again in size and shape, may be found at Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:7). Here also it is described as a holemouth jar (Hartuv Type IB). It is coarse ware with coarse grit and a gray exterior that exactly matches the gray ware description of an Area H1 example (pl. 1:30). Among the Jericho holemouth bowl forms, one of the examples with thickened rim (Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 41:4) may be compared to the Bâb edh Dhr⺠example in plate 2:19, with a similar rim, stance and size. Another parallel may be seen in the holemouth storage jar from Stratum V at Tel Halif Site 101 (Dessel 1991: fig. 22:2) with a rim that is “angled unfolded.” Close parallels to the smaller size range of holemouth bowls (0050), with rounded to tapered rim, may be found at Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:6) and Tel Halif Site 101 (Dessel 1991: fig. 21:13), where they are described as holemouth jars, and also in Jericho EIII–IV, Z (Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 36:3) where the example is described as a bowl. Necked Jars Ware Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. Ninety-six percent of the necked jar forms are medium-coarse in fabric texture, and 81% have wadi sand as the tempering agent. Over 45% of these forms have a thin to thick dark core, a much higher percentage than is found in the holemouth jars, but similar to the bowls which also have wadi sand as the more common temper. Decoration is more common on the necked jars than on the restricted forms of jars. Fifteen of the jars revealed traces of slip and 11 also had a burnished surface. Punctate decoration was found on the necks of 11 jars, and 3 had appliqué or raised bands. Ware Families. The fabric texture, temper and generally unfinished surfaces, together with thicker wall sections are the features that determine most of the necked

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jars as plain wares. There are some fine wares, however, similar to the fine wares in the cemetery, with thin walls, less dense and smaller wadi sand temper. Basic Forms. The necked jars fall into five size categories (table 5.4). Within these basic size ranges, depending on the size of the neck fragment, further distinctions in the basic forms can be made between the height of the neck (tall and short) and shape (cylindrical, angled or flared), and if the shoulder is preserved, between inflected and curved neck forms. The distinction between tall and short was usually possible, using the proportion of the mouth diameter to the height of the fragment. If the fragment was too small it was classified as a general form. The distinction between inflected and corner point was used as an important criterion in classifying the whole jars from the cemetery. With the sherds, however, which rarely have the shoulder preserved, this variable has lost its applicability. The most common size ranges in Area H1 are large (26) and medium-large (23). The medium-large form usually has a tall neck and a mouth opening of 10–14 cm. Among these jars the most common neck type (20 examples) is a flaring, curved-out neck (pls. 2:27, 28; 4:7, 29, 30; 5:12). The rim type is also dominantly flaring, although in most instances the lip is merely a continuation of the neck flare and could just as easily be classified as a direct rim. Three examples in this size range have necks with the walls angled out (pl. 2:33). The flare of the rim lip is more obvious in these cases. A very similar pattern is found with the second most popular size range. Twenty-four examples of large jars with a mouth opening of 15 to 20 cm have a tall neck and most of these forms also have a flaring neck (pls. 1:7, 33, 35, 36; 2:30; 4:6, 31). There are three examples with cylindrical neck (pl. 4:8), and three with neck angled outward. The third group comprises 15 rim sherds from pithoi with a diameter of 21–30 cm. Most of the examples in this group that can be classified have tall necks and are evenly divided between cylindrical (pl. 2:29), angled out (pls. 1:8, 37; 5:3), and flaring necks. The remarks about flaring rims for the medium-large jars with flaring necks also apply to these latter two groups. They are flaring with the curvature continuing the curve of the neck. Among the less common forms are three large pithoi rims with mouth diameter greater than 31 cm (pls. 1:34; 2:31, 32), and four small jar rims with neck diameter from 6 to 9 cm. Among this latter group are two thin, fine ware jars with fine fabric texture, slip and burnish, and fine slashed-band decoration (pl. 2:34). These types are common in the tombs at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Area J2. The necked jar forms of Area J2 incline toward smaller ranges in size. None of the the large pithoi forms is present. There are 3 pithoi forms, 4 large jars, 6 medium size, 1 medium-small, and 2 small. Both of the latter have short necks with simple, direct rims. All of the other Area J2 necked jar forms have flaring rims. Function. The necked jars were probably intended for short-term liquid storage or transport. The morphological parameters compiled by Henrickson and McDonald indicate similar size dimensions for both short-term storage necked vessels and those intended for liquid transport (1983: 632–34). The mean maximum diameter for short-term storage vessels is 28.4 cm, and for water transport 23.5 cm. For longterm storage vessels the maximum diameter mean is 40 cm. In the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery the ratio of mouth diameter to maximum diameter of the large to mediumlarge necked jars is 0.57. If the same ratio is used with the Area H1 necked jars that have a mean of 18 cm, the mean maximum diameter would be 31 cm, similar to the

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mean maximum diameter for short-term storage vessels listed by Henrickson and McDonald. Comparative material. The more common forms of the necked jars are illustrated in figure 5.1:12–20. Among the pithoi, the tall necks tend to be either cylindrical or angled out. The latter type (fig. 5.1:19) is the most common (for other Stratum V comparisons here and in the following see the parallels listed in figs. 5.1 and 5.2). Tall neck pithoi do not appear to be common at other sites during this period. The closest examples to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠types are found in the ºArabah sites to the south. Pithoi with tall necks, lightly flaring, are found at Wadi Faynan 100 (Wright and others 1998: fig. 7:1), and Wadi Fidan 4 (Adams and Genz 1995: fig. 4:3). A short neck, large pithos form, Form 0107 (pl. 2:31), is similar to a form from Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:5). Many of the pithoi had fragments too small to determine the neck type (fig. 5.1:20). Among the large-necked jars (0120–0139) there are 13 examples of curved-out necks (Form 0124, fig. 5.1:17). In the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery the medium-large jars were typed according to height because there were very few with a mouth diameter greater than 14 cm. Those examples between 15 and 16 cm in mouth width (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 12:1, 29:3, and 44:1, 2) closely parallel the 0124 types of Area H1. Three of the examples have ledge handles. Other parallels come from Wadi Faynan 100 (Wright and others 1998: Fig. 9:4, 5) and Wadi Fidan 4 (Adams and Genz 1995: fig. 4:2). The flaring neck jar of Stratum IV at Tel Halif Site 101 (Dessel 1991: 25a:7) is close to the 0124 type, especially the example in plate 1:33. A similar group with curved-out necks (Form 0144, 12 examples) is found in the medium-large category (see fig. 5.1:15, 16). In the cemetery, there are numerous examples in this size range. Many are fine ware and vary in handle attachments with ledge (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 111:1), or loop (fig. 79:3), loop and ledge (fig. 79:2), or no handles (figs. 111: 2, 4, 5, 6). At Hartuv, Type 1a of the necked jars is similar in size, with a less flaring neck than the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠0144 examples (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:1). One example with inflected neck (fig. 5.1:14) in the same range (Form 0149) has exact parallels from the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 82:3, 4). Among the smaller ranges the medium-small jar with turning point at the neck in fine ware with slip and burnish and raised slashed band (fig. 5.1:13 = pl. 2:34) represents one of the more common types from the tombs, usually found with loop handles (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 83:1, 2; others are listed in appendix D, Forms 0224, 0225). A small jar with short flaring neck from Area J2 (fig. 5.1:12), is similar to an example from Tomb A77 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 97:5), but is closer to juglet forms from the tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 84:12, and more commonly in the EB IB tombs, figs. 129:6, 7 and 134:12).

Bowls—Medium to Large Fabrics and Temper. The medium to large bowls are predominantly mediumcoarse in fabric texture (72 of 75). More than half (53%) of the bowls have a thin to thick black core. These forms, like the jars, tend to be underfired. The majority of the larger bowls (71%) have ordinary wadi sand as temper, but the coarser wadi sand is more frequent than among the necked jars.

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Wares. Most of the bowls are in plain ware. Slip and burnish are infrequent. These bowls have the highest percentage of punctate decoration (51%). Basic Forms. Among the larger bowl forms (over 17 cm) there are three basic size categories correlated with three different wall profiles (table 5.4). Medium-large and large bowls are more common than the medium size. Together the larger sizes constitute 72% of the total. This percentage reflects a similar distribution of size ranges among the bowls in the cemetery assemblage, where the larger groups form 61% of the total. In the cemetery assemblage of whole bowl forms, a distinction could be made between bowls with a similar diameter range but noticeable difference in height because of the major difference in capacity. Of two bowls, for example, with similar diameters of 24 cm, one with a height of 21 cm had a capacity of 10,938 cc, while the volume of the second example with a height of 16 cm was less than half, 4,207 cc. However, the majority of the deeper bowls in the cemetery assemblage were also significantly wider so that the distinction of the large size in the Area H1 material of bowls over 31 cm does reflect a pattern also found in the cemetery. Although most of the cemetery bowl profiles ranging from lightly closed, neutral to open, to angled or splaying are paralleled by the Area H1 bowls, there are major differences in the percentage distribution of the forms and in the ware types. In the cemetery bowl assemblage, the lightly closed forms are dominant, comprising 68% of the large bowls, 62% of the medium-large forms, and 57% of the medium forms (cf. Schaub and Rast 1989: table 12, 242–44). Angled to splaying walls in the cemetery bowls are comparatively rare. Less than 3% of the large to medium-large forms have this shape and it is not found at all among the medium bowls. In the Area H1 bowl group the lightly closed forms are poorly represented, comprising less than 10% of the total. The most common forms are lightly curved, neutral in stance to open, representing the majority of forms in medium and medium-large ranges and well represented in the large range. The biggest difference, however, is in the number of angled to splaying walls in the Area H1 material. This form is the largest group in the large category and close to 50% in the medium-large. Overall, the angled to splaying walls represent 40% of the large to medium bowls. One explanation for this difference is that much more care went into the preparation of the distinctive closed form bowls for the tombs. In the large to medium-large bowls from the tombs, twice as many bowls are in fine ware than in plain ware (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 151). The fine ware bowls have thinner walls, are more frequently lightly closed, with everted rims and often slipped and/or burnished. Fine ware bowls in these size ranges occur in the Area H1 material (pl. 2:37) but they are comparatively rare. A further implication of these differences is that the Area H1 examples represent the ongoing ordinary life use of vessels, and the area should not be interpreted as merely a pottery production place for the tomb offerings in the cemetery. Area J2. Only seven of the nine large bowl forms of Area J2 could be typed. The pattern of smaller size ranges in Area J2 compared to Area H1, continues. There are four medium-large bowls, three of them neutral to open (pls. 6:14; 7:2, 28), one lightly closed (pl. 6:30) and three in the medium range, all neutral to open in stance (pls. 6:39; 7:3, 29). Function. The function of all of the bowls is discussed after the treatment of the smaller range bowls below. Specific types. Rim treatment is the key element in determining the specific types. Everted rim bowls (Rim Types 61 and 62) occur predominantly among the

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lightly closed to neutral/open forms in Area H1. Among the examples of lightly closed profiles, all seven examples have everted rims. In the neutral to open forms, 21 of 34 of the rims are everted. Conversely, direct rim bowls (Rim Types 10, 11, 112) occur predominantly among the angled to splaying wall forms (24 of 27). In overall distribution, 31 sherds or 46% of the bowl rims have everted rim. Among those 31, the great majority (28) also have punctate decoration below the rim. Fine wares with fine wadi sand temper and thin walls, usually with carefully done punctate decoration, are almost exclusively associated with the everted rim bowls (pl. 2:35, 37). The breakdown of the specific types is found in table 5.5. The largest group is Direct Rim Bowls 1 with angled walls, best represented in the large and mediumlarge basic forms (see fig. 5.2:7 for large; pl. 5:1 for medium-large). The largest group of everted rim bowls is in the open to neutral basic form with 21 examples (fig. 5.2:5, 9, 12). Lightly closed forms with everted rims are illustrated in figure 5.2:6, 8, and 10. Comparative Material: Everted Rim Bowls. The large and medium-large open bowl forms illustrated in figure 5.2:5 and 9 both have lightly everted rims and plain ware. Tomb examples of these bowls are included in the 0520 to 0539 tomb series (Schaub and Rast 1989: 246–47, figs. 20:1, 5; 67:4, 9 and similar forms listed in appendix D). The most common rim form with the open to neutral forms is the simple direct rim, in plain ware (Specific Type F1, Schaub and Rast 1989: 266). A close parallel to the large bowl form (fig. 5.2:5) is found at Nizzanim Stratum 5 (Yekutieli and Gophna 1994: fig. 12:17). The medium-large form (fig. 5.2:9) is similar to examples from Tel Halif Site 101, Stratum IV (Dessel 1991: fig. 32a:3, 4). The latter has an exterior red slip and interior band of slip at the rim. In the medium range, the example in figure 5.2:12 is close to the form at Jericho (Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:5). None of the cited parallels have the typical punctate or raised band decoration of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples. The large to medium-large, lightly closed bowls with slight shoulder and everted rim in figure 5.2:6 and 8 represent some of the most typical fine ware forms from the cemetery. In the specific type series, there are 50 Type E1 examples, the large size, and 29 examples of the E2 type, medium-large (Schaub and Rast 1989: 266, and typical examples in figs. 113:1–7 and 114:1, 2). Parallels to this form are not common. One of the larger Type 6 bowls at Hartuv (in our medium range, Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 17:16) is lightly closed with an everted rim. Other possible examples are found at Lachish (Tufnell 1958: fig. 56:30) and at Site 73 (Rujm Birjis) on the Kerak Plateau (Miller 1991: fig. 1:18). Simple, Direct Rims. The example with angled, splayed sides, in figure 5.2:7 is found in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 13:5; 50:5, 6; 58:4; 85:7). Similar types are found at Jericho (Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:11), Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 17:22), Nizzanim (Yekutieli and Gophna 1994: fig. 12:16) and Wadi Faynan 100 (Wright and others 1998: fig. 7:2). An example from Lachish is similar in form and size with a slightly everted rim and red burnished slip (Tufnell 1958: 56:28). The medium bowl of figure 5.2:11 is similar to an unusual series of round to flattened base bowls from the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 14:6, 7; 40:1; 74:15; and 75:4). The examples from Tomb 3 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 14:6, 7) are exact parallels in size, ware and surface treatment with light red burnished slips. The parallels in size and rim form often have a band of red-brown slip at the rim (Dessel 1991: fig. 15a:5, 6; Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 17:15).

spread is 1 pica short

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V Table 5.5.

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Specific types of Stratum V Bowls

A. Direct Rim Bowls—(rim types, 10, 11, 12)—37 examples 1. Angled to splaying—24 a. Large—11 b. Medium-large—9 c. Medium—4 2. Neutral-open—13 a. Large—5 b. Medium-large—3 c. Medium—5 B. Everted Rim Bowls—31 examples 1. Lightly closed—7 a. Large—1 b. Medium-large—5 c. Medium—1 2. Neutral-open—21 a. Large—4 b. Medium-large—8 c. Medium—9 3. Angled to splaying—3 a. Large—2 b. Medium-large—1 c. Medium—0

Medium-Small to Small Bowls Fabric Texture and Temper. The fabric texture of the smaller range bowls of Area H1 is almost exclusively medium-coarse (18 of 19). One sherd is described as coarse. Temper is dominantly wadi sand (14 of 19). Two small bowl sherds were submitted for thin-sectioning. Both contained wadi sand as the temper. More variety appears in the Area J2 smaller range bowls. In fabric texture, 7 of the bowls are medium-coarse, 6 are fine in texture, and 2 are coarse. In temper also there is variety, with 5 of the small bowls with the Z temper, 6 with wadi sand, and 3 with coarser wadi sand. Wares. Both plain and fine wares are present in the Area H1 smaller bowl assemblage, with the former dominant. A few of the thin fine ware small bowls with slip and burnish are found in this group. However, most of the bowls have thicker wall sections with wet-smoothed surfaces, otherwise untreated, and a less finely sorted temper in the fabric. Among the Area J2 bowls, the examples with Z temper all belong to the OCW family. Several of these examples also have bands of red paint. One of the small bowls from Area J2 has punctate decoration. Basic forms. Two size groups are represented in the small deep bowls of Area H1: medium small (16–12 cm wide at the mouth) with 12 examples, and small (10–6 cm)

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with 4 examples (table 5.4). Most of the sherds have an open or neutral wall profile, with only a few examples with closed profile, and a few others with a possible straight or V-profile. It is not possible to be certain in many cases because the rim to base profile is available in very few sherds. Specific types. The most typical group in the 12–16 cm range of basic forms, with 12 examples, is bowls with open to neutral profile (fig. 5.2:13). Nine of these bowls have a simple rim (pls. 3:23; 4:9; 5:4). One of the forms had a slightly everted rim (pl. 3:1). Most likely they also had a round to rounded base, and fall into the deeper category with H/M ratio of over 35%. Other types in this size range include one with upright walls and squared rim (fig. 5.2:14), and one example with angled sides, although the form is incomplete, without a base join. Interesting forms from non-primary loci included two small disk bases of the typical fine wares from the tombs and one possible carinated form similar in ware to Cemetery C bowls. In the smaller size range, three of the forms are open or neutral forms with simple rims (fig. 5.2:16). One example is lightly closed (fig. 5.2:15). Area J2. The disparity in the percentage of smaller bowls between Area H1 and Area J2 was noted above. Small bowls are the most frequent form found in Area J2, representing 29% of the basic forms. The medium-small range has one deep, lightly closed form (pl. 6:9, a form not found in Area H1), three deep, open, curved forms (fig. 5.2:13), one open, lightly curved (pl. 6:14) and two straight (pls. 6:17; 7:24). There are eight small bowl forms, six open forms (fig. 5.2:16), and two closed (fig. 5.2:15). Function. The bowl forms are best interpreted as serving and eating vessels, with the various size ranges determining the intended purposes. In their discussion of serving and eating vessels, Henrickson and McDonald distinguish between individual-sized vessels and family capacity bowls. In both groups, open bowls with flat bottoms predominate (Henrickson and McDonald 1983: 632). The larger serving vessels are also often decorated. The individual bowls ranged from 10 to 23 cm in maximum diameter with a mean of 14 cm. Family-capacity bowls range from 8.4 to 95 cm in diameter with a mean of 24.6 cm. Under these guidelines, our medium, mediumsmall, and small bowls would tend to fall in the individual range, although it seems more likely that the medium bowls were used for larger servings. Overall in their study, the family-sized bowl are roughly three times larger in volume than the individual sized bowls, and this is the range of difference between the medium bowls in the cemetery with a mean volume of 1911 cc, and the medium-small, cereal bowl size, with a mean of 668 cc. The large bowls from the cemetery which are comparable to the large bowls from Area H1 have an average capacity of 8213 cc and the medium-large of 4253 cc. Both of these would seem best adapted to large groups for communal dining. In the discussion of the function of the large cemetery bowls, they were interpreted as used for temporary storage of dry foods or as “banquet bowls” in preparing or procuring food for large groups (Schaub and Rast 1989: 248). A recent study has focused on the large vessel size as an indicator of communal dining defined as when a group receives its food from a vessel that is to be used by all (Hawthorne 1999). This type of dining, like a bedouin mansaf, may well be indicated by the large size of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠bowls. Although there are differences (noted above) in the much larger percentage of closed bowl forms and fine ware in the cemetery than in Area H1, the basic distribution of the large and medium-large bowls in both areas is quite similar. In the cemetery, 63% of all of the bowls fall into these two categories, and in Area H1 it is 72%.

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Comparative Material. The medium-small and small basic forms (0740 and 0770), in both plain and fine ware, are very common in the cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub and Rast 1989: 267–68). The dominant specific type in plain ware, Type G1, has a round base (70 examples). This form also occurs in fine ware, Type G3 (27 examples), but forms with ring or disk bases (Type G2) are almost twice as common (49 examples). Examples with flattened or flat base in both wares also occur but are less common. Small to medium-small round-based bowls are very common in the southern Levant during this period. The forms are so undistinguished and the parallels are so numerous that citing them is of questionable value. Some would say the small range hemispherical types are a hallmark of the EB I period (Braun 1996b: 18). At Hartuv, small to medium-small bowls with out-curved rim compose 60% of all of the bowl forms. It is noteworthy that this type, with out-curved rim, is almost nonexistent in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery and Stratum V material. It does occur in the cemetery, but only in pottery from that part known as Cemetery C, where it is found on carinated bowls. A second type at Hartuv, however, is similar to the 0740 Basic forms of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The type 5 bowls at Hartuv, “although less frequent, are quite common” (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: 15; cf. fig. 17:7–10). One of the examples from Hartuv (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 17:8) has broad red stripes painted vertically on the exterior. A close parallel to this bowl, with broad vertical stripes internally and externally, occurs in Tomb A71W at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 75:3). Similar bowls occur at many other sites. Some have the vertical stripes only on the interior, as at Tel Erani (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: fig. 12:6), and Jericho Tomb K2, Phase 2, a flat-based example (Kenyon 1965: fig. 8:14). Others, such as the Hartuv example, have them only on the exterior, as in Tomb 6 at Tell el-Farºah (Vaux 1951 [suite]: fig. 1:4), or on both interior and exterior like the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠example, as on the tell at Jericho (Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 17:13; see also fig. 18:40). At Tell Um Hammad al-Sharqi, eight examples, with varying rim forms, associated with EB IA strata, are listed under Genre G55 (Betts 1992: 82, 101–2, and fig. 226:1–8). Only one of the Tell Um Hammad bowls is in the medium-small range. The others are all 10 cm or less. Similar smaller range bowls, with painted vertical stripes, also occur at Tel Erani (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: fig. 12:5) and at Jericho in the tombs (Kenyon 1965: figs. 4:3, 7; 13:4) and on the tell (Hennessy 1967: pl 2.8; Kenyon and Holland 1982: 34:28). Ledge Handles Fabric Texture, Temper and Surface Treatment. Fabric textures of the Area H1 ledge handles are medium coarse (73 of 76) with two coarse and one friable. The temper of the ledge handle forms is dominantly wadi sand (59 of 76), which is also the main temper of jars. One out of four of the ledge handles has a slip (19 of 76). This is the highest percentage of slip recorded for any of the diagnostic fragment groups but fits well with the jar percentage of slip (12%), particularly since there were usually two ledge handles to a jar. Specific Types and Comparisons. The numerous ledge handles from Area H1 are rounded to parabolic in shape. None of the very distinctive “duckbill” handles associated with Stratum IV was found among the diagnostic forms of Area H1. Of the 76 ledge handles drawn and described from the Primary Loci, 12 were not preserved

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sufficiently along the edges to classify them. Among the classified ledge handles, 15 were plain (pls. 2:6; 5:16), and 43 had three to five, or even more, thumb impressions along the edge (fig. 5.2:19). It is possible to classify further the impressed handles into lightly impressed and pushed-up types. The latter, similar to Forms 1 and 2 of Tufnell (1958: 149–51) leave a slight ridge on the interior (pls. 1:18, 19; 3:18, 19; 5:13–15). These are not the pushed-up ledge handles that close in the handle on the circumference with a vertical edge making a slight hollow (Amiran 1969: pl. 8:16–18), or the pinch-lapped type (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: 23, fig. 19:24), since the pushed-up impression is not folded or lapped over onto the surface of the handle. At Tel Halif the Stratum IV ledge handles (none is recorded in Stratum V) are called thumbimpressed, indented or “solid” (Dessel 1991: 168, fig. 26). Among the various genres of ledge handles at Tell Um Hammad, the closest to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠types are G 74, 75, and 76 (Betts 1992: 90, fig. 241), although the concavity underneath some of Tell Um Hammad examples does not appear at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The ledge handles in the assemblage from Wadi Faynan 100 appear to be similar to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠spread. Ledge handles were not numerous (0.4% of the total number of sherds). Of the 111 handles, 13% were thumb indented and none was fully pushed up (Wright and others 1998: 51). There are also three examples of large, rounded knobs which are frequently found on large, plain ware bowls in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 13:2–5). A larger type, called a knob-ledge, also frequently found below the rim on bowls in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 45:3), is illustrated on plate 5.2:7. Good parallels to these bowl knobs have turned up at Wadi Faynan 100 (Wright and others 1998: 51, fig. 6:4) and Wadi Fidan 4 (Adams and Genz 1995: fig. 3:2). There are three examples of smaller, non-slip tiny knobs, pierced and non-pierced, which often occur on fine ware bowls in the cemetery (fig. 5.2:6, 8; Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 85:3, 4). Area J2. Two ledge handles were associated with the Area J2 Stratum V pottery. One is a rounded form with three light thumb impressions (fig. 5.2:17). The second is a knob-ledge type similar to the Area H1 type and cemetery types associated with bowl forms (fig. 5.2:18). Loop Handles Loop handle examples include handles attached below the rim (pls. 1:39, 5:12), at the rim (fig. 5.1:14) and on the body (pl. 3:16, illustrated upside down). Other loop handle fragments from Area H1 are illustrated in Plates 3:15 and 4:23. From Area J2 there is only one loop handle fragment illustrated (pl. 6:16). Smaller fragments of loop handles generally were not drawn. Spoons Perhaps the most unusual forms from Areas H1 and J2 are the spoons (fig. 5.2:20 [from Area J2]). In fabric texture, the spoons were mostly medium coarse, with one friable example and one fine fabric. Eight of 14 examples have the ordinary wadi sand, and three have coarse wadi sand. In two forms the inclusions were not identified and one had the Z temper described above. Ware color is usually reddish yellow but several are reddish brown. One example has a broad red stripe of wash around the handle area (pl. 5:18).

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Specific Types and Comparisons. The notched end (“bat ears”) in most of the examples and the protruding bulge in the handle presumably offering a grip give these forms a distinctive profile. No complete examples were found in Stratum V, but the curvature into a rounded spoon can be estimated from various examples. Two of the three forms were surface finds in Area H, but the other examples came from stratified loci. Complete forms of round spoons, which probably functioned as ladles have been found in other areas in the site. Smaller examples have been found in the EB IA tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 14: 10), but none with the same profile as the Area H1 and J2 types. One example of a crude ladle comes from Locus 1534 at Lachish (Tufnell 1958: pl. 12:34; 56:10). Wadi Fidan 4 has yielded a deeper form of ladle with a rounded handle (Adams and Genz 1995: fig. 4:6) that could be similar in function to a handle from Area H1 (pl. 5:19), although the latter is more elliptical in shape. Bases Fabric Texture, Temper, and Surface Decoration. Not surprisingly in most categories the ware attributes of the bases are similar to the summary totals of the rim sherds. In fabric texture, the bases mirror the breakdown found overall among the rim sherds (coarse—19% rim sherds, 18% bases; medium-coarse—79% rims, 82% bases). The differences in temper distribution are slight (coarse wadi sand-bases 43%, rims 48%; ordinary wadi sand as temper—bases 56%, rims 50%). There are also similar percentages of slipped and burnished sherds. A major difference may be noted, however, in presence and absence of cores, with over 60% of the bases having some blackened core compared to 37% of the rim sherds. This is probably due to the thickness of the base sherds, which did not fire as completely as the thinner wall of rim sherds. Basic Forms. In form analysis the bases offer an interesting study for statistical analysis. Orton (1980: 34) has suggested using angle declination of bases to separate bowls, platters, dishes and jars. According to his scheme, the range for platters is 0% to 15%, dishes 15% to 32%, bowls from 35% to 65%, and for jars 64% to 90%. A study of the base angle of the jars and bowls from the EB IA tombs at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠shows more overlap in these two categories, with many jars having a lower base angle, down to 45%. In large jars, however, studies of most restored examples from comparable town sites support the larger angle group. Since most of the jars from Area H1 belong in the large jar category, the steep angle of bases (65%) has been used as a criterion. Following this guideline, 106 of the 274 basic forms from the primary loci of Area HI may be classified as jar bases. When the wares of this subgroup of jar bases are compared to the rim sherds of necked jars and holemouth jars, the ware breakdown is very similar. In fabric texture the necked and holemouth jars have a total of 72% medium-coarse, and 26% coarse textures. The jar bases have 64% medium-coarse and 36% coarse. In temper they are more similar. Necked and holemouth jars have 57% coarse temper and 42% wadi sand, while the jar bases have 61% coarse temper and 38% wadi sand. Also, since only one of the necked jars has coarse fabric texture (1 of 73), it seems reasonable to identify all of the jar bases with coarse texture and coarse wadi sand as most likely with holemouth jars. Thirty seven of the jar bases have both coarse temper and coarse fabric texture. (examples are pls. 1:17; 2:5; 3:27; 4:13). The most common base forms, classified by the manner in which the walls of the vessel join the base, are

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concave and straight juncture. Among the jar bases the straight join is slightly more common, while among the bases overall the concave form is more common. In size ranges, the bases distribute normally, with a median around 14 cm and a median center range between 10 and 20. The jar base group has a higher median of 16 cm, and a slightly higher median range of 12 to 22 cm. In the tombs it is rare to find a bowl, even among the largest bowls, with a base diameter of over 16 cm. There may be some large vats among the Area H1 pottery, however, so this criterion has not been used to separate bowls from jars. Base types are distinguished according to the curvatures or angle of the wall, with the base and the presence or absence of concavity in the base itself. The types include straight walls (Types 11, 12 [concavity in base], pls. 2:4; 3:4, 5, 6, 10; 4:13, 16, 18; 5:5, 6, 7); convex curve in the wall above the base (Types 13, 14 [concavity in the base], pls. 1:17; 3:9, 24, 26; 4:14); and concave curve in the wall above the base (Types 15, 16 [concavity in base], pls. 3:12; 4:19; 5:8). The distinction between a straight angle and concave curve at times is rather subtle. The convex join is more easily distinguished. Disc bases and ring bases are further distinctive types. Overall, the most common type is a concave curve above the base, found in 51% of the total. Straight joins of the wall to the base were found on 40% of the bases, and a convex curve on 8%. Five disk bases were recorded (1%), along with two ring bases. The concave curve could represent either a thinning of the wall above the base join, or the building up of coils above a starter disk. The latter is quite evident on many of the complete vessels from the tombs. The jar base group has a fairly even distribution between straight and concave junctures. Decorative Features Decorative features on the surface of the Area H1 vessels include the common punctate decoration on plain and fine wares, particularly on bowls and some smaller jars, as well as raised slashed bands on a few of the fine wares. Heavy rope moldings on large jars, common in the early strata of Arad, are noticeably absent. Also absent are the scalloped rims, finger-impressed bands, that appear on bowls and jars in southern Israel (Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: fig. 19:2, 9, 10, 11, 12). A few sherds have appliqué decoration. One has a heavy slashed band (pl. 1:21). A second (pl. 3:32) has a row of raised dots not dissimilar from the decoration found on the Cemetery C vessels from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Two large added clay dots on the shoulder of a large jar (pl. 4:20) could be decorative but may also have been intended to help grip the vessel when it was tipped for pouring. One decorative design (pl. 3:33) is too incomplete to hazard a guess concerning the symbol represented. One of the spoons (pl. 5:18) has a broad red stripe painted across the handle. It is one of two painted forms associated with the Area H1 material (see below for a discussion of the development of painted forms). Area J2. Punctate decoration does occur on the Area J2 forms, bowls and necked jars (pls. 6:18, 22, 30, 34; 7:2, 3, 33) as well as raised slashed bands (pl. 6:23), but these features are not as common as they are in the Area H1 assemblage. On the other hand, slip-paint occurs on 8 sherds in Area J2, or 10% of the total. Two of the small bowls have traces of slip-paint (pl. 6:15, 42) and another has traces of line group paint (pl. 6:8). One of the jar bases has a smeared wash similar to grain wash patterns (pl. 7:12), and two other bases have traces of wash (pl. 7:11, 36). Two body sherds (pls. 6:24 and 7:28) are described as having line-group painting.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

97

Summary of Ceramic Features of Stratum V The pottery assemblage of Stratum V from Areas H1 and Area J2 contains a limited range of basic forms, with defined size ranges, and a simple typology of rim forms. The dominant types (cf. table 5.4 and figs. 5.1 and 2) are: medium holemouth jars with simple or folded rims; medium holemouth bowls or kraters with simple, rounded, tapered or beveled rims; large to medium-large tall necked jars with flaring neck and rims; large to medium bowls, open to neutral, with lightly everted rim; large to medium-large bowls, with angled to splaying walls and simple direct rims; mediumsmall to small bowls, neutral to open with simple direct rims; thumb indented and plain ledge handles, loop handles and a distinctive group of spoons. Decorative features include lines of punctate design around the circumference below the rims of jars and bowls, especially the latter, a limited use of slip and burnish, slip-paint and some painted stripes, especially on spoons. Comparisons between the Domestic Pottery from Areas H1 and J2 and the Pottery from the EB IA Shaft Tombs As has been seen, the major difference in the pottery of Areas H1 and J2 in contrast to the tomb pottery is the large number of holemouth sherds in Areas H1 and J2. For the rest, the forms in these areas are paralleled by the usually complete pottery in the EB IA shaft tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989). These include bowls with angled sides and tapered, out-turned rims, as well as deep bowls with straight or slightly incurved sides and simple rim. Like the tomb vessels, sherds of bowls from Stratum V are often decorated with punctate design below the rim. Other examples have knobs, like those on bowls from the shaft tombs. The many flat bases could be from either bowls or jars. The Stratum V pottery of Areas H1 and J2 thus indicates that the pottery types found in the EB IA tombs were in use in the daily activity of the EB IA people. This result counters the interpretation that has sometimes been advanced, that the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB IA pottery was essentially tomb pottery. The latter conclusion would now have to be corrected to one recognizing that pottery in the tombs of EB IA, like that in the later Early Bronze Age phases, was literally based on types found on the “tables” of the living community. That is, the forms were not specially conceived as mortuary artifacts. To be sure, while some of the pottery in the tombs was finely crafted, the fact that virtually the same forms are found in both the domestic and tomb groups suggests that it was only in the finishing process that tomb pottery differed from domestic pottery, not in the forms themselves. This fact provides an important insight into the social organization of the EB IA people, and at the same time into their mortuary traditions. The similarities in wares, basic forms and specific types in the pottery from Area H1, Area J2 (to a slightly lesser degree), and the cemetery leave little doubt that these groups belong to the same cultural context. On the other hand, the extent to which they are contemporary is a more difficult problem. The limited stratigraphy in Areas H1 and J2 suggests that it is not feasible to closely correlate the use of these areas with the hierarchy of tombs suggested in the publication of the cemetery assemblage (Schaub and Rast 1989: 28–29). Although the latest tombs in the cemetery sequence have a much higher percentage of plain wares than fine wares, similar to the percentages in Areas H1 and J2, this similarity may have other explanations. It is just as

spread one line long

98

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

possible that the predominance of plain wares in Areas H1 and J2 is due to the more common daily use of these vessels in contrast to the fine wares placed in the tombs. The Relationship of Areas H1 and J2 In general, there are fewer types in Area J2, and the range of types tends to be on the smaller size. Holemouth jars are much more common in Area H1. Both areas have a similar percentage of medium range holemouth jars, but the pithoi and larger sizes do not occur in Area J2. Holemouth bowls are fairly common in Area H1 but rare in Area J2. One area in which distribution is fairly similar in both areas is the necked jar groups, but even here the Area J2 necked jars are more common in the smaller ranges. The same is true in the bowl size ranges. Only the medium-large to small bowls are found in Area J2, and in percentage these size ranges, especially the smaller, are more common than in Area H1. The differences in size ranges, probably reflecting different activities in the two areas, need not overshadow the real similarities of the assemblages of the two groups. Close parallels of specific types are found in medium and small holemouth jars, pithoi, medium lightly curved bowls, neutral to open small bowls, and in the spoons. Similar plain and thumb indented ledge handles as well as loop handles are found in both groups. Punctate decoration on bowls and jars in fairly common in both, although slightly higher in percentage in Area H1. Both have a combination of fine, plain and coarse wares. The ceramic types from areas H1 and J2 link these two areas to the same stratum (Stratum V) of the site, but two other features suggest that the use of Area J2 could be somewhat later in this stratum than that of Area H1. One is the wall foundation in Stratum V of Area J2 (see chapter 4), which indicates a more permanent presence than the lack of architectural remains in Area H1. The second feature is the occurrence of OCW in combination with Z temper. The Z temper occurs in 9 of the 56 rim sherds of Area J2, and 7 of the 9 are in OCW. Five of the 7 OCW sherds also have slip or paint, including one with line-group pattern. Line-group paint also occurs on 2 body sherds. Area H1 has only a few Z tempers (2 of 316 rim sherds) including one with the slip paint on a spoon form mentioned previously. In Stratum IV the combination of Z temper in OCW with slip paint, often line group design, is one of the key diagnostic features of this stratum. The occurrence of Z temper and OCW with slip paint in Area J2, more frequently than in Area H1, raises the possibility that it is closer in time to Stratum IV. In an earlier comparison of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tomb groups with other sites, we had discerned evidence for a gradual ceramic development from EB IA to EB IB (Schaub 1981: 74–77). A gradual introduction of the OCW with linegroup ware appears to be also indicated in Area J2. The Relation of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pottery to That of Other EB I Sites A number of possible similarities in form between Bâb edh-Dhr⺠pottery and that from other sites have been offered in the discussion above. Although some basic features common to other EB I assemblages, such as thumb-indented ledge handles, some use of slip and burnish, and small round based bowls, point to shared traditions, these features are too ubiquitous to be of much help in determining closer chronological relationships. On the whole, the dominant basic features of the Bâb edh-Dhrâº

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

99

Stratum V pottery are not commonly found among reported EB I assemblages elsewhere. This includes such finishing techniques as punctate decoration and raised slashed bands around the circumference of bowls and necked jars. On the other hand, some of the regular treatments of pottery at sites like Hartuv appear at Bâb edhDhrâº, but outside the normal repertory. The most plausible conclusion that can be drawn from ceramic parallels cited above from Hartuv as a type site of the Early Bronze I culture in southern Israel is that we are dealing with contemporary cultures separated by marked regional differences. The shared traits of ledge-handled vessels, hemispherical bowls, some use of slip and burnish, and some similarity in the basic form distribution, place the assemblages in a similar cultural context, while the differences in typological spread of vessels argue for major regional differences. At most levels of comparison in ware and shape, the pottery at the two sites is substantially different. The most common types at Hartuv, and the southern Israel culture in general, do not occur at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Correspondingly, the most common types at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠do not occur at other sites. There is little doubt that we are dealing with regional differences, albeit in a similar chronological range, during the latter half of the fourth millennium. Stronger parallels for the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage appear to be emerging from the Wadi Faynan sites of the same period, but the connection awaits further publication of the pottery of these sites. The regional differences make it difficult to make close correlations between the Stratum V Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage with the EB I sites in southern Israel. Some of the individual parallels cited above (e.g., with Tel Halif Stratum IV) are early in the proposed sequence but most fall in the mid-range of the relative chronology proposed for southern Israel (Mazar and Mirsochedji 1996: 28). The key association at Bâb edhDhr⺠is the relationship of the Stratum V material to that of Stratum IV. The latter can clearly be correlated with the EB IB period of southern and central Palestine, with the full presence of the line-group painted tradition. The presence of some examples of the latter ware in Stratum V of Area J2, and the stratigraphic relationship of Strata V and IV in Area J2, indicate that these two strata are closely linked at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠without a major occupational gap. The best fit for the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum V groups is sometime in the last third of the fourth millennium, probably 3350 to 3200 b.c. Absolute Chronology. A fuller treatment of the C 14 dates for the site is given in chapter 22. One example from the EB IA tombs correlates well with the cultural parallels. This is the sample from Tomb A 100E, which offered a calibrated date of 3545– 3345 (Weinstein 1984: 337). Among the three dates from Stratum IV (see chapter 22), one overlaps this range, and two fall slightly later, in the last quarter of the third millennium.

The Social Significance of the EB IA Pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠One conclusion to which the various examinations of EB IA pottery at Bâb edhDhr⺠leads is that this pottery is another indicator of the pastoralist nature of the EB IA society. EB IA society was a pre-village, mainly non-sedentary, society (chapter 4), and its pottery is a manifestation of that social reality. The petrographic studies reported above show that the potters at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were using common temper

100

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

sources for their pottery, located somewhere in the Wadi Kerak along the north edge of the settlement and tomb area. The clay sources most likely were in the same area. The essentially uniform nature of the wares found in the EB IA pottery suggests a technology that did not seek out great variety, either of clays or the additives to the clays. Alongside this, the pottery repertoire of basic forms was characteristically limited, as the examination of the abundant tomb pottery showed (Schaub and Rast 1989: 249, fig. 148). Variety appeared principally in modulating sizes of the vessels and in the special care given to the fine wares. It is admittedly somewhat tenuous to make propositions about the specific functions of pottery in the lives of the people. Many ethnographic studies have found that pots are used frequently for purposes far different from their original intended function. On the other hand, other ethnographic studies have determined that certain morphological features of pots are consistently linked to basic purposes of the vessels. Where feasible, these “intended” functions, linked to size or shape have been discussed above. Some of the different features were associated with short-term and long-term storage vessels. The Stratum V vessels tended to be closer to the short-term storage variety and this feature supports other evidence for the seasonal nature of the Stratum V occupation. This short-term use of storage vessels and the basic repertory of forms from Stratum V allow for proposals to be made regarding social customs, eating habits, and even types of food and food preparation indicated by the vessels. The community’s assortment of pottery included a range of bowls (some very large), some dry and liquid short-term storage jars, a group of smaller jars or jugs often with handles, small crescent-shaped bowls, and the curious pieces called spoons. It can be inferred from this that some of the group’s foodstuffs were prepared in the kinds of holemouth cooking vessels discussed above, that cooking was done over an open fire, and that the results were served in large bowls. At times the group may have used the largest bowls for communal meals. At other times the medium-sized bowls may have been employed for serving portions into smaller bowls. Small jars or juglets might have contained drinking material poured out from larger jars or jugs. This would fit well a pastoralist people, since this type of eating arrangement could be set up anywhere, apart from a structure or room. As for the mobile nature of EB IA society at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Area H1 indicates that the people stopped here for extended periods, and that they probably returned to the same general location at the site at other times. Both possibililtes are indicated by the stratigraphy in Area H1 (see chapter 4). Later visits were accompanied by the first attempts to erect more permanent structures, such as that in the lowest level of Area J2. Postscript on the EB IA Pottery As valuable as the extensive typological analysis and comparative studies pursued above are, a certain mystery associated with the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠fine-ware family remains. On the one hand, the ceramic assemblage of Stratum V is fairly primitive, consisting of a small range of basic forms and a limited array of rim types. The simplicity of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠repertoire becomes evident when it is compared with groups from contemporary sites. On the other hand, one must stand back, as many have, in sheer admiration at the elegance of the fine-ware pottery. How is this ele-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM V

101

gance to be explained in the light of what appears from all other evidence to be an assemblage of a pastoralist people who return from time to time to bury their dead? Two possible answers to this question present themselves. The lack of an extended body of parallels might be resolved if excavations and surveys elsewhere, especially at sites in the highlands of Jordan, turn out to produce examples of similar fine wares. But it is also feasible that the fine wares are the result of an unusually creative local tradition limited to this site. Every modern potter who has closely examined the fine Bâb edh-Dhr⺠handcrafted wares has marveled at the care and expertise that went into the formation of these pots (Maloney 1987: 75). As offered by staff ceramicist Robert H. Johnston, estimated times involved in forming the individual pots of one tomb quantifies that appreciation. One of the large, thin, fine ware jars, for example, would have required two hours (Schaub 1981: 79). A full 24 hours may have been needed to finish the 21 pots of one burial chamber. In the search for local cultural connections and shared traditions, we should not overlook the possible role of local creative potters who took great pride in their craft, produced an extra fine product and taught future generations to do the same. The fact that the great majority of the fine wares we have recovered were made to be placed in the carefully prepared, sealed tombs of their dead also reveals something of the value system of this people.

The Stratum IV Village

6 THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

In contrast to the temporary settlers of Stratum V, the occupants of Stratum IV put in place a new pattern of year-round settlement. The Stratum IV remains exhibit many of the characteristics usually associated with village life—scattered as well as clustered mud-brick dwellings, absence of a defensive system, and the production of a variety of foods as attested by the seeds and plant remains in the Stratum IV dwellings. The tombs from EB IB have also been noted as bearing the marks of permanent settlers, specifically with the new practice of primary burial in contrast to the preceding secondary burials of the Stratum V occupants (Schaub and Rast 1989: 204). The following areas or fields provided the main data for Stratum IV. Area F 4 contained vestiges of demolished brick structures and a thick ashy burn layer. In Field XII there were scanty mud-brick wall remains of various structures also with burn across the area. Stratum IV evidence in the form of occupational layers or fragmentary architecture was also present in the lowest level of Fields I, II, IV, XI, XIII and XIV. In addition, Stratum IV dwellings were found at some distance from the town site, in particular in Area J, so village activity covered an area not only within the later town site but also in areas outside the town site. Stratum IV in Area F Area F is located on a gentle slope directly west of the town site (fig. 1.4). The area is part of the marl and gravel hillocks on which the walled town was later built, except that Area F is somewhat lower in elevation than the town site (see fig. 1.3). As discussed in the previous chapter, the earliest remains here were a number of EB IA shaft tombs, which led at first to the supposition that the area was a burial ground parallel to that of Cemetery A. As clearance proceeded, however, EB IB pottery began to appear, and this was interpreted as a subsequent reuse of the shaft tombs (Rast and Schaub 1978: 5). Work in subsequent seasons showed that no such reuse had taken place but rather that an EB IB settlement had occurred above the tombs. Area F 4 contained the best preserved and most complete evidence for the stratigraphy, while Areas F 2 and F 3 were badly disturbed by the tomb robbing. The discussion here concentrates on Area F 4. Area F 4 Apart from the shaft tombs that had been cut into its Lisan soils, the landscape of Area F was virtually free of disturbance when the Stratum IV settlers constructed their mud-brick buildings in this area. Whether the Stratum IV settlers knew of the

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

103

Figure 6.1. West Balk section of Area F 4.

earlier shaft tombs in the area is a problem taken up below. As they began to settle, the Stratum IV occupants leveled the marl surface in places to make it more suitable for occupation, and they also shaved down a part of the marl slope above the tombs on the south side of Area F 4 (note the vertical cutting above the tombs in fig. 4.1). Later the townsfolk of Stratum II built several structures here, as evidenced by Wall 63 of Stratum II (fig. 6.1). The most notable feature discovered in Area F 4 was a 25 cm layer of ash that covered most of the southern part of the area (Locus 16 in fig. 6.1). Other locus numbers were assigned to this same feature (Loci 4, 5, 16–20, 43–45, 48–53, 57, 68–69, 79, 81– 84, 86, 89–90, 92, 94, and 95). All of these are combined here as an extensive burn across Area F 4 (table 6.1). The ashy soil was also found under the marl ledges of the earlier Tombs F 4A, B, and C, which had collapsed by the time of the burning, and the burn trickled down among the human bones and objects of the earlier tombs. No intact buildings were found in Area F 4, but that there were Stratum IV structures here was clear from the mud bricks strewn within the ashy debris. Mud-brick Wall 64 may originally have dated to Stratum IV, although Locus 8 abutting it contained mixed pottery. Either at the time when the burning took place or somewhat later, the Stratum IV walls fell apart or were dismantled, with the bricks settling into the soft ash. The mud bricks in these ash layers were concentrated in front of and even unexplainably under the ledges of the earlier shaft tombs, such as in the ashy debris of Locus 90 in Tomb F 4C (fig. 6.2). Displaced mud bricks were also in the ashy debris above Tomb F 4A, and various examples were placed to the side during excavation (see on the surface above the tombs in fig. 4.1). The bricks were of small to medium size, measuring on average 14 x 20 x 6 cm. Two blocking stones originally from Tomb C were also found in the ashy debris. Whether the ashy debris in Area F 4 belonged to occupational surfaces or whether it came from destruction of the Stratum IV buildings is a problem. Two features point to the latter. First, the thickness of the ash and pell-mell scatter of mud bricks seemed to indicate destruction of the structures. Second, examination of ash layer samples showed that very few plant remains were present (see under Loci 57, 58, 60, 78–79, 81, 83, 86, 91, 102), whereas many small and larger pieces of charcoal were in these loci. The ashy debris in Area F 4 is paralleled in Area J 2 and Field XII, and the the burning of Charnel House G 1 may be related to the same event that produced it (Rast and Schaub 1981: 62–65).

104

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.2. Stratum IV ash layers (Loci 4, 16) below later Stratum II Wall 63 with its posthole; fallen mud bricks of Stratum IV structures lie in the burn; corner of the fallen ledge of Tomb F 4C is on left and Tomb F 4B is below the ash layers; the west balk section (fig. 6.1) is on right looking south.

Were the EB IB occupants aware of the shaft tombs below the surfaces on which they founded their structures? The condition of these earlier tombs, all of which apparently had collapsed by the time the Stratum IV settlers came to this area, may offer a solution to that problem. Of the three tombs in Area F 4, only Tomb F 4A contained a fairly complete inventory of tomb goods such as pottery. Although both the tomb goods and burials in Tomb F 4A were badly damaged, the number of burials represented by the skeletal remains (6 adults) was in the average range or even higher for the number of people buried in tombs of the EB IA phase. On the other hand, the number of pottery vessels in Tomb F 4A (9 pieces identified) was far below the average found in the typical EB IA tomb, especially one having as many as six burials. Thus, although the burials were not greatly disturbed, the small amount of pottery in Tomb F 4A suggests that vessels had been taken from the tomb. None of the tombs in Area F 4 had been touched by the recent tomb robbing, so the disturbances must date back to antiquity. Tomb F 4B had a much smaller amount of pottery than usual (only 2 pieces were identified), and human skeletal material was virtually nonexistent, suggesting that

spread is a line short because of table

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE Table 6.1. Square Locus

Description

105

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Area F 4 Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

F4

4

Horizontal ash layers with some plaster lines, under Locus 3

5. 77#16, brick floated, contained no gravel, snail, insect—sterile

F4

5

Ashy below the surface debris penetrates under a shelf of Lisan marl at south end

6. Bone

F4

16

Horizontal ash layers below Locus 15 and Wall 63

20. One bone

F4

18

Patch of gray soil under Locus 17

F4

19

Thick brown layer with ash streaks under Locus 18

F4

20

Thin layer of hard ash under Locus 19

F4

43

Surface in ashy lenses below Wall 63

F4

44

Ashy lens below Locus 43.

F4

45

Thick light gray soil below Locus 44

50. 77# 167, charcoal chunks and flecks, no plant remains

50. Pollen sample

F4

48

Black ash under Locus 47. and flecks, no visible plants, fragments of lower mandible of an animal

53. 77#158, charcoal chunks

53. Pollen sample

F4

49

Ashy to brown-gray below Locus 48

54. 77#157, 1 barley grain, 54. Pollen 1 wheat grain, couple small sample small

F4

50

Ashy below Locus 49

55. 77#193, charcoal chunks and flecks, no plant remains

55. Pollen sample

F4

51

Continuous with Locus 50 but some brown soil mixed with ash

56. 77#161, barley and horsebeans

56. Pollen sample

F4

52

Mixed ash with much pottery under Loci 50 and 51, contained rush and grass impressions

F4

53

Continued ash with bone and flint below Loci 51 and 52, fibers adhering to sherds

F4

57

Thin ash layer below Locus 53

F4

68

Thin layer below Wall 65

6. Flint, charcoal

23. #758, jewelry bead 48. 77#169,186, charcoal 48. Pollen chunks and flecks, no plant sample remains. 2d sample— charcoal flecks, no plants. 3d sample—charcoal chunks and flecks, no plant remains

56. Bone

59. Basalt perforated stone (macehead?) 79. 77#198, charcoal chunks 60. Plant fibers and flecks, no sign of plant remains 65. Bone

65. 77#188, barley grains and others hidden, perhaps in charcoal

65. Pollen sample

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

106 Table 6.1. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Area F 4 (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

90. Bone

Other

F4

69

Ash layer below Wall 63 in cleanup at beginning of ‘79 season

88. Charcoal 91. Flint

F4

79

Ashy soil extending south of Locus 82 below Wall 63

F4

81

First 5 cm ash lens immediately below Wall 63 in dismantling the wall

F4

82

Second 5 cm lens below wall 63 and ashy material below Locus 81

F4

83

Third 5 cm ash lens below Locus 82

F4

84

Fourth 5 cm ash lens below Locus 83

F4

86

Fifth 5 cm ash lens below Locus 84, ashy around post area (Locus 85) has charcoal bits, burned brick fragments

114. 79#95, small amount of 114. C14 charcoal, barley grains, sample and rachis, possibly other undetected

F4

89

Ashy soil below Locus 88, extends under the Lisan overhang of tomb C and also abuts wood post Locus 85 area

117. 79#102B, charcoal, few wild grass seeds, no crop seeds detected

F4

90

Ashy below Locus 89, many mud bricks out of place embedded in ashy material, also under the Lisan marl overhang of Tomb B

F4

92

Ashy around wood post Locus 85 and Tomb B western wall

F4

94

Ash between wood post Locus 85, stone base of post and Tomb B wall

120. Bone

F4

95

Removal of mud bricks of Locus 90 (10 removed), some have ash and some ash mixed with other soils below

121. Bone

F4

102

Ashy material with bricks above materials of Tomb C

127. Some 127. 79#278, some charcoal, 128. Flint human 1 emmer wheat grain, bone, 1 wild barley grain, 1 UD. animal seed, a few carbonized bone? seeds; unburned bone fragment

107. 79#96, few barley grains

107. Flint

104. Bone

105. Brick sample 111. 79#106, charcoal, carbonized wild grass seed, barley rachis, 2 carbonized goat feces

115. Bone

111. C14 sample

117. Ash sample, flint

115. Flint, charcoal, wood

118. 79#130, 1/2 cup charcoal, few barley grains, no other seeds detected, but may be some

118. Pollen sample

120. Flint, C14 sample 121. 79#151, small amount of charcoal, several barley grains and rachis segments, emmer wheat rachis, grape pips

121. Charcoal, wool, pollen sample

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

107

the tomb had been mostly cleared out. Tomb F 4C was the most empty of all. No human skeletal remains or pottery was identified, but the construction was clearly another shaft tomb chamber. Tombs F 4B and C consequently point to intrusion by the Stratum IV settlers. If this were the case, it suggests that these settlers did not have compunctions about moving previously interred human remains. It should be recalled, however, that the overall results of the cemetery excavations of both Lapp and the EDSP have shown practically no disturbance by the Stratum IV settlers of previous EB IA tombs. The EDSP found only one example of an EB IA shaft tomb being reused in Stratum IV times (Tomb A 100N), and notably in this case it seems the Stratum IV occupants moved the earlier burials of Tomb A 100N into the adjacent east chamber (Rast and Schaub 1981: 58–61). Judging also from the continuity in cultural material between EB IA and EB IB, as has been indicated in the carryover of Plain Ware vessels of EB IA to the Line-Group Painted wares of EB IB (Schaub and Rast 1989: 271), it seems that the populations of the two phases were related. Consequently it would not be expected that the disturbance of earlier tombs by the later occupants would be the normal practice. Areas F 2 And F 3 Areas F 2 and F 3 also contained Stratum IV material, but because of recent tomb robbing the stratigraphy had been badly disturbed. No structures were found in either Area F 2 or F 3, but once again a great deal of ash was present (see Locus 3 in Area F 2, and Loci 9, 10, and 11 in Area F 3). It should be noted again that the Stratum IV pottery found in the disturbed soils of a shaft tomb in Area F 1 came from the ashy material above the tomb, and were not part of the tomb remains as reported after the first campaign (Rast and Schaub 1978: 5). Area J Area J is located approximately 650 m southwest of the town site along the south side of the road from Kerak to the Dead Sea (fig. 1.2). Its elevation of -295 m puts it some 70 m below the elevation of the town site. Directly to the south at a higher elevation is Cemetery A, with tombs from all phases of the Early Bronze Age. Area H discussed in the previous chapter is also in this area. The discovery of Area J occurred when staff members observed cultural debris protruding from a water pipe ditch newly trenched by the Arab Potash Company. Patches of blackened, burned ash were a main feature in this long cut adjacent to the highway. Several pieces of pottery dating to Strata V and IV were found. The area attracted attention because it suggested that village buildings of Stratum IV were located at considerable distances from the main settlement area of the later town site. To explore this preliminary evidence in Area J, two 3 x 3 m squares were laid out on the south side of the ditch and designated Areas J 1 and J 2. Work proceeded in both squares until it became apparent that the most productive results were to be found in Area J 2, after which excavation was limited to the latter square. The main construction evidence in Area J involved two superimposed buildings represented by later Wall 11 and earlier Wall 12 (fig. 6.3). In both cases only the corners of each structure were exposed on one side of the buildings. The long walls were oriented east–west with their corners turning to the south. The top meter of soil

108

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.3. Corners of Wall 11 of Stratum IV in Area J 2 and Wall 12 of Stratum V below; looking south.

(Loci 1–4) above the buildings consisted of natural overburden (fig. 6.4; table 6.2). Beneath this, Locus 4A was made up of mud-brick debris from the superstructure of Wall 11. The softer gray layers of Loci 5 and 6 were also detritus from Wall 11. The collapsed roof of the Wall 11 building was apparently represented in the debris of Locus 9, which covered over the earlier Wall 12. Along with Locus 9, the soft ash of Locus 7 resulted from a fire ending the later building’s use. Within Locus 7 was an ashy concentration, Locus 15, in which was found a copper pin (reg. no. 2923). No occupational surfaces were found with Wall 11. Abutting earlier Wall 12 were ashy layers Loci 10 and 28, with Loci 10 and 19 indicating the interior of the building. Since Locus 10 contained bone, shell, and a triangular sickle blade (chapter 16), it probably represented occupational debris, while Locus 19 served as a make-up for the Locus 10 surface. Locus 28, on the other hand, consisted of ashy debris and thus may have been associated with a fire that terminated the Wall 12 building. Locus 32 was sterile sandy soil. The lower parts of the walls of both buildings were constructed of small to medium boulders, measuring between 20 and 30 cm in diameter, while the large amount of brick detritus, including two joined bricks in Locus 9, indicated that the upper sections of both buildings were of mud brick. The proximity of the buildings of both phases to the plain to the north and west would have put these settlers in an ideal location for early agriculture at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(chapter 14). Although primarily in

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

109

use during Stratum IV, the earlier building may have experienced its first usage during the latter part of Stratum V (see chapter 4) and continuing into Stratum IV. Field XII Field XII is located at the southwest end of the interior of the walled town site. Its elevation of -240 m makes it the second highest area of the town site, with only Field XI at -235 m being at a higher elevation. A feature of Field XII was the thick layer of natural, water-laid gravel and sand across the area (fig. 2.13). The same type of gravel was traced in the nearby Field XVIII, which did not produce any cultural remains. As will be seen, the Stratum IV and later builders had to contend with this gravel in order to make the area usable for construction. Field XII was selected for excavation because of its high location, and also because several stone lines were visible on the surface. When these stone lines were first excavated, their function was difficult to ascertain, and they were interpreted as parts of a platform (Rast and Schaub 1978: 15–16). Further excavation produced the remains of two superimposed rectilinear buildings, apparently sanctuaries belonging to Strata III and II (chapters 8, 10). Below the phases represented by these structures were the remains of mud-brick structures from Stratum IV. Eleven 5 x 5 m squares (XII.1–11) were plotted in Field XII. Work was carried out in ten of these, while XII.3 was not excavated. Stratum IV remains were found in all but two of the squares excavated in Field XII. The two features that characterized the Stratum IV settlement in Field XII were mud-brick walls representing remains of structures, and thick ashy layers abutting these walls (table 6.3). As can be seen in figure 6.5, the orientation of the Stratum IV structures was different from the later Stratum III and II sanctuaries which are lightly sketched in to show the difference in layout. Walls 78/51 in XII.5 and XII.4, Wall 35 in XII.4, and Wall 8 in XII.8 belonged to mud-brick dwellings below the later sanctuaries (see Section A–Au in fig. 10.58). At the corner of Wall 78/51 and Wall 35 in XII.4 was a hearth (Locus 50), made of medium to large, smooth stones formed in a circle (fig. 6.6). The hearth rested on the natural gravel, and was covered by the charcoal debris of Locus 39. From this wellstratified evidence it can be concluded that this type of cooking facility was in use already in the early part of the Early Bronze Age. A similar cooking hearth dating to Stratum II was found in a building in Field XIV.6 where it was made of smooth wadi stones (Locus 43). The same type was employed at Numeira during EB III (to be published in the Numeira volume). The corner of Wall 12 in XII.4 and Wall 33 in XII.1 belonged to another Stratum IV mud-brick building below and outside the later sanctuaries. Wall 33 was poorly preserved with only a bare line of desiccated bricks remaining. Another corner of a building was uncovered where Wall 29 in XII.9 intersected with Wall 22 in XII.10. A posthole (Locus 35) was traced at this corner (fig. 6.7), where a wooden beam apparently had been placed. Wall 7 in XII.7 and Wall 4 in XII.11 formed the corner of a further Stratum IV structure. Wall 7 was partly uncovered during the 1977 season (Rast and Schaub 1981: 31), and excavation during a later season showed that these two walls were part of a common structure. The mass of fallen mud brick in Locus 25 (fig. 6.8) belonged to the collapsed walls of this building, while the pottery from the debris in Loci 22 and 25 had clear Stratum IV types (see under Locus 22 in figs. 7.1–3 of chapter 7). Figure 6.8 shows how the gravel on the south side of Field XII rises almost to surface level, [[text continues on p. 115]]

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

110

Figure 6.4. West Balk section in Area J 2, showing Walls 11 and 12.

Table 6.2. Square Locus J2

9

J2

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Area J2

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Gray bricky detritus, two 37. #2912, articulated mud bricks, below ceramic Locus 7 handle

27. Sh/Gt(2), UT, BM, TM 35. Sh/Gt 37. UT, MM 57. Sh/Gt, LM 69. Sh/Gt

11

East–west stone wall, five or six rows wide

47. Sh/Gt(2) 75. Sh/Gt, LM

J2

13

Sandy with pebbles, abuts Wall 11 on east

39. 48. 51. 59.

J2

18

Sandy with gravel below Locus 9 at north balk

64. Sh/Gt, UT LM, BM

MM, Sh LM Sh/Gt(2) Sh/Gt(2)

spread one line long

Flotation

Other 30. Flint 35. Flint 37. Flint

39. Flint 51. Flint

64. Flint 107. Worked stones

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE Table 6.3. Square Locus

111

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII

Description

XII.1

33

East end of Wall 12 as it turns southwest

XII.4

12

Mud-brick wall two courses wide, oriented northwest– southeast, on east side of Wall 29, rested on Locus 22

XII.4

27

Ash along east side of Wall 29, north of Wall 12, below Locus 26

XII.4

35

Wall of white mud bricks adjacent to the lowest course of Wall 34 on the latter’s west side, oriented north– south, below Locus 11 and south of Locus 3

XII.4

38

Slightly offset section of Wall 35

XII.4

39

Dark ash below Loci 36 and 41, resting on natural sand and gravel, included burned bone

XII.4

40

Small area of charcoal in Locus 39

XII.4

41

White to gray bricky with some ash below Loci 36 and 48 (= Locus 68 of XII.5)

XII.4

49

Chunks of broken brick and one whole brick embedded in Locus 39 just east of pillar base Locus 1 of XII.5

XII.4

50

Cobblestone hearth at corner of Wall 51, 71 cm in diameter, embedded in Locus 39

XII.4

51

Mud-brick wall, 2 courses wide, preserved 3 courses deep, oriented northwest, southeast, below Locus 46 (= Wall 78 of XII.5)

XII.4

52

Thin layer of bricky material over Wall 51

XII.4

53

Bricky surface similar to Locus 41 west of Locus 50, below Locus 46 (= Locus 68 in XII.5)

XII.4

54

Brownish tan with ash below Locus 55 north of Wall 51 (= Locus 80 of XII.5)

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

56. Sh/Gt, LM, UT 57. LM, UD

41. Pollen sample, flint

92. UI 94. UI 96. UI

94. Polished bone

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

112 Table 6.3. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.4

55

Tan clay below Locus 46 north of Wall 51 (= Locus 81 of XII.5)

XII.4

56

Brownish debris with much ash below Loci 55 and 59 north of Wall 51 (= Locus 85 in XII.5)

XII.4

58

Ashy mixed with gravel below Locus 56 (= Locus 86 of XII.5)

XII.4

69

Tan clay lensing into Locus 55

XII.5

19

Dark gray compacted layer with charcoal under Locus 16, pieces of reed matter

XII.5

20

Loose gravel mixed with ash below Locus 19

XII.5

22

Compact dark ashy, with soft areas under Locus 16, probably same as Locus 19

XII.5

39

Possibly brick wall related to Wall 78, under Locus 22

XII.5

67

Bricky gray with charcoal bits under Wall 6 resting on natural gravel

XII.5

68

Puddled bricky below Loci 66, 12, and 62, with mixed ashy, south of Wall 78

XII.5

69

Gray ashy with much charcoal under Locus 68, above Wall 78 on north

191. UI 193. UI 197. UI

XII.5

72

Gravel with ash below Locus 69, adjacent to Locus 74

203. UI

XII.5

73

Compact sand, gravel and stone under Locus 72

XII.5

75

Compact surface with flat198. lying pottery below Locus 69 #2939, platter base

XII.5

76

Sandy surface below Locus 69

XII.5

77

Fragment of bricky surface below Locus 76 south of Wall 78, continues under Wall 6

XII.5

78

Northwest–southeast mudbrick wall below Locus 66 (= Wall 51 of XII.4)

Flotation

Other

100. UI

64. UN, BO

63. Reed impressions 63. Charcoal

70. UN 71. Sh/Gt IN, Sh/Gt

169. LM, UD

170. Sheep bone

180. Pollen Sample 181. Pollen Sample

198. Pieces of tabun-like clay

205. UI 210. UI

201. Pollen sample

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE Table 6.3. Square Locus

113

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.5

80

Dark gray ashy with much burned barley below Locus 79 (= Locus 54 of II.4)

217. 225. 227. 231.

UI UI UI UI

XII.5

81

Bricky surface below Locus 80 (= Locus 59 of XII.4)

XII.5

85

Black ash with charcoal and some cobble-sized stones, north of wall 78, below Locus 81 (= Locus 56 of XII.4)

XII.5

86

Thin bricky surface below Loci 85 and 81 (= Locus 58 of XII.4)

XII.7

7

Mud-brick wall below Locus 2, oriented northeast– southwest, bricks average 34 x 21 cm, many gravel inclusions in bricks, wall retained natural gravel on east, cornered with Wall 4 in XII.11

XII.7

16

Bricky collapse and debris north of Wall 15 (= Locus 25)

XII.7

22

Bricky surface below Locus 16 west of Wall 7, many sherds on top of it

XII.7

23

Ashy material within bricky debris of Locus 16

XII.7

25

Mud-brick debris west of Wall 7 (= Locus 16)

82. 91. 92. 93.

XII.7

26

Trim of west face of Wall 7

85. Sh/Gt

XII.7

29

Same as Locus 22

Flotation

Other 225. Pollen sample 227. Pollen sample

228. UI 242. UI

49. LM, Crystals 51. UN, possibly PM fragments 53. UN 59. Sh, Sh, UT, Sh/ Gt, LM, UN, CR 61. UT, UN 78. Sh/Gt, GRB, IM 108. MM, UD 175. #2943, small omphalos bowl

79. UD, MN, MM, UT, UD 83. Sh/Gt 125. MM, UD, mouse, detected IM 172. LM, UD 175. LM, UD 180. LM, UD, RG

MM, UD UD Sh/Gt MM, CR, BO, UD, SM 104. SM, LM, Sh/ Gt 110. MB

50. Flint scraper 51. Charcoal, snail shells 62. Flints

79. 79#19, 125. Charcoal one tbs. 175. Bitumen charcoal 176. Shells chunks and flecks, no seeds

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

114 Table 6.3. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XII.7

30

Line of rocks below and west 135. #2827 of wall, probably for miniature retaining gravel vessel

XII.7

35

Bricky build-up material below Locus 34

XII.7

36

Oval-shaped stone with hole through its center and without bottom, planted in Locus 10, kept in place by Locus 35, part of Wall 60

XII.7

38

Bricky surface below Locus 25, three fallen bricks on this surface, probably from Wall 7, same as Locus 22, although at a somewhat lower level

112. MM, UD 121. Sh/Gt, SM, MB, UD 127. MB, UD

127. Loom weight

XII.7

44

Probably same surface as Locus 38, with some gravel

122. Sh/Gt, IM 123. MM, BR, UD

123. Charcoal, snail shells

XII.7

52

Same as Locus 22

XII.7

57

Layer of thick black ash below Locus 4, abutting Wall 4 of XII.11

XII.7

58

Ash on top of natural gravel, about 5 cm thick, same as Locus 57, on Locus 22 as well

XII.8

8

Part of a mud-brick wall oriented southwest– northeast, continuous below Wall 17 and also below Locus 7, built directly on Locus 13.

XII.9

3

Black ash layer with mixed bricky and much bone, below Loci 1 and 8, associated with Wall 29.

XII.9

20

Bricky surface layer with small gravel below Locus 19, surface with Wall 29

XII.9

29

Mud-brick wall oriented northeast–southwest, below Pavement 33, corners with Wall 22 in XII.10, bricks of dark color, visible in west balk

XII.9

32

Mud-brick wall oriented northeast–southwest, bricks are of dark color, below Pavement 31

spread is slightly long

135. Mud-brick Sample 124. Sh/Gt

74. Sh/Gt, IM 76. Sh/Gt, IM, UT 81. LM (D?), UD, IM, Sh/Gt 82. Sh/Gt, Sh/Gt, IM, BM, UT 83. UD, M

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE Table 6.3. Square Locus

115

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XII (cont.)

Description

XII.9

35

Remains of wooden post at corner of Wall 29 and Wall 22 of XII.10, rests on a pillar base, post is 50 cm deep and 18 cm in diameter

XII.10

11

Dark powdery soil with ash areas abutting Wall 22, below Locus 4, flagstone found in this locus

XII.10

22

Northwest–southeast mudbrick wall cornering with northeast–southwest brick Wall 29 in XII.9, contains finger marks in the mortar

XII.10

23

Surface associated with Wall 22

XII.11

4

Mud-brick wall 10 courses deep, one course wide (width of wall = 25 cm), cornered with Wall 7 in XII.7, below Locus 3, mostly in south balk of XII.11 where face and mortar lines were visible

XII.11

5

Ashy area below Locus 3 and partly below Locus 6, abuts Wall 4 in lower part, charcoal bits and gravel (buckets 35 and 50 are from lower level)

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

37. #1876, 37. MB, UD jewelry 40. Mouse bones bead (MC)

35. Sh/Gt, UT, RT 50. Sh/Gt, UT

with only the later Stratum II mud-brick pavement (see chapter 10) being placed over it. On the north the gravel was cut and Walls 7 in XII.7 and 4 in XII.11 were placed back against it (cf. Locus 10 in fig. 6.8). The ten courses of Wall 4 in XII.11 reached to nearly a full meter below the present surface. By contrast, Wall 7 was placed on the natural gravel at a much higher level, but again on the west side of Wall 7 the gravel had been cut and was retained by the stones of Locus 30 (fig. 6.5). This method of cutting into the natural gravel or soils in order to position the walls of buildings against them was a technique observed elsewhere in the town site as well as the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: 340). Such construction was effective because it prevented erosion while also strengthening the buildings. Most buildings in Field XII had a thick ashy deposit associated with them. Loci 68 and 69 in XII.5 abutting Wall 78 was an ashy deposit of approximately 50 cm depth. The same ashy deposit was found in Locus 21 of XII. 2, and Loci 39 and 56 of XII.4, as well as in the darkened material below the steps and stone pedestal (Locus 62) of the Stratum III sanctuary (for most of these loci, see fig. 8.2). It was also found in Loci 23, 57, and 58 in XII.7, Locus 3 in XII.9, Locus 11 in XII.10, and Locus 5 in XII.11 (fig. 6.8).

116

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Thus the ashy level belonging to Stratum IV was widespread in Field XII as in Areas F and J, and it will be found again in Fields IV and XIII discussed below. This ashy material was usually a deposit on the natural sterile layers of the site, whether marl in Area F 4 or gravel in Field XII. Only in the case of the bricky surface of Locus 22 in XII.7 was a prepared floor found in these buildings. Locus 22 was a paved surface with many sherds lying on it, whereas the ashy debris of Locus 23 embedded in the bricky debris of Locus 25 (= Locus 16) lay over this surface and its pottery sherds. Since the Stratum IV floors belonged to the first full-time settlement, they also were commonly founded on the natural surface. In summary, Field XII contained evidence of a complex of Stratum IV mud-brick structures built on or into the sterile gravels of the area. Bricks were commonly rectangular, measuring approximately 40 x 25 x 9 cm, somewhat smaller than the rectangular bricks used in the Stratum III and II structures. The Stratum IV evidence in Field XII and the other areas shows that rectangular bricks were used during the EB IB phase as pointed out in regard to the Proto Urban B structures at Jericho (Kenyon and Holland 1982: 125). The Field XII mud-brick buildings were all oriented on a northwest–southeast or northeast–southwest axis, and thus differed from the axis of the sanctuary complexes that followed them. The orientation of the Stratum IV structures suggests a degree of planning of the village site. It also indicates that the area in Stratum IV was not considered a sacred area, but was apparently a group of dwellings sharing common walls. The substantial number of animal bones suggested domestic use, as did also the hearth in Field XII.4. The pottery from various Stratum IV loci of Field XII also suggests vessels for household use (chapter 7). Field IV Field IV is located inside town Wall A, the Stratum II defensive system, on the west side of the town. This field was first opened in 1965 under Lapp, when a narrow trench was cut on the east side of town Wall A (see chapter 8). The EDSP plotted five new squares (Field IV.1, 3–6). The largest amount of Stratum IV material was uncovered in Locus 5A of Field IV.5 where a 1 x 2 m trench was cut in the southeast corner of the square and taken to virgin soil (Locus 9). Locus 5A was a thick layer of ash resting on the natural gray sand of Locus 9. Above this locus were 4 m of silted mud-brick debris and collapsed stone of town Wall A (Loci 3, 4, 5, 6 in fig. 6.9). Although no building remains were discovered in Locus 5A, the ashy material mixed with silted mud-brick debris could have come from desiccated structures of Stratum IV. The other squares opened in Field IV (IV.1, 3, 4, and 6) produced only occasional Stratum IV sherds and most of these were from mixed contexts. No clear stratified evidence or architectural features of this phase were uncovered at these levels of the squares. It is possible that this earliest evidence had been disturbed or removed when the Stratum II wall construction took place. Field XIII Field XIII (XIII.1, 2, 2A) was located on the opposite side of town Wall A from Field IV. Although the trench in Field XIII was on a slightly different axis than the one in Field IV, it was possible to carry an excavated section through both fields (fig. 10.17). The Stratum IV evidence in Field XIII matched the lowest levels of Field IV.5 in containing evidence from Stratum IV. Burning was again attested (Loci 74, 93,

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE 117

Figure 6.5. Stratum IV mud-brick walls and hearth (Locus 50 in Field XII.4); later sanctuary wall lines of Strata III and II are shadowed in.

118

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.6. Hearth Locus 50 in Field XII.4 with base of later sanctuary wall above.

95, 111, 112), and several partial remains of mud-brick walls were distinguished (table 6.4). A section of mud-brick Wall 75 was uncovered in the lowest level of Field XIII.2A (fig. 6.10). This wall was oriented approximately east–west, while Wall 38 above it followed close to the same wall line. It was not clear whether Wall 38 was a rebuild during Stratum IV or whether it was first built in the following Stratum III. Only a small part of Walls 75 and 38 were exposed, since they continued below Stratum II town Wall A and could not be excavated to make connections with other Stratum IV walls to the east. The poorly preserved remains of Walls 16 and 18 in Field XIII.1 probably belonged to Stratum IV, and they may have comprised the corner of a Stratum IV building west of the western town wall. The results in Area F and Field XIII showed that the Stratum IV village not only occupied much of the town site but also spread across the marl area west of the latter. Fields I and II (1965 Excavations) During the fall campaign of 1965, the expedition directed by Lapp cut a trench, designated Field II.7, through town Wall A on the east side of the town site (see the section in fig. 8.6). Measured against the EDSP’s results, these lowest levels correspond exactly with the Stratum IV phase. Although no building remains apart from the mud-brick fortification discussed in Chapter 8 were uncovered in this trench, Loci 10–12 contained packed ash and brick detritus (table 6.5). That this ash dated to the same stratigraphic horizon as the ashy levels found elsewhere in Stratum IV was confirmed by the small juglet from Locus 12 (see pl. 23:32). Below Locus 12 was a small

spread is 12 points long

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

119

Figure 6.7. Wall 29 in Field XII.9 left of meter stick, with posthole Locus 35; Wall 22 of Field XII.10 is right of meter stick; remnants of later brick pavement above posthole continuing in upper part of photo; looking southeast.

Figure 6.8. West Balk section in Fields XII.7 and 11.

circular cist 20 cm in diameter, lined with smooth wadi stones (no locus no. provided). The cist was cut into a Stratum IV occupational surface and contained the bones of a bat (fig. 6.11). Evidence for Stratum IV also appeared in Loci 10, 11, and 13 in Field I.1. The circle of stones, Locus 10 in Field I.1 was not natural but its meaning eluded explanation.

120

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.9. East Balk section E–Eu in Field IV.5; note the Stratum IV Locus 5A ashy debris.

Field XI Field XI is located at the northeast end of the town site. Noteworthy for its two towers and gate complex (chapter 10), the area also contained evidence of a Stratum IV use. Field XI was chosen for excavation because it is the highest location on the site, and because traces of walls on the surface suggested building activity. The squares in this field were numbered in the order in which they were opened (fig. 6.12). Stratum IV occupational layers in Field XI were found resting on natural Lisan marl. Wall 40 in Field XI.6 stood five courses high, but one or two additional courses were unexcavated at the base of the wall. Wall 40 consisted of two parallel rows of bricks laid lengthwise, with each succeeding course above being slightly offset from

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE Table 6.4. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Fields XIII and IV

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIII.2

41

Dark gray with chunks of charcoal below Locus 29 (= Locus 39?)

58. Bone 59. Bone

XIII.2A

54

Ashy debris with fallen mudbrick and charcoal flecks below Locus 52

75. Bone

XIII.2A

61

Thin black ashy below Locus 55

XIII.2A

66

Coarse soil with charcoal and brick fragments below Locus 65

XII.2A

68

Darker compact gray below Locus 67

XII.2A

69

Compact gray with charcoal flecks and small brick chunks below Locus 68

XIII.2A

71

Ash layer in southeast of square, below Locus 69

XIII.2A

72

Light tan with large chunks of ash below Locus 71

XIII.2A

74

Tan soil with charcoal below Locus 72

XIII.2A

93

Black ash below Locus 92

XIII.2A

95

Ashy with pebbles, bits of brick 127. #2882, 127. Sh-Gt and flint chips below Locus 94. broken flint

XIII.2A

111

Ash flecks, pebbles, and broken brick south of Locus 99

XIII.2A

112

Marl with pebbles, much ash below Loci 93 and 107

150. #2916, juglet with broken handle

Ashy with layered cobbles

50. #3007, sherd with incised mark

IV.5

5A

121

Flotation

Other 58. Pollen sample 62. Honing stone

82. Wood sample 87. Bone

96. Bone

96. C14 sample 97. Ash

99. Bone

99. Stone

125. UT

47. Sh/Gt(2), LM 50. Flotation 48. Sh/Gt(2), LM, CR, Sh 49. Sh/Gt(2), UT, CR, O, Gt, SP 52. Sh/Gt(2), UT LM, CR, SO Gt 53. Sh/Gt(2), UT, LM, UD, Gt, SM

127. Wood

47. Flint

the preceding course (fig. 6.12). This wall had also been cut by the later Stratum IIIB Wall 15 also in Field XI.6. Debris from the building of which it was a part was represented in Locus 38, while Loci 42, 46, and 47 in XI.6 were living surfaces with debris from the adjoining mud-brick walls (table 6.6) and ash from occupational use. Locus 41 ash rested on the surface of Locus 42 and ashy Locus 45 on the surface of Locus 46. Loci 47 and 50 represented the earliest occupational remains. One other Field XI wall, Wall 76 in Field XI.2, was apparently built during Stratum IV but used also during Stratum III. The bricks in Wall 76 were laid in a header

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

122 Table 6.5.

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Fields I and II (Lapp Excavations)

Square

Locus

Description

I.1

10

Circle of stones in southeast of square, below Locus 9

I.1

11

Debris below Locus 10

I.1

13

Surface below Locus 10

II.7

10

Bricky with ash and charcoal below Locus 9

II.7

11

Burned material below Locus 10

II.7

12

Ashy, possibly same as Locus 11 but below the latter

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

Figure 6.10. Stratum IV mud-brick Wall 75 of Field XIII.2A in lowest level of the trench, with later mud-brick Wall 38 of Stratum III above it; large boulders of the base of town Wall A are on right of photo; looking northeast.

and stretcher pattern. An ash layer, Locus 78, abutted Wall 76. Later Wall 65 of Stratum IIIB was founded above Wall 76 (fig. 6.12). Field XIV Field XIV is located in the central area of the town site (fig. 1.4). Survey here suggested that a substantial concentration of domestic occupation might be present, and

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

123

Figure 6.11. Small stone-lined cist cut into Stratum IV surface in Field II.7; note the bones of a bat in the bottom (Lapp excavations).

consequently six squares were plotted (Field XIV.1–6). Fields XIV.1 and 2 were laid out on a fairly level surface located at the head of the major erosional valley extending west and turning north to Wadi Kerak (fig. 6.13; cf. fig. 1.4). The other four squares were laid out to the south of Fields XIV.1 and 2, on the lower slope of a ridge of hillocks extending east–west (fig. 6.2). Only Fields XIV.3, 4 and 6 were excavated, the others being left for future work. Excavation in Field XIV.4 and 6 during the earlier seasons encountered a mass of horizontal mud-brick that produced a confusing situation until it became clear that this erosional material belonged to a retaining system along the slope, still intact in some places, but that had also suffered slippage (see the discussion in chapter 10). Great amounts of ancient and post-occupational mud-brick erosion and debris consequently obliterated most traces of later occupational surfaces. During the 1981 season the decision was made to cut a deep trench through the debris in Field XIV.3, with the expectation that a vertical profile would provide sound stratigraphic data on the sequence of settlement at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The trench was initially a probe of 1.65 x 1.50 m in the northeast corner of XIV.3 during the 1979 season. In 1981 it was decided to expand this probe as a 1.50 m wide trench the full 5 m length along the east balk of XIV.3 (see the section in fig. 8.18). In an effort to meet the objective of reaching virgin soil the trench was again restricted in the lowest levels to a smaller excavation area of 1.00 x 1.50 m at the north end. The depth reached here was 7 m below the surface, and it was in these lowest levels of the small trench that the

124

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.12. Plan of Field XI; note Stratum IV Walls 40 in Field XI.6 and 76 in XI.2.

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

125

Stratum IV evidence appeared in Loci 291–94 (table 6.7). Sterile soils were not reached even though they appeared to be not much lower than the level at which excavation was forced to stop at the end of the season. The decision to excavate with a deep trench in Field XIV called for making some alterations in the usual recording process for loci. The various levels in the deep trench were given two sets of loci numbers. One set referred to the Excavated Loci (EL). The EL numbered 200–294 (with the exception of Locus 187) were excavated in segments of 10 to 50 cm in depth. The Stratum IV pottery was from the lowest levels of these EL (pl. 22:17–21; see chapter 7). Plans were drawn of each of 21 levels, recording major changes in stratigraphy and any architectural features encountered. A second set of loci numbers termed Section Loci (SL) was assigned to the distinctive layers and features recognized in the section of the East Balk when it was drawn at the conclusion of the season. The SL were numbered from 300 at the top to 395 at the bottom. Excavation Loci 27, 34, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, and 67 were also included in the East Balk drawing (fig. 8.18a). A virtual overlay with the Excavated Loci indicated has been used to provide the most possible correlations of this group with the Section Loci (see fig. 8.18b). Although virgin soil was not reached in Field XIV, Stratum IV material was encountered in the lowest levels. These levels are represented by SL 395 to 389 in the East Balk drawing. Section Locus 395 corresponds to EL 294, a compact cream brown material with many sherds. Over this material a loose green gravel EL 293 corresponds to SL 393 and 394, and a thick deposit of yellowish brown, clayey soil EL 292 to SL 391. The thick ashy level of SL 389, on top of white plaster SL 390, was excavated as EL 291, a thick dark ashy layer with horizontal sherds and flints. The ashy level was sealed by a thick deposit of fill from Stratum III (EL 282; cf. table 6.7). While the evidence for Stratum IV in Field XIV is limited, it is important for the occupational history of the site. It complements the data for the Stratum IV village occupation in Areas F 4 and J 2, Fields II, IV, XII, XIII and XI, showing that the village occupants used many parts of the town site interior. One other field within the town site, Field XIX, had Stratum IV pottery but in mixed loci, while in Field XVII late Stratum III loci were the earliest levels exposed. The thick ash level of EL 291, SL 389 in Field XIV.3 was also similar to Stratum IV ash levels encountered in Area F 4 and Field XII. If these ash levels represent destruction level at the end of Stratum IV, that destruction also occurred in at least one area of the interior of the town site. Summary The Stratum IV data show that the first permanent settlement was an open village dating to EB IB. Judging from the evidence of the occupation and construction in Area F and Fields IV, XII, and XIII at the west end of the site, in XIV in the center, and Fields I, II and XI at the far eastern end, as well as Area J at some distance to the southwest, the EB IB village was quite large, encompassing an open area actually larger than the later walled town of Stratum II. The dwellings of Stratum IV were constructed of bricks made from marly clays at or near the site. The general absence of stone foundations, with the exception of the structures in Area J 2 that had stone foundations, indicated that erosion of the bases of mud-brick walls was not considered a serious problem. Most of the mud-brick structures had well-preserved foundations of brick, and this was true for the circular charnel houses of this phase as well. In contrast to the circular charnel houses of the same phase, the domestic structures were

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

126

Table 6.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XI

Square

Locus

Description

XI.2

76

Mud-brick wall parallel to and abutting west side of Wall 65, one to two courses deep, below Locus 75

XI.2

78

Ash layer west of Wall 76, below Locus 75

XI.6

40

Mud-brick wall abuts and extends southeast from Wall 15, approx. 5 courses deep, 45 cm wide, below Locus 20

XI.6

41

Ash layer west of Wall 40, east of Wall 17, below Locus 38

XI.6

42

White debris layer between Walls 40 and 17, below Locus 41

XI.6

43

Gravel hole located at the juncture of Walls 15 and 17, extending 40 cm out from Wall 17 and 25 cm out from Wall 15, contiguous to Locus 46

XI.6

44

Ash pit at the southwest end of Wall 40, below Locus 42

XI.6

45

Ash layer between Walls 40 and 17, below Locus 42

XI.6

46

Uneven white layer between Walls 40 and 17, below Locus 45

XI.6

66

Orange-brown layer with white marl spots, west of Wall 17, below Locus 48

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation Other

161. UD, M, BR

rectangular. No specialized buildings were discovered. Settlement remains on the whole pointed to a non-complex society living in dwellings adjacent to one another. Barley was the main crop grown and harvested, and wheat also began to be cultivated in this phase (chapter 14; Harlan 1981: 159). In addition to sheep and goats for dairy and meat products, other large mammals such as donkeys were used for labor and transport (Finnegan 1978: 53). Comparison with Other Sites The Stratum IV village at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is paralleled by EB I village sites in other parts of the country. ºEn Shadud in Galilee was found to have two strata, both dating to EB I, and both interpreted as remnants of farming communities (Braun and Gibson 1984: 31, 36–37). A rectilinear building with pillar support bases and grayburnished ware was reported (Braun 1985: 68–69, fig. 28B). Stratum II curvilinear buildings at Yiftahªel were dated to EB I, and based on their pottery probably should be placed very early in EB IA (Braun 1984: 193). At Tel Kinrot, an EB I house containing mostly band-slip or grain-wash ware was excavated (Yakar 1982: 256), while at Meser a settlement was thought to have existed in association with gray-burnished pottery but with no line-group painted vessels (Dothan 1957: 221). Also in the north at Kabri were oval or partly oval buildings dated by the excavators to EB IA, and a burial with associated gray-burnished sherds of a bowl, along with holemouth jars

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

Figure 6.13. Looking east at the location of Field XIV in the central area of the town site.

Figure 6.14. Looking south at Field XIV.6 prior to excavation, with the slope in the south part of Field XIV in the background.

127

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

128 Table 6.7.

Primary Loci of Stratum IV in Field XIV

Square

Locus

Description

XIV.3

291

Thick, very dark ashy layer with horizontal sherds and flints in deep trench, above Locus 292 and below Locus 282

XIV.3

292

Thick deposit of strong yellow-brown material, below Locus 291 and above Locus 293

XIV.3

293

Loose green gravel in deep trench below Locus 292, above Locus 294

XIV.3

294

Cream brown material, many sherds, some charcoal, below Locus 293

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other Sickle blade

decorated with band-slip (Scheftelowitz 1992: 1, fig. 11:1–14). Farther south, near Tel Aviv, an EB I settlement at Tel Dalit was described as an open village (Gophna 1981: 23; Gophna 1996). Further evidence of EB I villages has been documented in the hill country, along the coast, and in the Negev. ºAi has long been known for its EB IB tombs (Callaway 1964), and excavations in the settlement showed an unfortified village in Phases I and II (Callaway 1972: 69–71). An imposing EB I open settlement, perhaps having a ceremonial purpose, was excavated at Hartuv near Beth Shemesh (Mazar and Miroschedji 1986: 109), while below the south slope of the EB III city at Tel Halif an extensive EB I village occupation following upon the Late Chalcolithic period has appeared (Seger and others 1990: 9). At Gezer the EB IB phase was well represented in an unusual tomb (Callaway 1962), although settlement remains of this period were poorly represented. Whereas the Stratum IV remains at Arad were mostly natural caves that were walled up and provided with floors (Amiran 1978: 17–19), these data also fit the picture of emerging village life in EB I. A village culture during EB I is also represented at various sites in Jordan. The caves at ºArqub edh-Dhahr adjacent to the Jordan valley were associated with a nearby settlement of 3 to 4 dunams, referred to as a village (Parr 1956: 61). At Tell Um Hammad esh-Sharqi in the Jordan valley mud-brick walls, either straight or curved and sometimes on stone foundations, were found in the open settlement of Stage 2 (Helms 1987b: 54). Tell Iktanu produced mud-brick walls of domestic structures along with EB IB pottery, including line-group painted wares, so that it can be assumed there was a small EB IB village also at this site (Prag 1989: 39–40, fig. 5). The first occupation at Khirbet Iskander was also an open village attributed to EB IB (Richard 1990: 35). Because all the aforementioned sites have been excavated to one degree or the other, they represent the best examples of changes occurring during EB IB. Survey has recorded many more examples that point to a similar development (Joffe 1993: 40, map). Thus it appears that during EB I, particularly in EB IB, Palestine was experiencing an emergence of new village life on a grand scale. This new development in village establishment differed in significant ways, however, from that of the preceding Late Chalcolithic, which also had open villages, some of them like Ghassul being impressive in size and function. The pattern of village life during EB IB points to a greater intensity in the development of resources that were locally available. In

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

129

contrast also to the evidence from Late Chalcolithic, where many sites were little more than sherd scatters or evidence of temporary sojourns, during EB IB a greater number of sites were permanently settled. Contacts with Egypt are attested by clearly identifiable EB IB Palestinian forms found there, although the level of trade argued for the coastal area in this phase (Gophna and Liphschitz 1996) may not have occurred in hinterland sites such as Bâb edh-Dhr⺠or eß-Íafi, for that matter. Apparently this new village development of EB I appeared earlier in some parts of the country than others, but more precisely where the first inclinations occurred is not yet clear. It might be concluded that the people associated with the line-group painted wares were involved in some of the earliest villages of the EB IB phase, which would point to the southern regions of the country such as the lower Jordan valley or even around Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as the area where this shift first occurred (Schaub 1982). But it is also possible that those groups who produced predominantly red-slipped wares had begun the village expansion somewhat earlier and in the northern parts of the country. The Burning of EB IB Villages The extensive burning of the Stratum IV buildings at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠has to be dealt with in explaining this phase. It was seen that in most of the areas where Stratum IV structures were found, the remains of these structures were accompanied by a thick layer of dark ash. As discussed above, the burned debris in the Stratum IV structures appears not to have been occupational, since plant remains were absent in the examination of many samples taken from the ash. Nor is it likely that such diverse areas of the site would have been used for burning garbage, which should have produced plant remains if this had been the case. The clean loci of burned debris and charcoal from these buildings thus point to some sort of disturbance. The upper layers of EB IB Charnel House G 1 are also interesting to consider in this regard, since these layers were filled with burned material. That this burning was due to cremation or even a different funerary practice seems questionable, given the fact that no other EB IB tombs had such evidence (Schaub and Rast 1984: 325–26). Thus it seems plausible that this tomb may have suffered from the same disturbance as that experienced by the Stratum IV village. A similar kind of evidence may have been present at Jericho in Phase L in Squares III and IV. Phase L was described by Hennessy as “an enormous midden deposit,” and later by Kenyon as “a rubbish dump,” although no flotation evidence was presented to support this interpretation (Hennessy 1967: 10; Kenyon 1981: 325). According to the excavators no buildings were in use during this phase, but the following should be noted. An eroded wall stump ZN belonging to Phase L suggests that buildings had been present, although they were found in extremely poor condition, much like at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in Stratum IV. In addition, this small amount of wall had ashy layers on both sides (Kenyon 1981: 321, see Section C–D of Squares E III–IV), regarding which Kenyon drew the inference that these ashy layers belonged to a midden fill of Phase L (Kenyon 1981: 324). This conclusion could be questioned on the grounds that the ashy layers abutted the wall stump on both sides, while it would seem that a midden would more likely be outside a wall unless it had been deposited after the wall had gone out of use, which does not seem to have been the case here. In the second place, it would again be expected that plant remains would have come from the supposed midden,

130

THE STRATUM IV VILLAGE

none of which was recorded for this locus, although it is possible no efforts were made to retrieve plant information by sieving or flotation. Recent excavations at Tel Yaqush have uncovered in many parts of the site a thick, ashy destruction dating to the end of the EB I village (Esse 1990: 223). Not far from Tel Yaqush on the west side of the Jordan River, Tel Kitan similarly contained the remains of an EB IB village that was completely destroyed (Eisenberg 1993: 880). Earlier excavations at Rosh Hanniqra along the coast of the Mediterranean had also shown that the Stratum II structures were all covered by 30 cm of ash (Tadmor and Prausnitz 1959: 77). Examples of this phenomenon are appearing at other EB I sites, and it appears that at least the southern Ghor and Jordan valley were involved in whatever events were the cause of this destruction. The question is whether this evidence for burning at the EB I sites of Jericho, Tel Yaqush, Tel Kitan, and Rosh Hanniqra may also reflect some sort of disjuncture at the end of EB I, parallel to that found in Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum IV. Phase L at Jericho apparently has to be put at the very end of Proto Urban B or EB IB (Hennessy 1967: 10–12; Esse 1984: 325–26), while Phase K is most likely EB II and from a new tradition. If Phase L at Jericho is contemporary with Stratum IV at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and if the ash at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggests a disruptive event at the end of EB IB, it might be assumed that Jericho experienced something similar. The phenomenon of disturbance at the end of EB IB at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠affects the conclusions about the termination of this phase. However they are to be interpreted, the data from various sites in addition to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggest some type of disturbance bringing the EB I phase to an end. An Egyptian attack is possible, and seems preferable to other explanations such as a natural calamity or local conflict. Egyptian “colonial” or imperial motives could have been behind efforts to secure a product or two from the southern Ghor (cf. Joffe 1993: 56–58) such as bitumen from the Dead Sea, although no evidence to substantiate this kind of activity was found by the EDSP. Following EB I, the artifactual and architectural data speak for some measure of continuity in the population. If an Egyptian attack against the Stratum IV village had been carried out, the former left no evidence of having taken over the site, which seems to have been resettled in Stratum III, at least in part, by people from the previous village.

The Pottery of Stratum IV

7 THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

The analysis of the pottery of Stratum IV reveals patterns that suggest a gradual adaptation by the potters to the new needs of village life. Continuity with the pottery of the previous stratum is evident in that many of the basic forms of Stratum V are also found with slight modifications in Stratum IV. New patterns, however, dominate the assemblage, particularly in handle formations and clay preparation. The new handle forms are distinguished by their practicality. Innovations in clay preparation include the introduction of new tempers such as crushed calcite for the cooking pots. Surface decoration is also much more varied. Overall there is greater consistency in the potter’s craft. Sizes are more standardized, fabric textures show less variation, and the use of inclusions reveals a new awareness of the importance of these additives for improving the durability and function of different vessel types. Provenience of the Stratum IV Corpus The pottery from Primary Loci of Stratum IV comes from widely separated areas of the site, with most of the material located in the western areas. Area J 2, which lies 650 m southwest of the town site below the higher ridges used for tombs, had Stratum IV material above Stratum V levels. Field XII, with the widest horizontal exposure for this level, yielded the largest concentration of Stratum IV pottery, while Fields IV and XIII, with a more limited exposure of earlier levels due to the massive foundations of the later town wall through this area, still yielded a good group of Stratum IV ceramics. Farther to the west, Area F 4 contained a well-stratified assemblage of this early village level. Material on the east and in the center of town was more limited. On the east Lapp reached Stratum IV levels in Fields I and II, while in Field XI on a high ridge along the northern edge of the site the EDSP found well-stratified material from Stratum IV. Within the center of the walled town area, the lowest levels reached in Field XIV also contained pottery of this phase. Isolated EB IB material was also found inside the southern wall line in Field VIII.1B, but none came from Primary Loci. Petrographic Analysis (with Jack Donahue) Twenty-six sherds from Stratum IV material were submitted for thin-sectioning. The sherds were drawn from three basic groups: (1) occupational village site material, including Primary Loci; (2) the cemetery EB IB tombs; and (3) surface material from the cemetery similar in wares to the tomb groups.

132

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

The group from the village site included three sherds from Primary Loci 291 and 292 of Field XIV.3 and four Primary Loci sherds chosen from Area J 2. The remaining sherds thin-sectioned comprised nine sherds from EB IB Tombs A 104 and G 1, and ten sherds from cemetery survey material. Most of the sherds were rim sherds, although a few bases, handles and body sherds were included. A broad variety of the basic forms were thin-sectioned, including necked jars; large, medium and small bowls; and holemouth forms. The petrographic analysis of the sherds from all three groups revealed patterns continuing those from Stratum V, as well as new patterns that dominated in the following periods. The continuing patterns noted were wadi sand (10 of 26), which included fine and plain wadi sand used in domestic serving and distribution vessels such as large jars and medium-large to large bowls, and coarse wadi sand for some holemouth storage vessels and cooking pots. The unusual wadi sand group, labeled Z in Stratum V, is now common in Stratum IV (10 of 26), all in small bowls and jars. New patterns included the use of crushed limestone in place of coarse wadi sand in some holemouth vessels, especially cooking pots, Nubian sand (1 of 26) in small household vessels, and one example of basalt temper in a platter bowl. All three of these latter tempers have been described in detail in an earlier publication (Beynon and others 1986: 301–2). The patterns noted in the thin-section analysis are reflected further in the statistics of table 7.1 which includes all of the variables recorded in the ware description process for the Primary Loci of Stratum IV. The distribution of the tempers related to the vessel basic forms is noted in the left-hand columns. Coarse wadi sand (the C/L column also includes a fair number of vessels with crushed limestone) was used consistently for holemouth jars (51 of 64) and wadi sand (W) for necked jars (46 of 66) and large to medium bowls. The Z temper was especially dominant in small bowls (31 of 78) and Nubian sandstone temper (8) and basalt (4) were also present in these forms. The use of Nubian sandstone in small vessels during this period raises some interesting questions. This temper of nearly pure quartz sandstone occurs near the site of Numeira and does not outcrop near Bâb edh-Dhrâº. In the earlier treatment of the tempers (Beynon and others 1986: 302–3), it was suggested that the vessels with this temper found in the funerary buildings at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠indicated that the Numeira settlers may have been burying their dead in the EB III funerary buildings of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This seemed feasible (and still remains so) since the 1977–81 excavations at Numeira showed the latter site to date to EB III and no cemetery remains have been found at Numeira. The 1983 season at Numeira, however, uncovered several walls high above the town site of Numeira to the east, with associated pottery provisionally read as EB IB. It could be, therefore, that the Nubian sandstone in some of the EB IB vessels from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠indicates earlier contact between these two areas. The contact, of course, could have been as simple as potters collecting different temper sources near the site of Numeira. Fabric Textures, Fabric Cores, Surface Treatment and Construction Techniques Fabric Textures. The expanded variety of inclusion types, including crushed limestone, Nubian sandstone, and basalt, clearly indicates changes taking place in the ceramic craft. This notion is confirmed by the refinement displayed in fabric textures.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV Table 7.1. TYPE

HR % HB

TOT

64

TEMPER

133

Ware Data for Stratum IV

FABRIC TEXTURE FABRIC CORE

C/L

W

Z

N

U

5

4

51

5

2

1

5

7

13

7

64

12

2

1

7

7

76

4

46

7

5

4

1

4

21

2

1

9

SL

BU

SP

PI

PA

2

1

1

0

0

3

1

2

1

0

55

2

14

22

28

1

1

9

3

9

2

1

2

23

25

37

3

2

2

1

1

56

9

3

11

52

6

2

6

3

1

6

28

6

4

18

12

4

4

3

3

15 31 12 11

34

44

6

7

65

14

6

3

7

6

1

1

10

4

5

3

2

1

5

2

23% 21

1

21

7% ST

85 30%

JR

66 23%

BR

34 12%

SR

78

23

1

28% SP

12

5

4

3

4% NN

8

1

3

1

3% ST

198

17

88 45 21 27

1

130

67

16

38

144

26

12

32

7

5

81 100 47 22 33

8

206

69

39

63

181

29

14

34

8

6

33

1

4

3

28

1

2

2

8

6

3

1

8

4

171

7

53

53

52

15

8

5

6

11

28

8

3

16

7

2

70% TOT

283

LE

35

LO

13

3

30 6

7

BA

199

64 109

7

8 11

BS

46

1

4

8

7

30

15

EH

8

1

3

1

3

4

2

ST

301

TOT

584

24

1

1

1

10

0

7

1 12

1 4

1

See explanation of abbreviations of the types at table 5.1 (p. 75). In addition, NN = Narrow Neck; EH = Ear Handles.

On one end of the fabric texture range, the categories of friable and coarse in fabric textures are barely represented in the Stratum IV material, while on the other end the fine textures are much more common (table 7.1). The contrast in the holemouth jars from Area H 1 of Stratum V and Stratum IV is striking. In the former, 46 of 106 holemouth sherds were coarse in ware while in the latter there were no coarse wares, and only 7 of 64 sherds were described as friable. A similar pattern was reflected in the bases of both groups, with Area H 1 having a fair percentage of coarse wares while Stratum IV had very few.

134

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

Among the fine fabric textures only 2 examples are found in Area H 1 but there are 69 in Stratum IV, making 24% of the total of rim sherds. The statistics from Area J 2 (table 5.2) fall between Area H 1 and Stratum IV, offering another indication that the Area J 2 Stratum V material is late in that period and that the changes taking place in preparing clays were probably gradually introduced. Fabric Cores. A comparison of the fabric cores noted in the two strata shows that there was no noticeable change in the percentage of sherds with dark or blackened cores. The percentages are similar in both strata for sherds with over 50% core, under 50% core, and no core. If the presence of cores is reflective of the temperatures reached in firing the pots, there would appear to be no measurable change in the firing process. This observation obviously needs to be tested by laboratory experiments. Surface treatments. The summary of surface treatments in table 7.1 records the changes taking place in the decoration of pottery. Only a few examples (8 of 283 rim sherds) had the punctate decoration common in Stratum V. Slip and burnish, rarely present in Area H 1 sherds (5% and 2%), were more common in the Stratum IV material (10% and 5%). The biggest change from the Stratum V Area H 1 sherds was the frequent use of a weak, watery slip-paint in surface treatment This technique was almost exclusively used on the Orange Chalky Ware (OCW; see below, under wares). Different patterns could be identified including line-group paint, wide bands, dots, and a smeared wash. The line-group paint was used consistently with juglets, amphoriskoi and “teapots.” The broad-band pattern was usually found on small bowls and spoons in the OCW. Here again, the occurrence of the OCW in 10 sherds of the Area J 2 Stratum V assemblage (pls. 6:8, 15, 16, 21, 33, 42; 7:1, 18, 22, 27) indicated a gradual introduction of this ware. Two other painted patterns occurred in the Stratum IV material, neither of which is associated with the OCW. Vertical red stripes were found on the whitish surfaces, possibly a lime coating, of large jars (pls. 15:38; 18:24, 25). This pattern was called the “pajama type” by A. Kempinski (Braun 1996b: 215). Also, five small fragments of net painting, more common on EB II vessels, were found in Stratum IV (pls. 8:23; 13:30, 31; 18:23; 22:20). Other vessels in Stratum IV that have a whitish surface coloring were not recorded as having slip. In these cases it was understood as “bloom,” a surface change of coloring of the vessel during firing (pls. 10:5; 11:21, 34; 12:2, 19, 32; 16:9). Construction techniques. A number of new construction techniques were noted during the ware description process. In the formation of some of the amphoriskoi, it was obvious that the narrow neck had been imposed on the upper body surface in a separate step. In some instances the neck join was very rough on the interior and there were marks left by an instrument that had been inserted in the neck to compact the join on the inner surface (fig. 7.2:15; pl. 22:8). Later techniques during EB II–III simplified this process by joining the neck to the upper hemisphere of a juglet before the upper half was joined to the lower half. Several bases of large vessels manifested a two-stage process in their formation (pl. 16:13, 15, 17, for example). Two layers of clay were noted, with the inner layer usually curved and the lower layer forming a flat base. One explanation could be that the base of the pot was formed first in a circular mold and then turned upside down for a flat base to be added. One string-cut base was observed on a finely made, red-slipped vessel (pl. 21:1), the only one of 199 bases. Another interesting technique was the use of an evenly applied thin

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV Table 7.2. Plain—36 36

Surface Treatment of Orange Chalky Ware

Slip Paint—60 No Pattern 27

135

Slip—18 Line Group 14

Bands 15

Dots 2

Smeared 2

Slip 15

Slip and Burnish 3

layer of plaster, .5 to 1 cm thick, on the surface of some vessels, usually large jars (pls. 8:10; 19:31). Wares and Ware Families Of the wares that appear in Stratum IV, there is one that stands out, Orange Chalky (OCW). It was first noted in Area J 2, Stratum V. The basic ware combines a fabric texture, distinct temper, and surface feel that makes it easily recognizable. When the ware is combined with a defined range of basic forms it constitutes a separate ware family. Sub-families emerge related to a range of decorative surface treatments. One hundred fourteen examples (20%) are included in the Primary Loci of Stratum IV. The ware color of this family is usually reddish-yellow (5YR6/6 to 5YR7/ 8). Fabric texture ranges from fine, especially in smaller vessels, to medium coarse. Temper is well sorted. The Z temper is found in the majority of the examples. In some instances Nubian sandstone and wadi sand have been identified as the temper. The surface of these vessels has a smooth, chalky feel. The distribution of surface treatments of the OCW (table 7.2) illustrates the problems associated with defining a ware family solely by a distinctive surface treatment. The OCW had many different surface treatments. Not only various patterns of slippaint were used on the ware but also a full slip (on 18 sherds, including 3 burnished), and in many instances (36) no evident surface treatment. Ethnographic studies have clearly shown that the surface treatment of vessels is often farmed out by the potter to family members or others (London 1991: 193). This seems to be the case with the OCW vessels produced by the potters. In this case, one can at best talk about a basic ware family with sub-families distinguished by varying surface treatments. A distinctive ware, OCW, was used with a defined group of basic forms to constitute a ware family. One sub-family used the line-group painted technique for amphoriskoi (figs. 7.2:15, 17; 7.3:20), juglet, teapots (figs. 7.1:15; 7.3:21), and other small vessels (fig. 7.3:22, 25; pls. 10:33; 12:18; 15:40; 16:2, 6, 7; 19:5; 23:23). A second sub-family is marked by a wide-striped crossing pattern (“red cross”) which is associated mainly with small bowls (fig. 7.3:8; pls. 12:23, 25; 13:18, 27; 14:25; 15:29; 17:5, 10; 18:22; 22:12) and spoons (fig. 7.3:14; pl. 13:35). Other patterns include round dots that occur on 2 body sherds (pls. 10:22 and 22:8) and smeared wash that also occurs on 2 sherds (pl. 18:02, 03). A second ware family is associated with cooking pots. The ware color is commonly reddish-brown (5YR6/4). Fabric texture is medium coarse in texture, with a few described as friable. Temper is either a coarse wadi sand or a crushed limestone. It would appear that the latter was adopted sometime during Stratum IV. It became the exclusive temper of cooking pots in later strata. The surface of these vessels is marked by grey to black soot, both on rim sherds and base sherds.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

136

Table 7.3. Basic Form Distribution in Stratum V (Areas H 1 and J 2) and Stratum IV

Area H1 % J2-ST V % ST IV %

HR

HB

JR

BR

SR

SP

TOT

106 34% 8 14% 65 23%

32 10% 2 4% 20 7%

75 24% 16 18% 74 26%

75 24% 9 16% 36 13%

19 6% 16 29% 76 27%

9 3% 5 9% 12 4%

316 56 283

A third ware group also stands out in visual sorting but remains more difficult to define as a ware family. In the ware descriptions it is referred to as common ware. The fabric color ranges from reddish-yellow (5YR7/8, 6/8, 7/6, 6/6) to reddish-brown (2.5YR5/4, 4/4) but the surface color is often pinkish-white (7.5YR8/2; 5YR8/2). Fabric texture was usually described as medium-coarse but it appears to be denser with fewer inclusions and voids. The temper is always wadi sand. The range of vessels for this ware group includes large bowls and more commonly the large-necked jars. It also appears in many of the ledge handles. The consistent use of the wadi sand temper in this distinct range of vessels helps to set this group apart but it is not as distinctive a family as the OCW and cooking pot wares. Other wares include a red-slipped cream ware in small bowls and a drab ware in large bowls and jars. Basic Form Distribution in Strata V and IV Table 7.3 summarizes the basic form distribution for the rim sherds of Stratum V Areas H 1 and J 2 in comparison with Stratum IV. The most notable differences between Area H 1 and Stratum IV are in the increase of small bowls (16 cm and under) from 6% to 27%, and the corresponding decrease in large bowls from 24% to 13%. The percentages of bowls in both size-ranges in Area J 2 are similar to those of Stratum IV. These percentages would appear to reflect the more settled life associated with the domestic structures of Stratum IV. Overall, the basic form distribution of Stratum IV also compares well with a similar distribution of basic forms noted at the site of Hartuv (see chapter 5 and Mazar and Miroschedji 1996: 14). Basic Form Distribution in Stratum IV The distribution of basic form fragments in some of the excavated areas of Stratum IV is shown in table 7.4. Six of the basic rim forms—holemouth jars, holemouth bowls, jars/juglets, small bowls, large to medium bowls, and spoons—are included. The fields and areas listed are those with the most diagnostic sherds. Percentages are given for each fragment in each field. The right total column gives the ratio of each basic form to the total number of forms. Only Field XII and area J 2 stand out. Field XII has a large percentage of holemouth vessels. Area J 2 has a small number of holemouth jars and a large group of deep bowls. Generally, the statistics do not indicate any major differences in the activities of the areas listed.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV Table 7.4.

137

Distribution of Basic Forms in Selected Fields of Stratum IV Fields

IV

XII

XIII

F4

J2

Total

41

8 21% 4 10% 10 26% 4 10% 11 28% 2 11% 39

5 11% 4 9% 9 19% 10 21% 14 30% 5

Total

25 27% 7 7% 23 25% 8 9% 26 28% 5 5% 94

4 19% 0

SP

7 17% 5 12% 13 32% 4 10% 12 29% 0

49 20% 20 8% 61 25% 27 11% 71 30% 12 5% 240

Basic Form HMJ HMB JR/JU BR SR

6 29% 1 5% 8 38% 0 5% 19

47

HMJ = Holemouth Jars; HMB = Holemouth Bowls; JR/JU = JARS, Juglets; BR = Large to Medium Bowls; SR = Small Bowls; SP = Spoons. Percentages offer the ratio of the number of examples of each form to the total of the selected forms in each field. Percentages in right total column offer the ratio of each basic form to the total number of forms. Not all of the fields are represented.

Typology of Stratum IV Pottery Holemouth Jars Fabrics, Tempers, Surface Treatment. The temper used in the holemouth jars is usually coarse wadi sand or crushed limestone (51 of 64). Crushed limestone apparently was introduced at some point. This temper is particularly associated with the cooking pot ware described above. In texture the fabric is usually medium-coarse with seven examples of friable texture. A blackened core is found in approximately half of the holemouth jars. The surface is generally untreated but there were a few examples of slip-paint, probably “teapots,” and one each of slip and burnish. Basic Forms. The size ranges of the Stratum IV holemouth jars are more limited and generally more standardized than those of the Stratum V corpus. There are three basic size ranges in the holemouth jars: large, medium, and small (table 7.5). The overall median is 17.5, smaller than the median of Stratum V (19 cm). There are none of the very large pithoi that were found in Area H. Close to one-half of the holemouth jars fall in the narrow range of 13 to 19 cm for mouth width. One holemouth jar, included in the ware data, lacked a measurable diameter. Specific Types. The same basic limited repertoire of rim types continues from Stratum V into Stratum IV but a more even distribution is found. The largest group of simple rims (33 of 63), across all size ranges, slightly modifies the end of the rim by rounding (fig. 7.1:5, 6), squaring (fig. 7.1:1), or tapering the lip (fig. 7.1:2, 10, 12, 14). A smaller group (9 of 63) gives a sharper angle beveled down inward (fig. 7.1:7, 13). The most distinctive rims are the those with lightly everted lip, slightly turned up (10 of 63; fig. 7.1:4, 11, 15) and the folded types that are thickened or bulbous in profile (9 of 63; fig. 7.1:3, 8, 9). The folded rim occurs only in the larger ranges, medium and large, and most frequently in the medium range. Jars with upturned lip occur equally in the three size ranges. The beveled and the folded rims often have a light fingerimpressed groove on the inner lip.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

138

Figure 7.1.

Stratum IV Holemouth Vessels

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Loc

Basic Form

Rim Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

79.8604 81.8578 79,5892 79.5001 81.1833 81.0134 81.3011 79.5887 79.9625 77.2512 81.1937 79.8608 81.2040 65.0523 79.8605 79.8209 81.0181 81.8629 81.2122 81.1843 79.5002

XII.9 J2 X111.2A F4 XII.5 IV.5 XIV.3 XIII.2A XII.10 F4 XII.5 XII.9 XII.5 II.7A XII.9 F4 IV.5 J2 XII.5 XII.5 F4

3 9 68 102 68 5A 291 66 11 53 69 3 75 5 3 69 5A 18 85 68 102

1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1030 1030 1030 1050 1050 1050 1046 1046 1046

10 12 18 16 11 11 13 18 18 12 16 12 13 12 16 16 13 12 12 11 10

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl. Pl.

17:20; 10:1;14:2,27;20:1,5,6 11:4; 11:1 19:14; 18:1;20:4 10:10; 8:27;11:2 14:1; 15:17;20:7 20:3; 15:6;17:15;23:26 22:15; 18:15;19:20;20:2 19:7; 8:6;13:1,13;14:7;19:19 18:13; as 8 above 9:8; 12:20;17:17,18 14:5; 8:24;14:6 17:19 14:17; 13:12;18:16 23:36; 10:3;18:12 17:21; 17:13;23:28,29 10:2; 13:25 20:12 10:24 14:30; 8:26; 20:9,11 14:3; 11:5; 14:28 10:11

Holemouth Bowls Fabrics, Tempers, Surface Treatment. All of the holemouth bowls are mediumcoarse in fabric texture. Wadi sand is the temper in the three largest holemouth bowls but limestone is consistently found in the smaller sizes (13 of 18). Surface treatment is rare as slip and burnish are found on only two of the smaller forms. Basic Forms. The holemouth bowls of Stratum IV continue the patterns of Stratum V with only a few modifications. The size ranges and distributions are similar except for the lack of large vats in the Stratum IV material. Medium-sized bowls, with a slightly more narrow range (28–22 cm), are the most common (12 of 21). The medium-small range is similar both in range (18–10 cm) and distribution (6 of 21). Specific Types. Rim types are also similar in distribution, with the simple, rounded, squared or tapered rims even more dominant than in Stratum V (68% to 59%). Examples in the medium range and smaller range are illustrated in figure 7.1:16–21. Beveled rims occur in both strata (18% in Stratum IV to 14% in Stratum V; see fig. 7.1:17) and upturned rims slightly more often in Stratum IV (fig. 7.1:16). Folded rims do not appear in the Stratum IV holemouth bowls. Cemetery Comparative Material. All of the holemouth bowls have close parallels in the EB IB cemetery material. Looking at the tomb parallels, the form with upturned or everted rim (fig. 7.1:16) is often called a teapot (Schaub 1981: fig. 10:3). The slightly beveled rim of figure 7.1:17 also occurs on a similar spouted vessel in the tombs (Schaub 1981: fig. 10:8). Many of the larger bowls in the EB IB tombs have a lightly incurved upper wall with tapered to rounded rims similar to figure 7.1:18, 19

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

Figure 7.1. Stratum IV Holemouth Vessels.

139

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

140

Figure 7.2. Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

1 2 3

65.0021 81.0248 79.8219

I.1 IV.5 F4

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

79.5761 79.9108 81.0190 65.0525 77.2514 81.2132 81.0158 77.2314 77.2499 77.2317 81.0165 79.9604 #2916 77.2601 79.5009 81.1934 77.4959 81.0192

XII.2A XII.7 IV.5 II.7A F4 XII.7 IV.5 F4 F4 F4 IV.5 XII.7 XIII.2 F4 F4 XII.5 XIII.2 IV.5

22 23

81.0170 81.0225

IV.5 IV.5

Stratum IV Jars, Juglets, and Handles

Loc

Basic Form

10 5A 95

1117 1119 1114

65 62 62

71 22 5A 5 53 22 5A 49 52 49 5A 29 112 16 102 69 41 5A

1122 1121 1124 1134 1144 1146 1147 1141 1174 1157 1245 1290 1480

62 11 62 65 62 62 42 41 65 42 65

5A 5A

Rim Type

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels Pl. 23:3 Pl. 20:19 Pl. 10:9; 9:11; 10:6, 27; 11:14; 14:18–20; 17:8; 19:37; 23:13 Pl. 19:22 Pl. 15:20; 20:23; 23:1, 2 Pl. 20:16; 12:42; 20:14, 15 Pl. 23:38 Pl. 9:10; 9:9; 11:10; 19:21 Pl. 15:21 Pl. 20:18 Pl. 8:12 Pl. 9:1 Pl. 8:13 Pl. 20:24; 17:4, 9; 20:25 Pl. 16:9 Pl. 19:40; 16:12; 23:32 Pl. 8:9; 12:12; 15:2, 41; 18:21 Pl. 10:19; 10:18; 16:9 Pl. 14:11 Pl. 19:1 Pl. 22:38; 8:37; 9:6, 7, 30, 31; 10:16; 12:36, 37; 10:13; 17:32, 33; 18:7; 21:33, 35, 37, 38; 22:2, 4 Pl. 22:1 as 21 above Pl. 22:5

(Schaub 1981: figs. 7:2; 14:4; 15:1; Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 136:7). The form in figure 7.1:20 is similar to a large spouted bowl from the tombs (Schaub 1981: fig. 16:22). Necked Jars Fabrics, Tempers, Surface Treatment. All but one of the large necked jars are medium-coarse in texture. In the smaller ranges there are seven with fine texture. The great majority have wadi sand or one of the variations of wadi sand (Z, N) as inclusions. Punctate decoration occurs at the neck of three of the jars. Other surface treatments include slip (6), burnish (2), and slip-paint (6). Slip or slip-paint is common on the vessels with Z temper (pl. 11:11, 12; 17:4, 23). Basic Forms. The determination of the basic forms of necked jars from rim fragments is not simple. Frequently the fragmented jar rim does not extend to the shoulder. This makes it impossible to determine whether the neck join was inflected or cornered, which was recognized in the cemetery jars as an important diagnostic feature. Even the size of the jar neck, tall or short, becomes problematic without the full neck height. Mouth diameter is possible to determine in most cases but in the whole vessels from the cemetery this was one of the less reliable diagnostic features because

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

Figure 7.2. Stratum IV Jars, Juglets and Handles.

141

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

142 Figure 7.3.

Stratum IV Bowls, Spoons and Decorated Sherds Loc

Basic Form

Rim Type

9

1520

12

Pl. 11:19; 11:18

22

1530

10

Pl. 15:25

69

1510

12

Pl. 10:4; 19:27;20:27

XII.7

16

1546

12

Pl. 15:13

XI.6

43

1570

12

Pl. 22:12; 14:8;20:36

81.2546

XIII.2A

93

1700

12

Pl. 19:36; 8:1:10:28:11:7;17:24;20:26

79.9109

XII.7

22

1700

11

Pl. 15:31

8

81.1795

XII.7

57

1710

12

Pl. 17:5; 14:25;19:8,38;20:29

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

1

81.8704

J2

2

81.1995

XII.7

3

79,8213

F4

4

77.3982

5

81.1492

6 7

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels

9

81.1867

XII.9

20

1756

12

Pl. 18:3; 12:22;13:4;20:30,31; 23:40

10

#2943

XII.7

22

1770

12

Pl. 15:30; in size:8:15,28;11:27–29; 14:9;17:10,25;18:17,18; 20:41;22:17: 23:27

11

77.2496

F4

52

1720

10

Pl. 9:2

12

81.2045

XII.4

41

1740

12

Pl. 13:9; 9:12:11:20,21;12:23;13:32 15:26– 29;16:14:18:22; 19:25,39; 20:33–35,37–40; 22:16;23:14

13

79.9626

XII.10

11

1830

12

Pl. 18:14; 8:31;9:25;12:24,44;17:26

14

77.2411

F4

5

1930

65

Pl. 8:5; 13:35; in paint:8:5;12:23,25; 13:18,27,35;15:29,39;16:14; 17:5,10

15

81.1889

XII.9

20

1930

Pl. 18:9; 14:12:10:8

16

81.1888

XII.9

20

1930

Pl. 18:8 see 15 above

17

81.8517

J2

11

1930

Pl. 12:38 see 15 above

18

81.8560

J2

9

1930

Pl. 12:10 see 15 above

19

81.8701

J2

9

1930

Pl. 12:11; 10:23

20

79.9123

XII.9

3

Pl. 17:35; 10:33;12:18;16:2,7,9; 17:21; 19:5

21

77.3958

XII.7

7

Pl. 15:11; 14:25:16:6;23:23

22

81.2136

XII.7

22

Pl. 16:3 see 20 above

23

79.8745

XII.7

22

Pl. 15:38; 18:24;19:6,13

24

79.8970

XII.11

5

Pl. 18:25 see 23 above

25

81.1789

XII.7

22

Pl. 16:4 see 20 above

the mouth of jars often flares from the neck, and the same mouth diameter can be found in jars with very different height and maximum diameter. For this reason the cemetery jars were typed according to height and maximum diameter. These two dimensions affected the capacity of the jars and therefore the probable function of these vessels. Despite these difficulties, it is possible to define some broad categories of necked jar basic forms by relying on the wealth of comparative material of similar whole vessels from the cemetery, and restored vessels from contemporary sites (table 7.5). The three larger categories, pithoi, large, and medium-large, are equally represented,

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

Figure 7.3. Stratum IV Bowls, Spoons and Decorated Sherds.

143

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

144

Table 7.5.

Basic Forms of Stratum IV

Holemouth Jars Large-mouth = 30–20 cm Medium = 19–13 cm Small = 12–5 cm

Basic Forms (21/63) (30/63) (12/63)

(1010–1019) (1020–1029) (1030–1039)

(3/21) (12/21) (6/21)

(1040–1045) (1046–1049) (1050–1059)

Pithoi-mouth = 30–21 cm Large = 20–15 cm Medium-large = 14–10 cm Medium-small = 9–8 cm Small = 7– cm

(17/65) (19/65) (18/65) (8/65) (3/65)

(1110–1119) (1120–1139) (1140–1179) (1220–1259) (1260–1299)

Small-mouth = 7– cm Tall neck, inflected point Short neck

(4) (3) (1)

(1480–1489) (1490–1499)

(8/31) (2)

(1500–1509)

Holemouth Bowls Large-mouth = 30+ cm Medium = 28–22 cm Medium-small = 18–10 cm Necked Jars

Juglets

Large to Medium Bowls Large = 31+ cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium-large = 29–22 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium = 21–17 cm Lightly curved Angled to splaying Shallow

(4) (2) (15/31) (5)

(1520–1529) (1540–1545) (1510–1519)

(8) (2) (7) (6) (1) (1)

(1530–1539) (1546–1549) (1570–1579) (1580–1589) (1830–1839)

(3)

(1610–1619)

Platter Bowls Very large, wide = 31+ cm Medium-Small to Small Bowls Medium-small to Small Deep to Medium-depth Medium-small—M = 16–12 cm Deep Cup Lightly closed Neutral to open Medium depth Neutral to open Small Bowls—M = 11–7 cm Lightly closed Neutral to open

(23/67) (6) (17)

(1756–1769) (1770–1782)

Medium-small to small shallow bowls M = –16 cm Neutral to open

(11) (11)

(1830–1839)

(12)

(1930)

(67) (44/67) (13) (7) (6) (31)

(1700–1709) (1710–1719) (1740–1755)

Special-Purpose Forms Spoons

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

145

and comprise the greater majority of the forms typed (54 of 65). There are 8 mediumsmall examples and 3 small jars. Only the two larger categories, pithoi and large jars, find parallels in other village and town sites. These categories are not found in the cemetery. The medium-large and smaller categories do find abundant parallels in the EB IB cemetery material. Specific Types. There are four types of neck forms among the 17 pithoi basic forms: tall flaring neck (form 1114, fig. 7.2:3); tall angled neck (form 1112, pls. 11:14; 15:18); short angled neck (form 1117, fig. 7.2:1); and short flaring neck (form 1119, fig. 7.2:2). In two examples the rim was too short to determine any further classification. Of the 15 classified forms, 13 had tall necks and 2 short necks. Among the tall neck forms the dominant type (11 of 13) is a lightly flaring neck. The lip on most of these examples also was slightly flared. Two examples had a sharp angled neck, both with simple tapered rims. The short neck examples included one with slight flare at the lip of the rim. In the large-necked jar range, tall necks also dominate although eight examples are too short to type. Ten of the remaining eleven forms have tall necks. Three different profiles are represented: curved, flaring neck with 5 examples (form 1124, fig. 7.2:6); straight cylindrical with 4 examples (form 1121, fig. 7.2:5); and one sharply angled neck (form 1122, fig. 7.2:4). The rim form on most of these examples is a light flare at the lip. Two of the straight necks have a simple rounded rim. There is one short neck which is flaring in profile (pl. 23:38). The pattern of neck profiles in the medium-large jars (forms 1140–79) is fairly similar to that of the large jars. One-half of the eighteen exemplars are too short to type although at least five of these probably belong to the general form 1144 with tall flaring neck (fig. 7.2:8). This group has 4 examples. The remaining five all have a shoulder section, four of them with a sharp join or corner point between neck and shoulder. Two of these have tall straight necks (form 1141, fig. 7.2.11; form 1146 fig. 7.2:9). One is tall and angled (form 1147, fig. 7.2:10) and one is short and angled (fig. 7.2:13). There is one short neck with inflected curve between neck and rim (form 1174, fig. 7.2.12). In the medium-small and small ranges of necked vessels, both tall and short necks are represented among the wide neck forms, but the short dominate. One tall neck form (pl. 11:11) has the typical broad strap handle of the EB IB cemetery juglets and jars. Most of the remaining exemplars have short inflected necks (form 1245, fig. 7.2:14; pls. 15:22; 17:23). There are two examples of narrow-neck amphoriskoi (form 1290, fig. 7.2:15; pl. 22:9). In the small-necked vessel category there are three complete juglet forms: basic form 1480 (fig. 7.2:16; pls. 16:12; 23:32). All three have handles attached above the rim and inflected neck. Comparative Material from Stratum V of the Cemetery. Among the pithoi the tall, flaring neck types (form 1114) continue a form found in Stratum V (fig. 5.1:19). The angled neck form (form 1112) and the short neck form (form 1119, fig. 7.2:2) were not represented among the basic forms in Stratum V. None of the pithoi forms are found in the cemetery material. In the large-necked jars the two forms that show continuity with Stratum V include the short cylindrical neck (fig. 7.2:5; cf. fig. 5.1:18), and the tall flaring neck (fig. 7.2:6), with nine examples in the Stratum V material (fig. 5.1:17 and parallels cited there). Cemetery parallels to this type also are present (Schaub 1981: fig. 5:6; Schaub and Rast 1989: 133:1, 4).

146

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

The closest parallels to the medium-large, tall wide-neck forms (fig. 7.2:8) come from the EB IB tall-neck jars of the cemetery (Schaub 1981: fig. 9:3, 4, 6; Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 145:3–6). Many of the jars in this size range in the cemetery examples tend to have handles. Some have column handles, pierced (Schaub 1981: fig. 9:4) and unpierced (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 145:1). Others have ledge handles (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 133:2; Schaub 1981: fig. 9:3), and still others have loop handles and wide strap handles (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 145:2–6; Schaub 1981: fig. 9:5, 6). There are also some exemplars without handles (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 133:3, 5; Schaub 1981: fig. 5:1, 2) that are closest in size and rim form to Plate 19:21. The tall, wide-neck forms also continue a form found in Stratum V (5.1:15, 16). The comparatively shorter neck forms (7.2:7, 9, 10) are also found in the cemetery in two examples with column handles, one elaborately painted (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 135:1, 2). The best parallel for form 1174 (fig. 7.2:12) comes from an unusual ledge-handled jar from the cemetery, Tomb A 71W (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 70:2). This tomb chamber also had two articulated burials and other late EB IA ceramic forms, including a broad stripe-painted bowl (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 75:3). Among the smaller forms the jar with short flaring neck (fig. 7.2:14) has several parallels in the cemetery material (Schaub 1981: fig. 11:1; Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 145:7), as does the juglet in figure 7.2:16 which is exactly the same as the most common forms of juglets found in the EB IB tombs (Schaub 1981: 11:12–15; Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 134:13, 14, 16–20; 145: 14–16). Large to Medium Bowls Fabrics, Temper, Surface Treatment. The ware fabric patterns in the large to medium bowls are similar to those of the necked jars. In texture they are either medium-coarse (28 of 34) or fine (6 of 34), and the temper is usually wadi sand. Punctate decoration occurs on three bowl sherds and four are slipped and burnished. Basic Forms. Both continuity and change are involved in the Stratum IV large to medium bowls. There is continuity in basic form, with deep bowls predominating along the same lines as found in Stratum V—lightly closed, neutral to open, and splaying. The size ranges are also similar with only slight differences. The major changes are in the percentage of the different forms—open, closed and splayed—and of the percentages of large to medium bowls in the assemblage and in the distribution of the types. Some lightly closed forms do occur (7 of 31) but all of them have direct rims, lightly tapered or rounded. The finely made, lightly closed, everted rim bowls of Stratum V, one of the more distinctive forms in the EB IA tombs, are not present in the Stratum IV assemblage. Splayed to angled deep bowl forms, which also are common in Area H 1 and in the EB IA tombs, especially in the plain wares, are also much less common in the Stratum IV material (6 of 31 compared to 27 of 68 in Area H 1). Specific Types. Table 7.6 lists the specific bowl types from Stratum IV. Direct rim bowls are the most common (28 of 31). In the large size, rims are tapered (fig. 7.3:1). Medium-large bowls include squared rims (7.3:2) or tapered (fig. 7.3:3, 4, 5). Only three everted rim bowls are found in the Stratum IV groups and they are all with open or splayed forms (pls. 8:29; 11:30; 23:33). The three platter bowl forms from the Stratum IV pottery (pl. 23:5, 15, 41) all come from Fields I and II. All three are wide forms, over 30 cm (form 1610). The rim

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV Table 7.6.

147

Large to Medium-Large Bowl Types

A. Direct Rim Bowls (28) 1. Angled to splaying (6) a. Large (2) b. Medium-large c. Medium (1) 2. Neutral to open (15) a. Large (4) b. Medium-large c. Medium (4) 3. Lightly closed (7) a. Large (2) b. Medium-large c. Medium B. Everted Rim Bowls (3) 1. Lightly closed a. Large b. Medium-large c. Medium (1)

(3)

(7)

(5)

(2)

forms vary from tall, thin upright, similar to carinated forms (22), to inverted with rim thinner than the wall (35), and inverted, thickened inside (77). Cemetery Comparative Material. All of the tapered-rim bowls have close parallels in the EB IB tombs (cf. Schaub 1981: figs. 12:1 and 15:2 for fig. 7.3:1; and Schaub 1981: figs. 7:1 and 12:4, 5, 6 for fig. 7.3:3, all bowls with similar knob ledges below the rim). The shape of figure 7.3:4 is found in a decorated bowl (Schaub 1981: fig. 7:5), and the thin ware and light curve of figure 7.3:5 is paralleled by a bowl with ring base (Schaub 1981: fig. 7:7). Medium-Small to Small Bowls Fabric Texture, Temper, Surface Treatment. Fine fabric texture occurs in 44 of the 78 small bowls. It is another clear indication of the gradual improvement of the potter’s techniques beginning with Stratum V in Area J 2. None of the Area H 1 small bowls has fine fabric texture, but 6 of the 17 small bowls in Area J 2 do. Among the tempers recorded, the Z temper (31) is the most common. Nubian sand and a few basalt are listed together (12). Surface treatment of slip (14), burnish (6), and slippaint (23) is more common among the small bowls than for any other form. These differences in fabric texture and inclusions reflect the growing importance of the Orange Chalky ware and its sub-families. In Area H 1 only two of the small bowls had slip and/or burnish, and there were no bowls with slip-paint. In Area J 2 only one bowl had burnish, but four of the sixteen bowls did have slip-paint. In the Stratum IV assemblage the number of bowls with surface modification increases dramatically, with over 55% of the bowls having slip and/or burnish and slip-paint. The increase is most noticeable in the slip-paint category (23 of 78). Basic Forms. The Stratum IV basic form attributes of the smaller bowl ranges are very similar to those described for these vessels in Stratum V. The size ranges of

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THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

the medium-small and the small bowls vary only slightly (table 7.5), with a slightly variant range for the small bowls 11–7 cm. The dominant forms in both assemblages continue to be open medium-depth bowls (forms 0740, 1740, 0770, 1770). The shape range of forms is also similar, with the same basic forms represented in both strata. These similarities in basic form attributes in the two strata, however, are due primarily to the small bowl assemblage in the early Area J 2 material assigned to Stratum V. In the discussion in chapter V, the big jump in the percentage of small bowls in Area J 2 over those present in Area H 1 was attributed to the more domestic context of Area J 2. Medium-small to small bowls represented only 6% of the total rim forms in Area H 1while jumping to 29% in Area J 2 (table 7.1). A similar percentage (27%) of the smaller bowl ranges is found in Stratum IV. Although the variety of forms of the smaller bowls is similar in both strata, there are two forms in Stratum IV which manifest greater popularity. Deep bowls in the medium-small and small ranges are much more frequent as are also shallow bowls in both ranges. Some of the deep bowl forms are lightly closed. In the medium-small range there are seven examples with lightly incurving sides (form 1700), and in the small range there are 6 examples of a similar form (form 1756). There are also 6 examples of medium-small bowls with neutral to open stance (form 1710) but clearly deeper than the more common medium depth in the same size range (form 1740). The shallow bowl forms, eleven in quantity, are open to neutral in stance, and basically represent a new form although there is one possible example from Area H 1 of a medium-small shallow bowl (fig. 5.5:4). Specific Types. In rim form the great majority of the small bowls (66 of 78 of those with definable form) have a thinned, tapered lip continuing the wall line of the bowls. A few (4) have squared lips and a similar number (5) have rounded lips. Only one bowl has a slightly everted lip (pl. 8:25), and there are two with thickened rims on the interior (pls. 19:18; 22:10), a new rim treatment that becomes more prominent in Stratum III and later periods. In base form the small bowls appear to show little variation. The dominant form is a rounded base. Most of the smaller bowls that have a fairly large segment of the wall preserved suggest rounded bases (fig. 7.3:12, 13; pls. 8:2, 31; 9:12; 12:23, 24, 44; 13:9; 15:15, 28). One whole form, which also could be a spoon, has a rounded base (pl. 13:27). There are a few small bases that are flat (pls. 12:6; 22:13; 23:14, 22). The most distinctive form, mirroring similar examples from the EB IB tombs, is a small, intact bowl with omphalos base (fig. 7.3:10). Examples of disk or ring bases (cf. the 7 examples from Area H 1, Stratum V) no longer appear. Cemetery Comparative Material. The medium-small to small bowls are paralleled by many forms from the EB IB tombs (Schaub 1981: fig. 15:4 for fig. 7.3:6; Schaub 1981: 15:9 for fig. 7.3:7; Schaub 1981: fig. 16:21 for fig. 7.3:8; Schaub 1981: fig. 5:5 for fig. 7.3:9; Schaub 1981: fig. 16:16–20 for fig. 7.3:10; and Schaub 1981: fig. 17:3 for fig. 7.3:12).

Handles The handles offer some of the most distinctive diagnostic features of the Stratum IV assemblage. The elongated “duckbill” ledge handles provide a key feature associated almost exclusively with Stratum IV and the EB IB tombs in the cemetery. A distinctive wide, flat loop handle, attached from above the rim on jars, found in the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

149

EB IB tombs also appears in the Stratum IV Primary Loci. Tiny lug handles (“ear lugs”) attached prominently on the shoulder of amphoriskoi also appear. They have long been associated with the latter part of EB I at other sites. Column or pillar handles, associated with large jars, have a longer history in the Early Bronze Age but appear to have their beginnings during the latter part of EB I. Ledge Handles. Of the six types of ledge handles that occur in the Stratum IV material, five of the types—plain, finger-impressed, notched, pushed-up, and knobledge—continue forms associated with Stratum V. The plain, finger-impressed, notched and pushed-up forms are semi-circular to parabolic in shape, always wider at the vessel attachment than they are long (the exterior protruding dimension). The four plain examples vary slightly in shape and surface treatment. One (pl. 16:1) has a pronounced, rounded lower surface, and a second is covered with punctate decoration on the upper surface (pl. 16:18). A ledge-handle form on a bowl in Tomb A 88L (Schaub 1981: fig. 16:22) has both of these features. There is only one example each of the finger-impressed (fig. 7.2:23), notched (pl. 22:6) and pushed-up forms (pl. 18:24). The latter belongs to a jar with broad red stripe painting (“pajama style”). The knob-ledge forms are often placed below the rim of bowls (fig. 7.3:7, 11), or holemouth jars (fig. 7.1:11). One example occurs on the shoulder of a necked jar (pl. 22:7), and there are five knob-ledges on indeterminate forms (pls. 8:36; 10:5; 13:23; 14:23; 19:34). The knob-ledges are in between the flat and wide ledges. They are more like ledges than rounded knobs, but they are smaller than the normal ledge and yet, since they barely protrude horizontally, they resemble knobs. They probably functioned to allow a person to lift a full bowl by providing vertical support or to tip large jars with a better grip. Single rounded knobs are also found (pls. 9.2; 13:8; 14:23; 22:7). This feature is discussed in chapter 9. The “duckbill” ledge handles are the most distinctively designed forms of ledge handles in Stratum IV as well as the most numerous (21 of 40). The proportions of these handles are just the opposite of the rounded and parabolic forms. The “duckbill” handles are elongated, with the length (protruding element horizontally) often twice the width. In section, the handles are very thick, circular or elliptical in shape. It should be noted that the term “duckbill” used for ledge handles at some other sites does not represent the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠type (Betts 1992: 89). Functionally these handles would provide very firm grips for a heavy water jar. The length of the handles is usually equivalent to the hand span of four fingers (9 cm) so that the handles could be gripped parallel to the jar. They also are usually sloped upwards, continuing the angle of the lower section of jars. This angle would provide a more comfortable position for upraised arms if the vessels were carried on the head. On the surface and edges the handles are almost always smooth. There is only one example of finger impressions on the very end of the handle (pl. 10:31). In ware, all of the “duckbill” handles have wadi sand as temper, a temper most frequently associated with jars used for liquid storage. Primary loci for Stratum IV from Areas J 2 (3) and F 4 (6), and Fields IV (8) and XII (4) provide illustrated examples of the “duckbill” handles (fig. 7.2: 21, 22 and parallels cited). Good parallels from the EB IB cemetery tombs come from Tomb A43 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 133:1, 2) and Tomb A 88L (Schaub 1981: fig. 9:3). Lug Handles. There are nine examples of lug handles. These handles are usually small and placed vertically on the shoulders of amphoriskoi (fig. 7.2:17). Hennessy called these handles ear lugs and we followed that terminology in describing this type

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THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

on the cemetery vessels. The term “ear” however seems to be misleading since some publications have used the term ear handle to describe high loop handled jugs (Hendrix 1996: 116). The ear lugs of Hennessy are tiny semi-circular loops barely protruding above the shoulder on small jars. Other examples of lugs in Stratum IV include larger forms also found on the shoulder of jars. Two of the examples had the lugs in a vertical position on the shoulder (fig. 7.2:18) and one horizontally (fig. 7.2:15). Loop Handles. Loop handles are fairly common in Stratum IV. There are nineteen examples in the Primary Loci, including three whole vessels, all small juglets (fig. 7.2:16). The handles on the whole vessels are all attached from above the rim, a pattern consistently associated with the EB IB juglets from the cemetery. A second pattern of the EB IB vessels in the cemetery is a wide “strap” handle and this form is reflected in the width of some of the loop handle fragments of Stratum IV (pls. 9:29; 11:11; 12:9; 13:15, 22; 15:1). Two of the handle fragments classified as loop are very large and circular in section (pls. 9:27; 15:43). These could be further examples of “duckbill” handles. Column Handles. Only one example of a column handle turned up in the Primary Loci (fig. 7.2:19). It is a particularly fine example with cup-like formation, intended to hold a small juglet, and a pierced hole that would have allowed spilled liquid to funnel to the jar interior. Examples of jars with pierced column handles from the EB IB tombs in the cemetery are found in Tomb A 43 ( Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 135:2) and Tomb A 88L (Schaub 1981: fig. 9:4). Bases Fabric Texture, Temper, Surface Treatment, Fabric Cores. When allowance is made for the large number of small bowls, the bases show similar groupings to the rim sherds in fabric texture and temper, and surface treatment (table 7.1). The pattern of a larger percentage of blackened cores in the bases, noted in Stratum V, is also repeated here. Since most of the small bowls have rounded or flattened bases, and the drawn bases are predominantly flat bases, the small bowls need to be removed in comparing ware attributes of rims and bases. When this is done the rim sherds and flat bases show close correspondence in temper and fabric texture distribution. The only difference appears in the percentages of wadi sand temper. The latter appears in 40% of the rim sherds and in 55% of the bases. A large group of unknown tempers in the rim sherds (13%) may account for the difference. In fabric texture the large majority of sherds in both categories are of medium texture. A slightly larger percentage of coarse and friable sherds are found among the bases. In surface treatment, slip, burnish and slip-paint the distributions are similar. In fabric cores the bases, especially the thicker forms, show a higher percentage of blackened areas (54%) than the rim sherds (43%). In Stratum V the percentages were 60% for the bases and 37% for the rim sherds. Basic Forms. Although the overall percentages of jar bases in Stratum IV and Stratum V are similar, the differences in ware categories between bases of both strata are significant. As in Stratum V, jar bases were distinguished using a 65 degree angle or higher at the base. In Stratum V the percentage of jar bases was 38% and in Stratum IV 34%. When the ware categories of the jar bases of the two strata are compared, Stratum IV has higher percentages of limestone temper and friable fabric textures. Since these attributes are consistently related to holemouth jars it is reasonable to assume that these percentages reflect a higher percentage of holemouth jar

spread is 9 points long

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

151

bases among the Stratum IV bases. As noted above, however, overall the jar wares reflected in the rim forms of Stratum IV have far fewer coarse wares. The distribution of the sizes of the bases reflects considerable variation. When the diameter of all of the bases is plotted, there are several peaks in the curve and distribution is irregular. If the jar bases are plotted separately, the size ranges display more consistency. Without the jar bases the distribution of the bowl bases follows a normal battleship curve pattern, peaking at a diameter of 14. The overall mean is 17. The dominant median central range between 10 and 20 cm includes 92 out of 116 samples. Among the jar bases the mean is 22 cm and there are several size groupings. The largest group occurs between 20 and 26 cm (35/70). The second and third groups are similar in number, 11–18 cm (16/35), and 27–32 cm (14/35). A smaller range, 4– 10 cm, probably includes juglets and amphoriskoi. The differences in base forms between Stratum V and IV could well reflect new vessel forms as well as changes in base formation. In Stratum V the concave form was found in 51% of the total, and straight joins comprised 40%. Only 8% of the forms were convex at the join. In Stratum IV the distribution is much more even: 36% concave, 36% straight, and 24% convex. The jar bases also reflect a similar distribution. There are 6 vessels with flattened bases in Stratum IV. Disk and ring bases that did occur in Stratum V are no longer present. A new type occurring in a few examples is the omphalos base. Spoons Next to the “duckbill” ledge handles, the spoons with curved tip are the most unusual and distinctive forms in the Stratum IV assemblage (fig. 7.3:15–19). The handles on these spoons are usually wide and elliptical in section. In those examples in which the full handle is preserved (8 of 12), the end of the handle is curved upwards providing a grip. In addition to the 12 Primary Loci examples, there are also 11 other similar examples from the Area J 2 non-primary loci, all elliptical and wide and most with curved-up tip at the end. The form is clearly different from the Stratum V spoon examples which have a notched end and a protuberance in the middle of the handle to provide a grip. Only one of the examples from Stratum V Area J 2, from the latest locus (Locus 10), has the curved-up tip similar to the Stratum IV examples. The wares of the Stratum IV spoons also set them apart from their Stratum V cousins. In fabric texture the spoons are either fine (6 of 12) or medium coarse (6 of 12). Five of the 12 have Z temper with orangish fabric color. Three also have signs of broad band-slip paint (fig. 7.3:14). This may have been a standard decoration for the spoon in the bowl area. One of the Stratum V spoons also has this type of decoration. Two examples from Tomb A 100N, an EB IB tomb, have the same distinctive turned-up tip of the handle (Schaub 1981: fig. 6:12, 13). In both of these examples the exterior decoration on the back of spoons has lines which appear to suggest the feathers of a bird. The larger form in figure 7.3:14 has an exact parallel in Tomb A 43 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 135:4). The Relation of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pottery to That of Other EB IB Sites Some comparative material for other EB IB settlement sites in Palestine is listed in table 7.7. The list is not intended to be exhaustive. For parallels for the many whole

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THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

EB IB vessels from the tombs mentioned above the extensive comparisons cited in the report on the tombs excavated in 1977 should be consulted (Schaub 1981: 71–77). The most significant group of parallels comes from Arad, Stratum IV. The range of similar forms includes three types of holemouth jars, two of holemouth bowls, nine types of necked jars, six types of medium-small to small bowls and one large bowl type. Surface decoration also has similarities although there is more evidence of variety at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Key diagnostic features such as pronounced ear lugs on amphoriskoi, spouts on bowls, and column handles are found at both sites. One carinated platter bowl from Arad is described as rare in Stratum IV, and the same can be said of the one primary locus example from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Even in clay preparation there are similarities between Arad and Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It is during Stratum IV that crushed calcite is introduced in cooking pots at Bâb edhDhrâº. A similar conclusion is drawn from the Arad petrographical analysis. “In Stratum IV, we find for the first time this combination: coarse calcite temper plus holemouth jars” (Amiran 1978: 43). Crushed calcite as a temper for cooking pots was introduced earlier at Tel Halif (Dessel 1991: 97–100), so the technology may have been shared from southern Palestine. Differences at the two sites also need to be noted. The type of bands of decoration on large storage jars that are common at Arad (Amiran 1978: pl. 8:13–23) is rare at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Also some of the more distinctive forms from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠such as “duckbill” ledge handles, spoons, and jars with upturned rim do not appear in Arad Stratum IV. Knob-ledges are also rare in the published material of Arad. In addition, the Egyptian presence at Arad and other southern Palestinian sites is completely absent from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The number and range of parallels from the Proto-Urban layers of the tell at Jericho are also significant. Over 20 of the basic form types find parallels at Jericho. When the EB IB tomb parallels are added to this number (see Schaub 1981: 71–77), the shared ceramic features between these two sites are a compelling argument for some cultural exchanges with the Jordan valley during this period. The other parallels are drawn from sites in the same geographical regions. From southern Palestine good parallels may be found in Stratum II of Tel Halif (at least seven types), En Besor, Tel Yarmuth, and Tel Erani. In the Jordan valley Tell Abu alKharaz (six types) and Tell Um Hammad (ten types) offer numerous similarities to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠range ceramic types. The site of ºAi in the central hills has at least six similar types. ºAi, of course, also has large EB IB tomb groups. The many parallels with ceramic forms at other sites indicate growing cultural exchanges during this period, but the lack of parallels for some site-specific diagnostic features from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggests limitations in those exchanges. Some of the basic form parallels and simple rims may be simply a reflection of similar basic life style. Thus the extensive parallels from Arad may indicate that these two sites were at a similar level of development. The most distinctive widespread shared patterns are in decorative features such as the line-group painting tradition. The extensive presence of this tradition at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Safi may indicate that the southern Ghor was a major center for this decorative tradition. On the other hand, the lack of external parallels for Bâb edh-Dhr⺠site-specific features, such as “duckbill” handles and spoons, seems to limit the influence of the southern Ghor culture in exchanges. Absolute Chronology. The extensive ceramic parallels with similar EB IB sites firmly position the Stratum IV cultural material of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in the latter part

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV Table 7.7.

153

Selected External Parallels to the Stratum IV Pottery

Holemouth Jars Fig. 7.1:1 (Form 1010, Rim 10): ºAi, Ph.I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:9. Tel Halif Str. II: Dessel 1991: fig. 22:5. Fig. 7.1:2 (Form 1010, Rim 12): Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig. 14:16. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:11. Tel Halif Str. III: Dessel 1991: fig. 18:4. Fig. 7.1:3 (Form 1010, Rim 18): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:29. ºEn Besor Str. IV: Gophna 1990: fig. 6:2. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 70:25. Yarmuth, B–V, Miroschedji 1988: pl. 20:19. Fig. 7.1:4 (Form 1010, Rim 16): Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: Genre 10, figs. 68; 157:12. Fig. 7.1:5 (Form 1010, Rim 11): Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: Genre 10, fig. 157:6. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig.36:9. Fig. 7.1:6 (Form 1020, Rim 11): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:13. Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 3:22; Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:11. Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig.14:15. Fig. 7.1:7 (Form 1020, Rim 13): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:11. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:2–4. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: figs. 156:10; 157:10, 11. Tel Halif Str. III: Dessel 1991: fig. 21:9. Fig. 7.1:8 (Form 1020, Rim 18): ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:10. Fig. 7.1:9 (Form 1020, Rim 18): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:26 (also 8:32, cf. pl. 13:1). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:16. Tel Halif, Str. II: Dessel 1991: fig. 19:1 (also cooking pot ware as 7.1:9, see description in pl. 18:13). Fig. 7.1:11 (Form 1020, Rim 16): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:15. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:19. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: figs. 66a, 154:9, Genre 9, Rim C. Fig. 7.1:13 (Form 1030, Rim 13): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:3. Pl. 9:23: 14:29 (Form 1040, Rims 10): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 40:23. Pl. 14:29 (Form 1040, Rim 12): Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 3:23. Fig. 7.1:15 (Form 1030, Rim 16). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 42:1, painted with spout: Kenyon and Holland 1983: 48:2; 130:19; 132:12,15; 134:15–17. Holemouth Bowls Fig. 7.1:16 (Form 1050, Rim 16): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 62:40. Yarmuth B–V: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 20:15,16, rim and size similar but stance is more horizontal. Fig. 7.1:18 (Form 1050, Rim 12): ºAi Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:10. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 36:3. Fig. 7.1:19 (Form 1046, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:7. Fig. 7.1:21 (Form 1046, Rim 10): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 39:12. Tel Halif, Str. II; Dessel 1991: Fig. 22a:5. Necked jars Fig. 7.2:1 (Form 1117, Rim 65): Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:16. Fig. 7.2:3 (Form 1114, Rim 62): Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 205:3, 4. Fig. 7.2:4 (Form 1122, Rim 62): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:3. Yarmuth B–V: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 20:9. Fig. 7.2:5 (Form 1121, Rim 11): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:13. Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig. 14:9. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 204:12, Genre 29. Yarmuth B–V: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 20:7. Fig. 7.2:6 (Form 1124, Rim 62): Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 205:15, Genre 30. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 37:27. Fig. 7.2:7 (Form 1134, Rim 65): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:17. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 206:1–6, 11, Genre 31. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 37:20 (painted). Fig. 7.2:8 (Form 1444, Rim 62): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:18. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 205:5, Genre 30. Fig. 7.2:9 (form 1146, Rim 62): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: fig. 12:10. Fig. 7.2:10 (Form 1147, Rim 42): ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:3. Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:20. Tel Halif, Str. II: Dessel 1991: fig. 25:12.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

154 Table 7.7.

Selected External Parallels to the Stratum IV Pottery (cont.)

Fig. 7.2:11 (Form 1161, Rim 41): ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972:fig. 15:4. Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 11:4. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 38:2, 3. Fig. 7.2:12 (Form 1174, Rim 65): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 12:6. Fig. 7.2:14 (Form 1245, Rim 65): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 9:7. Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 193, Genre 19. Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig. 14:6 (with loop handle). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 38:24. Juglets, Amphoriskoi and Handles Fig. 7.2:16 (Form 1480): En Besor: Gophna 1990: fig. 6:6. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: 138:3. Fig. 7.2:17: Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 10:1–5. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 12:25; 46:11, 22 (not painted). Fig. 7.2:18: Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 10:4, 5. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 46:15; 132:17. Fig. 7.2:19: Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 11:1, 2 (unpierced). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 47:10 (unpierced); fig. 135:14 (pierced). Fig. 7.2:20: Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 10:7. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 1132:16 (painted). Bowls Fig. 7.3:1 (Form 1520, Rim 12): Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:1; Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:43, rim type 11. Fig. 7:3:2 (Form 1530, Rim 10): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 35:18. Fig. 7.3:3 (Form 1510, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:7 (without the knob). Fig. 7.3:5 (Form 1570, Rim 12): Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:10. Pl. 23:41 (Form 1610, Rim 22): ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:2. Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 8:4. Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig. 14:5. Fig. 7.3:6 (Form 1700, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 7:20 (see pls. 11:7; 19:36). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:26, rim type 11. Fig. 7.3:8 (Form 1710, Rim 12): Tell Um Hamad: Betts 1992: fig. 226:1–8, Genre 55, similar vertical stripes with thin horizontal band at rim. Fig. 226:4, 6 have similar slightly thinned rims; cf. these types to the “small deep bowls,” Genre 40, fig. 214:15–17, also with vertical bands. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:11, 28. Fig. 7.3:9 (Form 1756, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 7:7, 13. Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 2:8 (with vertical stripes); Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:14, 16, 18, 20. Tel Halif, Str. III: Dessel 1991: fig. 38:15, 16, 17 (nos. 16, 17 have line-group painted decoration). Fig. 7.3:10 (Form 1770, Rim 10): See the other Bâb edh-Dhr⺠parallels cited for these small bowls. Most do not show the base. For the basic size group with probable rounded base cf. Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 7:2–5. Tel Erani: Kempinski and Gilead 1991: fig. 12:5 (with painted interior). Tell Abu alKharaz: Fischer 1993: Fig. 14:1–3. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:12, 13. Tel Halif, Str. II: Dessel 1991: Fig. 38:1, 7, 8, 10, 11. Fig. 7.3:12 (Form 1740, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 7:10. Fig. 7.3:13 (Form 1830, Rim 12): Arad, Str. IV, Amiran 1978: pl. 7:16. Painted and Other Decorations Fig. 7.3:21. For painted design see Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 9:8, 9. Fig. 7.3:22. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 34:4; Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 132:22. Fig. 7.3:23, 24. For stripe design see ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:15. Arad, Str. IV: Amiran 1978: pl. 11:12, 13. Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 3:29. Tell Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 1993: fig. 14:18. Fig. 7.3:20, 25. For painted design see ºAi, Ph. I: Callaway 1972: fig. 15:10. Jericho: Hennessy 1967: pl. 3:26; Kenyon and Holland 1982: fig. 35:5, 6; 36:1, 5; 38:25, 30: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 131:17. See Tel Halif, St III: Dessel 1991: fig. 38:16, 17. Pl. 13:24. An unusual band of large lunette decoration is similar to a common type of decoration in the Jordan valley. See Tell Um Hamad: Betts: 1992: pl. 6:1; Fig. 187:5. Tell Abu Habil: Leonard 1992: pl. 20:26.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM IV

155

of the fourth millennium b.c. The three Stratum IV C 14 dates (see chapter 22) offer a broad range extending from the mid–fourth millennium to the early third millennium. A suggested range for Stratum IV at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠between 3200 and 3100 b.c. does not seem to be out of line with the C 14 dates. Social Significance of the EB IB Pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠The study of the Stratum IV ceramics reveals a number of important patterns. Clearly, adaptation is taking place in the ceramic craft. The standardization of sizes in the basic forms, the more consistent use of inclusions adapted for specific uses in the wares, the development of new handle types, and decorative features all support this assessment. All of these changes may be understood as meeting the new needs of settled village life. Overall, however, there is still a basic simplicity in the range of ceramic forms. The elaborate typologies of basic forms and rim types of other EB IB sites, such as Jericho and Tell um Hammad in the Jordan valley, are not represented at Bâb edhDhrâº. Village life here, with no public buildings and a widespread settlement, remains fairly basic.

The Stratum III Town

8 THE STRATUM III TOWN

The building activities of the Stratum III occupants commonly took place over the burned and demolished remains of the previous Stratum IV. Sanctuary B in Field XII, for example, rested directly on the charred remains of Stratum IV, and this same stratigraphic picture was duplicated in most fields of the site excavated. It was with Stratum III that the beginnings of town life occurred, while the new features of this stratum set the course for what was to follow in Stratum II when the most expansive construction took place. Some evidence of cultural carryover occurred in all the Early Bronze Age strata at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and this was also the case in the transition from Stratum IV to Stratum III (see, for example, the petrographic analysis of pottery in chapter 9). It is difficult to estimate how much time elapsed between the end of Stratum IV and the establishment of the Stratum III settlement. Judging from the fact that Stratum III remains lay directly above those of the village of Stratum IV, the Stratum III settlement could have begun not long after the village was ruined. The cemetery evidence seems also to suggest a limited time between the end of EB IB and the beginning of EB II. An indication of this is Tomb A 56, a charnel house dated by its pottery to the early part of EB II (Schaub 1981: 77–78). Notably, this charnel house was circular in construction, following the type of construction found in EB IB charnel houses such as Tomb A 53 (Schaub and Rast 1989: 209–33). In attempting to understand the Stratum III town, the most perplexing question is whether the town at this time was walled or not. Unfortunately, much of the evidence that might have resolved this problem was eliminated when the Stratum II builders constructed the massive foundations for the town Wall A, destroying or removing anything of what might have been previous fortifications. Two sections of thick mud-brick wall unearthed at the east end of the town site make it likely, however, that the Stratum III town was walled. According to the Lapp excavations, these remnants in Field II showed that a town wall made of mud brick had existed (Wall B according to Lapp’s designation, maintained along with Wall A in this report; P. Lapp 1966: 560). A part of this wall appeared in Field II.7, while in the west balk of Field I.1 the exterior face of what Lapp took to be more of this wall appeared. Both parts of Wall B were directly below the stone foundations of the EB III town. Lapp’s interpretation that these sections were parts of an EB II town wall thus appears correct by reason of their location and orientation directly below the later massive Wall A, and also by the wall’s width of approximately 2.50 m. Lapp noted that like Tell el-Farºah (N) Bâb edh-Dhr⺠had a mud-brick fortification during EB II that was followed by a stone town wall with superstructure of mud brick during EB III (P. Lapp 1968b: 5; for Tell el-Farºah see Miroschedji 1993: 436). The existence of such a mud-brick fortifica-

THE STRATUM III TOWN

157

tion around the Stratum III town thus is accepted here. Further discussion of this problem is found below. New directions in settlement layout and construction techniques accompanied the establishment of the emerging town of Stratum III. In comparison to the preceding village, the Stratum III occupants introduced building operations indicating special expertise. The slopes around Fields XVII and XIX were incorporated by a form of mudbrick terracing that facilitated successful living in this area of the town interior. The excavation of domestic buildings made of brick and the identification of a mud-brick town wall by Lapp suggests that the industry of brick manufacture was intensified during Stratum III. Specialized structures like Sanctuary B, indicating a more formal type of religion, were raised. Once again within the cemetery the construction of new types of charnel houses indicated similar changes. The larger, rectangular mortuary buildings that began in some cases in EB II were made of rectangular bricks, apparently produced in molds as in the case of the town houses. They contained, as well, more burials than the rounded EB IB charnel houses, whose plano-convex bricks were somewhat more crudely made than the bricks of the EB II rectangular charnel houses (Schaub and Rast 1989: 227). Three of the excavated fields in particular brought to light a wide enough exposure to provide a number of architectural features of Stratum III. These were the sanctuary area in Field XII, the group of mud-brick structures below the northeast gate of Stratum II in Field XI, and the exposure by the earlier expedition of the sections of the mud-brick Wall B at the east end of the site in Field II.7. The deepest amount of stratified evidence for Stratum III, however, was discovered in Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX on the interior of the city. These latter offered the best evidence for a detailed sequence of Stratum III occupation and cultural remains. Areas with lesser remains of Stratum III are discussed at the end of this chapter. An Early Sanctuary Field XII (Sanctuary B) A number of features that appeared in their excavation suggested that the two superimposed structures in Field XII should be considered sanctuaries or small temples. The earlier of the two (see chapter 10 for the later Sanctuary A) discussed here was a simple, rectangular structure very much in the Early Bronze Age tradition of broad buildings. The plan of the building was essentially the same as that of Sanctuary A, built directly above the earlier one and with only a slight shift in axis. In the course of excavation it was decided to leave Sanctuary A standing since Sanctuary B was barely preserved below it (at the most two courses in several places, but usually one course high). In figure 8.1 the exterior face of the west wall of Sanctuary B (Wall 6 in XII.5 and Wall 18 in XII.2) can be seen in the upper right immediately below the exterior face of the western wall of Sanctuary A above it, while the interior face of the eastern wall protrudes below the interior face of the eastern wall of Sanctuary A, in the upper left of the building interior. Also at the northeast corner, the lower wall of Sanctuary B splays out somewhat from that of Sanctuary A above it in the lower left. For the most part, however, the Sanctuary B walls disappear below those of Sanctuary A and were perhaps even incorporated into the lowest levels of the Sanctuary A walls. Since the Sanctuary A walls were left standing, the faces of Sanctuary B walls were uncovered

158

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.1. Aerial photo of Field XII with arrow pointing north; Sanctuary A is mostly visible, with walls of Sanctuary B protruding below the west wall of Sanctuary A on the exterior and at the northeast and north corner of Sanctuary A; flagstones of the later sanctuary are in a group in the middle of the interior; the hemispherical feature west of the arrow is taken as the base of an altar; beyond the structure on the south is the excavation of the town wall, Wall A.

only in those places noted on the plan (fig. 8.2). The latter does provide the basic plan of the structure, and the interior was thoroughly clarified through excavation. The dimensions of Sanctuary B were approximately 10.50 x 5.00 m, measuring from the exteriors of the walls. The locus numbers for the Sanctuary B walls in figure 8.2 refer to those parts of the earlier sanctuary that were either uncovered or could be observed from the side below the Sanctuary A walls, and these numbers were also extrapolated to the entire width of the walls even though the latter were not fully exposed (table 8.1). With the exception of the north wall that seemed to have been used in both strata, the Sanctuary A walls have a different set of locus numbers (see fig. 10.57). During excavation, the Sanctuary B walls were given different locus numbers in different squares. Occasionally, two different numbers were also used for the same wall in the same square (fig. 8.2). The northern wall, which served for both sanctuaries, was designated Wall 88 in the Field XII.5 Extension. In Field XII.8 the same wall was labeled Locus 17, while in Field XII.9 it was numbered Locus 4, the number used to designate it on the plan. The western wall of Sanctuary B was recorded as Locus 18 in Field XII.2, Locus 6 in Field XII.5, and taken together with the north wall as Locus 4 in XII.9. The eastern wall was designated Locus 7 in XII.1, Locus 15 in XII.4 (also Locus 34), and taken

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159

Figure 8.2. Plan of the Stratum III sanctuary (Sanctuary B) with five columns through the center of the building.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

160 Table 8.1. Square

Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XII

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.1

7

East wall of Sanctuary B, oriented north–south (=Wall 15 of XII.4)

XII.1

16

Lower level of mud-brick platform, under Locus 9, south of Wall 7

XII.2

10

South wall of Sanctuaries A and B, oriented east–west built against natural gravel

XII.2

18

West wall of Sanctuary B below Wall 2 of Sanctuary A, oriented north–south

XII.2

20

Bricky debris below Locus 1

51. Sh/Gt

XII.2

21

Ashy soil below Locus 20 (= Locus 25 in XII.5)

50. Sh/Gt

XII.2

22

Wall oriented east–west on north side of and at lower level than Wall 10, one course wide

XII.2

24

Pillar base with wood pillar remnant, pillar remain measured 13 cm high, 25 cm diam.

XII.4

11

Orange to brown fill layer across interior of Sanctuary B, below Locus 3 (= Locus 25 of XII.5)

XII.4

15

East wall of Sanctuary B, oriented north–south, same as Wall 34 (=Wall 7 of XII.1)

XII.4

34

East wall of Sanctuary B, oriented north–south, same as Wall 15

XII.4

43

Brown ashy along edge of Wall 34, foundation trench of Wall 34

XII.4

46

Bricky debris east and north of pillar base Locus 62 in XII.5, contained several “post holes” (= Locus 79 of XII.5)

XII.5

6

West wall of Sanctuary B, below Wall 2

Flotation

Other

17. 75#82, wood remains and fragments

76. #2905, Fan scraper

93. #3238, vat with spout

44. LM, UD, CR, BM? 48. Sh/Gt, LM, SM, UT

18. 77#155, small amount of charcoal with no plant remains

18. Pollen sample

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.1. Square

Locus

161

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XII

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

XII.5

25

Gray to black ash fill below Locus 10, contained reed matter

XII.5

36

Pillar base

XII.5

52

Part of Wall 6 found below niche or gap in Wall 2 of Sanctuary A (=Wall 6)

XII.5

62

Pillar base with wood pillar fragment measuring 27cm high and 32 cm in diam., insect disturbance in wood

XII.5

63

Compact bricky with ash, some puddling, below Loci 26, 12 and 10 (= Locus 25)

159. UI 179. Sh, Sh/Gt IM, BR

XII.5

65

Soft brick debris with ash below Locus 26, abuts pillar base Locus 83

212. UI 215. UI 222. UI

XII.5

66

Line of bricks 2 rows wide extending from Locus 62 to below Wall 2, over Wall 78

208. UI

XII.5

71

Pillar base below Locus 70,

XII.5

79

Hard bricky layer with a surface at bottom, below Locus 65, had several possible “post holes” (= Locus 46 in XII.4)

XII.5

83

Flat-topped pillar base below Wall 29

XII.5

88

North wall of Sanctuaries A and B

XII.5

91

Foundation trench of Wall 88, cut from Locus 79

XII.10

15

Bricky material with some possible lines of bricks visible below Locus 14, and also below Locus 4

XII.10

19

Bricky pavement with some brick lines, oriented east–west, possibly earlier pavement for Sanctuary B

Other

222. Pollen sample

206. Brick with finger marks

162

THE STRATUM III TOWN

together with the north wall as Locus 17 in XII.8. Finally, the south wall was partly distinguished in the two strata. Locus 22 in XII.2, not on the plan, was the earliest part of the south wall and belonged to Stratum III, but it is also likely that Locus 10 was already used at this time to bolster the south wall. No locus number was assigned the part of this wall found in XII.l. For convenience, the locus numbers are consolidated here, and in the discussion that follows the locus numbers are used as wall numbers. North Wall— 88 in Field XII.5 Extension 17 in Field XII.8 (together with east wall) 4 in Field XII.9 West Wall— 18 in Field XII.2 6 in Field XII.5 4 in Field XII.9 (together with north wall) East Wall— 7 in Field XII.1 15 in Field XII.4 (also Wall 34 in this square) 17 in Field XII.8 (together with north wall) South Wall— 22 in Field XII.2 10 in Field XII.2 (continues in Field XII.1) The materials used in the construction of the Sanctuary B walls were the same type as those used in the later sanctuary, showing continuity in construction technique into the following stratum. Foundations were of medium-sized stones measuring an average of 30 cm in diameter. The foundation stones were bonded with mud plaster. The superstructure was of mud brick, as indicated by a few examples of whole bricks (cf. Locus 74 in XII.5) and the considerable amount of brick detritus found in Stratum III. The width of the walls averaged approximately 1.25 m. It is possible that like Sanctuary A this earlier sanctuary had also been plastered on the interior since a few signs of plaster were found on lowest levels belonging to Sanctuary B. The doorway indicated with a question mark on the plan was based on an opening found in the wall at this point, although whether this was an actual door or a robbing or falling away of stones was not clear. If a doorway, it would fit with the common type of entry found in broadroom structures of the period. No evidence came to light of benching along the walls of Sanctuary B. The stratigraphy as seen in Section A–Au (see fig. 10.58) through the interior of the buildings of both strata allowed for a complete separation of the two buildings, as well as for determining the changes in plan that took place when the later sanctuary replaced the earlier one. On the south, Wall 10 was placed against a cut into the natural gravel and sand layers, serving both to hold back these layers and at the same time providing the south wall of Sanctuary B. This same use of Wall 10 also continued during Stratum II, at which time Wall 10 was the south wall of Sanctuary A. Since the mud-brick buildings of Stratum IV discussed in the previous chapter were also built in lower levels than the surrounding gravel surface, it is possible that already during Stratum IV the practice of cutting back and retaining the natural sand and gravel lay-

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163

ers was introduced in this area, similar to Wall 4 in XII.11 that was placed against natural sand and gravel (fig. 6.8). Whether the foundation of the north wall of Sanctuary B, Wall 88, was placed against a cut into the natural soil was not clear, since erosion obscured the evidence (fig. 10.58). Wall 88 did serve, however, as the northern wall for the sanctuaries of both strata. Its foundation trench (Locus 91) was cut from surface Locus 79. The area around the east wall of Sanctuary B was also eroded, but it appears that the west wall had been placed into a cut area of the surface. A line of five pillar bases came to light across the center of the building (fig. 8.2). Three of the pillar bases (Loci 62, 71, and 36) rested directly on Stratum IV debris, while pillar base Locus 24 was set on natural gravel, and pillar base Locus 83 was placed on fill that served to level the floor of Sanctuary B. Section A–Au (fig. 10.58) shows that, as found, the lower parts of wooden beams were still resting on the four pillar bases to the south. The wooden beam on pillar base Locus 24 in XII.2 was approximately 25 cm in diameter, while that on pillar base Locus 62 in XII.5 was approximately 32 cm in diameter (fig. 8.3). Only Locus 83, the pillar base at the north end, had no remaining wood remains above it, although a few crumbled wood pieces were found around the area. The five pillar bases were not evenly spaced, and although they served to support the roof, they probably also had the effect of enhancing the architecture and construction. Pieces of charcoal indicated that the roof of the sanctuary had wooden cross-beams, while reed matter in Loci 25 and 63 of XII.5 suggested roof covering of reeds and daub. Between the pillar bases were soils containing occupation debris and fill (Loci 79, 25, 63 in XII.5, and Locus 21 in XII.2). Although not seen in Section A–A u of figure 10.58, Locus 65 in XII.5 was composed of fill material. The leveling up of the area during Stratum III made use of ashy and bricky debris of Stratum IV. The reed matter found in Locus 25 of XII.5 was also of the same type as that from Stratum IV (Locus 19 in XII.5). Some animal bones were found in Loci 63, 65 and 69 of XII.5 seemed to come from secondarily-used Stratum IV fill rather than belonging to activity within the Stratum III sanctuary. Several “postholes” were found in the bricky surface at the bottom of Locus 79 in XII.5 (similar ones were noted in Locus 46 of XII.4). These holes measured approximately 13 cm wide, and 15 to 20 cm deep. Their use in Sanctuary B was unclear, and it is possible they were associated with Stratum IV activity related to Wall 78 since they appeared in the bottom of the loci in which they were found. With its foundations of stone, the construction of Sanctuary B was unique in relation to buildings elsewhere at the site during the same phase, since most buildings were constructed entirely of mud brick. The thick width of the walls of Sancturary B and the special construction of mud-plastered stone sub-structure pointed to the unusual attention given to this building. The fact also that a later rectangular building was built on the same axis above Sanctuary B suggests that the building had special importance. The pillar construction also suggests a distinctive meaning at this time (see below), although this type of construction would not in itself suggest a sanctuary. Also important for considering this building as a small temple was the fact that the area was surrounded by a courtyard paved with bricks, setting it off from surrounding parts of the site. Locus 19 (and possibly Locus 15) in XII.10 were parts of a pavement outside the sanctuary, similar to that dating to the time of Sanctuary A (see chapter 10). Since various features of Sanctuary B above indicated its function as a sanctuary, the close relation of the preceding building to its successor suggests that

164

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.3. Interior of sanctuaries in Field XII looking north; walls of Sanctuary A are above with the inner face of the eastern wall of Sanctuary B projecting below the east wall of Sanctuary A; three pillar bases are visible: Locus 24 in XII.2 whose wood has been removed, Locus 36 in XII.5 with wood remains, and Locus 62 in XII.5, also with wood remains.

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165

the earlier one had the same use as Sanctuary A. As in the case of Sanctuary A, remains of seeds and other flora were sparse if not absent in the loci from the interior of Sanctuary B, while the animal bones found in the interior came from Stratum IV debris used as fill (Loci 20 and 21 in XII.2, Locus 11 in XII.4, and Loci 63, 65, and 66 in XII.5). The small quantity of such remains seems to negate the use of this building as a residence. The predominance of bowls, jars, jugs and painted wares also indicated that this building had a purpose different from ordinary domestic use (see pls. 24:1–25:14 and table 9.5). The unusual spouted vessel in figure 9.5:7 (see the discussion in chapter 9) found on the interior of the sanctuary also could suggest a specialized use in the context here. Ceremonial objects such as the ivory pieces from Sanctuary A, however, were lacking, but this may have been caused by the the earlier sanctuary’s being cleaned out before the later one was built over it. Sanctuary B and Comparative Data One of the distinguishing features of Sanctuary B was its line of five column bases, four of which still contained remains of wooden pillars. Such wooden columns or beams on stone bases were used to support the ceilings of various buildings, including apparently local temples, during the third and second millennia (Mazar 1980: 74). A comparison of data from various sites suggests that this construction feature was particularly common in buildings of the Early Bronze Age, having been introduced during EB II, and possibly already during EB IB. Notable by comparison was the Late Chalcolithic sanctuary at ºEn-Gedi that had no pillar bases, although the broadroom form was used for this earlier structure (Ussishkin 1971: 29). In the case of some of these buildings the possibility has been considered that they were temples or sanctuaries. Early Bronze Age examples of buildings with pillar bases have been found at a number of Early Bronze Age sites. A line of pilllar bases was uncovered in an EB II building at Arad, taken to be a temple (Ben-Tor 1973: 96). Building 4050 from Stratum XIX at Megiddo also had a row of pillar bases, and from the time of its excavation this structure has been interpreted as a temple (Loud 1948: 61, figs. 137, 139). It has become common to assign a date of EB I to the Megiddo temple on the basis of the gray burnished sherds and several other EB I types (Miroschedji 1988: 40; Esse 1991: 68– 69k). This date, however, cannot be taken to be final since some of the pottery found with the temple also suggested an EB II date (e.g., Loud 1948: pl. 3:7). The twin temple on the north, Building 4047, had a quantity of pottery that would date to EB II (Loud 1948: figs. 97:50–54, 98:25), and consequently the Megiddo structure may be another example of a sanctuary with pillar bases and columns during EB II. The most recent excavations of this temple area by Tel Aviv University have clarified some of the phasing, but since these excavations produced little new pottery, the question remains open whether Building 4050 is to be dated to EB I or EB II. The excavators have decided on a late EB I date (Finkelstein, Ussishkin, and Halpern 2000: 25–74, and see especially pp. 52–53 and 55). On the use of the pillar bases, the excavators at Megiddo expressed their doubts that the bases in Temple 4050 would have been used for roof-supporting columns (Loud 1948: 61). They based this conclusion on two other bases found next to the wall, which they argued would make no sense as beam supports. Aharoni, on the other hand, assumed that the most obvious reason for such bases in the Stratum XIX building

166

THE STRATUM III TOWN

would have been for roof-supporting pillars (Aharoni 1970: 834). Ben-Tor did not discuss the pillar bases in the middle of the Stratum XIX sanctuary at Megiddo, although he commented that the two bases adjacent to the wall in this building could not have been used as roof supports (Ben-Tor 1973: 94). At ºAi the building termed a palace by Marquet-Krause, but later assumed to be a sanctuary (Callaway 1975: 41; Ben-Tor 1973: 96), had four pillar bases on the floor of the room, one of which had remains of burned wood on it (Marquet-Krause 1935: 327; Dussaud 1935: 347). The pillared bases were found in connection with the first use of the building, dated to EB II (Callaway 1965: 33), which provides yet another example of a temple of this type during EB II. One of the best-preserved of such buildings was the plastered White Building at Tell Yarmuth, taken to be a temple in the Early Bronze long-room tradition (Miroschedji 1988: 40–41, but see the recent doubts expressed in Miroschedji 2000: 318 and n. 2). This building had been used in two stages, during both of which four pillar bases were found through the center of the structure. These bases were interpreted as having held roof supports (Miroschedji 1988: 36). The pottery associated with this structure in Chantier C at Tel Yarmuth was dated to EB III, and most likely to the earlier part of EB III (Miroschedji 1988: 30–36). Thus the Tel Yarmuth building suggests that the tradition of pillared sanctuaries continued into the later parts of the Early Bronze Age. Other EB III temples were built without pillar construction, such as the Stratum XII sanctuary at Jericho, a building that could also have been in use already in late EB II (Ben-Tor 1973: 95). At Megiddo, on the other hand, impressively carved pillar bases were found in the Stratum XV Temples 4040 and 5192, dating to EB III (Loud 1948: 78; Esse 1991: 69). Whether Sanctuary A at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠also had pillars was not clear, but a carved stone found in the Stratum I cult building of Field XVI (see chap. 12) could have come originally from Sanctuary A of Stratum II.

The Problem of a Town Wall in Stratum III Fields I and II (Town Wall B) Fields I and II on the east end of the town site were excavated during the second campaign in 1965 directed by Lapp, and these results are included in this report. The excavations in these fields contained key information on the problem whether the EB II city at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was walled or not. Field I was an area 31 m in length along the outer face of Town Wall A on the east side of the town. The field was divided into four 3 x 7 m squares extending east from Wall A, with a 1 m wide balk between each square, and one square, Field I.5, immediately to the south (fig. 1.4). In Field I.1 the eastern face of what Lapp designated as part of the town wall circumventing the town appeared below Wall A of Stratum II (fig. 8.4). The width of Wall B was not determined in Field I. Wall B as found in Field I.1 was still standing to more than 19 courses (fig. 8.4). The wall was entirely of mud brick from the foundation to the superstructure. Bricks were rectangular, measuring an average of 50 x 25 cm. Some of the bricks were reddish and oxidized, although the Wall B bricks apparently were not originally fired. At the base of Wall B was a bedding of sterile wadi gravel that was either natural or intentionally laid, and in either case it had the effect of protecting the lower courses from disintegration. Loci 5, 6, and 9 were bricky detritus resting sometimes against

THE STRATUM III TOWN

167

Figure 8.4. Field I.1 looking west at east face of town wall, Wall B, with meter stick in front and brick lines visible to at least 19 courses high; square cut in the lower part of the wall was made by the excavations and shows bricks within the wall (Lapp Excavations).

Wall B. Pottery from these loci and others belonged to Stratum III types (pl. 25:15–27; for Primary Loci see table 8.2). Another section that Lapp also presumed was part of Wall B was uncovered in Field II.7, one of seven squares opened in Field II, a small distance south of Field I (fig. 1.4). The main objective for the excavation in Field II was to open a section through the stone wall at the eastern end, using a recent military trench as a starting point (fig. 8.5). Subdivided as II.7A on the west and II.7B on the east, the II.7 trench also provided information on the relation of what was taken to be a tower in Field I.5 to Wall B, as seen below. The section in figure 8.5 thus shows a cut across what turned out to be both Walls A and B, in contrast to figure 8.4 which illustrates only the exterior face of Wall B with some of the base of Wall A above it. If both sections of mudbrick wall in Fields II.7 and Field I.1 represent the same wall, the part in Field II.7 suggests that Wall B was approximately 2.50 m wide, as Lapp estimated (P. Lapp 1966: 560). In any case, the remains in Fields I.1 and II.7 were enough to convince Lapp that the Stratum III town was walled.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

168 Table 8.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Fields I and II (Lapp Excavations) Description

I.1

5

Compact surface below Locus 4

I.1

6

Loose, washed soil red to cream color, below Locus 3

I.1

7

Gray soil with stones, below Locus 6

I.1

9

Fallen brick and stone, below Locus 5

I.5

2

Black ashy below Locus 1

I.5

4

Compact white surface over bricks of tower, below Locus 3

I.5

5

Bricky debris within the tower, below Locus 4

I.5

6

Bricky fill east of Wall C, below Locus 4

II.7

5

Bricky debris with charcoal on west end of Wall B

II.7

6

Pocket of charcoal below Locus 5

II.7

7

Bricky debris below Locus 6

II.7

8

Compacted, laminated bricky, below Locus 6

II.7

9

Ashy below Locus 8

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

7. Piece of rope (ancient?)

In the drawing of the north balk in figure 8.6, Wall B is seen below later Wall A. A thin burn layer (Locus 3 in II.7A) between Wall B and Wall A also came to light. Since Locus 3 had a petrified appearance, Lapp suggested that a conflagration had occurred, destroying the Stratum III wall (P. Lapp 1966: 560). The EDSP’s work, however, has not produced convincing evidence of a general destruction of the Stratum III town. It is possible that the ashy material within Locus 5 on the west end of Wall B was refuse matter rather than destruction debris (fig. 8.6). As in the case of the part in Field I.1, the lowest courses of Wall B rested on wadi gravel. A wall of such width following the same line as the later town wall above it speaks in favor of a defensive wall surrounding the town of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during Stratum III. In contrast to the massive stone substructure of Wall A, however, this defensive system apparently was made entirely of mud brick. Pottery in layers associated with Wall B, especially those in the section through II.7, is dated to EB II (pl. 26:6–37). Although doubts were expressed earlier about whether the EB II town at Bâb edhDhr⺠was walled or not (Rast and Schaub 1978:2), the two and one-half meter wide sections of mud-brick wall in Fields I.1 and II.7 appear to lead to an opposite conclusion. The main cause of the disappearance of much of Wall B could well have been erosion, and what was left could also have been demolished in connection with the

THE STRATUM III TOWN

169

Figure 8.5. Remains of mud-brick Wall B below stone Wall A above in section cut across the walls in Field II.7; view is to the northwest; meter stick leans against Wall B (Lapp Excavations).

Figure 8.6. Drawing of cut section portrayed in figure 8.5; note burn layer Locus 3 in II.7A (Lapp Excavations).

170

THE STRATUM III TOWN

construction of the heavy stone fortifications of Wall A in general around the site. Apparently it was the higher areas of the site where Wall B suffered the most through natural degeneration and removal for the later Wall A. In the lower elevations such as Fields I and II, the remnants of this earlier wall survived. A more skeptical position might hold that the wall was purposely constructed only to fill in the depression at the eastern end and that the natural hillocks served as protection for the rest of the town. The situation at the west end in Field XIII is interesting to compare, since a depression like that on the east is also found here. Only here the boulders of Wall A were placed on earlier debris, including that of Stratum IV discussed in Chapter 6. No evidence of Wall B thus appeared on the west side. Add to this also that this area was the location of the West Gate of Stratum II, whose construction also might have removed the earlier Wall B evidence. The solution, therefore, is not conclusive, and the question whether Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum III was a walled town or not could not be determined beyond doubt. The EDSP is inclined to follow Lapp’s interpretation that the earlier town was walled, but the fact that the evidence is limited to the east end of the site must be reckoned with. A Possible Stratum III Tower What Lapp took to be a possible tower projecting from the east side of Wall B appeared in Field I.5 and partly in Field I.1 (fig. 8.7). Field I.5 consisted at the beginning of a 3 x 3 m square between the south balk of Field I.1 and the east end of Field II.7. When the remnants of a structure began to come to light Field I.5 was extended another 1.50 m to the east. Nearly the entire area of Field I.5 was filled with this brick structure. The structure’s east–west wall on the north was encountered first in Field I.1 and designated Wall D. With the extension into Field I.5 a north–south wall (Wall C) was uncovered just below surface soil layers. This wall was parallel to the town Wall B, but seemed to be located a little more than 1 m east of the latter (fig. 8.7). On the south side the bricks of an east–west wall (Wall E) can be seen, matching with Wall D on the north. The efforts to find a second north–south wall farther to the east were not successful and erosion may have effaced the evidence at this point. The building seems to have been a roughly square structure of some type, and its interpretation as a tower related to Wall B seems a reasonable explanation. Several problems remain, however. A basic one is whether Walls D and E abutted the face of Wall B. If they had done so, then Wall C may have served to add extra strength to a tower that adjoined the town wall. On the other hand, the explanation of a free-standing tower is also a possibility. The section in Field II.7 provided no definitive evidence to solve the problem of a relation to Wall B, and excavation between Wall B and Wall C was not clear on this point either. Lapp held, somewhat tentatively, that the north wall at least joined with Wall B. In a study of comparative fortifications along with a reinvestigation of the excavated area at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Helms offered an interpretation that is considerably conjectural. Helms accepted Lapp’s conclusion that the north wall met Wall B perpendicularly, and he proposed that the corridor between Wall B and Wall C had served as an entry to a postern tower providing access to the town through an internal stairway, with a crossing over a walking area on the town wall into the interior (Helms 1975: 142–44, figs. 4a, 7c). According to Lapp’s measurements the tower was approximately 4 x 4 m (P. Lapp 1966: 560), while Helms (1975: 144) measured it as a 6 m square, but since the exterior faces of the defining walls were not clear, neither measurement can

THE STRATUM III TOWN

171

Figure 8.7. Looking north at Field II.7 in left foreground and Field I.5 and I.1 behind; brick walls may have belonged to a tower on the east side of Wall B, remnants of which, as seen in figures 8.4 and 8.6, were below the rubble on the left side of the photo; in its latest phase the structure was filled with mud bricks and plastered over (Lapp Excavations).

be taken as final. Unfortunately, a drawing of the remains was not made during the excavations, so no plan independent of Helms’s proposal exists. The tops of the tower’s walls were not far beneath the surface, and little stratification was found within the tower itself. Much of its volume consisted of striated layers of bricky debris, while very little cultural material was present (see the pottery in pls. 25: 28–29 and 26:1–5). There was also evidence that it had been filled in with mud bricks in its latest use, with a plaster surface being put over the top of the northern wall. Like the town wall and several charnel houses, the bottom courses of the mudbrick walls were laid on a wadi gravel bedding. Stratum III Structures along the Periphery of the Town Site Fields XIII and IV Fields XIII and IV belong to the group of fields whose main objective was to investigate the town wall problem, and therefore they are referred to as fields on the

172

THE STRATUM III TOWN

periphery of the town site. These fields, however, also produced settlement evidence apart from the exploration of the town wall system, such as that presented here. The east–west Wall 75 in Field XIII.2A was seen in the previous chapter to have been part of a Stratum IV structure. Above this wall a Stratum III wall, Wall 38, was constructed making use of the earlier wall for part of its foundation but following a slightly different orientation (fig. 6.10). Wall 38 was made of bricks measuring on average 45 x 75 x 8 cm. It evidently was part of a building on the western side of the town site, but the building’s full extent could not be exposed due to the massive stone foundations of Wall A that the EDSP did not remove. The building may have been built adjacent to the outside western line of Wall B, although no evidence for Wall B appeared in either Fields XIII or IV to compare with what was found on the east end of the site. Thus the question raised above, whether the Stratum III town was surrounded by a defensive system or not, was not resolved on this side of the site. On the south side of Wall 38 were ashy occupational layers of Loci 46, 47, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60, 63, and 65 (table 8.3), containing good collections of pottery for the date of the structure (pl. 27:1–26). Additionally it might be said that Walls 16 and 18 in Field XIII.1 are probably best viewed as representative of Stratum III construction on the west side of the town, even though the stratigraphic support for their date was weak. A further structure of Stratum III was represented by Wall 14 in Field IV.1 (fig. 8.8). This wall was bonded to the natural Lisan marl by means of a gray mortar (Locus 39). At the east end of Field IV.1, Wall 14 cornered with Wall 34, while Wall 12 in Field IV.3 was a continuation of Wall 34, and it, too, intersected with Wall 29, defining a third corner of the same building. Loci 16, 24, 26, and 30 on the interior of this building contained well-sealed pottery (pl. 28:1–20). In at least two other cases brick walls were found to be bonded with mortar to the natural Lisan marl of the site. Wall 17 in Area F 3 was one of these (Rast and Schaub 1978: 7, fig. 5). The cut section illustrated in the previous figure exemplifies well the practice of bonding walls to the natural marl by the Stratum III builders. The second example was discovered by the EDSP in 1975 when the north balk of Lapp’s earlier work in Field IV.2 was scraped back. Here were found a few remains of an east–west mud-brick wall that had been bonded to Lisan marl in the same way as examples noted previously. The 1975 expedition did not assign a locus number to this wall so the details are not known, but it was probably one of the pieces of evidence that Lapp took to indicate a possible series of towers associated with the defensive system at Bâb edhDhr⺠(P. Lapp 1966: 560). What the EDSP found in the cleanup of Lapp’s Field IV.2 trench was that many small borings had been made into the marl face, and that these were filled with mortar as mud-brick walls were bonded to the marl. Notably, during the geologic survey of the 1975 season Reuben Bullard found a bone tool in a hole made by the ancient builders in the marl near Lapp’s Field IV (fig. 8.9, reg. no. 034). The tool was obviously used for boring holes for such wall placement, and the discovery in just this context illustrates an important element of mud-brick wall construction along the hills and slopes of Bâb edh-Dhr⺒s often marl topography. As for the proposal by Lapp that brick towers may have been built against the defensive town wall, the EDSP found no definite evidence of this in the excavations in Fields XIII and IV. On the other hand, around the exterior of the town site on the west and south sides heaps of greenish desiccated mud brick at a number of intervals were observed and studied by Bullard. They suggested that some sort of construction could have protruded from the defensive wall. At the same time, whether these bricky heaps

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.3.

173

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Fields XIII and IV

Square

Locus

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

XIII.2A

46

Ash mixed with small stones on south side of Wall 38, below Locus 43

XIII.2A

47

Coarse ashy next to Locus 46

68. Bone

68. 77#231, 1 cup charcoal, barley and emmer grains, grape pips, olive pits, possibly other seeds, burned bone fragment

XIII.2A

51

Ash with mediumsized rocks adjacent to and below Locus 47

72. Bone

72. 79#270, 1 tbs. charcoal and unburned wood, emmer spikelet and forks, unburned bone fragment

XIII.2A

52

Ash area with medium-sized rocks (= Locus 51)

73. 79#267, 1 tsp. charcoal with a few barley grains, 1/2 chickpea?, 1 grape pip

XIII.2A

55

Ashy area within Loci 51 and 52

76. 79#280, 1/3 cup charcoal, a few barley grains, emmer spikelets and fork, grape pip, beautifully preserved flax seed

IV.1

16

Mud-brick debris south of and abutting Wall 14, below Locus 15

IV.1

24

White mud-brick debris east of Locus 22, below Locus 16

IV.1

26

White mud-brick debris mixed with fine brown soil, below Locus 25

IV.1

30

Soft brown soil with Lisan marl, below Locus 26

Other

67. 79#230, 1 tbs. of charcoal with barley grains and rachis, emmer grains and spikelet forks, 1 grape pip, 1 UD seed

26. Bone 31. Bone 38. Bone 41. Flint object, shell 45. Bone

174

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.8. West section in Field IV.1 showing mud-brick Wall 14 of Stratum III below town Wall A above; Wall 14 was bonded to natural Lisan marl with a gray mortar Locus 39.

Figure 8.9. Bone tool a little over 6 cm long used for boring holes for bonding mudbrick walls to Lisan marl; found without locus by the EDSP in cleanup of Field IV.2 of the Lapp Excavations.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

175

belonged to Stratum III Wall B or Stratum II Wall A could not be determined. As noted above in connection with the problem of lack of evidence for Wall B on the west side, the erosion and paucity of Stratum III evidence on the west side is a problem, and therefore little can be said about the Stratum III defensive system on this end that is not speculative. Field XI The earliest construction in Field XI in the northeast part of the site belonged to Stratum IV, as was seen in the previous chapter. Following the limited amount of occupation during that stratum, Field XI became heavily used during Strata III and II. The area contained an intensive amount of brick construction, and walls from the various phases of Stratum III were discovered above and next to each other, as well as sometimes being reused in Stratum II (fig. 8.10). The intensive occupation of Field XI produced a challenge for phasing the different components. The plans and drawings of balks or sections presented below provide the best basis for linking walls and determining phasing within the structures. Stratum III Phasing in Field XI Stratum IIID. Four phases belonging to Stratum III were isolated in Field XI, Stratum IIID being the earliest and Stratum IIIA the latest. Stratum IIID was represented in Field XI.2 by Wall 76 and semicircular Wall 67 intersecting with it. As seen in the previous chapter, Wall 76 may have been built already during Stratum IV but it had a continued use into Stratum IIID (fig. 8.11). It was preserved two courses high and was set against a vertical cut in the natural Lisan marl. Loci 60, 70, and 72 west of Wall 76 were layers associated with this phase, as were the bricky and ashy debris of Loci 59 and 81 (table 8.4). During Stratum IIIB a cut was made in these layers to position Wall 65 (fig. 8.12), while semicircular Wall 67 was below Wall 65 and abutting Wall 76, although it did not have a good bonding at the junction with the latter wall (fig. 8.13). Semicircular Wall 67 also continued below the long northern wall, Wall 31, showing that Wall 31 belonged to a subsequent phase (Stratum IIIB). In figure 8.13 the disturbance in Wall 31 at the point where Wall 67 touched it shows that Wall 67 was in position before Wall 31 was built, and the bricks of Wall 31 were adjusted to fit above the earlier wall. Within the small area encompassed by semicircular Wall 67, ashy layers Loci 68 and 69 contained animal bones, including a bone of a bird. The most unusual objects from this concentrated area were three clay cylinders (reg. nos. 2869, 2870, and 2871) made of course, unfired clay, in which were implanted small flakes of flint (pl. 29:31). No parallels for these objects were found, and their function was unclear. The flint projections suggested rubbing or scaling, but the pieces may have had a symbolic rather than functional purpose. Included in the Stratum IIID phase were the cultural debris in Loci 60, 70, and 72, ashy layers Loci 68 and 69 within Locus 67, and Loci 59 and 81 on the east and west sides of Wall 76. The pottery of Stratum IIID is illustrated in Plate 29:1–49. Stratum IIIC. Two intersecting walls of a room in Fields XI.5 and XI.6 belonged to the following Stratum IIIC phase. Wall 22 in Field XI.6 was preserved one course high and two rows wide, while Wall 12 in Field XI.5 apparently belonged to the same structure but only one row remained. Within the room defined by these walls, Loci 15 [[text continues on p. 183]]

176

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.10. Photo looking southwest at Field XI.6 on left and Field XI.2 on right, showing walls of several Stratum III sub-phases; Walls 22, 40, 17, 29 and 15 are visible, all in XI.6, while the southeast part of Wall 33 in XII.2 and its continuation as Wall 9 in XII.5 is in the lower part of the photo.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.11. Plan of walls and rooms of Strata IV and III in Field XI, with sections cut and drawn indicated.

177

THE STRATUM III TOWN

178 Table 8.4. Square Locus

Description

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XI Subphase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XI.2

59

Mud-brick detritus and ash west of Wall 53, below Loci 55, 56

IIID

125. #2851, 126. Sh fragment of 135. Sh, Gt BO loom weight 144. UT, LM UD, Sh, Gt 153. Sh/Gt IM, UT 154. Sh

XI.2

60

Occupational surface below Locus 59

IIID

132. #2883, 136. Sh/Gt fragment of 132. LM, UD loom weight

XI.2

67

Semicircular mudbrick wall at junction of Wall 31, 3 courses deep, filled with ash, below Locus 59

IIID

XI.2

68

Soft ashy within area bounded by Wall 67, contains charcoal, some bone and chert, below Locus 59

IIID

XI.2

69

Sandy, compact ash below Locus 68

IIID

XI.2

70

Ashy layer below Locus 60

IIID

XI.2

76

Mud-brick wall below Wall 65, 1–2 courses deep, also below Locus 75

IIID

XI.2

81

Bricky debris on both sides of Wall 76, with ash, below Locus 75

IIID

XI.4

36

Mud-brick wall oriented southwest– northeast

IIIC

XI.4

24

Clay and gravel with disturbed Lisan marl south of Wall 3, below Locus 21

IIID?–C

Flotation

Other 144. Shell

127. Sh, Gt, BIRD

127. Flint

133. ##2869-71, 129. Gt, BM, Sh/ three Gt, UD unfired clay 133. Sh, Gt, BO cylinders SPAWL with flint pieces embedded 139. LM, UD 140. LM, UD 150. LM, UD 175. LM, UD 179. Gt, UT LM, UD, SP

140. Flint 182. Bone object

168. Sh, Gt BM 172. Sh/Gt, BM 176. LM, UD

168. Flint 172. Flint

41. Sh/Gt

41. 79#255, flecks of charcoal, no plant remains

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.4. Square Locus

179

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XI (cont.)

Description

Subphase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XI.5

12

Small section of mud-brick wall extending east from Wall 9, below Locus 4

IIIC

XI.5

15

Mud-brick detritus with ash west of Locus 5, below Locus 14

IIIC

30. Sh/Gt, IM 32. Sh/Gt

30. Shell

XI.5

17

Brown, coarse gravel west of Locus 5, below Locus 15

IIIC

27. LM, UD 37. Sh/Gt 47. LM, UD

35. Fossil

XI.5

20

Gravel, ash and mud-brick debris east of Wall 18, below Locus 19

IIIC

40. LM, UD 46. Bone

XI.6

22

Mud-brick wall extending northeast from southeast of square, abuts Wall 15, one course remaining (=Wall 18 of XI.5)

IIIC

XI.6

56

Orange, ashy surface with chunks of white marl, below Locus 55

IIIC

XI.6

57

Layer of mudbrick debris below Locus 56

IIIC

XI.6

58

Sandy, gravelly layer below Locus 57

IIIC

XI.2

31

Mud-brick wall oriented southwest– northeast, below Locus 1

IIIB–II

XI.2

33

Mud-brick wall extending southeast from Wall 31, below Locus 27, burned at corner with Wall 15 of XI.6

IIIB

46. Flotation

THE STRATUM III TOWN

180 Table 8.4. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XI (cont.)

Description

Subphase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XI.2

65

Mud-brick wall extending south from Wall 31, five courses deep, below Locus 39 (=Wall 16 of XI.6)

IIIB

XI.2

66

Orange occupation layer with ash and bits of charcoal, west of Wall 65, below Locus 39

IIIB

XI.2

73

Gray clay with white specks and charcoal, below Locus 66

IIIB

XI.2

78

Ash layer west of Wall 65, below Locus 73

IIIB

XI.2

79

Ashy area at southwest corner of Walls 65 and 31, below Locus 73

IIIB

XI.4

3B

Mud-brick wall oriented southwest– northeast

IIIB–A

XI.4

14

Plastered surface south of Wall 3, below Locus 12

IIIB–A

XI.6

15

Northeast– southwest mudbrick wall, below Locus 2, burned extensively on north face

IIIB

XI.6

30

Ash layer south of Wall 29, west of Wall 17, below Locus 27

IIIB

XI.6

31

Mud-brick debris north of Wall 29, west of Wall 16, below Locus 27

IIIB

70. Tooth, UD 108. Sh/Gt, IM, RG

XI.6

32

Bricky, gravelly fill south of Wall 29, west of Wall 17, below Locus 30

IIIB

72. UD, M

Flotation

Other

142. LM, UD BM 143. Gt, Sh, BM 155. HM, UD, BO, BM 145. Shell

161. UD, M, BR

31. BOS?, CR 32. Sh/Gt

71. Burned mud brick

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.4. Square Locus

181

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XI (cont.)

Description

Subphase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XI.6

33

Ash layer north of Wall 29, west of Wall 16, below Locus 31

IIIB

74. Gt, SP, BO 77. Sh/Gt, UT 110. Sh/Gt

109. C14 sample

XI.6

34

Coarsely packed gravel and disturbed marl north of Wall 29, below Locus 33

IIIB

78. Sh/Gt, B 80. UT, Sh/Gt, IM 82. UD

78. Flint

XI.6

48

Ash layer below Loci 49 and 51, west of Wall 17

IIIB

101. UD, M 121. LM, UD, CR 126. Sh/Gt

139. Flint

XI.6

52

Ashy mud brick west of Wall 17 in southeast of square below Locus 49

IIIB

118. Tooth, UD, LM, UD

XI.6

55

Hard, white mudbrick debris west of Wall 17, below Locus 48

IIIB

128. LM, UD

XI.6

56

Orange, ashy surface with chunks of white marl, below Locus 55

IIIB

XI.6

65

Clay debris below Locus 56

XI.1

23

Mud-brick wall along north of Loci 6 and 8, below Locus 19 (=Wall 5 of XI.3)

IIIA–II

XI.1

26

Packed mud-brick debris above Locus 25, below Locus 24

IIIA

XI.2

40

Thin layer east of and below Loci 30, 39

IIIA

XI.2

41

Thin gray lens below Locus 40

IIIA

51. UT, Sh/Gt

XI.2

42

Loose fill with ash and mud-brick detritus, below Locus 41

IIIA

52. Sh/Gt 118. UT, Sh/Gt LM, UD, Tooth (Tusk?), BM

XI.2

55

Orange to brown occupation layer south of Wall 31, next to Wall 65, below Locus 45

IIIA

122. Sh/Gt

128. Flint

147. Flint

30. Brick with mortar

121. Flint 122. Snail shell

182

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.12. Section C–Cu in XI.2 showing Stratum IIID Wall 76 with associated layers, and Stratum IIIB Wall 65 above it; section drawing was not undertaken until upper levels of Stratum II on the left had already been removed, but those levels were included on the right.

Figure 8.13. Photo of XI.2 looking west at circular Wall 67 abutting Stratum IIID Wall 76 (not visible in photo) below Stratum IIIB Wall 65.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

183

Figure 8.14. Drawing of Section G–Gu, the west balk in XI.5.

and 17, and possibly Locus 14, were debris layers abutting these walls (fig. 8.14). A small amount of pottery came from these loci (pl. 30:1–7). Stratum IIIB. Wall 31 in Field XI.2 was first built during Stratum IIIB and then repaired several times until one of the Northeast Towers was constructed against it in Stratum II (figs. 10.5, 8). Its base was set down on natural marl, and above the bricky debris of Locus 81 in Field XI.2. The orientation of Wall 31 influenced the construction undertaken in the area during Stratum IIIB and the following phase of Stratum IIIA. During Stratum IIIB Wall 31 served as the north wall for a series of rooms. On the east, joining with Wall 31, was Wall 33 in Field XI.2, on the south Wall 15 in Field XI.6, and on the west Wall 65 in Field XI.2, built over the earlier Stratum IIID Wall 76. These four mud-brick walls thus enclosed a full room (fig. 8.11). On the southeast side of this room, near the corner of Walls 33 and 15 in Field XI.2, was an area of thick, ashy burn with many animal bones (Loci 77, 79), resting on a cobble and gravel surface, Locus 80 (fig. 8.12). The foundation trench for Wall 65, Locus 84 in Field XI.2, was cut into the Stratum IIID debris of Locus 81. A series of Stratum IIIB occupational layers on the west side of Wall 65 can be seen in figure 8.12, including Loci 66, 73, 74, 75 and 78. Locus 55 on the east side of Wall 65 also contained occupational layers of Stratum IIIB. Pottery from these loci is found in Plate 30:15–28. The partial remains of three other rooms also dated to Stratum IIIB. The northern wall of an additional room was present in Wall 31 as it extended to the west, while Wall 29 in Field XI.6, which continued Wall 15 of Field XI.2, was the southern wall of this room. In addition to Loci 66 and 73 in Field XI.2 noted previously, Loci 29–34 in Field XI.6 represented stages of Stratum IIIB occupation (cf. the pottery in pl. 30:31– 48). The bricky debris of Locus 81 in Field XI.2 also belonged to this phase. Walls 9 in Field XI.5 and 17 in Field XI.6 defined two further Stratum IIIB rooms, although the room within Walls 15, 9, and 17 was badly eroded, and only the ashy surface, Locus 20 in Field XI.6, was still recoverable. Unfortunately, the latter had almost no cultural remains. The second room, bounded on its north by Walls 17 and 29 in Field XI.6, was also eroded, but it contained a number of loci with cultural material of Stratum IIIB. These included Loci 48, 52, 55, 56, and 65 in Field XI.6 (pl. 31:1–19).

184

THE STRATUM III TOWN

During Stratum IIIB, therefore, Field XI had a complex of rooms that may have been part of a large structure. The complex included more rooms than in the area exposed, especially on the south although much of that evidence had suffered from erosion. These rooms in Field XI also contained a high count of small cattle, sheep, and goat bones, suggesting that occupants of this area were of higher status and able to afford a diet rich in meats. Several cooking areas were also present, including Locus 77 in Field XI.2, and Locus 36 in Field XI.6. The four Stratum IIIB rooms discussed previously continued without substantial modification during Stratum IIIA. Loci 42 and 55 in Field XI.2 contained occupational deposits and pottery from Stratum IIIA (pl. 32:1–24). In addition, a room that was probably part of a new building was added east of Wall 33 in Field XI.2, with Wall 5 serving as the north wall together with Wall 33 on the west (fig. 8.11; note that the designation Wall 5 was the locus assigned this wall in Field XI.3 even though on the plan the number for the wall was placed on the part in Field XI.2; no locus number was assigned this wall in Field XI.2). As a result of this construction, a jog of about a half meter occurred where Walls 31 and 5 met. Only a small part of this room was excavated because the decision was made to leave intact the Stratum II east tower above (see figs. 10.2, 10). The new room also had benching (Locus 51) along both Walls 33 and 5 (figs. 8.11 and 8.15). As a common feature in Early Bronze Age houses (Amiran 1978: pl. 146:1–2), the construction of benches along building walls, not surprisingly, was also practiced at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Wall 3A, B, C. The building activity north of Wall 3 in Field XI.4 was further evidence of Stratum III construction, and appears to have been related to an access to the various structures to the south (fig. 8.11). Wall 3 was rebuilt three different times (discussed here as Walls 3C, 3B, and 3A). As can be seen in figure 8.16, the earliest of these wall constructions, Wall 3C, was built on top of and partly into the natural Lisan marl. Only a single course two rows wide of this wall survived when it was subsequently built over by Wall 3B. Wall 3C was constructed during either the Stratum IIID or IIIC phases, the latter being the most likely. Locus 24 that abutted it was fragmented clay and gravel, apparently debris from Wall 3C (fig, 8.16). Locus 24 was also later cut into by Locus 20, the foundation trench for Wall 31 of the Stratum IIIB phase (excavated in XI.2 but recorded as Locus 20 in XI.4). In the next reconstruction Wall 3B, preserved three courses high and a single row in width, was built up over Wall 3C and its orientation was shifted somewhat. Apparently the construction of Wall 3C had already introduced a slight curve, inclining this wall toward the northeast. When the Wall 3B rebuilding was introduced, the curve became more pronounced, as seen in the separation between the bricks at the east end of the wall in figure 8.17. The plastered surface of Locus 14 belonged with the initial construction of Wall 3B, and continued into the Wall 3A phase. This surface may also have originally joined Walls 3B and 31, the long northern wall in Field XI.2, before this surface was eroded near Wall 31 and cut off by Locus 18, a trench apparently used to repair Wall 3B (for two sherds from this locus see pl. 30:29–30). Wall 3B belonged to Stratum IIIB or Stratum IIIA. The final phase wall, Wall 3A, survived to two courses high (fig. 8.17) and was two rows wide. This wall has to be placed into Stratum II, and at this time Wall 3A seems to have served as a border to a passageway alongside the Stratum II towers in Field XI (for this see fig. 10.2 and p. 262 and the discussion there). Debris associated with Wall 3A is found in Loci 1, 6, and 7. The thin, ashy layers of Locus 7, the plastered and

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.15. Photo of Stratum IIIA Walls 33 and 5 in XI.2, with benching of Locus 51; note the join at the corner of Wall 33 and Wall 5, showing how Wall 5 was added to originally Stratum IIIB Wall 33.

185

186

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.16. Drawing of Section A–Au, the east balk of XI.2 and XI.4; note that all locus numbers in this section were recorded under XI.4 not XI.2; section drawing was not undertaken until upper levels of Stratum II had been removed.

Figure 8.17. Photo of XI.4 looking northwest; the three phases of Wall 3 are in the center; a mortar and a stone encircled by small stones rests on surface Locus 26; Walls 25 and 27 are barely visible at the surface.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

187

gravel surfaces of Loci 14 and 16, and probably also the clay and gravel of Locus 24 suggest that the space between Wall 3 and Wall 31 was heavily traveled during the Stratum IIIB and IIIA phases, giving credence to the interpretation of this feature as a passageway connected with the towers on the northeast of the Stratum II town site (see chapter 10). Several other structures most likely existed north of Wall 3, as indicated by Walls 27 and 25. A mortar and a stone with small stones encircling it were found resting on compact surface Locus 26 within what was probably a domestic buidling. The walls, surface and artifacts all suggest, therefore, that the area beyond the passageway was also used for occupation, but serious erosion has erased all but tatters of the evidence. The Lack of Evidence for Wall B in Field XI Since Wall 3 appeared to have been connected with a passageway or ramp, the question arises whether this wall had been linked to fortifications on the northeast side of the Stratum III town, or whether the buildings in Field XI discussed previously were connected with the Stratum III town wall on this end of the site. The problem is that no signs of Wall B appeared in Field XI, just as no evidence came to light for a Stratum II Wall A here either. Given the 3 m wide section of Wall B in Field II.7 just to the south, it does not seem likely that the area of Field XI would have been unprotected, but the alternative that the northeast area was not fortified also has to be considered. Two possible explanations remain, therefore, neither one having certainty. One is that the buildings in Field XI were originally linked to a town wall continuing Wall B, now irretrievably eroded. The other would be that this northeast area of the town was not fortified and that it had free-standing structures, some possibly related to defense. The area north of Wall 3 consists of soft marl that slopes off sharply, and consequently much erosion has taken place from ancient to modern times. But this also makes it nearly impossible to decide whether town Wall B continued upslope from Fields I and II into this area, or whether the northeast area of the site was unwalled. The same problem arises even more critically in the case of the great wall of Stratum II, Wall A, which also disappeared on the northeast side, and indeed across the entire northern side of the site (see the discussion in chapter 10). If the town wall of Stratum III did not enclose this area, that might suggest that the Stratum III mud-brick complex in Field XI had an important role also in regard to the security of the town. At the same time, since the area is the highest elevation at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, this in itself could have guaranteed a certain degree of protection on this side of the site. Stratum III Structures within the Town Although severely limited in horizontal exposure due to the nature of the terrain, the areas explored in the interior of the town yielded a deeper stratigraphic sequence than the excavations on the perimeter. Altogether, six squares were opened in the lower central interior of the town in Fields XIV, XVII and XIX. This amounts to less than the area examined in Field XII alone. And yet, in 2 m depth of cultural debris in Field XVII, only the latest phases of Stratum III were reached, while by contrast Field XII, with less than 1 m of cultural debris, encompassed Strata IV through II. In Field XIV a deep cut undertaken midway through the 1981 season reached Stratum IV material at a depth of 7 m. These fields on the interior of the Stratum III town,

188

THE STRATUM III TOWN

therefore, show an intensive use of the site over long periods of time. They also indicate that domestic occupation was widely spread across the interior of the town, and that specialized activities were carried on in some cases. The excavated material thus gives a solid basis on which to interpret the vast scatters of building stones, mortars, sherds and other cultural debris that have long lain across the surface of Bâb edhDhrâº, thrown up by rain and wind and attracting the fascination of explorers and visitors. Field XIV Cultural material dating to Stratum III in Field XIV was encountered only in the deep trench in Field XIV.3 (see chapter 6 on opening this trench), and the small amount of evidence from this trench indicates that more data for Strata IV and III would be present in this field if future excavation were taken to lower levels. Since, apart from the deep trench, the EDSP did not excavate to these deeper levels, the evidence uncovered was predominantly from Stratum II (see chapter 10). The discussion of Stratum III material here is thus limited to interpreting the stratigraphy of the deep trench (fig. 8.18 and its overlay). The various soil layers discussed indicate that considerable Stratum III activity occurred in the interior of the town. In the deepest probe at the northeast of the square, EL 282 sealed the Stratum IV cultural material, and its data are comparable to several SL (for the definition of Excavation Loci [EL] and Section Loci [SL] see chapter 6). EL 282 was excavated in three separate levels (table 8.5) and it contained mixed pottery of Strata IV and III. In the section drawing the lowest level of EL 282 (bucket 234, pl. 33:8, 9, 16, 35) is represented by SL 388, gravel mixed with light brown marls, and SL 387, a band of cemented gravel. On top of this gravel, SL 386 was similar in nature to SL 388 but contained more bone and charcoal (excavated as EL 282; bucket 232, pl. 33:17–21). SL 385, a thin 10–15 cm layer of gray marl containing some material from the lower levels of SL 381 (bucket 231, pl. 33:1–7, 10–15, 22–34), capped this sequence. No clear occupational levels were determined during excavation, although cultural materials were present. The absence of occupation evidence raises the question whether these layers indicate that the area was abandoned or whether the area had been filled in, perhaps to level it for further use. The layers above may resolve the problem. These layers were excavated as EL 213 (pl. 34:1–5) in the deep probe at the northeast of the square, and as EL 267, 264, 268 and 260 (pl.. 34:6–58) in the extension of the deep trench to the south. SL 381 above SL 385, extending over the full 5 m of the trench, is similar to SL 388 and 386, light brown stony with cultural debris. The same material is also found in SL 384 in the southern 2.50 m of the trench, which is separated from SL 381 by a 10–15 cm layer of gray marl SL 379, similar to that of the lower layer SL 385. It is possible that this sequence of layers without occupational surfaces represents aggradation associated with erosion originating from the slopes to the south. This would mean that the gray marl layers might have been due to rain occurring during the winter seasons, with the cultural material being carried into the area. Against this interpretation it might be argued that the gray marl layers are too thick to be associated with incidents of rain. The lack of tip lines or sloped layers also runs counter to the notion of natural erosion caused by rain. More likely, the uniform nature of the stony, light-brown marls with occupational debris (SL 388, 386, 381 and 384), interrupted by the gray marl layers (SL 385 and 379), is to be explained as fill

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.5.

189

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIV

Square

Locus

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIV.3

282

Levels from sounding at north end of deep trench, taken off in three spits

IV–III

XIV.3

203

Third arbitrary spit in the deep trench, 58 cm

III

156. Sh/Gt, DT, UDM

XIV.3

208

Fourth arbitrary spit in the deep trench, 52 cm

III

158. Sh/Gt (2), LM 160. D, HC, UT

XIV.3

213

Fifth arbitrary spit in deep trench, 43 cm

III

XIV.3

260

Compact light brown surface over entire area of deep trench, below Locus 259, above Locus 268, abutting Locus 261

III

XIV.3

261

White mud-brick wall, two courses high, running E–W from balk step in east, under Locus 259

III

XIV.3

264

Layer of sand and gravel in deep trench under Locus 268, above Locus 267

III

218. LM

XIV.3

267

Hard light brown surface in deep trench with many stones below Locus 264, above Locus 282

III

220. Gt 221. UT, LM

XIV.3

268

Light brown compact surface in deep trench, under Locus 262, over Locus 264

III

Flotation

Other

Utilized blade

166. #2861, spindle whorl 166. #2874, worked stone 210. Gt (2) 212. Sh/Gt, HC

brought in for leveling the area for occupational use. A similar process of fill and leveling is noted in Field XIX below. The 70 cm cut on the north of SL 384 and the alternating layers against it demonstrate the intensive later use of the area. The area was excavated as EL 203, 208 and 213 (pl. 33:36–34:5) in the deep probe, and as EL 264, 268 and 260 (pl. 34:6–38, 50– 58) in the extension of the trench to the north. The Section Loci reveal a series of light brown layers alternating with gray-ash layers suggesting domestic or industrial use. The earliest of these levels, SL 378, is a compact light brown layer with pebbles and stone and charcoal above the gray marl of SL 379. SL 377 above 378 is a loose gray ash level with charcoal, pebbles and stone. This same pattern of layers continues in the

190

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.18a. Section Loci (SL) in the east balk of the deep trench in Field XIV.3; the remains bearing on Stratum III extend from Locus 364 down to Locus 389.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

191

Figure 8.18b. Excavated Loci (EL) outlined over Section Loci (SL). The EL of Stratum III are listed in table 8.5. Bucket numbers are circled.

192

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.19. Photo of stump of Wall 261 protruding from West Balk of XIV.3; looking west.

loci above. Compact light brown levels with charcoal, stone and bone (SL 365, 369, 372, 374 and 376) alternate with loose gray ash layers containing charcoal and bone (SL 364, 366, 368, 370, 371, and 373). These layers all tend to slope from north to south. The bone material (sheep/goat, donkey, large mammal) from the excavated loci and the lack of occupational surfaces indicate this is a midden deposit. The only definitive remains of a Stratum III occupational surface in Field XIV were exposed in the northern end of the trench. EL 261, a white mud-brick wall 2 courses high and oriented east–west, was excavated at the level of SL 361 and 362 above the midden layers. The wall survived to two courses high and was 45 cm wide. It employed a header-stretcher method of construction, with the bottom stretcher course forming a step below the header course. Wall 261 extended 60 cm from the west balk of the deep trench (fig. 8.19) and seems to have been a stump of that wall since it did not continue across the square and does not appear in the east balk section. The orientation of Wall 261 is similar to the later Wall 239 of Stratum II. The Stratum II material begins with SL 330 and SL 333 which extended over the entire length of the trench, sealing the Stratum III ash layers on the south, and the levels associated with Wall 261 on the north. EL 203 contained mostly material from the midden deposit, but the upper level of this locus lensed into a small patch of SL 333. The deep trench in Field XIV and the drawn section in figure 8.18 thus helped to achieve the objective of gaining a stratigraphic profile of the interior of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The interior of the town went through the same phasing as found in other parts of the

THE STRATUM III TOWN

193

Figure 8.20. Field XVII.1 looking southwest after cleanup and initial excavation in 1979; note the erosional trough in front of the excavation area, where ash and other occupational evidence and structural remains were observed to a depth of 5–8 m.

site, except that in Field XIV this phasing could be seen in its full stratigraphic depth. Like other fields with Stratum IV material, the end of Stratum IV was associated with a burn layer. The following phase of Stratum III experienced an extensive infilling for occupational use. That such occupational use did occur is indicated by an apparent midden deposit represented in SL 377–361, and by a section of a mud-brick wall, EL 261. Field XVII Seventy meters west of Field XIV a second interior field was opened in an area that promised to yield considerable depth of occupation. Field XVII was positioned on the upper slopes of a narrow ridge just above the head of an erosional southwest– northeast gully (figs. 1.4; 8.20; 8.28). The latter joins with the major western tributary at a lower elevation. Erosion exposed cultural layers of ash and sherds in the southern wall of the ridge to a depth of at least 3 m below the surface of the ridge. Further to the west at the end of the ridge, cultural deposits at depths of 5–8 m in Field XIX were discovered after following up on the geological survey (fig. 1.4; see Field XIX below). A trench of 1.5 x 2.5 m was begun as Field XVII.1 during the 1977 season with the intention of achieving a vertical profile similar to the one made in Field XIV. As architecture began to be encountered, the field was expanded to 2.80 x 4.50 m in 1979 and

194

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.21. Schematic showing the expansion of Field XVII.1 from a small trial to a larger excavation area between 1979 and 1981.

4.00 x 5.50 in 1981 (fig. 8.21). The choice to excavate a broader area horizontally meant that the depth eventually reached in this field was 2 m. Further cultural remains undoubtedly lie below. A second attempt at a deep cut in this area was made in Field XVII.2 at the extremity of the ridge above the western tributary. A small amount of cultural material was retrieved, but the effort made here during the 1979 season had to be abandoned because of the danger of collapse. Stratum III Phasing in Field XVII.1 Stratum IIIA. Since only the uppermost phase of Stratum III (Stratum IIIA) was excavated in Field XVII.1, that phase alone is treated here. By contrast the nearby Field XIX contained a greater depth of occupation. Occupational surface Locus 143 (pls. 38:20–39:2) in Field XVII.1, with its equivalent Loci 149 (pl. 39:3–17) and 161 (pl. 35:34–44) and associated features, represented the earliest complete sub-phase (Stratum IIIA2) reached in this area (fig. 8.22). Architectural features associated with Locus 143 included Wall 121 and a late rebuild of Wall 141. These two walls were rare examples of stone architecture in the town interior, especially in the early phases (table 8.6). Wall 121 was the best-built wall exposed in Field XVII. At 55 cm it was two rows wide, and was still standing to at least three courses high. A 2 m section of Wall 121 was uncovered with the rest hidden in the south balk. The lowest courses were not exposed but it is clear that this wall had an earlier history. Wall 141 was poorly defined in places. One clear section, possibly a late-stage rebuild (seen under the meter stick in fig. 8.25), abutted Wall 121 and rested on surface Locus 143. This section, along with its extension to the north, may have been used as a screen wall to close off a work area of the courtyard in its latest sub-phase (Stratum IIIA1).

THE STRATUM III TOWN

195

Figure 8.22. Plan of Stratum IIIA2 in Field XVII.1 with surface Locus 143, Walls 121 and 141, and plaster-lined circular feature Locus 150 (see fig. 8.27).

The artifacts and features associated with this Stratum IIIA surface reflect intensive use of the area either as a courtyard or a small industrial center. The surface was covered with flat-lying sherds, including large segments of vessels. Restored vessels include a large jug (pl. 38:34, reg. no. 3366), a pitcher with broad red-painted stripes (pl. 35:36, reg. no. 3365), a small juglet (pl. 38:27, reg. no. 3017), a large ledge-handled bowl (pl. 39:11, reg. no. 3346) and a small bowl (pl. 39:12, reg. no. 3344), all from Loci 143, 149 or 161. The percentage of sherds representing tall-necked jars, pitchers, jugs and juglets is much higher in this phase (33%) than the norm of other phases in Field XVII (10%). Other objects found were a charred wooden pendant or tool (reg. no. 3369), the fragment of a ceramic tournette, and two sherds with seal impressions (reg. nos. 2945, 2946; see chap. 18). Unusual features included a horseshoe-shaped mass of charred wood (Locus 138), with traces of plaster on the exterior and interior. This installation rested on a round flat stone, Locus 159, which in turn was on the surface of Locus 143 (fig. 8.23). Efforts to preserve this feature in the field were only partially

THE STRATUM III TOWN

196 Table 8.6. Square Locus

Description

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XVII

Phase

XVII.1

131

Seven-course mud-brick wall in northeast area, cut by stone Wall 141

IIIA3

XVII.1

154

Compact grayish white mud-brick debris below Loci 132, 134, east of Locus 141

IIIA3

XVII.1

158

Sterile, ashy, IIIA3 gray-brown soil with mudbrick debris, below Locus 143, north of Wall 21

XVII.1

161

Grayish brown IIIA3–2 mud-brick debris below Locus 143, north of Locus 158, west of Locus 141

XVII.1

162

Mud-brick debris of Wall 131 in extension under Locus 120

IIIA3

XVII.1

150

Large installation with curving mud-brick walls, breaks surface of Locus 143, only partially excavated

IIIA3–2

XVII.1

121

east–west stone wall under Loci 75A and 123

IIIA3–1

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

308. Not read

310. #3117, seal impression

287. Sh/Gt, UM LM, BO, BR, BM 291. UT

287. One side denticulate, 1 sickle blade, seed 302./307. Flint

301. One utilized blade, shell, charcoal

306. #3365, restored pitcher (also Locus 143)

271. #3366, juglet (restored, see also Loci 143, 149) 273. #2947, seal impression 290. #3109, shell object 300. #3103, circular stone object 311. #3119, pitcher (restored)

306. Not read

306. One utilized blade

309. Not read

309. Flint, stone artifact

273. LM, BO 282. Sh/Gt, UT LM 285. Sh/Gt, LM BO, Br, BM

271. Two sickle blades, 1 uniface, 2 microtools, charcoal 273. Flint, plaster 282. Flint, seed 285. Flint, shell, seed 300. Flint, seeds 311. Flint 312. Charcoal

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Square Locus

197

Table 8.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XVII (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XVII.1

136

Dark brown ashy soil with large charcoal clump on Locus 143

IIIA2

XVII.1

138

Carbonized wood plastered inside and out on flat stone Locus 159

IIIA2

XVII.1

143

Occupational IIIA2 surface with flat-lying sherds and plaster patches, below Locus 135, over Loci 158, 161

292. #3017, small 264. Sh/Gt, BO juglet; #3369, 292. Sh/Gt, UT charred wooden LM pendant 297. #3102, circular ceramic object (tournette?) 292. #3366, small juglet (restored, parts also in buckets 294, 297, and 276, also Loci 149 and 150) 314. #3365, restored pitcher (cf. Locus 161)

264. Charcoal, flint 274. Charcoal 292. Charcoal, flint 297. Charcoal, flint, shell

XVII.1

149

Dark brown IIIA2 surface with flat-lying sherds below Locus 122, probably same as Locus 143

266. #2937, spherical stone object-bead 274. #2946, seal impression; #3344, small bowl (restored); #3346, large holemouth bowl (also bucket 280) 280. #2945, seal impression (joins with #2946); #3366, juglet (restored, pieces also in Loci 143, 150)

266. Charcoal 274. Charcoal, flint 276. Charcoal, stone object 281. Charcoal

XVII.1

153

Loose browngray soil with burned wood in Locus 149 north of Locus 121

IIIA2

248. LM 262. LM, BO 283. LM, BR, BM

248. Charcoal, seed 262. Flint, C14 sample 283. Charcoal, flint 313. Flint 298. Fan scraper

6. Sh/Gt, BO 274. LM, MS 276. Sh/Gt, LM UD, BO, BM, SC, ? 280. Sh/Gt, BO 281. Sh/Gt

276. C14 sample

THE STRATUM III TOWN

198

Square Locus

Table 8.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XVII (cont.)

Description

Phase

XVII.1

156

Pot with contents of ash, charcoal and seeds, on Locus 143, against Wall 141

IIIA2

XVII.1

157

Basin-shaped wooden installation in west balk on Locus 143, plastered outside, clay lining

IIIA2

XVII.1

159

Round flat stone supporting Locus 138 on floor Locus 143

IIIA2

XVII.1

141

Stone wall, IIIA2–1 north–south, with collapsed section, on Locus 143, abuts Wall 121 and cuts mud-brick Wall 131

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

successful. A fan scraper interpreted as a flesh-cutting tool (see chapter 16 for these implements) was associated with Locus 138. Portions of a second charred wooden feature, Locus 157, with a smooth clay exterior surface, was partially preserved in the west balk. The outline of both of these features may be seen in the West Balk Section (fig. 8.24). The remains of a wooden post, Locus 153, were traced on the surface of Locus 143. Bone material on surfaces Loci 143 and 149 included goat, sheep-goat, large unidentifiable mammals and ungulate teeth. Several of the bones were burnedoxidized and others had butcher marks. An earlier incomplete sub-phase (Stratum IIIA3) was represented by two other structures, Locus 150 and Wall 131, which were only partially exposed. On the north edge of the square the upper walls of a large plaster-lined circular structure (Locus 150; pl. 36:16–38:4) were uncovered (fig. 8.26). At the end of the 1981 season the interior had been partially cleared to a depth of 1 m. The upper interior walls sloped downward for about 6 cm and then extended horizontally to the north and south. Cultural debris from the upper levels of this installation included a loom weight (reg. no. 3101, pl. 37:41), a mother of pearl shell (reg. no. 3109), a sherd with a seal impression

THE STRATUM III TOWN

199

Figure 8.23. Photo of charred wood Locus 138 on stone Locus 159, both on surface Locus 143 from Stratum IIIA2 of Field XVII.1.

(reg. no. 2947; see chapter 18) and four worked flints (2 sickle blades, a micro-tool, and a uniface). Potsherds from this feature matched with sherds on the surface of Locus 143 (see reg. no. 3366, fig. 9.2:22), so it is clear that this installation was still open at the time of occupational Locus 143. The nature of Locus 150 is uncertain. The unusual shape represented by the angle in the upper walls does not follow the pattern of normal storage areas or silos. The angle in the walls as well as the projected size of the installation lend themselves more to the interpretation of a kiln. Large broken sherds and a stone embedded in the upper walls of Locus 150 could support this interpretation. The broken fragment of the tournette (reg. no. 3102 ) found on the surface of Locus 143 indicates that there may have been potter’s activity in the area. If it was a kiln, the earlier occupational levels in this area may have been terraced to the north at levels considerably lower than the later surface of Locus 143. Wall 131, a substantial mud-brick wall two rows wide and 7 courses high, constructed of alternating headers and stretchers, also must belong to an earlier subphase of Stratum IIIA. The western extension of this wall was cut by the latest use of Wall 141 (fig. 8.27). In figure 8.27 the meter stick rests on Locus 154, a compact mudbrick debris layer that runs up against Wall 131. At this point Locus 154 and Wall 131 lie 15 cm below the lowest level of Wall 141. The pottery from Locus 154 (pl. 35:1–28), together with that of Locus 158 (pl. 35:29–33) appears to predate Stratum IIIA2, and these sherds have been assigned to Stratum IIIA3.

200

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.24. West Balk section drawing of Field XVII.1.

Figure 8.25. Photo of Field XVII.1 looking east and showing earliest phases excavated; Wall 121 is to the right, Wall 141 with meter stick in the center, Wall 131 at upper left, and Locus 150 at lower left; lowest surface reached during the EDSP excavations was Locus 161 with fallen stones, but deeper levels of cultural debris are indicated below this.

spread is 1 pica long

THE STRATUM III TOWN

201

Figure 8.26. Photo of Locus 150 in XVII.1, looking north.

Thus, three major features in the lowest levels of Field XVII reached have an earlier history: Stone Wall 121, Mud-brick Wall 131, and Circular Installation Locus 150. The earlier relationship of these three loci remains unexplained since surfaces possibly relating to these features were not exposed. The possibility of terracing in this area to account for structure Locus 150 and the relationship of Walls 131 to 141 must be considered. Evidence for a fiery end to Stratum IIIA in Field XVII came from the charred wooden features Loci 138 and 157, and a group of gray-brown to dark brown loci with considerable ash and charcoal (Loci 130, 133, 135, 145, and 152, all assigned to Stratum IIIA1). Loci 133 and 135 can be seen in the West Balk Section (fig. 8.24). Other than potsherds and bone, many of which were burned, both oxidized and reduced, no cultural objects were associated with these layers. The thick layers of mud-brick debris covering the ash layers of Stratum IIIA suggest that this area may have been abandoned for a time. Field XIX The geological investigation dealing with the relation between the natural features of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and its settlements was the spur for the decision to open Field XIX. From surface appearances this area could easily have been overlooked, since its compacted surface, beaten down by weather over many centuries, and its steep slope

202

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.27. Photo of mud-brick Wall 131 of Stratum IIIA3 in Field XVII.1; Wall 131 was cut by Wall 141; meter stick stands on Stratum IIIA3 surface Locus 154 which abuts Wall 131.

did not provide clear hints that building activity had taken place here. The comprehensive geological survey by Donahue, however, involving the search for settlement evidence in the context of a severely eroded part of the site, proved to be the key for opening up Fields XVII and XIX in this area of the site (fig. 8.28). Field XIX.1 was laid out as a small test trench during the 1979 season, to test the geologist’s premonition. The discovery of sections of mud-brick walls with accompanying surfaces led to the decision to expand the excavated area to two full squares (Field XIX.1 and 2). The efforts that followed were successful in uncovering a considerable depth of stratigraphic and architectural evidence on the interior of the town, showing how the Early Bronze builders used this slope for occupation, as well as the impact of several episodes of erosion on the history of the Stratum III and Stratum II town structures (see chapter 2). An important by-product was that by extrapolating from Field XIX to other slopes nearby it was possible to envision how settlement was spread across the town interior before the centuries of erosion washed away evidence and buried what remained below piles of silt. Like Field XVII, this field has been a key for explaining settlement shifts at the town site. It is possible that much more evidence of this type could be found along this slope, in contrast to many parts of the interior of the town where only shallow remains are found. It was the latter that caused early investigators at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠to conclude that the wall surrounding the site belonged to an enclosure rather than a town or city.

spread is 1 pica long

THE STRATUM III TOWN

203

Figure 8.28. Photo looking south from Field XVI across an erosional depression to the slope on which Fields XVII–XIX were located; Field XVII is on the left of the photo and Field XIX on the upper middle right; compare this photo taken in 1981 with the one in figure 8.20 taken in 1979.

Locus Numbering in Field XIX The duplication of locus numbers in Field XIX.1 occurred as the small 1 x 3 m trial trench was expanded to 3 x 3 m before the end of the 1979 season, and to a full 5 x 5 m square in 1981. In the process of enlarging the field new numbers were assigned to many of the loci found in the smaller trench, with the corresponding loci in the trial trench being correlated with the new locus numbers. Field XIX.2 was excavated in the same manner, moving from a 1 x 3 m trench to a 2 x 3 m area before the end of the 1979 season, and to a 5 x 5 m square in 1981. Similar correlations of locus numbers were made in this square as well. Consequently, as many as three different numbers have sometimes been assigned to the same locus (see the MLL for Field XIX). This redundancy pertains mostly to the upper wash and erosional layers, but the occupational layers unearthed in the 1979 season (e.g., Locus 40, 41) were also given a second locus number in the 1981 season (e.g., 98, 100). Although this procedure is cumbersome, it was decided to maintain the full list in this final report. A benefit is that the different numbers with similar descriptions help to verify the nature and sequence of the loci. The Use of the Field XIX Slope for Occupation Two parallel mud-brick walls (Walls 48 and 97) in Field XIX.2 and their continuations in Field XIX.1 (Walls 105 and 110) demonstrate how the town dwellers carried

THE STRATUM III TOWN

204 Table 8.7. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIX

Description

Phase

XIX.2

109

Hump of mud-brick debris east of Wall 108

IIID

XIX.2

110

Layer of large pebbles with patches of ash west of Wall 48

IIID

XIX.1

106

Gravel and ash in lower IIID–C levels of extension of trial trench Locus 104, below Locus 101 (bkts. 175, 178, 181)

XIX.1

101

Mud-brick debris surface IIIC level of deep fill between Walls 105 and 110, below Loci 100/41 and 94, above Loci 104 and 106

XIX.2

105

Very dark brown loose ashy layer with charcoal flecks and pebbles, below Locus 102, above Locus 106, sealed against Wall 48 within the area enclosed by Wall 48

IIIC

XIX.2

106

Light yellow-brown compact layer with pebbles, gravel, mudbrick fragments and charcoal flecks, under Locus 105 and sealed against Locus 48

IIIC

XIX.1

105

Continuation of north– south mud-brick Wall 48 of XIX.2

IIIC–A

XIX.1

110

IIIC–A North–south mud-brick wall, continuation of Wall 97 in XIX.2

XIX.2

48

North–south mud-brick wall, stepped upslope, thirty courses high, two rows wide, bonding with east–west Wall 108, upper courses are Locus 32

IIIC–A

XIX.2

97

North–south mud-brick wall along west balk, twenty-nine courses (ca. 3 m), stepped upslope

IIIC–A

Reg. Objects

Bone

174. Sh/Gt, HC

146. #3046, rolled ceramic piece; #3350, restored medium bowl

Flotation

Other

174. One notch/ spokeshave

THE STRATUM III TOWN Table 8.7. Square Locus

205

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIX (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIX.2

108

East–west mud-brick IIIC–A wall, five to eleven courses high, between and connecting with Walls 48 and 97, below Locus 91, above Loci 89/90

XIX.1

100

Thick deposit of reddish IIIB brown (strong brown) soil between Walls 10 and 96, with mud-brick debris in upper levels and large quantities of carbonized grain and white fiber, probably chaff, lensing into each other in fine layers, in bottom levels below Loci 96 and 98/48, above Locus 101, sealed against Loci 45 and 49/41

XIX.2

101

Very dark grayish brown IIIB loose ash layer with mudbrick fragments, reddish charcoal flecks and white fibers in the area enclosed by Wall 48, below Loci 99 and 100, above Locus 102, sealed against Wall 48

139. Sh/Gt, UT

XIX.2

102

Light yellowish brown compact layer with charcoal flecks, orange patches, and pebbles, below Loci 100 and 101, above Locus 105, sealed against Wall 48

140. Sh/Gt, UT, Gt, Sh

XIX.1

41

XIX.2

100

Light yellowish brown occupation layer with pebbles, mud-brick fragments, and reddish brown fragments with grain, below Locus 99, above Locus 101, sealed against Wall 48

IIIA

135. LM(2), BM

XIX.1

99

Mud-brick wall in west balk

IIIA–IID

125. LM

IIIB

Fine reddish brown soil IIIB–A with small rocks and pebbles, below Loci 40, 42 and 49; same as Locus 100 in west expansion

46. #2900, worked stone

139. Sh/Gt(2), UT, LM 142. Sh/Gt(3), UT, LM, MM, BO, HC, TM 161. Sh/Gt(20, UT, LM, Gt 162. Sh/Gt, MM MB

71. Sh

Flotation

Other

139. Hammerstone

THE STRATUM III TOWN

206 Table 8.7. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum III in Field XIX (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XIX.2

94

Reddish brown patch within Locus 90 fill

IIIA–IID

126. Sh/Gt, LM

XIX.1

10

White mud-brick wall IIIA–IIC north to south, with eight brick courses and two stone foundation courses, below Locus 13 with foundation trench cut into Loci 100 and 41

168. LM 170. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

168. Microtool

XIX.1

104

Trial trench north to IIID–C south across square, 1.30 m wide, 1.70 m from east balk, extended from XIX.2 and widened 30 cm to the east; represents fill from first stage, below Locus 101

164. Sh/Gt(2), UT 166. Sh/Gt(2), UT, LM, Gt, BM, GZ 167. Sh/Gt(2), UT, LM, Gt, BM, Sh, SP, LM 169. Sh/Gt, LM, Gt 172. UT, LM, UD

164. End denticulate, blade core, two uniface

XIX.2

90

Deposit of light, yellowish-brown, hardpacked fill with charcoal flecks, gravel, pebbles, and cobbles, above cobble layers of Loci 109 and 110, sealed against Loci 91, 97 and 108, and Wall 48 (bkts. 128, 132, 136)

128. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, HC, Sh 132. Sh/ Gt(2), UT, Gt 136. LM

IIIC

out planned construction in relation to this slope on the town interior (fig. 8.33). In Field XIX.2 Walls 48 and 97 were preserved to heights of 26 and 30 courses (table 8.7; figs. 8.33, 8.35). They were built perpendicular to the 45-degree incline of the slope above them, creating a kind of buttress against the slope, with fill being packed in the space between them, allowing the area to be leveled for habitation by a series of terraces. Rebuilds of the buttress walls were evident and the cross-walls intended to support and strengthen the terraced areas also were rebuilt several times and at different points. The decision by the town dwellers to use the area of Field XIX undoubtedly encountered challenges from the erosional processes that were already at work when they built here. The challenges were no less for the excavations of the EDSP. Due to the steep slope and erosion, excavation confronted difficulties in correlating walls and surfaces. Effects of erosion were also uneven in the two squares. In Field XIX.1 crosswalls helped to retain deposits of earlier occupation so that a good sequence of surfaces was determined. Lower on the slope in Field XIX.2 erosion had taken a greater

THE STRATUM III TOWN

207

toll, and the upper parts of mud-brick walls had often been obliterated. The best sequence of occupational surfaces came from outside the perpendicular walls. It was only in the last week of the 1981 excavation that the buttress walls in Field XIX.2 were found to extend into the upper slope area of Field XIX.1. Thus it became possible to phase these two squares with one another, and stratigraphic connections are made at key points below. Stratum III Phasing in Field XIX Stratum IIID. The lowest levels reached in Field XIX included several features exposed in a limited way. Figure 8.29 shows the lowest phases reached at the end of the 1981 field season, while figure 8.30 offers a view of the final levels of excavation. In Field XIX.2 a cobbled surface with ash patches (Locus 110) extended over the small area excavated between and underneath the founding courses of Stratum IIIC Walls 108, 48 and 97 (see fig. 8.34 for an interior view). A hump of mud brick (Locus 109), not clearly a wall, rested on this surface. Above this layer was a thick gravel layer mixed with ash. In Field XIX.1 a similar sequence was noted. A series of stones on an east–west line (Locus 113; see fig. 8.32 for section) was exposed in the lowest level of a trial trench (Locus 104). Covering the stones of Locus 113 below the foundation levels of Wall 48/105 was a thick gravel layer mixed with ash (Locus 106). The pottery from Locus 106 (pl. 40:1–21) contains both Strata IV and III material, indicating an earlier use of this area before it was prepared for the Stratum III buttress walls. Stratum IIIC. Buttress and terrace walls. Two tall, parallel, north–south mudbrick walls constitute the major structural features and the basic stratigraphic connection between the two squares in Field XIX. The plan of this phase is illustrated in figure 8.31, and an elevation of Wall 48/105 extending through the two squares is presented in the drawing in figure 8.32 and in the photo in figure 8.33. The walls were similar in their foundation level, in construction technique, and in height. These similarities along with the massive fill between the walls at the lower levels indicate that the walls were built in buttress fashion against the slope, so that level terraces could be constructed along this steeply sloping area, allowing for domestic or other structures to be raised on them. In Field XIX.2 the two walls were bonded with an east– west cross-wall, Wall 108 (fig. 8.34). The meter stick in this photograph rests on top of Wall 108 and leans against later Wall 91 of Stratum IID. Wall 108 was founded at the same level as the north–south buttress walls and had survived eight courses high. The buttress walls were given different loci numbers in the two squares. In Field XIX.2 the walls were designated Wall 48 on the east and Wall 97 on the west. In Field XIX.1 the continuation of Wall 48 was designated Wall 105 and that of Wall 97 as Wall 110. Only Wall 48/105 was fully exposed, but the stratigraphic connections with Wall 97/110 and Cross-Wall 108, and the similarities in founding levels and construction were clear. The bottom mud-brick course of Wall 48/105 was laid on a gravel bed and stepped gradually up the slope at approximately 45 degrees. At the northern end this wall was two or more courses wide, surviving to 22 courses and to a height of 2.30 m, while at the far southern end in Field XIX.1 the same wall was 2 courses high and one row wide where it had suffered from erosion. The mud bricks were laid in a dark mortar in two rows as headers and stretchers, alternating course by course. Brick sizes were approximately 55–60 x 25–30 x 10 cm. Wall 97/110 was built on a similar gravel layer at the northern end. At this point 23 courses of mud brick survived to a height [[text continues on p. 212]]

208

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.29. Plan of lowest levels reached in Field XIX—Stratum IIID.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.30. Photo of Field XIX looking south; meter stick rests on unexcavated fill of Locus 101 (XIX.1) east of Wall 110, which is barely visible on the right; buttress Wall 48/105 is in left center of photo.

209

210

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.31. Plan of Stratum IIIC of Field XIX.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

211

Figure 8.32. Elevation drawing of Wall 48/105 and associated loci in Trench 89/90.

Figure 8.33. Photo of Wall 48/105 in Field XIX looking east; unexcavated fill under Locus 106 is in right foreground; meter stick rests on Wall 108; note ash layers Loci 92–106 in east balk in XIX.2 north of meter stick.

212

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.34. Photo of Field XIX.2 looking north; meter stick rests on Wall 108 of Stratum IIIC, against Wall 91 of Stratum IID; Wall 48/105 on the right and 97/110 on the left were in use during both Stratum III and Stratum II.

of 2.15 m. Only the upper three courses of the continuation of the wall to the south into Field XIX.1 (Wall 110) were excavated (fig. 8.35). Wall 108 was excavated only on its southern side. It had a horizontal founding mud-brick layer on the same locus of gravel that was used for Walls 48/105 and 97/ 110. Wall 108 was bonded to Wall 48/105 and probably to Wall 97/110, although the latter join was not exposed in order to avoid undercutting later Wall 91 above Wall 108. The method of construction used for Wall 108 paralleled that of the buttress walls. The original height of Wall 108 could have been as high as that of the northern ends of Walls 48/105 and 97/110 but the evidence for the original height had been destroyed by later rebuilds. Following the construction of Walls 48/105 and 97/110 and Terrace Wall 108 the space between the walls went through several stages of infilling. In Field XIX.2 the first stage of fill (Locus 90, bkts. 128, 132, 136; pl. 44:11–41) was at least as high as the surviving height of Wall 108. A layer of pebble and mud-brick fragments was exposed in this level, which separated the upper and lower stages of fill (see Locus 90 in fig. 8.31). The upper level of fill was associated with the later phases and construction of a new terrace wall, Wall 91. In Field XIX.1, where the slope was more gradual and erosion between the walls had been less severe, only one stage of fill was noted, in the Locus 104 trial trench (pl. 43:4–44:10). This fill was capped by a hard-packed bricky surface (Locus 101), into which was set a mortar installation representing the

THE STRATUM III TOWN

213

Figure 8.35. Photo of Wall 97/110 looking west; Wall 91 of Stratum IID cuts Wall 97/110 on the north; Wall 48/105 is in the foreground.

earliest occupational use of this area between the buttress walls. East of Wall 48 in Field XIX.2, the lowest levels, consisting of a series of stratified layers (Loci 105, 106; pl. 40:24–34), also belong to Stratum IIIC (see in the discussion of Stratum IIIB). Stratum IIIB. The evidence for occupation in the area created by these buttress walls was distinctively different in the two squares of Field XIX. In Field XIX.1 there was an extensive buildup of carbonized grain, chaff and fibre on a reddish-brown surface (Loci 100/41) that lends support to the interpretation that this area was used over a considerable period of time, either for threshing or grain processing (fig. 8.36). By contrast, in the area between the buttress walls in Field XIX.2 were only localized patches of red-brown silt material, with charcoal and carbonized seeds and flat-lying pottery (Locus 94), which represent patches of a similar activity to that of Locus 100 in Field XIX.1. For the most part, however, only later stages of fill were encountered between the buttress walls in this field. These layers were related to a later rebuild in which Wall 91 of Stratum II was added to Wall 108. A likely explanation for the difference between the two fields is that a major erosional incident removed most of the layers in use with Wall 108 on the north, as well as the upper layers of this wall. Following that incident, Wall 91 was built over Wall 108 and the area to the south infilled again. There are, however, some occupational layers in the downslope area of Field XIX.2. To the east of Wall 48/105, stratified layers, some contemporary with those of Locus 41/100 in Field XIX.1, were still in situ. A series of layers (Loci 106 and 105 from Stratum IIIC, and 102 and 101), alternating between compact surfaces with

214

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.36. Plan of Stratum IIIB–A in Field XIX.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

215

occupational debris and loose ash layers, abutted the outside of Wall 48 and an eastern extension of this wall (figs. 8.37, 8.38). These layers appear to have been a work or industrial area used over a period of time. They are on a slant following the slope of the hill and the slope increases as depth increases. Above Locus 101 of Field XIX.2, the latest loci associated with stratum IIIB, a similar alternation of layers continues with ash layers interchanging with uneven plaster segments (Loci 99 to 95 of Stratum II). This entire sequence of layers was sealed against the outside of Wall 48/105 and in turn was sealed from above by a later phase locus of mud-brick collapse (Locus 26). Although the pottery from the lower loci in this area (Loci 106–101) provides evidence for assigning this group to Stratum III, there is also stratigraphic evidence to support the early use of this area. The sequence of layers (Loci 106 to 92) sealed by Locus 26 was cut by two foundation trenches. In the East Balk Section (fig. 8.38) one can see how the cut of Foundation Trench 99a to the base of Wall 103 was made from Locus 98 to the south. Wall 103 was built up against Wall 91 which in turn was built on top of Wall 108. The early levels of Loci 101–6, at least, precede Wall 103 of Stratum IIC. Further stratigraphic connection is hampered by the lack of definition for mud-brick collapse Locus 26. A second foundation trench (Locus 95A) was cut for Wall 88 built over Wall 103. Locus 92 abutted this wall and was below the mud-brick collapse of Locus 26. Locus 26 quite possibly provides the stratigraphic connection between Fields XIX.1 and 2 in this area. The top of Locus 26 is at the same level as the founding of Wall 108 in Field XIX.1 (not to be confused with Wall 108 in Field XIX.2), which belongs to Stratum IID. But no connection was established between these two. The most that can be said is that Locus 26 represents collapse or slump of mud-brick from upper levels and is later than the material upon which it rests (Locus 92). The latter locus was in use with Stratum IIB Wall 88 in Field XIX.2. Stratum IIIA. At some point early in their history Walls 48/105 and 97/110 were extended up the slope to the south. The extension is represented by Walls 10 and 99 in Field XIX.1 (fig. 8.36). The evidence is clearest with Wall 10 which was cut into Locus 100/41. Wall 99 appeared in the west balk at a similar level and with similar orientation. Both walls were built on stone foundations along the same line as Walls 48/105 and 97/110 and at a similar angle up the slope. Wall 10 actually was constructed along and to the outside of Wall 48/105, continuing the same line up the slope. The top level of Wall 48/105 (also designated Locus 45 in Field XIX.1) was visible alongside Wall 10 before Locus 100/41 was cleared. At that point Locus 45 was interpreted as benching for Wall 10. Wall 99 was partially concealed in the south and west balks but it also appears to have served a similar purpose as an extension for wall 100. The date for this extension is problematic, and it must have occurred after a considerable buildup on the surface of Locus 100/41 since Wall 10 was cut into this buildup. Locus 100/41 continued in use after the extension, and it is this continuation that leads to assigning the extensions to Stratum IIIA, since this buildup occurred before a major re-orientation of walls took place with the building of Wall 96 in Field XIX.1 and Wall 91 in Field XIX.2. On the basis of the pottery the latter wall is placed at the beginning of Stratum II. Overall, then, the Stratum III building operations in Field XIX represent the creative efforts of the town dwellers to make the steep interior slopes usable. In the early part of Stratum III they considerably modified the area with the construction of Walls

216

THE STRATUM III TOWN

Figure 8.37. Photo of corner of south and east balks of Field XIX.2, showing ash and surfaces Loci 92–106 of Field XIX.2; the bottom layers, Loci 98–106 (approximately from the 50 cm mark of the meter stick downward), seal against Wall 48– 105 to the west.

THE STRATUM III TOWN

217

Figure 8.38. Section drawing of the east balk of Field XIX.1 and 2.

48/105 and 97/110, built perpendicular to and stepped up the 45 degree slope, and without a stone foundation. The northern end of these walls was closed off with Wall 108. The subsequent leveling allowed for its use as a threshing or grain preparation area. Against the eastern buttress on the outside, a series of ash and plaster layers represented by Loci 106–101 suggests cooking or industrial activity. Later extensions of the buttress walls upslope by means of Walls 10 and 99, both of which had stone foundations, represent an experiment with new methods in continuing the battle with erosion. The Stratum III pottery from Field XIX is found in plates 40–44. Field XV Although it provided only negative evidence, Field XV was another area investigated on the town interior (fig. 1.4). Occasional stone outlines of rectangular structures were observed among the rubble on the slopes of the ridge between Field XIV and Wall A on the south, and this field was opened in 1979 to test for possible occupational evidence in this area. The efforts were unproductive because excavation came down on natural soils immediately below the surface. There was one benefit, however, in that the work here showed how higher areas of the town interior suffered a great deal more from erosion than lower areas, where aggradation served to seal remains of structures and occupation. Field VIII One other field dealing the with the town wall problem was Field VIII on the south side of the town site (fig. 1.4). This field was opened during the first season of the EDSP to examine the remains of Wall A visible on the surface, and to explore for any evidence of Wall B, the Stratum III mud-brick town wall. The objective was to open an

218

THE STRATUM III TOWN

area different from those examined by Lapp in his investigation of the defenses, but following his approach in cutting a section across Wall A to the interior as well as the exterior of the town. Field VIII thus was positioned across Wall A on the south side of the town site. Most of the information that came from this field belonged to Stratum II and is treated in Chapter 10, while evidence for a continuation of Wall B in Field VIII was meager if not absent altogether. It is possible that the disintegratred mud brick of Locus 10 in Field VIII.1B found below Wall A could have come from the disintegrated Wall B here but this is uncertain. A few sherds dating to Stratum III came from the Locus 10 debris. Apart from that evidence, natural soils were encountered less than 1 m below Wall A in Field VIII.1B (see the section in Rast and Schaub 1978: 8, fig. 6). Summary The Stratum III town, then, extended over most of the area subsequently enclosed by Wall A. At a location not determined by the recent expedition there may have been a gate. Structures made of mud brick were built across the interior of the town as evidenced in Fields XIV, XVII and XIX. In contrast to the predominant mud brick used in Stratum III construction, however, the sanctuary in Field XII had walls of small stones and the walls were plastered. This structure also had a dominating location on the second highest spot of the town site, at the latter’s southwest end. During Stratum III Bâb edh-Dhr⺠developed into a more complex settlement as over against the village settlement of Stratum IV. Although the highpoint of urban development was reached during Stratum II, the Stratum III town was an important stage in the direction of the latter. Related to these developments of urban life were the new rectangular communal mortuary structures in the cemetery, the so-called charnel houses. Some of these were first built during Stratum III (see Schaub and Rast 1989: 31, table 2), with continued use into Stratum II.

The Pottery of Stratum III

9 THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

The pottery of Stratum III continues some of the traditions in forms, types, wares and surface treatment of Stratum IV but major innovations in fabrics and types reflect an ongoing dynamic in the local industry. Adaptation to new needs and probably life styles is present. Continual improvement in technique and greater consistency in fabrics and surface decoration occurs, including a major increase in the use of slip and burnish. New construction and finishing techniques are used in the formation of a broad range of new types of narrow-necked jars and wide shallow bowls, many of which have close parallels to types from other Palestinian sites. Provenance of the Stratum III Corpus The excavated areas of Stratum III described in Chapter 8 revealed growing complexity in the settlement pattern of the site. Several activity areas, including cultic, administrative, domestic and possibly industrial were defined. Fields I, II, IV, XIII along the east and west ends near the wall line showed renewed occupation over the burned areas of Stratum IV. Fields XI and XII, also built on the Stratum IV remains, showed evidence of administrative and cultic activity. Only brief traces of Stratum IV were reached in Field XIV but Stratum III levels were well represented in this field, as also in Fields XVII and XIX. These areas contained evidence of both domestic and industrial activity. Most of the pottery discussed in this chapter was assigned generally to Stratum III, but sufficient depth of occupation and well-defined stratigraphy made it possible to distinguish several phases in Fields XI, XVII, and XIX. Petrographic Analysis (with Jack Donahue) Thirty-seven sherds from Stratum III town site material were submitted for thin sectioning. The sherds chosen were mostly from Primary Loci of the interior fields. The range of forms that were analyzed included holemouth vessels, jars, juglets, and a wide range of different sizes, including platter bowls. The largest groups from the site were drawn from Fields XIV and XVII. Twentyfive sherds were selected from Locus 282 of Field XIV.3. Locus 282 was interpreted as a major leveling of the area with some possibly earlier material (see bkts. 232 and 234), but the predominant group (bucket 231) belonged to Stratum III. Nine sherds from Field XVII, three from Primary Loci, were also thin-sectioned. Indications of consistent patterns emerged in the use of inclusions related to basic vessel types. Some of the patterns continued the practices already noted in Stratum IV (chapter 7), while others were innovations related to the growing popularity of new vessel types. It is also important to note the decreasing use of one of the prominent groups in Stratum IV, the Z temper associated with Orange Chalky ware.

220

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

The continuing patterns included the use of crushed limestone in holemouth vessels and wadi sand in necked vessels. Crushed limestone temper in holemouth vessels, especially cooking pots, became the dominant pattern, while in Stratum IV holemouth vessels large chunks of chert were still being used as inclusions. Wadi sand mixed with the clay in the construction of necked vessels continued the widespread pattern noted in both of the earlier strata. The use of basalt temper for various bowls, especially lamps and platter bowls, was the major innovation noted in Stratum III vessels, in distinction from Stratum IV, where only a few sherds with basalt inclusions were found. In Stratum III and Stratum II crushed basalt became almost universally used in the platters and also was frequently found in a limited range of other bowls. By contrast, this temper was rarely observed in the thin sections of necked vessels or holemouth jars. A similar pattern of inclusions related to basic vessel types also was present in a large group of 41 thin-sectioned sherds from the cemetery. This group included EB II and III pottery from the funerary buildings and pottery from the survey near the cemetery. The range of vessels is more limited since it does not include holemouth jars. Among the necked vessels, wadi sand was commonly used as temper. Crushed basalt was the temper of choice for platter bowls as well as for a range of other bowls, and especially lamps. Nubian sand appeared in a range of vessels including jugs, jars and some small bowls. The patterns noted in the thin-section analysis are presented in the statistics of table 9.1 which includes summaries of the attributes of selected variables recorded in the ware description process for the Primary Loci of Stratum III. In table 9.1 the distribution of the tempers related to the vessel basic forms is noted in the left-hand columns. Crushed limestone can be seen to have been used consistently for holemouth jars (120 of 145) while wadi sand was used for necked vessels, including jars, jugs and juglets (64 of 101). The Z temper has practically disappeared, occurring only in a few necked vessels and small bowls. Crushed basalt occurs in a range of vessels including jars, but is most dominant in the new group of platter bowls (65 of 85). Table 9.2 illustrates the expected (in parentheses) and observed frequencies for the use of three of the tempers: limestone, wadi sand, and basalt in three different basic vessel groups—holemouth jars, necked vessels and platter bowls. The totals in table 9.2 are less than the totals of the vessel types in table 9.1 because unknown or small groups of tempers were not included. The chi-square is 370.02 with four degrees of freedom. The probability that this pattern of use of tempers in these vessels occurred by chance is less than .001.

Fabric Textures, Fabric Cores, Surface Treatment, and Construction Techniques Fabric textures. The improvements displayed in Stratum IV fabric textures continued in Stratum III. Once again the categories of friable and coarse in fabric textures were barely represented in the Stratum III material. A small sample of holemouth vessels (16) and a similar sample of jar bases (19) were the only groups with friable fabric texture (table 9.1). Medium-coarse fabrics dominate in every basic form category. One difference between the fabrics of Stratum IV and Stratum III was in the smaller group of fine fabrics. Only 21 of the 394 rim samples were described as having

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III Table 9.1. TYPE TOT

TEMPER

Ware Data for Stratum III

FABRIC TEXTURE FABRIC CORE SL

L

W

Z

B

N

U

5

HR

145 120

9

0

2

1 13

16

%

34% 83% 6%

HB

7

9

5% 35%

50 %

ST

165 127

18

%

39%

NV

101

%

% BR

20

11

64

24% 11%

63 %

47

1

18

0

1

0

114

0

32

35

64

3

1

18

1

4

6

8

4

3

1

0

3

85%

3

2

1

1

4

2 14

16

132

1

36

41

72

7

4

1

4

7 12

1

72

10

15

11

64

29

14

3

71%

3

2

1

63% 29% 14% 2

4

5

18

15

14

2

9

4 13

33

7

3

15

22

22

21

2

9

65

1 10

1

76

1

10

19

54

26

76

2

20%

11 %

76

ST

264

15 104

5 85 13 42

2

203

20

32

50

158

92

125

9

2

%

61%

TOT

429 142 122

10

5

%

54%

3

%

42 %

2

PA

22

WSB

7% 10%

1

PI

7

%

13

3

SP

1

SR

3

4

BU

7

%

31

221

2

1

11% 85

60% 35% 47% 5 89 15 56

335

21

68

91

230

99

129

59% 23% 30%

LE

51

12

29

4

LO

25

3

13

2

BA

223

81

90

1 24

2 14

19

BS

53

7

27

2

2 10

2

EH

4

2

CH

4

3

ST

360

TOT

789

2

3 1

3

2

45

2

8

11

26

5

1

3

1

19

4

2

5

16

9

7

3

177

4

73

62

69

24

32

5

36

5

9

4

28

9

7

30

2

1

3

2

1

3

2

1

4

4

1 49

41 51

See explanation of abbreviations of the types at table 5.1 (p. 75) and table 7.1 (p. 133). In addition, NV = Necked Vessels; WSB = Wide, Shallow Bowls; CH = Column Handles.

222

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

fine fabric texture. In Stratum IV a large number of examples of this fabric texture type (44) were associated with small bowls of Orange Chalky ware. Fabric cores. A comparison of the fabric cores noted in the two strata showed a slight decrease in the percentage of rim sherds with no dark or blackened cores, from 64% in Stratum IV to 60% in Stratum III. Since cores are “indicators of the atmosphere and temperature of firing” (Rye 1981: p. 115), a blackened core suggests incomplete oxidation of organic material in the firing process. Table 9.3 shows the distribution of cores among the dominant wares in Stratum IV and Stratum III. Cooking pots and common ware have the highest percentages of blackened cores, particularly the thicker cores (blackened over 50% of the section). The Orange Chalky ware has the smallest percentage. It usually has a consistent color throughout the fabric. This may be related to the size of the vessels associated with the Orange Chalky ware, which is usually in the smaller ranges. Surface treatments. The summary of surface treatments in table 9.1 records some of the changes taking place in the decoration of pottery. Two differences between Stratum IV and Stratum III are evident. First, there is a major increase in the use of slip and burnish, especially the latter, among necked vessels and bowls (see fig. 11.4). In Stratum IV, 8% of the necked vessels and bowls had slip only, 3% slip and burnish, and 2.5% burnish only. In Stratum III, these percentages jump to 11% slip only, 23% slip and burnish, and 23% burnish only. These numbers are particularly influenced by the use of burnish on the platter bowls. In this group 89% (76 of 85) are burnished. The second difference is in the slight decrease in the use of slip-paint. In Stratum IV this technique is used in line-group painting and in broad bands. Approximately 16% of the necked vessels and bowls had slip-paint as a decorative technique. In Stratum III the percentage drops to 3.4% and is normally associated with net-painted designs, but also includes several examples of grain-wash painting (fig. 9.3:21 and parallels cited). The group of sherds with grain-wash surface from Field XII (Pl. 25: 7–10) probably all belong to the same large jar. A similar jar from Tell Iktanu is assigned to EB IB (Prag 2000: fig. 5.4:1), the oft-cited main period of use for this surface treatment. It appears as a fairly common treatment together with band-slip at Abu al-Kharaz during Phase II (EB II; Fischer 2000: 219; see p. 203 for his distinction between band-slip and grain-wash decorations). Recent studies have proposed a longer history to grainwash decoration in northern Transjordan (Genz 2000: 279–86 extends it to EB III; Kamlah 2000: 287–94 to EB II). It is possible to trace some developments in the basic surface treatments of the pottery in the phases of Stratum III. Table 9.4 lists the occurrence of various surface treatments in the phases of Stratum 3 of Fields XI, XVII, and XIX. Two differences may be noted. In the early phases, IIID and IIIC, slip/paint is much more common, occurring in 19% of the total of diagnostic sherds in both phases. In the later phases, IIIB and IIIA, the percentage drops to 4% and 1% respectively. The use of burnish also increases slightly throughout Stratum III. This is more evident if one combines the first two phases (IIID and IIIC = 22 of 94, or 23%) and compares them to the last two phases (IIIB and IIIA = 99 of 356, or 28%). Construction techniques. The use of a slow wheel or tournette to construct or finish necked vessels and bowls becomes fairly common during Stratum III. Approximately one-fourth of the rim sherds of jars and jugs and platter bowls had finishing marks. Among the platter bowls the evidence was particularly strong with 54 of 85 described as finished on a tournette. A tournette is indicated because only two bases

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III Table 9.2.

223

Contingency table with observed and expected (in parentheses) frequencies for vessels and temper types

TEMPER

WADI SAND

LIMESTONE

BASALT

TOTAL

Vessel Type Holemouth Jar

9 (38)

120 (60)

2 (33)

131

Necked vessel

64 (23)

11 (36)

4 (20)

79

9 (21)

0 (34)

65 (18.5)

74

82

131

71

284

Platter bowl

TOTAL

Table 9.3. WARE

Wares and gray, blackened cores in Strata IV and III

STRATUM

TOTAL

THIN CORE

THICK CORE

TOTAL % CORES

Orange Chalky

IV

118

11 (9%)

7 (6%)

15%

Orange Chalky

III

15

2 (13%)

0

13%

Cook Pot

IV

39

9 (23%)

18 (46%)

69%

Cook Pot

III

115

34 (21%)

34 (30%)

51%

Common

IV

31

9 (29%)

2 (10%)

39%

Common

III

75

21 (28%)

23 (31%)

59%

Orange burnished

III

81

23 (28%)

9 (11%)

39%

Light Cream

III

46

11 (24%)

5 (11%)

35%

Table 9.4. SURFACE

Distribution of surface treatments in phases of Stratum III SLIP

BURNISH

SLIP/PAINT

TOTAL SHERDS

PHASE ST IIID

8 (12%)

20 (29%)

13 (19%)

68

ST IIIC

7 (27%)

2 (7%)

5 (19%)

26

ST IIIB

16 (12%)

34 (46%)

5 (4%)

136

ST IIIA

36 (16%)

65 (30%)

2 (1%)

220

were string cut. Only one vessel, a clear import because of the different ware, had signs of being wheel thrown (fig. 9.3.10; pl. 34.42). A few other finishing techniques were noted. Some vessels had finger grooves over the entire surface (pl. 24:24). Others had a coat of plaster over the surface, continuing a practice noted in Stratum IV. In some instances the plaster was a thin coat (pl. 29:12) and in others a thick coat was used (pl. 44:15).

224

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Wares and Ware Families Three new wares were associated with Stratum III: Orange Burnished ware; light, cream ware; and fine ware. Since these wares occured across a range of forms they can be taken as constituting new ware families. The Orange Burnished ware (OBW) combines a medium-coarse ware fabric with a distinctive color in the reddish-yellow ranges (Munsell codes 5YR7/8, 6/8 and 5YR7/6, 6/6), basalt temper, and a surface treatment of burnish. The latter many be continuous or random and sometimes occurs with slip, but the majority of the vessels are without slip. Several examples of the burnished sherds were submitted for testing by SEM and the lack of slip was confirmed. OBW is found in a range of forms, including platter bowls, small bowls and lamps, and a few handles of jars. It is most distinctive, however, in the platter bowls. Among the 85 examples of platter bowls in Stratum III, 76 were burnished, 65 also had basalt temper and 56 had a fabric color range of reddishyellow. Practically all of these examples have indications of being finished on a slow wheel or tournette. Most of the other examples of OBW are in bowls, as well as lamp forms and deep cup bowls. The light, cream ware (LCW) is also a distinctive new group although it is less well defined than the OBW group. Since it shares some variables such as fabric color and temper with the common wares (described in Stratum IV), it is not as easy to separate statistically. Yet the feel of the sherds is quite different. The term light refers to the weight of the fabric and not the color. It appears to have been well fired and is more porous than the common wares. Blackened or grey cores are found less frequently. The fabric color varies but usually is light reddish brown (5YR6/4). The surface color is invariably very pale brown (10YR8/6, 8/8, 7/6; 2.5YR8/6, 8/8, 7/6, 7/8) or “cream.” Wadi sand is the consistent temper in 80% of the samples. The range of forms includes some deep and shallow bowls in various size ranges, and a broad range of necked vessels, including a few pithoi and one narrow-necked jar. The necked vessels and jar bases are by far the most frequent forms with this ware. It thus appears to be associated with liquid-containing vessels. Fine ware sherds occur less frequently than the OBW or LCW groups, but are important for the comparisons they offer with the red-slipped jugs and juglets of the cemetery charnel houses. The sherds are all thin with fine temper, either wadi sand or Nubian sand. They are often slipped (19 of 35) and less often burnished (10 of 35). The most common forms in this ware are amphoriskoi, small jars and juglets, and small bowls. This ware group is similar to the “red-slipped wares” of necked vessels of the EB II–III tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: 429), although the latter are more frequently (65%) slipped and burnished. The cooking pot ware is the most numerous ware group (115 examples) in the Stratum III assemblage. It is also the most consistent in attribute characteristics. Only those sherds with clear indications of use as a cooking pot, such as soot-blackened exteriors, were classified as such. Without exception these sherds, mostly holemouth rims with some bases, had crushed limestone as the temper. The predominant interior color varied from light red (2.5YR6/6, 6/8; 10R6/6, 6/8) with 36 examples to brown (7.5YR5/2, 5/4; 10YR5/3), 24 examples, to the reddish-yellow range (5YR7/8, 6/8; 5YR7/6, 6/6). Fabric texture is usually medium-coarse, with a sizable sub-group of friable texture (16). The Common wares in Stratum III are similar to those of Stratum IV. The fabric color ranges from reddish-yellow to reddish-brown but the surface color is often

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

225

pinkish-white (7.5YR8/2; 5YR8/2). Fabric texture was usually described as mediumcoarse but it appears to be denser with fewer inclusions and voids. The temper is always wadi sand. The range of vessels for this ware group includes large bowls and more commonly large necked jars. It also appears in many of the ledge handles. The consistent use of the wadi sand temper in this distinct range of vessels helps to set this group apart, but it is not as distinctive a family as the Orange Burnished and light, cream wares. Other wares include a small group (15) of Orange Chalky wares and an even smaller group (6) of sherds with surface treatment similar to “grain wash” (see above under surface treatments). Many of the OCW sherds are associated with early Stratum III phases which may contain some mixed material phases, such as Locus 104 in XIX.1, pl. 43:25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 48). Locus contained OCW sherds and also some sherds with possible “grain-wash” decoration (pl. 44:7.8.10). Basic Form Distribution in Stratum III The distribution of selected basic form fragments is shown in table 9.5. Six of the basic forms—holemouth jars and bowls, necked vessels (jars and juglets), medium and small bowls, and platter bowls—are included. All of the Fields with Stratum III sherds are listed. Only Fields XI, XIV, XVII, and XIX had sufficient data for comparative purposes. The pottery forms in Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX are remarkably consistent in percentage with holemouth jars and necked vessels comprising the largest groups. The structures in Field XIX suggested a communal area. Field XVII, with a combination of domestic structures and courtyards, had a much larger percentage of platter bowls. Field XI, a possible administrative area, differs only in having a smaller group of necked vessels. When the distribution figures of Stratum III are compared with those of Stratum IV (table 7.4) some important differences appear. There is a major increase in the percentage of holemouth jars in Stratum III (34% compared to 20% in Str. IV), and a major decrease in the percentage of small bowls (11% compared to 30% in Stratum IV). The latter may be accounted for by the presence of the new platter bowl range, including smaller ranges. Some of the smaller range platter bowls may have been used for eating as well as serving vessels. The overall increase in holemouth jars, which include cooking pots and store jars, may be a result of the generally more domestic context of the Stratum III areas, but it could also reflect an increase in the number of individual households cooking and storing food. Typology of Stratum III Pottery Holemouth Jars Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. The temper used in most of the holemouth jars is crushed limestone (120 of 145). In texture the fabric is usually mediumcoarse with sixteen examples of friable texture. A blackened core is found in approximately half of the holemouth jars. The surface is generally untreated but there were a few examples of slip, burnish and slip-paint. Basic Forms. Four size ranges appear in the holemouth jars—pithos, large, medium, and small (table 9.6). The overall median mouth width is 17.9 cm, almost

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

226

Table 9.5. FIELDS

I

Distribution of the Basic Forms of Stratum III

II

IV

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XVII

XIX

TOTAL

BASIC FORM HMJ

3

5 24%

4

30 34%

7 39%

8 57%

24 35%

33 31%

31 33%

145 34%

HMB

0

1 5%

0

6 7%

0

1 7%

7 10%

3 3%

2 2%

20 5%

JR/JU

3

7 33%

1

13 15%

6 33%

3 21%

16 24%

29 28%

23 24%

101 24%

BR

1

5 24%

0

7 8%

3 17%

0

5 7%

3 3%

7 7%

31 7%

SR

3

2 10%

2

10 11%

1 6%

2 14%

9 13%

5 5%

13 14%

47 11%

WSB

2

1 5%

1

22 25%

1 6%

0

7 10%

32 30%

19 20%

85 20%

12

21

8

88

18

14

68

105

95

429

TOTAL

HMJ = Holemouth Jars; HMB = Holemouth Bowls; JR/JU = Jars, Juglets; BR = Large to Medium Bowls; SR = Small Bowls; WSB = Wide, Shallow Bowls; Percentages offer the ratio of the number of examples of each form to the total of the selected forms in each field. Percentages in the right Total column offer the ratio of each basic form to the total number of the selected forms.

identical with the median of Stratum IV (17.5 cm). There are only three large pithoi. Another feature that the Stratum IV jars share with the Stratum III jars is the prevalence of narrow mouth widths in the range of 14 to 18 cm on holemouth jars (50%). Specific types. The rim types of the holemouth jars of Stratum III manifest considerable development over those of Stratum IV. The folded types, thickened or bulbous in profile, which played a limited role in Stratum IV, now become the dominant type in all size categories (fig. 9.1:1, 2, and 5–11). The term “folded” describes the technique used by the potters. The shapes vary considerably from bulbous to rounded (the most frequent; Type 18d: fig. 9.1:1, 8, 11, and 18), to pronounced (Type 18c: fig. 9.1:6, 16), and from beveled outward (Type 18a: fig. 9.1:7, 9) to a sharply slanted-back profile (Type 18b: fig. 9.1:2, 5, 10, and 15). The latter is, perhaps, the most distinctive form of Stratum III at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Similar forms occur at Arad and Yarmuth but this form does not seem to have a wide distribution. Overall, the folded shapes represent 70% of the jar rims in the large category, 83% in the medium, and 77% in the smaller category. It is obvious that this technique was intended to strengthen the rim and prevent chipping for these vessels. A similar phenomenon of a wide variety of thickened shapes formed by the same folding technique has been well documented and illustrated at Tel Yarmuth (Miroschedji 1988: 125–34). Simple direct rims, in which the rim continues the same thickness as the vessel wall in rounded (Type 11; fig. 9.1:3, 14), squared or tapered shape play a much smaller role in the Stratum III assemblage.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III Table 9.6.

227

Basic Forms of Stratum III Basic Form #

Holemouth Jars Pithos-mouth = 31+ cm Large = 30–22 cm Medium = 21–14 cm Small = 13–8 cm

(3/145) (27/145) (93/145) (22/145)

2000 2010 2020 2030

(7/20) (8/20) (4/20) (1/20)

2040 2046 2050 2080

Holemouth Bowls Large-mouth = 26–32 cm Medium = 16–22 cm Small = 9–14 cm Deep Basin Necked Jars Pithoi-mouth = 30–21 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, angled out Tall neck, curved out Large-mouth = 20–15 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Angled out Curved out Tall neck, inflected point Curved out Short neck, corner point Angled out Short neck, inflected point Curved out Medium–large-mouth = 14–9 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Angled out Curved out Short neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Tall neck, inflected point Curved out Medium-large, narrow neck General, diameter only Small, wide neck Short, corner point Short, inflected point Small, narrow neck General Flat base Round base

(13/85) (4) (2) (7) (40/85) (25)

2110 2112 2114 2120

(1) (3) (1)

2121 2122 2124

(4)

2129 2132

(5) (15/85) (8)

2139

(2) (1) (1)

2146 2147 2149

(1)

2156

(2) (1/85) (1) (4/85) (2) (2) (12/85) (11)

2164

(1)

2140

2180 2281 2289 2290 2291 2294

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

228

Table 9.6.

Basic Forms of Stratum III (cont.)

Narrow-Neck Jugs Medium-large, general Medium-small, general Wide body, flat base Small Mid-tangent, flat base Wide-Mouth Pitchers, Juglets Medium-large, short-neck pitchers Small Juglets = mouth 7– cm Tall neck, inflected point Large to Medium, Deep Bowls Large = 31+ cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium-large 30–22 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium = 21–17 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying Wide, Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls and Platter bowls Very large, wide = 31+ cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium-large = 30–23 cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium = 23–27 cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium-Small to Small bowls Medium-small to small, deep to medium-depth bowls Medium-small—M = 16–12 cm Deep cup bowls Lightly closed Neutral to open Medium-depth bowls Carinated walls Neutral to open Lightly closed Small bowls - M = 11–7 cm. Neutral to open Medium-small to small shallow bowls M = -16 cm Neutral to open

(1/6) (3/6)

2320 2360

(1/6) (1/6) (1)

2374

(8) (1) (1)

2460

(8/31) (1) (6) (1) (7/31) (1) (3) (3) (16) (3) (12) (1) (20/85) (18) (2) (36/85) (25) (11) (29/85) (16) (13) (35) (26/35) (11) (4) (7) (15) (1) (13) (1) (9/35) (9) (12) (12)

2384

2480

2500 2520 2540 2510 2530 2546 2560 2570 2580

2600 2610 2640 2650 2660 2670

2700 2710 2730 2740 2750 2770 2830

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

229

The wares of the holemouth jars give further insight into the probable function of these vessels. Cooking pot ware is associated with 62% of the holemouth jars. Most of these (85%) have thickened rims but beveled and upturned rims are also represented. The remaining holemouth jars, including several in the larger sizes, probably were used to store grains or dried foods. A few examples of jar bases with congealed grain were found during excavation. Holemouth Bowls Fabrics, Tempers, and Surface Treatment. The variables of the holemouth bowls show both similarities with and differences from those of the Stratum IV bowls. Fabric textures are similar, with medium-coarse texture dominating (18 of 20). One bowl has fine texture. Wadi sand as an inclusion is more common than crushed limestone, reversing the relationship of this variable in Stratum IV. Two bowls have basalt temper and one has Nubian sand. Slip and burnish are more common than in Stratum IV. Four of the holemouth bowls have slip and two of these are also burnished. Burnish is also found without slip on one other vessel. Basic Forms. Slight differences are also present between the Strata IV and III holemouth bowl basic forms, in size ranges and in frequency of occurrence. Overall, the size ranges in Stratum III are smaller than those of Stratum IV. The large size has a smaller range, from 26 to 32 cm, the medium from 16 to 22 cm and the small from 9 to 14. There is, however, one large vat type vessel with a diameter of 46 cm (pl. 30:6). The holemouth bowls of Stratum III also are slightly less common, comprising only 5% of the total of rim sherds as compared to 7.5% in the Stratum IV material. Specific Types. Vessel types and rim types that distinguish the Stratum III holemouth bowls include one example of a spouted bowl (pl. 34:20; see also the open bowl form fig. 9.5:7) and several examples with folded rims (pls. 32:14; 34; 11; 36:36; 39:11). The spouted bowl continues a type found in the EB IB tombs (Schaub 1981: Fig. 16:22). Most of the rim types are simple direct rims—rounded, squared or tapered in profile (14 of 20). The examples of folded rims, which do not occur on this form in the earlier strata, parallel the growing use of this type in holemouth jars. Necked Vessels Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. Both similarities and differences also appear between Stratum IV and III in the attributes of the necked vessels (table 9.1). The large majority of the necked vessels in both strata are medium-coarse in texture. Both strata have groups, nine and ten respectively, with fine fabric texture in the smaller ranges. The majority of the necked vessels in both strata have wadi sand or one of the variations of wadi sand (Z, N) as inclusions. Limestone temper, however, appears more often in the large jars of Stratum III. Blackened cores, over 50% and under, also appear more often in the Stratum III fabrics. The biggest difference is in the increase of slip and burnish on jars and juglets in Stratum III. Close to 30% (29 of 101) of the necked vessels in Stratum III are slipped and 14% are burnished. Slip and burnish on the necked vessels is much more common than in Stratum IV. This is probably due to the more common occurrence of this surface treatment on the new group of narrow-necked vessels. Slip-paint occurs only on a few neck and rim fragments but it does appear on quite a few body sherds and bases as a vertical stripe motif which, on the basis of parallels, probably belong to necked vessels.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

230 Figure 9.1.

Stratum III—Holemouth Vessels and Column Handles

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum III Parallels

1

81.6152

XVII.1

161

2000

18d

Pl. 35:35

2

81.3036

XIV.3

260

2000

18b

Pl. 34:9; 30:10

3

79,5817

X111.2A

52

2010

11

Pl. 27:17; 24:1; 25:2; 30:12; 33:3

4

81.2934

XIV.3

213

2010

16

Pl. 34:1

5

81.2768

XIV.3

208

2010

18b

Pl. 33:43; 25:19; 30:16; 31:16; 33:46

6

79.4720

IV.1

26

2010

18c

Pl. 28:17; 34:10; 38:21

7

65.0011

I.1

6

2010

18a

Pl. 25:20; 31:20; 34:8; 36:1; 38:9

8

81.6074

XVII.1

162

2010

18d

Pl. 35:45; 25:5; 26:7; 27:6; 32:13; 39:3

9

81.7422

XIX.1

100

2020

18a

Pl. 42:15; 27:22; 30:22, 29; 31:31, 33; 32:12; 34:11; 36:24; 38:20; 40:2, 4; 41:1, 17; 42:1, 15, 18; 43:5, 6, 9

10

81.7709

XIX.1

106

2020

18b

Pl. 40:03; 27:19; 29:1, 33, 34; 30:32; 31:32; 32:10; 33:26; 34:6; 35:3, 46; 36:21; 42:14

11

79.5829

XIII.2A

55

2020

18d

Pl. 27:21; 24:21; 25:4, 21; 26:6, 16, 23; 27:5; 28:18; 29:2; 30:25, 37; 31:19; 32:8, 9; 33:2, 45; 34:34, 50; 35:1, 5, 6, 34; 36:8, 19, 22, 25; 39:4; 40:1, 6, 34; 41:2, 3, 4, 6; 43:4, 7, 10, 11; 44:12, 14

12

81.7282

XIX.1

106

Pl. 40:16

13

81.7479

XIX.2

128

Pl. 44:35; 33:35, 62

14

81.6205

XVII.1

143

2030

11

Pl. 38:22; 34:35; 39:5

15

81.5359

XVI1.1

150

2030

18b

Pl. 36:20; 34:36; 36:16

16

79.5804

XIII.2A

51

2030

18c

Pl. 27:7

17

77.3998

XII.2

21

2030

16

Pl. 24:5

18

81.7417

XIX.1

100

2030

18d

Pl. 42:16; 27:20; 28:2; 33:44; 34:12,39; 35:2,4; 36:17; 37:10; 41:5; 44:11

Necked Jars Basic Forms. Several important differences appear in the size ranges and forms of necked vessels in Stratum III (table 9.6). In the distribution of forms, more vessels are found in the range of large jars (47% in Stratum III compared to 29% in Stratum IV), and far fewer vessels in the medium and smaller ranges (19% compared to 40%). The increase in larger jars may represent a demand for greater capacity in short-term storage. The decrease in the medium and smaller ranges is probably due to the occurrence of two new groups of jars, which suggests that new needs arose in the Stratum III living situation. Although small narrow-neck, round-based amphoriskoi were part of the Stratum IV repertoire, they are more common in Stratum III and are complemented by the new series of larger narrow-neck jugs and juglets, usually with flat

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Figure 9.1. Stratum III Holemouth Vessels and Column Handles.

231

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

232

Figure 9.2.

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Stratum III Jars, Pitchers, Jugs, and Handles Basic Form

Rim

6

2112

62

Pl. 25:22; 24:13

Locus

Source (underlined) and Stratum III Parallels

1

65.0013

I.1

2

81.6842

XIX.1

41

2114

65

Pl. 42:22; RIM = 61 — 41:11; 43:1; RIM = 62 — 29:36, 37, 38; 44:15

3

81.5361

XVII.1

150

2139

65

Pl. 36:33; RIM = 42 — 33:50; 36:30; RIM = 61 — 36:28; RIM = 64 — 26:25

4

81.6764

XIX.1

100

2129

61

Pl. 41:15; 38:28

5

81.6130

XVII.1

150

2122

41

Pl. 36:29; 39:7; RIM = 62 — 43:16

6

65.0471

II.7

6

2129

62

Pl. 26:17; 41:12

7

81.7519

XIX71

100

2149

61

Pl. 41:13

8

77.3999

XII.2

21

2164

12

Pl. 24:6; RIM = 61 — 39:6

9

81.6204

XVII.1

143

2146

61

Pl. 38:29; 43:2

10

#3119

XVII.1

150

2430

62

Pl. 36:31; 29:17

11

#3365

XVII.1

161

2289

61

Pl. 35:36; 39:8

12

81.5338

XVII.1

143

2290

65

Pl. 38:25; RIM = 62 — 30:1; 34:56

13

81.7705

XIX.1

150

2180

65

Pl. 40:5

14

81.6245

XVII.1

150

2281

62

Pl. 36:26; RIM = 12 — 26:1

15

81.6261

XVII.1

138

2430

12

Pl. 38:19 — See no. 10 above

16

79.5792

XIII.2A

51

2374

62

Pl. 27:9

17

#3017

XVII.1

143

2384

62

Pl. 38:27

18

81.6206

XVII.1

143

2360

41

Pl. 38:26; RIM = 64 — 36:27; RIM = 65 — 30:21

19

81.2792

XIV.3

208

2290

41

Pl. 33:61; 43:48; 38:1; 26:8; 42:2; 44:28

20

65.0393

I.5

21

81.6262

22

#3366

41

2290

41

Pl. 25:29; 26:9

XVII.1

138

2290

65

Pl. 38:18

XVII.1

143

2320

62

Pl. 38:24

bases. A second new group is a series of wide-mouth pitchers with short neck and loop handles. Both new types appear to be designed for serving liquids. Their appearance in Stratum III may represent either adaptations for new products or simple improvement in design for more efficient pouring. Specific Types. There are two types of neck forms among the 13 Pithoi basic forms: tall, flaring neck, with 7 examples (fig. 9.2:2), and tall angled neck, with 2 examples (fig. 9.2:1). In 4 examples, the rim was too short to determine any further classification. The large-necked jar range includes examples with corner and inflected point and tall and short necks although the majority (25 of 40) are too short to type for neck form. Nine of the remaining forms have tall necks. Five of the tall necks have a sharp corner

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Figure 9.2. Stratum III Jars, Pitchers, Jugs, and Handles.

233

234

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

point between neck and shoulder and the most common in this group has an angled neck with an everted rim (fig. 9.2:5). All of the large jars with inflected neck have a flaring or curved-out neck form. Some are tall (fig. 9.2:4, 6) and others are short (fig. 9.2:3) One short neck form has a corner point with an angled neck (pl. 30:13). Most of the neck profiles in the medium-large jars that can be typed (8 of 15) have corner points at the juncture of neck and shoulder. One example (fig. 9.2:9) has a straight neck with flaring rim and a second (fig. 9.2:7) has a flaring neck. A mediumlarge jar with an inflected neck and simple direct rim is illustrated in figure 9.2:8. The one example of a medium-large narrow neck jar, without any indication of a handle attachment at the neck (fig. 9.2:13) may represent an amphora with loop handles on the side. There are several examples of large jugs with one handle in the same size range. In the small range of necked vessels there are 4 wide-mouth examples and 12 narrow-neck forms. The wide-mouth forms have short necks, two with corner point (fig. 9.2:14) and two with inflected neck (fig. 9.2:11). The latter example has broad vertical slip-paint stripes. Among the small narrow-neck examples, 3 have tall necks with no indication of handle (fig. 9.2:12). They may represent small amphora with loop handles on the side. The remaining small narrow-neck vessels have small ear-lug handles on the shoulder, a few pronounced (fig. 9.2:20) and the majority small, blending into the curve of the neck (fig. 9.2:19). Only one of this group of small amphora has the rounded base preserved (fig. 9.2:21). The narrow-neck jugs with one handle represent a small but important new group. There is one large example with a ridge at the neck and “degenerate handle” on the side (fig. 9.2:22; for the term “degenerate,” see Amiran 1978: 46). It is from the late EB II sequence (Stratum IIIA) of Field XVII. Tomb A56 has several examples of smaller narrow-neck, wide-body jugs with handle attached above the rim (Schaub 1981: fig. 19:1–5; fig. 19:1 also has a ridge at the rim). In the medium-small range are three examples with loop handle from shoulder to rim (fig. 9.2:18) and one example with a loop handle on the shoulder (fig. 9.2:16). One fine, complete example of a small juglet with slip and burnish is the only example of this common type from the cemetery (fig. 9.2:17). Wide-mouth pitchers and one small wide-mouth juglet complete the repertoire of necked vessels. As indicated above, the pitchers appear to be new. None of the widemouth, short-neck examples in this size range from Stratum IV had handles attached. There are 3 examples of wide-mouth pitchers with handles (fig. 9.2:10, 15; pl. 29:17). Six other examples with wide mouth and short, everted neck in this same size range do not have a surviving handle (pls. 28:15, 29:35, 33:8, 51, 35:30 and 36:35) but probably belong to this group. Only one example of a wide-mouth juglet is associated with Stratum III (pl. 33:10). Large to Medium Bowls Fabrics, Temper and Surface Treatment. Several differences show up in the variables of the dwindling group of large to medium-deep bowls of Stratum III compared with those of Stratum IV. The Stratum III bowls show better oxidation in the core, with only one-third having a blackened core, compared to two-thirds of these bowls in the Stratum IV group. Fabric texture and temper are similar except for a sizable group of 7 with basalt temper in Stratum III. The biggest difference is in the number of slipped (15 of 31) and burnished bowls (14 of 31) in Stratum III. There were only 4

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

235

slipped and 4 burnished of the 34 examples in the Stratum IV assemblage. Punctate decoration, which still occurs on 3 bowl sherds in Stratum IV continuing the practice of Stratum V, does not occur on the Stratum III bowls. Slip-paint occurs on the inner rim of some bowls (fig. 9.3:15, pl. 41:26), a practice also found on EB II tomb pottery (Schaub 1981: fig. 20:1, 9, 10, 12). Basic Forms. Large and medium-deep bowls continue to diminish in presence and size (table 9.6) and probably in function in the preparation and distribution of food. These bowls clearly played a major role in Stratum V, constituting 24% of the total number of rim forms. In Stratum IV the number was cut in half to 12%, while in Stratum III the number was again diminished by half, to 6%. Clearly a change was taking place in the role of the deep bowls. A further clue concerning the meaning of the change is given in the average diminished size of the deep bowls. In Stratum IV the largest group of bowls (15 of 31) is in the medium-large range of 29–22 cm in width (table 7.5) while in Stratum III the dominant size (16 of 31) is in the medium range of 21–17 cm. This is a significant shift in average capacity from 4 liters to 2 liters (see Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 148). It seems feasible that the reduced size of deep bowls corresponds to a change in their use in the preparation and distribution of foodstuffs, perhaps adapting to smaller groups. In basic shape most of the deep bowls (21 of 31) are open forms, with lightly curved, neutral to open being the dominant form. A few forms (5 of 31) are open, with angled to splaying walls, and a similar number are lightly closed forms. Specific Types. Simple direct rims are the form usually associated with these bowls, and the examples in Stratum III offer only a few exceptions to that pattern. The most common type is medium in size with lightly curved walls and either tapered rim (fig. 9.3:8) or rounded rim (fig. 9.3:7). Most of these examples are slipped and/or burnished and several also have basalt temper. A similar type in the medium-large range has three examples (fig. 9.3:5). Other examples with simple direct rims include bowls with angled walls in all three size ranges: large (fig. 9.3:2), medium-large (fig. 9.3:3) and medium (fig. 9.3:9), with some having walls lightly closed (fig. 9.3:4, 6). The example in figure 9.3:6 is closely paralleled by two examples from Tomb A56 (Schaub 1981: fig. 20:4) and Tomb A4 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 195:6). There is one example of a large bowl with an everted rim (fig. 9.3:1) and a possible example of a mediumlarge bowl with inverted rim (pl. 29:8). An unusual deep bowl with spout and ledge handles also belongs to this group (fig. 9.5:7). Numerous parallels to this type are found (see table 9.9) which in combed ware varieties has been interpreted as a vessel used for olive-oil production (Esse 1991: 122; see the contrary view of Miroschedji 2000: 326). The example in Stratum III is not in combed ware. Wide, Shallow Bowls and Platter Bowls Fabric Texture, Temper, and Surface Treatment. Wide, shallow, flat-base bowls and platter bowls easily stand out in the assemblage in their consistent combination of the medium-coarse fabric textures, basalt tempers, and burnished finishes (table 9.1). This has been described above as Orange Burnished ware. The use of burnish without slip appears to be a distinctive trait of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage. At Arad, one platter bowl was singled out as unique, a definite import, because it was not slipped but burnished, and had inclusions different from the typical Arad bowl (Amiran 1978: 35

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

236

Figure 9.3.

Stratum III Bowls and Decorated Sherds Basic Form

Rim

8

2520

42

Pl. 26:27; RT = 10 — 29:39; RT = 11 — 31:22; 37:12; RT = 12 — 29:5; 24:24

XI.6

48

2540

12

Pl. 31:2

65.0490

II.7

9

2546

12

Pl. 26:34; 24:35; RT = 11 — 34:51

4

65.0396

I.5

6

2510

11

Pl. 26:3

5

81.2037

XII.5

65

2530

12

Pl. 25:13; 33:4; RT = 17 — 29:8

6

#3350

XIX.2

106

2560

11

Pl. 40:32; RT = 12 — 37:11; 41:26

7

81.6069

XVII.1

154

2570

11

Pl. 35:16; 24:8; 33:54; RT = 10 — 43:23

8

81.7726

XIX.1

106

2570

12

Pl. 40:7; 30:18, 23; 33:17; 34:43; 41:28; 43:3, 28

9

65.0467

II.7

5

2580

12

Pl. 26:11

10

81.4082

XIV.3

267

2700

12

Pl. 34:42; 30:26; 43:27; RT = 1 — 44:2

11

65.0017

I.1

9

2750

10

Pl. 25:25

12

81.1348

XI.2

55

2740

12

Pl. 32:17; 26:20; 27:2; 29:6, 7; 33:18; 43:29; RT = 11 — 26:19

13

65.0018

I.1

9

2740

10

Pl. 25:26; 28:3; 32:1

14

81.7544

XIX.1

104

2740

12

Pl. 43:31;

15

81.3579

XIV.3

282

2710

12

Pl. 33:15; 31:25; 38:6; 43:26; RT = 10 — 31:17; RT = 11 — 43:25

16

81.2839

XIV.3

203

2730

12

Pl. 33:37

17

65.0398

I.5

6

2770

12

Pl. 26:5; 25:3; 28:4; 34:19; 43:30, 32; 44:19, 20

18

81.2975

XIV.3

282

2770

11

Pl. 33:19

19

77.3109

XI.2

27

2830

11

Pl. 31:26; 34:4; RT = 12 — 27:8; 31:36; 32:2; 34:44; 33:16; 37:13, 14, 15; 41:29

20

#3344

XVII.1

149

2830

71

Pl. 39:12

21

81.1988

XII.4

22

81.6145

XVII.1

161

Pl. 35:42; 31:24; 33:16

23

81.7728

XIX.1

106

Pl. 40:19 31:24; 38:1; 40:18

24

81.7692

XIX.1

104

Pl. 44:5

25

81.7600

XIX.2

90

26

81.7729

XIX.1

106

Pl. 40:21; 40:20

27

81.7730

XIX.2

106

Pl. 40:28; 27:16; 29:49; 40:29, 30; 44:36

28

81.7428

XIX.1

100

Pl. 42:10; 44:6, 9, 37, 38

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

1

65.0484

II.7

2

81.1389

3

Locus

11

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels

Pl. 24:20; 24:18, 19; 25:7, 8, 9, 10; 44:7, 8, 10

Pl. 44:39; 25:11, 12

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Figure 9.3. Stratum III Bowls and Decorated Sherds.

237

238

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

and pl. 23:7). Over one-third of the bowls have a blackened core and approximately onethird of the bowls are also slipped. A small group (9) of the shallow bowls has wadi sand as temper. Other tempers used include one platter bowl with Nubian sand (pl. 41:25). Basic Forms. The Basic forms listed in table 9.6 maintain the distinction made in the cemetery assemblage between wide, shallow, flat-base bowls and the shallower platters with rounded or flattened base. The distinction is not always clear-cut since the rim-to-base profile is infrequently preserved but the angle of the wall is usually sufficient to preserve the difference (compare the flat-based, shallow bowls of fig. 9.4:1– 7 with the platter bowls of fig. 9.5:1–5). In this section the term WSB will be used to include both groups. The shallow, flat-base bowls are more common in all of the size ranges, but especially in the larger sizes. In the very large category there are 18 flat-base bowls and only 2 that qualify as platters. In the medium-large range the flat-based bowls are more than twice as frequent (25 to 11). Only in the medium range of 23–17 cm is there a fairly even distribution of flat-based and rounded platters (16 to 13). This distribution pattern is the opposite of the pattern assessed in the cemetery groups in which the platter bowls in EB II were seen as more common than the wide, flat-based “banquet” bowls (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 251). The average capacity of the WSB offers some indication of their possible function. The capacity of the very large WSB in the cemetery assemblage ranged from 3239 to 7078 cc with an average of 4782 cc. The medium-large bowls ranged from 1000 to 3000 cc, depending on depth. If an average serving of dried food is taken as 1 cup or 250 cc, these bowls were most likely used as serving dishes for various-sized groups. The medium-range bowls of 23–17 cm with a capacity of 300–800 cc may have been used for smaller groups or even individual servings. Specific Types. The four basic rim types used with the wide–shallow bowls have slight variations in shape. The codes used in the rim column of figures 9.1–5 are those used in the volume on the tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: 7–8; see Appendix G in part 2 of this volume). Rims angled upright include a tall, tapered form (fig. 9.5:2, 4) and a triangular, stubby form (pl. 41:24, 25). The tall, tapered form is often termed carinated when the wall and rim have the same thickness. Inverted rims angle sharply inward. Forms used with the wide–shallow bowls are a rim with the same thickness as the wall and tapered at the lip (fig. 9.5:3); a triangular, short form (fig. 9.4:5; 9.4:6); and a thin rim, tapered (fig. 9.4:4). Rims thickened inside are flat or slightly rounded. Variations include thin (pl. 33:38), thick (fig. 9.4:1), flat, pointed (fig. 9.4:7; 9.5:1), or rolled (pl. 37:1). The rims that are thickened in and out are best known as “hammer” (fig. 9.4:3) and “knob” (fig. 9.4:2, 5). One variation, probably produced from slump, is a downward-angled hammer rim (pl. 35:11, 13). One form that has been singled out as an important diagnostic type for EB II at ºAi (Callaway 1972: 154–55), the bowl or platter with inverted rim and shallow concavity below the rim, does not occur in Stratum III at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(see the comments on this form in chapter 11). Table 9.7 shows the distribution of the rim types correlated with the basic forms. In general, rims thickened inside and those thickened in and out are more common in the large range, rims angled upright and inverted forms occur more often in the smaller ranges, and the medium-large ranges include the full range of forms. Specific types include very large, wide, shallow, flat-base bowls with flat, thick rims (fig. 9.4:1), rounded knob rims (fig. 9.4:2) or hammer rims (fig. 9.4:3). Medium-large, flat-based, shallow bowls include thin inverted rims (fig. 9.4:4) and rounded knob rims

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III Table 9.7. RIM TYPES

10

239

Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide–Shallow Bowls

22

23

32

33

35

1

1

2

7

3

2

7

2

70

71

72

4

4

73

77

90

91

94

TOT

2

4

2

18

1

6

FORMS 2600 2610

1

1

2640 2650

2

2660

1

1

2670 TOTAL

1

5

2

8

2

1

4

2 1

3

1 1

1

1

2

25 2

11

1

16

6 1

19

13 12

1

9

7

2

3

3

12

5

85

RIM TYPES: 10 = simple direct rims; 22, 23 = rims angled upright; 32, 33, 35 = inverted forms; 70, 71, 72, 73, 77 = rims thickened inside; 90, 91, 94 = rims thickened inside and outside. Basic Forms 2600 and 2610 are large, 2640 and 2650 are medium-large, and 2660 and 2670 are small.

Table 9.8.

RIM TYPES

Distribution of Rim Types of the Wide–Shallow Bowls in Stratum III Phases

10

22

1

23

32

33

35

70

71

72

73

77

90

91

94

TOT

1

4

2

1

1

2

1

2

8

5

35

2

1

19

PHASE III-GEN.

2

3

2

IIIA

1

9

4

IIIB

3

4

4

2

1

5 1

1

IIIC

1

IIID TOTAL

19

2 1

8

2

1

2

2

18

12

4 1

9

7

1 1

2

3

2

13

11 6

85

RIM TYPES: 10 = simple, direct rims; 22, 23 = rims angled upright; 32, 33, 35 = inverted forms; 70, 71, 72, 73, 77 = rims thickened inside; 90, 91, 94 = rims thickened inside and outside. Phases 3-GEN = Stratum III generally.

(9.4:5). The medium range includes a group with short, triangular rims. An unusual type is the wide flat bowl with simple rim and ledge handles at the rim (fig. 9.5:6). One feature that raises questions about the attempt to clearly define rim types of these shallow bowls is the practice of widening the rim at opposite sides of a bowl (cf. fig. 9.4:3, 5, 7). The widening of the rim offers a better grip in lifting these bowls. It also creates two different rim types on the same bowl. If the profile of the thickened part is drawn, the rim is clearly thickened in and out. A rim sherd profile from the same bowl on another portion of the rim may only show a thickened inside shape (see fig. 9.4:7). Thus, the rim types 90 and 91 assigned to figs. 9.4:3, 5 could also be Type 71 and 72 rims from another part of the same bowl. Specific types of the platter bowls are very large with flat, pointed rim (fig. 9.4:1), medium-large and medium carinated bowls (fig. 9.4:2, 4), medium-large bowls with inverted tapered rim (fig. 9.4:3) and a medium bowl with short, triangular rim (fig. 9.4:5). Table 9.8 lists the distribution of the rim types of the WSB by the phases of Stratum III, including the unphased group, 3-Gen (general). The numbers are small but

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

240

Figure 9.4.

Stratum III Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

1

81.6122

XVII.1

150

2600

71

Pl. 37:2; 25:15; 31:34; 34:14

2

81.6157

XVII.1

158

2600

91

Pl. 35:29; 29:41; 34:16

3

81,1578

XI.6

34

2600

90

Pl. 30:42

4

81.1435

XI.6

48

2640

35

Pl. 31:3; 29:22; 31:4, 15; 37:5, 8; 36:6

5

81.7418

XIX.1

100

2640

91

Pl. 41:19; 35:12; 37:6; 39:9, 10; 41:18

6

81.7545

XIX.12A

104

2660

33

Pl. 43:21; 29:9; 30:15; 35:15; 37:9; 43:18; 44:18

7

79.6594

XIX.1

41

2600

72

Pl. 42:4; 29:18, 19, 40

Source (underlined) and Stratum III Parallels

there is a major jump in percentage of the thickened in and out rims (90, 91, 94) from Stratum IIID (8%) to Stratum IIIA (37%). Overall the percentage of platter bowls among the entire group of forms in phases D, B, and A remains in a similar range, from 14% to 16%. Medium-Small to Small Bowls Fabric Texture, Temper, and Surface Treatment. The medium-small and small bowls of Stratum III display marked differences from those of Stratum IV. Most of the Stratum III bowls are medium-coarse in texture with a small group (15%) described as fine (table 9.1). In Stratum IV 56% of the bowls were fine textured. Blackened cores in the fabric are more common in the Stratum III sherds (38% as compared to 16% in Stratum IV). The predominant Z temper of Stratum IV has all but disappeared and been replaced by wadi sand or basalt. In surface finish the majority of the Stratum III bowls have slip and/or burnish and very few have slip-paint which was common in the Stratum IV bowls. Many (38%) of the medium-small and small bowls are described as Orange Burnished ware, similar to the dominant ware of the platter bowls. Basic Forms. The Stratum III basic form attributes of the smaller bowl size ranges are the same as those described for these vessels in Stratum IV, but a few differences may be noted in distribution (table 9.6). The medium-small deep bowls are more common than in Stratum III, and the medium-small and small bowls in the medium-depth range are less common. Medium-small to small shallow bowls are more common. Overall, there are fewer bowls in these smaller ranges in Stratum III than in Stratum IV (11% to 28%). This figure could have significance for interpreting life styles or social changes, if similar percentages are noted at other sites of this period. Specific Types. As in Stratum IV the majority of the smaller bowls (34/47) have a thinned, tapered lip continuing the wall line of the bowls. A few (5) have squared lips and a slightly larger group (7) has rounded lips. One shallow bowl has a rim thickened in and out (fig. 9.3:20). Several of the small bowls used as lamps have thumb impressions on the rim (fig. 9.2:19; pls. 31:26, 36; 33:16). Among the more distinctive forms are a deep cup-bowl with a loop handle fragment (fig. 9.3:10), a shallow bowl with tiny ledge handles below the rim (fig. 9.3:14) and a

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Figure 9.4. Stratum III Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls.

241

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

242 Figure 9.5. Fig.

Reg. #

1

81.1276

2

79.4725

Stratum III Bowls, Platter Bowls, Ledge Handles Locus

Basic Form

Rim

XI.2

59

2610

72

Pl. 29:10

IV.1

26

2650

22

Pl. 28:19; 29:23

Field/Area

Source (underlined) and Stratum III Parallels

3

79.6593

XIX.1

41

2650

32

Pl. 42:3; RT=33 — 29:20; 36:4, 5; 41:22

4

81.2925

XIV.3

208

2670

22

Pl. 33:55; 31:5; 32:16

5

81.5680

XVII.1

121

2670

33

Pl. 38:5; 36:3, 5, 7; 41:23

6

77.3995

XII.2

21

2660

10

Pl. 24:7

7

#3238

XII.4

46

2520

12

Pl. 24:24

8

81.6078

XVII.1

162

Pl. 36:15; 25:18; 26:14; 28:13; 30:14, 45; 34:58; 40:31

9

81.6252

XVII.1

150

Pl. 37:48

10

81.7285

XIX.1

106

Pl. 40:17; 24:24; 28:11, 12; 29:11; 30:31; 32:6; 33:29; 34:31; 35:28, 41, 44; 36:14; 37:43–48; 38:3; 39:16, 17; 41:39–41

11

81.7541

XIX.1

104

Pl. 44:1

12

79.5767

XIII.2A

46

Pl. 27:1

bowl with carinated walls (9.3:16; cf. Schaub 2000 for comparative material to this form). The deep cup-bowl (fig. 9.3.10) is a foreign import. The vessel is wheel thrown and the ware is distinctive. Other medium-small bowls include a deep, straight-walled form with probable flat base (fig. 9.3:15), two medium-depth, open bowls with rim variations (9.3:12, 13) and one with a slightly closed profile (fig. 9.3:11). In the small range, medium-depth bowls there are a thin-walled, fine-ware example (fig. 9.3:17) and a thick-walled, common-ware example (fig. 9.3:18). Handles Handles continue to offer some of the more distinctive diagnostic features with both major and subtle variations separating the Stratum III handles from those of Stratum IV. A major shift occurs in the form of the ledge handles while smaller variations occur among the column handles, ear-lugs and loop handles. Ledge Handles. The six ledge-handle types described for the Stratum IV assemblage all occur in Stratum III but a major shift has occurred in the dominant types. The distinctive, elongated, “duck bill” ledge handles that were a key feature associated with Stratum IV possibly survives in Stratum III in a single questionable example in Stratum III (pl. 44:3), from a mixed trial trench locus. One example of a “notched” handle is also present (fig. 9.5:12). Among the four plain types, only one, a semi-circular form, is clear-cut (pl. 34:32). The others are broken and partial (pls. 26:15; 31:13; 32:7). Knob handles include several small rounded knobs (pls. 33:30; 35:43; 42:19; 44:32) and two tiny knob ledges (41:42; 44:33). The remaining two types, thumbimpressed and pushed-up, reflect a similar finishing technique and often are difficult

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Figure 9.5. Stratum III Bowls, Platter Bowls and Ledge Handles.

243

244

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

to distinguish. There are only seven clear examples of simple thumb-impressed handles (fig. 9.5:8). The remaining examples (31, or 70% of the total) show a pronounced pushed-up impression, varying from one to four (fig. 9.5:7, 9, 10, 11). Some examples are similar to Wright’s “wavy” ledge handles (fig. 9.5: 7, 10; pl. 29:11). The handles are frequently semi-circular in shape and thus often more substantial than the typical lunette-shaped handles illustrated by Amiran (1969: pl. 8) and Tufnell (1958: 148–55, fig. 7). At Arad, Amiran notes for Strata III–I that the dominant type “is the thumbindented handle, with 3–5 indentations per handle, and a very beginning of folding” (1978: 47). Lug Handles. Small lug handles on shoulders of amphoriskoi continue the practice of Stratum IV with some adaptations. Of the eight clear examples, two have a pronounced lug on the shoulder (fig. 9.2:20; pl. 26:9), four have smaller lugs, still on the shoulder (fig. 9.2:19) and two examples appear to have tiny lugs that may be merging into the neck line (pls. 26:8, 42:2). Hennessy observed that the merging of the lug with the neckline was a later development during EB I at Jericho (Hennessy 1967: 19). The first two types are found in EB II tombs of the cemetery (for smaller lugs on the shoulder see Tombs A 4 and A 73 [Schaub and Rast 1989: 194:6, 7; 196:2] and Tomb A 56 [Schaub 1981: fig. 19:9–13]; for pronounced lugs, see Tomb A 56 [Schaub 1981: fig. 19:8]; for smaller merged types, but still on the shoulder, see Tomb A 56 [Schaub 1981: fig. 19:14–17]). The third type, with lugs attached from shoulder to neck, is common in the large group of amphoriskoi from Tomb A 41, an EB II–III charnel house (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 219). Pushed-Up, Rounded Lugs and Knobs. A single example of a pushed-up, rounded lug (pl. 26:37) may be a remnant of a long tradition that has been traced back to Late Neolithic (Betts 1992: 47). It occurs frequently enough at Jawa to be designated a Jawa type (Helms 1991b: 57, 59). The Stratum III Bâb edh-Dhr⺠example is less pronounced in form and is on a body sherd which could be on the high shoulder of a jar (see Helms 1991b: fig. 112:24). It may be related to those associated with Genre 9 holemouths at Tell Um Hammad (see the EB IB parallels cited in Helms 1992: 50). Most of the Jawa and Tell Um Hammad examples are near the rim of holemouth jars (Helms 1992: figs. 143–46, 151, 154). Single and double knobs occur fairly frequently. Some are near the rim of holemouth jars (pl. 29:2; 35:5, 6) and others on the shoulder of jars, in double form (pls. 26:26, 30:36, 32:22), or single (pls. 31:23, 32:23, 33:30, 35:43, 41:42; see Helms 1991a: 132–34 for a discussion of the knobs and parallels, including several from the Bâb edhDhr⺠region published by Saller [1964–65: figs. 13:3, 14:2]). Loop Handles. Loop handles in Stratum III occur slightly more frequently than in Stratum IV (9% to 7% of the non-rim sherds). Most are fragmentary sections from the handle itself or the base attachment. In section they vary from round to elliptical. There are no examples of the wide, flat “strap” loop handles of Stratum IV. Among those that show a rim attachment, four are attached from above the rim (fig. 9.2: 10, 15, 18, 22, three at the rim (fig. 9.2:17, pls. 30:2, 33:10) and one has a loop attached just below the neck. One example of a twin handle (pl. 29:47) also occurs. Column Handles. Five examples of column handles are found in the Stratum III assemblage, although one is questionable. The best examples are solid pillars with a shallow depression (fig. 9.1:12) or deep cup (fig. 9.1:13) occurring high on the jar shoulder. One example with a deep cup (pl. 30:3) could be the base of a pedestal (see Schaub 1981: fig. 20:12, Tomb A 56) but the “cup” is similar to that of figure 9.1:13.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

245

Bases Fabric Texture, Temper, Surface Treatment, and Fabric Cores. A comparison of the ware attributes for the bases of Stratum IV and III reveals that the attributes are fairly consistent, apart from two exceptions. In overall percentage of non-rim forms, types of fabric texture, percentage of blackened cores and slip as a surface treatment there is little difference in the ware characteristics of the bases of the two strata. The exceptions are in temper and burnish. There are fewer examples of wadi sand as temper (40% to 55%) and an increase in basalt as a temper (11% to 2%). Burnishing as a surface treatment increases also (14% to 4%). Both of these differences are explained by the appearance of the new wide, shallow bowls and platter bowls in Orange Burnished ware. The base forms of these bowls are easily recognized by the ware and the angle of the wall with the base (for example, pl. 35:25–27). Basic Forms. When the basic forms of the two strata are compared, some significant differences appear that are not as easily explained. There is a major jump in the percentage of jar bases from Stratum IV (34%) to those in Stratum III (58%). The larger group of jar bases in Stratum III is also reflected in a similar percentage (58%) of holemouth and necked-vessel jar rims. One possible explanation for this increase is that the number of individual households with storage needs has increased. A second difference occurs in the size of the jars. The average jar base in Stratum IV was 22 cm. In Stratum III, this has decreased to 17 cm which indicates a drop in capacity of the average jar. Even when a group of small bases with diameters from 3 to 8 cm, probably associated with small jars and juglets, is subtracted from the total, the average jar base in Stratum III only increases to 18 cm. If the hypothesis of increase in households has merit, perhaps the smaller jars indicate that storage needs for individual households were less. A final difference between the two strata is connected with the basic forms of the bases. The joins of walls with bases were classified as straight, concave or convex. These differences, at times rather subtle, were seen as possibly reflecting different construction techniques and finishing processes. In Stratum IV there was a fairly even distribution of these three forms: straight (36%), concave (36%), and convex (24%). In Stratum III the straight joins have jumped to 76%, with concave bases now at 18% and convex bases found in a similar sized group of 15%. It is of interest that most of the jar bases of Phases III–V from ºAi also seem to be straight at the join. The Relation of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pottery to the EB II Tombs of the Cemetery and of Other EB II Sites Selected comparative materials from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB II tombs and other EB II settlement sites in Palestine are listed in table 9.9. Practically all of the distinctive types of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB II tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 194–96 for Tombs A 4 and A 73; Schaub 1981: figs. 19–20 for Tomb A 56) are also found in the town site. The most complete group of parallels comes from Tomb A 56, a round mud-brick tomb excavated in 1977. Overall, in these three tombs, nine of the basic jar types are found, including tall narrow-neck loop-handled jars, tall neck wide-mouth jars, small amphoriskoi with lug handles on the shoulder, and five of the wide shallow bowls and platters. Most of these forms, jars and bowls, would qualify as household vessels for temporary storage, distribution of food, individual serving vessels and lamps. External parallels, drawn from a broad spectrum of geographically diverse sites, reflect the broad contemporary cultural sharing of ceramic forms during EB II. The

246

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

basic forms often associated with EB II: store jars with pillar handles, amphoriskoi with lug handles on the shoulders, often net-painted, deep vats with spouts, carinated platters with rounded bases and wide shallow bowls with sloping sides and inverted rims, jars slipped and burnished with high narrow necks and loop handles are all found in Stratum III at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Selected parallels to these forms are listed from Jericho, Tell Um Hammad, Tell Abu al-Kharaz, and Pella in the Jordan valley, Tell el-Farºah in the north, ºAi in the central highlands, Yarmuth in the Shephelah region and, particularly, Arad in the south. The closer the site to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠the more extensive are the parallels. ºAi and Yarmuth have at least 16 of the same type vessels and Arad has 33. Arad Stratum III–I offers the most significant group of stratified parallels. The range of similarities includes three basic forms of holemouth jars, two of holemouth bowls, fifteen of necked jars, five forms of deep bowls, and eight of wide shallow bowls and platter bowls. More importantly, the specific types of these forms with distinctive rim shapes are extensively paralleled, with exact types represented in many instances. Smaller groups, but significant again in the closeness of the parallels, come from Phases III–V at ºAi (the Sanctuary, Citadel and Lower Town) and the EB II levels from Tel Yarmuth. Although these numerous parallels of specific ceramic forms, especially among the platter bowls and smaller ranges of necked vessels, jugs, and juglets, strongly suggest cultural connections, it is also important to note some the features that are not shared. Many of the more distinctive features of the Arad assemblage have not surfaced or are barely represented in Stratum III at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Light-faced, painted ware does not appear in the town site material, although a rare example of this ware was found in a small juglet of Tomb A 21 (Schaub and Rast 1989: pot 109: MF (microfiche) 374: 109). The distinctive group of cup-bowls, common in Strata III–II at Arad (Amiran 1978: 45 and figs. 14:1–19, 24:16–32), has some parallels in the tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 239:9–10, Tomb A 44; MF 378: 269, 273, 278, 280–81, 284, Tomb A 21, and MF 391: 139–52, Tomb A51) but there are only a few possible examples from the town site (pls. 26:1, 29:17 and 35:20). The globular small jars with small, rounded loop handles on the shoulder, common in Stratum II (pl. 24: 1–14), also have some parallels in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 230: 8, 10; MF 372: 32, Tomb A 21; fig. 384:9–12, Tomb A 51) but there are no parallels from the town site. Other features from the Arad assemblage that are not present at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠include globular, round-base cooking pots, and the practice of applying plastic bands on holemouth jars and kraters. Combing as a surface treatment is rare at Arad and does not occur in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage. In addition to these “missing” features at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as over against Arad, there are other absent features in the EB II connections with Syro-Palestinian sites. Stager (1992: 37–39) lists four main categories of EB II “foreign ware” found in Egypt that are seen as coming from Syria–Palestine: Red-Polished Ware (“Abydos” Ware), Deep-grooved, lattice-burnished Ware, EB II Painted Ware (“Light-Faced Painted Ware”) and Metallic Combed Ware (1992: 37–39). Only the Red-Polished Ware is clearly represented in Stratum III at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, in form and surface treatment in some of the fine ware, red slipped jugs and jars. The single occurrence of a “light-faced painted” juglet in the cemetery, and the basic lack of Deep-grooved lattice-burnished Ware (one possible sherd, pl. 40:18) and Metallic Combed Ware, which appear to be common at other sites in Palestine and Syria, indicate that Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is not a major player in the trade network exchanging these products or their contents. It is

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

247

clear from recent studies on Metallic Ware in northern Palestine (Greenberg and Porat 1996) that the use of this term in the authors’ restricted sense does not apply to wares from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Miroschedji makes a distinction between “the EB II chocolatebrown, fine Metallic Ware” found in a small range of forms throughout the southern Levant and the “EB II–III red-brown Metallic Ware” described by Greenberg and Porat, which is specific to northern Palestine (2000: 321). There are some possible examples of the EB II chocolate-brown wares in the funerary buildings of Bâb edhDhr⺠(cf. Schaub and Rast 1989: 433) and a few in the town site (e.g., fig. 9.2:22). The comparative material from other sites in Palestine leads to two inferences. One is that the cultural exchanges between Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and southern Palestine, however they took place, are much more extensive than they were in the preceding period. This conclusion is supported by the range of close parallels with a broad range of specific types for other Palestinian sites, especially Arad, Tel Yarmuth, and ºAi, and these parallels may suggest that Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during Stratum III became a player in the development of Early Bronze Age culture in Palestine. But on the other side, it can also be inferred that the lack of certain elements prominent in the Arad assemblage, particularly those features that have been shown to reveal a trade network and contacts with Egypt, may indicate that Bâb edh-Dhr⺠did not fully participate in that trade network. Social Significance of the EBII Pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠The various studies of ware, form, and type described above reveal both continuity with the Stratum IV assemblage and development, with the emphasis on the latter. Continuity between the phases is especially evident in the traditionally conservative forms of cooking pots and storage jars. A comparison of the basic forms of these two groups from the two strata reveals close similarity in the size ranges and shape. In fabric texture, inclusions and surface treatment they are also similar. The biggest development in the holemouth specific types is in the increased use of thickened rims of the jars of Stratum III (cf. fig. 7.1 with fig. 9.1). There is also a major jump in the percentage of holemouth jars represented in the Stratum III assemblage over that of Stratum IV. Perhaps this increase can be explained by the fact that more households were involved, or it could be simply a result of the type of areas excavated in the interior of the city. The numbers may be too low to draw firm conclusions, but if a similar range were to be found at other sites the increase could be a significant indicator of social change. The biggest developments in Stratum III are in the narrow-necked jars of various sizes and in the wide, shallow bowls. The narrow-necked jars, often slipped and burnished, were apparently designed for easy pouring, sealing or stopping, and these features suggest that new products such as wine, oil or ointments may have been involved. The range of wide, shallow bowls with different capacities appears to be related to the size of the groups to be served. We may envision, therefore, that significant changes related to how people shared their food in family and common meals may be indicated in the pottery, which is one of the benefits of the close analysis of size and volume as related to form.

248

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III Table 9.9.

Selected Parallels to the Stratum III Pottery

Holemouth Jars Fig. 9.1:1 (Form 2000, Rim 18d): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III: Callaway 1972: fig. 28:13; 29:16. Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.2:5. Fig. 9.1:2 (Form 2000, Rim 18b): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 49:20. Fig. 9.1:3 (Form 2010, Rim 11): Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 18:25. Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.4:5. Pls. 34:7; 30:5; 38:9 ( Form 2010, Rim 13): Arad Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: pl. 18:8, 12, 16; 49:25; 54:27. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 156:9; 157:3, 4. Fig. 9.1:5 (Form 2010, Rim 18b): Arad, Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:5, 7, 9, 18, 20; 19:6; 21; 49:24, 37–38; 54:19, 20. Tel Yarmuth, Miroschedji 1988: pl. 22:10 Fig. 9.1:6 (Form 2010, Rim 18c): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV, V: Callaway 1972: fig. 38:14; 47:10, 14. Arad, Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:2, 11, 22; 19:7, 8, 11, 12; 21; 49:18, 24, 26–28, 30, 32, 35, 40; 54:15–18, 28. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:24; 174, 23. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 22:6, 7. Fig. 9.1:7 (Form 2020, Rim 18a): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV: Callaway 1972: fig. 38:22. Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 18:19. Pella: Bourke 2000: fig.13.3:9; 13.4:14. Fig. 9.1:8 (Form 2020, Rim 18d): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III–V: Callaway 1972: fig. 28:18; 38:2, 16; 46:12, 14, 17. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:6; 19:2; 46:4, 6; 49:18, 21, 22, 23, 29, 39; 50:6, 7, 20, 23. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 17:3, 28. Pls. 24:2; 26:31; 30:17; 31:1; 33:47; 36:18 (Form 2020, Rim 11): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:25; 48:33. Pls. 35:47; 30:33 (Form 2020, Rim 12): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 48:26. Pls. 42:17; 32:11 (Form 2020, Rim 13): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 47:23. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:27; 48:14, 23; 50:11–16. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 157:10. Fig. 9.1:9 (Form 2020, Rim 18a): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:17; 48:19, 22. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 156:6. Fig. 9.1:10 (Form 2020, Rim 18b): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:10; 48:25, 30, 35. Pls. 27:21; 36:23 (Form 2020, Rim 18c): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 47:15, 16. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:14; 46:3; 47:30, 32. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 164:4. Fig. 9.1:11 (Form 2030, Rim 18d): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 46:20. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 18:21, 23; 48: 18, 34, 36; 49:17. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: figs. 167:6; 168:6. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 22:4. Fig. 9.1:15 (Form 2030, Rim 18b). Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.5:5. Fig. 9.1:18 (Form 2030, Rim 18d). Arad, Str. I: Amiran 1978: pl. 54:23. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 26:8. Column Handles Pl. 9.1:13 Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 4, A 41: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 194:1; 216:6. ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV: Callaway 1972: fig. 42:16. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 15:16; 38:3, 5. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:18. Holemouth Bowls Pl. 33:5 (Form 2050, Rim 11): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 42:12. Holemouth Bowls with Spout Pl. 34:20 (Form 2040): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 42:1, 3. Beth Shean: Mazar 2000: fig. 14.2:2 (with loop handles). Tell el-Farºah (N), Str. IV.1: Miroschedji 1976: pl. 4:6–8. Necked Jars Pl. 36:32 (Form 2110, Rim 42): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 17:2, 10; 41:3. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 21:18. Fig. 9.2:1 (Form 2112, Rim 62): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 41:4. Fig. 9.2:2 (Form 2114, Rim 65): Arad Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 41:2, 5, 11. Pl. 26:32 (Form 2120, Rim 40): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III–V: Callaway 1972: figs. 27:23; 37:25; 46:4. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland, 1983: fig. 17:21. Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13:5:10. Pl. 26:24 (Form 2121, Rim 62): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: 15:24, 34; 41:8. Fig. 9.2:3 (Form 2139, Rim 65): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 46:13. Arad, Str. III, V: Amiran 1978: pls. 15:25; 53:5, 16. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:12. Pl. 36:20 (Form 2139, Rim 42); Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 15:31. Fig. 9.2:4 (Form 2129, Rim 61): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 41:12 (more rounded lip). Fig. 9.2:5 (Form 2122, Rim 41): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pl. 15:30; 17:1; 41:3, 12. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 119:9. Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.5:8. Tell el-Farºah (N) Str. IV.1: Miroschedji 1976: pl. 3:13. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 21:16 (more pointed rim).

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

249

Pl. 43:16 (Form 2122, Rim 62): Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 15:35. Fig. 9.2:6 (Form 2129, Rim 62): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 41:12. Pl. 35:9 (Form 2124, Rim 61): Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 15:26; 34:8; 41:16. Pl. 30:13 (Form 2132, Rim 12): Arad, Str. I: Amiran 1978: pl. 53:18. Fig. 9.2:7 (Form 2149, Rim 61): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 42, A 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 226:1; Schaub 1981: fig. 18:1, 4. ºAi Citadel and Lower City, Ph. IV: Callaway 1980: fig. 86: 17. Arad, Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: pls. 16:1; 30:21; 33:4, 5; 34:3, 6, 7, 9: 53:16. Fig. 9.2:8 (Form 2164, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 4: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 194:4. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: fig. 15:1; 31:1, 3; 32:3. Fig. 9.2:9 (Form 2146, Rim 61): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 4, 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 194:3; Schaub 1981: fig. 18:2, 3. ºAi, Ph. III: Callaway 1972: fig. 27:14. Arad, Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: pls. 15:5; 33:7; 34:4, 5, 8; 53:3, 4, 7, 17. Fig. 9.2:10 (Form 2430, Rim 62): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tombs A 41, 42: Schaub and Rast 1989: 216:7, 10, 11–13; 226:22. Tell el-Farºah, Str. 4.2: Miroschedji 1976: pl. 6:18 (not as wide in form). Fig. 9.2:11 (Form 2289, Rim 61): Beth-Shean: Mazar 2000: fig. 14.2:8, similar form, slip and burnished. Fig. 9.2:12, 13 (Form 2291, Rim 65): Probably amphora with handles on neck or body. Cf. Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pl. 14:38. Tell Abu Al-Kharaz: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.6:1; 12.9:4. For neck form, see Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 21:15; 24; 1, 2. Fig. 9.2:14 (Form 2281, Rim 62): See Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 4: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 194:5. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 24:11. Jugs, Juglets, and Amphoriskoi Fig. 9.2:16 (Form 2374, Rim 12): Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 14:38. Fig. 9.2:17 (Form 2394, Rim 62): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 41: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 220:26. Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 25:20. Fig. 9.2:18 (Form 2360, Rim 62): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tombs A 41, A 42, C 4, A 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 220:7, 12, 17, 21, and others; 226:18; 245:3; Schaub 1981: fig. 19:2, 6. Fig. 9.2:19–21 (Form 2290, Handle 41): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery Tombs 14, 73, 42, 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 194:6, 7; 196:2; 226:7; Schaub 1981: 19:8, 9–11, 13–15. For lug handles, cf. ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV–V: Callaway 1972: figs. 42:9–10; 53:9. For lug handle of Fig. 9.2:20, cf. Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 30:15–17. Fig. 9.2:22 (Form 2320, Rim 65): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 56: Schaub 1981: fig. 19:1, same ridge at neck, smaller form. Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 27:14, exact with ridge and straps on sides. Jericho: Garstang and others 1935: pl. 27:24. Tell el-Farºah (N), Str. IV.2: Miroschedji 1976: pl. 6:6, 7 (ridge at neck). Bowls Fig. 9.3:1 (Form 2520, Rim 42): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 23:23, larger form similar rim. See Bâb edh-Dhrâº, pl. 29:39 for larger bowl form. Fig. 9:3:2 (Form 2540, Rim 12): Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.5:9. Fig. 9.3:3 (Form 2546, Rim 12): Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.5:14. Fig. 9.3:4 (Form 2510, Rim 11): Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:21. Fig. 9.3:5 (Form 2530, Rim 12): Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:36. Fig. 9.3:6 (Form 2560, Rim 11): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tombs 14, 41, 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 195:6; 221:3, 4, 6, 7; Schaub 1981: fig. 20:4. Fig. 9.3:7 (Form 2570, Rim 11: Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:20. Fig. 9.3:10 (Form 2700, Rim 12): For the form without a handle, see Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:23. Fig. 9.3:16 (Form 2730, Rim 12): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV: Callaway 1972: fig. 35:24. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 215:11, 12. Painted and Other Decorations Fig. 9.3:21—Grain-wash decoration: Amiran 1969: photo 21. For some recent discussions of this decoration in Early Bronze Age Transjordan, see Prag 2000: 98, fig. 5.4:1; Genz 2000; Kamlah 2000. Fig. 9.3:22, 23. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tombs A 4, A 73, A 41: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 194:2, 6, 7; 195:8; 196:2; 218: 12–14, 16; 219 passim. Tomb 156: Schaub 1981: fig. 19:9–12. ºAi, Ph. IV: Callaway 1972: fig. 42:37. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 24:3. Fig. 9:24—Narrow, parallel lines: ºAi, Ph. IV: Callaway 1972: 42:36. Fig. 9:27—Broad red vertical stripes: The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples are usually on an untreated surface. Most of the parallels are on a white slip. Cf. ºAi, Ph. III, IV: Callaway 1972: figs. 33:19–27; 42:28–35. Pls. 31:24; 40:18—Burnished Net pattern: Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 244:9; p. 69.

250

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM III

Wide, Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls Fig. 9.4:1 (Form 2600, Rim 71): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 44:21, 23. Pl. 29:18, 19, 40 (Form 2600, Rim 72): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. IV, V: Callaway 1972: fig. 36:5; 44:25; 45:1. Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:41. Tell el-Farºah (N), Str. IV.1: Miroschedji 1976: pl. 2:29, 30, 32, 33. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 229:4. Cf. also Rim 77 on forms from Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.6:4, 5, 11. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 21:8. Fig. 9.4:2 (Form 2600, Rim 91): ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III, IV: Callaway 1972: fig. 26:26, 27; 45:3 (see Bâb edh-Dhr⺠pl. 34:16). Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 229:1, 8. Fig. 9.4:3 (Form 2600, Rim 94): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 41: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 221:12. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 23:20. Fig. 9.4:4 (Form 2640, Rim 35): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 41: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 222:20. ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. V: Callaway 1972: fig. 44:14, 16. ºAi Citadel and Lower City, Ph. IV: Callaway 1980: fig. 86:13, exact. Arad, Str. III–I: Amiran 1978: 13:34; 23:8–17; 53:20 (especially, Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pl. 37:5). Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.5:7 (especially Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pl. 31:4). Pella: Bourke 2000: fig. 13.6:10. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 227:17. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 21:8; 25:14 (see especially Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Pl. 38:22). Fig. 9.4:5 (Form 2640, Rim 91): For form, without thickened rim handle, Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 227:15. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 25:10. For Rim 94, see ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III: Callaway 1972: fig. 27:7. Fig. 9.4:6 (Form 2660, Rim 33): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 56: Schaub 1981: fig. 20:3. Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pls. 13:34; 22:50. Fig. 9.4:7 (Form 2600, Rim 72): cf. 9.4:3 above. For bowl shape and basic rim form, cf. Arad, Ph. III: Amiran 1978: 13:41. Platter Bowls Fig. 9.5:1 (Form 2610, Rim 72): Arad, Str. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 23:16. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 25:9. Fig. 9.5:2 (Form 2650, Rim 22): Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.5:8. ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. III: Callaway 1972: figs. 26:29–32; 27:1–6. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:7, 8, 9, 26; 17:18. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 228:8–10. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 25:11. For a complete listing of this type, see Schaub 2000a: fig. 1. Fig. 9.5:3 (Form 2650, Rim 32): ºAi Citadel and Lower City, Ph. IV: Callaway 1980: fig. 87:9. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 16:28. Meona: Braun 1996: figs. 9, 10. Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Ph. 2: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.5:7. Tell el-Farºah (N), Str. IV.1, 2: Miroschedji 1976: pls. 2:22; 5:12. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pls. 23:21; 25:14. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 227:12, 13. Pl. 36:4, 5 (Form 2650, Rim 33): Meona, Braun 1996a: fig. 9:13. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pls. 23:17; 25:13. Fig. 9.5:4 (Form 2670: Rim 22): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tombs A 41, A 73, A 56: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 196:3; 222:13. Schaub 1981: fig. 20:2. Abu al-Kharaz: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.5:1. Arad, Ph. II: Amiran 1978: pl. 22:61. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 215:9. Pl. 41:24, 25 (Form 2670, Rim 23): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 56: Schaub 1981: fig. 20:1. Fig. 9.5:5 (Form 2670, Rim 33): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 56: Schaub 1981: fig. 20:3. Fig. 9.5:6 (Form 2660, Rim 10): See Arad, Ph. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 13:44, handle at rim of deeper bowl. Fig. 9.5:7 (Form 2520, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 88L: Schaub 1981: fig. 16:22 (closed form). Abu al-Kharaz, Ph. I: Fischer 2000: fig. 12.4:9. Arad, Ph. II: Amiran 1978: 42:1, 2, 6. Fig. 9.5:8: ºAi Sanctuary, Ph. II, III, V: Callaway 1972: 23:10; 32:13; 53:4, 5. Arad, Ph. III–I: Amiran 1978: pls. 16:9; 36:4–10. Jericho V: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 17:30. Fig. 9.5:9: Arad, Ph. I: Amiran 1978: pl. 53:24–26. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 21:22. Tell Um Hammad: Betts 1992: fig. 242:14. Fig. 9.5:10: Arad, Str. III–II: Amiran 1978: pls. 16:6, 7; 31:1–4, 7. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 20:20, 23–25. Fig. 9.5:11: Arad, Str. III: Amiran 1978: pl. 16:14. Fig. 9.5:12: Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery, Tomb A 4: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 194:3.

The Stratum II Town

10 THE STRATUM II TOWN Settlement at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠reached its peak about 2550 b.c., the approximate date for the midpoint of Stratum II (see chapter 22 for radiocarbon dates). New buildings were constructed on unused areas and others were built incorporating parts of walls of the previous stratum. Engineering during Stratum II explored new uses of construction techniques to meet the challenges of the natural marl and gravel. A certain amount of town planning apparently also occurred during this stratum, because certain areas were marked out for special activities while others were set aside for domestic or industrial purposes (fig. 10.1). A new sanctuary was built over the remains of the previous one, and a defensive system with town wall and gate was constructed, again evidencing special planning. Occupation spilled over to areas beyond the walled town with suburbs coming into being on all three sides except the north. It is in this context that the EB III town of Numeira must be understood, for it was undoubtedly the growth in population along with the need for more foodstuffs, particularly grain, the specialty at Numeira, that accounted for the founding of this sister site 13 km south of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Cemetery evidence along with that from the town also indicates that population numbers during this stratum reached the highest point attained during the Early Bronze Age. Pottery was abundant and many remnants from the daily life of the Stratum II occupants were recovered in the excavations. In all, the extent of the data for this stratum presents a challenge for understanding the occupation and occupants of this time of growth. Since Stratum II represented the apex of urban life at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, this part of the archaeological record has special significance for the Early Bronze Age culture east of the Jordan River. In the following discussion a somewhat different order from that used in Chapter 8 is followed. In contrast to Chapter 8, where Sanctuary B in Field XII was highlighted at the beginning of the discussion, in this chapter the later Sanctuary A built above the earlier one appears along with Fields XIV, XVII and XIX of the town interior toward the end of the discussion. This ordering resulted from putting various parts of the information together at different stages of study. Ideally, the symmetry between the chapters would call for Sanctuary A to be placed at the beginning to match with the order in Chapter 8, but rather than make such changes late in the preparation of the volume, it was decided to keep it in the position where the Primary Loci Lists and pottery processing placed it. As undoubtedly one of the most important buildings within the town, the treatment with other building remains from the interior of the town is an appropriate place to consider this structure. The remainder of the discussion follows the order of Chapter 8. Fields on the outer limits of the town site, such as the areas where the town wall and other parts of the defensive system were excavated, are dealt with first. This includes the remains in

252

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.1. Map of the town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during Stratum II, showing excavation fields and the main activities for which they were used.

Fields XI, XIII and IV, VIII and XVI where town Wall A was traced, and Fields XI and XIII/IV where entrances to the town on the northeast and west were encountered. The excavations of parts of Wall A in Fields I and II by earlier excavations under Lapp are also included here. The discussion then turns to the interior of the town, including the remains in Fields XVII, XIX and XIV, as well as those of Sanctuary A in Field XII. As will be seen, it was in these fields in the interior of the town that the greatest depth of occupation (sometimes reaching more than 5 m) was discovered, challenging earlier views that occupational depth was lacking at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub and Rast 1989: 17–18). At the end of the chapter an unusual feature discovered by the Lapp expedition in Field III outside the northeast side of the town is discussed. The proposed interpretation of this feature as the remains of a simple kiln may be problematic in that a kiln of this type differs from Early Bronze Age kilns known elsewhere. Yet, Lapp’s explanation that it was a plaster-lined cistern (Lapp 1965) seems improbable since among other reasons a cistern in this area of the site would not appear to be likely. Stratum II Defenses in Fields XI, XIII, IV, VIII, II, I, and XVI An occupation of such duration as that of Stratum II means that the maintenance of elements having to do with the defense of the town was an ongoing process. Since the Stratum II town existed for more than four hundred years, occupants had to deal not only with threats of external attack, but also with the deterioration of the natural soils and gravel of the site (see chapter 2). Changes made in response to crises of vari-

THE STRATUM II TOWN

253

ous kinds are attested in the data. In dealing here with the defensive efforts of the Stratum II occupants, we begin with the northeast towers that were built in response to challenges during the latter part of Stratum II. Following that, the discussion turns to the earlier defense system in place during much of Stratum II. The Northeast Towers in Field XI Field XI on the northeast was opened during the first season of the EDSP in 1975 when traces of occupation on this lofty sector suggested that a fortification of some type might be found here. The area is the highest in the town site, offering a commanding view of approaches to the town from the plain to the east and Wadi Kerak on the north. As anticipated, the excavations of the Stratum II levels exposed such fortification remains (fig. 10.2; cf. also fig. 1.2). The first feature encountered was a spread of flat-lying mud bricks just below surface level (for Primary Loci see table 10.1). When the upper soil was scraped and brushed, numerous bricks and mortar lines between them became visible (fig. 10.3; the balk seen in the photo is between Fields XI.1 and 5; see fig. 10.2). At first, the extensive horizontal layers of bricks suggested a platform, but by the end of the 1975 season it became apparent that these bricks were the upper part of a building and that they rested on a unique foundation made of stone and wood. The structure was named the “Northeast Tower” (Rast and Schaub 1978) but further excavation in following seasons have raised the question whether it was likely that two towers were involved rather than one, with a vacant space between them filled with the bricky debris of Stratum III structures below (fig. 10.4; cf. fig. 8.12). One conclusion was clear. The two matching towers were components of a single structure, which led to various theories about how they were to be understood (see below). The process of dismantling parts of the superstructure and foundation of one of the towers revealed a detailed picture of their construction. In laying the unique stone foundation below the brick superstructure, the builders first placed walls at the outer edges of the towers on the west and east (Locus 7 in Field XI.2a and Locus 2 in Field XI.1; fig. 10.2). Whether they did the same on the interior edges of the towers could not be established since any walls that may have been built on the inner edges of the towers were removed either for other use or by erosion. In a small trench in Field XI.2 the foundation of the outer wall on the west (Locus 7) was three or four courses deep (fig. 10.5). In the photo in figure 10.5 it can also be seen that at the northwest corner the stone foundation was built against earlier Wall 31, the latter being incorporated into the north wall of the west tower, similar to the way Wall 5 was included in the north wall of the east tower. The stones used for these exterior walls of the towers were mostly medium-sized wadi boulders measuring approximately 35 cm in thickness. A unique feature was the manner in which the builders laid rows of stones 3 to 4 m in length, perpendicular to the outer walls. The sizes of the stones varied from smaller cobblestones to mediumsized wadi stones (fig. 10.6). Decomposed wood found between these stone rows, such as that found in Locus 2 of Field XI.6 (fig. 10.7; see also Locus 8 in Field XI.1 and Locus 11 in Field XI.6) showed that wooden beams had been plentifully used in the construction. Judging from the rows of stones, it can be assumed that beams were placed between most if not all of these stone lines, even though wood remains had often disappeared. No exact parallels to this construction technique at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were found, although wooden beams were used at other sites. The builders at Jericho employed beams in the EB III town wall but beams were not noted in towers

spread one line long

254

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.2. Plan of Field XI during Stratum II, showing the Northeast Towers with mud bricks of the superstructure above a foundation of rows of small and large stones with wooden beam remains between the rows.

(Marchetti, Nigro, and Sarie 1998: 125), while Garstang recorded the phenomenon of small stones for bonding mixed in the mortar between layers of the Early Bronze town wall (Garstang 1932: 8–9, fig. 3). Gaps between rows of stones in the fortifications at Khirbet Zeraqon have been interpreted as having been filled with wooden beams that were no longer preserved (S. Mittmann, personal communication). The fact that the rows of stones were laid with spaces of 10 to 20 cm between them showed that the width of the beams measured in those size ranges. Section B–Bu shows fragments of wooden beams among lower stones of the foundation, but this may have

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.1. Square

Locus

255

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XI

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XI.1

4

Mud-brick superstructure on Loci 6 and 8, below Locus 1

XI.1

8

Line of cobbles with wood beams between, oriented east–west, next to Locus 6, below Locus 4

XI.1

12

XI.2

7

Mud-brick debris south of Locus 6

XI.2

21

Packed mud-brick debris below Locus 20

XI.2

22

Ashy occupational below Locus 21

XI.2

23

Rows of stones laid east–west with marl “cement” Locus 63 and wood beams Locus 64, below Locus 19 (= Locus 3 of XI.6)

XI.2

24

Fallen mud brick with chert and pebbles, below Locus 21

XI.2

26

Mud-brick debris below Locus 25

XI.2

29

Mud-brick detritus with ash, pebbles, and some charcoal below Locus 27

XI.2

32

Mud-brick debris east of Wall 33 and south of Wall 31, below Locus 29

42. Sh/Gt

XI.2

34

Mud-brick detritus west of Wall 33, below Locus 29

44. LM, UN (diaphysis), IM

XI.2

35

Mud-brick wall below Locus 34

45. Gt

XI.2

43

Compact brown with some mud-brick detritus east of Locus 30, below Locus 24

XI.2

44

Compact mud-brick detritus below Locus 43, separated from Locus 43 by thin layer of ash

Flotation

Other

Mud-brick detritus with charcoal bits below Locus 11

34. Sh/Gt, UT BM 36. LM, UN (rib fragment) 38. LM, UN 40. Sh/Gt, Gt, UT 32. LM, UN 39. LM, UN 74. Sh/Gt 109. Gt, Sh, Sh/Gt (IM)

54. UN

74. Bone tool

THE STRATUM II TOWN

256 Table 10.1. Square

Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XI (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

XI.2

45

Soft dark brown below Locus 44

XI.2

56

White ash, brown soil west of Wall 33, below Locus 45, contiguous to Locus 55

XI.3

2

White, hard bricky south of Wall 14, below Locus 1

XI.3

3

Pebbly with pieces of mud brick south of Wall 14, below Locus 2

XI.3

7

Mud-brick tower superstructure in south of square, below Locus 1 (= Locus 4 of XI.1)

11. LM, UN, Crystals, BM

XI.3

8

Hard, light brown with pebbles in southwest of square, below Locus 2

14. Sh/Gt, UT (donkey)

XI.4

2

Soft, gray ashy with white flecks, below Locus 1

17. MM, UD

XI.4

5

Mud-brick detritus with bits of charcoal and pebbles, north of Wall 3, below Locus 1

XI.4

11

Light brown, sandy occupational below Locus 5, north of Wall 3, west of Wall 25

XI.5

6

XI.5

10

Same as Locus 6

XI.5

11

Parallel rows of cobbles in Locus 5, below Locus 2

XI.6

2

Mud-brick tower superstructure below Locus 1 (= Locus 2 of XI.2)

XI.6

9

Mud-brick debris within Locus 3

XI.6

10

Same as Locus 3, east–west rows of large stones below Locus 2 (= Locus 23 of XI.2)

XI.6

12

Same as Locus 9

Mud-brick detritus east of Locus 2, below Locus 1 (= Locus 3)

79. #1673, top of a vessel

Bone

Flotation

Other

55. UT, CR-LM 79. Gazelle 120. UD, Sh/Gt, Sh, IM

5. Sh/Gt 9. Sh/Gt 12. LM, UN, Crystals 13. LM, UN 3. LM, UN

12. #1302, worked bone

21. #1788, hotplate?

10. UN, CR

6. UN 21. UT

11. #1668, bead; #1785, bead

7. Flint

15. Mud brick with wood

11. Wood

53. Sh/Gt

53. Shell 54. Flint

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.3. Photo of Field XI.1 and 5, looking east; mud bricks (Locus 4 in Field XI.1 and Locus 2 in Field XI.5) belonging to the superstructure of the Stratum II east tower are visible.

Figure 10.4. Aerial photo of the Northeast Towers of Stratum II in Field XI, looking south; north directional arrow is only approximate; rows of stones for the foundation cover both towers; earlier brick walls of Stratum III appear below the towers, including northeast–southwest Wall 31 which continued to be used in Stratum II to close off the towers on the north.

257

258

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.5. Stone foundation of the west tower of Stratum II; looking east at the northwest corner of the tower in Field XI.2A; mud-brick Wall 31 is below the meter stick and continues along the tower on the north.

Figure 10.6. Rows of small stones in the foundation of the Stratum II east tower; looking north in Fields XI.5 and XI.1.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

259

Figure 10.7. Remains of wooden beams within three stone rows of Locus 3 of Field XI.6 and 6A; looking west; see fig. 10.2.

been caused by later settling (fig. 10.8; for the location of Section B–Bu see fig. 8.12). The only certain information was in the top layer of the foundation where beams were used throughout, providing a stable surface for the mud-brick superstructure. No wood remains were found in the mud-brick superstructure where the mud-brick courses were laid directly atop one another. An estimate based on what appears to have been the approximate number of stone rows and spaces between them suggests that something like 110 beams (about 55 in each tower) with an average width of 10 cm and an average length of 3 to 4 m were used in each course. If this number is extended to three courses, more than 300 beams could have been used for the two towers. On the other hand, some of the lines of larger stones, particularly at the north and south ends, had no timber remains, suggesting the number of beams may have been smaller. Of course, the erosion of the south end of the towers eliminates this part of the towers from consideration. There is little reason to doubt, in any case, that a considerable amount of local timber was cut for this construction. The mud-brick superstructure was placed above the stone and wood foundation and mortared to it (fig. 10.9). Several examples of the cement-like marl mortar came to light (for example, Locus 23 in XI.2). The mud bricks of the superstructure were of various sizes and shapes—some square, others more or less rectangular (fig. 10.2). In several places remnants of the superstructure were still surviving four or five courses high. Both towers were better preserved on the north, while on the south the stone

260

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.8. Section B–Bu (see figs. 6.12 and 8.11 for location), profiling stone rows with wood between in the Stratum II west tower in Field XI.2 and 2A; section shows that in some places the foundation of the towers had at least three layers of stone rows with wooden beams between; upper mud-brick superstructure had been removed by excavation before this section was drawn.

faces and mud-brick superstructures had disappeared except for a few stones, so that it was not possible to retrieve the full dimensions of the towers. The relation of the towers to the earlier Stratum III Walls 31 and 5 on the north, which were incorporated as the northern edges of the towers, presented a problem. As is evident in the plan in figure 10.2, the stone foundations and brick superstructures were oriented differently from the oblique lines of the earlier walls, so that as the builders finished off the towers on the north, they shaved or form-fit the mud bricks at the point of their meeting with what remained of these earlier walls. The foundation stones were similarly worked in, as can be seen in figure 10.5 where the foundation stones of the west tower were wedged against remains of earlier Wall 31 (cf. also fig. 10.2). The

THE STRATUM II TOWN

261

Figure 10.9. Photo showing how mud-brick superstructure of Stratum II east tower was mortared to stone foundation below; looking east across the north half of Field XI.1 before superstructure was removed.

stone lines at this point followed the orientation of the oblique Wall 31 (the same is the case with Wall 5 of the east tower), whereas the stones to the south over the main extent of the towers followed an orientation perpendicular with the faces on the east and west sides. The mud bricks above these stone foundations were also wedged to fit with the oblique Walls 31 and 5. The photo of the east tower (fig. 10.10) shows this clearly. Here Wall 5 defined the outer edge of the north wall of the east tower, while the stone foundation rows were fitted against it and the bricks of the superstructure were also brought to the north edge of what remained of the earlier wall. Thus, while the basic construction of the towers seems clear, it is the northern sides that are problematic. Since no foundation remains or bricks of the superstructure were found beyond Walls 31 and 5, the towers had to have terminated on the north at the point of these earlier walls, and the difficulty is that from the standpoint of symmetry these earlier walls were oblique to the orientation of the two towers. This obviously did not deter the Stratum II builders, who incorporated the axis of the earlier buildings of Stratum III when they implanted the towers against Walls 5 and 31,

262

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.10. Wall 5 in Field XI.3 looking southwest, with mud bricks of superstructure Locus 4 in Field XI.1 abutting Wall 5 prior to their removal by excavation (meter stick sits mostly on Wall 5 but left tip rests on Locus 4); stone foundation (Locus 8 in Field XI.1) below superstructure of east tower is in upper left; like Wall 31 in Field XI.2, Wall 5 served originally in Stratum III but was used as the north edge of the east tower during Stratum II.

even though the latter walls eliminated the possibility of squared-off sides on the north. It is possible that Wall 3 on the north side of Field XI.4 influenced the decision to maintain these older walls as the northern walls, since the latter are parallel to Wall 3, which apparently served as a border wall for a street or walkway providing an access to the towers. The space between the two towers was found to be empty in that neither the rows of foundation stones nor the bricks of the superstructures reached beyond the ill-defined interior edges of the towers. Although the evidence was so close to the surface as to make it difficult to trace, the empty space between the towers had a number of surfaces suggesting a floor or passageway. Loci 22, 45 and 56 in Field XI.2 were surfaces across the vacant space and they abutted the inner edges of both towers. Locus 22 was ashy occupational debris that appeared below mud-brick debris of the superstructure (Locus 21), while Loci 45 and 56 also were directly below the bricky debris of the superstructure. The presence of a number of animal bones in Locus 45 may have been caused by an occupant leaving behind parts of an animal, or perhaps an animal or two were killed when the town was destroyed—by earthquake or attack (chaps. 2, 22).

THE STRATUM II TOWN

263

In addition to the Stratum II cultural material found on and within surfaces between the towers, pottery also came from the stone and cobblestone rows, as well as occasionally from the mud-brick superstructure and its collapsed parts. Pottery from the collapsed brick belonged stratigraphically to the latest use of the towers. This included Loci 4, 8, 12 and 16 in Field I.1 (pl. 45:1–6); Loci 7, 21, 22, 23, 24, 43, and 44 in Field XI.2 (pl. 45:7–20; pl. 47:10–19); Loci 2, 3, 7, and 8 in Field XI.3 (pl. 48:4–21); Loci 2, 5, and 11 in Field XI.4 (pl. 48:22–33); Loci 6, 10, and 11 in Field XI.5 (pl. 49:1– 18); and Loci 2, 9, 10, and 12 in Field XI.6 (pl. 49:19–43; pl. 50:1–46; pl. 51:1–38). The Significance of the Towers in Field XI Although neither of the following proposals can be taken as final, two possible explanations regarding the function of these towers can be considered. One is that they belonged to a gate, with the vacant area between them pointing to a passageway into the town during the final phase of Stratum II. The assumption in this view is that Wall A continued up the hill along the east into Field XI and joined in some way with the towers, a sine qua non for a gateway interpretation. In this case a passageway between Wall 3 in Field XI.4 and the north walls of the towers would have allowed inhabitants of the town to come up the hill on the east and to turn into the opening between the towers. If Walls 31 and 5 at the point of the opening were low enough at the time, which is the way they were found, they would not have been an obstacle for an opening through a gate. The problem for the gate explanation, however, is the lack of a linkage to town Wall A in this northeast area. Evidence of Wall A simply ceased to the south of Field XI. There might be a reason for this. One possible cause is that the stones of the eastern defensive wall in Field XI were removed to construct a tank emplacement during the 1967 war, and this could have resulted in the disappearance of the crucial evidence (the tank emplacement is evident at the site). But this probably will never be proved unless by good fortune some military person involved at the time and with a good memory could visit the site with an archaeologist and explain what the military forces did at this end of the site. Yet another possibility is that Wall A fell into the wadi sometime in antiquity or later. A second explanation is the one considered in the preliminary reports of the expedition (Rast and Schaub 1974: 12–14; Rast and Schaub 1981: 19–22), that the Northeast Tower was a free-standing fortress built to guard this side of the site. If the structure were a fortress, the vacant space within would not have been a passageway but rather a room, and the northern walls, Wall 31 and Wall 5, may have stood higher to close off the fortress on the north side. At the same time, the access between Wall 3 of Field XI.4 and the north wall of the fortress (Walls 31 and 5) could have been used to enter the area of the fortress. The absence of town Wall A could then be explained by the steep slope above the Wadi Kerak which may have convinced the Stratum II occupants that they did not need to carry the town wall across what may have been perceived as natural protection. Whether such an interpretation conforms to the logic of defensive construction during the Early Bronze Age generally, or specifically at this site, it is a possibility worth considering. Beyond these possible explanations the expedition is not able to resolve definitively the problem of the meaning of the towers. What can be said is that, insofar as the towers or tower in Field XI date to the latter part of Stratum II, they belonged to a time when both natural and historical causes

THE STRATUM II TOWN

264

were placing difficult challenges before the occupants (cf. the late pottery in Loci 10 and 12, especially in pl. 49:13, 14, 38; pl. 50:28, 33; and pl. 51:32, 33, and 36; a few of these forms might even belong to Stratum I since they are comparable to Stratum I material in Field XVI). Like Field XVI to the west, Field XI was subject to severe erosion, so that the elements that pertained to the main part of Stratum II, including parts of the town wall on the northeast, seem to have disappeared by the time the towers were built. Elsewhere on the interior of the town geologic investigations in Fields XVII and XIX showed that deterioration by erosion was proceeding already during the main part of Stratum II (see chapter 2). It is conceivable that the towers, whether related to a gate or a fortress, may have been put up as a stopgap measure to provide protection at a time when the northeast side of the site had become vulnerable. This vulnerability could have been part and parcel of that which occurred at Numeira, where some kind of attack or destruction occurred prior to the abandonment of the site late in EB III. The striking reinforcement with huge boulders of the east wall at Numeira took place apparently about the same time as the blocking up of the west gate in Field XIII/IV and construction of the northeast towers or tower in Field XI (see the forthcoming volume on Numeira). The evidence in Field XI is thus important for changes in defense strategy in the latter part of Stratum II. The Stratum II Town Wall (Wall A) Fields XIII and IV Fields XIII and IV at the west end of the site were devoted to examining the main fortifications throughout Stratum II, most importantly the town wall, Wall A (for Primary Loci see table 10.2). Wall A was still visible at many points on the surface along the entire west end when excavation began in 1975. Earlier its estimated width of 10 to 12 m was emphasized by Lapp who investigated the west side in 1965 (figs. 10.11; 1.3; P. Lapp 1968: 5). This side of the town faced out to an open plain below it, and since a natural depression also existed here the builders added special strength to Wall A along its western line. The earlier work under Lapp was limited to small trenches in Field IV.1, where the inner face of Wall A was traced, and Field IV.2, where an exterior face was not firmly identified. The EDSP expanded Field IV by placing five squares against the interior of Wall A (Fields IV.1, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and by opening Field XIII outside Wall A on the west (fig. 1.4). The stratification on this west end was

Table 10.2. Square Locus

Description

XIII.1

4

Mud-brick wastage along west, below Locus 3

XIII.1

7

Reddish brown fallen mud brick, below Locus 5

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Fields XIII and IV Reg. Objects

Bone

34. 36. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51.

UT Sh/Gt, LM LM LM, BM LM LM, UN GT, LM, UN, donkey-prox.

Flotation

Other

40. Charcoal, flint

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Fields XIII and IV (cont.)

Description

XIII.1

15

Mud-brick fall with lightly packed brown soil, below Locus 6

XIII.2

16

Mud brick with fallen rocks, below Locus 15 (= Locus 5 of XIII.1)

XIII.2

23

South wall of West Gate

XIII.2

26

Mud brick facing along west face of town Wall A (=Wall 25), contiguous to Locus 19, below Locus 16 (= Loci 84 and 91 of XIII.2A)

XIII.2

29

Fallen mud brick below Loci 16, 17 and 19

XIII.2A

43

Fallen rock below Locus 42

265

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

33. #3240, 28. Sh/Gt, LM 31. 77#3, two tbs. 29. Flint bone tool 29. Distal humerus, Sh/Gt of charcoal 30. Flint, stone, 30. Sh, LM, UT chunks (no bigcharcoal 31. LM ger than pea 31. Flint, stone 33. LM (Donkey?) size) and 33. Charcoal, awl 37. Sh/Gt, BR MM(RG) brown rocks, 37. Charcoal 38. LM, Sh/Gt no other plant 39. Charcoal, soft 39. Sh/Gt, LM-BR, LM remains rock object (Donkey) 41. Charcoal 41. LJ, Sh/Gt, BM, LM, UN 68. Snail 52. Sh/Gt, right rear mid 72. Shell, flint phalange lateral 53. Sh/Gt 66. UN 68. LM, IM 72. UT, LM, UN 74. Sh/Gt, Sh, crown molar, tooth (pig/boar), peccary, BOS, horncore, donkey 29. Flint

47. #770, incised sherd

64. #1940, small clay vase; #1941, incised sherd

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone

64. Sh/Gt(2), UD, MM

44. 77#78, several pink bricks, soaked for 10 days, no disintegration, though wet throughout 46. 77#46, one cup of unburned wood, and couple chunks of charcoal, no other plant remains

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 53.

Flint Flint Flint Mud brick, flint, shell Stone object, flint, shell Stone object, shells, bitumen Stone object Stone objects, flint, shell Flint Flint Flint

64. Flint, quern

THE STRATUM II TOWN

266 Table 10.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Fields XIII and IV (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XIII.2A

45

Brown ashy south of Wall 38, below Locus 43

XIII.2A

53

Brown wood powder below Locus 26

XIII.2A

84

Mud-brick facing dis- 112. #2853, mantling of Locus 26 stone of XIII.1 (= Loci 26 object and 91)

XIII.2A

91

Mud-brick facing against western Wall A, mortar of Locus 85 (= Loci 26 of XIII.1 and Locus 84)

123. LM, UD

123. Flint

XIII.2A

92

Ashy with pebbles and flint chips below Locus 84

124. LM, UD

124. Flint

IV.3

24

Soft beige layer east of Wall 2 in southern two meters of square, contains mediumsized boulders, below degenerate brick and marl of Locus 21

IV.3

25

Soft white mud-brick layer in south part of square, contains boulders with air pockets between them, below Locus 24

IV.3

27

Chalky white mudbrick fall in south area of square, below mud-brick debris of Locus 26 (= Locus 7 in IV.4)

IV.3

28

Chalky white mudbrick fall north of Locus 27 along east balk, below ash layer Locus 23

IV.3

30

Rock fall along east balk sloping to the west, below mud-brick fall Locus 28

IV.3

31

Rock fall from Wall 2 (= Locus 4 of IV.4)

74. UD, MM

74. C14 wood sample 112. Carbonized wood

50. LM 51. Sh/Gt, UT(2), LM, D

25. Wood

57. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, UD, BM 63. Sh/Gt 65. LM, BO, Sh 67. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, CR 70. LM 56. #2846, sherd with incised marking

56. Sh/Gt, UT

61. Sh/Gt, TM?

63. Flint

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267

Figure 10.11. Wall A on the west side of the town looking north in a photo take in 1977 prior to the new excavation of this area by the EDSP; visible is the small trench excavated by the Lapp expedition in 1965, designated Field IV, that exposed the east face of Wall A; although the west face is not as yet evident in this photo, the course of the wall can be followed.

deeper than that next to Wall A on the south and east sides, providing a fuller picture. The outer and inner faces of the wall were exposed, a possible blocked-up gate and passageway were uncovered, and seven drawn sections were completed for the stratigraphy and architecture, including two through the gateway and areas beyond (fig. 10.12; sections A–Au and B–Bu). Excavation in Field XIII.2 and 2A exposed the exterior face of Wall A, which was constructed here of boulders and medium-sized stones. Many of the round and smooth stones were undoubtedly from the Wadi Kerak, and were rounded and smoothed before they were carried up to the site by workers. The interior face of Wall A was first exposed in a small trench in Field IV.1 during the excavations directed by Lapp. An enlarged area in this square was cleared by the EDSP (fig. 8.8). The interior face of Wall A also appeared in Field IV.6 as the wall curved to the southwest (fig. 10.13). The upper part of Wall A, or the superstructure, consisted of mud bricks such as those found in the boulder and stone rubble of Fields XIII and IV (fig. 10.14). Many of the bricks had been fired to a concrete-like hardness with a pink to orange color, while the unfired bricks were reddish, green or brown color. The whole or partly whole bricks preserved in the debris were more often those that had been fired. Unfired bricks had

268

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.12. Plan of the Stratum II West Gate and Wall A in Fields IV and XIII; with the exception of Field IV.2 excavated in 1965, Field XIII of the EDSP was on the west side of Wall A while Field IV was on the east; both fields are represented in the section cut through Wall A; mud-brick facing Locus 26 actually spanned the entire opening of the blocked gateway although the section does not indicate this.

often crumbled into desiccated piles. Some fired bricks were square-shaped, measuring about 0.30 x 0.30 x 0.09 m; others were rectangular, measuring about 0.40 x 0.30 x 0.09 m. Many of the fired bricks had markings made with the finger or a tool (fig. 10.15). Field IV.1 evidence showed that such markings were made already during Stratum III, although the patterns in the two strata were sometimes different from each other. In figure 10.16 the unfired brick seen on the left came from Stratum III Wall 14 in Field IV.1 (see p. 172 and fig. 8.8), while the fired brick on the right came from a locus of fallen brick in Stratum II (Locus 3 in Field IV.3). Markings of the same type were found on the mud bricks of the EB II and EB III charnel houses (Schaub and

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.13 (left). Photo of east face of Wall A (Locus 7) in Field IV.6, looking southwest.

Figure 10.14 (below). Mud bricks fallen from the superstructure of Wall A in Field XIII.2 (Locus 29); mortar can be seen clinging to some of the bricks.

269

270

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.15. Mud bricks from Locus 29 of Field XIII.2 (see fig. 10.14) containing various markings.

Figure 10.16. Two mud bricks with markings. Unfired mud brick on left is from Stratum III. Fired (secondarily) mud brick on right is from Stratum II. See discussion on p. 268.

Rast 1989: 385, figs. 239, 240). The differences in design on the cemetery examples as over against those from the town wall might again indicate that the masons were not the same at these two sites. On the problem of the firing of the bricks, the geological investigation concluded that oxidation of the bricks occurred secondarily, and that exposure to fire concretized them with the pink to reddish color. The basis for this conclusion was the localized burning, in which a fire had climbed up part of the wall while other parts were untouched. Thus the original brick was unfired, while those that were fired had apparently not been prepared that way by the builders. A parallel case of burned bricks was discovered in Charnel House 22, which had experienced fire in the latter part of EB III, around the time the west end of Wall A was burned (Rast and Schaub 1980:

THE STRATUM II TOWN Figure 10.17. Section A–Au through Wall A in Fields XIII and IV (see fig. 10.12); artificially laid white marl Locus 6, white to green marl Locus 20, and bricks Locus 36 formed the base for the passage leading through the gate; blocking of the gate is found in Locus 117 with secondary mud-brick facing Locus 26 completing the blockage on the west.

271

272

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.18. Photo of North Balk of Field XIII.1 and 2 (see fig. 10.17) showing artificially laid marl and bricks (Loci 6, 20 and 36) of the entry through the gate; the latter is immediately to the right of the photo.

34–39). Bricks from the walls of this charnel house like those in Fields XIII and IV were fired to a pink or orange hue by the burning that took place in this tomb. It was not clear whether the great amount of stone and mud-brick fall at the west end had occurred over time with successive erosion, or whether an intentional effort had been made during antiquity to topple parts of the wall at the time the burning took place. Such effacement apparently did occur in the case of Charnel House 22, where the walls gave evidence of having been pushed over intentionally when the charnel house was burned. The extensive burning at Numeira late in EB III has to be taken into account as another part of the broader context. The West Gate Fields XIII and IV also produced remains of what appeared to have been a blocked gateway on the west side of the town. These two fields on opposite sides of the western wall are taken together here in considering the evidence for a passage into the Stratum II town. The conclusion that the remains were a gateway rests on several components that together suggest this interpretation. The first indications that a gate may have existed at this point on the west side appeared when Field XIII.1 and 2 began to be excavated in 1975. Two superimposed, packed layers of white to gray marl with many broken bits of marl laminae (Loci 6, 20

THE STRATUM II TOWN

273

Figure 10.19. Wall A looking east in Field XIII.2 at the beginning of excavation in 1977; large boulders of Wall 23 are beginning to appear to the right of the meter stick; wooden beam Locus 79 is visible within Wall 23 (cf. fig. 10.24) while mud-brick facing is in the lower middle of the photo in front of Wall 23; meter stick rests on what turned out to be a blocking of the gate opening.

in Field XIII.1; fig. 10.17) were found on the north side of Field XIII.1 and 2, constituting what was apparently a paved walkway west of Wall A. Mud bricks (Locus 36 in Field XIII.2) were also used in the paving as it approached Wall A. Since the make-up material resembled that commonly found in glacis construction, it was at first thought that these layers may have belonged to a glacis against the western wall (Rast and Schaub 1981: 16). The layers, however, did not slope up to Wall A in the usual way of a glacis but were horizontal (fig. 10.18), and their meaning only became clear when an opening through the west wall came to light. At the point of this opening the marl pathway merged with a tamped gray soil pavement with cobblestones that passed through the apparent gateway (Locus 118 in Field XIII.2 and Locus 10 in Field IV.4; fig. 10.17). The marl pathway rested on natural sand and marl (Locus 21 in Field XIII.1). On its surface were masses of fallen rocks, fired and unfired bricks, brick debris, a fallen beam, and other pieces and fragments of wood (Loci 5 and 9 in Field XIII.1), all from the collapse of Wall A. With further excavation it became evident that this packed marl surface was approximately 2 m wide, which turned out to be the same width as the gateway passage subsequently discovered through the opening in Wall A. Since the

274

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.20. East face of Wall A (Locus 7 in Field IV.6), looking west; mud-brick Wall 4 is at lower right abutting Wall A.

marl surface was found at least 6 m west of the town wall, and since it could even have continued further west it was concluded that it was part of a pavement constructed to lead through the gate. A further clue for a gateway here appeared when a facing of mud brick (Locus 26 in Field XIII.2) was uncovered against the west side of Wall A, beginning just beyond the south edge of Wall 23 in Field XIII.2 (same as Wall 6 in Field IV.4; fig. 10.19) and continuing northward in front of what was found to be a mass of stone secondary blocking stones (for a section drawing showing the mud-brick facing of Locus 26 during the 1977 season see Rast and Schaub 1981: 15, fig. 8). The brick facing was found only across the secondary blocking area and thus served to seal the blocking of the West Gate. Facing of this type seems not to have been commonly used around the town wall since evidence for it was lacking in other areas where Wall A was investigated, such as Fields XII, VIII and II. Thus it was clearly part of the operation to block the gate. The only exception that could be considered were the mud bricks (Locus 4) in Field IV.6 that could be interpreted as a facing (fig. 10.20; on the plan in fig. 10.21 it is noted as facing). These latter bricks were laid against Wall A (Locus 7) but for two reasons they did not seem to relate to the same type of activity found in the facing at the West Gate. In the first place they were too far removed from the opening of the gate on the east side (fig. 10.12) to have been connected with the blocking activity at the gate. In addition, the Locus 4 bricks were higher up on the outside of Wall A and did not cover

THE STRATUM II TOWN

275

Figure 10.21. Section C–Cu in Field IV.6 (see fig. 10.12 for location), showing relation of mud-brick Wall 4 to Wall A.

the lower part. They could, therefore, have belonged to a Stratum II structure against the wall, or they could have been a section of still intact fallen bricks of the superstructure. An example of such a cluster of bricks still held together by mortar, and possibly falling off the superstructure, was found away from rather than against Wall A in Field IV.5 (fig. 10.22). But again, these bricks could indicate that facing against the stone of Wall A for one reason or another may have occurred elsewhere. Surface observation in Field XIII.2 showed that the boulder wall, Wall 23, was built within Wall A but cut across the orientation of Wall A (fig. 10.19). Wall 23’s bouldersized stones indicated that it was an important wall, and two possibilities were considered to explain its function. The first was that its nearly perfect face suggested the

276

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.22. Clump of mud-brick (Locus 7) in Field IV.5 found east of Wall A.

south wall of a gateway, which is the conclusion reached here. The boulders of Wall 23 were carefully stacked and their end-points survived (fig. 10.12), giving a measurement of a little over 8 m for the width of Wall A at this point. Of special significance for the interpretation of a gateway was the wooden beam (Locus 79) that spanned the upper part of Wall 23 along its entire length, seen already in the surface photo of figure 10.19 but uncovered fully by later excavation (figs. 10.23, 10.24). Such a beam could have been used for hitching one or more doors in the gateway. A second explanation considered but rejected was that Wall 23 could have served as the terminal point for one of the segments of Wall A. The use of segments in the construction of Early Bronze Age town walls, perhaps as a protection against earthquake damage, is documented at various sites, and at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠it was employed approximately every 15 m in the construction of the town wall of Stratum II (see the discussion under Field VIII below). The heavy boulders of Wall 23 could be explained as a special protection for the vulnerable west side of the site as part of a segment here. On the other hand, the wooden beam across Wall 23 makes little sense in a segment wall. The interpretation of a gateway received further support as excavation cleared to the west of Wall A. Here it was evident that the stones of Wall A north of Wall 23 (Locus 115 of Field XIII.2; fig. 10.25) had the appearance of being poorly laid, and they were smaller than the stones of Wall A south of Wall 23. In addition, querns, worn door sockets, a basalt pecking stone, and other worked stones were found mixed with the natural stones. The material thus pointed to a secondary filling within Wall A (Locus 115 in Field XIII.2). Across the front of Locus 115 was the mud-brick facing of Locus

THE STRATUM II TOWN

277

Figure 10.23. Photo of wooden beam (Locus 79) within Wall 23 in Field XIII.2, looking south; blocking Wall 117 is at left.

26 discussed previously (fig. 10.26). The conclusion reached was that this filling operation served to block up the West Gate. Such a blocking procedure seemed apparent when the stones of Locus 115 were removed, which exposed an internal wall, Wall 117 in Field XIII.2. Wall 117 was made of medium-sized stones (fig. 10.27) and was not bonded to Wall 23, indicating its secondary construction as a blocking wall. At the same time, Wall 117 was laid better than the filling of Locus 115, so that it appears it was the first item to be placed within the gateway, following which the stone fill was somewhat haphazardly placed on both sides of Wall 117. The mud-brick facing then finished off the blockage. One problem that complicated the gate interpretation was the lack of success in efforts to establish a matching wall comparable to Wall 23 on the north side of the opening. This may have been due to the fact that the natural terrain slopes north of the West Gate as Wall A rises up the hill. Thus the north side may have more easily fallen victim to collapse, making it difficult to find the matching wall for the gate on this side. Figure 10.28 shows a line of boulders like those of Wall 23 in Field XIII.2 that might have represented such a matching wall. However, when this line was probed for a small distance, a continuous face could not be established. Since the work at this point approached the end of the 1981 season, the decision was made to stop excavation and to leave Wall 117 standing in order to prevent erosion for future work in Fields XIII and IV. On the interior of the city just inside the gate was a natural depression, which meant that those who entered the town descended into a bowl-shaped depression

278 THE STRATUM II TOWN Figure 10.24. Section B–Bu (see fig. 10.12 for location) in Fields IV.4 and XIII.2, showing the corners of the West Gate on both ends, wooden beam (Locus 79), and blocking Wall 117.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.25. Photo of blocking within the West Gate after mud-brick facing Locus 26 was removed, looking east in Field XIII.2.

279

Figure 10.26. Photo of blocking within the West Gate as the mud-brick facing of Locus 26 was being removed; part of the brick facing remaining is on the left; Wall 23 is at the extreme right border of the photo; bricks and marl of the passage through the gate is below meter stick; looking east in Field XIII.2.

before rising to higher levels on which the buildings of Stratum II were built. This depression was filled with rocks and bricks that had fallen off Wall A, but above the wall fall there were also approximately 2.0 m of siltation that had built up over the centuries until recent times (see fig. 6.9). The loci in Fields XIII and IV that provide the best evidence for dating are the various layers of rocky and mud-brick debris that fell from Wall A (Loci 4, 5, 6, 7, and 15 in Field XIII.1 [pls. 52:1–55:12]; Loci 15, 16, 20, and 29 in Field XIII.2 [pls. 55:13– 58:2]; and Loci 42 and 43 in Field XIII.2A [pl. 59:1–10]; Field IV.3, Loci 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31 [pls. 60:1–62:17]). The West Gate at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠does not compare with some of the larger gates identified at other Early Bronze Age sites such as that at Tel Yarmuth, which featured a paved ramp curving around the slope to provide access to the late EB II and EB III

280

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.27. Wall A with the West Gate opened to the point of blocking Wall 117, looking east in Field XIII.2.

gate (Miroschedji 1988: 61–68). The gate at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠consisted of a simple pathway leading to a straight entry into the town. The simplicity of this construction seems to be indicative of local town development adapted to this region, without the need to attain to the size of Early Bronze architecture in the hill country. Segment Construction in Wall A in Field VIII The objective in Field VIII was to obtain information on Wall A on the south side of the town to complement that found by Lapp in Fields II and IV (for Primary Loci see table 10.3). A section was planned across the wall including areas both south (Field VIII.1, 2, 3) and north (Field VIII.1B) of the wall, and across the wall itself (Field VIII.1A). Although minimal cultural debris remained on either side of the wall (see the section in Rast and Schaub 1978: fig. 6), the removal of part of the upper part of the wall revealed information on the practice of segment construction in laying up the Stratum II town wall (fig. 10.29; Locus 4 in Field VIII.1a). Segment construction was achieved by laying at intervals a face transverse to the axis of Wall A. In doing a surface examination of Wall A around the site, this seems to have been done approximately every 15 m. The section in Field II.7 cut during the Lapp excavations was made at the point of one of the segments (fig. 8.5). This same construction feature was found at Numeira (Rast and Schaub 1980: 42, fig. 15), and it

THE STRATUM II TOWN

281

Figure 10.28. East face of Wall A in Field IV.3 in the search for the north side of the West Gate (unsuccessfully defined), looking west.

has been noted at other Early Bronze Age sites such as ºAi where the technique originated earlier (Callaway 1980: 113–14, fig. 75). There may have been a practical purpose in constructing the wall in sections because it would have been more efficient for different labor forces to work on sections of the wall at the same time. Protection against the possibility of earthquake damage could have been another motive since the site was located in a region of tectonic frequency. The segment procedure in wall construction also suggested several possibilities regarding the direction and manner in which the wall was made (Rast and Schaub 1978: 10–12). One was that the builders worked in a clockwise direction, positioning cross-wise faces at particular intervals while moving in a clockwise direction. Another possibility was that the wall was built clockwise in its overall direction but counterclockwise for each segment. This would mean that the builders laid faces such as those found in Fields VIII.1 and II.7 first, and then built counterclockwise toward the previous segment. Thus it might be assumed that the transverse face was laid, together with the inner and outer faces of the wall as a whole in a particular segment, and that stones were then filled in, the operation proceeding counterclockwise to meet the previously constructed segment, but then moving clockwise to establish the next face some 15.0 m farther on. It is not really certain which of these procedures may have been used, but the results were effective since many parts of the foundation of Wall A survived to modern times.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

282 Table 10.3. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field VIII

Description

VIII.1B

2

Loose, sandy, brown soil around stones of town Wall A

VIII.1B

3

Greenish brown packed soil, below Locus 2

VIII.1B

10

VIII.2

6

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

1. 75#164, UD round brown pellets, two other UD seeds 4. 75#166, some UD pellets, small bone fragments

Disintegrated mud brick below Wall A and Locus 8 (pre-wall phase, probably Stratum III) Fallen rocks with a mass of wasted mud brick

Figure 10.29. South side of Wall A in Field VIII.1 and 1A, showing segment construction used in Wall A, looking north.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

283

Figure 10.30. North face of Wall A in Field VIII.1B, showing tabular stones used in this segment of the wall, looking south.

Related to segment construction was the fact that different sections were often made up of different types of stones. The segment investigated in Field VIII was composed of large, rough, and often angular limestone boulders (fig. 10.29). Originally splitting off the limestone slopes east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, these boulders were transported over time into the fields south and east of the site where they were available to workers here. By contrast, the rounded sandstone and limestone boulders in segments of Wall A at the west end of the site were gathered from Wadi Kerak (see fig. 10.27; cf. the discussion in chap. 2). It may also be that specific worker groups were responsible for different segments of the wall, indicating organized labor. No intact data survived to be sure about this but it is possible that the mud-brick superstructure of Wall A was also constructed in segments. Excavation in Field VIII.1B exposed the interior face of Wall A (fig. 10.30). No evidence was present of plastering or of brick facing along this face, although smaller rocks and chinks were often placed between the boulders. Since a face for Wall A was not preserved on the exterior side, it was not possible to obtain an exact measurement of the width of the wall at this point, but a figure of 5.50 m may not be far wrong. This would mean that Wall A here was somewhat narrower than its average width of 7 m. The layers in Field VIII.1B on the north side of Wall A produced little information on the town wall of Stratum III but these layers were important for the previous Stratum III. The stratigraphic position of the bricky debris of Locus 10 in Field VIII.1B

284

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.31. Cut terraces made in the natural marl for placement of the foundation stones of Wall A; Wall A stones are in the upper part of the photo; looking east in Field II.1 (photo from the Lapp Excavations).

below Wall A suggested that this debris came from Wall B, the mud-brick fortification wall of Stratum III. Similarly, the compact mud-brick detritus of Locus 15 in VIII.1 and the brick debris of Locus 37 in VIII.3 seem to have been desiccated mud brick of Wall B. Thus the information obtained in this field added support for the interpretation that the Stratum III town was surrounded by a defensive mud-brick wall (see chap. 8 for the discussion). Outside of the information gained on Wall A (and Wall B), the squares south of Wall A (Field VIII.1, 2, 3) produced no intact architecture. Layers were mostly mixed. An occasional poorly preserved stump of wall belonged either to the extramural Stratum II settlement traced in surface exploration, or to the final settlement of the site in Stratum I. Fields I and II (Lapp Excavations) Although the main information from Field I had to do with the eastern face of Wall B (chap. 8), excavation in this field showed how the stone foundation of later town Wall A was constructed directly above Wall B (fig. 8.4). While the inner and outer faces of

THE STRATUM II TOWN

285

Figure 10.32. South Balk drawn section in Field II.1 showing construction of Wall A on terraces cut in the natural marl (Lapp Excavations).

Wall A were eroded, Lapp estimated the wall’s width as approximately 7 m, partly on the basis of a presumed foundation trench (Locus 8 in Field I) that had cut the upper part of the bricky debris of Wall B. Field II.1 brought to light valuable information on another construction technique employed by the builders of Wall A. Here on the east end of the site the workers had to deal with a natural marl hillock, which meant that the base of Wall A could not be placed directly on the surviving top of Wall B as in Field II.7 (fig. 8.5) but had to be constructed up a slope. Consequently, the workers made a series of step-like cuts into the side of the marl hillock, and the wall was built up from these terraces (fig. 10.31). The boulders of Wall A were plastered into the marl cuts, and eventually a face was created on the interior and exterior. The three bricks placed in the cut depicted in the south section (fig. 10.32) could have served as a facing on the interior of Wall A, as a base for the lowest stones of Wall A, or they could have been a remnant of the rear wall of a building extending away from the town wall.

286

THE STRATUM II TOWN

This kind of construction, however, did not provide complete protection against eventual wall collapse, despite the efforts to mortar the base stones to the marl cuts. In the course of time rainfall undermined the foundation and erosion of the wall took place here as elsewhere. Nonetheless, since the foundation stones and boulders were often mortared to the terraces, Wall A on the east end was moderately well preserved. Why the same wall disappeared northward in the direction of Field XI is explainable only in part by the many wall stones between Fields I/II and XI being pulled off for a tank embankment. This recent activity, carried on sometime around 1967, can be viewed just west of Field I/II where the stones were obviously pulled from the wall at this point. On the other hand, the absence of Wall A along the entire north side of the site from Field XI on across to the west end may have been due to its having been laid directly on the flat surface along the north. This is also the steepest side of the site, with Wadi Kerak below. If, as the geology of the site showed, this major wadi was highly active in the erosional processes at the site (see chap. 2), it would not be difficult to comprehend that the gravity that pulled out sections of the town interior would also have presided over the tumbling of Wall A on the north. Field XVI Thus, one problem posed in Field XVI was focused on what happened to Wall A on the north side (for Primary Loci see table 10.4). During surveys of the site it was noted that a preserved section of cultural material, including wall lines on the surface, was found between the western and eastern erosional tributaries on the north edge of the site (see figs. 2.18 and 21). Clear indications of surviving parts of Wall A were not evident, however, although lesser wall lines on the surface suggested that results might be found to explain the settlement on the north. Field XVI was opened to expose the structures connected with these walls, and also to deal with the problem of the missing town wall on the north. While the results of three seasons of intensive excavation in this field produced nothing definitive to resolve the problem that Wall A did not continue here (cf. the discussion above under Field XI), important new data were revealed. Excavation uncovered two major occupational uses: the first during Stratum II and a later one with several phases during Stratum I (fig. 10.33; cf. chap. 12). Field XVI was the only area within the town where the relation between Strata II and I was present. The Stratum II material here also represented the latest in that horizon and thus it fills an important gap. Since no remains of strata earlier than Stratum II were found in this field, it could be that this area was not utilized before late EB III and that its use post-dated the abandonment of Sanctuary A in Field XII (see below). In this case there may never have been a northern wall along this ridge during Stratum II, and thus the evidence in Field XVI was not definitive on this problem. Excavation in Field XVI.1 and 2 began with the discovery of a long east–west wall, Wall 18, set along a vertical cut in the natural soils of the slope (fig. 10.34). Wall 18 was made up of mud brick with stones, and was plastered on its north face. The wall followed the vertical cut, making a slight jog to the north in Field XVI.1, and continuing further eastward (fig. 10.33). On the west it reached into Field XVI.3 as Wall 8, until it met the structure defined by Wall 36 and doorway Locus 44 in Field XVI.3. Wall 18 served to retain the natural sandy and gravel soils (Locus 58), making possible the creation of a sort of open porch on the north. Here various layers indicated that this was an area of considerable activity, although none of it was apparently associated with actual structures or dwellings (see Section A–Au in fig. 10.35). An enigma arose,

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.4. Square Locus

Description

XVI.1

18

East–west mud-brick wall, below Locus 7, also below Wall 9, continues in Wall 19 of XVI.2 and Wall 8 of XVI.3, plaster facing still found in places

XVI.2

4

Mud-brick detritus, with fallen bricks and pieces of wood and reed matting probably fallen from Wall 18 (=Loci 7, 34, and 37 of XVI.3)

XVI.2

18

East–west wall laid against the cut of the natural slope, made largely of rocks with intermittent mud bricks, two rows wide, preserved at least six courses high plastered face preserved many places, below Locus 8

XVI.2

22

Compact gray surface like Locus 20, but below latter (= Locus 45 of XVI.3 and Locus 36 of XVI.4)

XVI.2

34

Compact grainy brown to white layer below Loci 31 and 33

XVI.2

37

White to gray plaster surface below Locus 34, north of Wall 18

287

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVI Reg. Objects

5. #1634, three stone beads

Bone

Flotation

Other

5. CR, UD 5. 79#34, six 5. Flint 46. Sh/Gt, UT, IM, ziziphus 46. Flint, shell CR BR spina-christi (conch) 48. Sh/Gt, UT, CR, seeds, six 48. Wood, flint UD almond? 53. Flint 53. Sh/Gt(2), HC, shells 59. Flint, charIM 59. 79#211, one coal 61. MM, UD, CR, uncarbon61. Flint, wood, LM, UD ized olive pit, reed material 63. UT, MB, UD one uncar65. Wood of 64. Sh/Gt, UT, BM, bonized goat beam (PVA) LM, UD feces 68. Reed (PVA) 67. Sh/Gt, UT, IM, 69. Wood of GRB beam (as 73. Sh, UT no. 65) 92. Sh/Gt, CR 71. Soft peat? 124. LM, UD 93. Flint 155. LM, UD 155. Jewelry 202. Sh/Gt 147. HC, Gt, IM 199. LM, UD 200. Sh/Gt, RG

78. Sh/Gt (2), IM

139. #2854, stone bead

136. LM, UD, MM, UD, MM, IM 137. Sp, LM, UD 143. Sh/Gt 157. Sh/Gt, tooth 204. Sh/Gt, IM

153. Shells

THE STRATUM II TOWN

288 Table 10.4. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XVI.2

41

Loose, dark brown ashy soil below Locus 37

151. Tooth

XVI.2

47

Soft white layer with some puddling, below Locus 43

168. HC 172. Sh/Gt, horn

XVI.2

49

Red to brown soil with ash, north of Wall 18, but thicker near the wall, below Locus 47, abuts Wall 60

XVI.2

51

Small stone-lined pit, 75 cm deep and 73 cm diameter, contains chunks of mud brick, below Locus 47, cut into Locus 54

XVI.2

60

Mud-brick wall oriented east–west against the south face of stone Wall 39

XVI.3

7

Mud-brick detritus below Loci 2 and 6, same as Locus 34, north of Wall 8

XVI.3

8

Mud-brick and stone wall oriented east– west, continues Wall 18 of XVI.2

XVI.3

34

Mud-brick debris, the same as Locus 7

76. Sh/Gt (2). UT, IM, CR, HC 79. Sh/Gt, CR RG 83. LM, CR

XVI.3

36

Mud-brick wall oriented northnorthwest and southsoutheast, two rows wide, plastered face on both sides, below Loci 1, 2 and 12; doorway Locus 44 separates two parts of the wall

80. LM, UD, HC

194. #2906, calcite bead, long cylinder 215. #3008, sherd with spiral design and dancing figures

174. Sh/Gt, LM, UD, IM 215. Sh

Flotation

Other

174. Unusual stone

176. Sh/Gt

210. Mud-brick sample

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.4. Square Locus

289

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

XVI.3

44

Doorway, 70 cm wide, in Wall 36, smooth plaster on all sides down to surface Locus 45, wooden beam lay across top rear (west) part of doorway

XVI.3

45

Surface made up of 103. #3009, packed gray to dark ceramic brown soil, abuts Wall chalice 8 and continues base through doorway Locus 104. #3014, 44, below Locus 37 lamp (= Locus 36 of XVI.4 and Locus 22 of XVI.2)

XVI.3

46

Surface slightly higher 107. #3319, than Locus 45 but large jar probably the same as with Locus 45, below Locus applied 37, between Wall 36 snake? and east side of doordesign way Locus 44

XVI.3

52

Mud-brick wash with puddling below Locus 47, above Locus 53, between Wall 36 and east balk

XVI.3

53

Surface with ash below Locus 52, east of Wall 36

XVI.3

56

Later phase of the north–south Wall 36, with the addition of Locus 50, composed of a row of mud bricks on the west side of Wall 36

XVI.4

26

Stone wall continuing into XVI.3 where it meets Wall 36, north wall of room, plastered face on south side like Wall 36 in XVI.3

XVI.4

27

Thick mud-brick layer with pebbles, north of Locus 18, below Locus 25

XVI.4

35

Loose dark brown bricky material, below Locus 23

Bone 100. HC

89. #2924, fragment of stone palette

90. Sh/Gt (2), UT, LM, M, UD

117. Sh/Gt

Flotation

Other

THE STRATUM II TOWN

290 Table 10.4. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

XVI.4

36

Compact gray surface with straw impressions, below Locus 35, probably associated with plastered room structure Wall 36 (= Locus 45 of XVI.3 and Locus 22 of XVI.2)

XVI.4

37

Stone wall oriented east-northeast and west-southwest, parallel to Wall 3 to form a room with Wall 36 in XVI.3, below Locus 38

XVI.4

41

Brown to greenish surface north of Wall 37, below Locus 38

XVI.4

46

Three ash pits from 129. #3112, Locus 35, cut into ivory piece natural soil of Locus 44 with corner and circular edge

Bone

Flotation

Other 118. Bronze piece

however, in that some of the layers, such as Locus 4 in Field XVI.2, contained Stratum II pottery (see pl. 63:1–52), while below were Loci 29, 31 and 33 with Stratum I pottery. On the other hand, Loci 34 and 47 contained ceramic evidence for Stratum II (see pls. 64:9–32, and 65:1–8). The conclusion was that Wall 18 was established already during Stratum II and that it continued in use during Stratum I. The inverted stratigraphy, of Locus 4 falling atop Loci 29, 31 and 33, could have been caused when the upper part of Wall 18 eroded sometime during Stratum I, depositing its earlier contents on a later surface. Noteworthy was the way the northern slope in Field XVI had been terraced with several vertical cuts. In addition to the vertical cut connected with Wall 18, a second one was up the slope to the south where the later Stratum I Wall 12 was placed against it (fig. 10.35). Although it is a conjecture, this terracing on the north side might suggest that town Wall A continued around this part of the site during an earlier phase before the area was used secondarily, and that the town wall here was built up by means of terracing like that in Fields I and II. The terraces here were wider than those in Fields I and II, however, which may indicate a different purpose. One possible piece of evidence for Wall A here could be the larger stones lying behind Wall 18 (seen in the photo in fig. 10.34). The excavators did not conclude, however, that these more or less pell-mell stones belonged to any sort of filling for a town wall. Although the problem of Wall A on the north could not be solved definitively, pottery along the terraces indicated the area was used as part of the town of Stratum II (see fig. 11.12).

THE STRATUM II TOWN

291

Figure 10.33. Plan of Field XVI in Strata II and I, with sections indicated.

Field XVI provided evidence pointing to possible specialized activities connected with cult. The interpretation that a cult area existed here rested on the unique contents such as a chalice base (fig. 11.12:19) associated with a plastered Stratum II room, as well as on the fact that a large Stratum I butchering stone and installation with scattered horn cones lying nearby was found directly above this room, suggesting specialized usage that continued through the two strata (see chap. 12 on Stratum I). The plastered room was found in Fields XVI.3 and XVI.4, and was marked off by Walls 36 in Field XVI.3, and 26 and 37 in Field XVI.4 (fig. 10.33). Wall 36 was constructed of two rows of mud brick and was plastered on both sides. It had a well-defined doorway (fig. 10.36) opening to the interior. The north and south walls (Walls 26 and 37) may also have been of mud brick, but all that survived were the stone bases. The south side of Wall 26 was plastered like Wall 36 suggesting that the whole room must have been plastered. A small palette made from green siltstone dating to Stratum II

292

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.34. Stratum II Wall 18 in Field XVI.2 is in lower half of the photo; upper walls belong to Stratum I; looking southwest.

(reg. no. 2924) was found in this room next to Wall 26 (see fig. 10:39:2; Sowada 2000: 1529 et passim). Of particular interest was a decorated stone (reg. no. 3101, Locus 49) that had been worked with a cutting tool, probably a bronze saw (fig. 10.37; fig. 10.39:3). Evidence for such “saws” during the Early Bronze Age, and specifically during EB III, has been found at other sites in the eastern Mediterranean (Christoph Uehlinger under “saege” in Neues Bibel-Lexikon). Notably, the cut stone in this room was in a secondary position within Wall 37 (fig. 10.38), which suggested the possibility that it had been carried from elsewhere on the site and placed here as part of a wall of the Stratum II cult room. Its original use may have been as base for something to rest above it, or as a piece within a specialized structure. The suggestion that comes to mind is that it was taken from Sanctuary A (see below), when the latter was either going out of or was already out of use. A question thus arises regarding the relation between the cult area in Field XVI and Sanctuaries B and A in Field XII. The superimposed sanctuaries in Field XII were evidently the main religious structures during Stratum III and Stratum II. The transference of the principal cult area from Field XII to Field XVI during Stratum II seems to have occurred at a time when the town was experiencing a number of reorientations, such as the shift of the entry to the town from Field XIII/IV on the west to Field XI on the northeast.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.35. Section A–Au in Field XVI.2 (see fig. 10.33 for location); Stratum II layers are in lower right, abutting and below Wall 18.

293

294

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.36. Entry (Locus 44) to Stratum II plastered Cult Building (Locus 36) in Field XVI.3 and 4, looking east.

In contrast to the plastered walls of the cult room, the floor was not plastered but consisted of a compact gray to brown surface (Locus 45 in Field XVI.3 and Locus 36 in Field XVI.4). Two specially-made vessels found in connection with the room were the chalice (reg. no. 3009; fig. 11.12:19) found at the entrance (fig. 10.33) and an almost whole jar (reg. no. 3319; fig. 11.12:14) also found not far from the entry on floor Locus 46 in Field XVI.3, the same floor as that leading through the doorway into the room (for these two vessels see also pl. 67:1–2). Other pottery connected with this room included that from Loci 44, 45 and 46 in Field XVI.3 and Locus 41 in Field XVI.4 (pls. 65:27–45, 31–38; 66:24–30). Field XVI contained a sizable number of registered objects. In addition to those found elsewhere, three of special interest are illustrated in figure 10.39. The basalt bowl (reg. no. 2005) is most likely an EB IA form for which numerous parallels are available in the EB IA tombs in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 168–70). That it showed up in a Stratum II context may be explained as the result of a discovery in the cemetery area by a later occupant who kept the item for an unknown use at this later time. The palette found in the cult room (reg. no. 2924) was made from greenish siltstone and suggests possible Egyptian connections (Sowada 2000). It can be compared with examples from the cemetery charnel houses (Schaub and Rast 1989: 452– 56, fig. 261), although none of the latter seem to have been made of such fine stone as the one from Field XVI. The cut stone found in the cult room (reg. no. 3101) has already been discussed above.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.37. Close-up photo of cut stone, reg. no. 3101 (Locus 49), in Cult Building 36 in Field XVI.4, looking south.

Figure 10.38. Photo showing south wall of Cult Structure in Field XVI.3 and 4, with cut stone (Locus 49) in secondary use in the wall (left of meter stick).

295

296

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.39. Special objects of Stratum II found in different locations of Field XVI.

Stratum II Structures in Fields XVII and XIX Field XVII As was the case during Stratum III, the fields on the interior of the town site (Fields XIV, XVII, and XIX) produced deeper stratigraphy than the fields along the periphery dealing with the defenses (Fields I, II, IV, VIII, XI and XIII), making it possible to determine major and subtle changes in phases and sub-phases (for Primary Loci see table 10.5). Two major occupational phases of Stratum II, including sub-phase

THE STRATUM II TOWN

297

modifications, were represented in Field XVII.1. Evidence of the activities of the Stratum II people was found in a courtyard and in the remains of what were apparently domestic structures. The small industries of Stratum III were no longer present in Stratum II. The long walls of Stratum II structures were positioned southwest to northeast. This orientation was nearly perpendicular to the southeast–northwest erosion that affected the buildings of this area. Stratum IIB. The break between Stratum III and II in Field XVII was represented by a series of loci of Stratum IIB3, containing mud-brick fragments and mixed debris covering most of the area over the burned remnants of Stratum III (Loci 114b, 117, 118, 120, 132, 134, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151 and 160). These loci (fig. 10.40; see the MLL in Appendix H) suggested an infilling process. The debris contained bits and fragments of bone, flint, copper plaster, shell and basalt. Among the registered objects was a worked stone in Locus 114B (reg. no. 2879). Considerable faunal material was also present, but no surfaces were evident. On the other hand, there were indications of sheet wash, puddling or erosional layers, and one of the walls of Stratum IIB2–1, Wall 75A, was built directly on Wall 121 of Stratum III (fig. 10.41). If there was a period of non-use it must have been brief. Reoccupation began with a leveling of the area over the fill, represented by a mudbrick pavement (Locus 124), and hard, bricky, gray-white to white layers (Loci 119 and 122), all of which appear in the West Balk Section (fig. 8.24). The slight slope of the “floor” area from south to north, following the natural gradient, was probably due to later subsidence in the area. Pottery from this leveling process is represented by Locus 122 (pl. 68:1–19). The first major occupation of Stratum II in the field was during Stratum IIB2. Loci 123 and 129 and Walls 66, 66A, 75, and 75A (fig. 10.41) represented this sub-phase. These four walls were built in the southern half of the excavated area, enclosing a space of 1.5 x 3 m. Four courses of Wall 66 survived. The courses were either all headers or all stretchers. Brick size averaged 26 x 50 x 10 cm, and the bricks were white in color with brown mortar lines. The orientation of the walls was the same as the earlier Wall 121 of Stratum IIIA (cf. fig. 8.22). The relationship of the walls of Stratum IIB2 became clear late in the 1981 season. Walls 66 and 75 had been uncovered in 1979 and appeared to form the corner of a room with a doorway (Locus 80, later blocked) between these walls (fig. 10.42). The 1981 expansion of one m to the south exposed Wall 75A in the south balk (fig. 10.43). Wall 75A was built directly over stone Wall 121 of Stratum III A (cf. fig. 8.24) and was parallel to Wall 66. The south expansion also revealed that Wall 75 cornered with Wall 75A, and that Wall 66A, parallel to Wall 75, closed off the room to the west (fig. 10.41). The west and south balks cut Wall 66 obliquely so that individual bricks do not appear in the West Balk Section (fig. 8.24), although the wall courses were clear. The western half of Wall 66 was problematic because in the removal of the wall the brick lines did not emerge clearly (fig. 10.41). Possibly this section of the wall collapsed or was eroded at the end of Stratum IIB, or the mud bricks were reused by the occupants of Stratum IIA. The broken store jars of Locus 39 were stashed against Wall 66 (fig. 10.44; pl. 70:1, 2). Other pottery from Stratum IIB2 is found in plates 68:20–69:30. Stratum IIB1 was represented by the addition of Wall 36 dividing the area north of Wall 66, by the broken store jar area Locus 39, and by mud-brick pavements Loci 50 and 52, along with Loci 68, 70, 71, 80, 113 and 115 (for the pottery cf. pls. 70:1– 72:23).

THE STRATUM II TOWN

298 Table 10.5.

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVII.1

Locus

Description

Stratum

122

Soft grayish white mud brick intermixed with Locus 119 below Locus 79, over Locus 135

IIB3

67

White mud-brick wall cornering with Locus 66, extending to northeast, below Loci 46, 52

IIB2

73

Hard-packed, white mud-brick material with plaster and orange patches, below Locus 48, over Locus 78

IIB2

77

Compact light brown surface below Loci 76 and 113

IIB2

79

White plaster surface below Locus 78, over Locus 122

IIB2

114C

Mud-brick wall southwest corner

Reg. Objects 210. 214. 216. 221. 223.

132. #2421, fan scrapers

Bone

Other

Sh/Gt LM, GT UM, Sh/Gt(2) Sh/Gt UT, LM(2)

210. Charcoal 216. Charcoal, flint, stone artifact, snail 221. Flint 223. Charcoal 263. Carbonized wood

132. Sh/Gt (2)

132. Fan scrapers (2)

130. Sh/Gt, UT 131. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, Gt, BM, Sh

123

Hard packed dark brown surface below Locus 114A along south balk, over Locus 121

IIB2

224. Sh/Gt

208. Charcoal 224. Charcoal, backed blade

126

Small area of plaster below Locus 114A, between Loci 75 and 66, over Locus 114B

IIB2

225. Sh/Gt

225. Charcoal, shell

127

White mud-brick area below Locus 50, over Locus 129

IIB2

218. SM 219. UT

128

Grayish brown with mud-brick debris and charcoal, below Locus 54

IIB2

220. LM(2), Gt

129

Compact light gray with white patches below Locus 71, over Locus 77

IIB2

222. 229. 236. 303.

66 66A

White mud-brick wall below Wall 4 and Loci 65, 61, 69; Wall 66A appears on edge of south balk below Locus 4B

IIB2–1

LM UT, HC, Sh? Sh/Gt (2), RG Not read

236. Charcoal 293. Flint 303. Shell

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.5. Locus

299

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVII.1

Description

Stratum

Reg. Objects

Bone

Other

75

North–south mud-brick wall, perpendicular to Wall 66

IIB2–1

75A

East–west mud-brick wall parallel to Wall 66

IIB2–1

36

White mud-brick wall, eroded, below Locus 28, over Locus 79

IIB1

39

Loose brown soil with many sherds of two storage jars, north of Wall 66, on Locus 48, below Locus 28

IIB1

41

Soft brown disintegrated remains of wooden beam

IIB1

48

Tightly compact light brown surface, below Locus 31, over Locus 73

IIB1

49

Ash pocket in Locus 48, below Locus 31

IIB1

50

Compact grey mudbrick detritus under Locus 46, over Locus 53

IIB1

52

Compact gray-brown with white mud-brick chunks, below Locus 37, over Locus 54

IIB1

81. Sh/Gt

68

Dark brown soil with small rocks and cultural debris, below Loci 62 and 6, over Locus 77

IIB1

112. Sh/Gt, UT 116. Sh/Gt (2), UT, LM

112. Side denticulate, flake core (also Locus 16)

70

Compact light brown with small stones below Locus 16, over Locus 71

IIB1

120. Sh/Gt

120. 1 Notch/ spokeshave

71

Loosely packed, light gray soil, below Locus 70, over Locus 76

IIB1

126. Sh/Gt, UT

80

Mud-brick blocking between Loci 66 and 75, below Locus 16

IIB1

113

Light gray-brown, hardpacked mud-brick debris below Loci 111 and 112, above Locus 129, similar to Locus 71

IIB1

129. LM, CR

59. 2 restored holemouth jars

59. Sh/Gt

121. #2313 121. Sh/Gt (2) Canaanean sickle blade

79. Sh/Gt

187. Sh/Gt, UT, HC 194. LM 226. LM, UD

81. Rock sample

187. Charcoal 194. Snail, flint

THE STRATUM II TOWN

300 Table 10.5. Locus

Description

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVII.1 Stratum

Reg. Objects

Bone

Other

115

Loose brown with ash and burned bone between stones, below Loci 75 and 76

IIB1

189. Sh/Gt 196. Sh/Gt, LM, HC

16

Hard white, mud-brick pavement, below Locus 12, some mud-brick detritus

IIA4

116. (also Locus 68) Sh/Gt (2), UT, LM, UD 123. Sh/Gt, UT(2) Crystals, TO

17

Light blue ash, below Locus 12, over Locus 19

IIA4

19

Small plaster-lined holes, 3 to 7 cm in diameter, some 10 cm deep, in Locus 16, below Locus 12.

IIA4

30

Hard-packed, light to orange with plaster patches, below Locus 28, over Locus 31

IIA4

58. 2 Sh/Gt, UT

31

White mud-brick floor, below Locus 30, over Locus 48

IIA4

47. LM 72. Sh/Gt, UT, Sh 75. Sh/Gt, UT 109. LM

35

Concentration of medium-sized pebbles below Locus 28, over Locus 42

IIA4

56. Sh/Gt, IM 57. 2 Sh/Gt, UT

56. Side denticulate

42

Hard-packed light gray series of surface, below Locus 28, over Loci 43 and 31

IIA4

83. Balk trim—Sh/ Gt, LM

62. Notch/ spokeshave 83. Balk trim, Loci 42, 43, 45, 46—microtool, backed blade

43

Compact light gray to brown series of surfaces, below Locus 42, over Locus 45

IIA4

64. LM, UD

45

Compact light graybrown series of surfaces below Locus 43, over Locus 46

IIA4

67. Sh/Gt, LM, UD, MM 68. Sh/Gt, UT (also Locus 46)

61

Four lowest courses of bricks in Wall 4, below Loci 57, 58, 59, over Locus 66

IIA4

62

Lower courses of mudbrick Wall 6, below Locus 60, over Locus 68

IIA4

114. #2099, flint 113. MB blades 114. Sh/Gt, UT 118. Sh/Gt (2) 108. Sh/Gt, (2), UT 110. Sh/Gt (2), BM

189. End scraper, charcoal, stone, mortar 196. Charcoal, flint, seeds 50. Flint scraper 51. Charcoal, snail shells 62. Flints

47. Reeds

67. Side scraper, flake core 68. Side denticulate (also Locus 46) 114. Fan scraper, 2 utilized blades, 1 backed blade

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.5. Locus

Description

301

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XVII.1 Stratum

63

White plaster floor south of Wall 4 wall, below Loci 12 and 56, over Locus 64

IIA4

64

Series of compact light brown gray surfaces, below Locus 63, over Locus 114 (= Locus 110)

IIA4–3

65

Ashy compact gray soil in doorway of Walls 4 and 6, below Locus 3, over Locus 66

IIA4

4

Mud-brick wall, SW to NE, 3.5 m in length, in line with Wall 6

IIA4–3

6

Mud-brick wall, SW to NE, in line with Wall 4 (Loci 60 and 62 are the removal of Locus 6)

IIA4–3

110

Compact layers of light brown with pebbles in south balk extension, below Locus 109, above Locus 111

IIA4–3

111

Plaster surface with ash and pock marks below Locus 109, above Locus 113 (= Locus 19)

112

Mud-brick, hard-packed surface below Locus 110, over Locus 75 (= Locus 16)

Reg. Objects

Bone

Other

100. Sh/Gt (2), Art, Gt

104. #2011, 104. Sh/Gt (2), UT, stone object LM, BR

102. Sh/Gt

5. LM, UT, UD

104. 2 flake cores

102. Sickle blade

5. Flint, slag

182. Sh/Gt (2), UT 183. UT, D, GT, BM, Sh, DT, LM

182. Charcoal, shell 183. Flint

IIA3

184. Sh/Gt

186. Charcoal, flint

IIA3

185. Sh/Gt, UT, Gt

185. Sickle blade

Stratum IIA. The Stratum IIA phase began with the leveling of the area with a white mud-brick pavement (Loci 16, 31; see the section drawings in figs. 10.40 and 8.24) and the construction of the well-built mud-brick Walls 61 (4) and 62 (6). These two walls, separated by a doorway, were rebuilt at least twice. During Stratum IIA4 they were represented by the five courses of Loci 61 and 62 (fig. 10.45), combining headers and stretchers, and sometimes using half-bricks. The brick sizes were either 45 x 25 x 10 cm or 20 x 25 x 10 cm, and were white in color with brown mortar. Some of the bricks had finger-grooves similar to those noted in the charnel houses and in Fields XIII/IV (fig. 10.15–16) and XIX. Locus 65 was a doorway between Walls 61 and 62. A door socket on Locus 16 and the plaster coating on the south side of the walls demonstrated that the exterior of the building was on the south. The occupational areas associated with Stratum IIA4 included a series of small plaster-lined holes

302 THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.40. Section drawing of South Balk of Field XVII.1

THE STRATUM II TOWN

303

Figure 10.41. Plan of Stratum IIB2 and IIB1 building remains in Field XVII.1.

(Locus 19 in Locus 16), patches of plaster floors (Loci 30 and 63) and compact surfaces (Loci 42, 43, 45, 64). Loci 111 and 112 to the south of the walls contained considerable flint and bone over an area of concentrated pebbles that may have been a courtyard work area. In Stratum IIA3 the doorway (Locus 65) was blocked with stones (Locus 3), and a new doorway (Locus 57) was constructed with a built-up threshold (Loci 38 and 51) on each side (figs. 10.46, 47). Surfaces associated with this sub-phase were Loci 28, 33, north of Walls 4/58 and 6/60, and Loci 12/109 south of the same walls. Two cross-walls were probably added during this sub-phase (cf. Locus 4B in fig. 8.24, and the mudbrick wall fragment extending from the south balk in fig. 10.47). The pottery of Stratum IIA4–3 is found in plates 72:24–75:24. The later activities in Field XVII.1 were represented by sub-phases Stratum IIA2 and Stratum IIA1. Stratum IIA2 included pits Loci 32, 33 and 37, and squatter occupation represented by Loci 14, 24, 34, 50 and 56. The post-occupational history of the

304

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.42. Photo of mud-brick Walls 75 and 66 in Field XVII.1, looking south; Wall 75 is left of meter stick and Wall 66 is in the foreground.

Figure 10.43. Photo looking toward the south balk in Field XVII.1; lower courses of Wall 66 are in foreground at the bottom of the photo; Wall 75 is at the left and disappears into the balk; Wall 75A was identified in the balk above earlier Stratum IIIA stone Wall 121 left of the meter stick.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

305

Figure 10.44. Fragments of large storage jar (Locus 39) north of Wall 66 of Stratum IIB1 in Field XVII.1, looking south.

area during Stratum IIA1 is evident in the one m of slope wash and debris (Loci 1, 8, 10, 47; fig. 10.40). Summary. The evidence from Stratum II in Field XVII indicates the continuing efforts of the occupants to deal with a difficult terrain. Excavation of this limited area revealed a series of stratified sub-phases with accompanying pottery sequences linked to domestic structures and courtyards. It is possible that terracing and buttress walls to stabilize the slope were used as they were in Fields XIX and XIV, although the massive constructions in the latter areas may have been devoted to more public activities. The Stratum II remains in Field XVII reveal that it was mostly domestic, comprised of simple mud-brick houses with courtyards. Field XIX The challenges of the steep slope in Field XIX were some of the greatest in the town interior as noted already in connection with Stratum III (for Primary Loci see table 10.6). Despite the difficulties, the structures built here represented a sequence of creative efforts to adapt the slope for occupational and, perhaps, public use. Understanding the erosional processes (see chap. 2) is critical in interpreting the sequences in the area. Most of the walls built successively during Stratum II were east–west crosswalls, intended to counter the continual erosion. Erosion affected the cultural remains in Fields XIX.1 and XIX.2 in different ways. In Field XIX.1 the cross-walls helped preserve the succession of surfaces so that it was possible to reconstruct a cultural

spread one line long

306

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.45. Plan of Stratum IIA4 building remains in Field XVII.1.

sequence of occupational phases. In Field XIX.2 a stratigraphic sequence of walls was present but the occupational surfaces related to these walls were preserved only in patches, due to the severe erosion. Stratum IID. A major reorientation of structures in this field took place in Stratum IID (fig. 10.48). In Field XIX.2 this phase was represented by mud-brick Wall 91, a rebuild along different lines of Stratum III Wall 108. The rebuild may have taken place in two stages. A four- to five-course wall of wadi stones was built directly over Wall 108. In the elevation drawing of Walls 108 and 91 (fig. 10.49) this stone segment is shown between the two mud-brick walls. On top of this stone repair, mud-brick Wall 91 was constructed with a different orientation to the northeast. Wall 91 was preserved 10 courses high and two rows wide. The wall was built of bricks 50 x 25 x 10 cm in alternating rows of headers and stretchers, and it cut across the surviving higher levels of buttress Walls 48/105 and 97/110 (see chap. 8). It thus appears to have filled the same role that Wall 108 did earlier, as a terrace cross-wall against which fill was used to level the area. The top courses of Wall 91 were heavily eroded and cut into by the stone foundation layer of later Wall 88. [[text continues on p. 314]]

THE STRATUM II TOWN

307

Figure 10.46. Plan of Stratum IIA3 building remains in Field XVII.1.

Figure 10.47. Photo of Wall 58/60 of Stratum IIA3 in Field XVII.1, looking north; horizontal meter stick is in doorway Locus 57, and vertical meter stick is in earlier doorway Locus 65; blocking Locus 3 is behind the meter stick.

spread one line long

308

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.48. Plan of Stratum IID in Field XIX.

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.6. Description

309

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX

Square

Locus

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIX.2

89

Trial trench 5 x 1 m in center of square

IIIC–IIB

110. Sh/Gt 113. Sh/Gt, LM 115. Sh/Gt (2), UT, LM, Gt, BM 120. Sh/Gt, UT 141. Sh/Gt (2), LM, BO

XIX.1

99

Mud-brick wall in west balk

IIIA–IID

125. LM

XIX.1

10

White mud-brick wall north to south, with eight brick courses and two stone foundation courses, below Locus 13, with foundation trench cut into Loci 100/41

IIIA–IIC

168. LM 170. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

XIX.1

44

Smooth, cement-like mortar, conglomerate rock 53 x 48 cm with center hole 22 cm in diameter, below Locus 37, above Locus H1

IID

XIX.1

82

One course mud brick east–west in south balk Locus 41

IID

XIX.1

96

North–south mud-brick wall, light yellow to brown bricks, 85 cm wide, angling southwest into west balk, two to four courses preserved, stone foundation, below Loci 91 and 94, above Locus 100 (= Locus 410)

IID

154. LM, BM 155. LM 157. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, BO 158. Sh/Gt 163. ?

XIX.1

98

Hard-packed living surface with ash on surface below Locus 95, above Locus 100

IID

137. LM

XIX.2

91

East–west mud-brick wall, 5 m long, ten courses high, two rows with several courses of cobbles as foundation, above Wall 108, below Wall 88

IID

XIX.2

104

Material below Locus 87 in trial trench Locus 89

IID

Flotation

Other 99. One end denticulate 103. One end scraper

168. Microtool

THE STRATUM II TOWN

310 Table 10.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX (cont.)

Square

Locus

XIX.2

107

Lowest surface in excavation of trial trench Locus 89

IID

XIX.1

40

Gray, smooth, 3-cmthick plastered surface above a 10- to 13-cm brick platform, below Locus 37, above Locus 41 (= Locus 98 in west expansion)

IID–C

XIX.2

99

Light yellow-brown compact layer with large circular patch of burning, below Locus 98, above Loci 100, 101, sealed against Locus 48

IID–C

XIX.1

46

White mud-brick wall oriented east–west along north balk, seven courses high, below Loci 17 and 47, above Locus 50, abuts Wall 10

IIC

XIX.1

50

Thick ash layer below Wall IIC 46, exposed in balk removal

XIX.2

84

Mud-brick wall on stone foundation, oriented east–west, preserved to 1 m high, 50 cm wide, foundation of three to four courses of large cobbles in two to three rows, abuts Wall 91

IIC

XIX.2

87

Compact yellow living surface with traces of burning and many flatlying sherds, below Locus 81, sealed against Locus 84

IIC

127. LM, BO 123. Sh/Gt, LM 137. LM, BO

XIX.2

96

Dark yellow-brown to gray-brown layer with ash patches, seed clumps and cobbles, below Locus 95, above Locus 97, sealed against Locus 48

IIC

130. Sh/Gt, UT

XIX.2

98

Loose, dark gray-brown, ashy soil with charcoal flecks and pebbles, below Locus 96, sealed against Locus 48

IIC

131. Sh/Gt, BO

spread is 1 pica long

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

148. #3108, bronze piece

134. #2950-52, polished bone; #2958, polished bone

134. Sh/Gt (2), UT, BO, BR

159. LM 171. Sh/Gt 173. Sh/Gt, HC, SM

82. Sh, BM

159. Fan scraper, one utilized blade

81. Two sickle blades 87. One sickle blade

127. One sickle blade 137. One side denticulate

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.6.

311

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX (cont.)

Square

Locus

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIX.2

103

Mud-brick feature, four courses high, hard brittle bricks with groove marks

IIC

XIX.1

34

Black charcoal layer with pebbles, 4 cm thick, below Locus 32, above Loci 35, 36 and 38

IIB

XIX.1

37

Gray compact mud-brick detritus, with rocks, pebbles and charcoal, 25 to 30 cm thick, sloping to northwest, below Locus 36, above Loci 40 and 41 (= Locus 95 in west expansion)

IIB

62. D 64. Sh/Gt UT, LM 67. Sh/Gt, MM

XIX.1

38/ 39

Plaster-lined mud-brick bin, 65 to 70 cm long, 25 cm deep, cut from Locus 34 and into Locus 37

IIB

61. Sh/Gt, LM

XIX.1

47

Compact brownishwhite mud-brick material below lower rock courses of Wall 5, against Wall 46, above Loci 48 and 49

IIB

78. Sh/Gt

XIX.1

48

Eastern section of compact, fine, black-gray ash and charcoal fire pit, 18 to 20 cm thick, below Locus 47, above Locus 50 (west half of pit is Locus 97)

IIB

XIX.1

97

Western half of pit Locus 48, against Wall 46, 60 cm deep, brownish-black, loose ash layers and light yellow to brown, hard mud brick debris, below Locus 5, above Locus 101, cuts Locus 40 (= Locus 98), Locus 41 (= Locus 100), and Wall 96 (= Locus 41), cut by Wall 96

IIB

XIX.2

16

East–west mud-brick wall six courses high

IIB

XIX.2

19

North–south mud-brick wall cornering with Wall 16

IIB

Flotation

Other

Two side denticulates, one end denticulate

126. #2860, cylinder seal

126. LM 127. Sh/Gt (2), Gt 128. Sh/Gt, BO 130. Gt 131. Sh/Gt (2) 132. LM 133. Sh/Gt (2), BO, D (2) 134. Sh/Gt (2), LM

26. MB

THE STRATUM II TOWN

312 Table 10.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX (cont.)

Square

Locus

Description

Phase

XIX.2

26

Thick layer of light brown-gray mud-brick detritus with sand, gravel, pebbles and charcoal flecks in southwest corner of square, below Locus 23, possible wall segment but mortar lines barely distinguishable

IIB

XIX.2

35

Hard clay surface sloping steeply southward toward Wall 16

IIB

XIX.2

85

Foundation trench of Wall 88 with silt, mudbrick fragments, pebbles, cutting Loci 48, 90 and 97

IIB

XIX.2

88

East–west mud-brick wall, 5 m long, 5 courses high, 3 rows wide, below Loci 62–68, 71, and 73, resting on mortar packed on earlier Wall 91

IIB

XIX.2

92

Fine black ashy with sandstone fragments and charcoal, below Locus 26, above Locus 95, sealed against Locus 48

IIB

XIX.2

95

Light yellow to brown compact surface with mud-brick fragments and pebbles, sealed against Wall 48

IIB

XIX.1

5

White mud-brick wall, three courses high, oriented east–west, with stone foundation, below Loci 4 and 17, above Locus 47

IIB–A

XIX.1

28

Hard, white, mud-brick, irregular surface sloping to northwest, with flatlying sherds, below Locus 26, above Locus 29

IIA–B

Reg. Objects

Bone 108. Sh/Gt, LM

Flotation

Other 108. One sickle blade

88. LM 89. Sh/Gt

Notch/spokeshave side scraper

129. Sh/Gt

75. Sh/Gt, UT 76. MB, W 122. Sh/Gt, UT 140. ?

75. Microtool, flake core

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.6.

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIX (cont.)

Square

Locus

Description

Phase

XIX.1

24

Hard, white, mud-brick, irregular surface sloping to northwest, with flatlying sherds, below Loci 20 and 25, above Locus 26

IIA

XIX.1

80

East–west mud-brick wall with stone foundation, in south balk below Locus 71

Elevation

91

+

108

313

Reg. Objects 37. #1852A, small jar

Bone

Flotation

Other

33. Sh/Gt, LM

XIX.2

Figure 10.49. Elevation drawing of Walls 108 (Stratum IIIC) and 91 (Stratum IID) in Field XIX.2.

314

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.50. Drawn section of South Balk in Field XIX.1.

The original rebuild of Wall 108 may have been occasioned by a collapse of its upper levels or by an erosional event. Such an incident may be suggested by the uneven height of this wall (fig. 10.49). The wadi stones, in fact, may have been used in an emergency repair of Wall 108. Only a small area of surface connected with the use of Wall 91 was uncovered in the lowest part of trial trench Locus 89. Locus 107 was the lowest level reached in Locus 89. In Field XIX.1 a similar reorientation of walls took place with the construction of Wall 96 in a northwesterly direction, perpendicular to that of Wall 91 in Field XIX.2. Wall 96 was a mud-brick wall preserved two to four courses high for a 2 m stretch. The bricks were light yellowish brown, measuring 50 x 25 x 10 cm, and laid in rows of headers and stretchers with alternating position in successive rows. The wall was built on a stone foundation two courses high. It was laid on top of surfaces Loci 100/41 and at its northern end it was oblique to and across the upper levels of Stratum III buttress Wall 97. During its use a buildup of occupation occurred in surfaces Loci 98/40. A secondary wall, Wall 108 in Field XIX.1, parallel to Wall 91 in Field XIX.2 and perpendicular to Wall 96, was located just east of Wall 10 (fig. 10.48). This wall may have been part of the reorientation during this phase, but the wall was not excavated to lower levels. The southern extension of buttress Wall 48/105, Wall 10, continued in use with Wall 96 and its surface Locus 98/40, since Loci 98/40 abutted Wall 10. It seems likely that extension Wall 99 (figs. 8.36; 10.5) also continued in use, although the connection with Loci 98/40 was not established. Another east–west mud-brick feature, Locus 82, only one course high, appeared in the south balk (fig. 10.50) at approximately the same level as Wall 96.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.51. Plan of Stratum IIC in Field XIX.

315

316

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.52. Photo of Field XIX, looking south; meter stick rests against Stratum IIC Wall 46 in Field XIX.1 (see fig. 10.51); dark ashy (Locus 50) below Wall 46 is found across north–south Stratum IIIC–A buttress Wall 48/105 in left of photo.

Taken together, the complex of Walls 10, 96 and 82, and possibly Wall 108, appear to have been domestic structures, but the connection between the walls remained undefined. There may have been an enclosure or courtyard area within the area bordered by Walls 10, 96 and 82. The mortar (Locus 44) in surface Locus 40/98 supported this possibility, although evidence of cooking and other work-related activities was not found. Stratum IIC. Considerable building activity took place during Stratum IIC, particularly in Field XIX.2. The sequence of walls in Field XIX.2 was clear but the connection of these walls with the occupational layers up the slope in Field XIX.1 was not as clear. The first stage of rebuilding in Stratum IIC was the construction of secondary Wall 84 north of earlier Wall 91in Field XIX.2 (fig. 10.51). Wall 84 was associated with surface Locus 87 which extended over the area to the north. This wall, with stone base and mud-brick superstructure, was built against the north side of Wall 91, probably to strengthen Wall 91. The stone foundation of Wall 84 was three to four courses high, with three rows of stones. The stones were wadi stones similar to those in the foundational course of Wall 91 over Wall 108. The mud-brick superstructure was mostly eroded. Bricks sizes were 50 x 25 x 10 cm. Wall 84 had a northern extension at the east end, as did many of the walls in Field XIX.2. Wall 84 was oriented east–west, thus reverting to the direction of earlier walls.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.53. Field XIX.1 looking east; meter stick rests on lower courses of Wall 46 which cuts across north–south buttress extension Wall 10 on upper right; note the header-stretcher construction of Wall 46; stone foundation courses of Stratum IIB–A Wall 5 are in east balk south of Wall 46 (see figs. 10.51 and 10.55).

317

Figure 10.54. Mud brick with bonding grooves for mortar from Wall 46; looking down.

A similar direction was followed by mud-brick wall fragment, Wall 103, south of Wall 91 and east of the Wall 48 extension. This wall was not completely excavated. It survived four courses high and appears to have closed off Wall 48 in an L-shape. A foundation trench excavated on the south side of Wall 103 (Locus 99A) had cut through Stratum III occupational surfaces Loci 100, 101, 102, 105 and 106. Wall 103 was built against the south side of Wall 91 and provided a base for later Wall 88. The relationship between Walls 103 and 91 can be seen in the East Balk Section (fig. 8.38). The basic layout of Stratum IID structures in Field XIX.2 was followed during Stratum IIC, with Walls 96 and 10 continuing with the buildup of Loci 40/98. A thick ash layer mixed with mud-brick debris, Locus 50, belonged to the same or a similar buildup at the northern edge of Field XIX.1. East–west mud-brick Wall 46 was constructed on top of this layer. The photo (fig. 10.52) shows the relationship of Wall 46 to the underlying ash and bricky material of Locus 50. Wall 46 was the only new wall

318

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.55. Plan of Field XIX in Stratum IIB–A.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

319

built in the area during Stratum IIC. It was also the only wall during this stratum to be built without a stone foundation. Although eroded on its northern face and upper courses, Wall 46 was well preserved. It was built across Stratum III buttress Wall 48/105, separated from the latter by Locus 50. It also cut across and into Wall 10, the southern extension of Wall 48/105 (fig. 10.53). Wall 46 was 85 cm wide and 4.10 m long, and did not extend across the entire area. At its western end there appeared to be a possible edge but this was not certain. It was in this same area that a north–south erosional trench did severe damage to the whole area. Six courses of Wall 46 survived, with two rows laid in header and stretcher alignment. Brick sizes were 55–60 x 23–25 x 10–12 cm. The bricks were white in color, and some contained two thick grooves, 2 to 3 cm wide and 4 to 5 cm apart in the center (fig. 10.54). The grooves were perpendicular to the long axis, which most likely served to give a better seat for the mortar between the bricks. Wall 46 inclined approximately 80 degrees to the south. Since this was the opposite inclination of the ordinary northern slump of most of the walls, it seems that the inclination of the wall was intentional in order to give better support against the predominant downward slope erosion. Stratum IIB. This phase was marked by the construction of Wall 88 (fig. 10.55). A foundation trench, Locus 85 (Locus 95A in the East Balk; fig. 8.38) on the south side of Wall 91 was dug down to the upper mud-brick courses of Wall 91 on the south side, with the lower mud-brick courses of Wall 88 being laid into heavy mortar across Wall 91 in an east–west direction. At the east end it was provided with a foundation of stones above Wall 91, and as it veered south of Wall 91 it was built across earlier Wall 103. The easternmost section of Wall 88 was uncovered as Wall 16 during the 1979 season; its northern extension was designated Locus 19. The ash layer (Locus 92) in the east balk (see fig. 8.38) represented occupation connected with the first phase of Wall 88. Wall 88 extended across the entire area of 5 m. It had 5–6 courses of bricks with stones used to level the eroded Wall 91 on the east. Wall 88 was 80 cm wide. The surviving courses were very irregular, with much slumping and cracking. The bricks were of two types in color and textures and were made in several sizes. Some bricks were square, measuring 24 x 24 x 10 cm. Others varied from 25 x 50 x 10 to 30 x 60 x 10 cm. The layout of the wall was not systematic. In some rows the wall was 3 square bricks across; in others a system of stretchers and headers was used. The irregularities in brick size, color and construction technique were similar to those found in Wall 5 of Field XIX.1 The Stratum IIB phase in Field XIX.1 included the building of a new east–west mud-brick cross-wall, Wall 5, parallel to Wall 46. Prior to the construction of the crosswall, a deep pit (Locus 97; fig. 10.51) was cut through earlier surfaces, exposing Wall 46 to the north and Wall 96 to the west. The pit sloped down to the north, with a series of black ash layers interspersed with mud-brick debris. It was 60 cm deep against Wall 46. A cylinder seal (reg. no. 2860) depicting a stick figure with a background of geometric design was found (fig. 18.16). A later buildup of mud-brick detritus and fill was represented by Loci 37/95 and 47. The foundation trench for Wall 5 cut through the debris layers, and the wall itself was built just inside the line of Wall 46. Wall 5 also cut through the upper courses of Wall 10 (fig. 10.56). A surface (Locus 36) with several closely connected layers (Loci 34, 33, 32, 31) was in use with Wall 5. The construction of Wall 5 contained several anomalies similar to those described above for Wall 88 in Field XIX.2. Three brick sizes were noted, each associated with a

320

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.56. Photo showing Stratum II occupation in Field XIX.1, looking east; vertical meter stick rests against remnant of the north–south buttress extension Wall 10 of Stratum IID–C; conglomerate mortar (Locus 44) of Stratum IID–C is in center; horizontal meter stick is at junction of lower courses of east–west Wall 5 of Stratum IIB–A which was built across Wall 10; meter sticks show the slope in this field.

different color. The largest bricks were 50 x 25 x 12 cm. A second range included halfbricks varying in size from 28 x 25–32 x 30 cm, but also in different thicknesses. One group was 12 cm thick and a second group 8 cm. The long bricks were laid as stretches in some rows, with the rest of the row composed of square bricks. In the next course the long bricks were laid as headers and again were associated with the square bricks. In the lower courses some bricks were laid on end over the wider stone foundation. The varying sizes and colors of the bricks suggested that the builders may have reused bricks from an earlier phase. The close positioning of Wall 5 to Wall 46 seems odd. Layers of fill and ash were found between the two walls. Wall 46 was still in good condition while Wall 5 was built only at a slightly higher level, so the purpose of Wall 5 was not clear. Perhaps the area was affected by serious erosion and Wall 5 was a rebuild to stop that process. Some of the largest bricks in Wall 5 were similar in color and size to the predominant bricks of Wall 46. It was difficult to establish a stratified connection between Fields XIX.1 and XIX.2 because of the unexplained nature of the mud-brick segment, Locus 26 in Field XIX.2 (fig. 8.38). The mud-brick lines of this possible wall remnant were not clearly defined but they lay across Locus 92, from which the foundation trench, Locus 85 for Wall 88,

spread is 1 pica long

THE STRATUM II TOWN

321

was cut. Locus 26 appears to have been a collapsed section of a wall from above, from Wall 46 or Wall 108. The upper courses of the buttress Wall 48 were still visible to the west and separated from Locus 26 at a lower level by ash layers and a clayish surface (Loci 33, 35). Since the upper layers of Locus 48 had some square bricks it is possible the wall was repaired during this phase by the builders of Walls 5 and 88. Stratum IIA. The latest phase in this area was connected with surface Locus 24 and an east–west mud-brick wall, Wall 80, which appeared clearly only in the south balk of Field XIX.1. Above this wall throughout the entire area was a series of slope and wash erosional layers (figs. 8.38, 10.50). Summary. The occupational history in Field XIX during Stratum II consisted of repeated attempts to counteract erosion. The cross-walls, especially those on the lower slope of Field XIX.2 attested to these efforts as well as to some lack of success. The original cross-wall of Stratum III, Wall 108, which closed off the area of the buttress walls, was rebuilt as Wall 91 with stone and mud-brick superstructure. Wall 91 was subsequently fortified by a heavy stone-wall structure on its northern side, Wall 84, and a mud-brick extension on the southeast with Wall 103. The top of the latest surviving cross-wall, Wall 88, built on top of Wall 91, was fairly close to the present surface. Later walls may have eroded downslope. The builders were more successful in creating stable areas on the upper slope to the south in Field XIX.1. North–south Walls 10 and 96 continued in use over a considerable period and were supplemented by the well-built cross-wall, Wall 46. This wall, inclined against the slope, apparently worked well, preserving some of the best levels of earlier occupation in the town site, but it also was strengthened by the addition of Wall 5 to its south side. The pottery of Stratum II from Field XIX is found in plates 76–80. Sanctuary A in Field XII Field XII In contrast to the partial plans of structures uncovered in Fields XVII and XIX, a whole plan of Sanctuary A in Field XII was recovered, despite the fact that the stratigraphy on the interior of the structures was little more than one m deep (for Primary Loci see table 10.7). On the outside of the building the cultural debris was even shallower, less than a meter in depth. As was the case with Sanctuary B, Sanctuary A was bordered by a courtyard consisting of mud-brick pavement. The bricks of this pavement had eroded in many places but sections of them were traceable on the surface and were drawn into the plan (fig. 10.57, p. 328). The only elements in the approximately 300 sq. m of this area were the sanctuary itself, the court, and an open-air altar (Locus 13 in Field XII.6). The area was isolated from its surroundings, and as the highest point on the southwest end of the site it dominated the entire southwest side facing out to the south and west. This isolation, plus the broad room plan of the sanctuary typical of Early Bronze Age temples, the courtyard and altar, and the succession of two similarly constructed buildings led to the interpretation that this structure and its surroundings constituted the temple or sanctuary of the Stratum II town. Sanctuary A was better preserved than Sanctuary B, which had been disturbed when the Stratum II building was constructed. The discussion here begins with a description of the architectural features of the sanctuary, then considers the stratification on the interior, and finally deals with the various features in the courtyard area outside the building. [[text continues on p. 329]]

THE STRATUM II TOWN

322 Table 10.7. Square

Locus

Description

XII.1

4

East wall of Sanctuary A, oriented north–south (= Wall 29 of XII.4)

XII.1

28

Compact gray to white bricky surface on east side of Wall 4 below Locus 1 (= Locus 25?), bone fragments and charcoal pieces, much fired brick

XII.1

30

A compact brick, plaster-like surface below Loci 24 and 28 east of Wall 4, charcoal bits and pieces of bone, flatlying pottery, probably a pavement

XII.1

31

Rockfall from Wall 4 in balk removal between XII.1 and XII.4

XII.1

35

Small circular installation made of baked white plaster, diam. 26 cm, depth 6 cm, contained much dark ash and gravel material, placed within surface Locus 28

XII.2

2

West wall of Sanctuary A (= Wall 2 of XII.5)

XII.2

3

Bricky debris with ash below Locus 1 (= Locus 3 of XII.5), east of Wall 2

XII.2

4

Bricky debris below Locus 1, west of Wall 2

XII.2

10

South wall of Sanctuaries B and A, oriented east–west, built against natural gravel

XII.2

17

Compact puddled soil below Locus 11, with charcoal bits

XII.2

19

Gravel fill with some reddish-brown soil, white ash and black burn, below Locus 17 (= Locus 26 of XII.5)

spread is 1 pica long

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

81. 79#215, one tsp. of roots, straw, and other plant remains UD 82. 79#232, uncarbonized plant remains, a number of small UD red seeds

3. #019, flint scraper

76. 79 #198, no carbonized seeds, tiny UD red seeds, some charcoal

75. Pieces of Locus 35

3. 75#44, small pieces of charcoal, fragments of large bone

3. Unregistered flint scraper, charcoal

5. 75#39, charcoal, but no seeds or bone

5. Charcoal

17. 75#82, wood remains and fragments 44. UI

44. Charcoal

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.7. Square

Locus

323

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.4

2

East wall of Sanctuary A, oriented north–south (= Wall 29)

XII.4

3

East–west line of bricks, abuts Wall 2 (29), thick mortar line on south side (= Locus 12 of XII.5)

XII.4

29

Wall 29, same as Wall 2

XII.4

30

Roughly east–west group of stones, east side of Wall 29 toward north end of latter

XII.5

2

West wall of Sanctuary A

XII.5

3

Bricky debris with much charcoal, greengray and pale yellow color, fired red bricks, within and west of Sanctuary A

XII.5

4

Brick pavement with brick lines oriented northeast–southwest, west of Sanctuary A, overlies Wall 6

XII.5

10

Mud-brick step of Sanctuary A

XII.5

11

Dark clay soil with many flagstones along north balk, below Locus 3

44. LM, UN (donkey?)

XII.5

12

Brick steps north of Locus 10

55. LM, UN (from same donkey as Locus 9, bucket 54) 69. MM, RG, LM, BM

Flotation

113. #1965, fan scraper

116. Flint

37. #774, rod 75. UT, Sh/Gt, piece, Sh/Gt aragonite 129. UI (mollusc) 138. UI 82. #084, basalt 147. UI base 89. #085, fragment of basalt grinding stone

scraper

Other

88. #1364, fan 32. UN

40. 77#29, several 75. Soil sample large pieces of 86. Wood charcoal, one pos91. Wood sible seed but not 138. Charcoal an olive pit, no 145. Wood bead? other plant specimens 42. 77#38, cup of unburned wood chunks, one large snail shell, fragment of shell, small black beetles, fragments of bone 50. 77#50, tsp. of charcoal flecks and chunks, few tiny snail shells 129. Flotation sample not processed 25. LM

32. Charcoal

THE STRATUM II TOWN

324 Table 10.7. Square

Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII (cont.)

Description

XII.5

37

Cyclopean rock above Loci 36 and 62

XII.5

54

Bricky debris with cobblestone size stones, above timber Locus 27, below Locus 53

XII.5

59

Part of circular, hard, rough plaster installation diam. 21 cm, depth 14 cm, containing ash in natural gravel 2 m west of Sanctuary A, matches Locus 35 in XII.1 (see Locus 28 in XII.6)

XII.6

2

Dark reddish-brown yellow, white, orange and gray bricky debris below Locus 1

XII.6

3

Compact bricky surface with brick lines and burn marks, below Loci 2 and 6, lapped over some rocks of Locus 13 in north of square (= Locus 4 of XII.10)

XII.6

6

Mud-brick debris with cobble-size stones in south-central part of square, probably part of same debris as Locus 2

XII.6

10

Large fallen rocks in center of square, possibly from Locus 13

XII.6

13

Semicircular feature in north part of square, contains heavy ash and bone on upper part, possible altar base

XII.6

28

Other half of circular plaster installation (see Locus 59 in XII.5), filled with ash, diam. here 24 cm, depth 14 cm, found in east balk removal within Locus 26

XII.7

4

Compact bricky debris with pockets of charcoal, below Locus 2

XII.7

9

Mud-brick pavement with bricks still in position

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

134. Ash

4. 75#127, two tbsp. of large charcoal chunks 24. #081, spindle whorl

78. Sh/Gt

6. Charcoal 55. Flint 69. Flint

40. Ungulate teeth

100. #2014, bead

100. Sh/Gt, MM, UD 82. Burned wood

24. UT

69. Charcoal

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.7. Square

Locus

325

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII (cont.)

Description

XII.8

1

Brownish surface soil with mixture of larger and smaller strewn stones

XII.8

3

Bricky debris below Locus 1

XII.8

15

Mud-brick pavement on northeast side of Wall 17, built on natural gravel and marl

XII.8

19

Burn and ash area on north side of northeast exterior corner of Sanctuary A, rests on Locus 10

XII.9

1

Soft topsoil with stones of various sizes

XII.9

2

Brick pavement with rectangular bricks west of Wall 4 (= Loci 8, 31, 33)

XII.9

4

Northeast corner of the western wall of Stratum II and III sanctuaries, and a small part of the northern wall

XII.9

5

Area of rockfall and bricky debris in south of square, west of Wall 4, below Locus 1

XII.9

6

Thin layer of brown soil below Locus 1, east of Locus 5

XII.9

8

Part of mud brick pavement west of Wall 4

XII.9

13

Gray brick material built up around the brick pavement of Loci 4 and 14

XII.9

16

Mud bricks with gray mortar lines, (= Loci 2, 8, 14, 31, 33)

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

6. MB, UD 12. MB, UD 20. MM, UD 47. MM, UD, W

63. #2423, lamp (reconstructed)

24. #1883, ceramic piece with raised decoration 59. Sh/Gt, BO

99. #2965, fragment of bone tool

52. Charcoal 58. Charcoal 59. Flint blade 96. UD, M 99. HC, UT 101. LM, UD, CR

102. One retouched blade

THE STRATUM II TOWN

326 Table 10.7. Square

Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII (cont.)

Description

Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.9

31

Brick pavement with the bricks sometimes four courses deep (see Locus 16), not a wall

XII.9

33

White mud-brick pavement at southwest corner of square (see Locus 16)

XII.10

1

Surface soil with many large boulders, scattered flints, and sherds

XII.10

4

Bricky surface with some brick lines and disturbed brick, possibly pavement, charcoal lying on surface in some places (= Locus 3 in XII.6)

XII.10

5

Fallen large rocks, probably from north side of the feature Locus 13 in XII.6

43. #1972, flint blade

43. Sh/Gt 60. LM, UD, W

XII.10

10

Fallen boulder-size rocks in lower center of square, probably from the feature Locus 13 in XII.6, many chert and flint chips present, rests on Locus 4

29. #1968, fan scraper 30. #2183, flint blade

30. UT, MB, UD

XII.10

13

Large stones in south balk removal, fallen on north side of Locus 13 of XII.6, same as Locus 5, bricky debris and bones found between stones, below Loci 1 and 2

45. #2184, fan scraper

53. HC, MM, UD, CR 54. HM, UD, Sh/ Gt

XII.10

17

Large rocks in west balk at south end, extending east for 80 cm, probably fall from Locus 13 of XII.6, crumbly brick material between stones, much chert

XII.10

18

Burn next to and possibly under Locus 13 of XII.6, on north side of latter

Flotation

Other

105. Flint blade 106. Carbonized wood 25. #1967, onehalf flint blade, joins with #1966 in Locus 6

22. Sh/Gt, MM, UD 25. UT, MM, UD 32. Sh/Gt, BO 21. MB, US 26. LM (Bos), UT 34. D

17. Charcoal

8. 79#55, Malva seed 9.79#53, Medicage, Malva, barley 16. 79#103, one tbsp. carbonized Christthorn seeds 34. 79#124, Fifteen Christ-thorn seeds, uncarbonized Malva

7. Charcoal 9. Snail shells 12. Charcoal 59. Wood, flint

30. Flint 34. Plaster bits

53. 79#226, one tbsp. charcoal and tiny red UD seeds uncarbonized

55. Basalt mortar, pink sandstone quern

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.7. Square

Locus

Description

327

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XII (cont.) Reg. Objects

Bone

XII.11

1

Surface soil with many rocks

XII.11

2

Thin, brown, powdery soil below Locus 1 in south-central area of square

20. #1982, half of a large stone with hole (digging stick?)

XII.11

3

Bricky layer around boulder-sized stones below Loci 1 and 2, many brick chunks

5. #1849, sherd with incised line around two raised knobs 8. #1855, sherd with seal impression 15. #1937, incised sherd 18. #1939, incised sherd 23. #2185, hammerstone 24. #1957, broken stone ring, #1975, flints 28. #1977, flint blade

XII.11

6

Fallen large rocks in southeast area of square below Loci 1 and 2, probably fall from Locus 13 in XII.6

78. LM, UD, CR 85. LM, UD, IM, D 90. LM, UD 91. LM, UD

XII.11

19

Soft soil below rocks of Locus 6 in southeast area of square

80. LM, UD 84. LM, UD 86. Sh/Gt, Sh/Gt, IM, D

8. MM, UD 10. MB, UD 12. MB, UD 14. Sh/Gt, CR, UT 15. MM, UD 18. UT, MB 22. MB, UD, W 23. MM, UD 24. MB, UD 27. MM, UD, UT 28. Sh/Gt, LM, UD 31. MB, UD 32. St-Gt, UT 33. Sh/Gt 37. Gz, UT, Sh/ Gt, IM, D, SM, UD 39. MM, k UD 40. Sh/Gt, MB UD 42. MB, UD 43. Sh/Gt, Bos? 45. MB, UD 49. MB, UD 59. UT, LM, UD 69. LM, UD

Flotation

Other

4. Charcoal 5. Charcoal, wood 10. Charcoal 24. Wood, chert, broken mortar, charcoal 28. Snail shells, chert 37. Chert 39. Charcoal 40. Broken digging stick stone? 42. Chert 43. Chert

87. Charcoal 88. Flint, charcoal

328 THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.57. Plan of Stratum II Sanctuary A in Field XII.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

329

Architecture. Since the cultural debris in Field XII was shallow, Sanctuary A was left standing and Sanctuary B’s plan was determined from its walls seen below those of Sanctuary A (chap. 8). Both buildings were cleared stratigraphically on the interior, and the evidence from all three strata, including that below the two sanctuaries (Stratum IV), and that of each of the two sanctuaries (Strata III and II), was documented in the single Section A–Au taken across the main axis of the buildings (fig. 10.58; for location of Section A–Au see fig. 10.57). As for the walls of Sanctuary A, no differentiation between Stratum III and Stratum II was possible in the case of north Wall 88 (shown in Section A–Au; only the exterior face was drawn on the plan in fig. 10.57) and the south Wall 10. Both walls were used in both Stratum III and Stratum II, apparently repaired and strengthened when Sanctuary A was built, although the specifics were difficult to recover. An extra row or two of stones seems to have been added to the north Wall 88 where the natural slope at this point threatened the stability of the wall (note also the terracing for this addition in fig. 10.58). Wall 88 was preserved as many as 8 to 10 courses, and thus was the highest part of Sanctuary A surviving. On the south side, 4 to 5 courses of Wall 10 survived, with these courses being built against the natural sand and gravel, providing a revetment of the latter at the same time that it served as the south wall of the sanctuary. As noted in connection with Sanctuary B, the orientation of the longer east and west walls of Sanctuary A (Wall 29 in Field XII.4 = Wall 4 in Field XII.1; Wall 2 in Field XII.5 = Wall 2 in Field XII.2) differed slightly from the east and west walls of the earlier sanctuary (visible in the photo in fig. 8.1). The east and west walls survived 4 to 5 courses high. The walls of Sanctuary A were laid up with stone foundations capped by mud bricks in their upper sections. Loci consisting of brick debris (Loci 2 and 3 in Field XII.1, Locus 3 and 4 in Field XII.2, Loci 4 and 5 in Field XII.4, and Loci 3 and 9 in Field XII.5) contained the broken remnants of the upper wall sections. The foundation stones of Sanctuary A, much like those in Sanctuary B, were medium in size, measuring an average of 25–30 cm in diameter. Some were smooth wadi stones, and were used to provide a sound base for the walls, which were somewhat over one m in width. Since Sanctuaries B and A were also the only buildings at the site constructed with this type of foundation, this unusual technique also suggests the distinctiveness of these two buildings. Remnants of plastering were found in the north face of Wall 10 and on the east face of Wall 2 in Field XII.2. The plaster showed fingerprints where it had been smoothed by hand. It is probable the entire interior of the sanctuary was plastered The interior of Sanctuary A had two phases of construction. Like the earlier sanctuary it was a broad-room structure with an entry on the west side that was somewhat to the south of that of Sanctuary B (fig. 10.57). A second, narrower opening was found north of the entryway. Possibilities are that this smaller opening belonged to a window or niche as noted on the plan, but a clear determination was not possible. These elements were in use during both phases. The entry led onto a surface, designated here Locus 26 (see Loci 19 in Field XII.2 and 26 in Field XII.5; fig. 10.58), made up of a soft brown fill. Locus 26 passed over and covered two of the earlier Stratum III pillar bases (Locus 24 in Field XII.2 and Locus 36 in Field XII.5). It was interrupted by the imposition of Loci 10 and 12 during the Stratum IIA phase, to be discussed momentarily, and as is evident in Section A–Au was finally disturbed by the debris of Locus 9 that collapsed over it. The Locus 26 surface continued north of Locus 10 where it covered yet one more Stratum III pillar base (Locus 62). Locus 26 thus seems to have served

330

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.58. Section A–Au across the interior of Sanctuaries B and A of Stratum II in Field XII; below

Figure 10.59. Staggered brick steps (Loci 10/12) in Sanctuary A of Field XII, partly cut away for Section A–Au at the time this photo was taken.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

these are also elements of the Stratum IV occupation.

Figure 10.60. Flagstones north of the steps (Loci 10/12) in Sanctuary A of Field XII.

331

332

THE STRATUM II TOWN

as the main surface of Sanctuary A during the Stratum IIB phase, covering the entire interior. A substantial alteration to Sanctuary A occurred during Stratum IIA when the northern half of the building was raised to a higher level. Just north of the earlier Stratum III pillar base (Locus 36) a mud-brick stairway was inserted. This latter feature consisted of three rows of mud bricks oriented east–west spanning the width of the building (fig. 10.57). The three rows were staggered. The southernmost row (Locus 10 of fig. 10.58) consisted of a single course of brick while north of it the next row (also called Locus 10) was three courses high but two courses above the level of the southernmost row. The third row (Locus 12) consisted of two courses of thicker bricks, putting it at a higher level yet (fig. 10.59). This latter step opened onto the main surface of the northern half of Sanctuary A which was made up of dark clay soil 30 cm thick, on top of which were found numerous flagstones (Loci 11 and 28 in Field XII.5; fig. 10.60). Many of the flagstones were not in their original position and some had pushed down over the centuries into the soil of Locus 11. Other flagstones were found with their flat sides up and lying on the Locus 11 fill. The dark clay soil produced almost no artifacts and was evidently a sterile fill over which the flagstones could be placed. Access to Sanctuary A was thus through the doorway on the west wall which entered to the original surface of Locus 26. As the entrants turned sharply to the left they passed up the stairway to the higher level of the flagstone pavement. No obviously cult-related material was found at the northern end, but one large beam (Locus 27) proved interesting. It was found lying on the flagstone pavement (figs. 10.61 and 10.57) and was almost 2 m long. The wood was badly deteriorated and could not be identified. The beam contained a series of notches that were filled with plaster, and this could indicate a design of some kind or a feature related to construction. Flotation of soils from the interior of Sanctuary A (Fields XII.1, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 9) produced very little in the way of botanical remains, and this was also the case in general for Field XII, which may be additional evidence in support of the special use of the area for cult purposes. Besides the wooden beam noted above, two long, opaque cylinder pieces were found within Sanctuary A. One (reg. no. 759) came from Locus 9 of Field XII.5 (see fig. 19.1b), the other (reg. no. 774) from Locus 3, also in Field XII.5. These two loci were really the same, consisting of bricky debris above and north of the stairs. The pieces were analyzed as aragonite molusc (see chap. 19). It is not clear how they may have been used since they were both broken. From the beginning of excavation in Field XII flat-lying mud bricks were found in many areas, and most of these could not be connected with walls. As excavation proceeded, it became evident that these bricks belonged to a paved court covering the entire area (Locus 3 in Field XII.6 and Locus 4 in Field XII.10; fig. 10.62) related to the sanctuary. In the courtyard west of the sanctuary a hemispherical stone feature was uncovered (Locus 13 in Field XII.6), and the brick pavement abutted this feature (fig. 10.62) which apparently was an open-air altar. Two unique twin features need to be mentioned in connection with the courtyard and the sanctuary. On opposite sides of the sanctuary twin clay-lined, bowl-shaped receptacles were found implanted into the natural gravel and soil (Locus 59 in Field XII.5 [fig. 10.64] and Locus 35 in Field XII.1 [fig. 10.65]). Their positioning was symmetrical in relation to the two sides of the sanctuary, indicating that they had a function in relation to the building. In each case these receptacles contained much ash, and

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.61 (left). Wooden beam with notching (Locus 27) found on the floor of Sanctuary A in Field XII. Figure 10.62 (below). Brick pavement of the courtyard of Sanctuary A found in the area of the semicircular altar in Field XII.6.

333

334

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.63. Aerial photo of Sanctuary A in Field XII, looking east, showing rectangular building, courtyard, and semicircular altar; west wall of Sanctuary B appears below that of Sanctuary A.

thus must have been used for burning. Most likely they served as small cressets to illuminate the court and building. As in the case of Sanctuary B, Sanctuary A was constructed close to town Wall A on the south, a section of which was uncovered south of the sanctuary (fig. 10.63). At the west end of the courtyard the small remnant of Wall 12 in Field XII.7 seems to have closed off the sanctuary area on this side, evident from the same orientation of this wall as that of the sanctuary and other features of the area. The purpose of the circular feature Locus 13 in Field XII.7 next to Wall 12 was not determined. Given that no clear parallels exist for the various elements of Sanctuary A, either in relation to the building’s construction or the court by which it was surrounded, the evidence uncovered at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠introduces a new set of data for Early Bronze temples in the southern Levant. A number of unusual objects found in Field XII add strength to the interpretation that this area served as the cultic center for the EB II and III towns. One was the seal impression possibly depicting a corporate ritual action (reg. no. 1855) found in the west end of the courtyard (fig. 18.18). The area also contained a fair number of tabular scrapers, 7 altogether including one incised (reg. no. 1966/1967; for the possibility these were trade items and that they were used for flesh-cutting, see chap. 16). Two scrapers were found on the north side of the altar (Locus 13 in Field XII.6). Stratum II pottery from Field XII is found in plates 81–100. [[text continues on p. 341]]

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.64 (left). Locus 59 cresset implanted in the court of Sanctuary A west of the building in Field XII.5.

Figure 10.65 (below). Locus 35 cresset implanted in the court of Sanctuary A east of the building in Field XII.1.

335

THE STRATUM II TOWN

336 Table 10.8. Description

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV

Square

Locus

Phase

Reg. Objects

XIV.3

201

Second arbitrary spit in deep trench, 44 cm

IIB4

XIV.3

239

Three courses of hard white to yellow mud brick bonded with gray mud mortar (= Locus 229), below section Locus 324, above Locus 332

IIB4–2

XIV.3

246

Brown mud plaster surface in northern sector of deep trench, below Locus 241, above Locus 247

IIB4

XIV.3

251

Cream/brown mud plaster surface, abutting Locus 239 in south, below Locus 247, above Locus 255 and running underneath Loci 230/237

IIB4

XIV.3

255

Hard brown packed earth surface with some white plaster and much charcoal in deep trench below Loci 251 and 252

IIB4

XIV.3

269

Mud-brick wall from balk F–G to west balk, oriented southeast– northwest, 20 courses with upper courses tilted to north

IIB4–2

XIV.3

237

Hard fine white mudbrick bottom courses of thirteen-course wall (= Locus 230), related to doorway and surface of Loci 240 and 241.

IIB3–2

196. LM

XIV.3

238

Gray brown ashy material extending over most of the surface of the deep trench

IIB3

185. LM, BO

XIV.3

241

Compact brownish matrix with white plaster flecks and some charcoal, below Locus 238, above Locus 247

IIB3

190. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

XIV.3

248

Damaged plaster surface (possibly associated with Locus 239), below Locus 241, above Locus 247

IIB3

153. #3354, fragmented bowl, mended

Bone 153. Sh/Gt, UT, D, Gt

192. HC

201. Sh/Gt

Flotation

Other

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.8.

337

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV (cont.)

Square

Locus

Description

Phase

XIV.3

272

Mud-brick wall extending out of west balk to SE in northern part of square

IIB3

XIV.3

274

Plaster surface with flatlying sherds associated with Locus 269 in southeast corner, below Locus 275

IIB3

XIV.3

276

Stone wall extending NE from Locus 269

IIB3

XIV.3

278

Occupational debris below Loci 234 and 273 in southern half

IIB3

XIV.3

41

Loose brown soil with mud-brick debris, cobbles and occupational debris under Wall 37 in northeast trial trench

IIB2

XIV.3

181

Fine ashy gray layer in northeast trial trench, over Loci 184 and 186

IIB2

XIV.3

183

Fine ashy layer above Locus 184 in northeast trial trench

IIB2

XIV.3

185

Small tapering conical depressions in Locus 184

IIB2

XIV.3

198

Surface under Locus 186 in deep trench, (= Locus 341 in east balk section)

IIB2

XIV.3

233

Mud-brick debris under Locus 232, above Locus 236

IIB2

XIV.3

273

Loose gray-brown occupation debris with ash and charcoal, below Locus 234, against Wall 281

IIB2

XIV.3

281

Wall in west balk angled down and at right angle to Locus 269

IIB2

XIV.3

37

Wall with chalky white compact mud brick and associated occupational debris separated by ash layers under Locus 35 in northeast trial trench (= Locus 63)

IIA3

Reg. Objects

Bone

112. #2177, 104. LM, UD incised sherd 110. UT, UD, MM 112. Sh/Gt

Flotation

Other

104. One sickle blade

181a. Sh/Gt, UT

84. #1976, flint blade 96. #2039, marked sherd

82. UD, MM, D 97. UD, MM 99. Sh/Gt, LM, UD

82. One utilized blade

THE STRATUM II TOWN

338 Table 10.8.

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV (cont.)

Square

Locus

Description

XIV.3

214

Mud-brick fall and brick detritus below Locus 206

IIA3

XIV.3

224

Homogenous, grayish, bricky debris below Locus 223, above Locus 226 (= Locus 223)

IIA3–2

XIV.3

242

Mud-brick wall, extending into north sector from the west balk in northwest quadrant of square (= Locus 290)

IIA3

XIV.3

266

Mud-brick wall seen in balk (F-G), abutting Loci 234 and 249

IIA3

XIV.3

33

Group of flat pavement stones in center of north line of southwest and southeast quadrants, under Loci 22, 28, and 29

IIA2

XIV.3

133

Whitish brown crumbly mud brick found in south balk, related to surface Locus 92

IIA2

135. 2 Sh/Gt, Gt

XIV.3

134

Hard mud-brick course, lower course of Locus 133

IIA2

136. Sh/Gt

XIV.3

177

Mud-brick surface of Locus 134

IIA2

140. #3367, reconstructed jar

140. Sh/Gt, LM, BO, D(2), Gt, BM, HC

XIV.3

206

Surface that includes grayish-white mud-brick detritus in south of XIV.3, similar to Locus 204

IIA2

157. #3353, shallow bowl (three pieces)

157. 2Sh/Gt, HC

XIV.3

207

Compact yellow/brown and white mud-brick wall associated with Locus 206

IIA2

173. Sh/Gt, UT, LM(2), HC, D

XIV.3

225

Two-course white mudbrick wall at right angles to Wall 63 in north section of deep trench

IIA2

171. LM

XIV.3

34

Line of four stones, east– west, running into east balk of northeast quadrant, under locus 31

IIA1

XIV.4

10

East–west mud-brick wall, under Loci 4 and 11, leans to north

IIB2–A2

spread is 1 pica long

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

164. LM 165. BO 167. UT, D, BM, Sh/Gt (2) 169. LM, Sh/ Gt(2), UT, D 170. #3363, broken platter bowl 186. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

161. Sh/Gt 170. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

186. Two sickle blades

140. Sickle blade

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.8. Square

Locus

339

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIV.4

14

Mud-brick retaining wall built against slope on south

IIB2–A1

XIV.4

51

Rich brown, soft clayish soil with charcoal flecks and pebbles, 2.75 m east–west and 1.25 m north–south along Wall 10/11, under Loci 47 and 58

IIB2–A3 178. #2317, 134. Sh/Gt, LM, incised sherd UD 137. UD, MB 140. UT, LM, UD, MM, BM 141. Sh/Gt, LM, UD, Gt 143. UD, CR 176. LM, UD, MM 180. Sh/Gt (2), UT

XIV.4

54

Ash layer mixed with powdery light brown soil and some pebbles, 10 cm deep, 90 cm east–west, and 1.02 m north–south, under western portion of Locus 53

IIB2

XIV.4

59

Fine, silty clay wash with mud-brick inclusions, under Locus 33

IIB2

XIV.4

63

Basalt cobbles of fire pit (= Locus 43 of XIV.6)

IIB2

XIV.4

64

Bricky material of area north of Wall 10/11, under Loci 59 and 51

IIB2

182. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

XIV.4

53

Light brown silty clay with mud-brick inclusions, partly under Locus 51, 1.50 m east–west and 1.02 m north–south along Wall 10

IIA3

145. Sh/Gt, LM, UD

XIV.4

20

Weathered compact mud-brick detritus, 48 x 71 cm in center area along north balk, under Loci 19 and 9 (= Locus 33)

IIA2

XIV.4

33

Hard-packed mud-brick “platform” with some clear bricks present but mostly undefined, 3.5 m east–west, 1.25 north– south, under Loci 31, 41 and 42, over Locus 59 (= Loci 20, 61)

IIA2

Flotation

141. Side denticulate

160. 79#279, carbonized grapes, grape pips, fig pips, barley 166. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, UD, MM(2) 167. Sh/Gt (2) 170. Sh/Gt, LM, UD

165. #2096, 126. MB, B incised sherd (several pieces)

Other

166. Barley, wheat, flax, pea, grape, fig

THE STRATUM II TOWN

340 Table 10.8. Square

Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XIV.4

61

Designation of mud-brick platform at corner of Wall 10/11 and east balk (= Locus 33)

IIA2

XIV.4

11

Row of stones above Locus 10 in east part of square, similar to Locus 4 to the west

IIA1

XIV.4

26

Short row of five small boulders in northeast foundation course of mud-brick Wall 32

IIA1

98. UT, UD MB

XIV.4

27

Mud-brick detritus under Locus 24 and above Loci 30, 31, south of Locus 26

IIA1

63. UD, MM

XIV.4

31

Compacted mud-brick detritus, 1.75 m east– west and north to south, under loci 27 and 35 (= Locus 30)

IIA1

68. UT, LM, UD 77. LM, GRB

XIV.4

32

Group of three stacked mud bricks exposed in east balk trim

IIA1

XIV.6

18

Mud-brick revetment wall extending 1.50 m east–west, continuation of Wall 14 of XIV.4

IIB2–A1

XIV.6

36

Mud-brick wall, north– south, 1 m wide, extending from north balk to Wall 18

IIB2–B1

XIV.6

43

Fire pit formed with rounded wadi stones

IIB2

XIV.6

44

Light brown wash material with mud-brick chunks and pebbles, under Locus 16, between Loci 23 and 36

IIB2

XIV.6

45

Mud-brick wall, running east–west, cornering with north–south Wall 36, extending into XIV.4

IIB2

XIV.6

23

Large horizontal segment of slumped or collapsed mud-brick wall, extending from the west end of Locus 18, 2.50 m to west and approximately 2.60 m to north, under Loci 12, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31, 33

IIB1

115. UT, MM 119. Sh/Gt, UT

Flotation

Other

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.8. Square

Locus

341

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field XIV (cont.)

Description

Phase

XIV.6

26

Compact mud-brick wash and detritus with cobbles, 40 x 6 cm north– south, 1.50 m east–west, under southern part of Locus 25

XIV.6

28

White Lisan marl under Locus 27

XIV.6

29

Mauve-colored mudbrick mortar material under Locus 19, between Loci 23 and 28

IIB1

XIV.6

37

Mud-brick detritus with small stones, north of Locus 36, under Locus 35

IIB1

XIV.6

41

Soft mud-brick wash with rock rubble and some large boulders, under Locus 23

IIB1

XIV.6

42

Mud-brick collapse at juncture of Walls 36 and 45, above Loci 38 and 43

IIB1

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

IIB1

107. Sh/Gt, UT, LM, UM, Gt 112. Sh/Gt(2), BO

113. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

Stratum II Structures in Field XIV Familiarity with the topography in Field XIV is a necessary prelude to understanding the Stratum II building activities in this part of the interior of the town site (for Primary Loci see table 10.8). Field XIV was plotted on the lower slope of an east–west ridge. Only meager occupation evidence appeared on the upper part of this ridge, where excavations in Fields XV and XVIII quickly encountered sterile levels. Above Field XIV the crest of the ridge is at -244 m. Downslope from the crest the earliest occupation level was at -255 m in Field XIV.3, while the latest occupation levels were at approximately -249.50 m. These differences in levels forced inhabitants to build revetment and terrace walls to counteract the movement of sediment by erosion. Excavation uncovered evidence of these efforts but also revealed that they were less than successful. Although Stratum II material was found in all three squares opened in Field XIV, the deepest levels reached were in Field XIV.4 and 6. In the deep trench of Field XIV.3 Stratum II levels appeared in the upper three meters of cultural deposit. The differentiation between Stratum III and Stratum II in Field XIV proved to be problematic since the exposure of Stratum III loci was too limited to establish a clear transition. The only approach to solving the problem was to define the relationship of Wall 239 to Wall 230/237 to the south and Wall 269 to the west, both of the latter belonging to Stratum II. Wall 239, founded at -251.75 m (fig. 10.66), was the earliest

342

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.66. Wall 239 built over Locus 256 as seen in the south balk of the Deep Trench of Field XIV.

of these three walls. The lower level of Wall 239 could allow it to be placed in Stratum III but the fact that it continues in use with Walls 230/237 and 269 supports the interpretation that all three walls belong to Stratum II. The ongoing use of Wall 239 is thus the major reason for placing the division between Strata III and II in connection with this wall’s founding. The Stratum II material in Field XIV divides into two phases, Stratum IIB and IIA. A major erosional event consisting of up to one m of debris occurred between the two phases separating them stratigraphically. Severe tilting of several walls also belonged to the erosional event. Stratum IIB and IIA had several sub-phases. Stratum IIB5. Belonging to the earliest sub-phase, Stratum IIB5, was Wall 239. A floor associated with this wall was more evident in the Excavated Loci than in the Section Loci (for an explanation of Excavated Loci [EL] and Section Loci [SL] see under Field XIV.3 in chapter 6). EL 259 was a fine-grained, compact light-brown material laid over the earlier occupational levels of Stratum III. EL 256 was a thicker band of detritus with some charcoal and ash over EL 259 (fig. 8.18). During the excavation of the upper levels of EL 256 at the south end of the trench, the bottom course of Wall 239 appeared (fig. 10.66). SL 333, a compact light brown layer with charcoal, pebbles,

THE STRATUM II TOWN

343

stones and mud-brick fragments shows this level as sloping downward from south to north and abutting the lower course of Wall 239 (fig. 8.18). Although a foundation trench for Wall 239 is not indicated in the East Balk Section it is clear that Wall 239 was cut into the upper levels of SL 333 and belonged to the earliest phase of Stratum II. The first occupational level associated with Wall 239 was Locus 255. A second stage in the history of Wall 239, Stratum IIB4, was contemporary with a series of occupational surfaces exposed to the north. The occupational surfaces were related to the installation of a pottery bowl, SL 335, set into SL 329, a compact light brown layer, as well as into SL 327, a layer of loose gray burned material with charcoal, and into floor SL 328 (fig. 8.18). Continued access to this bowl was assured by constructing a hard white plaster surface, SL 352, around and above the bowl’s mouth. The pottery bowl installation continued in use with seven successive floors, several of which were plastered and separated by ash layers. The floors and ash layers together are represented in SL 326. Although the East Balk Section does not show SL 326 extending to Wall 239, it is clear from the plan made during the excavation of EL 251 that these surfaces were in use with Wall 239. The relationship of Walls 269 and 272 to Stratum IIB4 is uncertain (fig. 10.67). The bottom level of Wall 269 on the north side was exposed in connection with plaster surface Locus 274 (figs. 10.67, 10.68). This level corresponds to the third course of Wall 239 to the east (fig. 8.18). Both walls line up and were likely contemporary, perhaps as a terrace wall. Wall 272 is also associated with Stratum IIB4. The bottom level of Wall 272 was not reached, but the part exposed was preserved 10 courses to a height of 90 cm. The lowest level reached at -251.56 m was slightly below the plaster surfaces of SL 326 discussed above. Wall 272 in Field XIV.3 projected from the west balk on a different orientation from that of the other walls in this area (fig. 10.68). It did not continue to the east but could possibly have cornered to the north. Its relationship to the other walls and surfaces in the deep trench remains problematical. Stratum IIB3. The major new element in this sub-phase was the construction of Wall 230/237, a thirteen-course wall exposed in the north end of the deep trench (fig. 8.18). The lower courses of Wall 230/237 were placed in a trench cut into Stratum IIB4 surfaces SL 326. Wall 230/237 rested on SL 350, a silt layer overlying the floors, suggesting there may have been a period during which the area was not used. The plan of the deep trench at this level in the composite map of Stratum IIB (fig. 10.67) illustrates the surfaces connected to Wall 230/237 and Wall 239. The line of Wall 230/237 was broken by an opening for a door in which appeared a green, plastered surface, EL 245. A door socket, EL 240, rested on a brown plaster surface, EL 246, on the south side of Wall 230/237. EL 246 and another plaster surface, EL 248, were covered in spots by ashy layer EL 247. Wall 239 continued in use as evidenced by the relationship of plaster surface EL 248 to Wall 239. In the west half of Field XIV.3 Stratum IIB3 is represented by Walls 269 and 272, stone Wall 276, and several surfaces (fig. 10.68). Wall 276 was preserved two courses high. It rested on plaster surface Locus 274 which abutted mud-brick Wall 269 (fig. 10.67). To the north Locus 298 was a similar surface in use with Wall 272. The occupational debris of Locus 278 above Locus 298 is also associated with this sub-phase. Stratum IIB2. This sub-phase is the first level at which it becomes feasible to correlate the structures from all the excavated areas of Field XIV. The correlation rests on two interpretations of the evidence. One is that the different levels of occupation encountered in Fields XIV.4, XIV.6 and XIV.3 represent adaptation to the natural

THE STRATUM II TOWN

344 FIELD XIV

STRATUM IIB

Figure 10.67. Composite Plan of Stratum IIB in Field XIV.

slope in this area. The difference in the occupation levels in these areas is due to terracing and leveling. A similar adaptation to a steep slope with terracing and contemporary walls on different levels was found above in Field XIX. The second interpretation is that the two wall complexes in the southern area (Walls 10, 36) and northern area (Walls 269 and 281) were linked. The similar, severe tilts of the upper courses of the east–west walls (Wall 10 in Field XIV.4 and Wall 269 in Field XIV.3)

THE STRATUM II TOWN

345

Figure 10.68. Field XIV.3 looking south, with the Deep Trench (East Section) on the left and the west area of the square on the right; mud-brick Wall 269 and stone Wall 276 are in the background, with Wall 272 in the foreground.

were apparently caused by the same event that produced the downward tilt of the north–south walls (Wall 36 in Field XIV.6 and Wall 281 in Field XIV.3; figs. 10.69, 10.70). Although Wall 36 in Field XIV.6 and Wall 281 in Field XIV.3 were not connected in the course of the excavation, they are on the same direct line and manifest an exactly similar downward slope. The east–west walls on both the south (Wall 10) and the north (Wall 269) were bonded into the north–south walls (Walls 36 and 281, respectively) so that the tilt of the upper courses resulted from the downward tilt of Walls 36 and 281 (fig. 10.71). Based on these interpretations, Stratum IIB2 would have included the following structures and features: The extensive retaining wall consisting of mud bricks packed against the natural slope on the south (Wall 14 in Field XIV.3 and Wall 18 in Field XIV.6) was in use during this phase (fig. 10.67). At least 18 to 20 courses were still surviving when excavation uncovered them (fig. 10.72). Wall 14/18 may have been in use in an earlier phase but the lowest level exposed was associated with Stratum IIB2. Wall 36 in Field XIV.6 was built against the retaining wall, and may have played the role of a buttress stepped down the slope and continuing in Wall 281 of Field XIV.3. The east–west Wall 10 joined with Wall 36 to form a courtyard. At the corner of these two walls was a cooking area (Locus 63 in Field XIV.4 and Locus 43 in Field XIV.6) constructed of medium-sized, rounded wadi stones. The stones were blackened from use (fig. 10.69). A similar cooking feature dating to approximately the same time was

346

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.69. Field XIV.4 looking west; tilted Wall 10 is to the south with north–south Wall 36 in the center of the photo; cooking area 63/43 is at the join of Walls 10 and 36.

found at Numeira (see forthcoming volume on this site). On the lower part of the slope, Wall 269/289 in Field XIV.3 was an east–west terrace wall, while Walls 230/237 and 272 were partial remains of a building on the terrace. Due to major erosion during Stratum IIB1, the only occupational surfaces related to Stratum IIB2, apart from the cooking area in Fields XIV.4 and XIV.6, were north of Wall 230/237 in Field XIV.3. Locus 41 contained occupational debris, while EL 181 and 183 were ashy layers overlying EL 198, a surface abutting Wall 230/237. EL 198 is equivalent to SL 341 in the East Balk Section. Stratum IIB1. The end of Stratum IIB in Field XIV was brought about by the collapse of a section of retaining Wall 18 in Field XIV.6. A large section of the retaining wall (Locus 23) either slipped or fell into a horizontal position in XIV.6, exposing the natural gravel and Lisan marl of the hillock to the south (figs. 10.67, 10.73). The collapse of the retaining wall along with massive erosion resulted in downslope transport and deposition of over one m of detrital sediment over the entire area from south to north. In Field XIV.6 the damage was so thorough that no later attempts were made to utilize this area. Key loci related to the collapse in Field XIV.6 included Locus 41, a soft mud-brick wash with rock rubble and boulders below the collapsed revetment Wall 23; Locus 42, mud-brick collapse at the juncture of Walls 36 and 45 above cooking area Locus 43; and Locus 29, mud-brick and mortar remnants between the collapse of the revetment wall and the natural Lisan Marl.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.70. West Balk Section in Field XIV.3 and 4.

347

348

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.71. Field XIV.3 looking at the West Balk; meter stick rests at the join of Walls 281 (in balk) and Wall 269.

Figure 10.72. Field XIV.4 looking south at retaining Wall 14; stone Wall 4 under the meter stick is above mud-brick Wall 10 in the foreground.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

349

Figure 10.73. Field XIV.6 and 4, looking east at collapsed section (Locus 23) of retaining Wall 18 (= Wall 14 in Field XIV.4), and slippage of Walls 36 and 10.

Evidence for the massive downslope transport is present in the East Balk Section in Field XIV.3 (fig. 8.18a). A mass of mud-brick detritus and occupational debris extends for one m from -250 m to -251 m (SL 312–321). Related debris representing possible ongoing erosion are found in SL 306–310 which spilled over Wall 237 (SL 70 and 75). Similar erosion is evident in 50 to 75 cm of cultural debris (Locus 234) that extended over the entire west half of Field XIV.3 (fig. 10.70). The collapsed structures in Field XIV raise the question whether an earthquake may have caused these buildings to slump. The region is subject to earthquake and major fault lines exist in the immediate vicinity (see chap. 2). Specialists in earthquake damage who have examined photos of the walls in Field XIV have suggested that the tilt in the walls was more likely caused by slumping in connection with erosion rather than earthquake. Walls 10 and 69 were probably no more than 3 m high, and no wood supports or beams suggesting a second floor were found, the remains of which might suggest collapse by earthquake. The combined header and stretcher method of construction of the mud-brick walls remained in place and showed no signs of radical displacement. Thus the kind of damage earthquakes leave traces of on mudbrick walls was not evident in the Field XIV structures. Stratum IIA3. Although evidence exists for subsequent occupation, the ongoing problems with erosion during occupation and post-occupation create problems for

350

THE STRATUM II TOWN

correlating later phasing in Field XIV. Excavation of upper levels in Fields XIV.3 and XIV.4 encountered thick mud-brick detritus. Walls were exposed but surfaces connecting the walls were spotty. The earliest levels of Stratum IIA are visible in the East Balk Section (fig. 8.18). Wall 37/63, a mud-brick wall surviving two to three courses and built on a slightly downward slope, had been cut into earlier debris levels. A foundation trench was exposed in SL 67/68. The surfaces associated with this wall included localized areas of plaster. A similar pattern is evident in the west half of Field XIV.3. Mud-brick walls were built on slopes with fragmentary plastered surfaces that cut into or overlay the debris of Stratum IIB1. East–west Wall 242, eight courses high, was associated with a brownish clay surface, Locus 287, which had traces of plaster and patches of black ash (figs. 10.70, 10.71). Locus 287 lay directly over the massive debris of Locus 234 of Stratum IIB1. A north–south wall, Wall 266, was exposed in the east balk of the west half of Field XIV.3. This wall stood five courses high and was also built over the debris of Locus 234. No new architecture could be related to Stratum IIA3 in Field XIV.4, although it is possible that Wall 10 and the revetment Wall 14 were used for renewed occupation (fig. 10.67). Stratum IIA2. Remains of Stratum IIA2 were found throughout Field XIV.3 and Field XIV.4. In Field XIV.3 a group of flat pavement stones (Locus 33) was associated with surfaces Loci 177 and 206. The latter appeared over most of Field XIV.3, and in an area also seen in the East Balk Section as the bottom level of SL 300 with flat-lying sherds. Remnants of mud-brick walls, including Walls 134, 207 and 225, were also related to this surface. In Field XIV.4, north–south mud-brick Wall 33 was built up against Wall 10. Wall 33 rested on top of a clay wash layer (Locus 59) and was related to a surface with flat-lying sherds that may be seen in the East Balk Section of Field XIV.4 (fig. 10.74, locus number not provided). Wall 33 had collapsed onto the surface to the north. Its relation to an underlying mass of mud-brick (Locus 61) was not determined. At some point during Stratum IIA2 an attempt was made to buttress revetment Wall 14 with a cross-wall between Walls 10 and 14. Square impressions on the south side of Wall 10 suggest that the cross-wall may have included wooden beams (fig. 10.75). Stratum IIA1. This sub-phase is represented by several walls with stone foundation. Only one wall with stone foundation was recorded for the previous sub-phases of Stratum II, namely, Wall 276 in Field XIV.3 (figs. 10.66, 10.67). A long east–west stone wall in Field XIV.4, Wall 4/11, was built over the upper mud-brick courses of Wall 10 (fig. 10.67, 10.72). A second east–west wall with stone foundation and three upper courses of mud brick, Wall 26/32, was excavated north of Wall 10. It appears in the East Balk Section of Field XIV.4 (fig. 10.74). In Field XIV.3 a third east–west wall with stone foundation, Wall 34, is seen in the East Balk Section, with collapsed mud brick to the south. No surfaces related to these walls survived due to the later erosion in this area. Stratum II pottery from Field XIV is found in plates 101–8. Summary. Although there are problems in interpreting the stratigraphy of Field XIV, it is evident that this area of the town interior was extensively occupied throughout the Early Bronze Age. Occupation in Strata IV and III, although limited to the deep trench, was clear, as seen in earlier chapters. Subsequently, the two phases of Stratum II dealt with here were clearly separated by a major erosional occurrence. Both Stratum II phases contained substantial architecture, and both reflected the ongoing efforts of inhabitants to adapt to the slopes in this area.

page is 1 pica long

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.74. East Balk Section Field XIV.4.

351

352

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.75. Field XIV.4, looking north at Wall 10; retaining Wall 14 is in the foreground.

A Stratum II Plastered Feature in Field III During the 1965 season at the town site under the direction of Paul Lapp, a plastered installation was discovered in Field III (fig. 1.4). This field was located outside the Stratum II town wall, 30 m up the slope beyond Field I (for Primary Loci, see table 10.9). The area overlooked Wadi Kerak below (it has subsequently been destroyed), and it seems that nothing was built beyond it on the north or east. It was thus an isolated feature. The dating proposed for this plastered installation implies that it was in use during both Stratum III and Stratum II, although this could not be established stratigraphically. A few poorly preserved sherds seemed to support this attribution. Construction of the installation was clear. An approximately one-half-meter-deep hollowed area (possibly more) was made into the soft limestone marl layers of the slope. The rectangular-shaped feature with rounded corners was inserted into the cavity (fig. 10.76). A wall of medium to large stones was first placed against the marl around the south, east and west sides, with the north side being treated differently as will be seen. Two layers of plaster were then packed against the stone wall. The inner layer of plaster against the stones was found to be blackened with burn, which was visible wherever a second layer of applied plaster had fallen away. The second plaster layer had been smoothed and was light tan (fig. 10.77).

THE STRATUM II TOWN Table 10.9.

353

Primary Loci of Stratum II in Field III (Lapp Excavations)

Square

Locus

Description

III.1

3

Bricky rubble with spaces between, in south end of the interior, below Locus 7

III.1

7

Large stones, possibly a caved-in ceiling

III.1

8

Soft gray on exterior of stone wall of structure, probably foundation trench

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

Figure 10.76. Looking south at plastered feature in Field III, with projecting flat stones from the walls.

Excavation indicated an opening in about half the width of the north side (fig. 10.76). This opening was incorporated as the interior of the feature was completed. Thus the finished structure consisted of a plastered wall around the entire interior with the exception of the opening. Nothing could be established regarding a covering or roof for the structure, and no reeds or other roofing material were recorded. However, four flat, triangular-shaped stones were found projecting from the walls at the

spread one line long

354

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.77. Section B–Bu in Field III.1, made from a sketch, not a measured section.

south end and it is likely that similar projecting stones were found across the entire interior at roughly the same level (fig. 10.78). These stones were placed somewhat below the top level of the structure since the plaster continued above them (fig. 10.76). The projecting stones seemingly served as ledges, so that items of some kind could either be placed upon them or they could have been used as rests for beams or other material spanning the interior. Unfortunately, the interior stratigraphy does not tell much about the feature’s use (Section B–Bu is based on a rough sketch rather than a measured section). In a preliminary announcement Lapp suggested that the Field III installation may have been one of the earliest plaster-lined cisterns in the history of Palestine, but the location, construction, and double plaster lining, including the burned inner lining, appear to make this impossible. During a visit to the site with the project directors in 1973, Fawzi Zayadine suggested that the feature may have been a kiln, and this appears to be a possibility, although evidence of wasters did not appear nearby. Several kilns, notably one at Tell el-Farºah (N) (Vaux 1955: 560–61, figs. 9– 10), date to the Early Bronze Age and this one from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠can be added to the discussion.

THE STRATUM II TOWN

Figure 10.78. Plan of the plastered feature in Field III.1.

355

The Pottery of Stratum II

11 THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

The continuity in the ceramic traditions between Strata III and II is evident at many levels. Standardization has taken hold in the preparation of clays and in basic form sizes and in many of the specific types. There is a consistent use in both strata of particular tempers for a distinctive range of vessels. For most of the basic form groups, the average size and capacity of the pots is similar. Variations in form of rim types in holemouth jars and wide, shallow bowls are consistently the same. Similarities in cores suggest continuity in firing practices. Although continuity is obvious, there are definite new patterns in both wares and forms. A reddish brown ware with wadi sand as temper appears in bowls alongside the dominant Orange Burnished ware. Combed ware, often with appliqué bands, appears for the first time in Stratum II. New specific types include a variety of rim forms on short-neck jars, a curved-in rim on wide, shallow bowls, and new lamp forms. Of special importance in the discussion below is the Stratum II material in Field XVI, which is assigned to late EB III. Field XVI has no material earlier than Stratum II. It is also the only field within the town site with continuity between Stratum II and Stratum I. Some features of the ceramic group from Field XVI link this group to the Stratum II pottery from other fields, but other attributes show that the forms are later, corresponding to the stratigraphy that placed the occupation of this area in late Stratum II (chap. 10). New specific types also distinguish the XVI Stratum II material and new patterns in surface treatment of vessels appear (see below). Provenance of the Stratum II Corpus As was noted in Chapter 10, the lack of depth of Stratum II cultural debris in Fields XII and IV/XIII made phasing difficult. This was also the case for Field XI during Stratum II in contrast to the earlier Stratum III, where phases were possible to distinguish. The depth of occupational debris in fields on the interior of the town (Fields XIV, XVII and XIX), on the other hand, produced evidence of phasing and subphasing. This evidence differed, however, for each field. Field XIX had four phases, while Fields XIV and XVII had two main phases and four sub-phases. A difficulty was presented by the distances of the interior fields from one another, which were also separated by gullies or wadis. This required phasing to be undertaken in relation to each field rather than across the site. The amount of pottery associated with Stratum IID and Stratum IIC is limited. Of the pottery from Primary Loci, only 8 sherds are attributed to Stratum IID, while 68 sherds from Field XIX belong to Stratum IIC. Stratum IIB and Stratum IIA, represented in all three interior fields, offer a larger statistical base (421 sherds in Stra-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

357

tum IIB and 290 in Stratum IIA) but only tentative patterns emerge in comparing the types in these phases. The pottery corpus from Numeira (in preparation) promises a finer differentiation of EB III pottery in the southern Ghor. When that publication appears the Stratum II pottery will benefit from the context of this related site in the southeast Dead Sea Plain. Petrographic Analysis (with Jack Donahue) Sixty-four Stratum II sherds were thin-sectioned. Most examples were from Fields XIV (9) and XVII (48). Seventeen of the total were from Primary Loci. All of the major categories of the basic forms were represented in the sample. The patterns of temper use discerned in Stratum III continued in Stratum II. Crushed limestone appeared in all 17 holemouth rims tested. Crushed basalt inclusions were noted in 9 of 10 platter bowls. Wadi sand was used in the widest variety of forms, including jars, pitchers, and bowls of various sizes. Nubian sand appeared as a temper in a few bowl forms and one jar. Nubian sand as a temper occurs more frequently in forms tested from the EB III cemetery material. Forty-one sherds from Tomb A21 were thin-sectioned. Nubian sand was noted in 7 examples, including jars, juglets and bowls. The source of this temper in the region of Numeira has been discussed above in chapter 7 (cf. Beynon and others 1986: 301). Ware data for all of the basic forms from Primary Loci of Stratum II (table 11.1) demonstrate that the potters of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠continued to use selective tempers for specific categories of vessels in the patterns noted in the thin-sectioned material. Basalt temper was noted in 67% of the platter bowls, wadi sand in 63% of the necked vessels, and crushed limestone in 84% of the holemouth vessels. One reason for the popularity of basalt temper at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠emerged from Donahue’s experiments with temper sources. Basalt rocks crushed more easily into finer, more uniform particles than any of the other tempers tested. Basalt was the dominant temper in the Orange Burnished ware of platter bowls and small bowls. Since the latter forms were usually burnished, most without slip, the potters apparently discovered that the smaller particles of basalt temper produced less surface drag when burnishing was done. Table 11.2 compares the expected (in parentheses) and observed frequencies for the use of the three tempers in the three basic form groups: holemouth jars, necked vessels and platter bowls. The chi-square is 777.7, with four degrees of freedom. The probability that the pattern of temper use in these vessels occurred by chance is far less than .001. Fabric Textures, Fabric Cores, Fabric Colors, Surface Treatment, and Construction Techniques Fabric Textures. The ware fabrics of Stratum II continue the patterns established in Stratum III, with a strong tendency toward uniformity. Medium-coarse fabrics dominate in all of the basic forms. Friable fabrics drop from 4.5% in Stratum III to 3.3% in Stratum II. A similar decrease occurs with the finer-textured fabrics, dropping from 5.3% to 3%. Fabric Cores. The trend away from clean-fired cores continues in Stratum II. In Stratum IV the percentage of sherds with no grey-to-black cores was 64%, while in

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

358

Table 11.1. TYPE

TOT W

HR

318

%

26% 84%

HB

36

%

3%

ST

354

%

29%

NV

244

%

21%

BR

72

%

6%

FABRIC TEXTURE

TEMPER L 266

Z

B

Stratum II Ware Data

N

U

5

4

FABRIC CORE

3

1

2

1

0

SL

BU

P

PI

A

30

1

10

0

11

19

2 285

2

82

89

135

9

9

1

2

5

21

10

0

2

1

2

1

35

0

7

14

15

2

1

0

0

1

287

40

1

12

1

13

20

2 320

2

89

103

150

11

10

1

2

6

34

154

0

34

2

20

4

0 227

5

32

52

143

33

25

0

6

5

63% 11

33

0

25

0

3

2

0

68

2

15

22

35

14

23

0

1

2

13

62

3

87

10

20

5

0 160

30

33

38

126

56

101

6

2

0

5

92

1

251

3

20

9

0 349

14

78

110

184

83

259

3

1

3

397

15

63

33

158

222

488

186

408

9

10 10

409

16

40

35

247

325

638

197

418 10

12 16

3%

3%

SR

197

%

13%

WSB

372

%

30%

ST

885

%

71%

TOT

1239

%

52%

LE

111

10

73

0

23

0

5

LO

45

6

19

0

9

2

9

BA

852

236

432

2

138

13

31

38

BS

107

9

68

1

16

4

7

3

EH

2

1

CH

7

5

ST

1124

%

48%

TOT

2363

67% 63

341

350

381

4

2

3

21% 46%

1 103

0

24

37

39

3

4

0

1

0

41

3

14

10

20

11

12

0

1

2

0 787

10

255

260

310

58

110

1

13

1

7

16

27

63

11

8

7

42

1

1

1

0

0

0

4

2

1

1

0

2

86

136

9

283

554

1

94 2

1

7

1

2

See Legend for table 5.1, p. 75.

Stratum III this dropped to 59%. The percentage decreases further in Stratum II to 52%. The trend is most noticeable among the wide, shallow bowls. Over 50% of these vessels have a thin- (30%) to thick- (22%) blackened core. The large size of these bowls and/or the thickness of the rims may have been factors in the incomplete oxidation during the firing process. Fabric Colors. A comparison of fabric colors (see the explanation of sub-surface color in the introduction to the pottery volume) of Strata IV–II (fig. 11.1) reveals the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.2.

TEMPER

359

Contingency table with observed and expected (in parentheses) frequencies for vessels and temper types WADI SAND

LIMESTONE

BASALT

TOTAL

VESSEL TYPE Holemouth Jar

30

(96)

266

(106)

10

(103)

306

Necked vessel

154

(70)

34

(77)

34

(75)

222

92

(109)

5

(121)

251

(117)

348

Platter bowl TOTAL

276

305

295

876

Figure 11.1. Distribution of fabric colors in Strata IV, III, and II.

level of consistency reached. The reddish-yellow ranges (5YR 7/8, 6/6; 5YR7/6, 6/6) are the most common in all three strata. Light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4; 5YR6/4) is second in percentage in each of the strata. Light red (2.5YR6/6, 6/8; 10R6/6, 6/8) is more common in Strata III and II than it was in Stratum IV. Percentages of the fabric colors show the greatest variability in Stratum IV. In Strata III and II they are almost identical. When the color ranges in Stratum II are distributed by basic form type (fig. 11.2), the reddish-yellow ranges are most common in the wide, shallow bowls and mediumto-small, deeper bowls. The light reddish-brown ranges are more common in the holemouth jars and necked vessels. The light-red color range is also most common in the

360

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.2. Distribution of fabric colors on basic forms in Stratum II.

Figure 11.3. Distribution of fabric colors on basic forms in Stratum III.

Figure 11.4. Surface treatment on necked vessels and bowls in Strata IV, III, II.

holemouth jars. A comparison with the distribution of the fabric colors in Stratum III (fig. 11.3) shows a similar graphic. Surface Treatments. Common ware vessels, by far the majority, show no special surface treatment other than being wet-smoothed. Slip, slip and burnish, or burnish alone continue to be used in Stratum II, but the percentages of use are different in comparison to Stratum III. Figure 11.4 compares basic surface treatments on necked vessels and bowls from Strata IV–II. The use of slip alone varies only slightly across the three strata. Burnish alone becomes more and more popular, being rare in Stratum IV but increasing in popularity in Strata III–II. The use of slip alone or with burnish reaches a peak in Stratum III and declines in Stratum II. These same patterns appeared in cemetery material (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 254). Slip-paint, noticeable in Stratum IV, almost disappears in Stratum II. A further breakdown of changing patterns in surface treatment during Strata III and II is found in figure 11.5. The decreased use of slip from Stratum III to II, whether alone or with burnish, is common among all the basic forms except in the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

361

Figure 11.5. Surface treatment on basic forms in Stratum III and II.

case of a small group of Stratum II wide, shallow bowls that have slip only. Necked vessels and small bowls show the biggest decline with approximately half as many treated with slip or slip and burnish. The increase of burnish alone is most evident in the small bowl group, but also is present in larger bowls and a small group of necked vessels. Burnish is most common on wide shallow bowls, with over 50% of these bowls burnished in both Strata III and II.

362

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

The preference of burnish over slip could be related to economics, style or practicality. It probably was cheaper to produce a burnished rather than a slipped vessel, but it is also possible that the potters realized the same sealing effect could be achieved by a consistent burnish. Pattern burnishing also could have been a factor in the increased use of burnish. A new feature in Stratum II is the use of combing, which did not occur in Stratum III. One completely restored jar from late EB III had combing over the entire surface (fig. 11.12:14) Construction Techniques. Finishing produced by rotation is evident on the majority of rims of wide, shallow bowls and on most of the necked jars. An increased use of a faster tournette or wheel is most apparent on bases. In Stratum III only 2 bases were described as string-cut. This number increases to 22 in Stratum II, but the percentage of bases is still quite small (22 of 852). String-cut bases appear to be most frequently associated with small- to medium-sized pitchers. In the cemetery pottery, the narrow-necked jars and juglets tend to have pointed or stumped bases, forms that are rare in the town site. Some narrow flat bases (pls. 54:48; 51:11; 69:11; 78:29) could be interpreted as stump bases. Wares and Ware Families The basic range of wares is similar to the range described for Stratum III: Orange Burnished, light cream, common, fine, and cooking pot. Groups that display the same features in a range of basic forms are the Orange Burnished ware, the light cream ware, and the fine ware families. As in Stratum III, the Orange Burnished ware family has consistent combinations of orange fabric color, basalt temper and a burnished surface. Surface color is most frequently light red. The range of forms includes wide shallow and platter bowls (the most frequent groups), small bowls, lamps, deep bowls and jars. Sherds of the light, cream ware family are light in feel, being more porous, and have wadi sand temper. Fabric color ranges from pinkish white to light red to reddish brown, with the latter two colors being the most common. The surface color is always very pale brown (cream). The light, cream ware family is associated with a broad range of forms but is most common among jars and juglets. Fine wares are distinguished by a thin vessel wall. The dominant fabric color is reddish yellow. Temper is usually wadi or Nubian sand. Approximately 50% of these vessels have a red slip or red slip with burnish. The fine ware family has a wide range of forms including jars and juglets, small bowls, lamps, platter bowls and deep bowls. Cooking pots and common wares are more restricted in the range of forms. Cooking pot ware occurs in holemouth jars and in flat jar bases. This ware invariably has crushed limestone temper and light red fabric color. Common wares are usually associated with jars, including large store jars, and they have the greatest variety of attributes. Fabric is often heavy and dense. A wide range of fabric colors and tempers is associated with this group. The only consistent pattern is a surface color of very pale brown. One group that was present in a limited way in Stratum III but is more evident in the data base of Stratum II is the sizable group (92) of wide, shallow bowls and small bowls that display a consistent feature setting them apart from the typical Orange Burnished bowls. Fabric color in these vessels ranges from light red to reddish brown

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

363

Figure 11.6. Surface treatment on basic forms in Stratum IIA and Stratum II, Field XVI.

and temper is always wadi sand. Approximately 50% of these vessels have a red slip, usually burnished. Alongside this is a new group of combed ware vessels, usually vats and necked vessels. Wadi sand is again the consistent temper. Combing may be vertical, horizontal, diagonal or patterned. The large vessels with combing often have thick appliqué bands, and are frequently thumb-impressed. Most (88%) of the combed ware comes from the late EB III Primary Loci of Fields XII and XVI. Basic Form Distribution in Stratum II Analysis of the distribution of basic forms may offer an insight into activities taking place in different areas of the town (table 11.4). Fields XIV and XIX contained almost identical percentages of all of the basic forms, as they did in Stratum III. These statistics seem to correlate with the architecture of retaining walls, buttresses,

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

364

Table 11.3.

Basic Forms of Stratum II Basic Form #

Holemouth Jars Pithoi-mouth = 31+ cm Large = 30–22 cm Medium = 21–14 cm Small = 13–8 cm Holemouth Bowls Large-mouth = 32–23 cm Medium = 22–16 cm Small = 14–9 cm Deep Basin Necked Jars Unclassified Pithoi-mouth = 30–21 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, cylindrical Tall neck, angled out Tall neck, curved out Short neck, cylindrical Short neck, angled out Short neck, curved out Large-mouth = 20–15 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Angled out Curved out Tall neck, inflected point Curved out Short neck, general Short neck, corner point Angled out Short neck, inflected point cylindrical Short neck, inflected point Curved out Medium-large–mouth = 14–9 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Angled out Curved out Short, general Short neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Short neck, corner point Angled out Short neck, corner point Curved out

(11/318) (64/318) (180/318) (64/318)

3000 3010 3020 3030

(9/36) (14/36) (6/36) (7/36)

3040 3046 3050 3080

(10/220) (37/220) (22) (6) (1) (3) (1) (1) (3) (82/220) (47)

3110 3111 3112 3114 3116 3117 3119 3120

(2) (8) (8)

3121 3122 3124

(6) (2)

3129 3130

(1)

3132

(1)

3136

(7) (74/220) (22)

3139

(2) (1) (4) (23)

3146 3147 3149

(2)

3156

(4)

3157

(1)

3159

3140

spread one line long

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.3.

365

Basic Forms of Stratum II (cont.)

Tall neck, inflected point Curved out

(6)

3164

Cylindrical

(3)

3171

Angled in

(1)

3173

Curved out

(5)

3174

Short neck, inflected

Small-mouth = 8 cm

(16/220)

General, diameter only

(4)

3260

(1)

3261

(2)

3264

(2)

3270

(1)

3274

(3)

3280

Angled out

(1)

3286

Curved out

(2)

3288

(2)

3289

Medium-large, general

(5/12)

3320

Medium-small, general

(1/12)

3360

Small

(6/12)

3380

(9/12)

3460

Tall neck, inflected point

(1/12)

3480

Short neck, inflected point

(2/12)

3490

Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical Curved out Tall neck, inflected point General Curved out Short neck, corner point General Short neck, inflected point

Short, inflected point Narrow-Neck Jugs

Wide-Mouth Pitchers, Juglets Medium short-neck pitchers Small Juglets—mouth = 7– cm

Large to Medium Deep Bowls Unclassified

(3/72)

Large = 44–30 cm

(8/72)

Lightly curved, neutral to open

(6)

3520

Angled to splaying walls

(2)

3540

Medium-large = 29–23 cm Lightly closed

(13/72) (2)

3510

Lightly curved, neutral to open

(9)

3530

Angled to splaying walls

(2)

3546

Medium = 22–17 cm

(48/72)

Lightly closed

(7)

3560

Lightly curved, neutral to open

(34)

3570

Angled to splaying

(7)

3580

Wide, Shallow, Flat-Base and Platter bowls Unclassified

(4/372)

Very Large, wide = 33+ cm

(80/372)

366

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.3.

Basic Forms of Stratum II (cont.)

Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium-Large = 32–25 cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium = 24–17 cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Shallow Dishes Medium-small to Small bowls Unclassified Medium-small to Small Deep to Medium-depth Bowls Medium-small-M = 16–9 cm Deep Cup bowls Lightly closed Neutral to open Medium depth bowls Upright walls Carinated walls Neutral to open Lightly closed Straight Small Bowls-M = 11–7 cm. Neutral to open Upright, flaring Straight sides Medium-small to Small shallow bowls M = –16 cm Carinated Neutral to open Straight walls, very shallow Lamps General Round base Flattened Base Flat Base

(54) (26) (151/372) (105) (46) (137/372) (85) (42) (10) (4/93) (89/93) (72/93) (22) (16) (6) (50) (1) (2) (44) (1) (2) (17/93) (13) (2) (2) (104) (3) (71) (2) (28) (16) (3) (4) (5)

3600 3610 3640 3650 3660 3670 3678

3700 3710 3720 3730 3740 3750 3784 3770 3791 3794 3820 3830 3845 3850–59 3850 3851 3852–54 3855–57

and terracing in these two fields where public activity took place. In addition, Field XIX also had evidence of a threshing floor, which suggests communal activity. Along the same line, the gate area in Field XIII and the towers in Field XI had similar percentages of basic forms. By contrast, Field XVII, which had houses and courtyards, differed in the distribution of basic forms, with a lower percentage of holemouth jars (37 of 151) and a higher percentage of wide, shallow bowls (56 of 151 total rim sherds). Sanctuary A in Field XII stands apart, with a small percentage of holemouth jars (36 of 265) and the largest group of wide, shallow bowls (106 of 265). Over-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.4. FIELDS

367

Distribution of the Basic Forms in the Fields of Stratum II

IV

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XVI

XVII

XIX

TOTAL

HMJ

5 16%

44 25%

36 14%

66 34%

69 36%

15 14%

37 25%

44 38%

316 26%

HMB

0

3 2%

7 3%

4 2%

4 2%

3 3%

8 5%

7 6%

36 3%

14 45%

35 20%

69 26%

39 20%

30 15%

23 21%

17% 11%

17 15%

244 20%

BR

1 3%

13 8%

18 8%

8 4%

9 5%

10 9%

10 7%

3 3%

72 6%

SR

5 16%

29 17%

29 11%

28 15%

26 13%

37 33%

23 15%

19 16%

196 16%

WSB

6 19%

50 29%

106 40%

48 25%

56 29%

23 27%

56 37%

27 23%

372 30%

31

174

265

193

194

111

151

117

1236

BASIC FORM

JR/JU

TOTAL

HMJ = HOLEMOUTH JARS; HMB = HOLEMOUTH BOWLS; JR/JU = JARS, JUGLETS; BR = LARGE TO MEDIUM BOWLS; SR = SMALL BOWLS; WSB = WIDE, SHALLOW BOWLS Percentages offer the ratio of the number of examples of each form to the total of the selected forms in each field. Percentages in the right Total column offer the ratio of each basic form to the total number of the selected forms.

all, the percentages of basic forms in Stratum II are similar to those found in Stratum III, with the most noticeable difference in the increase of wide, shallow bowls (18% of rim forms in Stratum III, 30% in Stratum II). Little change is apparent in the percentages of sizes in the phases of the interior fields. Medium-sized jars were the most popular holemouth jars in Strata IIB and IIA. Size ranges of the wide, shallow bowls is similar in both phases with the only difference being a slight increase in the smaller ranges during the latest Stratum IIA phase. Typology of Stratum II Pottery Holemouth Jars Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. Wares of Stratum II holemouth jars and fragments show little variance from their Stratum III predecessors. The majority (84%) have crushed limestone temper. Fabric texture is usually medium-coarse, and color is reddish-brown or light red. Over half have a noticeable blackened core. Basic Forms. Size ranges of holemouth jars have become standardized and distribution is similar to Stratum III: pithoi, large, medium and small (table 11.3). Medium size is again the most popular, only slightly less than in Stratum III (64% to 57%). A small increase occurs in smaller-range jars (from 15% to 20%). The larger ranges are about the same. Overall median mouth width (17.9 cm) is exactly the same in both strata.

368

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

A comparative study of intact holemouth storage jars from major sites determined that high-shouldered holemouth jars frequently have a base width similar to the mouth opening and a height of twice the mouth width (Schaub 1996: 239). A typical holemouth store jar with a mouth width of 18 cm and a height of 36 cm would contain approximately 30 liters (8 U.S. gals.) of liquid measure or slightly less than a bushel (= 35.239 liters) in dry measure. Holemouth cooking pots tend to be smaller in range, with an average mouth diameter of 16 cm. An analysis of flat cooking-pot bases suggests that there were probably two size ranges: one with bases between 12 to 17 cm and a second with bases from 19 to 24 cm. Specific Types. The most commonly occurring holemouth rim types are illustrated in figure 11.7. Pithoi have thickened, folded rims with exterior rim surface angled down (Rim Type 18e, fig. 11.7:1). A similar rim occurs in the large range (fig. 11.7:3.), but the bulbous type (Rim Type 18d, fig. 11.7:2) is more common. Among simple direct rims a rounded form (fig. 11.7:4) is typical. Two reconstructed jars offer the best examples of the most common rim forms on medium holemouth jars: rims beveled in toward the center (Rim Type 18a, pl. 70:2) and bulbous rims (Rim Type 18d, pl. 70:1). The beveled-in form often has a slight finger groove on the beveled surface. At the lower end of the medium range, simple direct rounded rims (fig. 11.7:6) are fairly common (28 examples). The raised ridge below the rim of this example is unusual. Rims with a lip on the interior (fig. 11.7:5) also occur in this range (8 examples). In cooking-pot ware, bulbous forms are the most common. (fig. 11.7:7). The same form is found on a smaller cooking pot (fig. 11.7:10). In this smaller range the variety of simple direct rims is represented by rounded (fig. 11.7:8) and tapered (fig. 11.7:9) forms. An upturned rim (fig. 11.7:11) is fairly common (13%) in the smaller ranges. This rim may have been designed to provide a cover or lid for the vessel. A comparison of rim types from Strata III and II reveals similarities and differences. In both periods a folded, thickened rim (Rim Type 18) was dominant, with the thickened, bulbous sub-type (Rim Type 18d) being the most common form. Second in popularity was the beveled-in rim (Rim Type 18a). On the other hand, a notable difference between the strata was the comparative rarity during Stratum II of the slanted-back rim (Rim Type 18b), a distinctive form during Stratum III. A further difference was the percentage increase of simple direct rims (16% to 31%) during Stratum II. In the smaller size ranges, simple direct rims were the most frequent types, a pattern that could simply be the result of a larger sample but likely reflects greater standardization in Stratum II. Holemouth Bowls Fabrics, Tempers, and Surface Treatment. Holemouth bowls continue to decrease in Stratum II with this form comprising only 3% of the total of rim forms (table 11.1). The small number (36 rim forms) makes comparison to other strata tenuous. Fabric texture shows the closest similarity, with all but one of the bowls having medium-coarse texture. Limestone temper is more common than in Stratum III. Slip and burnish are less common. Basic Forms. Even though numbers are small, holemouth bowl forms constitute a group separate from holemouth jars or deep cup bowls. Holemouth bowl forms, with vertical angles between 10 and 20 degrees, are more upright than the jars. Smaller holemouth bowl forms are more closed than the deep cup bowl forms which

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

369

are only lightly curved in. Parallels cited below also confirm a separate category for this group. The distribution of size ranges is similar to that of Stratum III, with slight variations in the small and large sizes (table 11.3). Large deep basins or vats have similar fabrics and a fairly narrow size range. Four of the five have a vessel diameter of 38– 40 cm. Specific Types. Rim forms of holemouth bowls vary across the size ranges. Simple direct rims are the most common type (16 exs.). The simple direct, rounded rim (Rim Type 11) occurs in all three size ranges (fig. 11.8:3, 5, 6). Of the ten examples of folded, thickened rims, the bulbous type (Rim Type 18d) is associated with medium and smaller ranges (fig. 11.8:4, 7). Most distinctive is a flat rim, thickened inside (Rim Types 71, 72), which occurs on 3 of the 5 vat forms (fig. 11.8:1), on one of the large forms (fig. 11.8:2), and on two medium bowls (pls. 71:31; 94:6). Based on parallels cited (table 11.9), it is likely that the illustrated spout types belong to a vat (fig. 11.9:10) or holemouth bowl (fig. 11.9:9, 11). Necked Vessels Fabrics, Tempers, and Surface Treatment. Necked vessels continue traditions of previous strata in fabric texture and temper, while a noticeable difference occurs in surface treatment. Fabric texture is medium-coarse; only a few vessels were noted as being fine in texture. The dominant fabric color is reddish-yellow (over 50%), followed by reddish-brown (26%), and light-red (13%; fig. 11.2). Wadi sand is the most consistent temper in jars and juglets following the practice in the earlier strata. Slip and burnish occur less frequently on necked vessels than they did in Stratum III. Only 7% of the Stratum II necked vessels have slip only, compared with 15% in Stratum III, and 6% with slip and burnish compared to 14% in Stratum III (fig. 11.5). Burnish alone on necked vessels, which does not occur in Stratum III, makes an appearance on 3% of Stratum II necked vessels. Slip and/or burnish is more frequent on narrowneck jugs and juglets, and on small-range, wide-mouth pitchers and juglets. Approximately 50% in these categories had slip or burnish. Basic Forms. Size ranges of necked vessels are similar to those of Stratum III but the distribution of vessel sizes differs in middle-range categories (table 11.3). A similar percentage of pithoi with a diameter of 21–30 cm is found in both strata: 15% in Stratum III, 18% in Stratum II. Small, wide-neck vessels also have a similar distribution in both strata. Narrow-neck amphoriskoi, fairly common in Stratum III, are no longer found. The biggest change is in the medium-large range, with mouth width of 9–14 cm. These vessels occur twice as often in Stratum II, comprising 35% of the necked vessels. There is also a broader range of types, especially one with an inflected curve profile at the neck. The number of narrow-neck jugs and juglets is again very small, particularly compared with the frequency of these forms among the cemetery vessels. Specific Types. Two Stratum III pithoi types continue in Stratum II. The Stratum III pithos with flaring neck and rounded or tapered rim (fig. 9.2:2) continues in a basically similar form, including one whole restored example (fig. 11.9:13), but the type is less numerous in Stratum II. A second Stratum III form with angled neck (fig. 9.2:1) may be found to continue in a possible Stratum II example (pl. 62:6). The most common new type (6 examples) has an upright, cylindrical neck, usually with flaring

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

370 Figure 11.7. Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Stratum II–Holemouth Vessels and Ledge Handles Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum II Parallels

1

79.0465

XIV.6

41

3000

18e

Pl. 104:17; 50:11; 103:12; 104:5

2

81.7323

XIX.2

87

3010

18d

Pl. 77:16; 47:11; 50:3; 52:8; 55:36; 64:12; 65:9, 13; 72:2, 12; 76:12; 80:17; 84:29; 94:19; 102:31, 32; 103:21, 23; 105:23; 106:32

3

81.0622

IV.3

27

3010

18e

Pl. 60:25; 66:17; 81:17

4

77.3572

XIII.2

29

3010

10

Pl. 55:21; 45:26; 50:4; 55:20; 75:10; 78:7

5

79.5242

XVII.1

79

3020

17

Pl. 69:1; 45:21; 46:37; 47:20; 55:22; 76:29; 78:38; 107:2; 108:3

6

77.3091

XI.5

6

3020

11

Pl. 49:2; 48:1, 4, 17; 49:15; 52:6, 9; 53:10, 18; 55:37, 39; 62:19; 68:1, 2, 26; 69:8, 17, 19; 76:7; 78:10; 88:2; 101:1, 2, 36; 103:20; 107:1

7

81.2858

XIV.3

210

3020

18d

Pl. 107:19; 45:2, 16; 47:21, 22; 48:5, 11; 49:27; 50:9; 52:7; 53:3, 7, 9; 55:16, 19, 29, 38, 41; 59:01; 62:18; 63:32; 64:11; 66:31; 68:20; 70:1; 72:1; 74:2; 75:11–13; 76:14; 77:3, 6; 79:1, 2, 28; 80:1, 18, 19, 22; 83:7; 84:36; 93:33; 94:3; 99:2; 100:2; 101:30, 44, 47; 102:30; 105:1, 21; 107:21, 23; 108:29, 39

8

77.3636

XIII.1

29

3030

11

Pl. 55:17; 53:12, 20; 69:9, 12, 15; 76:16; 81:15; 90:6; 103:3; 104:6; 107:20

9

81.0856

IV.3

27

3030

12

Pl. 60:24; 45:22; 49:35; 52:14; 53:08; 55:23, 30; 79:35; 83:6; 90:18; 107:24

10

81.4002

XIV.3

273

3030

18d

Pl. 102:33; 47:23; 50:5; 55:18, 27; 63:4; 75:3; 75:23; 77:4; 84:35; 94:18; 101:46; 7:3; 8:5, 6, 30

11

81.1754

XII.11

19

3030

16

Pl. 100:3; 53:6, 17; 55:33; 75:14; 78:36; 94:01; 103:34

12

79.8871

XII.11

3

14a

Pl. 97:10; 51:31-33; 54:52 and others

13

81.0862

IV.3

28

14a

Pl. 62:9; as above

14

77.3307

XIII.1

7

14b

Pl. 52:53; 46:32; 52:53; 58:3 and others

15

79.9534

XII.11

3

13

Pl. 97:9; 46:31; 48:14; 54:49 and others

rim (fig. 11.9:1). Other new types with short necks include: one upright form (pl. 100:4), one angled (pl. 88:5), and several with flaring neck and varying rims (fig. 11.9:2–4). The most distinctive form among the latter has a decorated band at the neck line (fig. 11.9:2). Among large forms, considerable continuity is found in specific types. The three most common types in Stratum III continue in Stratum II. Eight examples of the angled neck type are found in Stratum II (fig. 11.9:5); vessels with inflected, curved necks continue (fig. 11.9:7); and the short flaring neck type occurs in both strata (cf. fig. 9.2:3 with Rim Types 61 and 62 in fig. 11.9:8). Rim Type 80 in figure 11.9:8 is unusual, with its squared-off lip and punctate decoration. On the other hand,

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.7. Stratum II holemouth vessels and ledge handles.

371

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

372

Figure 11.8.

Stratum II Holemouth Bowls, Jars and Jugs Basic Form

Rim

3

3080

71

Pl. 94:5; 77:17

29

3040

72

Pl. 55:31

5

3040

11

Pl. 48:27; 80:20

XV11.1

61

3046

18d

Pl. 74:3; 73:7, 9

77.4964

XIII.2

29

3046

11

Pl. 55:42; 50:14

6

79.6219

XIX.1

37

3050

11

Pl. 78:14; 78:13, 15, 40

7

77.3915

XII.5

3

3050

18d

Pl. 81:18; 105:2

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

1

81.1924

XII.11

2

77.3444

XIII.2

3

77.4794

XI.4

4

79.2497

5

Locus

Source (underlined) and Stratum II Parallels

8

75.0232

XII.5

3

3149

61

Pl. 82:1; 80:25; RIM 65 - 89:16

9

81.7456

XIX.2

96

3157

12

Pl. 77:33; 57:2; 100:6

10

81.0545

IV.3

24

3320

65

Pl. 60:1; 91:16

11

77.4926

XIII.2

29

3174

62

Pl. 54:9; RIM = 61 - 49:36; 50:20; 83:17; 94:9

12

75.0265

XII.5

4

3164

61

Pl. 83:1 83:8; 99:6

13

81.6768

XIX.1

98

3264

62

Pl. 76:10; 105:34

14

81.2762

XIV.3

133

3274

61

Pl. 106:31

15

81.3383

XIV.3

214

3460

62

Pl. 105:31; 53:35; 82:7, 8; 86:3; 88:4; 89:6; 100:8; 102:26

16

81.7211

XIX.2

84

3320

64

Pl. 77:1

17

81.7217

XIX.2

84

3380

62

Pl. 77:2; 71:24; 80:11; RIM = 61 - 47:24; RIM = 65 47:28

a form that appears more frequently in Stratum II than in Stratum III is a tall flaring neck with corner points (fig. 11.9:6). The most unusual example in this group is a late Stratum II jar from Field XVI, with thumb-impressed bands and combing over the entire surface (fig. 11.12:14). Continuity is present also in the medium-large range, but five new types are also found in the Stratum II assemblage. All of the five specific types of Stratum III medium-large jars are present in Stratum II. Tall necks with corner point and three neck profiles, including cylindrical, angled-out and flaring, are found in both strata (fig. 11.8:8; pls. 53:29; 73:2; 83:31; 89:43; cf. fig. 9.2:7, 9; pl. 33:7). The other two types with continuity are short cylindrical-shaped necks (pl. 84:5; cf. pl. 35:8) and tall flaring necks with inflected curve (figs. 11.8:12; 9.2:.8). All of the new types in Stratum II have short necks. Some have a corner point either with angled (fig. 11.8:9) or lightly flared (pl. 55:49) neck. Others have an inflected curve at the shoulder and the neck profile is upright (pls. 78:43; 89:14; 108:7), angled-out (pl. 90:9) or curved-out (fig. 11.8.11). The smaller range shows the most variety, although the percentage of small forms in both strata is small (5 to 8%). Stratum II has a group of small forms with tall neck, some joined (fig. 11.8:13), some inflected (fig. 11.8:14), which are not present in Stratum III. The only small types common to both strata have a short, inflected, curved neck

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.8. Stratum II holemouth bowls, jars, and jugs.

373

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

374

Figure 11.9.

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Stratum II Necked Vessels, Handles, Bases

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels

1

79.4675

XI.6

12

3111

62

Pl. 50:23; 52:18; 53:24; RIM 61 - 56:2 RIM 11 60:26; 105:6

2

81.1752

XII.11

19

3119

62

Pl. 100:5

3

81.0844

IV.3

27

3119

81

Pl. 60:28

4

79.8731

XII.8

1

3119

64

Pl. 86:29

5

79.4676

XI.6

12

3122

62

Pl. 46:25; 46:24; RIM 11 - 61:2, 3; RIM 12 - 90:20; 94:10; RIM 61 - 68:46; RIM 64 - 88:26

6

79.9616

XII.8

106

3124

62

Pl. 86:28: 52:17; 53:28; 56:4; 94:22

7

77.3618

XIII.1

15

3129

65

Pl. 51:23; RIM 61- 45:17; 53:34; 82:2; 94:26

8

79.5390

XI.6

12

3139

80

Pl. 46:22; RIM 61 - 53:20; 63:8; 90:8; 94:8; RIM 62 82:6; 83:15

9

79.5355

XI.6

12

Pl. 51:38

10

79.5183

XI.6

10

Pl. 49:43

11

77.3535

XIII.1

15

Pl. 55:10

12

77.3327

XIII.1

7

Pl. 52:52

13

#3367

XIV.3

177

14

79.9632

XII.11

3

Pl. 98:2; 72:23; 89:40; 90:25; 91:15, 20; 99:31

15

75.0523

XII.5

3

Pl. 82:23; 97:7

16

81.5436

XVII.1

129

3114

61

Pl. 107:8; 60:27

Pl. 69:28; 55:6; 58:20, 21; 62:2; 82:35; 97:6

(pls. 77:19; 80:10, fig. 9.2:11). One other short, inflected neck type in Stratum II has an angled-out form (pl. 79:25). The most noticeable absence in Stratum II is the small, narrow-neck amphoriskoi type that was common in Stratum III (fig. 9.2:19–21). Narrow-necked jugs and juglets of various size ranges are found in both strata (figs. 11.8:10, 16, 17; 9.2:16–18, 22) but not in large quantity. Numbers are small in comparison with examples found in the cemetery funerary buildings. In the latter the typology was based on the development of base forms of jugs and juglets—from rounded to flat, to pointed, to stump-based types (cf. the types in Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 256 [D1–5] to fig. 257 [Types D1–3]). Only one juglet with pointed base was registered from the town site (reg. no. 1644) but it was from a surface exposed by erosion in the middle of the town. By contrast, numerous examples of pointed- and stump-based jugs and juglets were found at Numeira. Handles on the narrow-neck examples are usually attached at the rim (fig. 11.8:10, 16, 17) but one example has a handle attached at mid-neck (fig. 11.9:12). Wide-mouth pitchers continue a form well established in Stratum III (figs. 9.2:10, 15; 11.8:15). Although only three of the 9 examples assigned to this type in Stratum II have a clear handle, the diameter range of 7 to 10 cm and the short-curved neck

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.9. Stratum II necked vessels, handles, bases.

375

376

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

seem sufficient to designate this type. It is possible that some of the medium-large jars with similar diameter and short neck also belong to this type. Another possibility is that some of this group with short flaring neck are cup bowls (cf. Type 3712 from the cemetery in Schaub and Rast 1989: 412). Large to Medium Deep Bowls Fabrics, Temper and Surface Treatment. The developments noted in the wares of Stratum III deep bowls continue with only slight modifications. Fabric texture is predominantly medium-coarse. A slightly larger group of these bowls had some blackened cores. Basalt temper is used in approximately one-third of the bowls, similar to the percentage of this temper in Stratum III. Slip and burnish do not occur as frequently but are well represented. Basic Forms. The large to medium-deep bowls are among the most consistent forms throughout Stratum III–II. The overall percentage of 6% is the same in both strata. The same range of basic forms is represented (tables 11.3 and 9.6). The trend toward smaller sizes noted in Stratum III continues, with the medium range of 22 to 17 cm becoming even more dominant (67% as compared to 52% in Stratum III). The similarities suggest that these bowls had a practical use throughout Strata III and II, probably in the preparation and distribution of food (cf. chap. 9). Specific Types. Comments on specific types of Stratum III are essentially the same for Stratum II. Simple direct rims are found in all but one case. The latter is a large bowl with a rim slightly thickened inside and beveled down (fig. 11.11:1). The most common type (34 examples of 72) is a medium-size bowl with lightly curved sides and simple direct rim, rounded or tapered (fig. 11.11:5). Approximately onethird of these medium bowls are in Orange Burnished ware with basalt temper. Other types represented include a large bowl with angled walls (fig. 11.11:2), a mediumlarge bowl with a lightly-closed profile and tapered rim (fig. 11.11:3), and a mediumlarge bowl with lightly-curved walls and a squared rim (fig. 11.11:4). Wide, Shallow, Flat-Based Bowls and Platter Bowls Fabric Texture, Temper, and Surface Treatment. The ware patterns noted on wide, shallow bowls in Stratum III are found again in Stratum II. Particularly is this the case for the dominant Orange Burnished wares, but differences may be noted. Fabric texture is practically always medium-coarse, with only a few examples of fine or friable wares. Patterns of temper use are slightly modified, with wadi sand becoming more frequent in the wide, shallow bowls, increasing from 14% in Stratum III to 25% in Stratum II. The bowl forms with wadi sand are usually less well fired, with a higher percentage of blackened cores. In fabric color they also fall into the reddishbrown range. Surface treatment of these bowls is frequently slipped and burnished, but less so than on the average wide, shallow bowl. The reddish-brown group thus needs to be differentiated from the Orange Burnished ware, which continues to be the more dominant group (67%) in the wide, shallow bowls. No chronological implications are evident in comparing these two groups of bowls since they occur with similar relative percentages in the different phases of Stratum II. Overall, only 5% of the wide, shallow bowls have slip only, and 17% have slip with burnish (table 11.5). Burnish alone occurs on 53% of the wide, shallow bowls. The per-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.5. RIM TYPES

377

Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide-Shallow Bowls in Stratum II 10s

20s

30s

50s

70s

90s

TOT

FORMS 3600-WFB 2 8%

3610-PB

3640-WFB

21 38%

3 6%

15 28%

15 28%

54

16 62%

3 12%

2 8%

3 12%

26

46 44%

6 6%

22 21%

31 30%

105

3650-PB

2–4%

7 15%

29 63%

2 4%

2 4%

4 9%

46

3660-WFB

1–1%

2 2%

33 39%

9 11%

23 27%

17 20%

85

14–27%

5 10%

25 48%

2 4%

6 12%

52

17 5%

16 4%

170 47%

66 18%

76 21%

368

3670-PB

TOTAL

23 6%

WFB = Wide, flat-based, shallow bowl. PB = platter bowl. The rim types have been combined by groups. 10s represent simple, direct rims. 20s rims angled, turned upright. 30s inverted rims. 50s rims incurved. 70s rims thickened inside. 90s rims thickened inside and outside (see Appendix G). Percentages for each form represent the ratio of the rim-type groups for each form to the total of rim types in that basic form. The percentages in the Total column represent the ratio of each rim type to the total number of rim types. The total of 368 does not include 4 unclassified bowls.

centages of slip only, slip and burnish, and burnish only are practically identical on the wide, shallow, flat-base bowls and the platter bowls. Basic Forms. Although the numbers of wide, shallow bowls in Stratum II more than quadruples those from Stratum III (372 to 84 examples), the size ranges and distribution of the basic forms are very close (tables 9.6 and 11.3). The only minor change observable is that the width ranges in Stratum II are slightly larger by 1 or 2 cms in each of the categories. As in Stratum III, the wide, shallow, flat-base forms are twice as frequent as the shallower platter bowls. Also, the most common forms in both strata are the medium-large among the flat-base forms, and the medium forms among the platter bowls. The greater capacity of the wider Stratum II bowls could argue socially for larger family groups (see below; cf. chap. 9 for volume figures of platter bowls). But the consistency in basic form and proportionate distribution also support the interpretation of little variation in the use of these vessels for food distribution and consumption during both strata. Specific Types. The difficulties in distinguishing platter bowl rim forms in EB II– III are commonly recognized. Continuity in the rim forms of the basic rim types on wide, shallow, flat-based bowls and platter bowls has led to characterizing these forms as EB II–III, a view well established stratigraphically at many sites. Further

378

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

problems in distinguishing different rim forms were discussed in Chapter 9, specifically when widened handles were formed at opposite points on the rim causing thickening inside or thickening inside and out on the same bowl. The material from the town site confirms continuity of these types in both strata. The four basic rim groups noted in the Stratum III material—angled upright (20s), inverted (30s), thickened inside (70s), and thickened in and out (90s)—are also well represented in Stratum II (table 11.5). The distinction between rims angled upright and inverted is made using the interior surface of the rim. It is a subtle distinction but the inverted rims do have a definite slant inward on the interior. The inverted rims also occur more frequently in the earlier phases of Stratum II. As in Stratum III, the thickened rims (70s and 90s types) are much more common on the wide, flat-based bowls, and the upright rims (type 20) and inverted rims (30) are more common on the platter bowls. The difference may be related to an antisplash function of these rims, but it would appear to be applicable to both groups since they have similar rims. The difference may also be correlated with the overall size and depth of the vessels. The deeper bowls often have more closed-rim forms (thickened inside; cf. fig. 11.10:4, 7, 10) and also rims that provided better grips (thickened in and out; cf. fig. 11.10:1, 5, 9). A similar function was provided by the less-pronounced, inverted rims (fig. 11.10:2, 6, 8). Similar forms do occur, however, on the shallow platter bowls. Inverted rims are illustrated in figure 11.11:7, 12, 14, 17 and 18, and those thickened inside and out in figure 11.11, 9, 13 and 20. The examples with rims angled upright are more distinctive of the round-based platters (fig. 11.11:.6, 10, 15, 16, 19). Alongside this well-established continuity of the rim forms associated with wide shallow bowls, one form emerges as distinctive in Stratum II. Rims with a curved-in shape (Types 50–55), with the same thickness as the wall and often tall, are associated with the wide, shallow, flat-based bowls (pl. 88:6, 8 and 21 other examples). These rims also occur on the platter bowls (fig. 11.11:8) but less frequently. They are not as common at the town site (6% of the total; cf. table 11.5) as they are at Numeira, but they do occur in quantity in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: 438, fig. 257; Type F1a [13 examples] and Type G1a [28 examples]). One rim type that is marginally represented in the Stratum II assemblage is the upright triangular rim with concavity below the rim on the upper wall. This type has been recognized as an important diagnostic form for EB III (Amiran 1969: 71, pl. 18:1). The form is popular at Tel Yarmuth where it is described as carinated and as “a hallmark of the south Levantine EB III” (Miroschedji 2000: 322). The concavity is interpreted as a result of the molds in which the platters were formed, and the origin of the technique may go back to EB II. Only a few possible examples of the upright, triangular rim type with concavity are found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(pls. 53:43; 95:15). A similar form with the rim more inverted is also present in five examples (pls. 48:7, 8; 77:10; 102:39; 108:1). In both the upright and inverted forms the rims do not display the rounded, upright carination of the Tel Yarmuth examples. The rim type is also not common in the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 203:9, 10, 20; 222:19) or at Numeira. Since this technique is not widely present in the southern Ghor, the rare examples may be exchange items. A comparison of the basic rim types on wide, shallow bowls in Strata III and II (table 11.6) reveals slight shifts in the popularity of the types. In Stratum II, rims thickened inside (70s) and rims angled upright (20s) are less common, the latter prob-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.6. RIM TYPES

379

Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum III and Stratum II 10s

20s

30s

STRATUM III

1 1%

10 12%

31 36%

STRATUM II

17 5%

16 4%

170 47%

50s

23 6%

70s

90s

TOT

22 26%

21 24%

85

66 18%

76 21%

368

The rim types have been combined by groups. 10s represent simple, direct rims. 20s rims angled, turned upright. 30s inverted rims. 50s rims incurved. 70s rims thickened inside. 90s rims thickened inside and outside. Percentages for each form represent the ratio of the rim-type groups for each form to the total of rim types in that basic form. The percentages in the Total column represent the ratio of each rim type to the total number of rim types. The total of 368 does not include 4 unclassified bowls.

ably reflecting the diminishing popularity of the carinated wall forms. On the other hand inverted rims (30s) are more common. Rims thickened inside and outside (90s) occur in similar percentages in both strata. The rims incurved (50s) do not occur in Stratum III. Medium-Small to Small Bowls Fabric Texture, Temper, and Surface Treatment. Although the wares of the Stratum II small bowls are generally similar to those of Stratum III, there are important differences. Basalt temper becomes more than twice as common in Stratum II (44% to 19% in Stratum III, tables 11.1 and 9.1). The tradition of burnishing, especially without slip, is more common (32% to 20%; fig. 11.5). Both of these patterns were also obvious on the larger shallow bowls. Orange Burnished ware is predominant among the small bowls, with the combination of reddish-yellow fabric color, basalt temper, and burnish. Many of the shallower forms (3800+) in this ware were used as lamps. One other noteworthy group of 21 small bowls combines fine fabric texture with sandstone temper (Nubian sand or the Z temper). Several of these bowls had patterned slip-paint as a surface treatment (pls. 50:29; 78:22; 89:4; 90:19; 102:38). Only slight differences in wares appear among the two basic groups of small bowls: deep to medium-deep (3700+) and shallow (3800+). The shallow forms tend less often to be slipped and more frequently are burnished only. They also more frequently have basalt as temper. Basic Forms and Specific Types. The medium-small to small bowls (16 cm wide and under, with the smaller range from 11 to 7 cm) are fairly evenly divided between deeper forms (M/W ratio over .35; 84 examples) and shallower forms (M/W .34 and under, 103 examples). Practically all of the medium-small to small bowls have simple direct rims, rounded or tapered. The deeper forms with or without handles probably were used as cups. The shallower forms resemble modern cereal bowls and many were used as lamps. The specific types of medium-small and small bowls include some special forms along with the more common Early Bronze Age types. Among the deeper forms, one group of deep cup-bowls with lightly closed walls stands apart (fig. 11.10:14). Whole forms from the cemetery often have a loop handle at the rim (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: I2). A similar deep group has upright, lightly-everted walls (fig. 11.10:12). A

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

380 Figure 11.10.

Stratum II Shallow, Flat-Base Bowls and Small Bowls Basic Form

Rim

3

3600

90

Pl. 82:16; 45:38, 39, 43; 83:32

XIV.3

37

3600

51

Pl. 105:7; 56:12; 88:31

75.0136

XI.2

21

3600

34

Pl. 45:10; 51:37; 53:49; 89:1; 94:13, 31, 34

4

77.3403

XIII.2

29

3600

70

Pl. 56:23; 45:18, 19; 52:28; 78:44; 99:9, 12; 101:14, 39

5

79.8864

XI1.11

3

3640

91

Pl. 94:33; 48:16; 50:16, 38, 40, 41 and others

6

75.0141

XI.2

22

3640

33

Pl. 41:14; 53:52; 63:15; 68:36 and others

7

79.9022

XII.8

3

3640

70

Pl. 87:13; 99:10; 101:15

8

81.5419

XVII.1

122

3660

35

Pl. 68:7; 46:3; 50:34; 73:22; 101:45; 106:26

9

79.3974

XIV.4

54

3660

90

Pl. 103:1; 68:30; 81:23; 92:23; 93:10; 103:29

10

81.7316

XIX.1

50

3660

70

Pl. 76:32; 45:40; 49:7; 72:37: 91:4; 103:4

11

81.0751

IV.3

27

3740

11

Pl. 61:14; 52:29; 53:53 and others

12

77.3926

XII.6

3

3710

12

Pl. 84:10; 63:53; 78:20; 101:11

13

77.3409

XIII.2

29

3730

62

Pl. 56:34

14

81.7310

XIX.1

50

3700

12

Pl. 76:35; 56:50; 65:1 and others

15

79.9152

XII.5

3

3770

12

Pl. 82:29; 47:18; 49:8 and others

16

77.3165

XI.2

35

3830

11

Pl. 47:7; 56:47

17

77.3300

XIII.1

7

3820

27

Pl. 52:24; 56:34, 39; 72:29; 76:3

18

#3145

XI.2

29

3831

12

Pl. 46:13; 53:59; 56:53 and others

19

77.3198

XI.3

2

3845

12

Pl. 48:10

20

77.3197

XI.3

2

3846

12

Pl. 48:9; 69:2; 95:33

21

77.3392

XIII.2

29

3740

12

Pl. 56:33; 56:54; 71:32; 72:7; 74:18; 79:32

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

1

75.0251

XII.5

2

79.1946

3

Locus

Source (underlined) and Stratum III Parallels

few carinated bowls, later examples of the more typical Stratum III bowl (fig. 11.10:13, 17), are also found. The small “votive” cups with lightly flaring wall (fig. 11.12:21; pl. 63:8) have good EB III parallels from ºAi and Jericho (see table 11.9 and discussion of late EB III types below). The most common types among the deeper forms are the medium-small bowls with lightly curved walls (44 examples; fig. 11.10:11), and small forms (13 examples; fig. 11.10:15). It is possible that some of these forms with curved walls had flat bases. Three restored examples, with flat bases (fig. 11.12:20; cf. pls. 49:38; 63:21; 69:2) ranging from 10 to 18 cm, have good parallels in the cemetery and at other EB III sites (table 11.9). Among shallow forms, those with curved walls dominate (71 examples), and were often used as lamps (fig. 11.10:18). Other lamps include a flat-base form with angled walls (fig. 11.10:20), and several late EB III types (fig. 11.12:10–13). One form is very shallow and probably had a different function (fig. 11.10:19).

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.10. Stratum II shallow, flat-base bowls and small bowls.

381

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

382

Figure 11.11.

Fig.

Reg. #

Fd/Area

Stratum II Bowls, Platter Bowls

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum II Parallels

1

81.0688

IV.3

27

3520

71

Pl. 61:9; RIM = 10 - 56:37; 76:9; 92:1

2

77.3157

XI.2

32

3540

11

Pl. 42:40; 42:11

3

79.5338

XI.3

3

3510

12

Pl. 48:12

4

77.3746

XII.5

3

3530

10

Pl. 81:16; 50:28; 74:12; 88:29; 92:16

5

79.8902

XII.10

4

3570

11

Pl. 91:2; 73:23; 78:45; and others

6

77.3939

XII.5

3

3610

23

Pl. 81:22

7

75.0246

XII.5

3

3610

35

Pl. 82:11; 61:12; 94:12

8

77.0463

XVII.1

4

3610

51

Pl. 74:29; 72:18; 107:12

9

79.5753

XIII.2A

45

3610

91

Pl. 57:11; 108:1

10

81.0839

IV.3

27

3610

21

Pl. 61:13

11

81.2958

XIV.3

206

3560

12

Pl. 107:11; 47:12; 89:11; 102:19

12

81.4083

XIV.3

272

3670

38

Pl. 102:39; 77:10

13

81.6802

XIX.1

97

3670

91

Pl. 79:7; 47:14; 72:16

14

77.3515

XIII.1

15

3650

33

Pl. 51:41; 45:3, 45; 48:23; and others

15

77.0461

XVII.1

4

3650

21

Pl. 74:30

16

#3363

XIV.3

224

3650

23

Pl. 106:30; 71:4; 78:19; 87:16

17

79.2491

XVII.1

45

3670

33

Pl. 73:28; 45:46; 53:47; and others

18

81.5768

XVII.1

122

3670

34

Pl. 68:8; 53:39, 40; 91:8; 106:35

19

79.6398

XIX.1

28

3678

23

Pl. 80:13

20

79.3898

XIV.4

33

3678

92

Pl. 108:17; RIM = 90 - 72:15

21

79.5788

XIII.2A

43

3678

12

Pl. 59:6; 53:55; 64:16; 65:3; 74:14; 77:24; 107:5

Handles Ledge Handles. Pushed-up ledge handles continue as the dominant type in Stratum II as earlier in Stratum III, but other earlier types remain and some new types begin to emerge. Two groups in the pushed-up examples may be distinguished. One group has the edge turned up vertically, usually with three wide impressions (Type 14a; fig. 11.7:12, 13). This form corresponds to Tufnell’s Form 8 (Tufnell 1958: 148– 55, fig. 7; both trough and crest are pushed up), Wright’s Type 1e (Wright 1937: 94) and Amiran’s Type 3 (Amiran 1969: 37). Tufnell stresses the dominance of this form in EB III and Wright sees the pushed-up type as typical of the last phase of EB III. A second group, similar to Tufnell’s Form 9, has a pushed-up edge but the impressions are not as vertical and the type is closer to what some have called wavy ledges (Type 14b, fig. 11.7:14). These two forms (Types 14a and b at the town site) are equally represented in Stratum II with 22 and 21 examples, respectively. Simple thumb-indented

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.11. Stratum II bowls, platter bowls.

383

384

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

ledges also are fairly common (24 examples; fig. 11.7:15), and plain ledge handles with no impressions continue (9 examples). The three Stratum IV “duck-bill” handles (pls. 51:34; 87:6; 98:3) are disturbing in this context. They may be from earlier vessels discovered by Stratum II occupants and treated as curios. Knob ledges in the Stratum III assemblage have all but disappeared in Stratum II, with two possible exceptions (pls. 71:45; 78:34). A new type that begins to appear in Stratum II approaches the folded ledge-handle (fig. 11.9:14) found in Amiran’s Type 4, Tufnell’s Form 11, and Wright’s Type 1g. In the two clearest examples the folds are wide and three in number, but they are not folded all the way down against the inner surface. Other examples with folds are more accurately described as pinch-lapped, with two or usually three thumb-impressed folds along the edge (pls. 64:28; 72:23; 89:40; 90:25; 91:15, 20). The two folded examples and four of the pinch-lapped examples came from the latest loci of Fields XII.10 and XII.11. Loop Handles. In overall percentage of rim forms (3%), the loop-handle fragments are less than the percentages found in Stratum IV (9%) and Stratum III (7%). This may be an accidental result of the sample, but the number of loop-handle fragments among the Primary Loci of Stratum II corresponds with the total of small jars, narrow-neck jars, and pitchers in the Stratum II assemblage. These are the forms that usually have handles with parallels from the cemetery and other sites. There are 45 loop handles in the assemblage, and a total of 40 small jugs, narrow-neck vessels and pitchers. The percentages could well indicate a gradual decline in the popularity and use of narrow-neck vessels. Narrow-neck vessels are even rarer in Stratum I. Loop handles are elliptical, round, or wide and flat in form. Elliptical forms are the most frequent but round forms are also common. There are only 5 examples of wide, flat handles (pls. 101:23; 58:12; 61:4; 68:18; 71:30). The handle attachment is usually from neck to shoulder, but a few examples with handles on mid-neck are found (pls. 54:52; 91:16). One handle has a flaring horn at the top (pl. 89:43). Column and Lug Handles. The column handle, introduced during Stratum IV, is found as late as Stratum II (fig. 11.9:13). Seven examples are in the Stratum II assemblage. All are solid and circular in section. The form illustrated in figure 11.9:7 is the only one to have raised dots, forming a channel for liquid to drain into the jar. Two other forms have an upper concave surface preserved (pls. 83:35 and 97:6). Two examples of lug handles (pls. 45:20; 97:13) occur in Stratum II, both on fairly large body sherds. The Stratum III form that occurs on the neck of amphoriskoi, merging into the neck line, is not present. Bases Fabric Texture, Temper, Surface Treatment, and Fabric Cores. Ware features of Stratum II bases follow and intensify patterns established in Stratum III. There is an increase in the percentage of base forms in the Primary Loci of Stratum II (36% in Stratum II, 29% in Stratum III). In Fabric Texture the medium-coarse fabric is even more dominant in Stratum II, occurring in 92% of the bases compared to 83% in Stratum III. Other trends established in Stratum III that continue in Stratum II include less slip and more burnish, and an increase in the use of wadi sand and basalt as tempers. When the percentages of tempers in the rims are compared with the tempers in the bases, the best correlation is in limestone temper. This temper is found in 27% of the rim forms and 28% of the base forms (table 11.1). Since limestone temper is most common in holemouth jars and the diameters of mouth and base are usually similar

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

385

in this form the near identical percentage of rim and base forms with limestone temper is not surprising. Wadi sand is more frequent in bases than in rims (51% to 31%), while basalt temper is half as frequent in bases (16% to 33%). These patterns continue those found in Stratum III (table 9.1). In both Strata III and II basalt temper is twice as frequent in the rims as in the bases, a difference that can be explained by the large rim diameter of the basalt-tempered platter bowls compared to the smaller base diameter. Only slight differences in the percentages of blackened and thin cores in the bases of the two strata are found. Features of continuity and standardization between Strata III and II are also evident when jar bases are distinguished by the steepness of the angle of the wall (over 65%). Overall, the percentage of rim forms of jars (holemouth and necked vessels) is 23% while the percentage of jar bases is 19%. In comparison to Stratum III, the percentage of jar bases to bases overall is slightly different (52% to 58%). The mean diameter of bases in both strata, however, is the same (18 cm). This similarity is significant when the figures from Stratum IV are considered, where the percentage of jar bases is 34% and the average size of the jar base is 22 cm. As in Stratum III, the increase in smaller jars could be due to continuing growth in number of households in Stratum II, promoting and maybe requiring the use of smaller capacity jars. Stratum II Pottery from Field XVI Although many of the basic forms of Stratum II in Field XVI are similar to those in other fields, the late EB III stratigraphy of this field (chap. 10) is reflected in the pottery, much of which indicates late EB III types. Holemouth jars from Field XVI (fig. 11.12:1–5) are parallel to Stratum II types (cf. fig. 11.7:1–11). Similar Stratum II specific types are also found among the holemouth bowls (cf. fig. 11.12:6–7 with fig. 11.8:3–7), in large deep bowls with incurved wall (cf. fig. 11.12:8 with fig. 11.8:3), in wide shallow bowls with inverted rim (cf. fig. 11.12:16 with fig. 11.11:6, 7) in small, deep cup-bowls with incurved walls (cf. fig. 11.12:9 with fig. 11.10:14), and in widenecked vessels (cf. fig. 11.12:17, 18 with figs. 11.9:4 and 11.8:12). Some examples of Stratum II platter bowls with upright walls and rolled rims appear in other fields, but they are far more common in Field XVI (fig. 11.12:15). Types unique to Field XVI include a series of flat-based lamp forms (fig. 11.12:11– 13), small to medium, flat-based bowls with lightly incurved rim (fig. 11.12:20), and small votive cups (fig. 11.12:21, 22). All of these features have parallels at other EB IIIC sites in Palestine (table 11.9). A lamp form (pl. 67:3; reg. no. 1633) with a wavy rim forming several curved arcs and a flat, string-cut base has close parallels in Egypt. One parallel is a flat-based lamp dating from the sixth to the eighth dynasty tombs of Qau and Badari, which has five curved arcs on the rim (Kelley 1976: pl. 26.1:82). A similar form with more pronounced curves forming the spouts was found between the foundation walls of a temple at Tell Ibrahim Awad dated to “pre-mid-twelfth dynasty as a terminus ad quem” (van den Brink 1992: 46, fig. 2:1). At least two jar rims from Field XVI (pls. 64:21 and 66:1) have rim curves like those on jars from the EB IV tombs at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub 1973: 14, fig. 8:24, 25; n. 30 for parallels). Most of the Egyptian parallels with these rim shapes have round bases but one form found in the fourth to eighth dynasty tombs at Qau and Badari has a flat base (Kelley 1976: pl. 26:14, 92F). In addition to these forms with late EB III parallels, the Stratum II Field XVI assemblage is set apart by distinctive wares and new patterns of surface treatment. Combed ware is prominent in the group, often with wide thumb-impressed appliqué

spread one line long

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

386

Figure 11.12.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

1

81.4832

XVI.4

27

3010

18b

Pl. 66:17; 45:1; 53:1; 55:40; 59:12

2

81.4392

XVI.2

49

3010

18d

Pl. 65:9; 64:12; 65:13; 76:12, 13 and others

3

81.4100

XVI.2

4

3020

18d

Pl. 63:32; 64:11; 66:31; 44:11; 55:16, 19

4

79.4272

XVI.2

4

3030

18d

Pl. 63:4; 47:23; 55:18, 27; 72:3

5

81.4861

XVI.4

46

3050

12

Pl. 66:32; RIM = 11 -78:13–15, 40

6

81.4293

XVI.2

4

3046

10

Pl. 63:34; 88:3

7

81.4109

XVI.2

4

3040

11

Pl. 63:33; 48:27

8

81.4855

XVI.4

41

3510

12

Pl. 66:24; 48:12

9

81.4378

XVI.2

47

3700

12

Pl. 65:1; 73:29; 76:35; 77:18

10

#3014

XVI.3

45

3840

12

Pl. 65:34; 48:9

11

81.4238

XVI.2

22

3840

12

Pl. 64:4; cf. 65:24, 25; 66:1, 11; 95:33

12

79.4233

XVI.2

22

3840

12

Pl. 64:5; as above

13

79.4235

XVI.2

22

3840

12

Pl. 64:6; as above

14

#3319

XVI.3

46

3124

61

Pl. 67:1; cf. Bands 65:33, 45; 66:23

15

81.4104

XVI.2

4

3600

73

Pl. 63:39; 86:7; RIM = 74 -66:25, 26

16

79.2311

XVI.2

4

3640

33

Pl. 63:15; 53:52; 68:36, 38; 71:10, 20

17

79.2216

XVI.2

4

3139

61

Pl. 63:8; 53:30; 90:8; 94:8

18

81.4127

XVI.2

4

3150

61

Pl. 63:37; 63:36; 65:27; 71:17; 78:41–42 and others

19

#3009

XVI.3

45

3940

12

Pl. 67:2

20

79.2312

XVI.2

4

3749

12

Pl. 63:21; 49:38; 69:2

21

81.4864

XVI.4

46

3791

12

Pl. 66:36

22

81.4134

XVI.2

4

3791

62

Pl. 63:38

Source (underlined) and Stratum II Parallels

bands (fig. 11.12:14; pls. 63–67). A range of fine-ware vessels, including various-sized bowls and small to medium jars, often with red slip, stand out in the Field XVI group (pl. 63:16, 17, 36, 38, 41; pl. 64:13, 14, 35, 36). Slip and slip and burnish re-emerge as fairly common surface treatments. Potters of Strata III and II (fig. 11.4:5) had shown a preference for burnishing only in place of slip or slip and burnish. This pattern was evident in all vessel categories but most pronounced for the platter bowls. It was even more obvious in the Stratum IIA material from the interior fields (fig. 11.6). In Field XVI the pattern is dramatically reversed. Slip and slip and burnish now become fairly common in all categories of vessels while the use of burnish practically disappears (fig. 11.6). The reason for this reversal in pattern is not clear. It is possible that the production of slip and slip and burnished vessels was fostered in connection with the cult

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.12. Stratum II pottery of Field XVI.

387

388

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Figure 11.13. Ceramic vessels with serpent motifs.

activity in Field XVI discussed in Chapter 10. A comparison with the sanctuary assemblage of Field XII, however, does not show a comparable shift in the case of that area. In Sanctuary A in Field XII out of a total of 655 sherds, only 4% have slip, 6% slip and burnish, and 37% have burnish only. These percentages are similar to other Stratum II material. Also noteworthy is that the Stratum I material continues the trend of slip or slip and burnish rather than burnish only noticed in Stratum II of Field XVI. This pattern of surface treatment may be seen as a new potter tradition of late EB III that continues into EB IV. One further feature is introduced with the Stratum II group in Field XVI. The unusual form in figure 11.12:19, a possible incense stand, has a snake motif on the sides of the vessel. A similar snake motif is found on the interior of three small bowls in Field XVI. One of the forms from Field XVI (fig. 11.13:4) is from a Stratum II context (fig. 65:29), one is from a Stratum II–I context (fig. 11.13:2, Reg. #2040, XVI.2, L. 20)

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

389

and one from Stratum I (fig. 11.13.3; reg. #3011, XVI.2, L 39). Another late example, from Field IX (11.13:1, reg. #307), is the most distinctive with a curved body and rounded head over the lip. It is from Locus 24 assigned to Stratum II–I. No examples of the snake motif were found in any of the earlier strata at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Comparison of the Stratum II Pottery from the Town Site with EB III Pottery from the Cemetery and Other Sites Approximately two-thirds of the specific EB III types from the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257) have close parallels to the Stratum II pottery from the town site. Various-sized bowls offer the broadest range of similar types. Platter bowls (Type F1b), banquet bowls (Type G1a, b, c), medium-small to small deep bowls (Type H1a, b, c), and shallow saucers and lamps (Type J1a, 3a, 4) are all well represented in the town site material (table 11.9). The small flat-based bowls and lamps may be the most distinctive form when parallels from other EB III sites are considered (fig. 11.12:10– 13, 20). Parallels for the jugs and jars are harder to specify since many of the specific types of the complete forms of the cemetery are determined by base shapes, such as spike and stump. The wide-mouth pitchers (Type EI; Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257; cf. fig. 11.8:15), for example, could also belong to Type E4 with a stump base. The narrow-neck jugs and juglets from the town site (fig. 11.8:10, 16, 17) could be combined with various base forms (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: Type D1a, c, 2, 3). Numerous narrow-base forms are found in the Stratum II assemblage that may represent stump or narrow flat bases (pls. 51:11; 84:21; 85:2; 87:17; 92:6; 93:21; 100:18; 101:8, 34; and 108:32). Although no complete spouted jars similar to Type K1a from the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257) were recovered from the town site, several spouts are represented in the corpus (pls. 49:43; 51:38; 55:10; 98:4 and 107:9). Most of the EB III specific types from the cemetery are serving vessels, many examples of which are found in the Stratum II town site assemblage. The search for parallels at external sites is based on similarity in basic form (shape and size) and combinations of specific diagnostic features such as rim and ware categories. In the following discussion citations of forms are from the Bâb edhDhr⺠figures and plates, while table 11.9 contains a list of parallels from other sites corresponding to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠figures and plates. Comparison with the pottery from the nearby site of Khirbet Hamra Ifdan in the ºArabah is difficult to assess. Most of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠pottery that can be paralleled at Khirbet Hamra Ifdan consists of simple forms: holemouth jars (fig. 11.7:3, 8) holemouth bowls (figs. 11.8:1, 5; 11.12:6, 8), a few necked jars (figs. 11.9:6, 9; 11.12:14), some platter bowls (figs. 11.10:10; 11.11:14), various-sized bowls (fig. 11.11:1, 2, 3, 4) and a flat-based lamp (fig. 11.12:10). Most of these forms are found in Phases 5a and 5b at Khirbet Hamra Ifdan, with a few earlier ones from Phase 3. Four of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples above are from Field XVI (fig. 11.12:6, 8, 10, 14) and thus date to late EB III. This also accords well with the description of Khirbet Hamra Ifdan Phase 5a as the last phase of EB III (Adams 2000: 393). Adams’s comparison with EB IV material from the Central Negev complicates the correspondences, however (Adams 2000: 394–95). His parallels are broadly drawn and he uses a sequential relationship between the TR and S families proposed by Dever (Dever 1980). Ceramic material from En Ziq in the central Negev is described as having many similarities to the Khirbet Hamra Ifdan material, especially for Phases 5 and 6 (Adams 2000: 394), but no

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

390

Table 11.7.

Function Groups of Stratum III and Stratum II Ceramics

Stratum

Serving

Storage

Food Prep.

Special Use

Total

III

165—40%

84—21%

150—36%

12—3%

411

II

555—45%

267—22%

301—25%

103—8%

1226

specific published parallels are cited. Since Phase 6 of Khirbet Hamra Ifdan belongs to EB IV (Adams 2000: fig. 21.9:7–10), coalescing Phases 5 and 6 in the comparisons with En Ziq produces difficulties. Forms from the town site pottery that can be compared with the Tel Yarmuth assemblage (see table 11.9) include necked jars (figs. 11.8:9, 11, 12; 11.9:2–4, 8, 10), platter bowls (figs. 11.10:1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11; 11.11:6, 9, 13, 16, 20), holemouth jars (fig. 11.7:4, 5, 8), vats (fig. 11.8:2), deep bowls (fig. 11.11:3–5) and small bowls (fig. 11.10:11, 17; pl. 63:21). The parallels from Tel Yarmuth are found in all three EB III phases (EB IIIA–C) at that site, but in disproportionate numbers. The majority (19) appear in EB IIIA at Tel Yarmuth. Six of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠forms (figs. 11.8:2, 11; 11.9:8; 11.10:1, 2; 11.11:10) have close parallels to those from floors of Yarmuth Str. CIV described as “very reliable” (Miroschedji 2000: 318). Twelve forms dating to EB IIIB are possible parallels, as are four parallels from EB IIIC contexts. A noticeable difference between the two assemblages is the lack at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠of broad, mold-shaped, wide platters, with a concavity below the rim. This form is common at Tel Yarmuth, and at many EB III sites. Only a few possible examples are found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(pls. 48:7, 8; 53:43; 77:10; 95:15, 102:39; 108:1). Since this form does not appear as a distinctive type at Numeira it seems that the mold-shaping technique was not adopted by Early Bronze Age potters in the southern Ghor. The closest parallels to the Stratum II pottery come from Jericho and ºAi (table 11.9). Nine comparative forms are from Jericho Trench II and are attributed to Stratum XVIII, beginning with Phase lviii. This phase at Jericho saw the first appearance of Khirbet Kerak imitation ware, which extended through Phase lxi. Two examples from Strata XX–XXI at Jericho are close to late EB III forms from Field XVI. Fortytwo types similar to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠come from Squares E III–IV, with the majority (24) being from Phases C to A. A further six examples, mostly from Phase A, are parallel to late EB III forms from Field XVI (table 11.9:12). The similarity between tomb pottery from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Jericho (Schaub and Rast 1989: 442–43) thus is similar in the case of material from the towns at both sites. Parallels from ºAi are extensive. They come from the tell in general and the sanctuary in particular. Thirty-four examples come mostly from Phase VI and are ascribed to EB IIIA, while thirty parallels are cited from the Citadel and Lower City, almost all from Phase VII (EB IIIB). The late EB III pottery from Field XVI finds its closest parallels in Phases VII and VIII (22 examples). Other sites contain parallels to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum II pottery. Tell elUmeiri provides a range of similar EB III types (15 examples), as does also Tell Handaquq (S) (6 examples). Further possible parallels are cited from Khirbet Zeraqun, Tel Dan and Beth Yerah.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Table 11.8. Basic Form HMJ

Size

391

Capacity and Possible Function of Vessels of Stratum II Range in liters

Avg.

Possible ordinary function

Pith.

122–303

175

Communal long-term dry storage. Average U.S. dry measure = 20 pecks or 5 bushels

Large

43–113

62

Multi-household long-term dry storage. U.S. dry measure = 7 pecks

Med.

11–37

20

Cooking pots for large groups. Some short-term dry storage. Avg. 5.3 U.S. gals. liquid or 2.2 pecks dry

Small

2–9

4

Family-size cooking pots. U.S. 1.4 gals. Some short-term storage

Large

5–11

7

Food preparation for large groups. Mixing bowls or short-term storage. U.S. 1.8 gals.

Med.

2–4

3

Food preparation, family-size groups. U.S. 6 pints

Small

0.4–1

0.7

Food preparation. U.S. 1.5 pints

Basins

Large

120–140

133

Communal food processing and storage. Olive oil and wine. U.S. 6 gals.

Jars

Pith.

47–110

76

Communal long-term liquid storage. U.S. 20 gals.

Large

14–32

23

Large group short-term liquid storage. U.S. 6 gals

Med. L

3–12

7

Family daily use. Short-term storage. U.S. 2 gals

Small

1–2

1.3

Distribution or serving of liquids. U.S. 3 pints

Large

5–12

8.5

Short-term storage, distribution, or transport/trade of liquids such as olive oil or wine. U.S. 2 gals.

Med. L

1.5–3

2.1

Distribution or transport/trade of liquids. U.S. 2 qts.

Med. S

0.7–1.4

0.9

Family or small-group distribution of liquids. U.S. 1 qt.

Small

0.2–.65

0.38

Storage of olive oil for lamps or serving vessel or individual drinking vessel. U.S. 12 oz.

Med. L

0.5–1.2

0.8

Serving vessels for liquids. U.S. 1.7 pints

Small

0.25–.4

0.3

Utilitarian vessel for distribution of liquids. U.S. 10 oz.

Large

6.8–13.9

8.6

Food Preparation or short-term storage. U.S. dry 1 peck

Med. L

3–6.1

4.4

Food preparation or short-term storage. U.S. dry 1¿2 peck or 1.2 gal. liquid

Med.

1.2–2.7

2

Food preparation or serving. U.S. 4 pints

V. Lar.

4.8–9

5.6

Large group food preparation or distribution. Liquid U.S. 1.5 gals. Dry 6 qts.

Med.Large

1.9–3.8

2.8

Group food preparation or distribution. U.S. 6 pints

Med.

0.7–1.7

1.2

Small group food preparation or distribution. U.S. 2.5 pints

Large

2.9–4.6

3.4

Large group distribution. Liquid U.S. 1 gal. Dry U.S. 3.7 qts.

Med. L

1.3–2.5

1.6

Group distribution. 3.3 pints

Med.

0.6–1.2

1

Small group distribution. U.S. 2.1 pints

Med. S Deep

0.3–0.9

0.5

Individual consumption of food or liquid. U.S. 1 pint

Med. S

0.3–0.7

0.42

Individual consumption of food or liquid. U.S. 13 oz.

Small

.09–0.35

0.19

Lamps, incidental use in food preparation. U.S. 6 oz.

Small

.05–0.22

0.16

Lamps, incidental use in food preparation. U.S. 4 oz.

HMB

Jugs

Pitchers Deep Bowls

Wide, Shallow

Platters

Small Bowls

Shallow

392

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

Social Significance of the Stratum II Pottery Ethnographic study demonstrates the difficulty of associating a vessel with one particular function. As containers, pots can serve multiple functions depending on the immediate need. Such flexibility belies specific social significance, but efforts to ascertain how pottery functioned keeps a part of the ceramic research focused on humanistic meanings of artifacts. An advantage of the basic form classification system employed here is the stress it places on vessel dimensions as a typological tool rather than focusing on small rim or handle differences. The emphasis on size translates into capacity, and capacity is related to function (Rice 1987: 225). Vessels may have functions beyond their normal use, but even specialized uses are related to the capacity of the vessel. In this study capacity was calculated by using volumetric formulas for spheres, ellipsoids and spherical caps applied to the range of maximum-width diameters of vessels, and the average maximum width determined on restored vessels. Comparative data made possible the determination of predictive formulas using consistent proportions of vessels. These formulas were used to determine ranges of capacity and average capacity (table 11.8). For most of the larger jars maximum diameter was usually twice the base, a ratio resulting from study of restored vessels from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and other sites, especially Arad. For holemouth vessels rim diameter was usually similar to base width. Determining ratios for wide-necked vessels was more problematic. Study of restored vessels with tall necks and flaring rims showed that the rim diameter was consistently similar to base width. The interior neck width, which ranged from 50% to 70% of the base width, offered an alternative check. An average of 62% was employed. For the smaller vessels the volume ranges were drawn from complete vessel groups from the cemetery, where volumes were determined by using a digitizer and software program (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 252, 253). Many of the smaller vessels were also tested by actual measurement. The possible functions suggested in table 11.8 are limited to more obvious uses related to capacity. The largest holemouth jars and necked jars were probably set in the ground, since when they were filled they would have been too heavy to move (one gal. of water weighs approximately 8 lbs.). Mouth diameter on these vessels (table 11.3) was sufficient to allow smaller vessels to be used to draw out dry or liquid portions. Two common sizes of holemouth cooking pots are also listed, based on portability and range of rims and bases of cooking pot ware. It is possible that some of the large holemouth vessels were also used as cooking pots (cf. Arad where three sizes of cooking pots are noted in Strata III–I). The holemouth bowls and deep bowls could have been used either for food preparation or short-term storage. Most of the jugs are narrow-neck vessels and could be easily stoppered or sealed for transport or trade. The wide, shallow bowls in the larger sizes would have been well suited for food preparation or distribution. Shallow platters with rounded bases were probably used for food distribution. The deep, medium-small bowls resemble, in shape and capacity, soup bowls of a modern pantry while the shallower forms are similar to cereal bowls. At Tell Handaquq four categories were used to describe basic functions of vessel use: serving, preparation, storage, and specialized purpose (Chesson 2000: 373–74). These were traced through four phases of the Early Bronze Age III, in which changes were observed. Even though the match between the two sites was not perfect from a diachronic perspective, comparisons within the four categories produced results that

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

393

were similar. The Phase I–IV totals at Tell Handaquq corresponded to those of Strata III–II at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(cf. table 11.7 with Chesson 2000: 375, table 20.3). The comparable results in these percentages suggest that storage, serving, and food preparation may have been similar in most Early Bronze Age towns.

Table 11.9.

Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery

Holemouth Jars and Ledge Handles Fig. 11.7:1 (Form 3010, Rim 18e): Tell el-Hesi: Fargo 1979: fig. 8:6. Fig. 11.7:2 (Form 3010, Rim 18d): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 133:4, Ph. VII. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 1995: pl. 3:24 Fig. 11.7:3 (Form 3010, Rim 18e): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.9.3 (no knob). Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 1995: pl. 3:25 (no knob). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: 140:3 (with knob) Fig. 11.7:4 (Form 3010, Rim 10): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 133:9; 134:9, Ph. VII. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 10:E1.1. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.6.1–3. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 44:13. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:13, 21 Fig. 11.7:5 (Form 3020, Rim 17): Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 31:10; 36:3; 39:8. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.6.4, 7 Fig. 11.7:8 (Form 3030, Rim 11): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.9.2, Ph. 5b. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 2000: fig. 15.1.4. Tel Yarmuth: Mirsochedji 1988: pl. 41:9. Tell el-Handaquq South: Chesson 2000: fig. 20.3.4 Fig. 11.7:9 (Form 3030, Rim 12): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 141.20 Fig. 11.7:11 (Form 3030, Rim 16): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 230:1. Kh. ezZeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 10F. Tell el-Handaquq South: Chesson 2000: fig. 20.3.5 Fig. 11.7:12, 13 (Handle Type 14a): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 201:1; 215:4; 230:1, 2. ºAi: Callaway 1980: 5–10; 139:10. Amiran 1969: p. 37 Type 3 (pushed up = Tufnell Form 8. Wright 1e). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:16, Tr. II, Stage XVIII, beginning of EB III with Khirbet Kerak ware. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.35.9, Late EB III. Fig. 11.7:14 (Handle Type 14b): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 215:2. Tufnell 1958: pp. 148–55, fig. 7, Type 9. Fig. 11.7:15 (Form 1030, Rim 13): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 65:22, 23 (Phase VI). Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 27:10 (EB IIIA) Holemouth Bowls Fig. 11.8:1 (Form 3080, Rim 71): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:27 (rim different). Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.10.6, a similar but much larger, deep bowl. Fig. 11.8:2 (Form 3040, Rim 72): Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.35.6, metallic ware, Late EB III. Tel Erani: Brandl 1989: fig. 6:5. Cf. a series of bowls from Tel Yarmuth with more pronounced inverted rim. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: Pl. 27:9; 29:8: 35:6; 38:1–6. Some of these examples have spouts. Fig. 11:8:3 (Form 3040, Rim 11): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 63:17; 62:22 (Ph. VI). Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji: 1988: 32:9, more tapered rim. Fig. 11.8:5 (Form 3046, Rim 11): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 68:12, Ph. VII. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.9.2, 4, Ph. 5b Fig. 11.8.7 (Form 3050, Rim 18d): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:30 (with knob on shoulder, EIII–IV, Ph. C–B). Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.7.4, Ph. 5b Necked Jars Fig. 11.8:8 (Form 3149, Rim 61): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:17–19, Ph. VI; 1980: fig. 131:38, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:20, EIII–IV, Ph. Ei–ii Fig. 11.8:9 (Form 3157, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:12, Ph. VI; 1980: fig. 147:12, Ph. IX. Cf. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.9.9 Fig. 11.8:10 (Form 3320, Rim 65): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: Fig. 257: D3, Appendix D, see D3, 4 14 examples. ºAi: Callaway: 1980: fig. 130:35, Ph. VII. Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 146:10, EIII–IV, Ph. A. Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 31:2

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

394 Table 11.9.

Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery (cont.)

Fig. 11.8:11 (Form 3174, Rim 62): ºAi: Callaway 1972: 61:6, Ph. VI; 68:11, Ph. VII; 1980: fig. 131: 8, 16, 20. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:6, 35, Tr II., Str. XVIII; 146:3, Ph. A. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pls. 31:6; 36:9. Fig. 11.8:12 (Form 3164, Rim 61): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:7; 1980: fig. 131:13, 17, 21, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:6; 64:25. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz: 1997: Ab. 6:Kb. Tell elHandaquq South: Chesson 2000: fig. 20.3.9. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.6.6. Also 18.9.10.11 with handles Fig. 11.8:13 (Form 3264, Rim 62): Tell el-Handaquq South: Chesson: 2000: fig. 20.3.8 Fig. 11.8.15 (Form 3460, Rim 62): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: E1, Appendix D, 69 examples listed. Cf. the taller pitcher form from Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 5.H Fig. 11.8:16 (Form 3320, Rim 64): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: D3, Appendix D, see D3, 4, 14 examples. Jericho: Hennessy 1968: pl. VIII. 84b Fig. 11.8:17 (Form 3380, Rim 62): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: D1a, 1c, 2, Appendix D, see D1a, b, c, d, 2 (190 examples). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 143:9, 10, 28, 21 Fig. 11.9:1 (Form 3111, Rim 62): ºAi, Ph. VI: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:26. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983; fig. 143:29, rim more pronounced. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.14, EB III. Tell elºUmeiri Harrison: 2000: fig. 19.4.1–4, smaller examples but other typical examples between 15 and 20 cm are noted on p. 353 Fig. 11.9:2 (Form 3119, Rim 62): Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.6.10, thumb-impressed band at neck Fig. 11.9:3 (Form 3119, Rim 81): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:21. Jericho: Hennessy 1968: pl. IX.88. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.36.10, cooking pot. Tel Yarmuth: Mirsochedji 2000: fig. 18.6.8. Tell elºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.3:12–13 Fig. 11.9:4 (Form 3119, Rim 64): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig.146:2. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.5.5, Ph. 5b. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.32.8, late EB III. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.3:1–4. Tel Yarmuth: Mirsochedji 2000: fig. 18.10.3 Fig. 11.9:5 (Form 3122, Rim 62): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:27, Phase VI; 1980: fig. 131:36, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: 64:7; 144:11, neck more flared, similar to Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Vol. IIb: pl. 68:46 Fig. 11.9:6 (Form 3124, Rim 62): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:12 (compare rim of fig. 11.9.1); 146:32. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.3.5 Fig. 11.9.7 (Form 3129, Rim 65): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 132:4 Fig. 11.9:8 (Form 3139, Rim 80): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:23, Phase VI; 1980: fig. 131:32, 35, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 146:8. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.15, metallic ware. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 36:11; 39:15. Form only; none of these parallels have the punctate decoration on the rim Fig. 11.9:9 Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.10.1, 3, Phase 5a; 21.9.5, 6, Phase 5b. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.10.4, EB IIIC; fig. 18.7.3, 4, EB IIIB. Fig. 11.9.10 ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 132:27, Ph. VII. Tell Handaquq, South: Chesson 2000: fig. 20.4.5. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.18, 19. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.7.3, 4 Fig. 11.9.11 ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 76:18; 1980: fig. 132:25, Ph. VII. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.3.5 Fig. 11.9.12 Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.4.2 Fig. 11.9:13 (Form 3114: Rim 61): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:12 (no neck ring). Tell elºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.5.1–3, rope at neck. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 31:7 Fig. 11.9.14 (Handle Type 16a): As the profile shows, the wide flaps are not folded flat, as in the later envelope examples (Amiran 1969: pl. 8: 20–22). In the other Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples cited (64:28; 72:23; 89:40; 90:25; 91:15, 20; 99:31) the flaps are narrower, more like pushed-up thumb impressions. Cf. also Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 215:3, 5. Other parallels to this group are found at ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 148:7 in Ph. IX; at Jericho in Phase A, Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 146: 24, 26, and in Str. XX–XXI in Tr. II, fig. 65:14; at Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.4, 1, 2, 4 and at Tell el-Handaquq South: Chesson 2000: 220.4.5 Fig. 11.9.15 Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: MF 374:150; 407:764 (painted). ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 56:21, Phase V. Sanctuary A, Amiran 1969: pl. 18:7. Jericho: Hennessy: 1968: pl. VII:69, deeper base and painted. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.21 Fig. 11.9.16 Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 216:6; MF 386:41, 42; 387:44

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.9.

395

Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery (cont.)

Bowls Fig. 11.10.1 (Form 3600, Rim 90): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 221:11; MF 401:459, 460, 462. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:4; 1980: fig. 128: 8, 10, 12, 14, Ph. VII. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 9:B3.3. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.33.12, EB III. Tell Erani: Brandl: 1989: fig. 6:4, Area D, Str. 1. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.13 (groove ext.). Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 32:15 Fig. 11:10:2 (Form 3600, Rim 51): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257:G1a. Cf. figs. 221:15: 232:12, 13; MF 375:170; 380:365–69; 401:480; 402:481–87. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:2. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 33:1 Fig. 11.10.3 (Form 3600, Rim 34): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:22 (Ph. VI). Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:17; 143:18; 144:1 Fig. 11.10.4 (Form 3600, Rim 70): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:21, Ph. VI. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 10:D1.2 (with handles). Tel Yarmuth: Mirsochedji 1988: fig. 28:6; 37:15 Fig. 11.10.5 (Form 3640, Rim 91): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 68:2, Ph. VI; 1980: figs. 127:16, 18; 128:7, 9, 11, 13, Ph. VII. Beth-Yerah: Esse 1991: Pl. 4F. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland: 1983: fig. 64:22. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 41:2 Fig. 11.10.6 (Form 3640, Rim 33): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:14, 15, Ph. VI Fig. 11.10.7 (Form 3640, Rim 70): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:18, Ph. VI. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:14; 144:9. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.32.5, Late EB III. Tell Beit Mirsim: Dever and Richard 1977: fig. 1:7. Tel Yarmuth Miroschedji 1988: pl. 27:1; 37:12 Fig. 11.10.8 (Form 3660, Rim 35): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257, Type G1b (26 examples). Cf. fig. 232:14; MF 402:496–500. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.33.7; 3.35:14, both metallic ware Fig. 11.10.9 (Form 3660, Rim 90): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 203:21. ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 127:11, 13, 15, Ph. VII Fig. 11.10.10 (Form 3660, Rim 70): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 203:19. ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 127:23, Ph. VII. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21:2.8–9, Ph. 3. Tell Beit Mirsim: Dever and Richard 1977: fig. 1:8. Fig. 11.10.11 (Form 3740, Rim 11): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: H1b, 55 examples, see Appendix D. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:17. Beth Yerah: Esse 1991: pl. 3B. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983; fig. 143.5, 6; 142:3; 144:5, 6. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.5.2 Fig. 11.10.12 (Form 3710, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:14, Ph. VI. Beth Yerah: Esse 1991: pl. 3E. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.33.5, metallic ware, EB III Fig. 11.10.13 (Form 3720, Rim 62): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:15, Ph. VI. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 141:3 Fig. 11.10.14 (Form 3700, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:19. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:9, 29; 143:2 Fig. 11.10.15 (Form 3770, Rim 12): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 141:26 Fig. 11.10.16 (Form 3833, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 205:4; 234:4, 8, 10, Type J1b, App. D, 42 examples. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:7 Fig. 11.10.17 (Form 3820, Rim 27): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:16, Ph. VI; 1980: fig. 125:24, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:25, Phase C–B in EIII–IV. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.8.9 Fig. 11.10.18 (Form 3831, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: MF 403:573; 404:619. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:8, 12; 1980: fig. 125: 8, 11, 12, 15, 19, 26, 30. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:19. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.33.1. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 30:1 Fig. 11.10.19 (Form 3840, Rim 12): Jericho: Hennessy 1968: pl. VII:67 Fig. 11.10.20 (Form 3840, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:2 Fig. 11.10.21 (Form 3740, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:10. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:2; 143:28; 145:5. Tell ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: 19.2.2. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: 18.5.1 Fig. 11.11.1 (Form 3520, Rim 71): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:4; 1980: fig. 130:33, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:9; 145:11. Kh. Hamra Fidan: Adams 2000: fig. 21:10.4. Tell Beit Mirsim: Dever and Richard 1977: fig. 1:11 Fig. 11.11.3 (Form 3510, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 62:24. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.5.3: 18.3.8, pattern burnished on interior. Cf. vol. 2, pl. 62:22, pattern burnish on base interior of flat bowl

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II

396 Table 11.9.

Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery (cont.)

Fig. 11.11.4 (Form 3530, Rim 10): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.3.13, slip interior. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 27:3, with pattern burnished int. Fig. 11.11.5 (Form 3570, Rim 11): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 125:31, Ph. VII. Jericho: Hennessy 1968: pl. IX:86 (painted). Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.3.11. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 38:6; 45:2 Fig. 11.11.6 (Form 3610, Rim 23): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:5, Phase VI; 1980: fig. 126:2 (Ph. VII). Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.7; 3.32.2, both metallic ware, EB III. Cf. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 30:13 and Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 9:B3.2, with slight concavity below rim Fig. 11.11.7 (Form 3610, Rim 35): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 126:10, Ph. VII. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.28, 29 Fig. 11.11.8 (Form 3610, Rim 51): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 61:8; 1980: fig. 126:17, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: 145:19. See also parallels in Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery for Rim Type 51 above, fig. 11.10.2 Fig. 11.11.9 (Form 3610, Rim 91): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 127:14, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:28, Ph. A, EIII–IV. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.35.16, metallic ware, Str. XV or XIV. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.5.12 (larger) Fig. 11.11.10 (Form 3610, Rim 21): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 126:16, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 140:32. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab 9:B2.1. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.6, metallic ware, EB III. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 33:3 (shorter rim) 38:8 (wider, more inclined in) Fig. 11.11.11 (Form 3560, Rim 12): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:17. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 2000: fig. 15.1.1. Tell el-Hesi: Fargo 1980: fig. 1.17, 23. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 45:3 Fig. 11.11.12 (Form 3670, Rim 38): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 126:5, Ph. VII. Jericho: Garstang 1932: pl. IV.23 (flat), Tomb A. Fig. 11.11.13 (Form 3670, Rim 91): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257:G1c (20 examples with flat base). Cf. also F1c in Appendix 6, examples with round to flattened base. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:27, Ph. A, EIII–IV. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.10, metallic ware, EB III. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 28.4, similar rim, deeper form. Fig. 11.11.14 (Form 3650, Rim 33): Beth Yerah: Esse 1991: pl. 4G. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:30; 145:26, slight concavity ext. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.2.7, Ph. 3. Kh. ezZeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 8:A5.2. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.25 Fig. 11.11.16 (Form 3650, Rim 23): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: MF 373:19. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 60:9, Ph. VI; 1980: fig. 126:7, Ph. VII. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.35.15, metallic ware. Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison: 2000: fig. 19.2.26, 27. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 42.10 Fig. 11.11.17 (Form 3670, Rim 33): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 203:10. Cf. fig. 257:F1b, 8 examples, rim more upright Fig. 11.11.18 (Form 3670, Rim 34): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 221:17, 18. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:12, Ph. E, EIII–IV. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.32.1, late EB III; 3.36.6, metallic ware, mid-late EB III Fig. 11.11.19 (Form 3685, Rim 23): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: MF 381:400. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 64:20. Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. 8:A5.1. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.32.3, metallic ware, late EB III Fig. 11.11.20 (Form 3680, Rim 92): Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 43:11, rim similar on larger, deeper form Fig. 11.11.21 (Form 3680, Rim 12): Beth Yerah: Esse 1991: pl. 3C. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 143:8. Cf. Vol. 2b: pl. 51:58, similar pattern burnish interior. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.33.4; 3.35.12, both metallic ware Field XVI, Stratum II, Late EB III Fig. 11.12.1 (Form 3019, Rim 18b): Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 65:2, 4, Tr. II, Str. XVIII Fig. 11.12.2 (Form 3010, Rim 18d): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 147:28, Ph. IX; fig. 141:21, Ph. VIII; fig. 133:13.15.17.19, Ph VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 146:28, Ph. A. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 2000: fig. 18.10.2 EB IIIC Fig. 11.12.3 (Form 3020, Rim 18d): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 68:8, Ph. VII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 144:14

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM II Table 11.9.

397

Selected Parallels to the Stratum II Pottery (cont.)

Fig. 11.12.5 (Form 3050, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 204:1, Tomb A 8.ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 68:9, Ph. VII., Tomb A8 Fig. 11.12:6 (Form 3046, Rim 11): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 148:1, Ph. IX, (no band on shoulder); fig. 141:18, Ph. VIII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 142:26 (Ph. Ei–ii in EIII–IV). Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.7.5 (Ph. 5b) Fig. 11.12.7 (Form 3040, Rim 11): Beer Resiim: Cohen and Dever 1980: fig. 128:20. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 146:17, Ph. A Fig. 11.12.8 (Form 3510, Rim 12): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.8.5. Tell Dan: Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.31.11, metallic ware, EB III. Tel Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: pl. 32:9 (more closed, cf. 11.8.3 above) Fig. 11.12.9 (Form 3700, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 204:9, Tomb A 8. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 65:5, Tr. II, Str. XX Fig. 11.12.10 (Form 3840, Rim 12): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.6.6 with 4 thumb impressions on rim Fig. 11.12.12 (Form 3855, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257:J4; 6 examples, fig. 223:19–22; MF 383:519; 407:779. ºAi: Callaway 1972: 60:2, Phase VI, similar in basic shape, without curved indentation in wall; 1980: fig. 127:9, round form. Cf. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig.21.6.6, flattened base with thumb impression on rim. Tell Beit Mirsim: Dever and Richard 1977: fig. 1:10 Fig. 11.12:14 (Form 3124: Rim 61): ºAi: Callaway 2000: fig. 132:14, 18 (bands at neck) Ph. VII. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.4.2, Ph. 5b. Beth Yerah: Amiran 1969: pl. 18:13, for combing and band at neck. Rim squared. Tell Erani: Brandl 1989: fig. 6:7, combing on base of jar Fig. 11.12.15 (Form 3600, Rim 73): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 75:1, Ph. VIII; 1980: fig. 129:25, Ph. VII Fig. 11.12.16 (Form 3640, Rim 33): ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 68:3, Ph. VII; 1980: fig. 147:6, Ph. IX; 141:11, Ph. VIII. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland: 1983: fig. 145:20, Ph. B-A; fig. 65:1, Tr. II, Str. XVIII Fig. 11.12.17 (Form 3139, Rim 61): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 147:8, Ph. IX. Jericho: Kenyon and Holland 1983: fig. 145:6, Ph. B; 146:3, Ph. A Fig. 11.12.20 (Form 3749, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 257: H1a, 62 examples, Appendix D. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 59:9, Ph. VI; cf. p. 257 for comments on this form. Sanctuary A, Ph. VIII, fig. 79:2–12; 1980: fig. 127:10, Ph. VII. The shallower form of pl. 69:2 (vol. 2a) is found at Kh. ez-Zeraqon: Genz 1997: Ab. (fig?) 8.A1.1. Tell el-Handaquq South: Chesson 2000: fig. 20:3.20. Tell Yarmuth: Miroschedji 1988: fig. 32:1. Cf. also Tell el-ºUmeiri: Harrison 2000: fig. 19.2.3 for an intermediate form Fig. 11.12.21 (Form 3791, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: MF 383:511. ºAi: Callaway 1972: fig. 73:1, Sanctuary A; cf. 76:1–16; 78:2; 1980: fig. 125:13 (painted), Ph. VII. See Richard 1978: 105ff., Type 54. See Schaub 1973:16 for other parallels Fig. 11.12.22 (Forms 3791, Rim 62): ºAi: Callaway 1980: fig. 147:2, Ph. IX (walls are not flared)

The Stratum I Occupation

12 THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

Several factors suggest that the time lapse between the latest settlement of Stratum II and that of Stratum I was not a prolonged one. For one thing the Stratum I settlement made use of whatever it could among the remains of Stratum II. Thus the foundations of previous structures were used wherever this was feasible, and indeed it did not seem feasible for the most part on the seriously ruined structures of the old walled town that were left to stand unused. But in the case of some of the freestanding structures outside the walled town, the carryover from Stratum II to Stratum I scarcely witnessed a definitive break at all in the usage. Thus two situations present themselves to anyone considering Stratum I settlement at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. One was the choice by the Stratum I settlers to occupy areas outside the confines of the old town, the other to use a section within the area of the former town under very limited conditions. The excavations conducted by the EDSP brought forth data on each of these situations. Areas of Stratum I occupation outside the former Stratum III–II town were defined in Fields IX and X, while the Stratum I usage of a part of the old town was clear in Field XVI, where signs of specifically cultic activity were evident. The depth of occupational debris in Field XVI offered the opportunity to propose three sub-phases for Stratum I. In this chapter the phases of Field XVI will be considered first, followed by the two fields outside the town, X and IX. The relation of the three sub-phases of Field XVI to those in Field X is also attempted in the discussion of that field and in Chapter 13. Field XVI Stratum IC. Evidence for this phase is found in Field XVI.3 and 4, while it is absent in the other two squares excavated (Field XVI.1 and 2). This is interesting because the activity during Stratum IC seems to have been confined to using the area for cutting up animals, either in a practical sense or as sacrifices. The fact that Locus 18 and its enclosure were constructed directly above the Stratum II plastered cult room of Stratum II (fig. 10.33) suggests that this locus was more likely an altar for the butchering of animals, continuing a usage of the area for ritual activity but now not in an enclosed room but on an open-air cutting installation. Locus 18 in Field XVI.4 consisted of two superimposed large slabs, the upper one of which was removed during excavation (fig. 12.1). The lower stone was placed on small stone chinks, resting on surface Locus 10. Remains of plaster were discovered on the south side of the large slab. Accenting its construction as a special feature was the enclosing wall (Wall 12 in Field XVI.4 and Wall 23 in Field XVI.3) that surrounded

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

399

Figure 12.1. Photo of cult feature with large slab Locus 18 in Field XVI.4 enclosed by Wall 12 in Field XVI.4 and Wall 23 in Field XVI.3, looking north.

it on the west, south and east sides (fig. 12.2). The north side could have been enclosed originally but no evidence for this appeared. Approximately 3 m south of Locus 18 was another installation, with similarities to Locus 18 but differently constructed. Locus 20 in Field XVI.3 consisted of a large slab somewhat triangular in shape. The slab rested on a column of mud bricks, with small chinks and plaster bonding it to the top of the brick column (fig. 12.3). The latter had been somewhat rounded on its edges, and its exterior was entirely covered with a plaster coating 3 to 5 cm thick (fig. 12.4). Once again, this feature could have been used either as a cutting area or as an altar for special ritual, the latter interpretation being preferable. The two installations were tied together stratigraphically by the main surface of Stratum IC. This consisted of surfaces Loci 22 and 24 in Field XVI.3 on which Locus 20 was placed (for Primary Loci of Field XVI, see table 12.1, pp. 411–417). The same surface, designated Locus 10 in Field XVI.4, continued across the entire area and was the surface on which Locus 18 in Field XVI.3 was positioned (fig. 12.5). The tops of both slab features were at approximately the same elevation (fig. 12.2), although if the slab removed above Locus 18 is figured in the two would be closer in elevation. Most indications are that this cultic area was open and not enclosed, although the wood beam (Locus 39) in Field XVI.3 could indicate that one area was roofed. Besides the two installations, Locus 24 in Field XVI.3 was a surface dating to slightly earlier than the cult features. It also belonged to the Stratum IC phase.

400

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

Figure 12.2. Plan of cult feature Locus 18 in Field XVI.3 with encompassing Wall 12 in Field XVI.3 and 23 in Field XVI.4.

Stratum IB. Little survived of any structures from this intermediate phase, due to erosion. Stubs of Walls 15 and 17 in Field XVI.3 were the most that remained. Apart from them, the great amount of mud-brick debris associated with this phase (Loci 7, 12, and 14 in Field XVI.1; Locus 10 in Field XVI.2; Loci 16 and 19 in Field XVI.3; and Loci 8 and 17 in Field XVI.4) suggested that a number of structures stood in this area during Stratum IB. The gray, ashy layer Locus 8 in Field XVI.2 was a particularly solid marker, containing much pottery. In addition, a good number of wooden beams (see fig. 10.34) pointed to the probability that structures that existed during this phase were roofed. Beams apparently connected with such roofing included Locus 21 in Field XVI.2, and Loci 6, 12, 14, 18, and 35 in Field XVI.3. Of the many registered objects of this phase, two stand out (fig. 12.6): a ceramic tournette, Reg. # 1258, and a slate palette, Reg. #1262 (see Sowada 2000: 1529), both from Field XVI, Locus 7 (fig. 12.6).

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

401

Figure 12.3. Photo of outdoor altar or butchering facility Locus 20 in Field XVI.3, looking south.

Figure 12.4. Section B–Bu including Locus 20 in Field XVI.3 (see fig. 10.33).

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

402

Figure 12.5. Section C–Cu in Field XVI.4 (see fig. 10.33).

1

2

3

4

Figure 12.6. Ceramic tournette, Reg. #1258 (1, 2), and slate palette, Reg. #1262 (3, 4).

spread is 1 pica long

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

403

A good bit of the activity during this phase took place on the northern shelf created by a terrace on the north side of Stratum II Wall 18 in Field XVI.2 (fig. 10.34). It is possible that the Stratum IB occupants also used the area for butchering animals, perhaps as part of cultic activity. At least the superimposed large slabs (Loci 11 and 19 in Field XVI.2), similar to those discussed above under Stratum IC, suggest such a possibility. No animal bones were registered in this area, however. Stratum IA. The only certain feature from this phase was Wall 12 in Field XVI.2 (fig. 10.34, 35). This wall had to postdate the Stratum IB material since it rested on a key locus of the previous phase, Locus 8. Unfortunately no layers or surfaces clearly associated with this wall could be determined since the wall was on the surface and associated layers had eroded. Loci 1 and 2 in Field XVI comprised such surface material but their material remains were mixed. Two bronze daggers from Field XVI.1, Locus 2 are described and illustrated in Chapter 17. Wall 12 of Stratum IA was interesting for its construction. It was laid north– south, perpendicular to one of the cuts or terraces made along the north side. Below this wall, and also Locus 8, was the earlier Stratum II Wall 18 in Field XVI.2 that had been placed against a second terrace cut to the north. Wall 12 thus evidences a last use of the north ridge of the site before it was abandoned at the end of Stratum I. It probably belonged to the same terminal Stratum I occupation as found in the boulder Wall 8 cleared near the surface of Field X.1 (fig. 12.8). Field X Three stratigraphic phases present themselves in Field X (cf. Rast and Schaub 1978: 33, where four phases were cited in relation to the pottery). How these phases in Field X correlate with the three phases discussed above in relation to Field XVI is a matter for discussion (see Chapter 13). Indications are that there may be some overlap in the phases. Stratum IC consisted of a square or rectangular mud-brick structure structure with parts of a possible related structure to its east (fig. 12.7). The latest phase was associated with two parallel stone walls in Fields X.1 and 2. These walls lay on the surface and minimal stratified remains were found with them. Between Strata IC and IA was an intervening horizon of living surfaces and scattered remains of brick structures, no longer clearly intact. The most significant structure dating to Stratum IC was the mud-brick building in Field X.3 (fig. 12.8). Walls 51 and 70 were both of fairly uniform mud brick and both were at least 4 m long (for Primary Loci of Field X see table 12.2). Where these two walls cornered they were preserved three courses high. Wall 65 was less certain because fewer than 3 bricks remained, and they were laid lengthwise instead of crosswise as in Walls 51 and 70. Also, Wall 65 seemed to preserve a double-row boulder extension, following the same line as the mud bricks. This extension was an aboveground foundation course, and may have had to do with a corner at this point. The best indication of a fourth wall was Wall Stub 73, which intersected with Wall 70 and ended abruptly about one m away from it. If Wall 73 were extended it would meet the end of the boulder extension of Wall 65. This, plus the ashy layers of Locus 60 and the brick chunks and detritus of Loci 58/59 inside these walls, sets this structure apart as a house, or better, as one room of a house. Indications are of a courtyard on the northwest side beyond the house. The series of ashy layers of Locus 60 contained remnants of the activity within the house. Of particular interest was the unique ceramic plate which was called a

404

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

Figure 12.7. Photo of the Stratum IC house in Field X.3, looking west.

“hotplate” when it was discovered. Other examples of these items were found within the house in Locus 59 and also to the east outside the house (fig. 12.9:1–6; see discussion in chap. 13). The fact that they were flat and not rounded at the edges seemed to speak against the interpretation that they were jar bases. The stack of two querns and a mortar, all upside down just outside of Wall Stub 73 (fig. 12.8) suggests they were intentionally placed here, perhaps beside a doorway and probably used in the open air. Also notable was the door socket alongside Wall Stub 73. The finds associated within this structure support household activity. Food preparation is indicated by the querns and mortar. The ash in the living layers, the “hotplates,” and the reddish ash and charred cereal grains and olive pits are evidence of food preparation and cooking. The quantity of bone fragments also reveals something of the dietary activity occurring in this building. A spindle whorl, flint or sickle blades containing traces of bitumen (fig. 12.9:8), a hammer stone, a small polished stone (fig. 12.9:9), a pumice rubbing stone, indicate the variety of activity. A large amount of pottery including lamp fragments, sherds with bitumen coating (fig. 12.9:7; 12.10) and large vats give additional clues to the use of this house. As noted, Stratum IB consisted mainly of occasional remains of surfaces, some of them ashy and some bricky (fig. 12.11: Loci 8 and 22 in Field X.2 and Loci 29, 30 and 31 in Field X.3) above the Stratum IC loci. The earlier Stratum IC loci are shown in the north balk sections of Fields X.3 and X.2 in figure 12.11: Loci 42 and 32 in the

FIELD X

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

Figure 12.8. Plan of the Stratum IC house and nearby remains in Field X.

405

406

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

Figure 12.9. Flat ceramic plates (1–6), sherd (7), and flint blade (8) with bitumen, a polished stone (9). All are from Stratum IC of Field X except #6 from Stratum IB.

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

407

Figure 12.10. Photo of Reg. 037, sherd caked with bitumen from Stratum IC, Field X.

north balk section of Field X.3 and Locus 20 in Field X.2. A few mud-brick and mortar lines appeared (Locus 7 in Field X.2). Little can be said about the architecture during this phase. The same is the case for Stratum IA. The two long, parallel boulder walls (Wall 5 in Field X.2, Wall 8 in Field X.1, and Wall 7 in Field X.1 in figs. 12.8 and 12.11) are difficult to explain. Since they lay on the surface, they may have defined a later use related to agriculture. Other walls of this type were found nearby in unexcavated areas. Located at some distance northeast of the former town site, Field X points to a more spread-out settlement at the site. The indications, including the house of Stratum IC, point to settlers rather than to a non-sedentary population. The two long boulder walls of Stratum IA would further suggest that the settlers’ use of the site for various activities continued for some time. Settlement in Field IX Field IX was located directly south of the south wall of the Stratum III–II town (fig. 12.12). The area is in the flat plain that spreads out from the hillocks of the old town, which eventually reaches the dissected area of the cemetery further south. The EDSP decided to work this area since survey had shown a heavy sherd scatter here, and the remains of some walls could be seen on the surface. Seven squares (5 x 5 m) were laid out and cleared. Excavation showed that the cultural debris was less than a meter throughout this area, so that it could not be expected that clearance would provide a very lengthy cross-section of occupation. Nonetheless, the data were important for what they indicated regarding the final phase usage of the site in EB IV. At the same time, the work in Field IX produced a good test case, since surface survey showed that a similar kind of occupation occurred around the outside of the former town to the southeast and east, so that it can be concluded that EB IV at Bâb edhDhr⺠consisted of an open settlement made up of mainly rectangular domestic structures built quite in the same way as the houses of the preceding EB III phase. The

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

408 X.1 East Balk -235.92

10

Loose Detritus

11

12 Brown Compact Surface 9 Hard, Marly 15

8

7 2 5

16

Sand

Sand

2 Brick Detritus

-235.92

Marl

9 Marly, Brick Detritus

5 Marl with Brick Detritus

11 Loose Light Brown

X.1 North Balk -235.92

1

10

25

-235.92

26 27

28 25 Hard Light Brown 26 Brown

1 Loose Light Brown 10 Flakey Clay

Sand

27 Light Ash 28 Dark Ash

X.2 North Balk -235.92

-235.92 2 Soft Gray Brown

8

Yellow Bricky

4 22 Loose Gray Ash

18 4 Soft Ash

18 White Marl

Compact Dark Brown 20 Gray Marl

X.3 North Balk -235.92

-235.92

2 Loose Lt. Brown 27 28 Light Brown Clayey

Gray Ash Ash

30 / 31

Compact Gray Clayey

29 Ashy Balk

32

Dark Brown Bricky

Dark Ashy Bricky Detritus

42

Compact Lt. Brown Clay Marl 54

0

25

50

100

200

250 cm

Figure 12.11. East Balk section of Field X.1 and North Balk sections of Field X.1, 2 and 3.

spread of these houses around the south to the east does not suggest a village in the technical sense, since the houses were not integrated into a complex with an apparent center of cohesion as would be suggested in the case of a village. Rather, it seems that the EB IV settlers had either settled this ruined site anew or had returned as refugees to pick up a life interrupted by the events at the end of EB III. As can be seen in the plan of Field IX in figure 12.13, only one house was recoverable in its full form, indicated by Walls 11, 12 and 13 in Field IX.5 and Wall 6 in Field IX.3. A thin living surface (Locus 22) was uncovered in this building. The stones in other parts of the field gave suggestions at various points that they, too, were rem-

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

409

Figure 12.12. Photo of Field IX looking north; the best-preserved room uncovered is on the right of the photo while the scattered stones of other rooms are found to the left; to the north is the town site with its Stratum II stone wall foundations visible along the ridge.

nants of similar buildings, so they were plotted in, and in some cases stubs of walls indicate that they were what was left of similar dwellings. These remains might suggest a number of independent dwelling that stood next to one another, or they could also indicate that a larger building with a number of rooms had been built here. Unfortunately the pottery from the various loci within and outside the building in Field IX.5 did not provide a determinative reading of the building’s having been founded in EB III and reused in EB IV. But this seems to be the indication throughout the structure where a mostly mixed picture of both phases was found in the pottery. The very thin stratigraphy probably accounts for this, and the best interpretation is that the Stratum II pottery remains were those left by the settlers of that phase; these remains were simply mixed into the floors and occupation layers with the vessel remnants left by the succeeding Stratum I occupants. This same situation is found in other parts of Field IX such as in Field IX.6 where pottery in Loci 11 and 12 point to an original construction during EB III with a subsequent use in EB IV. A question of importance is whether, if some or all of these structures in Field IX were originally constructed during the Stratum II occupation, they were destroyed

Figure 12.13. Plan of the Stratum II buildings in Field IX, reused in Stratum I; one complete room was preserved.

FIELD IX

410 THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

411

along with the town at the end of Stratum II and subsequently reconstructed in Stratum I. Here the picture is clear. No evidence of destruction of these buildings took place between their Stratum II and Stratum I use. No burn layers were found that could denote a destruction between phases. The picture as noted above, is one of mixture. This suggests that when the EB IV settlers either came for the first time, or returned to the site as one at which they or their ancestors had previously occupied, they found the town destroyed but buildings around it still in more or less usable condition. So they moved in and took over the remains. If this is so, it is important for the discussion of the relation between EB III and EB IV culturally and socially speaking. This is also a problem that is addressed in the discussion of change and tradition in the ceramic practices of the Stratum I assemblage.

Table 12.1. Square Locus

Description

Phase

XVI.3

20

Columnar circular feature consisting of a base of five courses of mud brick above which was a large slab with a triangular shape, small stone chinks between it and top of bricks, rests on surface of Locus 22, plastered on all parts of its rounded sides

IC

XVI.3

22

Packed surface below Loci 19 and 21 (= Locus 10 of XVI.4)

IC

XVI.3

23

Line of stones enclosing Locus 18 cult feature of XVI.4 (= Wall 12 of XVI.4), rests on Locus 22

IC

XVI.3

24

Gray to brown and green surfacing with evidence of puddling, extends from south balk to Locus 23, below Loci 20 and 22

IC

XVI.3

27

Slumped and collapsed material from Wall 15, below Wall 17 and above surface Locus 22

IC

XVI.3

33

Mud-brick debris below Wall 17, and below Loci 23 and 27

IC

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI Reg. Objects

Bone

61. HC

91. Sh/Gt(20), IM, Gt 94. HC: ibex, horn core

Flotation

Other

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

412

Table 12.1. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XVI.3

38

Several small flat stones about 12 to 15 cm in diameter, along with packed brick detritus, serving as a base for Wall 23, resting on Locus 22

IC

XVI.3

39

Wooden beam lying north–south, west of and below Locus 23, resting on Locus 22

IC

XVI.4

10

Packed occupational surface below Locus 8 (= Locus 22 of XVI.3)

IC

XVI.4

12

Stone wall oriented ENE/WSW, part of enclosure wall around Locus 18 (= Wall 23 of XVI.3)

IC

104. Sh/Gt(2), LM, M

XVI.4

16

Beige-colored surface with pebbles in south half of trench, below Locus 10, probably same as Locus 25

IC

77. Sh/Gt 101. UD, M 111. Sh/Gt(2), HC, IM

XVI.4

18

Cult feature consisting of large flat stones, enclosed by Wall 12

IC

XVI.4

19

Green bricky layer with pebbles in 1 m wide trial trench along west balk between N3 and N6, below Locus 16

IC

XVI.4

20

Mud-brick detritus, beige colored, along west balk between N1 and N6, below Locus 19

IC

Flotation

Other

82. Sh/Gt(2), LM 87. Sh/Gt(2), IM

30. #2877, cal30. HC (ibex?) cite bead 37. UD, M 45. #2899, 75. CR, Gt stone bead; 98. MM, M, UD #2901, 110. Sh/Gt(2), bronze pin IM

112. Sh/Gt(2), IM

86. #2932, sherd with combing or impression

80. LM 81. Sh/Gt(2), RG, SP, horn? 86. Sh/Gt, MM 91. Sh/Gt(2), LM 99. UT, LM, BM 102. LM 113. Sh/Gt(2), IM, UT, HC, Gt

37. Bronze piece 98. Flint

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION Table 12.1. Square Locus

Description

413

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.) Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XVI.1

7

Mud-brick debris below Locus 1 (= Locus 2, also = Locus 10 of XVI.2)

IB

5. #756, cylinder stone bead, perforated 20. #762, stone bead, perforated 52. #1258, tournette or lid; #1299, part of a lamp rim; #1300, part of a lamp rim; #1262, fragmented stone palette 59. #1365, bone needle; #1303, calcite long cylinder

5. UT, LM 9. LM, CR 10. UD 20. Sh/Gt, UT 21. UT, UD, CR 28. LM 31. UD 39. UD 52. Sh/Gt, LM 53. Sh/Gt, LM 55. Sh/Gt 56. UD

5. 77#208, one tsp. of unburned wood chunks 54. Seed 56. Seed

5. Flint, wood, snail, charcoal 7. Wood shaft fragments 9. Snail 10. Flint 20. Flint 21. Snail, flint 39. Flint 40. Flint 48. Grinding stones 53. Flint 54. Copper object, flint 55. Flint, wood 56. Wood, geologic sample 62. Charcoal, flint

XVI.1

12

Gray, bricky soil with charcoal, below Locus 7

IB

23. #1354, piece from representational object

23. Sh/Gt, LM Gt 38. HC, Sh, ? 49. LM 50. Sh/Gt, UT, MM

23. 77#71, one cup of charcoal chunks and flecks, no clear plant remains but may be hidden in charcoal 46. 77#177, one-half cup of charcoal, mostly large chunks, few barley seeds, olive pit fragment

23. Flint, charcoal, pottery sample 38. Mud Brick, flint 46. Flint, charcoal 61. Geologic sample

XVI.1

13

Thin layer of fine dark brown sandy soil with charcoal, below Locus 7

IB

33. Sh/Gt, BD, LM

34. 77#154, one and a half cups of charcoal chunks and flecks, about 50 grams of barley and wheat, some only slightly burned, few grape pips

XVI.1

14

Mud-brick debris layer along west balk, below Locus 7 (= Locus 10 in XVI.2)

IB

XVI.1

15

Lens of dark gray ash with charcoal, below Locus 14 (= Locus 8 of XVI.20)

IB

44. Copper sample 48. Geologic sample 37. LM, D 45. Sh/Gt 32. UD

45. 77#154, one-half cup 37. Clay figuof charcoal, twigs, rine fragsnail shells, barley ment? grains, and 45. Potter’s clay unburned wheat 60. Geologic grain sample

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

414

Table 12.1. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

XVI.2

8

Gray to brown ashy layer below Locus 10 and Wall 12 (= Locus 15 in XVI.1), contains many sherds, much bone, charcoal, wood, and flint

IB

90. #2095, spindle whorl

29. Sh/Gt 30. LM, GRB 31. Sh/Gt, UT, CR 32. Sh/Gt, UT, CR 33. MB, UD 34. Sh/Gt, BO, BR 36. Sh/Gt, IM, BR 41. Sh/Gt, CR, UT 42. MM, UD, WB, BT, UM 43. Sh/Gt(2), IM, D, SM, UT 89. Sh/Gt, IM, CR

29. 79#120, one cup of charcoal and unburned wood fragments, no seeds detected; 79#150, one whole uncarbonized olive pit 31. 79#157, one cup of charcoal and unburned wood fragments, carbonized barley grains and rachis, grape pips, fig pips, few carbonized goat feces, possibly small undetected seeds 32. 79#167, one-half cup of charcoal and unburned wood fragments, no carbonized seeds, some uncarbonized barley grains 33. 79#166, two tbs. of charcoal, barley grains, small fragments of unburned wood and straw 35. 79#72, one and a half cups of charcoal and uncarbonized wood, barley, emmer wheat, fig pips

29. Flint, shell, wood 31. Flint, wood 32. Flint, wood 33. Flint, C14 sample 34. Flints 35. Flints, wood, shell 41. Flint 43. Flint 74. Wood 85. Wood 86. Wood

XVI.2

10

Compacted mud-brick detritus below Locus 2, above Locus 8 (= Locus 14 of XVI.1)

IB

12. #1662, copper fragment 25. #1791, bone jewelry

12. Sh/Gt, UT, CR 14. Sh/Gt, UT, CR, IM 16. UT, MB 19. Sh/Gt, UT, IM 20. UT, MM, UD, AR 26. Sh/Gt 28. Sh/Gt, BO 40. LM, UD, HC, CR, BO 55. Sh/Gt, SM UP

14. 79#64, fragments of two sheep or goat coprolites, no seeds

14. Flint, wood, charcoal 19. Flint, shell 20. Shell, flint 26. Shell, flint 40. Flint 51. Flint

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION Table 12.1. Square Locus

415

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Phase

XVI.2

11

Large almost circular stone, flat surface, probably intentionally shaped, sits on another stone below it, Locus 19, below Locus 10 and at same level as Locus 8

IB

XVI.2

19

Large triangular stone with flat top, edges appear worked, 75 x 63 x 15 cm, below stone Locus 11, found within Locus 4

IB

XVI.2

21

Two or more parallel timber beams lying east–west on Locus 22, in front of Wall 18, below Locus 4 and Locus 20, beams preserved to more than 1 m in length

IB

XVI.3

6

Wooden beams, stacked three or more deep, lying north– south, largest piece 165 x 30 x 17 cm, another 95 x 30 x 7 cm, fallen beams or steps, large beam was sawed on top and edge (= Locus 12), below Locus 1, mixed in with Locus 2

IB

XVI.3

9

Gray, black, and brown ashy layer below Wall 4 (= Locus 8 of XVI.2)

IB

XVI.3

12

Seven wooden beam remains oriented NNW–SSE, just north of Wall 8, above Locus 34 and also above Wall 36 (= more beams of Locus 6)

IB

XVI.3

14

Two wood beam pieces lying at a right angle to each other, below Locus 2, above Locus 16, west of Wall 15 at south end of trench

IB

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

21. 22. 23. 36.

75. Sh/Gt(2), RG IM

Wood, C14 Wood, C14 Wood sample Wood, flint

75. Wood sample

43. Wood

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

416

Table 12.1. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

XVI.3

15

Wall preserved five or six courses high, made of mud brick and stone, at south end of trench, oriented north–south, on the east side placed against cut of the natural green huwwar, on the west side is mud-brick debris of Loci 2 and 16

IB

71. Sh/Gt(2), IM

XVI.3

16

Mud-brick debris, including broken brick chunks, below Locus 2, on west side of wall 15, over Locus 19

IB

52. RG

XVI.3

17

Mud-brick wall oriented NNW–SSE, preserved three courses high, above Locus 27, extends to the north where it is over Wall 36, Locus 2 debris abuts it on the west, plastered west face

IB

69. Sh/Gt(2), UT, IM

XVI.3

18

Part of a wooden beam oriented northeast– southwest, west of Wall 17, above Locus 16, below Locus 2

IB

XVI.3

19

Compact mud-brick detritus, west of Wall 15, below Locus 16, over Loci 21 and 22

IB

XVI.3

35

Wooden beam to the side of but below the level of the top course of Wall 36, probably of same group as Locus 12

IB

XVI.4

8

Mud-brick fall below Loci 2 and 6

IB

page very long

23. SP, *BM, LM, UD 27. SM shell, SP, Sh/Gt, BM Sh/Gt*, IM, UT 31. HC, UT, Sh/ Gt, AR 32. HC, UD, M 40. UT 47. Horn 50. Sh/Gt, CR 59. Sh/Gt 82. Sh/Gt(2), BM

Flotation

Other

27. Plaster, mud-brick sample sample 32. Flint 40. Flint, shell

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION Table 12.1. Square Locus

Description

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field XVI (cont.) Phase

XVI.4

17

Mud-brick detritus between N4 and N6, below Locus 6, above Locus 10, on north side of Locus 18

IB

XVI.2

12

North–south mudbrick wall preserved at least five courses high, below Locus 2, headers and stretchers mixed, chunks of brick and plaster used to make a slight curve to the northwest, abuts Wall 15

IA

Table 12.2. Square Locus

Description

417

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

106. #2961, bead 79. Sh/Gt with deep 87. Sh/Gt(2) coral/ 107. Sh/Gt(2), orange color IM 188. Sh/Gt

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X Reg. Objects

Bone

X.2

14

Hard brown soil with much ash south of Locus 5 along west balk, below Locus 8

IC

X.2

15

Pebbly and rocky soil with sherds, below Locus 14

IC

X.2

20

Dark brown soil with several possible bricks on north side of Locus 7, below Locus 8

IC

X.3

48

Hard clay, chunky material below Locus 9 in east middle of square, north of Wall 51

IC

52. #037, sherd 144. Sh/Gt, with UT(2) bitumen 147. Sh/Gt, MM 55. #022, “hotplate”?

X.3

49

Gray soil layer below Locus 48, overlies Wall 51 on the north and south sides

IC

56. #036, sherd 145. Sh/Gt, UT, with LM bitumen (cookingpot rim?)

X.3

57

Gray to yellow-brown bricky chunks north of Wall 51, below Locus 49

IC

Flotation

Other

38. Flint, charcoal 42. Charcoal, C14

70. #044, ground stone 71. #058, bitumen on flint blade, back and front; #060, limestone spindle whorl

55. Flint 58. Charcoal, flint 144. Flint, charcoal 67. 75#130, small fragments of burned olive pits

56. Charcoal, flint 60. Charcoal, flint

71. 75#145, charcoal, 70. Grind2 whole olive pits, stone?, 2 worked flints charcoal, 72. 75#143, 2 tbs. of charflint coal, about 10 burned olive pit remains

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

418

Table 12.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

X.3

58

Chunky gray below Locus 49 north of Wall 51, living surface with several bricks lying on it

IC

X.3

59

Yellow, compact bricky detritus with some ash below Locus 58, north of Wall 51

IC

75. #071, partly 133. Sh/Gt, CR broken “hotplate”; #072, “hotplate” 133. #1357, “hotplate” broken at edges; #1358, repaired “hotplate,” charred on edges

X.3

60

Ashy living surfaces, as many as three in succession, each with flat-lying pottery, below Locus 59, abutting Walls 51 and 70 (= Locus 41)

IC

134. #1368, 89. Sb/Gt, LM, 152. 77#207, olive pit 82. Charcoal stone tool UD fragments 117. Flint 138. Unregis117. Sh/Gt, UD, 159. 77#187, charcoal 134. “Hotplate” tered blade M(2) flecks, couple barley pieces, flint, with 134. Sh/Gt, UT, seeds charcoal bitumen LM, HC, Sh C14, pollen 138. Sh/Gt, UT, 138. Flint, charLM coal C14 155. Door socket 159. Flint, pollen, quern

X.2

7

Area of mud bricks and mortar lines along east balk, either part of wall or pavement, below Locus 6

IB

X.2

8

Gray to yellow bricky occupational debris west of and abutting Locus 7, below Locus 3, probably a living surface (= Locus 22)

IB

73. #070, chert 120. Sh/Gt(2), blade with UT, LM, traces of UD(2), BR bitumen 121. Sh/Gt, UT, and sheen D on cutting 125. Sh/Gt, UT, edge LM

120. 77#43, charcoal flecks, no plant remains 127. 77#72, charcoal flecks, no plant remains

73. Charcoal, flint 120. Charcoal 121. Flint, charcoal 124. Charcoal 125. Flint, charcoal 126. Flint, charcoal 158. Flint, charcoal C14

75. 75#157, 1 tbs. of charcoal, burned wheat and barley kernels 133. 77#175, charcoal flecks, no plant remains

133. Charcoal, pollen

35. Charcoal

36. Sh/Gt, UT, LM 37. Sh/Gt, UT, LM

36. Charcoal 37. Charcoal 39. Charcoal, flint blade with sheen and bitumen

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION Table 12.2. Square Locus

419

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

X.2

21

Soft brown with sherds, bone and charcoal, east side of Locus 19

IB

X.2

22

Ashy living surface in northeast of square, below Locus 4 (= Locus 8)

IB

X.3

19

Bricky debris below Locus 10 and also ashy of Locus 6

IB

X.3

28

Light brown, hard clayey soil below Locus 27

X.3

29

Ashy, bricky, and sandy brown to gray, and pale yellow soil, in north part of square, below Locus 28

IB

X.3

30

Gray and clayey layer below Locus 28, flatlying pottery on this surface

IB

X.3

31

Same as Locus 30 on the east, but below the surface-lying pottery of Locus 30 in the north–west of square

IB

X.1

1

Soft light brown surface with pebbles and scattered boulders

IA

1. Flint

X.1

2

Trial trench in southwest of corner of square, on south side of boulders of Locus 7

IA

2. Charcoal

X.1

7

East–west line of boulders in the south half of the square, resting on Locus 6, probably a wall

IA

X.1

8

East–west line of boulders in the north half of the square, resting on Locus 5, also probably remains of a wall

IA

21. #021, flat ceramic piece (“hotplate”?)

33. Charcoal for C14

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

420

Table 12.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

X.1

12

Occupational surface below Locus 11, abuts Wall 8

IA

20. Charcoal 29. Charcoal, seeds, burned bone

X.1

15

Compact surface with occupational debris, below Locus 9 on west side of square

IA

X.1

19

Part of an east–west wall in south of trench, below Loci 6 and 18

IA

X.1

22

Concentration of ash, seeds, and debris, resting on Locus 26 on north face of Wall 8, below Locus 10

IA

47. 75#119, 2 tbs. of 44. Charcoal, charcoal with olive pits burned olive pits and 47. Charcoal, bone olive pits

X.1

23

Similar to ash pile of Locus 22 in area northeast of Locus 22, resting on Locus 26

IA

48. 75#113, one tbs. of charcoal, and burned olive pits

X.1

25

Hard-packed surface with features of a floor, below Locus 10, across the area north of Wall 8

IA

X.1

26

Surface on which Locus 22 rested, below Locus 25

IA

X.1

27

Occupational debris below Locus 26

IA

51. Charcoal

X.1

28

Ashy area below Locus 27

IA

55. Charcoal

X.2

1

Very soft, light brown to gray surface soil, with pebbles and sherds

IA

X.2

2

Same as Locus 1

X.2

3

Gray to brown soil, same as surface soils Loci 1 and 2, on east side of square

IA

X.3

1

Surface soil with rocks, cobbles, and pebbles

IA

23. #005, stone jewelry

25. Charcoal, small copper pieces

3. 75#10, small pieces of charcoal

2. Flint, charcoal 7. Charcoal, flint, copper

7. #010, sandstone grindstone 1. Sh/Gt, UD IM

1. Lithics

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION Table 12.2. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Stratum I in Field X (cont.)

Description

Phase

Reg. Objects

Bone

X.3

2

Gray to light brown, loose soil below Locus 1, also surface soil

IA

X.3

5

Gray to brown surface soil similar to Locus 2, along middle of west balk

IA

4. Sh/Gt, UT 146. Sh/Gt, MM

X.3

8

Soft, sandy soil with pebbles, rocks, and broken flint, below Locus 5 at middle of west balk to middle of square

IA

14. Sh/Gt, UT LM

X.3

24

Soft sandy layer below Locus 2 in north part of square, abutted Wall 15 to the east

IA

101. Sh/Gt, UT, BR

Table 12.3. Square Locus

Description

421

Flotation

Other

Primary Loci of Strata II and I in Field IX

Stratum

IX.1

3

Gray to white crusty layer below Locus 2

I

IX.2

2

Brown packed soil

I

IX.2

15

Greenish soil east of Wall 4

I

IX.4

1

Stony surface soil with large and small stones

I

IX.4

3

White crusty soil below Locus 2

I

IX.5

2

Packed brown soil with gravel

II–I

IX.5

22

Living surface within Walls 11, 12 and 13

II–I

IX.5

24

Brownish living surface abutting Wall 12, below Locus 22

II–I

IX.6

2

Sandy soil with large stones, below Locus 1

II–I

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

Other

4. 75#147, about one tbs. of bitumen chunks

4. Seeds 6. Seeds

14. #307, sherd with applied snake decoration

14. 75#48, tiny flecks of charcoal

2. 75#57, couple small snail shells, flecks of charcoal

4. Flint 6. Flint 7. Flint

THE STRATUM I OCCUPATION

422

Table 12.3. Square Locus

Primary Loci of Strata II and I in Field IX

Description

Stratum

Reg. Objects

Bone

Flotation

IX.6

3

Crusty white soil surface with large stones lying on the surface, below Locus 2, across the square

II–I

IX.6

11

Debris in southeast of square, north of Wall 13 of Field IX.5, below Locus 3

II–I

IX.7

7

Very fine tan clay soil with many small stones, below Locus 6

II–I

12. 75#70, one tsp. of what appear to be wood fragments

IX.7

8

Tan, sandy clay with pieces of white clay, small stones, below Locus 7

II–I

13. 75#67, pieces of charcoal, remains of a brown plant leaf

16. #065, ceramic bowl

11. Bone

11. 75#78, charcoal flecks, one unburned grape pip

Other

11. Flint

The Pottery of Stratum I

13 THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Detailed analysis of the Stratum I ceramic assemblage provides some striking contrasts with the Stratum III–II material. In practically every ware-attribute category—temper, ware fabrics, ware color, and surface treatment—there are significant variations from the established patterns of the wares of Stratum III–II. Different patterns are also noticeable in the size ranges of vessels and distribution of basic forms. Together with the appearance of new types, these changes demonstrate significant alteration in the practices of the potters of Stratum I as they adapt to new living situations and subsistence patterns during this period. Provenance of the Stratum I Ceramics Distribution of the pottery assemblage of Stratum I varies considerably in quantity and quality across the three Fields IX, X and XVI (described above in Chapter 12). Most (90%) of the material comes from the Primary Loci of Fields X and XVI, each of which yielded an approximately equal number of diagnostic sherds. Although these two fields share ware fabrics and many basic forms, the different activity areas, most likely cultic in XVI and domestic in X, dictate an interesting variety in the distribution of forms. The nature of the loci in these two fields is also distinctive. In XVI, the Primary Loci with the most diagnostic forms are sealed ashy layers and mudbrick debris. In Field X, the Primary Loci are surfaces, floors and walls. Field IX presents a special case. The assemblage comes from domestic contexts, indicated by the house foundations, courtyards and fireplace areas, and is basically similar in ware fabric and form to the Stratum I material from Field X. Because the stratification was problematic one group of Loci had to be interpreted as mixed Stratum II–I. In the statistical analyses below we have incorporated the Field IX material assigned to Stratum I (68 sherds) but have not included the material assigned to Stratum II–I (50 sherds). This latter group, however, is illustrated in part 2 (pls. 134:22–135:27). Petrographic Analysis (with Jack Donahue) Seventy-seven Stratum I sherds were thin-sectioned. The samples were from Field X (50) and Field XVI (27). Twenty-six of the total were from Primary Loci. All categories of the basic forms were represented in the sample. The established patterns recognized in Strata III and II were no longer present in the thin-sectioned sherds of Stratum I. In the Primary Loci groups of both Fields X and XVI wadi sand and limestone were the dominant tempers but they were distributed

one line short on top

424

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

differently. Wadi sand appeared in a broad range of forms. Limestone occurred only in holemouth sherds and body sherds with combing. In the total group of 77 sherds, wadi sand was noted in 47 and limestone in 18. Two sherds had basalt inclusions and one had Nubian sand. In 9 sherds, the temper could not be identified. Ware data for all of the diagnostic sherds from the Primary Loci of Stratum I (table 13.1) demonstrate the dominance of wadi sand as the temper of choice for all of the basic forms except holemouth jars. In the latter, crushed limestone is more frequent (68%) but still far less than in the holemouth jars of Stratum III (83%) and Stratum II (84%). In all other basic form categories wadi sand is used in percentages ranging from 76% to 92% with overall representation in all of the rim sherds at 79%. A comparison with the earlier strata reveals how far reaching this change is in the practice of the Stratum I potters. The percentage of wadi sand as temper among the rim sherds in Stratum IV was 35%, in Stratum III 28%, and in Stratum II 30%. Basalt temper continued in use in Stratum I (9% of the total), but in far less quantity than among the rims of Stratum III (21%) and Stratum II (33%). Fabric Textures, Fabric Cores, Fabric Colors, Surface Treatment and Construction Techniques Significant changes in the practices of the potters also appear in most of the other ware attributes. Although fabric-texture categories show little change, there are major shifts in the variables of fabric cores and colors, surface treatment and construction techniques. Fabric Cores. From Stratum IV to Stratum III there was a trend away from clean-fired cores to dark (gray to black) cores. This pattern was particularly noticeable among the wide, shallow bowls of Stratum II. Over 50% had a thin to thick blackened core. This trend is reversed in Stratum I. Here dark cores are much less frequent (21%) among the wide, shallow bowls. Also, whereas the clean cores had appeared in 52% of the Stratum II sherds, in Stratum I the percentage jumps to 74%. Since core effects are indicators of the atmosphere and temperature of firing, the change in the percentage of clean cores suggests a change in firing practices. There are other variables but it would appear that the Stratum I potters achieved better oxidation in firing the pots and perhaps higher temperatures. The latter is also indicated by the higher percentage of lighter fabric colors in the Stratum I material. Fabric Colors. Comparison of the color ranges of the pottery groups of both Stratum III and II revealed regularity and similarity, overall and distributed among the Basic Form groups. These patterns are not continued in Stratum I, but the different color ranges here may be a result of different Basic Form distribution. The graphs of figure 13.1 illustrate a major jump in the occurrence of lighter ware groups of reddishyellow in Stratum I and a concurrent decrease in the darker ranges of reddish-brown and light red. The differences in the color ranges of the basic forms between Strata II and I are most noticeable among the wide, shallow bowls (fig. 11.2 and 13.2). Another factor to consider in assessing the significance of this comparison is the small percentage (5%) of Stratum I holemouth jars, which tend to be darker in fabric color. In Stratum II the percentage of holemouth jars is 20%. Surface Treatments. Significant differences from earlier strata in the patterns of surface treatment suggest major changes in the practices of the Stratum I potters. The pattern of surface treatment of the Stratum II ceramics provides the best compa-

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.1. TYPE

TOT L

W

Z

B

HR

37 25 5% 68%

11

0

1

HB

11 2%

SV

24 3%

9 1

Ware Data for Stratum I FABRIC TEXTURE

TEMPER N

1

U

5

3

6

31

1

22 92% 2

425

FABRIC CORE 1

SL

BU

SP

PI

2

1

0

4

9

24

5

3

3

3

5

5

3

1

22

10

7

10

8

2

2

PA

1

1

2

20

1

1

2

8

59

3

7

12

51

20

13

14

1

6

1

109

5

12

21

80

24

15

29

1

1

1

45

1

3

7

37

21

17

12

4

9

4

154

16

5

20

149

56

57

43

1

ST

72 26 42 10% 36% 58%

NV

121 17%

8

92

1 12

BR

48 7%

2

42

3

SR

184

5

153

16

WSB

272 39%

6

223

1 29

1 12

5

255

4

13

43

201

132

118

69

8

ST

625 90%

21

510

2 60

4 28

11

563

26

33

91

467

233

207

153

14

TOT

697 62%

47

552

2 62

4 30

19

622

29

40

518

253

280

167

15

LE

22

3

19

2

LO

11

1

6

2

1

22 3

1

10

4

2

16

2

1

6

1

1

1

9

5

2

1

6

15

46

27

35

15

44

128

14

31

BO

77

3

68

5

1

1

75

JB

187

26

139

1 13

8

3

174

3

1

BS

128

7

103

2

7

9

1

117

3

6

18

104

23

21

4

88

40

ST

425 38%

40

335

3 28

1 18

5

398

7

32

80

303

71

90

4 115

44

TOT

1122

20

1

See Explanation of Abbreviations of the Types at Table 5.1 (p. 75) and Table 7.1 (p. 133). In addition: NV = Necked Vessels; WSB = Wide Shallow Bowls.

rable data to Stratum I because its basic forms are similar in number (fig. 11.5). In Stratum I (fig. 13.3) there is a major increase in the percentage use of slip only among all of the basic form categories. Among the wide, shallow bowls the increase is from 5% to 21%. A noticeable increase in the Stratum I use of slip with burnish also occurs among the wide, shallow bowls (17% to 27%) and the deep bowls (10% to 25%). The practice of burnishing only (without slip), dominant especially on the wide, shallow bowls of earlier strata, becomes much less frequent in Stratum I, dropping to 16% compared to 53% in Stratum II.

426

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Figure 13.1 (above). Distribution of fabric colors in Strata IV, III, II, and I.

Figure 13.2 (right). Distribution of fabric colors of the basic forms of Stratum I.

Together with the basic form distribution (see below) an analysis of the overall distribution of slip and burnish in Fields X and XVI suggests patterns of different vessel use in the two areas. The differences are probably related to different activities. The total number of sherds is similar in both fields (536 in XVI and 518 in X). Burnishing is much more common in Field XVI (38%) than in Field X (18%). The difference is even more noticeable in the use of burnish only (19% in XVI and 5% in Field X). The use of slip alone is slightly more frequent in Field X (16% to 12%).

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

427

Figure 13.3. Surface treatment of basic form groups in Stratum I.

Modification of the surface of vessels through combing or incised lines or grooves forming rills is fairly common in Stratum I. Over 25% of the sherds had combing or grooved incisions. The most common modification is combing, which may be over broad areas of the surface or in decorative bands. The surface combing is either horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or patterned and appears most frequently on jars and deep bowls of dense ware. The associated temper is always wadi sand. At times, particularly when the direction of the combing is horizontal, the surface may also be slipped and/or burnished. Frequency of occurrence is similar in the earlier and later phases of Stratum I. Decorative combing occurs in straight bands (19 examples; see pl. 113:14, 16) or wavy bands (12 examples; see pls. 112:24, 115:3, 4). A few examples combine both straight and wavy combing (pl. 114:34). Band combing is usually applied on the shoulders of “teapots” and on some small jars and bowls. It occurs only in Stratum IB of Field XVI and Stratum IA of Field X. Incised continuous lines or grooves are next in frequency. Single continuous lines are less frequent and occur mostly in Stratum IA of Field X (30 of 38). Multiple grooved lines often produce a series of distinctive rills. This technique is found predominantly in Stratum IB of Field XVI (70 of 105) and Stratum IA of Field X (25 of 105). Scalloping occurs on a few rims (pls. 109:13; 130:8, 36; 131:56 and 132:15). Appliqué bands, often thumb-impressed, are especially common on the larger jars and deep vats. Construction Techniques. Several features of the Stratum I pottery offer some insight about formative practices. A few of the large, disk-shaped ceramic pieces, originally called “hot plates” (Rast and Schaub 1978: 19, figs. 16, 17), may be remnants of bases since they had small vertical wall fragments. Apparently the joining of walls and bases was not accomplished well in these vessels and the bases were easily separated. However, most of the “hot plates” appear to have been formed as disks. The find spots indicate they were utilized as “plates,” providing a flat surface to

428

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

perform other functions. At Iktanu similar coarse clay plates, slightly larger, are interpreted as having been used to support pottery while slip was applied (Prag 1988: 64–66). Among the different strata, the highest percentage (26%) of vessels finished by slow rotation or on a tournette was recorded for the Stratum I pottery. This probably reflects the finishing process of continuous incised lines and band combing. Only three sherds had evidence of string-cut bases. Wares and Ware Families The range of wares in Stratum I is fairly consistent with that of Stratum II, especially the ceramics of Field XVI, but new patterns are present in the combination of variables that determine the specific wares and the frequency of occurrence of the distinct wares. Orange Burnished ware is still present but only in a small group of wide, shallow bowls and small bowls in Fields XVI and IX (24 examples). It is rare in Field X. Light, cream ware also continues but again only in a limited group of necked vessels and bowls (28 examples). The most popular ware among the bowl forms combines wadi sand as temper and red slip on the surface, frequently burnished. The slip is often poorly applied and peels off easily. Its fabric color ranges from reddish yellow to light reddish brown. This fabric had begun to appear in Stratum II. By Stratum I it has become the dominant ware for bowls. Fine wares, distinguished by their thin vessel wall, show the most variety. They occur in a broad range of forms and with different tempers. Cooking pot ware displays more variety than in the previous strata. The majority have limestone as temper and light red fabric color. But a sizable group have wadi sand as temper and a reddish-yellow fabric color. Common ware, with wadi sand as temper and a reddish-yellow fabric color, is usually associated with large jars. Some examples of the common ware are dense in fabric texture. Although combed ware was listed as a separate ware in Stratum II it should be considered a decorative technique that occurs on many different wares rather than a distinct ware fabric or family. Basic Form Distribution in Strata I and II The differences in activity areas indicated by the architecture and stratigraphy discussed in Chapter 12 are supported by an analysis of the basic form distribution in the fields of Strata I and II (tables 11.4 and 13.3). The cultic area of Field XVI, Stratum II, stood apart from the other fields with the smallest percentage of holemouth jars and the largest percentage of small bowls, including lamps (table 11.4). The same differences are even more pronounced in Stratum I, Field XVI, which has only a few holemouth jars and a large percentage of lamps and small bowls. These differences help to distinguish the Stratum I sanctuary area of Field XVI from the domestic area of Field X. Field X also compares favorably in most categories of basic forms with the domestic area of Field XVII of Stratum II. The one noticeable difference is in the smaller group of holemouth jars of Field X. Typology of Stratum I Pottery Holemouth Jars Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. The small quantity of holemouth jars in Stratum I does not lend itself well to statistical comparison with earlier strata. It

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.2.

429

Basic Forms of Stratum I Basic Form #

Holemouth Jars Unclassified Large = 21+ cm Medium = 20–14 cm Small = 13–10 cm

(1/37) (6/37) (24/37) (6/37)

4000 4010 4020 4030

Holemouth Bowls Large-mouth = 28+ cm Medium = 24–20 cm Medium Small = 18–12 cm Deep basin

(1/11) (6/11) (3/11) (1/11)

4040 4046 4050 4080

Spouted Vessels Large-mouth = 15+ cm Medium = 14–10 cm Small = 9 and less cm

(9) (13) (2)

4060 4067 4072

(1) (6) (2) (2) (1) (1) (28) (23)

4100

(1) (1)

4121 4130

(3) (46) (6) (1) (5) (11)

4139

(1)

4146

(1) (1)

4147 4149

(1) (2)

4162 4164

(7) (9) (28)

4174 4180

(1) (1) (2) (6)

4220 4221 4222 4224

(1) (16) (1)

4230 4240 4250

Necked Jars Large Pithoi = mouth 31+ Pithoi-mouth = 30–22 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, curved out Short neck, angled out Short neck, curved out Large-mouth = 21–16 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical Short neck, general Short neck, inflected Curved out Medium–large-mouth = 15–12 cm General, diameter only Cylindrical neck Angled out Curved out Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical shape Angled out Curved out Tall neck, inflected point Angled out Curved out Short neck, inflected Curved out Narrow Neck Medium–small-mouth = 12–9 cm Tall, wide neck, corner point General Cylindrical neck Angled out Curved out Tall, wide neck, inflected General Short neck Narrow Neck

4110 4114 4117 4119 4120

4140 4141 4142 4144

430

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.2.

Basic Forms of Stratum I (cont.) Basic Form #

Small-mouth = 8 cm General, diameter only Tall neck, corner point Cylindrical Angled out Short neck, corner point General Short neck, inflected point Curved out Narrow Neck Narrow Neck Jugs Medium-large, general Small Wide Mouth Pitchers, Juglets Large, tall neck Medium-large, tall neck Large to Medium Deep Bowls Large = 32+ cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Medium-large = 31–22 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium = 21–17 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying Wide, Shallow, Flat Base and Platter Bowls Very large, wide = 40+ cm Shallow, flat base Platter, flattened to round base Large = 38–30 cm Shallow, flat base Platter, flattened to round base Medium = 29–18 cm Shallow, flat base Platter, flattened to round base Shallow dishes Medium-Small to Small Bowls Medium-small to small deep to Medium-depth Bowls Medium-small = 16–9 cm Deep cup bowls Lightly closed Neutral to open Medium-small = 16–12 Medium depth bowls Carinated walls Neutral to open Neutral to open, flat base Lightly closed Small bowls = 11–7 cm. Lightly closed Cups

(8) (2)

4260

(1) (1)

4261 4262

(1)

4280

(2) (1)

4288 4290

(1) (1)

4320 4380

(1) (2)

4400 4420

(13) (1) (12) (15) (1) (11) (3) (20) (4) (15) (1) (27) (26) (1) (106) (94) (12) (135) (130) (5) (4)

4500 4520 4510 4530 4546 4560 4570 4580

4600 4610 4620 4630 4660 4670 4678

(127)

(23) (19) (4) (80) (30) (47) (2) (1) (24) (2) (5)

4700 4710

4730 4740 4745 4750 4756 4769

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.2.

Basic Forms of Stratum I (cont.)

Neutral to open Straight angled sides Straight upright sides Medium-small to small shallow bowls = 16 cm Neutral to open Straight walls, very shallow Lamps General Round base Flattened base Flat base

Table 13.3. Fields Basic form Holemouth jars Holemouth bowls Spouted vessels Jars/Juglets Deep bowls Small bowls Lamps Wide, shallow bowls Total

431

(15) (1) (1) (11) (1) (29) (4) (10) (4)

Basic Form # 4770 4794 4798 4830 4845 4850–59 4850 4851 4852–4 4855–57

Distribution of the Basic Forms in the Fields of Stratum I IX

X

5 (14%) 2 (6%) 1 (3%)

28 (8%) 11 (3%) 17 (5%) 56 (17%) 25 (8%) 43 (13%) 4 (1%) 150 (45%) 334

27 (77%) 35

XVI 9 (3%) 7 (2%) 60 (18%) 21 (6%) 93 (28%) 43 (13%) 95 (29%) 328

Total 37 (5%) 11 (2%) 24 (3%) 121 (17%) 48 (7%) 137 (20%) 47 (7%) 272 (39%) 697

Percentages offer the ratio of the number of examples of each form to the total of the selected forms in each field. Percentages in the right Total column offer the ratio of each basic form to the total number of the selected forms.

does seem evident, however, that the established patterns of Strata III and II are no longer present. The contrast in the various ware attributes between Stratum II and I is pronounced. In Stratum I, limestone temper (68% to 84%) and dark cores (35% to 54%) are less common and coarse fabric (16% to 6%) and slip (14% to 3%) are more common. Basic Forms. Overall reduction in size appears to be the major characteristic of the holemouth forms of Stratum I (table 13.2). No pithoi were found. The remaining size categories, large, medium and small, are similar in range and distribution to earlier basic form holemouth groups, but the overall median mouth width is 16 cm, which is 2 cm less than the average mouth width in Strata III and II. All of the large forms were associated with Stratum IC of Field X. Specific Types. Among the 37 holemouth jars there are 25 cooking pots. This ware occurs in all three size ranges but the majority (16/25) are in the medium range with a mouth diameter of 14 to 20 cm. Rim types include a few simple, direct rims (fig. 13.4.2), more common in the large and small size ranges, but most are bulbous types (fig. 13.4:1, 3, 6) including one with an interior lip (fig. 13:4.4). Sixteen of the cooking pots come from Stratum IC of Field X, from loci 60, 58, 57 and 48, a room within a

432

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

house. Only two of the holemouth cooking pots were associated with Stratum IA, during which a new type of necked cooking pot emerged (see below). Most of the remaining 12 holemouth jars, probably used for storage, have simple direct, tapered rims and are in the medium range (fig. 13.4.5). A few have bulbous rims. All have wadi sand as temper. One-half of these vessels have slip and/or burnish (fig. 13.4:5). Overall the Stratum I holemouth jar rims display much less variety than those in earlier strata. The lack of variety could be a result of the smaller sample size. A trend of increasing percentages of simple, direct rims noticed in Strata III and II (16% to 30%) continues in Stratum I (38%). Further comparison with the holemouth vessels of earlier strata needs to consider the role of the holemouth spouted vessels (see below). Holemouth Bowls Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. The small group of holemouth bowls constitutes only a fraction (2%) of the forms in Stratum I, confirming a trend in earlier strata. Wadi sand as temper and medium coarse fabric are consistent in these sherds. Slip occurs on five of the forms, three times with burnish. Basic Forms. Size ranges are smaller than in Stratum II. Most of the forms (6 examples) fall in a medium range of 20 to 24 cm. There is one vat form with a mouth width of 32 cm, and one slightly smaller at 28 cm, and three in the smaller ranges of 18 to 12 cm (table 13.2). Specific Types. There is only slight variation in this small group of forms. Most of the rim types are simple and direct, squared, rounded or tapered. The round shape is the most common (fig. 13.4:7). One unusual form has a flat rim, slightly thickened inside with a scalloped decoration on the exterior rim (pl. 131:56). It has slip and burnish on the interior and slip on the exterior. Two other holemouth bowls have thumbimpressed bands below the rim on the exterior wall (pls. 123:3; 131:51). One deep vat form has a rim thickened inside (pl. 129:10). Spouted Vessels The distinctive fabric, surface treatment and profile of one group of holemouth vessels set them apart as characteristic forms of Stratum I. Although spouts are rare among the diagnostic sherds, the parallels of similar, complete forms from the cemetery and other sites would indicate that most of these forms belong to spouted vessels. Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. Inclusions in these vessels are consistently wadi sand. The fabric texture is medium coarse and the sherds are well-fired with no darkened core. Surface treatment is distinctive. The shoulders often have continuous incisions forming rills or bands (fig.13.4:8, 9). A few have wavy or scrabbled combing (fig. 13.4:10). Seven are slipped, four burnished and three have both slip and burnish. Basic Forms. The high, rounded shoulders distinguish these vessels from a group of jars that have similar rim profiles but more steeply sloping shoulders (fig. 13.6:11). Three basic size groups can be distinguished, with the larger vessels ranging from 15 to 20 cm in mouth diameter; a medium group, the most common, from 14 to 10 cm; and a few smaller vessels with a mouth diameter under 9 cm (table 13.2). Specific Types. The most consistent feature of the rims of these spouted vessels is an upturned profile. In some instances, the rim has a very slight upturn formed by

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

433

an incision (fig. 13.4:8, 9, 10). In others the rim is sharply everted (pls. 124:8; 128:26; 130:1, 2). A few have a taller rim with more pronounced flare (pl. 110:1, 2; 115:10).

Necked Vessels Fabrics, Tempers, and Surface Treatment. The overall pattern changes in Stratum I fabrics, tempers and surface treatment noted earlier are similarly reflected in the wares of the necked vessels. Compared with Stratum II necked vessels, there are more clean cores (66% to 59%), reddish-yellow fabrics (60% to 50%), more vessels with wadi sand as temper (76% to 63%) and more vessels with slip only (13% to 7%). Combed surface treatment, also appearing in the late Stratum II loci, occurs on 14% of the Stratum I vessels. Medium-coarse fabric dominates in both strata. Basic Forms. The reduction in size of the Stratum I holemouth jars compared with those of Stratum II is even more noticeable in the necked vessel categories of both Strata (tables 11.3 and 13.2). Compared with Stratum II, there are far fewer pithoi and large jars (30% to 54%) and many more medium-sized jars (63% to 34%). The size ranges are similar in the large categories but not in the medium category. In Stratum I, there are two groups of medium jars, medium-large with a mouth diameter of 15 to 12 cm and a medium-small from 12 to 9 cm. The overlap in size range is due to a particular type of medium-small jar with short neck. Specific Types. Among the necked vessels there are three distinctively new types. Medium-small jars with sloping shoulder, low tangent and short neck constitute one of the more common types in Stratum I (18 examples). Approximately half of this group have a short, sharply-everted neck (fig. 13.6:11 and parallels cited). Several others within this group have a short, lightly flaring neck (pls. 110:3, 4, 5; 119:12, 13; 121:15; 130:5; 131:35). The second new type, also fairly common, is a jar with a tall inflected neck, flaring into a tetrafoil rim. The most complete example has two handles (fig. 13.4.11). The rim shape appears to emulate the four-spouted lamps. Since some of these jars have a combed surface, which is often associated with large storage jars for oil, it is possible that these jars were used for household storing of oil for lamps. Both of these new types have exact parallels in the EB IV tomb groups at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(table 13.7). The third new specific type of necked vessel is a cooking pot with a short flaring neck. All of these examples have limestone temper and most have traces of soot on the exterior. The form occurs in two different size ranges. One group (fig. 13.4:14, 16) ranges from 11–16 cm in mouth width. A second, larger size includes forms with diameters of 24, 25, and 30 cm (131:12; 132:15 and 135:5). All three of the larger forms have a scalloped or “pie crust” rim as do two of the smaller forms (fig. 13.4.16 and pl. 130:36). Six of the seven examples come from Field X, one assigned to Stratum IB and the remaining five to Stratum IA. The seventh example, one of the most complete, is from a mixed Strata II–I locus of Field IX (pl. 135:5). The case for close continuity in types with the Stratum II necked vessels is weak. The new types of Stratum I are distinctive; and good comparisons among the other necked vessels remaining in the two Strata are limited. In the larger vessel ranges the Stratum II assemblage has greater variety in neck shapes and rims. Only a few of the tall flaring necks are comparable (figs. 11.9:6 and 13.4:13). Although distribution of short-neck and tall-neck vessels is similar in both strata, in general, the short-neck types of Stratum I have less height (cf. figs. 11.4:8 to 13.4:14).

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

434

Figure 13.4.

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Stratum I—Holemouth Vessels and Jars

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum II Parallels

1

75.1054

X.3

48

4000

18d

Pl. 123:05; 124:33 (RT - 18e)

2

77.4722

X.3

48

4010

11

Pl. 123:2; 125:22, 25

3

75.1055

X.3

48

4020

18d

Pl. 123:6; 115:2; 119:8; 121:9, 34; 122:17; 123:4; 123:4; 124:6, 7, 10; 128:1; 132:9

4

77.6131

X.3

60

4020

17

Pl. 125:13; 125:24

5

75.1513

X.2

7

4020

12

Pl. 126:18; 115:1; 124:11; 125:15

6

77.6099

X.3

60

4020

18

Pl. 125:12; 109:22

7

77.4735

X.3

49

4046

11

Pl. 124:1; 127:23; 132:13

8

75.1363

X.1

27

4060

10

Pl. 131:1

9

77.2746

XVI.1

12

4067

42

Pl. 112:1; 115:10; 122:5; 128:26; 130:1; 131:36

10

79.4300

XVI.2

8

4072

42

Pl. 115.4; 132:1

11

77.2793

XVI.1

12

4180

66

Pl. 112:14; 110:30–33; 120:35; 121:7; 124:21; 126:36

12

75.1197

X.2

20

4120

80

Pl. 122:19; 123:7; 132:32

13

75.1505

X.2

8

4120

11

Pl. 126:32; 110:6–8; 115:7; 131:6 and others

14

75.1036

X.2

22

4174

62

Pl. 127:21

15

81.4738

XVI.4

8

4144

12

Pl. 121:14; 109:2; 110:22; 113:3; 128:6

16

75.1473

X.3

2

4174

61

Pl. 132:14; 130:36; 132:52

Large to Medium, Deep Bowls Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. In addition to the consistent change in patterns for Stratum I wares compared to Stratum II, i.e., of increased use of wadi sand as temper (88% to 46%) and cleaner fabric cores (77% to 49%), the surface treatment of the deep bowls in Stratum I is also markedly different. Almost half of the Stratum I bowls have slip and many are also burnished. Incised grooves forming rills appear on 25% of the Stratum I bowls and 10% also have thumb-impressed appliqué bands. Basic Forms. In contrast to the tendency toward smaller ranges of deep bowls in the earlier strata (see chap. 11), the ranges of the large to medium, deep bowls of Stratum I are considerably greater. There is a much higher percentage of very large bowls (27% in Stratum I to 11% in Stratum II) and their range is also greater, with several examples in Stratum I over 50 cm in mouth width. Bowls in the medium-large range are also much more common in Stratum I (31% to 18%) while the frequency of medium bowls is much less (42% to 67%). The capacity of the large sizes is not dissimilar to the large, deep bowls of Stratum IV which suggests that the use or function of these large volume bowls may be related to village lifestyles.

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Figure 13.4. Stratum I holemouth vessels and jars.

435

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

436

Figure 13.5.

Stratum I Bowls

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels

1

77.2794

XVI.1

12

4520

75

Pl. 113:13; RIM 10 - 109:13; 125:1; 127:38; 130:8, 39; 132:26, 57; RIM 11 - 133:28; RIM 70 121:35; RIM 91 - 123:10

2

77.2837

XVI.1

12

4530

11

Pl. 112:16; 110:26; 115:45; 130:20; RIM 12 - 112:7; 127:31

3

77.2813

XVI.1

12

4530

10

Pl. 112:10; 112:9; 109:21, 23

4

75.1437

X.2

3

4560

19

Pl. 131:57; RIM 11 - 110:37; 125:44; RIM 12 119:19

5

75.1158

X.1

15

4570

12

Pl. 130:14; 114:30; 125:21; 127:26; 129:26; 130:13, 19

6

77.2798

XVI.1

12

4660

75

Pl. 112:15; 110:23, 24, 29; 113:1, 3, 4 and others

7

75.1200

X.2

20

4660

73

Pl. 122:25; 109:7, 23; 115:33; 122:20, 21 and others

8

77.2812

XVI.1

12

4660

10

Pl. 112:5; 114:15, 16; 115:16, 35, 36, 38, 40–42 and others

9

77.6110

X.3

60

4700

12

Pl. 125:16; 116:2; 120:18; 122:26; 127:14, 15 and others

10

77.6102

X.3

60

4700

11

Pl. 125:10; 123:22; 125:19; 127:19; 128:12

11

79.2379

XVI.1

12

4730

42

Pl. 113:14; 112:20–22, 24, 25, 27 and others

12

79.2253

XVI.2

8

4745

19

Pl. 116:42; 109:37; 115:19; 116:39 and others

13

77.4709

X.3

60

4740

12

Pl. 125:43; 110:40, 41; 114:7 and others

14

77.2744

XVI.1

12

4770

12

Pl. 112:13; 109:25, 26; 110:39 and others

15

75.1142

X.1

12

4769

12

Pl. 130:7; RIM 62 - 109:6; 112:23; 131:55; RIM 42 - 114:13

16

77.6119

X.3

60

4798

11

Pl. 125:27

17

75.1243

X.3

48

4794

12

Pl. 123:24

18

77.2936

XVI.1

7

4678

12

Pl. 110:28; 116:33

19

77.6109

X.3

60

4660

74

Pl. 125:35; 124:2, 27; 125:28; 126:19; 128:9 and others

Specific Types. The great majority of the deep bowls (42 of 48 examples) have simple direct rims, squared (fig. 13.5:3), rounded (fig. 13.5:2) or tapered (fig. 13.5:5). Unusual examples include a thickened inside, turned-down rim (fig. 13.4:1), a very common type on the wide shallow bowls, and a thinned rim (fig. 13.4:4). Four of the five types illustrated in figure 13.5 have incised grooves forming exterior rills. Wide, Shallow Bowls Fabrics, Tempers and Surface Treatment. The ware pattern shifts from Stratum II to Stratum I are most noticeable among the wide, shallow bowls. Shifts in attributes

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Figure 13.5. Stratum I bowls.

437

438

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

from Stratum II to Stratum I include temper (wadi sand 24% to 82%), clean fabric cores (49% to 74%), and surface treatment (slip only: 5% to 21%; burnish only: 53% to 16%). The fairly common use of incised lines forming rills (25%) also distinguished the Stratum I surface treatment on wide, shallow bowls. Orange Burnished ware, dominant among these forms in Stratum III and II, continues only in a small group (11%). Basic Forms. Along with pattern changes in wares there are different ranges of bowl sizes and shapes in Stratum I. Wide, shallow bowls in Stratum I are wider in mouth width and have more upright walls with wider flat bases than their counterparts in Stratum II. In the very large range the bowls of Stratum I begin at 40 cm in mouth width compared with 33 cm in Stratum II (tables 11.3 and 13.2). The next size range (large) in Stratum I of 38–30 cm in mouth width is very different from the next largest range (medium-large) of Stratum II (32–25 cm) and a similar difference in range is evident in the medium bowls. Platter bowls with flattened to rounded base represent only 7% of the Stratum I forms as compared with 31% in Stratum II. The flat-based bowls with steeper wall profile now constitute 92% of the wide, shallow bowls. These differences in both size and shape of the basic form of the wide, shallow bowls are more obvious in the domestic areas of Field X than in the cultic area of Field XVI. Overall the bowl sizes in Field XVI tend to be smaller in range. In Field X there is also a tendency for the bowl forms to become larger in the later phases. For example, the percentage of very large bowls in Field X increases from Stratum IC (9%) to Stratum IA (23%). Specific Types. Three specific types stand out among the wide, shallow bowls. Two of the types have the rim thickened inside and the third has a squared or, at times, beveled rim. Our use of the category “thickened inside” as distinct from “inverted” should be carefully noted to avoid confusion in comparison with the terminology used at other sites. We have confined the term “inverted” to rims angled upward and inward, the most common category of rims in Strata III and II. The term “thickened inside” refers to a category that includes flat, rolled, rolled and pointed, and turneddown or folded rims. These rims are often called “inverted” at other sites. Our major reason for adopting a different terminology is that the same construction technique of the potters, curving the wall in and eventually folding it down, was used in forming these “thickened inside” rims. The folded-down rim is clearly the latest development of this technique as demonstrated in the stratigraphy at many sites (see below). Among the examples with the rim thickened inside different formation techniques are obvious. In one group the wall has been rolled in and undercut using a sharp tool on the interior face, forming a rounded (Rim Type 73) or pointed (Rim Type 74) interior lip. In the second group the wall of the vessel has been turned down against the interior surface forming a ridge (Rim Type 75). The rolled rim bowls occur in all of the size ranges, including very large (fig. 13.6:1), but are most frequent in the large (13.6:7, 8) and medium categories (fig. 13.5:7, 19). In surface treatment the rolled rim bowls are frequently slipped and /or burnished (63%) but rarely have exterior incised lines forming rills. A small group of these bowls has applied bands on the exterior wall (pls. 110:25; 122:24; 123:13; 125:28; 126:37; 127:30 and 128:12). The second group, with rims turned down against the interior wall, also occurs in the very large range (fig. 13.6.3) but is most frequent in the large (fig. 13.6.5) and medium ranges (13.5:6). They have a similar ratio of slip and/or burnish (63%) to the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.4.

Rim Types

439

Distribution of Rim Types in the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum I and Stratum II 10s

20s

30s

50s

70s

90s

Total

Stratum I

58 21%

3 1%

11 4%

1

176 65%

23 8%

272

Stratum II

17 5%

16 4%

170 47%

23 6%

66 18%

76 21%

368

The rim types have been combined by groups. 10s represent simple direct rims. 20s rims angled turned upright. 30s inverted rims. 50s rims incurved, 70s rims thickened inside. 90s rims thickened inside and outside. Percentages represent the ratio of the rim type groups to the total of rim types in that Stratum.

Table 13.5.

Rim Types

Distribution of Selected Rim Types of the Wide, Shallow Bowls in Stratum I 10, 13

73, 74

75

Other

Total

XVI-IC

1

4

2

1

8

X-IC

5

26

3

11

45

X-IB

2

19

0

4

25

X-IA

12

15

42

7

76

Fields-Phase

XVI-IB

29

3

33

14

79

Total

49

67

80

37

233

Rim types 10 and 13 are simple, direct rims. 10 is squared and 13 beveled. 73 is a rolled rim and 74 is rolled and pointed. 75 represents turned-down rims.

rolled-rim bowls but there is a major difference in exterior appearance, with approximately 50% having light or deep grooves forming rills. Most of the squared- or beveled-rim bowls (44 of 48) occur in the medium range (fig. 13.5.8). The rims are simple and direct, either squared (Rim Type 10, fig. 13.5.8) or with a slight bevel (Rim Type 13, pl. 130:12, 22, 23). Surface treatment is similar to the bowls with turned-down rim. Slip and/or burnish occurs on 64% of the examples and 33% have light to deep grooves forming rills on the exterior wall. Other types among the wide, shallow bowls include large bowls with a flat rim (fig. 13.6:2, 4), or rims thickened inside and out (fig. 13.6.6), and very shallow medium forms with a simple, direct rim (fig. 13.5:18). A comparison of the rim types in Stratum I with those of Stratum II (table 13.4) shows a dramatic decrease in inverted rim types (Rim Types in the 30s; 47% to 4%) and a major increase in the frequency of simple, direct rims (Rim Types in the 10s: 5% to 21%) and rims thickened inside (Rim Types in the 70s: 18% to 65%). Further analysis of the distribution of the rim types on wide, shallow bowls from the phases of Fields X and XVI offers a strong indication of chronological development within Stratum I (table 13.5). The bowls with rolled rim (Rim Types 73, 74) are most common in the early phases of Field X (IC and IB). They continue to be used in the

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

440 Figure 13.6.

Fig.

Reg. #

Field/Area

Stratum I Wide, Shallow Bowls, Jars, and Lamps

Locus

Basic Form

Rim

Source (underlined) and Stratum V Parallels

1

77.6046

X.2

8

4600

73

Pl. 126:37; 124:38; 126:22; 127:16, 28; 130:18

2

75.1065

X.3

1

4600

70

Pl. 132:6; 122:7; 124:13; 132:5

3

79.6715

XVI.2

8

4600

75

Pl. 115:13; 128:31; 129:12, 23, and others

4

75.0470

IX.2

2

4620

71

Pl. 133:24; 127:45; 133:4, 7; 134:13

5

77.2794

XVI.1

12

4620

75

Pl. 112:18; 112:17; 113:20; 114:9, 14, 22 and others

6

77.6079

X.3.8

60

4620

90

Pl. 125:37; 123:16, 17; 125:34; 132:20

7

77.6104

X.3

60

4620

73

Pl. 125:31; 110:25; 121:10; 123:14, 18 and others

8

75.1564

X.3

28

4630

74

Pl. 127:48; 132:22, 25

9

75.1622

X.1

19

4410

12

Pl. 130:37

10

75.1364

X.1

27

4224

11

Pl. 131:9; 110:17, 20; 129:2

11

77.4260

XVI.2

8

4240

45

Pl. 115:6; 115:3, 5; 113:16; 114:28; 119:14; 131:53

12

79.2382

XVI.2

8

4830

12

Pl. 116:41; 110:36, 42; 112:8; 116:31, 34; 132:49

13

77.2708

XVI.1

7

4845

12

Pl. 110:42

14

77.6103

X.3

60

4855

12

Pl. 125:10; 118:45; 120:34; 121:23

15

77.6128

X.3

60

4851

12

Pl. 125:11; 118:38; 120:7; 125:33

16

79.3610

XVI.2

8

4852

12

Pl. 119:7; 118:24, 31, 32; 119:1–6 and others

late Stratum (IA) of Field X but much less frequently. The squared- or beveled-rim bowls (Rim Types 10, 13) are very common in the late Stratum IA of Field X and Stratum IB of Field XVI as are the bowls with turned-down rim (Rim Type 75). The latter are the most distinctive chronologically since 94% of the examples occur in Stratum IA of Field X and Stratum IB of Field XVI. Both the squared-rim types and the turneddown types clearly appear to be later developments during Stratum I. Since both of these types also have rills on the exterior wall, this decorative technique too would appear to be a later development. The rim types of the shallow bowls may be used to suggest a stratigraphic correlation between the Strata of Fields X and XVI. Using the frequency of types (table 13.5), the most obvious correlation is between Stratum IA of Field X and Stratum IB of Field XVI. Together they contain 94% of the turned-down rims (Rim Type 75), 84% of the squared or beveled rims (Rim Types 10, 13) and only 27% of the rolled or pointed rims (Rim Types 73, 74). Medium-Small to Small Bowls and Lamps Fabrics, Tempers, and Surface Treatment. Similar pattern changes in the wares from Stratum II to Stratum I occur in the small bowls although some of the changes are less dramatic. Most of the changes can be attributed to the basic disappearance of

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Figure 13.6. Stratum I wide, shallow bowls, jars, and lamps.

441

442

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

Orange Burnished ware, with its typical basalt temper and burnished surface treatment. Wadi sand occurs in 83% of the small bowls and 81% of the fabrics have no darkened core. There is a modest increase in the use of slip only (9% to 16%) and a major decrease in use of burnish only as a surface treatment (32% to 17%; fig. 13.3). Incised lines forming rills are now used frequently (23%). Some differences may be noted between the distinctive four-spouted lamps and the other small bowls. The lamps have a higher percentage of gray to black cores and slip and/or burnish is used less frequently on these forms. Basic Forms. The basic size ranges of the medium-small to small bowls are generally consistent with the established patterns from earlier strata but some new basic shape forms appear in Stratum I and some very common forms of Stratum II are poorly represented. In distribution the more common forms occur with a similar frequency in Strata II and I (see tables 11.3 and 13.2). For example, lightly closed, deep cup bowls (Form 4700) represent 15% of the medium-depth bowls in Stratum I and 17% in Stratum II (Form 3700) and the medium-small bowls (Form 4740) comprise 38% of the medium-depth bowls in Stratum I and 47% in Stratum II (3740). Two new forms distinctive of Stratum I include a group of carinated bowl forms (4730) and a large group of four-spouted lamps with pronounced curvature (Forms 4850–4857). Both of these groups are almost exclusively from the loci of Field XVI. In addition a large group of shallow bowl forms of Stratum II (3830) are sparsely represented in Stratum I (4830). Specific Types. Among the smaller range of bowls the most distinctive and numerous new type is the carinated (cyma-profile) bowl (fig. 13.5:11). The size range of this bowl is slightly different from the usual medium to small bowl. Most of the examples are in the range of 12–16 cm but a sizable group is slightly larger, from 17 to 20 cm. All of these forms have a sharply everted rim (Rim Type 42). Their surface is usually (25/30) slipped and/or burnished with burnish only being the most common treatment (50%). A few (6) have band or wavy combing on the exterior surface. Other common types include the standard hemispherical forms in both mediumsmall (fig. 13.5:13) and small ranges (13.5:14) and shallower forms (fig. 13.6:12). Thinned-rim bowls also occur in both size ranges (fig. 13.5:12; pl. 112.12). Closed forms include some crude forms with a flat base (fig. 13.5:10) and others in fine ware with band decoration (fig. 13.5:9). Small cup bowls with closed profile include some with tapered rim (fig. 13.5.15) and exterior rills and others with everted (pl. 114:13) or flared (pls. 109:6; 112:23; 131:55) rim. Cups with straight-angled walls include deep “votive” types (13.5:16) and smaller, shallower examples (13.5.17). Among the lamps there are flat-based forms (13.6:14), round-based (13.6:15) and flattened with wall curved into the base (13.6:16). The latter are the most numerous among the whole lamp forms. They often have the most pronounced curved spouts. In surface treatment only a small proportion (15%) of the lamp forms has slip and/or burnish. Handles Ledge Handles. The few examples of ledge handles from Stratum I do not reveal any dominant patterns. Only 22 ledge handles were drawn, representing 2% of the total diagnostic sherds. In Stratum I they were 5% of the total. Since ledge handles are more typical on pithoi and large jars, the smaller group of ledge handles of Stratum I is most likely correlated with the comparatively meager appearance of these

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

443

forms in the Stratum I assemblage. In specific type the traditional form of plain (pls. 111:8, 9; 114:27; 127:42; 133:17, 34; 134:21) and thumb-impressed (pls. 111:12; 133:35; 134:19) are represented. These types are usually more elongated in form than their predecessors in the earlier strata. Pinch-lapped handles are fairly common (pls. 111:10, 11; 122:37–39; 124:39; 125:8; 127:12; 130:34). The sherds with these handles are often combed. Vestigial handles—non-functional bands with thumb impressions— appear often below the exterior rim of bowls (fig. 13.6:1; pls. 124:5; 128:12; 126:9; 128:24). Only one clear envelope handle (pl. 133:33) was noted. The flaps on this handle slightly overlap. Loop Handles. Most of the loop handles are wide and flat in section (fig. 13.4:11; 13.6:9; pls. 111:7; 117:42; 122:12; 127:37; 131:30; 133:32). A few are rounded (pls. 111:13; 128:38). Bases In ware features, the bases reflect the same differences noted earlier. Compared with Stratum II there are fewer blackened cores among the bases of Stratum I (30% to 60%). Wadi sand as temper jumps from 51% in Stratum II to 78% in Stratum I. Slip and/or burnish are used twice as frequently on the bases of Stratum I. There are also noticeable differences in the frequency of bases and their size. Overall there are fewer bases in Stratum I (24% of the total number of diagnostic sherds from Primary Loci). Jar bases constitute a much greater percentage of all the bases in Stratum I than in Stratum II (71% to 52%). Perhaps the most significant difference is in the decrease of the mean diameter of the bases which would influence capacity. In Strata III and II the mean diameter of the jar bases was consistent at 18 cm. In Stratum I the mean diameter of the jar bases is 16 cm. In shape the great majority of the bases (86% of the jars and 78% of the bowls) have a straight profile between the wall and the base. Convex and concave profiles are also present. The latter are more common among the bowls than the jars. Phasing of the Pottery Assemblage of Stratum I Both Field X and Field XVI have three stratigraphic phases. It is not easy, however, to correlate these phases because of the uneven distribution of the ceramic forms in the phases. Field XVI presents the most difficulties. There are only 41 sherds from Stratum IC and 3 sherds from Stratum IA. Stratum IB of Field XVI with 489 sherds comprises 92% of the diagnostic forms from that field. Sherd distribution in the phases of Field X is more balanced especially in the early IC Stratum (197 sherds) and the late IA Stratum (222 sherds). Stratum IB of Field X, however, has only 99 sherds or 19% of the total of this field. Comparison of the phases of the two fields is also difficult because of the different loci and activity areas. In Stratum IC of Field XVI the activity, indicated by structures and ceramics, is clearly specialized, probably cultic. Among the rim sherds almost 50% are fine ware. There is only one holemouth storage jar. Most of the forms are bowls, deep, wide and shallow, or medium-small to small. A high percentage of these bowls have slip and/or burnish. Basalt temper is also more common than in any other group of loci. Stratum IB of Field XVI also appears to have been used for nondomestic activity. It has only a few holemouth jars and a high percentage of small bowls and lamp forms that are often fine in ware. On the other hand Field X has a

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

444 Table 13.6.

Distribution of Basic Forms in Field XVI, Stratum IB, and Field X, Strata IC, IB, IA

Basic Forms

XVI, IB

Holemouth jars

8

Holemouth bowls

0

Spouted vessels

7

Necked vessels

X, IB

X, IA

22

20%

4

7%

2

1%

3

3%

1

2%

6

4%

2%

4

4%

0

14

8%

56

19%

9

8%

13

23%

34

20%

Deep bowls

17

6%

6

6%

4

7%

15

9%

Wide, shallow bowls

85

28%

46

43%

27

47%

77

45%

Medium small to small bowls

75

25%

14

13%

8

14%

21

12%

Lamps

51

17%

2

2%

1

2%

1

0.5%

Total

299

3%

X, IC

106

58

170

more even distribution of forms through the three phases as well as a consistent domestic context with house and courtyards. A detailed comparison of the distribution of forms in Field XVI, Stratum IB, and the three phases of Field X yields some interesting patterns but close correlation between the fields remains elusive (table 13.6). In Field X, with the more even distribution through the phases, it is possible to see change in certain groups, particularly between Stratum IC and IA. Holemouth jars represent 20% of the total number of rim sherds in Stratum IC and 1% in Stratum IA. This form, especially the holemouth cooking pot has been replaced by a necked cooking pot. The latter is also indicated by the 20% of necked vessels in Stratum IA compared with 8% in Stratum IC. Another difference is reflected in spouted vessels which increase from 4% in Stratum IC to 8% in Stratum IA. In the remaining categories the differences are slight which suggests similar domestic activities. Stratum IB of Field X has some categories similar to Stratum IC (all of the bowl groups and lamps) and one closer to Stratum IA (necked vessels). Although the necked-vessel category of Stratum IB of Field XVI and Stratum IA of Field X is comparable, a correlation between the two is not very convincing. The best argument for placing these two Strata, IB of Field XVI and IA of Field X, as at least partially contemporary comes from the analysis of the frequency of the rims of the wide, shallow bowls along with the development of rills on the exterior wall (see above in the section on wide, shallow bowls and below in the comparative data). Comparison of the Stratum I Pottery from the Town Site with EB IV Pottery from the Cemetery and Other Sites Most of the specific pottery types from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tombs A52 and A54 (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 287), assigned to EB IV (see Schaub 1973; Dever 1973 for extensive parallels), are duplicated in the town material (see table 13.7 for references). Spouted vessels (fig. 13.4:9) and low tangent jars with tall necks (fig. 13.6:10) have numerous twins in both A52 and A54. Only one jar with short everted neck (13.6:11) is found but there are four examples of the striking jars with tetrafoil rims (13.4:11) in

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I Table 13.7.

445

Selected Parallels to the Stratum I Pottery

Holemouth Vessels and Jars Fig. 13.4:4 (Form 4020, Rim 17): Khirbet Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1984: fig. 18:3. Jebel Reheil: Palumbo 1990: fig. 52:3 Fig. 13.4:6 (Form 4020, Rim 18): Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 6:7 Fig. 13.4:7 (Form 4046, Rim 11): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 5:15. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 5:2 Fig. 13.4:8 (Form 4060, Rim 10): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 5:5. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1991: fig. 58:1. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1984: fig. 18:29; Richard 2000: fig. 2:7, 11 Fig. 13.4:9 (Form 4067, Rim 42): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 275:5; 282:1, also 275:2–4, 6; 282:2, 3. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 2:2. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1991: fig. 58:3. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1988: fig. 19:9. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988 fig. 6:6 Fig. 13.4:10 (Form 4072, Rim 42): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.9:7 Fig. 13.4:11 (Form 4180, Rim 66): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 274:1, 2; 281:1, 2 Fig. 13.4:12 (Form 4120, Rim 80): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 5:9. Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 3:2, 3. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.5:10 Fig. 13.4:13 (Form 4120, Rim 11): Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 21:6. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.5:10. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1974: fig. 5:9 Fig. 13.4:14, 16 (Form 4174, Rims 61, 62): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 2:13–17. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1991: fig. 58:4. Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 2.9. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.9:10. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 7:6–8 Fig. 13.4:15 (Form 4144, Rim 12): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 5:7. Jebel Reheil: Palumbo 1991: fig. 53:3 Bowls Fig. 13.5:1 (Form 4520, Rim 75): Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:12 Fig. 13.5:2 (Form 4530, Rim 11): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.7:9 Fig. 13:5:3 (Form 4530, Rim 10): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 4:16 Fig. 13.5:4 (Form 4560, Rim 19): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig.2:10 Fig. 13.5:5 (Form 4570, Rim 12): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig.2:7. Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:5. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 5:5 Fig. 13.5.7 (Form 4660, Rim 73): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 4:4. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1991: fig. 57:4, 5 Fig. 13.5:8 (Form 4660, Rim 10): Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:6. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 5:7 Fig. 13.5:11 (Form 4730, Rim 42): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 4.18,19. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1984: fig. 18:13; 1988: fig. 19:4; Richard 2000: fig. 1:3 Fig. 13.5:12 (Form 4745, Rim 19): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 276:11, 12; 282:10. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 2:5, 6. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1988: fig. 19:5 Fig. 13.5.15 (Form 4769, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 275:11; 276:19; 282:13. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 2.9. Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:2 Fig. 13.5:16 (Form 4798, Rim 11): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 276:18; 282:14 Fig. 13.5:17 (Form 4794, Rim 12): Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:1 Fig. 13.5:18 (Form 4678, Rim 12): Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.8:9 Wide, Shallow Bowls, Jars, and Lamps Fig. 13.6:1 (Form 4600, Rim 73): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 1:1. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1991: fig. 57:3. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1988: fig. 19:1. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 5:13 Fig. 13.6:2 (Form 4600, Rim 70): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 1:3

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

446 Table 13.7.

Selected Parallels to the Stratum I Pottery (cont.)

Fig. 13.6:3 (Form 4600, Rim 75): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 276:5–7. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 1:18. Tell Iktanu: Prag 1988: fig. 5:11 Fig. 13.6.5 (Form 4620, Rim 75): Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 1:17. Kh. Ader: Palumbo 1990: fig. 57:1. Kh. Iskander: Richard and Boraas 1984: fig. 18:19; 1988: fig. 19:1 Fig. 13.6:7 (Form 4620, Rim 73): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 276:1, 2; 282:8. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 1:5. Kh. Hamra Ifdan: Adams 2000: fig. 21.7:11 Fig. 13.6.10 (Form 4224, Rim 11): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 274:11–14; 281:3. Kh. Iskander: Richard 2000: fig. 1:4, 6, 8 Fig. 13.6:11 (Form 4240, Rim 45): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 275:9 Fig. 13.6.14 (Form 4855, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 282:15 Fig. 13.6.15 (Form 4851, Rim 12): Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Cemetery: Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 282:16. Aroºer: Olavarri 1969: fig. 5:16

the tombs. Most of the bowl forms are also represented (see parallels in table 13:7 to 13.5:12, 15, 16 and fig. 13.6:3, 7, 14, 15). All of these vessels are in the smaller ranges and were probably utilized for serving and distribution of food and drink. In addition to the cooking pots and storage vessels that are not represented in the tombs, there are several bowls types missing. Closed bowl forms (fig. 13.5:4, 9) do not appear in the tombs. The absence of the everted rim bowls (fig. 13.5:11) and the larger lamps (13.5:16), both distinctive forms in the cultic context of Field XVI, is noteworthy. These forms appear to be late in the sequences of the town site and suggest that the tombs A52 and A54 are earlier. The best comparable published material from other sites is from two excavated sites on the Jordanian Plateau, Aroºer and Khirbet Iskander. To the south, in the ºArabah, Kh. Hamra Fidan provides some correlations. Further north in the Jordan Valley, Tell Iktanu and Tell Um Hamad supply additional parallels. Some similarity of the later forms, but not wares, can be found in a few sites to the west. Ware descriptions of the Aroºer material closely match the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠ware attributes. Aroºer pottery is handmade, with the use of rotation confined to finishing marks on rims or necks. Red slip and burnish are common in both phases VIa and VIb, especially on bowls and “teapots.” Often the red slip is applied thickly and peels off easily. Combing appears on jars and basins and finger-impressed bands are common on basins and vats. At Aroºer the closest parallels to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠forms are found among the spouted vessels (fig. 13.4:7–9), cooking pots (13.4:14, 16), deep bowls (13.5:3–5), wide shallow bowls (13.5:7; 13.6:1–3, 5, 7) and small bowls and cups (13.5:11, 12, 15). Among the wide, shallow bowls at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠it is possible to find exact parallels in size, form and ware to practically all of the Aroºer forms (e.g., cf. Olivarri 1967: fig. 1:1 to pl. 122:23; fig. 1:3 to pl. 122:24; fig. 1.4 to pl. 123:12; fig. 1.5 to pl. 122:27; 1:18– 21 to pl. 123:33 and so on). At Aroºer there is some indication of a development in rim forms of the wide, shallow bowls. Rolled rims are common in the earlier material (Olivarri 1967: fig. 3:6, 7 and fig. 1:4, 5 and 7) and less so in the later phase (fig. 4:1, 2). Turned-down rims, however, appear to have similar frequencies in Phases VIa and

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

447

VIb. The development at Aroºer is not as evident as it is in the larger assemblages of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Khirbet Iskander (see below). One form that is distinctive of Aroºer phase VIa has “tracks” on the upper surface of the rim, which may be turned down or beveled (Olivarri 1969: fig. 4:8–11). Some examples of this form are similar to Field X late phase forms from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Johnston and Schaub 1975: fig. 5:70, 76). Examples of holemouth jars, deep bowl forms, closed cup bowls, and small jars with everted rim, which are common at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, are not represented in the published Aroºer material. What is lacking in comparative forms from Aroºer does show up at Khirbet Iskander. Forms from this site that have good parallels at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are noted in table 13.7. They include holemouth jars (fig. 13.4:4), teapots (13.4:8, 9), tall-necked jars (fig. 13.4:12, 13), deep bowls (fig. 13.5:1, 5), carinated, cyma-shaped bowls with everted rim (13.5:11), small-necked jars (13.6:10), small closed-form jars (13.5:15), small shallow bowls (13.5.12), votive cups (13.5:17) and numerous wide, shallow bowls (13.5:8; 13.6:1, 5). For the latter types, at both sites, statistical analysis provides a solid basis for recognizing a development in form from the rolled- or pointedrim types to a turned-down (inverted) form with rills on the exterior. There is a gradual decrease through the period in the popularity of the early rolled-rim types and a corresponding increase in the frequency of the turned-down rilled bowls (see above and Richard and Holdorf 2000; Schaub 2000). Both of these types had been recognized as important diagnostic types with chronological implications in earlier studies. The comparative material from Tell Iktanu is drawn from Phase 1 of the EB–MB period at that site. During this phase “inverted-rim bowls with exterior grooves,” often with red slip, are predominant. These forms are equivalent to our wide, shallow bowls with turned-down rim and exterior rills, which are more common in the later material of Stratum I at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(in table 13.7, see parallels for fig. 13.6:1, 3). Cooking pots are also similar (fig. 13.4:14), although the necks of the Iktanu example appear to be taller and the pie-crust rim does not seem to be represented. A holemouth jar has a similar rim form (13.4:6), as do several “teapots” (13.4:9) and medium bowls (13.4:7; 13.5:5, 8). The interpretation of a large group of clay discs as associated with the potters’ trade near the kilns of this phase (Prag 1988: 64–66) helps to explain the probable function of similar but smaller discs from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, which have been described as “hotplates” (Rast and Schaub 1978: 19, figs. 16–17; 1981: 33). Parallels from Tell Um Hammad are limited. Deep vats with thumb-impressed bands offer one possible example (pl. 127:43; cf. Helms 1986: fig. 17:9). Necked vessels with combing occur at both sites (pl. 132:57; cf. Helms 1986: fig. 18:1, 2) as do holemouth jars with band at the rim (pl. 122:40; cf. Helms 1986: fig. 19:1) and a distinctive bowl form with “pie-crust rim” (pl. 109:13; 130:8; cf. Helms 1986: fig. 17:11). All of these forms from Um Hammad are associated with Stage V or EB IVA. The comparative material from Khirbet Hamra Fidan, mostly simple forms, is from Phase 6, the latest phase at that site. Among the forms cited in table 13:7 are teapots (13.4:10), cooking pots (13.4:14), deep bowls (13.5:2, 18), platter bowls (13.6:7) and jar forms (13.4:12, 13). One distinctive decorative feature associated with later material is band combing on the shoulder of jars with a series of short diagonal lines of punctate marks above. This decoration shows up on material from the Central Negev Highlands project dated to MB I (Cohen and Dever 1981: fig. 11:5, 9). Several examples of this technique are found in Stratum I at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(cf. pls. 118:5; 120:36; 128:36; 131:49 and

448

THE POTTERY OF STRATUM I

134:20). One of these examples has a burnished slip (pl. 120:36). Similar examples of red slipped jars with this decoration come from Phase B at Khirbet Iskander (Richard 2000: figs. 2:4; 3:5), demonstrating that this technique began before the MB I period. Chronological and Cultural Significance of the Stratum I Pottery Based on the comparative material cited above and in table 13.7, the best correlations with other sites would be Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum IC (Fields XVI–IC and X–IC) with Aroºer Phase VIb and Khirbet Iskander, Phase 1; and Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Stratum IA (Field X IA) with Aroºer VIa and Khirbet Iskander, Phase 3. Stratum IB of Field XVI bridges the earlier and later material but overlaps most with Stratum IA of Field X. Most of the parallels cited from Tell Iktanu link Phase 1 at that site to the later phases (Field X IA and Field XVI IB) of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This is especially true of the “inverted rim bowl with exterior groove.” The parallels cited from Stage 5 of Tell Um Hammad to the north and Phase 6 of Khirbet Hamra Ifdan are not numerous or specific enough to offer any precision beyond a general fitting with Stratum I of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. In absolute dates, the two new Carbon 14 samples cited in chapter 21 (Beta134016, 134017; table 21.1) are assessed by Weinstein to be “quite acceptable for early EB IV,” with 1 sigma calibrated ranges from 2340 to 2010 b.c. and 2150 to 2010 b.c., respectively. The latter range belongs to a Primary Locus sample from Field XVI.1, Locus 12 assigned to Stratum IB. One of the earlier samples submitted (PA2573, table 21.2), a short-lived sample of olive stones, from Stratum IA, Primary Locus 23, of Field X.1, yielded a calibrated range of 2290–2130 b.c. An analysis of the ceramic material from Stratum I offers new insights to the ongoing discussion of the complex issues involved in attempting to characterize the cultures of the period after EB III. From Stratum II to Stratum I there are definite changes in the practices of the potters. New patterns appear in many of the ware fabric categories, in basic size ranges of vessels and in surface decoration. New specific types appear in jars, carinated bowls and cooking pots. These new patterns might be interpreted as indicating that the people inhabiting the site during Stratum I represent an entirely new population. However, although there are indeed noticeable pattern shifts in the ceramic industry, they do not appear significant enough to support this hypothesis. Actually, there is considerable continuity with the Stratum II material, especially with the assemblage of Stratum II, Field XVI. Wide, shallow bowls, holemouth jars and lamps show continuity in both form and type. The use of slip and burnish and combing in surface treatment offers a clear connection between the Stratum II and I pottery practices in Field XVI. The continued use of the Field XVI area in both Stratum II and I is a key feature supporting an uninterrupted sequence of population from late EB III into EB IV at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. In sum, it appears more likely that the pattern shifts in ceramic traditions are due to the adaptations of an ongoing, perhaps remnant, population to new economic and social conditions in this region following the collapse of the town culture of Early Bronze Age II–III. The house structures and courtyards of Fields IX and X represent the return to a village life focused on simplified domestic needs.

The Paleoethnobotany of Bâb edh-Dhrâº

14 THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº David W. McCreery

Sampling Strategy and Recovery Techniques Beginning in 1975, a systematic effort was initiated to recover paleobotanical material from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in order to clarify the nature of Early Bronze Age agriculture in the Southern Ghor of the Jordan Valley. The sampling strategy and recovery techniques used were quite simple but proved effective. Occasionally, plant remains such as olive pits and whole grapes were detected visually during the course of the excavation but a water flotation system was the primary means of recovering botanical remains. Given the limited staff resources and availability of water in Jordan, it was not feasible to float all excavated soil. Ashy soils, especially those found in domestic contexts, were targeted for flotation. Occasionally, samples were taken from squares that contained little ash in order to ensure that botanical remains were not being overlooked. Multiple flotation samples were taken from particularly important installations and layers such as tabuns, pits and middens. The soil sample size ranged from one cup up to fifteen buckets, depending upon the nature of the locus. A standard sample size of one-half bucket was encouraged whenever possible. A simple tub flotation system was used in all four seasons. A 50- or 25-gallon drum/tub served as the flotation tank, into which a locally made, screen-bottomed bucket was inserted. After the tank was filled with approximately fifteen gallons of water, the soil sample was slowly introduced while the screen-bottomed bucket was rotated back and forth to agitate the water and ensure the uniform dispersal of the soil and carbonized plant remains. No frothing agents or other chemicals were used in the flotation process. The “float” was skimmed off using an ordinary kitchen strainer, followed by an 80micron wire gauze sieve to ensure the recovery of material less than one mm in diameter. After the float/light fraction had been recovered, the heavy fraction caught in the screen-bottomed bucket, was examined for sherds, bones, insects, snails, and large carbonized seeds that had failed to float to the surface. Notes were taken on the quantity and nature of the heavy fraction which was then discarded. As each sample was processed, preliminary identifications were made and comments concerning the apparent significance of the sample were recorded in a flotation notebook. After preliminary identifications were made, the light fraction was placed

450

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

Figure 14.1. Rich assemblage of cultigens from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053). See table 14.3 for identification.

on a plastic bag in a closed room, and allowed to dry slowly for 2–7 days. When the sample was thoroughly dry, it was packaged and labeled for final analysis following the field season. All final sorting and analysis of the samples took place under laboratory conditions in Amman or the United States. In order to avoid contamination, a number of steps were taken. First, excavators were instructed to carefully collect soil from only one locus at a time. The soil was immediately placed in a plastic bag to eliminate airborne contamination and each bag was labeled with the field, square, locus, and bucket numbers, as well as the date of collection. Second, each sample was allowed to dry slowly indoors, in a relatively cool, contamination-free environment. Third, and perhaps most important, the flotation tank, screen-bottomed bucket, and sieves were thoroughly cleaned between samples. This procedure deviates from the more common practice of using the same water to run a number of samples and changing it only when enough sediment collects in the bottom of the flotation tank to make the processing of further samples difficult or impossible. Although changing the water and cleaning the equipment for each new sample consumes precious time and water, it is the only means of avoiding cross contamination between samples. This labor-intensive approach to the flotation operation limited the number of soil samples that could be processed during the course of the field operation but it ensured the stratigraphic integrity of the plant remains that were retrieved (fig. 14.1).

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

451

The Samples During the 1975–81 seasons of excavation at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, a total of 926 soil samples were floated (186 in 1975; 223 in 1977; 303 in 1979; and 214 in 1981). Subsequent stratigraphic analysis found that 61 of these samples came from “primary” (i.e., well-dated and sealed) loci. It is these samples, listed in tables 14.1–5, that constitute the focus of the following observations. The samples are arranged chronologically from earliest (EB IB = Stratum IV), to latest (EB IV = Stratum I). 1 These 61 primary loci consist of 15 EB IB samples, 22 EB II samples, 15 EB III samples, and 9 EB IV samples. Three samples, all from EB II contexts, were sterile, with no identifiable plant remains. A total of 3,055 cultigens, representing 13 different species, were identified, although it should be noted that both Zizyphus and Pistacia are technically wild species that were most likely collected for food, oil and/or fuel. Malva, listed in the tables as a noncultigen, is another example of a wild plant that was likely collected on a regular basis as a pot herb, as it still is today. Although admittedly small, this data-base provides concrete evidence of the agricultural industry of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠throughout the Early Bronze Age, and suggests that significant changes may have occurred between the pre-urban EB I phase, the urban EB II–III phases, and the post-urban EB IV phase. Cultigens from Primary Loci As is indicated in tables 14.1–5, a total of 13 different cultigens have been identified from the 61 samples coming from primary loci. A brief description of these crop plant species follows. Hordeum (Barley) The morphological characteristics of most Hordeum grains and rachis internodes from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠indicate that the barley was hulled and fully domesticated. The tough rachis characteristic of domesticated varieties commonly shows up with multiple internodes remaining articulated even after undergoing the flotation process. There appear to be several varieties of barley represented in the samples. A few small, angular grains are most like wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) although they could be immature grains of a domestic variety. Although the vast majority of grains are hulled, a few display features characteristic of 6-row naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), i.e., finely, transversely rippled grain shells lacking the longitudinal striations typical of hulled varieties (cf. Helbaek 1966c: 356; 1970: 217–18). Measurements and morphological characteristics of grains and rachis internodes indicated that a mixture of Hordeum distichum (2-row barley) and Hordeum vulgare (6-row barley) constitute the majority of barley remains recovered. Most grains have

1. The numbers corresponding to the plant species indicate the number of whole or partial seeds/ fruits identified. In the case of barley (Hordeum), the number of rachis internodes (= ri), and in the case of wheat (Triticum), the number of spikelet forks (= sf) recovered are also noted. The year in which the flotation sample was processed is indicated by the first digit of the Flotation # (i.e., the 1,000 series = 1975 season, 2,000 series = 1977 season, etc.). The last three digits of the flotation number is a simple serration number indicating the sequence in which the sample was processed. Thus, Flotation #3130 (the first specimen in table 14.1) was the 130th flotation sample processed in the field during the 1979 season.

[[text continues on p. 457]]

Total

117

25

2

76

10

1 1

3

1 9

8

2

7

1 5

2

27

16

2

9

1

4

1

6

1 1 1 5

1

5

1

8

4

1 1

3

1 1 2

3

1+1ri 1

Lolium Avena Bromus Phalaris Gramineae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae Medicago Papilionaceae Galium Plantago Malva Portulaca Acacia Compositae Calendula Onobrychis Brassica Euphorbia Capparis Silene Unidentified

1

5sf

EB IB EB IB EB IB IV IV IV XII XII XII 5 5 5 68 80 80 180 225 231 4130 4178 4205

1

2

1

1+1ri 2sf

EB IB IV F 4 48 53 2158

78

1

2ri 2+3sf

EB IB IV F 4 50 55 2193

Cultigen Totals

2

1

2ri

EB IB IV F 4 57 65 2188

1

5 1

6+47ri 2+9sf 8

Hordeum Triticum Linum usitatissimum Lens Pisum Vicia Cicer arietinum

F 4

EB IB IV F 4 51 56 2161

EB IB IV XII 9 3 60 4190

933

180

143 20 2 2 43 1 1 2 5 4 1

52

17

460

5 95

19

5

1

1

12

1

172+85ri 4+4ri 67+32sf 2 3 1 1

EB IB IV XII 9 3 49 3292

Stratum IV Samples

Olea europaea Vitis vinifera Ficus carica Pistacia Zizyphus Phoenix dactylifera

EB IB IV F 4 92 118 3130

Date Stratum Field Square Locus Basket Flotation #

Table 14.1.

108

40

7

4 1

3

53

1

2+8ri 2+35sf 2 3

EB IB IV XII 11 5 34 3263

316

106

1

2 26 1 19

3 5

153

2

23+30ri 10+87sf 1

EB IB IV XII 11 5 35 3262

39

6

2

31

2

6

18 2+3sf

3

1

2

1+1sf

1671

25 6 58 0 146 25 29 4 83 2 2 5 7 4 1 0 7 0 0 1 0 384

882

0 15 105 1 0 1

444 288 16 6 0 6 0

EB IB EB IB IV IV XII XIII 11 2A 5 112 63 150 EB IB 4123 4168 Totals

100%

0% 2% 12% 0% 0% 0%

50% 33% 2% 1% 0% 1% 0%

% of EB IB Cultigens

452 THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

4

1

3

1

0

0

2

1 1

3

1

1

1

EB II IIIA2 XVII 1 150 273 4176

Total

2

2

1

2

EB II IIIA2 XVII 1 143 264 4209

1

1

1

1

1

EB II EB II EB II IIIA3 IIIA2 IIIA2 XVII XVII XVII 1 1 1 1 154 136 138 287 248 298 4206 4208 4175

Medicago Papilionaceae Galium Plantago Malva Portulaca Acacia Compositae Calendula Onobrychis Brassica Euphorbia Capparis Silene Unidentified

Avena Bromus Phalaris Gramineae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae

Lolium

Cultigen Totals

Olea europaea Vitis vinifera Ficus carica Pistacia Zizyphus Phoenix dactylifera

Hordeum Triticum Linum usitatissimum Lens Pisum Vicia Cicer arietinum

Date Stratum Field Square Locus Basket Flotation #

4

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

EB II EB II EB II IIIA2 IIIA2 IIIA2 XVII XVII XVII 1 1 1 150 150 150 273 282 285 4210 4211 4212

3

3

2 1

2

2

2

0

0

36

5

1

1

29

6 10

226

3

5

3

215

3 3

155

15

2

8

7

123

4

17

1 1

1

14

4

2

12

2

2

8

3

1

2

1

0

0

1

1

1

16

1

15

14

1

59

15

1 1

1 5

3

33

2 4

1

4+9ri 3+8sf 2

547

1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39

7 5 0 9 2 5

15

458

4 39 20 0 0 0

287 93 5 3 0 2 5

100%

1% 9% 4% 0% 0% 0%

63% 20% 1% 1% 0% 0% 1%

EB II EB II EB II EB II EB II EB II EB II EB II IIIC IIID IIID IIID IIID IIID III III XIX XI XI XI XI XI XII XIII 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2A 105 59 68 69 69 70 79 52 % of 145 125 127 129 133 134 223 73 EB II EB II 4102 4177 4166 4161 4156 4155 4191 3267 Total Cultigens

4+7ri 29+175ri 32+13ri 3+3ri 1+6ri 4+1sf 18+53sf 1sf 1sf 1 2 1 3

6 48 101 4134

EB II IIIB XI

Stratum III Samples

EB II EB II EB II EB II IIIA2 IIA2 IIIA IIIB XVII XVII XI XI 1 1 2 6 150 153 55 30 300 277 122 71 4213 4112 4160 4163

Table 14.2.

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº 453

Total

159

21

385

1

3 1

19

6 53 3 43 1

255

1

1

26

5

10 2 6 3

2

19

15 1 3

5

8

2 2

4

1

1

1

30

1

43

41

4

1

1

12 1

1 1

1

5 1

5

3

50 1

1 3

75

19

97

31

5

2

12 1 1

1

2

1

Euphorbia Capparis Silene Unidentified

4 2

1

5 4

8

1 30 17

1 1

1

3

1

155

2

2

Onobrychis Brassica

Plantago Malva Portulaca Acacia Compositae Calendula

Cultigen Totals Lolium Avena Bromus Phalaris Gramineae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae Medicago Papilionaceae Galium

Stratum II Samples

EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII EBIII IIB1 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIC IIC II II II II XVII XI XIX XIX XIX XIX XIX XII XII XIII XIII 1 4 6 1 1 1 1 2 7 10 1 1 115 33 97 97 92 50 96 4 4 7 15 196 74 131 134 114 160 130 167 16 51 31 4041 4148 4053 4214 4153 4096 4126 4184 3103 2058 2003 21 8 47+13ri 5+1ri 7+1ri 2 2ri 1ri 11+13ri 10+4sf 11+14sf 1 1+1sf 3+5sf 3+19sf 7 120 1

Olea europaea Vitis vinifera 5 Ficus carica 115 Pistacia Zizyphus Phoenix dactylifera

Date Stratum Field Square Locus Basket Flotation # Hordeum Triticum Linum usitatissimum Lens Pisum Vicia Cicer arietinum

Table 14.3.

33

5

2

25 1

1

1

131

5

2

99 2 20 3

3

2

2123

0 0 1 106

0 1

7 5 0 0 0 5

1404 17 38 72 7 367 23 31 0 38 1

1 64 778 0 41 0

3 14 4 0

100%

0% 5% 55% 0% 3% 0%

0% 1% 0% 0%

EBIII EBIII EBIII II II II XIII XVI XVI 2A 2 4 92 47 46 % of 124 168 129 EBIII EBIII 4056 4151 4204 Totals Cultigens 16 70+18ri 256 18% 7+1sf 1sf 6 114 8% 1 129 9%

454 THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 14.4. Date Stratum Field Square Locus Basket Flotation # Hordeum Triticum Linum usitatissimum Lens Pisum Vicia Cicer arietinum

EB IV I–II IX 5 2 3? 1022

Lolium Avena Bromus Phalaris Gramineae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae Medicago Papilionaceae Galium Plantago Malva Portulaca Acacia Compositae Calendula Onobrychis Brassica Euphorbia Capparis Silene Unidentified Total

EB IV IA X 1 28 55 1124 38 2

Stratum I Samples EB IV IB XVI 1 12 23 2071 1

1

Olea europaea Vitis vinifera Ficus carica Pistacia Zizyphus Phoenix dactylifera Cultigen Totals

EB IV IA X 1

7 1

0

EB IV EB IV EB IV EB IV EB IV IB IC IC IC I XVI X X X X 1 3 3 3 1 15 59 60 60 22 45 75 152 159 47 EB IV 2154 1157 2207 2187 1119 Totals 14 4+2ri 2 3 72 1+2sf 2 1sf 9 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 33

3 1

2 17

33

74

5

36

40

1

11 2 3

20

9

35

2

2 5 1

1

6 3

1

1 2

3

1 2

3

1 5

2

1

1

6

1

5 20

5 98

455

5

1 37

4 49

1

11

37

% of EB IV Cultigens 23% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

19 9 200 0 0 0

6% 3% 64% 0% 0% 0%

311

100%

2 0 10 3 0 7 9 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 25 386

1,671

25 6 58 0 146 25 29 4 83 2 2 5 7 4 1 0 7 0 0 1 0 384

Lolium Avena Bromus Phalaris Gramineae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae Medicago Papilionaceae Galium Plantago Malva Portulaca Acacia Compositae Calendula Onobrychis Brassica Euphorbia Capparis Silene Unidentified

Total

882

Cultigen Totals

100%

0% 2% 12% 0% 0% 0%

1% 0% 1% 0%

6 0 6 0

0 15 105 1 0 1

50% 33% 2%

29%

0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

15% 9% 1%

0% 12% 10% 100% 0% 100%

50% 0% 46% 0%

42% 57% 11%

547

15 7 5 0 9 2 5 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39

458

4 39 20 0 0 0

3 0 2 5

287 93 5

100%

1% 9% 4% 0% 0% 0%

1% 0% 0% 1%

63% 20% 1%

15%

0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

9% 3% 0%

17% 31% 2% 0% 0% 0%

25% 0% 15% 100%

27% 18% 3%

2,123

17 38 72 7 367 23 31 0 38 1 7 5 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 106

1,404

1 64 778 0 41 0

3 14 4 0

256 114 129

EB III Totals

99%

0% 5% 55% 0% 3% 0%

0% 1% 0% 0%

18% 8% 9%

44%

0% 2% 25% 0% 1% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

8% 4% 4%

400% 50% 71% 0% 100% 0%

25% 100% 31% 0%

24% 23% 85%

386

2 0 10 3 0 7 9 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 25

311

19 9 200 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

72 9 1

% of % of % of EB III EB I–IV EB I–IV EB IV Cultigens Cultigens Species Totals

99%

6% 3% 64% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

23% 3% 0%

10%

1% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

2% 0% 0%

79% 7% 18% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 8% 0%

7% 2% 1%

4,727

59 51 145 10 522 57 74 7 134 5 9 10 7 4 2 5 7 1 7 1 1 554

3,055

24 127 1,103 1 41 1

12 14 13 5

1,059 504 151

% of % of % of EB IV EB I–IV EB I–IV Grand Cultigens Cultigens Species Totals

Comparative Percentages of Cultigens and Species, EB IB to EB IV

% of % of % of % of % of % of EB IB EB I–IV EB I–IV EB II EB II EBI–IV EBI–IV Cultigens Species Totals Cultigens Cultigens Species

444 288 16

Olea europaea Vitis vinifera Ficus carica Pistacia Zizyphus Phoenix dactylifera

Hordeum Triticum Linum usitatissimum Lens Pisum Vicia Cicer arietinum

EB IB Totals

Table 14.5.

100.00%

0.79% 4.16% 36.10% 0.03% 1.34% 0.03%

0.39% 0.46% 0.43% 0.16%

34.66% 16.50% 4.94%

% of EB I–IV Cultigens

456 THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

457

a breadth : length index of 50 or above (fig. 14.2), indicating that 6-row Hordeum vulgare is the most commonly attested variety (Helbaek 1966c: 356; McCreery 1980: 74). Triticum (Wheat) As is the case with barley, several varieties of wheat are attested in the paleobotanical assemblage at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The measurements and indices of the caryopses and spikelet forks, as well as the gross morphological characteristics indicate the presence of Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) but the clear dominance of Emmer (Triticum dicoccum; McCreery 1980: 79–83). Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is not as common as emmer wheat but does show up in several samples (e.g., F.S. ##4053 and 4102). Given the fact that bread wheat is often highly distorted, if not destroyed, during the carbonization process, and in some cases can be confused with emmer wheat, it may well be that bread wheat was a more important crop at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠than the paleobotanical assemblage at first suggests. Linum usitatissimum (Flax) Flax, in the form of linseeds, is relatively abundant in the paleobotanical assemblage at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, occurring in 14 or 23% of the samples from primary loci and forming 4.9% of the total number of cultigens found. Most linseeds are nearly 4 mm in length and, when corrected for shrinkage due to carbonization, almost all seeds fall within the range of 4–5 mm in length (McCreery 1980: 84–85; W. van Zeist and J. A. H. Heeres 1973: 26–27, 29). These dimensions indicate that the “large-seeded” flax from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(fig. 14.3) was not only domesticated but was also almost certainly grown under irrigation (Helbaek 1959; 1966a: 613–20; 1970: 211–13). Pulses A variety of cultivated pulses are attested in the paleobotanical assemblage including Lens (lentil), Pisum (pea), Vicia (bean), and Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Although these cultivated legumes occur in 5–13% of the samples from primary loci, the numbers are small, representing a combined total of less than 2% of all cultigens recovered. It is possible that they did not constitute a significant component of the Early Bronze Age agriculture of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠but it is more likely that the low numbers are due to the fact that pulses are infrequently exposed to the conditions necessary for carbonization and, when they are, they have a lower rate of survival than most other crops. The lentils, which range in diameter from 2.5 to 4.4 mm in diameter and in thickness from 1.6 to 2.6 mm, are smaller than most modern lentils but are average to slightly above average in size when compared with ancient specimens from other Near Eastern and European sites (Renfrew 1973: 115; Hopf 1978: 70). Both the measurements and morphological characteristics (e.g., blunt edge as opposed to the sharp, flaring edge of wild lentils, Lens orientalis) argue for an identification of cultivated Lens culinaris/esculenta ssp. micosperma (cf. Helbaek 1970: 224 and Zohary and Hopf 1973: 891). Like the lentils, the chickpeas from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are relatively well preserved and among the easiest of the pulses to identify due to their distinctive, dice-like shape and dominant, protruding radicula. The average size of 3.9 mm compares favorably with other cultivated chickpeas (Cicer aietinum) from ancient Palestinian sites and is significantly larger than Cicer judaicum, the only wild chickpea in the region (Hopf 1978: 71; Zohary and Hopf 1988: 98–102).

page is 1 pica long

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THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

Figure 14.2. Barley (Hordeum) from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053).

Figure 14.3. Linseeds (Linum usitatissimum) from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053).

Although only a few chickpeas were retrieved from the primary loci listed in tables 14.1–5, chickpeas have been recovered from a number of less-secure loci at Bâb edhDhrâº, and one well-dated, EB III sample from Numeira (F.S. #2197), produced 175 chickpeas. The Numeira sample, which also contained one lentil and five grains of wheat, suggests that chickpeas were probably more common than tables 14.1–5 suggest. Hopf (1978: 71) has noted that samples rich in pulses at Early Bronze Age Arad tend to be rather pure deposits of one or two species. This may be due to the fact that various food plants were cultivated and stored separately. The admixture of small amounts of pulses in large grain samples, and vice versa, may also be due to a crop rotation regime in which pulses and cereals were planted in alternate years in the same fields. Peas (Pisum sativum) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) are found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠but in relatively low numbers and the specimens are poorly preserved. Both of these pulses were certainly cultivated but it seems likely that Vicia ervilia, because of its bitter taste, was fed to livestock although it could be processed and made suitable for human consumption (Hopf 1986: 45, 47; Hansen 1991: 45–47). Although not attested at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Vicia faba (broad bean), has been found in an EB III context at Numeira (F.S. #2123) and may well have been among the pulses cultivated at Bâb edhDhr⺠as well. Fruits and Nuts Olives (Olea europaea), grapes (Vitis vinifera), figs (Ficus carica), and dates (Phoenix dactylifera) appear to have been the primary cultivated fruit crops at Bâb edhDhrâº. The large size and thick walls of the olive pit, as well as the distinctive longitudinal grooves on the surface of the stone, make olive one of the easiest specimens to identify. It is one of the few seeds that is frequently detected visually during the course of excavation and retrieved without the aid of flotation. The olive stones at Bâb edhDhr⺠range in length from 8.0–11.0 mm and in breadth from 3.5–6.0 mm (fig. 14.4),

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

459

Figure 14.4. Olive (Olea europaea) pits from Stratum II (Field XVII.1, Locus 150, Bucket 300, F.S. #4213). Figure 14.5. Grape (Vitis vinifera) pips and berries from Stratum II (Field XIX.1, Locus 97, Bucket 114, F.S. #4053).

slightly smaller than the Early Bronze Age olive stones from Lachish and Arad but well within the range of ancient domesticated olive (Renfrew 1973: 113; Hopf 1978: 72–73; McCreery 1980: 93–94). Carbonized pips and whole berries from various strata attest to the presence of grapes at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠from EB IB–EB IV (Strata IV–I). In the samples from primary loci listed in tables 14.1–5, grapes occur in over 54% of the samples and constitutes 4.2% of all cultivated seeds/fruits found. Grapes are found even more frequently and in larger numbers in EB III contexts at Numeira. The grapes at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠appear to be fully domesticated Vitis vinifera (fig. 14.5) although they do display some characteristics of wild, Vitis silvestris, grapes (McCreery 1980: 96–97). The Bâb edhDhr⺠grapes are very similar to the EB II (Strata I–II) grapes from Arad that Hopf (1978: 73–74) classifies as domesticated Vitis vinifera, albeit a “not highly cultivated” variety. All of the fig (Ficus carica) remains from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠consist of carbonized pips measuring 0.8–1.2 mm in diameter, with the exception of a few samples where several pips were found still adhering to the carbonized fragments of the fig mesocarp. Fig occurs in over 39% of the samples listed in tables 14.1–5 and, in terms of sheer numbers, fig pips represent over 36% of all cultivated seeds found at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Like grape, it is well represented in primary loci from Strata IV–I. The fact that more fig pips have been found than the seeds of any other domesticated plant does not necessarily mean that figs were the most important food plant at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The large number of pips in a single fruit, as well as the effectiveness of flotation for recovering the small, light seeds, at least partially accounts for the high

460

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

Figure 14.6. Date (Phoenix dactylifera) pit from Stratum IV (Field XII.5, Locus 80, Bucket 231, F.S. #4205).

numbers. Nevertheless, the fact that fig pips turn up with such regularity from EB I– IV contexts supports the conclusion that fig cultivation was a significant aspect of the agricultural industry of the Southern Ghor throughout the Early Bronze Age. Only one date (Phoenix dactylifera) pit was recovered from the samples from primary loci (fig. 14.6), but several pits from less-secure EB II–III loci at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠have also been found. Date cultivation is thought to have begun around 4000 b.c. (Zohary and Spiegel-Roy 1975: 323) and carbonized date pits have been recovered from Chalcolithic Ghassul (Mallon et. al. 1934: 40; Vaux 1970: 523) and Early Bronze Age Jericho (Hopf 1969: 356, 358). Zohary and Spiegel-Roy (1975: 325) suggest that both olives and dates were important foods in Palestine by the Chalcolithic Period. Date palms are indigenous to the Southern Ghor and, despite the scarcity of pits in the paleobotanical assemblage, it seems likely that dates played at least a minor role in the agricultural industry of the Southern Ghor throughout the Early Bonze Age. Currently, the Southern Ghor is the only part of the Jordan Valley east of the Jordan River/Dead Sea where appreciable quantities of dates are harvested. Almonds (Amygdalus communis), wild plums (Prunus insititia), coriander (Coriandrum, sativum), and peaches (Prunus persica) are represented in “non-primary” loci at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. None of these plants grows in the low altitudes of the Southern Ghor and would have had to have been imported from the highlands. It appears quite likely that the two peach pits found in apparent EB I contexts are in fact modern intrusions (McCreery 1980: 98–100, 110–11, 144–45). Edible Wild Plants Although Pistacia (cf. atlantica) and jujube (Zizyphus spina-christi) are both wild species, they are included in this discussion of the cultigens because they have been part of the human diet from at least the Neolithic Period. Pistacia atlantica has been reported from Neolithic levels at Beidha (Helbaek 1966c: 62–63) and Early Bronze Age levels at Lachish (Helbaek 1958: 310–11) and Arad (Hopf 1978: 74). The Pistacia nutlets from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠could be Pistacia palestina (terebinth), whose size and shape is almost identical to those of Pistacia atlantica, but Pistacia atlantica is the more likely identification (McCreery 1980: 104–5). Neither species of Pistacia grows in the Jordan Valley today, and it is almost certain that the nuts would have been imported from the highlands (cf. D. Zohary 1972: 297–98). The Christ-thorn, or jujube (Zizyphus spina-christi), is indigenous to the Southern Ghor and produces an edible fruit that has been harvested from antiquity to the present day (D. Zohary 1972: 307). Although relatively rare in the samples from primary loci, a number of jujube stones, mostly uncarbonized, have been found in Bâb edh-Dhr⺠loci that date generally to EB II–III. The endocarps are slightly oblong to

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

461

almost spherical, averaging 8.05 mm (6.5–10.0 mm) in length and 6.51 mm (6.0–8.0 mm) in breadth. The Iron Age Zizyphus stones from Deir ºAlla (van Zeist and Heeres 1973: 32) are approximately the same size as the smallest stones from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The infrequency with which jujube occurs in archaeological contexts outside the Jordan Valley is probably due to the tree’s rather limited natural habitat. Mallow or cheese-weed (Malva parvifloria, Arabic khubbayzi) is present in 7, or 11.5%, of the samples from primary loci and are even more common in less precisely dated loci from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This wild leafy plant was no doubt collected and prepared as a pot herb in antiquity, as it still is today. Noncultigens from Primary Loci The Southern Ghor has been classified phytographically as a Sudano-Deccanian enclave (M. Zohary 1962: 52, map 4). Botanical surveys by Harlan in 1977 and McCreery in 1978 collected a corpus of plants representing 57 families, 141 genera and 161 different species (McCreery 1980: 124–29). 2 The dominance of desert species in this collection as well as the presence of some tropical vegetation attests to the accuracy of Zohary’s description of the Southern Ghor as a Sudano-Deccanian enclave surrounded by Saharo-Sindian vegetation. The modern and ancient noncultigen plant assemblages from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and its environs are strikingly similar. With very few exceptions, all of the species represented in the ancient assemblage can be found still growing in the region. The modern and ancient noncultigen assemblages thus shed some light on the debate regarding climatic fluctuations over the past 5,000 years. Whatever climatic changes may have taken place since the Early Bronze Age, they have not been dramatic enough to alter the essential character of the region’s flora significantly. Diachronic Observations An analysis of the data contained in tables 14.1–5 reveals some interesting trends that support the hypothesis that there were significant changes in agricultural practices at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠throughout the Early Bronze Age. The limited sample size precludes one from concluding that these trends accurately reflect the “precise” nature of the EB I–IV agricultural history of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and thus the following observations and conclusions must be considered suggestive and hypothetical rather than demonstrable fact. Stratum IV. The 15 Stratum IV (EB IB) samples (table 14.1) yielded 882 cultivated seeds, of which 83% are barley and wheat. Flax and grape each constitute 2% of the cultigen assemblage and fig forms 12%. The pulses are represented by only a few lentils and Vicia. Barley emerges as the dominate cultigen but wheat is also well represented at 33% of the assemblage. It is interesting to note that the samples from Stratum IV produced 57% of the wheat found in primary loci from all periods (table 14.5). Assuming that these samples at least roughly reflect the Stratum IV agricultural industry, the picture that emerges is an EB IB regime in which cereal production was dominant, fig was the most common fruit, and flax, grape, date, and pulses were also cultivated. Wild pistachio nuts and mallow were collected to supplement the diet. The 2. Dr. Dawud Al-Eisawi, Director of the Herbarium at the University of Jordan in Amman, kindly provided valuable advice and assistance in identifying the specimens.

462

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

flax and vineyards were almost certainly irrigated and it is highly likely that the cereals and pulses would have been irrigated as well. Stratum III. Stratum III, which corresponds with the beginnings of the urban period at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, produces a picture of a slightly more diversified agricultural system than that of Stratum IV (table 14.2). Although barley, wheat, and figs remain the dominant cultigens and flax and lentils continue to be represented, grapes appear to have gained in prominence, and chickpeas and olives make their appearance for the first time. Although wheat and barley constitute 83% of the cultigens, exactly the same percentage as in the Stratum IV assemblage, barley has jumped from 50% to 63%, whereas wheat has dropped from 33% to 20% of the cultigen assemblage, suggesting increased barley and decreased wheat production. Stratum II. A number of interesting changes occur in the Stratum II cultigen assemblage when compared with the assemblages of the earlier strata (table 14.3). Although barley continues to be an important crop, constituting 18% of the cultigens, figs emerge as the best represented crop, with 55% of the seeds. This high number is due primarily to two samples (F.S. #4041 and #3283) that produced unusually large numbers of fig pips and should probably be considered anomalies. Nevertheless, it is clear that production of figs during EB III was an important component of the agricultural system. Flax continues to be well represented in the Stratum II samples, outnumbering the remains of wheat and all other cultigens except barley and figs. Peas, beans, and lentils are present in small numbers, as are olives. Utilization of wild food plants is indicated by the presence of both jujube and mallow. Stratum I. In Stratum I, which corresponds to the EB IV post-urban period at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, figs and barley continue to be the dominant cultigens, accounting for 87% of the cultivated seeds recovered (table 14.4). Olives are also well represented, constituting 6% of the cultigen assemblage and 79% of the olives recovered from all periods. Wheat and grapes each account for 3% of the cultigens while flax and Vicia make up less than one percent of the assemblage. Conclusions In light of the discussion above, the agricultural history of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠can be tentatively reconstructed as follows (table 14.5): Barley, wheat, and flax appear to have been the main field crops throughout the Early Bronze Age. Most of the barley is 6-row Hordeum vulgare and most of the wheat is emmer, Triticum dicoccum, although bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) makes its appearance in Stratum II. Barley remained the dominant cereal crop throughout the Early Bronze Age while wheat appears to have steadily declined in importance from EB I though EB IV. Flax is well attested until EB IV (Stratum I) when it virtually disappears from the cultigen assemblage. The small quantities of pulses (e.g., lentils, peas, beans, and chickpeas) may suggest that pulses were not important crops or a major part of the human diet, but their poor representation is more likely due to the low survival rate of their carbonization process. In any case, their presence indicates that they were part of the agricultural system throughout the Early Bronze Age. Evidence of horticulture comes in the form of grapes and figs that occur in significant numbers throughout the Early Bronze Age. Olives first appear in EB II contexts and continues through EB IV. Dates were found only in an EB IB context in the

THE PALEOETHNOBOTANY OF BÂB EDH-DHRº

463

samples from primary loci, but occurs in non-primary EB II–III loci, and was probably utilized throughout the Early Bronze Age. Wild jujube and mallow from the immediate vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and almonds, wild plum, and wild pistachios from the highlands supplemented the diet during most, if not all, of the Early Bronze Age. The large-seeded flax and dominance of 6-row barley and emmer wheat point to extensive use of irrigation (cf. Helbaek 1970: 211, 222–23), as do the presence of figs, grapes, and olives in the arid environment of the Southern Ghor. The steady decline in wheat production, and by EB IV flax production as well, suggest the development of soil salinity problems following the extended and intensive utilization of irrigation. This conclusion is further supported by the results of semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis of the ancient cultigens at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, which show increasing levels of Strontium (Sr) and Boron (B) indicative of saline soils, as time went on (McCreery 1980: 169–71, 187–88, 195–96, 199–207). The cultigens from primary loci clearly indicate that by EB IB there was a wellestablished, diversified agricultural industry at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Those who maintained the system that consisted of cereal, flax, pulse and fruit cultivation were most likely sedentary agriculturalists who maintained year-round residence in the Ghor. Primary EB IA loci from domestic contexts, such as those in Area H1, are rare at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and thus far none have produced cultigens. On the other hand, a few nonprimary loci possibly dating to EB IA have produced barley, wheat, flax, grapes, and figs, suggesting that there may have been limited sedentary agriculture in the area contemporary with the earliest burials in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery. The presence of small Chalcolithic sites scattered around the Southern Ghor further supports the conjecture that there were local predecessors to the EB IB farmers of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This is a fascinating problem for which the expedition was unable to establish definitive evidence, but it is one that could be worked on in the future. The destruction/abandonment of the fortified town at the end of EB III marks the end of the urban era at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠but not the end of occupation and agricultural activity. EB IV occupation is attested within the former town, which lay in ruins at this time, in Field XVI, and outside the walls to the south and east in Fields IX and X. Cultigens from primary loci in these fields document the continued cultivation of barley, wheat, flax and pulses as well as olives, grapes, and figs. As noted by Fall and others (1998: 121–22), the collapse of urban culture led to adjustments in the agricultural practices of villages in the central and northern part of the Jordan Valley but did not result in the total abandonment of all small agricultural communities. The same may be the case at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The eventual abandonment of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠at the end of the EB IV phase was most likely brought on, among other factors, by a soil salinity problem which after nearly one thousand years of irrigation agriculture grew so severe that the land was no longer able to sustain permanent occupation at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and its immediate environs.

Palynology of the Town Site and Its Surroundings

15 PALYNOLOGY OF THE TOWN SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS Susan K. Short

During the 1977 field season in the southeast Dead Sea valley Jordan, samples for fossil pollen analyses were collected from cultural strata at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira. The majority of the samples were taken at the former site, while three from Numeira are also included in this report. The report also includes results of the study of pollen from cores collected from the Dead Sea basin by the Wimpey Company of the U.K. In addition, seven Tuffy® traps and a polster sample were analyzed in order to determine the modern pollen fallout. There were three main goals of the project: (1) to determine whether there is pollen preserved in the Dead Sea and whether it is recoverable; (2) to study the preservation and interpretation of pollen in an archaeological context; and (3) to provide a paleoenvironmental background for the archaeological analyses. Fieldwork Samples from archaeological strata were collected by Short in 1977 and by various workers in 1979 and 1981. The samples from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠include a profile sequence, believed to represent late occupation levels through site abandonment and later, from Field IV. All samples taken during the fieldwork are listed in Appendix I. Samples discussed here are listed in table 1–3 and illustrated in figures 2 and 3. Tuffy® traps were set out to sample the modern pollen rain. These are simple but effective pollen collection traps constructed of plastic containers, approximately 10–15 cm tall, Tuffy® scrapers (nylon pan scourers), and antifreeze, which acts as the collection medium. During the 1977 field season, the following locations were chosen: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Wadi Karak below Bâb edh-Dhr⺠East of Field X Castle Kerak South of the Cemetery area

Subsequently new traps were set and collected after the 1979 field season: 5. East bank of the Wadi Haditha, north of the Lisan Peninsula 6. North of the Lisan Peninsula on east shore of the Wadi Haditha 7. High point, east of Numeira, ca. 100 m

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS 8. 9. 10. 11.

465

High point, east of Wadi edh-Dhr⺠200 m south of Kerak road Wadi edh-Dhrâº, 200 m south of Kerak road High point west of Cemetery G above a minor wadi to the south Low in a minor wadi south of the Cemetery, 300 m east of eß-Íâfî road

For this study, #5, #7, and #11 were analyzed (see Short 1981 for analysis of ##1–4). One moss polster was collected from the spring in the Wadi Kerak below the site. A polster is simply a clump of living moss that has proved in numerous studies to be an efficient collector of the modern pollen rain. In other regions, a polster may represent some 20–30 years of pollen deposition. During the 1977 field season, two duplicate sediment cores were collected with a Livingstone corer in the Dead Sea Basin in a recently drained area off a construction road (31˚10uN, 35˚33uE; –395 m); each core collected approximately 280 cm of sediment. A core barrel samples one m of sediment with each thrust. The third thrust of each core was extremely difficult to recover due to friction on the core barrel, and consequently a fourth thrust was not attempted. Thus, it was recognized in the field that the base of the sediments was not reached. To supplement the sediment cores, Wimpey Laboratories, Ltd., U.K., allowed us access to several of their sediment cores; these are listed in Appendix J. The latter were 10 cm in diameter and a half meter in length, and extended the sampling depth to 32 m (Borehole 11). Chemical and Laboratory Procedures In the INSTAAR Palynology Laboratory, the primary Dead Sea core was extruded, described, and photographed. The stratigraphy is complex, consisting of generally gray and tan clays with bands of narrow black and white laminae irregularly spaced throughout the core. The core was sampled at 2.5-cm intervals and prepared at 5-cm intervals; the remaining material is stored in a cold room (2˚ C). Standard chemical techniques, including caustic soda (NaOH), acetolysis, and hydrofluoric acid, were utilized (Faegri and Iversen 1975). “Absolute” pollen counting techniques based on dry weight and exotic additive methods were used (Nichols 1975). The polster, Tuffy ®, and archaeological soil samples were all processed in a similar manner, except that large samples (up to 5–10 gm) were needed for the latter. The Dead Sea core has been counted at 10-cm intervals to the base (282.5 cm). This wide interval was chosen because of time constraints and because of the lack of obvious changes in the pollen spectra. Counting is also complete for seven Tuffy ® traps (1– 4 from 1977 and 5, 7, and 11 from 1979), the polster sample, and 29 archaeological soil samples. A standard 100 pollen count was chosen for the core and the modern samples, partly because of time constraints. Test counts of material from other areas have shown that small pollen totals from slides that have been carefully mixed to give random pollen distributions are as meaningful statistically as substantially larger totals (Nichols 1975). However, counts for the archaeological samples are variable, and 100 counts were not always achieved due to low pollen densities. A pollen reference collection, based on a literature search, the plant list of Dr. Jack Harlan from his 1977 field work (Harlan 1981: 161, table 4), and the Middle Eastern pollen reference collection of Dr. H. Nichols, INSTAAR, was put together for this project. Pollen preservation was fair to poor in all samples; pollen grains were often torn or collapsed or partially destroyed or very pale. Unknown pollen grains generally

466

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

total less than 5% per sample. The pollen spectrum for the Dead Sea samples is rich in species; almost 50 taxa have been recognized. However, only a few taxa are important and consistent contributors. These include Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family), Artemisia (wormwood, sage), Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family), Cruciiferae (Brassicaceae) (mustard family), Compositae (Asteraceae) (sunflower family), Leguminosae (Fabaceae) (pea family), Ephedra (Mormon tea), and Plantago (plantain). Of particular interest to this study is the distinction between wild grass and cereal pollen. In the literature, there is not unanimous agreement about conditions and reliability of distinguishing between these types (Kohler and Lange 1979). One must consider pore diameter, width and thickness of the annulus, pollen shape, position of the pore, and exine sculpture. Many of these characters are more easily studied with a SEM than a light microscope. In addition, fossil pollen grains are often in poorer shape than the reference materials studied in the literature, and grass pollen grains tend to collapse, especially after acetolysis (Andersen and Bertelsen 1972). However, in general, cereal grains were determined to be > 37 microns in diameter with a (slightly protruding) pore diameter of > 2.7 microns (Kohler and Lange 1979). Wind-pollination is characteristic of the family in general, but many of the domesticated taxa are self-pollinating and/or shed little pollen (Lewis and others 1983). For example, Hordeum vulgare (cultivated barley) and Avena sativa (cultivated oats) are both self-pollinating, shedding little pollen. Triticum (wheat) produces abundant pollen within the floret, but because the plant is largely self-pollinated, little pollen is dispersed. Secale cereale (cultivate rye), however, is cross-pollinated, so the pollen of this taxon is widely dispersed (Heslop-Harrison 1979; Lewis and others 1983). Detailed size studies were not done on the original analyses; however, notes were made on the counting sheets detailing the occurrence of large grass grains in most cases. Measurements were undertaken on all grass pollen grains from the suite of 16 samples analyzed in 1990/1991 (table 15.2:1, 2, 4, 5, 8–13, 15, 16, 18, 20–22). Cerealtype grass grains were those grains measuring > 40 microns with extended pores. Therefore, I consider that assignment of grass grains is stronger and more accurate for this second set of samples. Studies indicate that the largest grains (40–120 microns) generally also have the largest and most extended pores and include Avena, Bromus, (chess), Hordeum, Secale, Sorqhastrum, (Indian grass), Triticum, and Zea (maize). Pollen Data Modern Pollen Rain. Six of the seven Tuffy® traps produced sufficient pollen for analysis; only a few fragmentary pollen grains were recovered in #7 (Numeira). Traps #1, 2, and 4 and the moss polster are characterized by high Gramineae (Poaceae) (ca. 25%), moderate to high Chenopod (30–50%), low Artemisia (< 4%), and high Pinus (pine) (5–9%) values. Cereal-type grass pollen was recovered in trap #4 (3%). A peak percentage of 27% Artemisia is registered in trap #3, Kerak Castle. The pine percentage in this trap was small, 1%; thus this trap does not reflect the substantial numbers of pine trees in the upper reaches of the Wadi Karak around the town. Pine pollinates in the spring, and the low percentage is probably due to overrepresentation (masking) by local, late-flowering taxa. In this case, the large value of wormwood masks out the pine. Traps #5 and #11 and the polster sampled wadi environments. The polster sample records a large value (20%) of fern spores, probably Adiantum (maidenhair). This

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

467

genus is abundantly represented around the springs, but its spores are not transported any distance. Trap #5, from the Wadi Haditha, north of the Lisan, is distinguished by 15% Salix (willow) pollen. Largely insect pollinated, pollen of this taxon is usually not distributed regionally. Trap #11, from the wadi south of the cemetery, registers a large value (47%) of an unknown herb-type pollen grain. Insects were found in the residue from this trap, and the pollen grains probably represent an insectpollinated taxon that would not be well represented in the regional pollen rain. Dead Sea Core. The 282.5-cm core was analyzed at 10-cm intervals, and six samples from Borehole 108 extend the coverage to 425 cm. Six sediment samples were submitted for radiocarbon analysis from four of the Wimpey cores (table 15.1). The results are puzzling. R. Stuckenrath (personal communication, 1980) noted that although the “Modern” date (SI-4571) from 100–105 cm in Borehole 108 may represent bomb C-14 in surficial sediments, this was probably not the case with the “Modern” date (SI-4572) from 590 to 595 cm in Borehole 108A. He suspects possible contamination during coring or handling; however, since these cores were collected by Wimpey, these factors are difficult to evaluate. Stuckenrath also noted an apparent reversal in the ages of SI-4573 and SI-4574. However, these dates may suggest that the cores are not necessarily horizontally equivalent. There does seem to be a remarkable rate of deposition in the cored sites, as much as 100 cm per 1000 yrs. It is difficult to put an age to the Dead Sea sediments analyzed in this study. The dates suggest that the samples discussed here are < 1000–2000 yr. bp; thus, there is no correlation with the Early Bronze Age occupation at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The percentage pollen diagram is illustrated in figure 15.1; only the major pollen taxa are drawn. The Dead Sea pollen spectra are dominated by Chenopodiaceae (28–51%) and Artemisia (6–27~) pollen with lesser amounts of Gramineae (Poaceae) (0–17%), Compositae (Asteraceae)-Tubuliflorae (2–15%), Cruciiferae (Brassicaceae) (2–15%), Ephedra (0–8%), Pinus (0–4%), and Juniperus (juniper) (0–2%) pollen. Only a few trends can be determined in these data. Artemisia percentages increase upcore while Gramineae (Poaceae) percentages decrease slightly. There are only a few occurrences of Juniperus pollen after the 150-cm level in the core, and the Pinus curve becomes slightly more sporadic also. This spectra suggests a dry, disturbed (weedy) environment with extensive areas high in salt content (i.e., the Chenopodiaceae include many halophytic taxa) dominated the area around the Dead Sea basin during the period of record. The small but consistent values for several tree species—Pinus, Juniperus, Alnus (alder), Carpinus (hornbeam), Corylus (hazel), Juglans (walnut)—indicates the long-distance transport of these pollen from highland areas. The trends in the wormwood and grass curves mentioned above may indicate increasingly drier and more disturbed conditions toward the present. Archaeological Soil Samples. Twenty-nine archaeological soil samples have been analyzed to date (table 15.2). In general, pollen densities are low and pollen preservation is poor, with many folded, torn grains. The pollen spectra (fig. 15.2) are dominated by large Gramineae (Poaceae) and moderate to large Chenopodiaceae percentages, with moderate Tubuliflorae percentages; little AP (arboreal pollen) was recovered in these samples. Most of the large Gramineae (Poaceae) percentages represent > 40-micron grass pollen grains, assigned to the cereal category. However, there is a suite of five samples with large percentages of < 40-micron grass pollen (fig. 15.2: ##6, 16, 17, 19, 23). These five samples have several characteristics in common: (l) they

468

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS Table 15.1.

Radiocarbon Dates*, Dead Sea Cores, Jordan

Sample No. BN BN BN BN BN BN

Depth (cm)

108 108A 108A 89 89 11

100–105 590–595 985–990 1200.5–1205.5 1936.5–1941.5 3200–3205

Date

Lab No.

Modern Modern 3165±250 2610±190 9595±335 34,600±800

SI-4571 SI-4572 SI-4573 SI-4574 SI-4575 SI-4576

* Dates are b.p. and are uncalibrated (e.g., 3165±250 = 1215 b.c.) Sample BN 11 was located near the west end of the Lisan Peninsula. BN 89, 108, and 108A were located in the salt pans to the south.

Table 15.2.

Archaeological Soil Samples Used for Pollen Analysis

#

Site

Field

Locus

Bas

Year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Numeira Numeira Numeira Cemetery BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town BD Town

SE 3/1 SE 3/1 NE 4/2 A88L F4 F4 J2 X.3 X.3 XII.1 XII.2 XII.2 XII.4 XII.4 XII.5 XII.5 XII.5 XII.7 XII.7 XIV.4 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1

9 23 26 1 53 95 28 5 74 9 7 21A 8 36 19 38 79 17 22 4 12 13 16

7 33 16

1977 1977 1979 1977 1977 1979 1981 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1981 1977 1977 1981 1977 1981 1977 1977 1977 1979

60 121 89 132 156 35

11 65 63 96 223 52 175 20

123

Sample Description Sub-surface seed sample Occupational surface Sandstone mortar Under vertebrae; reed mat, EBIB = Str. IV Ash with bone, flint, Str. IV Ash mixed with mud-brick debris, Str. IV Ash below wall 11, Str. IV Surface layer, Str. I Under quern used as foundation stone, Str. I Mud-brick pavement, Str. II Bricky debris, ash, Str. II NE balk, living layers, top of locus, Str. III Wood bits in mud detritus fill, Str. II Ashy layer Reed mat impression, Str. IV Under a timber, Str. II Hard, bricky with post holes, Str. III Fire pit fill Bricky surface, Str. IV Fill around stone wall Floor, hard gray with plaster, Str. II Floor, hard gray with plaster, Str. II Mud-brick pavement, Str. II

were all analyzed in the second batch of samples, so the size assignment is accurate; (2) they all contain large percentages of grass pollen in the 30–40 micron size class, apparently of one type; and (3) many of the grass pollen grains occur in clumps. Most pollen grains are released singly from plants, especially in the case of wind-pollinated species. Clumping is generally considered to indicate direct importation of a taxon into

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

469

Figure 15.1. Percentage pollen diagram, Dead Sea core, Jordan.

a site. Thus, the most simple interpretation of these samples is that they represent the use of a wild grass species. Many of the archaeological soil samples were assigned a provenance (table 15.2). Samples have been grouped into major categories to examine trends in the data. Living Areas/Occupational Structures. The following samples have been assigned to this category: #1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22. The pollen spectrum of this group is characterized by low to moderately low Chenopod percentages (generally < 10% but with several values to 30%) and high > 40 micron Gramineae (Poaceae) (30–87%) percentages. The Compositae (Asteraceae) Tubuliflorae group is generally important in this suite of samples, with a site maximum of 56% in XII.2 L21A. Fill. Samples 20 and 13 have been assigned to this category, but there is little consistency among the two samples. Because of the diverse possible locations for fill, this is not unexpected. Other identified samples only fit into a category of one; thus it is not possible to analyze these as groups. Perhaps worthy of special mention is #1, a subsurface seed sample. It is characterized by very low grass values, a site maximum for the Compositae (Asteraceae)-Liguliflorae group (14%), and a diverse herb pollen spectrum. Also important is the pollen spectrum for #8, identified as a surface layer sample. The value of Chenopodiaceae—53%—is comparable both to the Dead Sea core and the modern pollen trap results. The stratigraphic column from Field IV.5 is graphed separately (fig. 15.3). The six pollen samples are dominated by Chenopodiaceae pollen (69–99%); all other taxa record small values. Based on the fieldwork, R. T. Schaub (personal communication) stated that samples #1, 2, and 3 represent late occupation debris because they contained some unstratified cultural materials. Numbers 4–10 are from a continuous sequence of wash layers representing ponding and silt aggradation since site abandonment in 2300 b.c. The trends in the data are not strong. Pinus is more consistently represented in the occupation levels with one large value of 13% in sample #3. Compositae (Asteraceae)-Tubuliflorae type pollen attains 5% and 6% in two of the post-occupation

470

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Figure 15.2. Percentage pollen diagram, Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira archaeological soil samples.

samples, but these values are not unusual compared to either the Dead Sea sediment core or the archaeological soil samples. Thus, the two proposed cultural divisions are not strongly registered in the pollen spectra. Summary Regarding the original goals of this project, it has been determined that there is pollen preserved in the Dead Sea and that a paleoenvironmental history of the basin can be recovered. Unfortunately, the sediments analyzed did not extend far enough back in time to be correlated with the Early Bronze Age occupation of the region. In addition, a preliminary dating program indicated that there are problems with some

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

471

Figure 15.3. Percentage pollen diagram, Field IV.5 stratigraphic column, Bâb edhDhrâº, Jordan.

of the samples, perhaps indicating contamination in the field or the lab. However, these problems may be solved by careful cooperation with a radiocarbon lab. The apparent rapid deposition rate of the Dead Sea sediment would allow very fine sampling across any period of interest. The Dead Sea pollen spectrum suggests an environment not unlike that observed today: a dry, weedy environment with extensive salt areas. But there are also areas of contrast between the fossil and modern data: 1. Pine percentages are substantially lower in the fossil spectrum, although consistently represented, than in the modern samples. 2. Grass values are generally smaller, usually > 10%, in the fossil samples. 3. Wormwood is a consistent and important contributor in the fossil samples; values are generally > 10%. Thus, the modern samples appear to represent a more mesic environment than the fossil samples from the recent past. But the modern sample size is small, the 1977 traps were out for a short time in the summer, and more extensive sampling is needed to test this conclusion. Pollen was also recovered from an archaeological context, although densities are low and pollen preservation is generally poor. Further work should emphasize carefully selected samples because analyses are time-consuming. The archaeological pollen spectra are distinct in that they record significantly larger percentages of grass pollen than any of the other studies. Grass percentages are low in the paleoenvironmental record (admittedly not contemporaneous with the site occupation), in Sample #8, a surface layer sample, and in the Field IV.5 column. The proposed cultural levels in the latter (fig. 15.3) do not resemble most of the other archaeological samples (fig. 15.2). As discussed above, the interpretation of the grass pollen grains in this study is based on size measurements and, to a lesser extent, pore morphology. This is not as accurate a system of classification as detailed SEM studies which the modern taxonomists use. It is also of concern that five of the samples analyzed in the second batch

472

PALYNOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS Table 15.3. BD BD BD BD BD BD

Town Town Town Town Town Town

IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5

#1 #3 #5 #7 #9 #10

Field IV.5 Stratigraphic Column Data 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981

#1 –248.2 meters below sea level (m.b.s.l.) #3 –247.8 m.b.s.l. #5 –247.4 m.b.s.l. #7 –247.0 m.b.s.l #9 –246.6 m.b.s.l. #10 –246.5 m.b.s.l.

contained large percentages of grass grains between 30 and 40 microns, casting some doubt over the admittedly “looser” measurements of the earlier study. However, > 40 micron grass pollen grains were recorded in the later study. Thus, the data presented here suggest a consistent use of both wild and domesticated grass species. Clumping is commonly observed in samples with high percentages of either wild or cereal-type grass grains. This suggests either direct importation into the site or the location of stands immediately next to the site. Considering the large size of the site, the latter does not seem likely. Chenopodiaceae percentages are lower than in the other data sets in the majority of cases (e.g., compare figures 15.1 and 15.2). Large percentages of this taxon are recorded in a few cases (#3 and 7). Very large percentages (69–94%) are also recorded in the Field IV.5 column (fig. 15.3). The interpretation of this family is complex. Besides being halophytes, the various genera and species tend to grow in disturbed places and on waste ground and may be expected to increase in abundance during human occupation of a region. In addition, the members of this family have significant food value. The leaves, young shoots, and seeds of many species are edible (Harrington 1967; Elmore 1976). Values recorded in the Dead Sea core suggest that background percentages of 30–60% are to be expected in the regional pollen rain. Samples containing larger percentages need to be evaluated independently. There are other taxa of possible cultural use identified in this study. Large Compositae (Asteraceae)-Liguliflorae percentages were recorded in #1, a subsurface seed sample, and #9, a sample from under a quern used as a foundation stone. The very large Compositae (Asteraceae)-Tubuliflorae percentage (56%) recorded in #12, living layers, suggests the presence of the plant in that area. A large family, the Compositae (Asteraceae) include many taxa useful to people—as medicines, dyes, and food. A site maximum percentage of 6% Pinus was registered in #23, but may reflect the poor pollen recovery in that sample, rather than use of the plant.

Chipped Stone Tools at Bâb edh-Dhrâº

16 CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Mark A. McConaughy

The systematic collection and analysis of chipped stone tools from historic-period Near Eastern sites was largely ignored until the 1980s. Most studies published prior to this concerning Chalcolithic and later periods’ chipped stone tool assemblages and industries were short and largely concentrated on description of sickle blades and tabular “fan” scrapers (Waechter 1958; Macalister 1912). Several short typologies were produced, most notably by Neuville (1930, 1934a, 1934b, 1934/35), Crowfoot (1935, 1937, 1948a, 1948b), and Crowfoot-Payne (1960). These were far from extensive, however, and collection bias against chipped stone artifacts would have skewed these studies to only those forms most easily recognizable as tools. The early lack of interest in chipped stone tools from historic period sites was a byproduct of the concentration on ceramic and architectural studies. These analyses can be aided and supplemented by data provided by the lithic remains. When examination of the lithics from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠was first undertaken, the lack of a firm typology and chronological controls on various chipped stone tool types were a distinct hindrance. Thus, initial work on the tools recovered during the 1975 and 1977 seasons of the EDSP was directed toward defining formal chipped stone tool types. This study largely defined any unusual form or difference in method of manufacture as a separate tool type resulting in a “splitting” versus a “lumping” typology (McConaughy 1979). The formal names originally applied to the specimens were largely those applied to prehistoric tools of similar form, i.e., sickle blades, scrapers, borers, burins, and others. These names may imply certain functions, but should only be considered in their formal contexts. Continued excavations at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in 1979 and 1981 provided additional chipped stone tools for analysis. The total of 804 tools from the four field seasons are one of the largest assemblages from any Early Bronze Age site in the Near East. The work at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during the late 1970s and early 1980s provided one of the first large samples of chipped stone tools for analysis from an Early Bronze Age site. Since that time, Rosen (1982, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996) has almost single-handedly worked to expand our knowledge about chipped stone tools from the Early Bronze Age and later historic periods. Rosen (1997) summarized all of his work in a watershed publication that provides a typology for lithics during the historic period. A comparison of the typology developed at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠with Rosen’s synthetic work is provided in table 16.1.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

474

Table 16.1.

Comparison of Tool Type Names Used in Various References

McConaughy 1979

McConaughy Revised This Report

Rosen 1997

No Second Tool Form

No Second Tool Form

[No Second Tool Form]

Hammerstone

Hammerstone

O. Hammerstones

Ghassulian Form Fan Scrapers

Tabular Scrapers

F. Tabular Scrapers

Side Denticulate

Denticulate

J.r.b. Flat Denticulates

End Denticulate

Denticulate

J.r.b. Flat Denticulates

Notches/Spokeshaves

Notches/Spokeshave

J.r.b. Flat Notches

Chiseloid

Chiseloid

E.4. Miscellaneous Points (Borers)

Graver/Beaked Denticulate, small var.

Graver

E.i. Awls

Utilized Flake

Utilized Flake

(Not Used, Utilized Flake)

Microtool

Microtool

K. Retouched Flakes and Pieces

Beaked Denticulate, large var.

Borer

E.i. Awls

Graver/Beaked Denticulate, small var.

Graver

E.i. Awls

Side Scraper

Side Scraper

I.2. Sidescraper

End Scraper

End Scraper

I.i.a. Simple Endscrapers

Uniface

Uniface

K. Retouched Flakes and Pieces

Sickle Blades

Sickle Blades

B. Sickle Blades and Segments

Burins

Burins

N.i. Burins

Backed Blade

Backed Blade

C.2.a. Straight Backed Blades

Thumbnail Scraper

End Scraper

K. Retouched Flakes and Pieces

Biface

Biface

M.2. Other Choppers

Utilized Blade

Utilized Blade

C.4. Simple Retouched Blades (or waste)

Flake Core

Flake Core

Flake Cores (waste)

Blade Core

Blade Core

Blade Cores

Serrated Flake

Serrated Flake

J.i.b. Flat Denticulate

Flakes with Sickle Sheen

Flakes with Sickle Sheen

B.5. Other (Sickle Blades and Segments)

Backed Utilized Flake

Backed Utilized Flake

K. Retouched Flakes and Pieces

Steep Edged End Scraper

End Scraper

I.3. Steep Scrapers

Paleolithic Tool

Paleolithic Tool

(Not used—Paleolithic Tool)

Flake

Flake

(Not used—waste flakes)

Trimming Flake

Trimming Flake

(Not used—trimming flake)

Naturally Fractured Pebble

Naturally Fractured Pebble

(Not used—natural pebble)

Pumice

Pumice

(Not used—Pumice)

Grinding Stone

Grinding Stone

(Not used—Grinding Stone)

Basalt

Basalt

(Not used—Basalt)

Awl/Drill

Drill

E.2. Drills

Cobble Bifaces

Choppers

M.i. Cobble Choppers

Rectanguloid Knives

Flake Knives

(Not used—Rectanguloid Knife)

Denticulates not received in U.S.

Denticulates

J.r.b. Flat Denticulates

Scrapers not received in U.S.

Scraper

I. Scraper

Denticulates not received in U.S. ?

Denticulates

J.r.b. Flat Denticulates

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

475

Methodology All chipped stone tools recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were shipped to the United States for analysis after initial sorting and field classification. The debitage flakes were examined and tabulated in the field and a sample was shipped to the United States for further study. Laboratory analysis in the United States included tabulation of all tools and flakes for each locus and lot by form, method of manufacture, method of retouch, and quality and type of raw material. Descriptions of the tool type, manufacturing sequence, and form of retouch were made, utilizing standard archaeology terminology as defined by Crabtree (1972). The analyses conducted on the Early Bronge Age chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were more extensive than any previous studies from historic sites in the Near East. A more detailed description is available in McConaughy (1979). Measurements of maximum length, width, and thickness were made of all retouched tools with a Fowler stainless steel caliper, to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Flake tools were measured along the length (from the proximal to distal end), width (lateral edge to lateral edge), and thickness (dorsal to ventral surface) of the original flake blank. These measurements were taken to determine if there were cultural preferences in blank form when manufacturing specific tool types. For example, if the average width measurement from a particular type was larger than the average length measurement, then the knappers were purposefully selecting or manufacturing flakes that were wider than long for use as blanks. For many tool types the use of a wide or a long flake would not be functionally important. Thus, if the inhabitants were selecting specific flake shapes, it would strictly be a cultural preference. Also, any similarities or differences in the preferred blank forms at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and other Early Bronze Age sites could aid in determining possible cultural relationships. Complete tools were weighed on a variety of Ohaus scales and these measurements were taken to the nearest tenth of a gram. Fragmentary tools were not measured except in such instances where it could be reasonably assumed that the measurements represented the actual maximum for that particular tool. Working edge angles were measured by aligning the edges along an axis of polar coordinate graph paper and estimating the angle to the nearest degree. The tools from the 1975 and 1977 field seasons were microscopically examined for evidence of use wear to determine their actual function. Lithics from the 1979 and 1981 seasons were not microscopically examined due to the author’s lacking appropriate equipment for edge-wear studies after he left the University of Pittsburgh. It was presumed that the lithics recovered in 1979 and 1981 had the same uses as those determined for similar tools from 1975 and 1977. Ten experimental tools were manufactured from the same raw materials as were exploited by the EB II–III inhabitants of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and each was utilized in a different controlled fashion (McConaughy 1979). Wear patterns present on the experimental tools were compared to those recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠to aid in usewear interpretation. Bausch and Lomb 10 x to 30x stereoscopic microscopes were used in this study and the edges of the tools were stained with Gentian Violet to reduce the translucency of the artifact. Each tool was examined at least twice, one at a very low 10x and once at 30x. When a more powerful Bausch and Lomb StereoZoom 7 was available, selected tools were examined at up to 240 x to see if any possible wear patterns had been missed at the lower powers. No new wear patterns were discovered at

476

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

the higher powers that had not been spotted at lower magnification. The only advantage that the more powerful microscope conveyed was that the use-wear patterns were much more noticeable and easily examined. The use-wear patterns discovered could be assigned to five different categories. Attrition flakes, or use-wear flakes, were the most common wear pattern discovered along tool edges. The size and form of these flakes are in part the result of the degree of “hardness” of the material worked (Tringham and others 1974). The second most common use wear was polishing. Polished edges are any rounding or smoothing that occurred along the edges of the specimen. The degree of polishing and its extent permit inferences concerning manufacture, hafting, and use (Semenov 1964; Keeley and Newcomer 1977). Crushing of the edge is another wear pattern and is produced when a great deal of pressure is applied to the tool edge, causing numerous small flakes to be removed. The resultant edge wear appears as a rounded pocket-marked edge. Striations, small scratches along the tool edge, are possibly the best indicator of direction of tool movement and possible use, but also are one of the rarer patterns found on the chert from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. They were usually found only in conjunction with the last wear category, sickle sheen. Sickle sheen is a glossy finish along an edge produced through contact with high silica-content plants (Witthoft 1967). The resultant gloss provides a mirror-like smooth surface in which any small scratch is readily apparent. Use-wear patterns for tools from each formal tool category were tabulated to determine if any consistent pattern was present. When there were no consistent patterns, the tool category was classified as a general purpose tool to reflect the fact that they were used in a variety of ways. Those with more consistent edge-wear patterns were placed in more specialized groupings. The resultant functional classification produced six major use categories (table 16.2). Early Bronze I Chipped Stone Tools The four field seasons at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠between 1975 and 1981 yielded only a small sample of chipped stone tools that date to EB I. Only 26 tools out of 801, or 3.2%, came from fields or loci that are of EB I age. Eight implements were assigned to EB IA levels, while 18 probably belong to EB IB (tables 16.3 and 4). Unfortunately, the sample size is too small to provide meaningful differences between the assemblages of the two subperiods, and they are treated simply as an EB I tool kit. In addition to the above tools, there are 9 utilized flakes and 50 debitage flakes from EB I loci (tables 16.3, 4, 5, 6). Several other chipped stone implements were found in association with EB I ceramics. These loci, however, also produced later forms of EB pottery, and the specimens have not been included in the EB I tool counts. They were included with chipped stone objects that were produced during the period of the latest pottery style found in the mixed loci. The tools were placed into formal typological categories that are described in McConaughy (1979), and one briefly described in McConaughy (1980: 54–55). However, to reiterate, those specimens recovered during the 1979 or 1981 season were not microscopically examined for edge-wear patterns. Inferences pertaining to use of these implements were based on the study of similar tools recovered during the 1975 and 1977 seasons (McConaughy 1979). Sickle blades were the only exception to this because they provided macroscopic evidence (i.e., sickle sheen) of their mode of utilization.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.2.

477

EB II–III Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB II

All-Purpose Tools Denticulates All-Purpose Cutting Tools Utilized Blades Backed Blades Backed Flakes Flake Knives Wood/Bone or Hard Substance Working Tools Grooving Tools Burins Chiseloids Gravers Borers Scraping Tools Notches Unifaces, End and Side Scrapers Cutting Tools Bifaces Fine Working Tools Microtools Flesh-Working Tools Cutting Tools Tabular Scrapers Hide-Working Tools End Scrapers Soft Plant Processing Tools Sickle Blades Serrated Flake Flakes with Sickle Sheen Cobble Bifaces Chipped Stone Tool Manufacturing Tools Hammerstones Flake Cores Blade Cores Totals

EB II–III

EB III

Total

4

18

55

77

3 0 0 0

6 5 3 1

43 25 2 8

52 30 5 9

0 1 1 0

1 3 0 0

2 8 5 5

3 12 6 5

0 1

12 7

32 36

44 44

0

0

3

3

2

1

5

8

2

16

13

31

0

2

6

8

6 0 0 0

14 0 0 0

46 1 1 5

66 1 1 5

0 0 0 20

7 5 0 101

3 33 1 339

10 38 1 460

Early Bronze I Lithics The most easily recognized individual EB I chipped stone tool form is the sickle blade. Four EB I sickle blades were recovered at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and two were classified as Canaanean sickle blades (fig. 16.1a). Canaanean sickle blades have trapezoidal cross sections and a central slake scar or “flute” running the length of the dorsal surface. The proximal and distal ends were snapped off both specimens to facilitate hafting. Neither tool was further retouched. Bitumen occurs along the right lateral edge of the smaller specimen (45.3 x 15.1 x 4. mm—L x W x T, fig. 16.1a) while sickle sheen

478

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

c

b

d

Figure 16.1. Chipped Stone Tools. a. BD 81. Area J2. Locus 12, bucket 99. #1. Sickle blade. b. BD 77. Area H1. Locus 8, bucket 7. #1. Side scraper.

c. BD 77. Area H2. Locus 1, bucket 5. #4. Side scraper. d. BD 77. Area H1. Locus 2. #2. Flake tool.

is found along the opposite edge. The larger specimen (54.0 x 19.6 x 3.6 mm) apparently was heavily utilized since many use flakes were removed from it and sickle sheen occurs along both lateral edges. The presence of sickle sheen on both edges indicates that the implement was reversed in its haft when one edge became too dull for harvesting purposes.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

479

The other two sickle blades have triangular cross sections. One specimen is partially backed along the right lateral edge and measures 48.0 (incomplete) x 21.2 x 6.3 mm. The other was utilized in a largely unmodified state after initial production, and measures 46.4 (incomplete) x 19.1 x 4.3 mm. The proximal end of the backed sickle and both ends of the other tool have been snapped off. These are relatively recent “fresh” breaks, however, and were not intentionally produced by the EB I inhabitants. Thus “incomplete” is written after the length measurements. Sickle sheen occurs only on unserrated lateral edge of each implement. Traces of bitumen are present on the unmodified sickle blade. The vast majority of blade and blade tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were manufactured from triangular cross-sectioned blades made out of local raw material. The two EB I triangular cross-section blades follow this pattern. Both Canaanean blades are made out of a brown chert that may be of local origin, but this cannot be conclusively verified at present. Some of the later Canaanean blades are made out of a tan chert which definitely is of nonlocal origin, while two specimens are made from a local black chert. The former suggests that this blade form represents a trade item while the latter indicates local manufacture. The technology for producing trapezoidal blades apparently developed in southern Anatolia during the Neolithic period (McConaughy 1979: 114–18, 144–56), while these blades are rarely found in Palestine prior to the Early Bronze Age (McConaughy 1979: 131–43, 170–95). Rosen (1982; 1983a; 1997: 107–9) questions those few reported pre–Early Bronze occurrences of Canaanean blades in the Levant. He also indicates that Early Bronze Canaanean blades were produced locally at a few sites in Israel, but the absence of Canaanean blade cores at most sites indicates some form of trade in these items. Rosen feels that the proto-market economic exchange network would best fit the evidence. This model proposes local manufacture of Canaanean blades out of imported raw material at workshops located away from the main town site. This model fits well with data indicating the emergence of state-level societies and the development of city life during the Early Bronze Age. One problem that needs to be addressed through future work concerns the lack of Canaanean blade cores on many sites. This is one of the primary arguments used to support the hypothesis of foreigners producing Canaanean blades for long-distance trade. Recent excavations at Titris Höyük, an Early Bronze Age site in Turkey, lend support to the trade hypothesis (Matney, Algaze and Rosen 1999: 190–93). A lithic workshop that apparently specialized in the production of Canaanean blades was located about 300 m. east of the main city wall. It is the first definite Canaanean blade-production area that has been identified. Nevertheless, it certainly was not large enough to produce all the Canaanean blades found in the Levant. The workshop also does not conclusively prove that blades from Titris Höyük were traded elsewhere. Until Canaanean blades made from the same material as that of the Titris Höyük site have been confirmed at sites in the Levant, any claim of trade remains speculative. Other such lithic production sites must exist and may be present outside main city walls of many Early Bronze Age towns. Another problem is that there are few blade cores of any kind found, or at least reported from Early Bronze Age sites in the Levant. There are only three blade cores recovered from deposits at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and all of these are from post–EB I levels. The large number of triangular cross-section blades made from local cherts at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠certainly suggests that blade cores should be recovered in some quantity,

480

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

but for some reason they have not appeared. The lack of blade cores cannot be attributed to selective recovery from different excavation units at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Numerous (53) flake cores have been found and blade cores would be even more easily recognized and likely to be saved. The paucity of cores for triangular cross-section blades may be due to one or more factors, and these also could be applied to the lack of Canaanean cores. It is possible that the blades were produced by specialists at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and the shops or houses of these specialists have not been located during any of the excavations conducted so far. Another plausible explanation is that the sickles were not produced in the city, but near the fields where they were utilized. Presumably the sickles were made by people involved in agricultural production. However, they may also have been made by lithic specialists in workshops away from the town as found at Titris Höyük. Lending support to this hypothesis was the identification of a possible flint workshop site with many blades and cores in the fields east of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠by Rast and Schaub (1974: 4). Unfortunately, this site was destroyed by bulldozing activity shortly thereafter and was not available for examination when the author was working at the site in 1977 and 1979. The fact that the triangular cross-sectioned blades and some of the later Early Bronze Canaanean specimens were made out of local cherts suggests some form of local manufacture of these tools. Any or all of the preceding possibilities may be correct. Unfortunately, insufficient data exist to determine which is a more-likely explanation for the lack of blade cores at Early Bronze Age sites. There are four examples of utilized blades made from triangular cross-sectioned blades. The three specimens from Field J are all incomplete; two have truncated distal ends (31.0 x 10.9 mm and 20.7 x 8.9 mm, W x T), while the other displays numerous pot lid flakes removed from both ends and a lateral edge (7.5 mm, T). Pot lid flakes are produced by rapid heating of a flake/blade/core causing it to spall. The intense solar heat that occurs in the Dead Sea basin fractured this particular utilized blade. The example from Field H is complete, measuring 69.7 x 32.3 x 7.7 mm. Use flakes occur along the lateral edges of all specimens, indicating employment in a cutting fashion. Sickle sheen is not present, thus they did not function as sickle blades. One backed blade was recovered from Area J during the 1981 season. It measures 49.3 (incomplete) x 16.9 x 5.9 mm and a relatively fresh break indicates that it was truncated after use and not during manufacture. The blade has been retouched along the length of one lateral edge and many use flakes have been removed from the opposite edge indicating its use as a cutting implement. The blade has a triangular cross section, and there are no traces of any hafting cement. Two flake unifaces were recovered from EB I deposits at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(tables 16.3 and 4). One is made out of a brown tabular chert flake and is unifacially retouched toward the dorsal surface along the wide proximal end. The working edge is relatively straight. Its left lateral edge has been truncated; however, it appears to have had a rectanguloid shape. It measures 17.9 x 27.5 (incomplete) x 8.1 mm. The other example came from fill outside of Tomb A 107N. This uniface was made out of a long, ovoid flake produced by the anvil-technique. Multiple bulbs of percussion are present, indicative of anvil-production techniques. It measures 61.5 x 26.4 x 11.1 mm, and was retouched unifacially toward the ventral surface along a 13.6 mm portion of one lateral edge. In spite of the measurements, it is not a true blade. The long axis of the flake deviates 20 degrees from a perpendicular line drawn to the striking

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.3.

EB I Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Tool Type Sickle Blade Canaanean Triangular Utilized Blade Backed Blade Uniface Notch/Spokeshave Side Scraper Microtool Flake Core Denticulate Borer Flake Knives Hammerstone

0 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

2 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 1

2 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1

Totals

8

18

26

Utilized Flake Debitage Flake

2 5

7 45

9 50

Table 16.4. Tool Type Sickle Blade Canaanean Canaanean Triangular Triangular Utilized Blade

Backed Blade Uniface Notch/ Spokeshave Side Scraper Microtool Flake Core Denticulate Borer Flake Knife Hammerstone

EB IA EB IB Totals

Provenience of EB I Chipped Stone Tools Field XIV.3 J2 J2 XIII.2A H1 J2 J2 J2 J1 A.107N F4 H3 F4 A 80 H1 H2 J2 J2 F4c F4 F4c H1 F4 XII.7 J2

Locus # Specimens 228 12 10 95 7 10 19 26 5 3 69 1 69 5 8 1 9 28 102 89 102 2 79 44 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Pottery EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB

IB IB IB IB IB IB IA–IB IA IB IA IB IA IB IA IA IA IB IB IB IB IB IA IB IB IB

Stratum IV IV IV IV V IV V–IV V IV V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV

481

482

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

platform. This demonstrates that it was not produced as a blade that typically has a long axis perpendicular to the striking platform. Edge-wear studies of other unifaces from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggest that they were utilized to scrape hard substances such as wood or possibly bone. Very little can be said concerning the three EB I notches/spokeshaves. Most notch/ spokeshave implements were made from amorphously shaped flakes that had a notch produced by unifacial retouch. The specimen from Area H3 (table 16.4) was not sent to the United States for analysis. It was, however, a flake tool. The second example is not a particularly good one for this tool form. It is made out of an exhausted flake core. The notch in the core may be the result of attempts to remove further flakes, not an attempt to produce a functional tool. This implement measures 49.0 x 43.5 x 30.9 mm and is made from a brown cobble chert. The third specimen was from Tomb A 80 shaft tomb fill and was made on a flake. It measures 40.3 x 11.4 mm (W x T). Wear patterns on other specimens indicate that the notch/spokeshave functioned as a scraping implement utilized to work some sort of hard substance, presumably wood or bone (McConaughy 1979: 315–18). The two side scrapers are completely described in McConaughy (1979: 336–38) and only a brief summary will be provided here. One is made out of a large triangular cross-section blade measuring 91.0 x 49.0 x 14.0 mm and is pear-shaped (fig. 16.1b), while the other is an ovoid flake tool measuring 50.9 x 39.8 x 9.7 mm (fig. 16.1c). Wear patterns on the pear-shaped specimen indicate that it was utilized to scrape hides. The other implement probably was used to scrape a hard substance like wood or bone. Two microtools were received from Area J during the 1981 season at Bâb edhDhrâº. There are very small flake or bladelet tools of a variety of forms. The specimen from Locus 9 was made on a rectanguloid wind-ablated or water-rolled flake measuring 23.7 x 15.6 x 3.7 mm. A 5.3 mm section of the right lateral edge was unifacially retouched toward the dorsal surface producing a notch/spokeshave. Presumably it was used in the same fashion as larger notch/spokeshave tools to scrape wood and/or bone. However, its small size and shape suggest that it was used for much finer work, possibly as a finishing tool of some sort. The other microtool is a small ovoid bladelet measuring 26.0 x 8.8 x 3.0 mm. The large amount of use flakes removed from both lateral edges indicates that it functioned as a cutting tool, much like larger utilized blades. In spite of its small size, it doesn’t appear to have been hafted. There is no trace of bitumen or other kinds of hafting cement, and none of the flake ridges on the dorsal surface show any evidence of haft wear. This implies that it had some sort of special cutting function, again possibly as a finishing tool. The two flake cores were both made out of brown chert cobbles, as is a third core tool that is classified as a notch/spokeshave (see above). The latter tool was used as a flake core prior to the production of the notched area. That implement was a single platform flake core, the platform area being produced by the removal of a transverse flake. The core from Area F4, Locus 89, measures 60.6 x 49.9 x 35.0 mm. It has a single striking platform produced by splitting the cobble in half. Therefore, flakes removed from it would also be classified as having transverse flake-striking platforms. It is unlikely that many usable flakes were produced from this core. Several very jagged step and hinge terminations are present and the flake scars are not very large. The remnant flake scars indicate that the flakes may have shattered as they were removed from the core. The core was discarded shortly after initial production due to the poor quality of the raw material. The remaining flake core measures 36.2 x 29.6 x 35.6 mm. There are two separate striking platforms that are perpendicular to

spread is 12 points long

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

483

one another. Both were produced by removal of transverse flakes. One may have been used to manufacture bladelets while the other only provided amorphously shaped flakes. It was used until it was too small to produce any further serviceable flake blanks. Denticulates are tools that have multiple notches with intervening “teeth.” When the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠lithic analysis was first undertaken, they were divided into end and side denticulates, based on where the retouch was located on the flake. The distinction between end and side denticulates originally was made to see if there existed any differences between the wear, and thus function, of the two categories. It was discovered that both end and side denticulates were used as all-purpose tools and the distinction between them is purely arbitrary. Thus, these two categories were lumped into a single denticulate category. Two denticulates were made on rough, trapezoidally shaped flakes that are broader along the distal end. Two tools are not classic examples of this form since they lack pronounced multiple notches and teeth. One specimen has a large notch removed from the distal end and smaller notches taken out of the adjacent left lateral edge. It measured 41.1 x 48.8 x 17.6 mm and is made out of a highly translucent brown cobble chert. The other tool was more extensively retouched. There are two broad notches in the proximal end produced by the removal of multiple flakes unifacially struck toward the ventral surface. This has produced a somewhat pointed proximal end. It measured 34.2 x 50.1 x 9.3 mm. Both specimens were unifacially retouched toward the dorsal surface. One other flake denticulate, and one more typical of the form, was recovered from EB I deposits at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It measured 74.1 x 40.2 x 12.3 mm (fig. 16.1d). Other denticulates provided evidence that this tool form was utilized in a wide variety of tasks on all kinds of raw material. They were a good all-purpose type of tool. The borer/beaked denticulate, large variety is made out of an amorphously shaped brown chert flake. It has a single pronounced tooth or “beak” formed by extensive unifacial retouch directed toward the distal surface on the dorsal side of the “beak” and toward the ventral surface on the proximal side. The “beak” is a narrow, pointed projection in this instance (other specimens from later loci tend to be much broader) that protrudes approximately 7.0 mm beyond the remnant edge of the flake. The tool measures 32.3 x 38.2 (maximum width occurs across the “beak”) x 12.2 mm. These tools are commonly referred to as borers in the literature. However, those examined for wear patterns at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were not utilized in a twisting/boring fashion. The majority were used more as chisels or burins to groove some sort of hard substance, presumably wood or bone. The single example of a rectanguloid knife was mentioned in McConaughy (1980: 55). This specimen is made out of a large blade-like flake measuring 64.0 x 35.0 x 8.7 mm. The length of this implement was mistakenly not listed as the minimum for this tool form for those specimens recovered during the 1979 field season in McConaughy (1980: 55). The proximal end has been unifacially retouched toward the dorsal surface to produce a “squared-off ” end. Sickle sheen occurred along the right lateral edge while a few flakes were unifacially removed toward the ventral surface from along 8.8 mm of the left lateral edge. It is not extensive enough retouch to consider this flake a backed tool. This was the only rectanguloid knife displaying evidence of use to cut plant remains. Originally (McConaughy 1980: 55) it was thought that the sickle sheen present was more like that found on flakes with sickle sheen (McConaughy 1979: 297–300), indicating use to shred various non-grain crops or wild fibrous

484

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

plants into elements for basketry or matting. Further examination shows that the sickle sheen most resembles the wear found on sickle blades and this tool probably was used as part of a sickle. This makes it one of the widest sickle “blades” found at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Only the Mersin-like sickle blade from later Early Bronze Age contexts (McConaughy 1980: 54) is wider at 35.6 mm. The hammerstone from Area J differs from those found in later Early Bronze Age contexts. It is made from an ovoid limestone cobble that has been pecked at both ends of the long axis of the stone. It measures 67.1 x 51.3 x 47.6 mm. Most of the later Early Bronze hammerstones from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were made from larger chert cobbles that were battered over nearly their entire surface area. It is assumed that the hammerstone was used to manufacture chipped stone tools, although it is possible that the battering occurred while working some other substance. Utilized flakes (tables 16.3 and 5) are amorphously shaped flakes that were used in a largely unmodified state to cut various substances. Numerous use flakes are present along at least one edge of these tools, indicating that they were drawn over some material in a cutting motion. These probably were debitage flakes picked up and used as needed by the EB I inhabitants. Debitage flakes (tables 16.3 and 6) are wastage produced by the manufacture of chipped stone tools. They are not further modified and are not utilized in any fashion. The EB I chipped stone tool forms from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠all carry over into later Early Bronze Age phases at the site. Most also are found at early Chalcolithic period sites (McConaughy 1979: 170–94). However, further comparisons should not be attempted since any differences noted between these tools and those from other sites and/or periods may be due to the small sample size of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB I assemblage. Early Bronze II–III Chipped Stone Tools Excavations conducted at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠from 1975 through 1981 produced 460 chipped stone tools from loci classified by means of pottery remains as either EB II, mixed EB II–III, or EB III (table 16.2). There are other loci that produced EB II and/ or EB III pottery, but these also contained specimens of EB I or EB IV ceramics. The large quantity of chipped stone tools from these loci have not been included with the remains used in this analysis in order to ensure unequivocal subperiod association even though most likely they are EB II–III tools. However, for general information the provenience and subperiod association for all chipped stone tools recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠have been included in the tool descriptions provided in McConaughy (1979: Appendix A). In the discussion that follows the remains will be related internally to the various fields and areas at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This part of the discussion will demonstrate the utility and necessity of collecting chipped stone tools. An external correlation section will then relate the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tools to other areas of the Middle East and will provide data on possible cultural correlations and trade during the Early Bronze Age. Internal Correlations Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EB II–III Lithic Technology The EB II–III chipped stone assemblage from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠consists of 460 tools. The majority are made from brown to gray and/or black cherts. Chert is a name applied to items usually called “flints” in the Near East. However, chert is the correct

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.5.

Provenience of Utilized Flakes

Field

Locus

No. of Specimens

F4 F4 G1 H2 J2 J2 J2 XII.7 Total

52 69

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 9

1 9 10 30 44

Table 16.6.

Pottery EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB

IB IB IB IA IB IB IA–IB IB

Stratum IV IV IV V IV IV V–IV IV

Provenience of Debitage Flakes

Field

Locus

No. of Specimens

F4 F4 F4 G1 H1 H1 H2 J2 J2 J2 XII.7 Total

69 79 89

3 3 1 30 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 50

2 7 1 9 22 29 16

485

Pottery EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB EB

IB IB IB IB IA IA IB IB IB IA–IB IB

Stratum IV IV IV IV V V V IV IV V–IV IV

geological term for the rock, while flint is more appropriately applied to a worked piece of chert (Donahue, personal communication). Most of these cherts can be obtained in cobble form from the Wadi Kerak alluvial fan in the immediate vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. They were ultimately obtained from Cretaceous units in the uplands east of the site (Donahue, personal communication). Cobbles of a water-rounded dark brown chert with sections of whitish cortex have been recovered from the fan. These appear to be the same chert that was utilized in the manufacture of tabular scrapers and indicates that there must be a tabular chert outcrop somewhere up Wadi Kerak east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Canaanean blades are a blade form that has a trapezoidal cross section. These are well made blades that characteristically have parallel sides and a central “flute.” If a striking platform is present, it is multifaceted. Most of the Canaanean blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were manufactured from a tan-colored, fine-grained chert (fig. 16.2). A survey conducted to determine the types of lithic raw materials available around the site failed to locate any samples of this chert in the vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. This suggests either that the chert or the manufactured Canaanean blades were imported.

486

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

b

e

f

c

g

d

h

Figure 16.2. Canaanean Sickle Blades a. BD 75. Field XIII.1. Locus 5, bucket 22. #435. b. BD 79. Field XVII.1. Locus 48, bucket 121. Reg. No. 2313. c. BD 81. Field XVII. 1. Locus 159, bucket 287. #1. d. BD 81. Field IV.3. Locus 27, bucket 63. #1.

e. BD 81. Field XIII.2A. Locus 90, bucket 22. f. BD 81. Field XVII.1. Locus 114, bucket 188. #1. g. BD 79. Field XII.10. Locus 5, bucket 43. Reg. No. 1972. h. BD 77. Field X.2. Locus 8, bucket 39. #1.

Rosen (1983a; 1997: 106–9; Matney, Algaze, and Rosen 1999: 190–93; also, see the EB I lithic section of this paper) discusses the origins and distribution of Canaanean blades. Rosen indicates Canaanean blades were the most common sickle blade form on sites located west and north of the Dead Sea and Jordan Valley. The distribution of Canaanean sickle blades also extended south into the northern Negev. Canaanean blades from this region were manufactured from a fine-grained, brown Eocene chert similar to that used to make the majority of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Canaanean blades. When compared to Early Bronze Age sites to the west, Bâb edh-Dhr⺠differs in having triangular cross-section sickle blades as the most common form. The triangular crosssectioned blades were manufactured from cherts found in the vicinity of Bâb edhDhrâº. Conversely, Canaanean blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were a distinct minority type; they were apparently made from non-local cherts, and no Canaanean blade cores were found at the site. These data all suggest that the Canaanean blades recovered at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were obtained as trade items from Early Bronze Age sites located west or north of the Dead Sea and Jordan Valley. Table 16.7 lists the frequency of flake, blade, and core tools for the EB II–III assemblage and the total tool assemblage from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Due to the fragmentary nature of some tools or extensive retouch, the original blank form of certain tools could not be determined and they are not included in tabulations for these character-

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.7.

487

Comparison of EB II–III vs. EB I–IV Chipped Stone Tool Form

Period

Flake

Blade

Core

Totals

EB II–III EB II–III

191 47.5%

153

58

402

38.0%

14.4%

99.9%

EB I–IV

382

272

96

750

EB I–IV

50.9%

36.3%

12.8%

100.0%

istics. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠chipped stone tool kit is primarily a flake tool assemblage since the majority of EB II–III and EB I–IV tools were made from flakes. This fact demonstrates the skewed view of Early Bronze Age lithics that was presented in the early literature, since those reports only describe the presence of various blade tools (Waechter 1958; Macalister 1912). Most flake tool forms from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were ad hoc tools. They were made as they were needed and discarded after use. Most flake tool types were described in the EB I section above and will not be repeated here. Also, more complete descriptions are presented in McConaughy (1979: Appendix A). A majority of the denticulates (fig. 16.3), the most common tool form overall, and most of the wood/bone working tools (table 16.2) were ad hoc flake tools. When these implements were needed, a nearby chert cobble was picked up and then split in half. This produced a core with a transverse flake striking platform. Several flake blanks were removed from the core by direct percussion, using another chert cobble as a hammerstone. A few flakes were then detached from an edge of one of the flake blanks by direct percussion to produce the finished tool. This whole sequence of events could be accomplished in a couple of minutes. The ease of production and access to raw material precluded any need to make these tools in quantity for storage prior to use. The lack of extensive resharpening of denticulates and most of the wood/bone working forms indicates that they were rarely curated after manufacture and saved for future need. The majority of flake tools were unifacially retouched. Bifaces of any form are rare at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. At least one flake tool form was curated. The tabular scraper, also referred to as “fan scraper” because of a popular shape of some of these specimens, was an important tool that was saved and reutilized (figs. 16.4–8). Much more effort was expended in tabular scraper production than for the other flake tool forms. Tabular chert could not be obtained in the immediate vicinity of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. A special expedition would have to go up Wadi Kerak to obtain the chert. It also is possible that some of the raw material was obtained through trade (Rosen 1983b; 1983c; 1997: 108–9) since the actual source for the tabular chert cobbles recovered from the Wadi Kerak alluvial fan has not been discovered. It is probable that tabular chert cores were produced near the outcrop as were blanks for the tabular scrapers. This would reduce the amount of material that ultimately would have to be transported back to the site and explain the lack of tabular chert cores at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The lack of cores does not hinder interpretation of the manufacturing trajectory of tabular scrapers, since the final tool retains most of the important information. Tabular scrapers usually retain large portions of the striking platform, which is nearly always multifaceted. Several parallel flakes were removed from either the dorsal or

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

488

a

b

d

c

e

g

h

f

i

j

Figure 16.3. Denticulates a. b. c. d. e.

BD BD BD BD BD

77. 79. 75. 77. 79.

Field Field Field Field Field

XII.10. Locus 1, bucket 1. #22. XVII.1. Locus 29, bucket 34. #1. X.4. Locus 4, bucket 4. #193. XIII.2. Locus 29, bucket 51. #1. XVII.1. Locus 25, bucket 34. #3.

f. g. h. i. j.

BD BD BD BD BD

75. 79. 75. 75. 70.

Field X.3. Locus 7, bucket 1. #201. field XIX.2. Locus 14, bucket 13. #23. Field X.3. Locus 40, bucket 42. #254. Field IX.5. Locus 2, bucket 4. #341. Field XVI.2. Locus 2, bucket 9. #3.

ventral cortical surface of the tabular core. The specially prepared striking platform was relatively broad since the core ultimately was taken in hand and struck against a stationary, “anvil” stone. A large, wide flake with a very pronounced bulb of percussion was the usual result of this anvil or block-on-block technique of flake manufacture. The next two steps in the sequence could easily be reversed since it is not possible to determine which has priority. The flake blank was finely trimmed, usually by well-controlled direct percussion retouch. On rare occasions pressure flaking was

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

489

b

Figure 16.4. Tabular Scrapers a. BD 79. Field XIV.3. Locus 3, bucket 7. #1. Reg. No. 1964. b. BD 79. Field XVII.1. Locus 73, bucket 132. #1. Reg. No. 2421.

a

b

Figure 16.5. Tabular Scrapers a. BD 7. Area F4. Locus 32, bucket 35. #1. b. BD 79. Field XIV.3. Locus 24, bucket 87. Reg. No. 1978.

the retouch technique employed. The cortical surface usually was trimmed by some form of chisel-like tool (chiseloids or borers) and the remaining cortex was ground smooth. The tool may have been used as is or a symbol may have been incised into the smoothed cortical surface with a sharply pointed tool, possibly a chiseloid or graver. Incised fragments of tabular scrapers from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠have intersecting lines that form the corner of a rectanguloid design (McConaughy 1980: 53, fig. 24) and a pointed (star?) motif. One specimen also displays several radiating lines that may originate from a common point (sun, star burst; fig. 16.8c), while another has several non-intersecting lines in no apparent pattern (fig. 16.8b). Unfortunately, all of the incised tabular scrapers form Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are either incomplete or reworked. The

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

490

a

b

Figure 16.6. Tabular Scrapers a. BD 77. Field XI.1. Locus 7, bucket 40. #1. b. BD 77. Area F4. Locus 6, bucket 7. #1. c. BD 79. Field XIII.2A. Locus 50, bucket 71. #1.

a

c

b

Figure 16.7. Tabular Scrapers a. BD 75. Field XII.2. Locus 3, bucket 3. Reg. No. 019. b. BD 79. Field XII.10. Locus 10, bucket 29. Reg. No. 1968.

reworked examples were retouched in such a fashion that the design was partially obliterated (fig. 16.8a). This clearly demonstrates reuse and curation of the tool form. It also seems to indicate that removal or modification of incised symbols did not detract from their use as tools. However, this does not mean that no religious importance was associated with tabular scrapers. The ritual significance of tabular scrapers will be further examined in the functional and distributional descriptions below.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

491

b

c

d

Figure 16.8. Incised Tabular Scrapers a. BD BD b. BD c. BD d. BD

79 (above join line). Field XII.10. Locus 6, bucket 15. Reg. No. 1966. 79 (below join line). Field XII.10. Locus 1, bucket 25. Reg. No. 1967. 79. Field XIII.2A. Locus 63, bucket 88. Reg. No. 2422. 79. Field XIII.2A. Locus 51, bucket 72. 79. Field XIII.2A. Locus 51, bucket 72.

Tabular scrapers may also have been trade items. No tabular chert cores were found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠suggesting an origin at another location. Rosen (1983b; 1997: 108–9) clearly believes that tabular scrapers were trade items. He indicates that no tabular chert cores have been recovered from sites located north of the western Negev. He notes that tabular chert quarry sites have been found in the Sinai and

492

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Negev. Rosen also plotted the distribution of finished tabular scrapers recovered from Early Bronze Age sites, including Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and found that they geometrically decrease in frequency with distance from the western Negev. These data imply some type of exchange system was used to obtain tabular scrapers, possibly centering on the Sinai and western Negev as their point of origin. However, it should be noted that a few small water-rolled tabular chert cobbles were recovered from Wadi Kerak lag deposits suggesting that a possible nearby source for tabular chert may be present upstream in the mountains east of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Blade tools are the second-largest general category of chipped stone implements recovered. EB II–III blade blank forms can be divided into three distinct sub-types: triangular (e.g., fig. 16.9a, c, d, e, f and fig. 16.10), Canaanean (e.g., fig. 16.2), and Mersin-like (e.g., fig. 16.9b). The triangular form usually is triangular in cross section prior to being retouched. A rare trapezoidal cross section specimen was apparently made by accident while manufacturing triangular cross section blades. The trapezoidal cross-section, “triangular” specimens are relatively crude, particularly when compared to the well-made, parallel-sided Canaanean blades that always have trapezoidal cross sections. They are also made from local chert, whereas the Canaanean blades appear to be made from non-local cherts. The Mersin-like examples are very large blades with an overall shape of a long isosceles triangle, and they also have a trapezoidal cross section. However, the central “flute” of the Mersin-like form does not extend the entire length of the blade as it does with Canaanean blades. Triangular cross-section blades are the most common form at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, accounting for 139 of the 153 EB II–III, and 245 of the 272 total blade tools. These blades were all made from locally available chert. Striking platforms usually are flat and they have a triangular shape. Very few triangular blade cores have been recovered, and only one can be assigned to the EB II–III phases. This specimen was a cobble that had been split in half by a transverse flake. Little further trimming of triangular blade cores is evident either on the EB II–III core or the remaining blades. Most triangular blades were detached from the cores by the indirect percussion, hardhammer technique. This would necessitate the use of a punch or billet and a hammerstone to detach the blades. A few specimens were produced by the direct percussion hard-hammer technique. These implements may have the typical triangular-shaped striking platform, but the long axis of the blade forms an acute angle with the plane of the striking platform. The punch technique produces specimens with their long axis perpendicular to the plane of the striking platform. Retouch of the triangular blade specimens depends largely on the intended function and/or hafting form. Many working edges were not further retouched, but were used as is. Some sickle blade working edges were serrated by pressure flaking. Serration differs from denticulate edges in that the “teeth” are smaller, finer, and more uniform in shape (e.g., fig. 16.9d). A few blades were retouched by the direct percussion hard-hammer method and made into denticulates or uniface, end and side scrapers. These latter specimens were rare, probably because it was more cost efficient to use flake blanks for these forms and save the better-made blades for curated tool types. Some edges of the blade tools were retouched by direct percussion with a hard hammer to produce backed blades and back and/or trimmed sickles (figs. 16.9c, 10a, b, 11). Usually the retouch was unifacially directed from either the dorsal or ventral surface. Occasionally the retouch was bidirectional from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces (e.g., figs. 16.10a, b, c). I have called this bidirectional and not bifacial because the

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

b

d

e

493

c

f

Figure 16.9. Sickle Blades a. BD 77. Field X.7. Locus 1, bucket 16. #78. b. BD 79. Field XIII.2. Locus 2, bucket 5. #1. c. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 34, bucket 36. #68.

d. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 36, bucket 38. #75. e. BD 77. Field XIV.4. Locus 9, bucket 22. #1. f. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 58, bucket 73. Reg. No. 070.

retouch produced a flat instead of a biconvex edge. The trimming may have been conducted so that the tools would seat better in their hafts. Many of the sickles and some of the backed blades have evidence of bitumen along their non-working edges indicating that they were hafted. Some of the tools also may have been backed to blunt an edge for hand-held use. Canaanean blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠consist solely of blade sections and there are no examples displaying striking platforms. The 12 EB II–III specimens from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠all have the characteristic trapezoidal cross section and long parallel edges

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

494

a

b

d

e

c

f

g

Figure 16.10. Sickle Blades a. b. c. d.

BD BD BD BD

79. Field XIV.3. Locus 2, bucket 5. 75. Field X.3. Locus 41, bucket 43. #376. 75. Field X.3. Locus 57, bucket 71. Reg. No. 058. 79. Field XIV.6. Locus 15, bucket 25. #5.

e. BD 77. Area F4. Locus 6, bucket 7. #2. f. BD 79. Field XVII.2. Locus 2, bucket 7. #1. g. BD 77. Area H1. Locus 2, bucket 2. #1.

of the Canaanean form (fig. 16.2). Hennessy (1967: 43) describes complete Canaanean blades and indicates that they characteristically have faceted striking platforms with pronounced bulbs of percussion. These data suggest that the Canaanean blade form was produced by some type of punch technique, probably indirect percussion hardhammer. The use of a faceted platform was a technique employed to produce uniform striking platforms and to keep the punch from slipping off the core when pressure was applied. The Mersin-like blades (fig. 16.9b) may have been accidentally produced during the production of the local triangular cross-section blade form. However, they are unusual and, until more data are available, will be kept in a separate category. Only three Mersin-like blades were recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and only one of these can unequivocally be assigned to the EB II–III phases. Two specimens had striking platforms produced by the removal of a transverse flake. The EB II–III tool had a faceted striking platform. These implements were manufactured by the indirect percussion, hard-hammer method. These large blades resemble forms recovered from Mersin, Turkey (Garstang 1953: 157). Unfortunately, the resemblances may only be fortuitous due to the small sample available for comparison from Bâb edh-Dhrâº.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

495

Bâb edh-Dhr⺠core tools were divided into three tool types: hammerstones, cores, and cobble bifaces. Hammerstones were usually made from chert cobbles that were battered around their circumference from use. They tended to be spherical in shape. Cores were the discarded remains from either flake or blade production. Flake cores were fairly numerous. They were chert cobbles that were split in half prior to the removal of flake blanks. This produced a striking platform characterized as a transverse flake type. When the removal of flakes from one platform became difficult and there was sufficient raw material left, the cobble was turned and some of the old flake scars acted as new striking platforms. This produced a multiple platform core form. Blade cores were rare; only two good examples were recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and only one is EB II–III. The blade cores were used to produce triangular cross section form blades. They display several parallel flake scars removed from a transverse flake-striking platform typical of the triangular blades. Cobble bifaces were made by bifacially removing flakes by direct percussion hard-hammer along a longer side of the cobble. This produced a relatively sharp, sinuous edge. The technologies employed in the production of various Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tool types were diverse. The direct percussion hard-hammer technique was used to produce a majority of the flake tools, and was the primary retouch method. Indirect percussion hard-hammer accounts for the manufacture of most of the blade tools. This is a more specialized technique employing the use of a punch. Also, if tabular scrapers were manufactured at or near Bâb edh-Dhr⺠instead of being trade items (see above), then the anvil or block-on-block method was utilized to produce tabular chert blanks. The lithic technology used by the inhabitants of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠displays some sophistication in manufacture of the curated tool forms, but the simplest method was used in production of ad hoc types. EB II–III Functional Tool Kits Six functional tool kits were defined, based on edge-wear studies of the artifacts. These categories are listed with the associated EB II–III tools in table 16.2. They have been listed and will be examined from more generalized to specialized functions. All-Purpose Tools The all-purpose tool category consisted of one tool type, the denticulates (table 16.2; fig. 16.3). This was the most numerous individual tool form. Edge-wear studies indicated no single, or even prevalent, pattern of use. Specimens were recovered that were used to cut wood or bone, to cut flesh, to scrape wood or bone, to scrape or work hides, and to whittle wood or bone. Undoubtedly, denticulates were common because of their ability to be used in a wide variety of tasks, and the fact that they could be manufactured quickly. They were ad hoc tools. All-Purpose Cutting Tools Most tool types assigned to the all-purpose cutting tool category (table 16.2) probably were curated tools. Utilized flakes also could be included in this tool kit. However, they have not been tabulated with the rest of the tools since they were not retouched or intentionally modified. Utilized flakes only display use-wear flakes along an edge or edges, and are ad hoc tools. Backed blades (fig. 16.11) and backed utilized

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

496

a

c

b

d

e

Figure 16.11. Backed Blades a. BD 79. Field XIX.2. Locus 14, bucket 13. Reg. No. 2007. b. BD 75. Field IX.5. Locus 37, bucket 20. #264.

c. BD 77. Field IX.5. Locus 2, bucket 7. #107. d. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 55, bucket 59. #1. e. BD 79. Field XVII.2. Locus 2, bucket 4. #5.

flakes were intentionally blunted along a lateral edge. They were shaped to fit into hafts or for hand-held use without causing injury. Traces of bitumen were noted on some of these tools indicating that these specimens definitely were hafted. However, the presence of bitumen along the edges of these tools is not as common as is found on the sickle blades. It is possible that only a few were hafted while the rest were handheld. Certainly the hafted specimens were curated tools while the rest may or may not have been saved for extended use. Utilized blades (fig. 16.12), blades used in an unmodified state, were also included in this category. They only displayed use-wear nibbling along their edges.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

b

d

497

c

e

f

g

Figure 16.12. Utilized Blades a. BD 77. Field X.3. Locus 68, bucket 134. #6. b. BD 77. Field XIV.4. Locus 9, bucket 17. #5. c. BD 79. Field XII.7. Locus 42, bucket 116. Reg. No. 2182.

d. e. f. g.

BD BD BD BD

79. 77. 77. 79.

Field Field Field Field

XIV.3. Locus 29, bucket 66. #1. X.3. Locus 60, bucket 134. #4. X.2. Locus 8, bucket 37. #8. XIV.4. Locus 42, bucket 94. #1.

Wood/Bone or Hard Substance Working Tools A large quantity of chipped stone utensils were assigned to the wood/bone/hard substance working tool kit (table 16.2). This category was further subdivided into grooving, scraping, cutting and fine-working implements. The pointed tools-burins (fig. 16.13a, b), chiseloids (fig. 16.13c, d, e), gravers (fig. 16.14a, b, c), and borers (fig. 16.14 d, e, f) were all tools used to groove hard substances. An inlaid wooden beam was found in the Field XII sanctuary (see chapter 10), and these types of tools probably were used to make it. It should be stressed that “borers” were really grooving tools, at least at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and definitely were not used in a twisting, boring fashion. Notches (fig. 16.15), unifaces, and end and side scrapers (cf. fig. 16.1b, c) were wood or bone scraping tools. They probably were used to produce bone and wooden hafts and handles for other implements. Bifaces were cutting implements used to slice through harder substances. Microtools (fig. 16.16) were very small specimens of some of the other forms of wood/bone/hard substance tool types. Their diminutive size suggests that they were used for very fine work or as finishing tools.

498

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

b

d

c

e

Figure 16.13. Burins and Chiseloids a. BD 75. Field XII.6. Locus 4, bucket 11. #226 b. BD 77. Field IX.6. Locus 2, bucket 3. #383 c. BD 77. Field XIII.2. Locus 29, bucket 45. #2

d. BD 77. ATT 9. Locus 2, bucket 2. #1 e. BD 77. Field XIV.6. Locus 39, bucket 99.

Flesh-Working Tools Chipped stone tools utilized solely to process flesh composed a less numerous category from all the rest (table 16.2). This category is augmented by some specimens of the all-purpose tool forms, which probably were not as rare as their relatively small number indicates. This is an interesting category since it includes the tabular scraper tool form (figs. 16.4–8). Tabular scrapers were unifacially retouched and, as a formal tool type, were scrapers. However, edge-wear analysis demonstrated that they were used in a back-and-forth cutting fashion with the edge perpendicular to the flesh

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 16.14. Gravers and Borers a. BD 75. Field IX.5. Locus 2, bucket 4. #338. b. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 57, bucket 91. #135. c. BD 75. Field IX.5. Locus 38, bucket 21. #252.

a

d. BD 75. Field XII.6. Locus 1, bucket 2. #215. e. BD 75. Field IX. 2. Locus 2, bucket 3. #49. f. BD 75. Field IX.3. Locus 2, bucket 2. #268.

b

c

d

Figure 16.15. Notches a. BD 79. Field XIX.2. Locus 13, bucket 24. #1. b. BD 77. Area F4. Locus 6, bucket 7. #7.

a

b

c

c. BD 77. Field X.3. Locus 33, bucket 102. #8. d. BD 77. Field XIV.4. Locus 9, bucket 13. #7.

d

e

Figure 16.16. Microtools a. BD 75. Field IX.6. Locus 2, bucket 3. #398. b. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus not recorded, bucket 16. #207.

c. BD 75. Field IX.5. Locus 2, bucket 5. #297. d. BD 75. Field IX.5. Locus 2, bucket 4. #2. e. BD 75. Field X.3. Locus 37, bucket 107. #1.

spread one line long

499

500

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

being processed. They were among the best-made tools in the assemblage and a great deal of effort was expended in their manufacture. Incised designs were occasionally made in the smoothed cortical surface, and they were the only decorated chipped stone tool form noted from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. They were curated tools as evidenced by resharpening and reuse of the working edges. Their distribution, which will be examined in greater detail below, indicated a possible ritual or ceremonial function. Some of the specimens probably were used as sacrificial knives. However, other examples were recovered from less important contexts, suggesting they were not utilized solely for religious purposes. The other flesh-working tool type was used in processing hides. Steep edge end scrapers have rounded and smoothed working edges indicative of hide scraping. Soft Plant-Processing Tools Soft plant-processing tools were some of the easiest tools to identify, even without microscopic edge-wear analysis, since most have a diagnostic polish or “sickle sheen.” Sickle blades were the most prominent tool type associated with this category and the second most common form overall (table 16.2; figs. 16.2, 16.9, 16.10). In spite of their prominence, they only account for a minority of all chipped stone tools. Certainly the role played by sickle blades in Early Bronze Age society belies any notion that they were an unimportant minority. These were the implements utilized to harvest crops that formed the subsistence base of the society. The one serrated flake included in this category displayed no use wear. However, the only other tool forms that were serrated at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were sickle blades. Perhaps this flake was going to be hafted and used as part of a sickle. Most of the other tools categorized as soft plant-processing tools (table 16.2) were not utilized to harvest crops. Cobble bifaces probably were utilized to shred plant fibers, perhaps for use in making cordage, mats, or basketry. Plant fibers were discovered still adhering to the edges of these tools. Flakes with sickle sheen displayed a less intense gloss than found on sickle blades, and the gloss is often confined to a small section of an edge. These tools probably were used to process plants other than cereal crops since various succulent plants also contain opaline phytoliths that produce sickle sheen (Shafer and Holloway 1977; McConaughy 1978). These tools also may have been used in the production of cordage and elements for mats and baskets. Chipped Stone Tool-Manufacturing Tools The final category or tool kit consists of the remains from the production of the other chipped stone tools. Chipped stone manufacturing debris includes the hammerstones used to remove flakes, flake cores, blade cores, and debitage flakes. Debitage flakes are waste flakes that were not utilized in any fashion and have not been tabulated or included in table 16.2. Distribution of Chipped Stone Tools at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠There are 460 chipped stone tools from EB II–III loci at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Unfortunately, few loci produced sufficient quantities of tools to permit delineation of different functional activity areas in each field. Therefore, tool distribution and determination of activities conducted will be examined by excavated field. Another problem

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.8.

Fields

Denticulates

X XII XIII XIV XVII XIX

5 5 4 13 13 19

501

Chi-Square Contingency Table for EB II–III Tools by Field Notches/ Pointed Scrapers/ Tools* Unifaces 8 8 10 13 7 10

3 5 0 13 13 9

Chi-Square Value for this contingency table Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

Sickle Blades

Backed & Utilized Blades

Tabular Scrapers

6 4 3 15 13 18

12 7 2 26 11 10

0 7 12 2 4 2

Flake & Blade Cores 3 6 3 12 4 4

Misc. Other Tools 1 6 3 9 6 8

= 90.553 = 35 < 0.0001

*Pointed Tools include Gravers, Borers and Chiseloids.

is that the remains from these fields came from loci that clearly were temporally separated. They were not the tool kit of any one family or individual. Also, the sample size from some fields still is not adequate for statistical treatment, even when lithics from all the loci are combined for analysis. Fortunately, six fields produced sufficient grouped data for quantitative analysis. It is believed this type of study is valid because of the following reasons: First, the architectural and ceramic remains indicated that the form of occupation did not change through time in each of these fields. Second, the time represented by the different loci, i.e., the EB II–III subperiod, was of short enough duration that no major change occurred in the chipped stone tool types manufactured. Thus, these tools adequately represented the activities conducted at each field regardless of the occupation and can be treated as one assemblage. Also, any differences in the tool types between fields demonstrates real differences in activities conducted in those areas. Only Fields X, XII, XIII, XIV, XVII, and XIX produced adequate data for comparative analysis. The smallest sample is 37 tools from Field XIII and the most is 103 from Field XIV. These six fields account for 377 or 81.9% of the 460 EB II–III chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(table 16.8). Chi-square contingency tables were produced to compare distributional patterns across fields. The chipped stone tool types were grouped into eight categories: denticulates, notches and pointed tools, (end and side) scrapers/unifaces, sickle blades, backed and utilized blades, tabular scrapers, flake and blade cores, and miscellaneous other tools (table 16.8). It was necessary to group certain tool types to produce valid chi-square results. Merged categories were from the same functional tool kit. This should minimize any errors in interpretation of the functional activities by field. Comparison of the tool distributions among all six fields was made to test the hypothesis that chipped stone tools were randomly distributed across the site. The chi-square value obtained was 90.553 (p < 0.0001; table 16.8), and the hypothesis was rejected. The chipped stone tools have a patterned distribution.

502

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Chi-square contingency tables consisting of various subsets of the remains used in the preceding analysis were made to determine what specific tool types and/or fields, if any, could account for the patterned distribution. The various assumptions made and the hypotheses that were tested by these chi-square analyses are as follows: Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX were interpreted from architectural and ceramic remains as habitational areas for the general population. Conversely, several temples or shrines were built in Field XII during the the EB II and III periods. Field XIII was the western gateway to the city. Based on these data it was believed that comparisons of Fields X, XIV, XVII and XIX would produce results indicating similar lithic distributions. Also, Fields XII and XIII would display different distributions from the habitational fields. These differences should account for the patterned tool distribution. It was assumed that the population had to conduct a variety of tasks involving their own subsistence and household maintenance. A wide variety of chipped stone tool forms was needed to carry out these activities, and there should have been a relatively random discard pattern of tool types in the habitational fields. Conversely, the temple area involved a much narrower range of activities specifically related to religious and/or political activities. Only certain specialized forms of lithics would have been used in this area. Thus, Field XII should display a non-random discard pattern representing only a few tool forms. It was also assumed that only a limited range of activities would be conducted at the gateway since it primarily functioned as a means of access to the city. Activities that probably took place there would have included guards keeping undesirables from entering the city and examination of traveling merchants and pilgrims. In any case, it is unlikely that a wide range of subsistence and maintenance activities were conducted at the city gate. A non-random lithic discard pattern would be expected in Field XIII. To test the preceding hypotheses, contingency tables were produced and comparisons made with various fields and/or tool categories eliminated. When the chi-square values were low enough to suggest a chance or random pattern of the remaining values, it was assumed that the eliminated categories or fields accounted for some or most of the patterning in the distributions. There was one instance where the elimination of a field produced an expected frequency for a chi-square cell below 2.0 with more that 20% of the cells having expected frequencies less than 5 and, thus, an invalid test (Thomas 1976: 298). To remedy this situation, the tools were combined into seven categories: denticulates, notches/pointed tools, (end and side) scrapers/unifaces, sickle blades, backed and utilized blades, flake and blade cores, and tabular scrapers were combined with the miscellaneous category (table 16.9). Comparing the six fields for a random distribution of tools based on these groupings still produces a strong probability, p < 0.001, that the distribution is patterned (table 16.9). When the tool data from only Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX were compared, a chisquare value of 24.498 was obtained (table 16.9). The probability that this distribution could occur by chance is 0.1423. This means that a hypothesis of a random tool distribution cannot be refuted and these four fields cannot be distinguished from one another on the basis of chipped stone tool remains. When the lithic data from Field XII were compared to all four habitation fields a chi-square value of 37.201 was obtained. The hypothesis that a random tool distribution accounted for this can be rejected at the < 0.05 level (table 16.9). Thus, the pattern of chipped stone tool types from Field XII is different from those of X, XIV, XVII, and XIX. Similarily, when Field XIII is compared to Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX, the hypothesis of a random tool distribution can

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº Table 16.9.

Modified Chi-Square Contingency Table for EB II–III Tools by Field

Fields Denticulates X XII XIII XIV XVII XIX

5 5 4 13 13 19

503

Notched/ Pointed Tools*

Scrapers/ Unifaces

Sickle Blades

Backed & Utilized Blades

8 8 10 13 7 10

3 5 0 13 13 9

6 4 3 15 13 18

12 7 2 26 11 10

Tabular Flake & Scrapers & Blade Cores Misc. Tools 3 6 3 12 4 4

1 13 15 11 10 10

*Pointed Tools include Gravers, Borers and Chiseloids. Chi-Square Value for this contingency table Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

= 66.589 = 30 < 0.001

A non-random distribution of stone tools from Fields X, XII, XIII, XIV, XVII and XIX is indicated by these results.

Chi-Square Value excluding XII and XIII Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

= 24.498 = 18 = 0.1423

Results indicate that Fields X, XIV, XVII and XIX stone tool distribution are not significantly different.

Chi-Square Value excluding Field XIII Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

= 37.201 = 24 = 0.0442

Results indicate that stone tool distribution from Field XII is significantly different from X, XIV, XVII and XIX at a < 0.05 level.

Chi-Square Value excluding Field XII Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

= 59.617 = 24 < 0.001

Chi-Square Value only Fields XII and XIII Degrees of Freedom Probability of Chance

= 8.109 =6 = 0.2304

Results indicate stone tool distribution from Field XIII is significantly different from X, XIV, XVII and XIX at the < 0.001 level. Results indicate stone tool distribution from Fields XII and XIII are not significantly different.

be rejected at a < 0.001 level (table 16.9). Therefore, the lithic discard pattern from Field XIII is different from that of the four habitation fields. Finally, the distributions from Fields XII and XIII were compared to one another to see if there were significant differences (i.e., non-random) in discard patterns. The hypothesis of a random pattern between these two fields cannot be rejected at the 0.05 level (table 16.9). Results of these chi-square tests suggest that the chipped stone tool discard patterns of Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX were similar and those from Fields XII and XIII were alike. Additionally, the patterns from Fields XII and XIII were different from that of Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX. Therefore, the more specialized range of activities that probably occurred in Fields XII and XIII are reflected in the distribution of chipped stone tool remains recovered there. Elimination of each tool category from table 16.8 was systematically undertaken in an attempt to discover the tool form(s) that accounted for the differences. One at a time, each category was removed from the rest of table 16.8, and the results from these tests indicated a hypothesis of a random distribution could still be rejected in all cases. Thus, a single tool category did not account for the non-random distribution. However, when any category except tabular scrapers was eliminated, the hypothesis

504

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

could be rejected at the 0.0001 level. When the tabular scraper category was eliminated, the hypothesis could only be rejected at the 0.05 level. Apparently, the tabular scraper category accounts for much of the non-random distribution. Next, the tabular scraper category was deleted along with the category that produced the next smallest chi-square value to see if a random distribution hypothesis of the remaining tool types could be rejected. Tabular scrapers along with backed and utilized blades were deleted from table 16.8. The resulting chi-square value of 31.5072 indicated that a random distribution hypothesis could not be rejected at the 0.05 level. Tabular scrapers, backed blades and utilized blades apparently account for the patterned chipped stone tool distribution at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. However, elimination of tabular scrapers and the (end and side) scraper/uniface category from table 16.8 also produced a chi-square value of 35.2435 that could not reject a random distribution hypothesis at the 0.05 level. Nevertheless, since tabular scrapers, utilized blades and backed blades produced a smaller chi-square value, it is assumed that they were more important tool forms influencing the non-random distribution in the inclusive chisquare table. When the notches/pointed tool category were deleted along with tabular scrapers, an invalid chi-square resulted due to an expected value less than 5. Thus, this comparison cannot be statistically evaluated. Any other combination with tabular scrapers produced chi-square values indicating that a random distribution hypothesis could be rejected at the < 0.05 level. Tabular scrapers appear to be one of the main reasons for the non-random tool distribution during the EB II–III period at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Edge-wear analysis indicates that they were utilized as butchering knives. They were curated tools and were the only chipped stone form displaying incised symbols, indicating that some importance was accorded them. The presence of tabular scrapers in relatively large quantities at the city gate and temple areas suggests they had a religious/political function. It is believed they were used as sacrificial knifes, particularly at the temple where sacrifices would have been made. The presence of tabular scrapers in habitation areas indicates they may not always have had a religious/political use. Conversely, if household shrines to personal deities or ancestors were maintained, sacrifices may have been made in the home using ritual knives. Backed blades and utilized blades were all-purpose cutting tools. They could also have been used during religion/political activities as sacrificial butchering knives. This would help account for the non-random chipped stone tool pattern found at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. However, they were used to cut a wide variety of materials besides flesh. The much wider functional application of backed and utilized blades may be the reason they do not account for as much of the variation in tool distribution as tabular scrapers. The analyses conducted of the technology, function, and distribution of chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠have provided important data on the activities that took place there during the EB II–III phases. They supplement information provided by architectural and ceramic studies and demonstrate the importance of undertaking such analyses. External Correlations The origins of the EB II–III chipped stone tool technology can be traced back to the preceding Chalcolithic period. The lithic remains from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are similar to those from Teleilat Ghassul. However, its roots may be located even further back in spread is 1 pica long

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

505

the Pottery Neolithic Period. Moore (1973: 68) indicates that the Chalcolithic assemblage at Teleilat Ghassul was the result of in situ development from the preceding period. Moore notes there is no stratigraphic break between the Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolithic occupations at Wadi Rabah Munhatta 2A, ºEin el Jarba, and probably Megiddo, although the badly confused stratigraphy of the latter site makes it difficult to prove anything conclusively. Pottery Neolithic assemblages may well be ancestral to the Chalcolithic forms (Rosen 1997: 140, 146), but there are differences. Pottery Neolithic groups seem to favor bifacial retouch while Chalcolithic peoples usually unifacially retouched flake and blade tools and only bifacially retouched large core tools (McConaughy 1979: 131–43, 170–95). Fortunately, the lithic remains from Teleilat Ghassul represent one of the best documented and described assemblages from the protohistoric period of the Near East. Studies of the chipped stone remains have been conducted by Neuville (1934b), Koeppel (and others 1940), Hennessy (1969), and Lee (1973). Stockton (1971) also provides a brief description of pre-Chalcolithic material recovered at the site. Additional information concerning the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age period lithic assemblages has been provided by Rosen (1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1997). These sources are all important studies and have been extensively utilized to make comparisons between the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age chipped stone tools. Tabular scrapers are a chipped stone tool form that is easily recognized, even by specialists interested in other kinds of remains. Because of this fact, they are one of the few types that have been extensively recovered and described. Thus, tabular scrapers are one lithic type that can be compared over several temporal periods from different sites. Fan, or tabular scrapers, were first defined from semilunate specimens recovered at Teleilat Ghassul (Neuville 1930, 1934b). However, as Rosen (1983b; 1983c: 104) has pointed out, the term “fan scraper” has become a generic term for any large scraper displaying a flat cortical surface regardless of actual shape. These tools can be found in a variety of forms that range from a semilunate “fan-shape” through round and oval to elongated rectanguloid outlines. Therefore, the term “tabular scraper” is preferred over “fan scraper” since the former term does not imply that the tool has a specific shape. Tabular scrapers are relatively common Chalcolithic and Early Bonze Age tools (McConaughy 1979; Rosen 1983b; 1983c: 434; 1997) and can even be traced back to Pottery Neolithic bifacially retouched types (Moore 1973: 49–50; Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: 153). They occur in both the Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edhDhr⺠assemblages in some quantity. Neuville (1934/5) found microscopic traces of resin on some of the tabular scrapers which would imply that they were hafted. Lee (1973: 253) also believed that tabular scrapers from Teleilat Ghassul were hafted but stated that there was no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. The specimens from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠lacked any macro- or microscopic evidence of resin or bitumen indicative of hafting. Also, if it is assumed that the haft was the proximal edge (in most cases it would have to be since it was the only unretouched edge), then there should have been some haft wear along the multifaceted striking platform. No such wear was detected on any of the microscopically examined Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tabular scrapers, and these EB II–III specimens were not hafted. Rosen (1983b; 1997: 109) indicated that tabular scrapers were trade pieces. He described at least one site in the Negev, Har Qeren 15, with numerous tabular scraper cores. Rosen (1983b: 80) also indicated that tabular cores were recovered from

506

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Givat Barnea and Har Safun in the Negev. Kozloff (1972/73: 46) also described sites in Wadis Gera and Themila in the Sinai that appeared to be tabular chert workshops. These sites were assigned to the Elatian Industry of the Chalcolithic Period. Also, some specimens from the Wadi Gera sites may belong to the EB II period (Kozloff 1972/73: 47). Rosen (1983b: 80; 1997: 109) suggested that the Negev sites were the most likely sources for the tabular scrapers found in sites in Israel and Jordan. He plotted the percentages of tabular scrapers by assemblage versus distance from the Negev source area. The resulting curve demonstrated that the percentages of fan scrapers decreases as the distance increases from the Negev. This distribution supports a hypothesis that the tools were trade pieces from the Negev area. Rosen probably is correct concerning trade of tabular scrapers. Nevertheless, the possibility exists that Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tabular scrapers were of local manufacture and origin. Chert cobbles of the same material used to make tabular scrapers were recovered from Wadi Kerak gravels, suggesting that a source of tabular chert may be located up Wadi Kerak from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Unfortunately, confirmation of a tabular chert source along Wadi Kerak cannot be made at this time. Conversely, in support of Rosen’s hypothesis, tabular scraper cores have not been recovered from Bâb edhDhr⺠which would demonstrate local production. There is some evidence that Chalcolithic tabular scrapers were used for religious purposes. Elliott (1977) examined a number of Chalcolithic tabular scrapers from Tell Isdar and noted that some had designs incised in the cortex. One specimen had the design of a five-pointed star and was recovered along with three other incised and one “plain” tabular scrapers from Locus 110. She interpreted the star design as a symbol of the sun, a symbol that occurs in some frequency at Ghassulian sites (Elliott 1977: 10). Elliott felt the association of the five tabular scrapers indicated that they were part of a votive offering. Elliott (1977: 15) also noted that incised fan [tabular] scrapers were found at Arad in Level V as well as Tell Isdar IV, and the designs ranged from crosses, through stars (sun motifs?), to patterns of intersecting lines in net-like patterns. Elliott (1977: 17) stated that they “probably were associated with a ritual function” and that they are “best considered as symbols meaningful to those who incised them on votive objects intended as gifts to divinities.” Due to breakage or resharpening, decorated tabular scrapers from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠only displayed incomplete design patterns (fig. 16.8a, c, d; McConaughy 1980: 53, fig. 24). However, there were several designs that involved intersecting lines. Most lines meet at right angles, but one specimen had lines that intersected in an acute angle that could be one point of a star motif. One Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tabular scraper displayed a probable cross motif while another may have a “star burst” design with multiple lines apparently radiating out from a common center area or point. Macalister (1912: pl. 139) illustrated several examples of incised tabular scrapers that most likely were from the Early Bronze Age levels of Gezer. One had a cross design, two displayed several intersecting lines that may represent ancient letters(?) or names(?), and one design that clearly represented a four-legged animal. Possible pointed star-like motifs were also found on tabular scrapers from Yarmouth (Rosen 1988: pl. 53; 1997: 79) and Mitzpe Shalem (Greenhut 1989: fig. 8; Rosen 1997: 79). Also, specimens with intersecting lines patters were found at Mitzpe Shalem (Greenhut 1989: fig. 12; Rosen 1997: 78) and Qasis (Rosen 1997: 79). Thus, some motifs continued to be used during the Early Bonze Age. The cross design, pointed star motif and various forms of intersecting lines definitely were found in both Chalcolithic and Early Bronze contexts.

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

507

Tabular scrapers from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were used to butcher animals, largely in ritual contexts. In support of this interpretation, seven specimens from Field XII were found near the “altar” (see chapter 10). The incised scraper from Gezer with the animal motif may also be an indication of such a sacrifice. Placement in votive contexts at Tell Isdar suggests that the ritualistic function developed at least by the Chalcolithic period and continued into the Early Bronze Age without interruption. So few Pottery Neolithic forms have been recovered or described that it is difficult to trace ceremonial use back to that period. Sickle blades are the only other tool that consistently has been recovered and recorded from sites spanning the periods examined by this study. Sickle blades were used in the Near East from the Natufian Period through to at least the Middle Bronze Age (Kirkbride 1977: 35–47; Rosen 1997: 134–49; Skinner 1968). The most popular unmodified blade form used in the Levant from the PPNA period through at least the Chalcolithic was generally triangular in cross section (McConaughy 1979: 100–195; Rosen 1997: 137–39). The majority of EB II–III blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were made from triangular cross section blades, as are those from Biqat Uvda in the Negev. However, during the Early Bronze Age, the trapezoidal Canaanean form became prevalent, at least in the western Levant (Rosen 1982: 141; 1983a; 1983c: 112; 1997: 107–9). Sickle blades were relatively common tools at Teleilat Ghassul (Neuville 1934b; Koeppel and others 1940; Hennessy 1969; Lee 1973). Usually, these sickles were made from blade sections with truncated ends. Also, one lateral edge was retouched or backed and the working edge was finely serrated. Most of the blades have triangular cross sections, although a few trapezoidal cross-section sickle blades were illustrated (Neuville 1934b: pls. 29–30; Hennessy 1969: fig. 4). However, these were rare. They may represent accidentally produced trapezoidal cross sections and are not necessarily Canaanean style blades. Most of the sickle blades and other blade tool types at Telellat Ghassul had what Hennessy (1969: 18) calls a “warped” curvature (see Hennessy 1969: fig. 4e). This curvature was caused by a lateral twist at the distal end of the blade. The 54 EB II–III triangular cross-section sickle blades (figs. 16.9a, c–f, 10) from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠could easily be lost in the Teleilat Ghassul assemblage. There even are a few sickle blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠that display a “warped” curvature (fig. 16.9a). Some Bâb edh-Dhr⺠specimens are truncated at one or both ends and several are unifacially retouched along one or both ends (figs. 16.9c, d, 16.10b, c, g). Backing (figs. 16.9c, d; 16:10a, b, f) occurs along one lateral edge on 42.6% (23 of 54) and serration (fig. 16.9d) along the working edge of 33.3% (18 of 54) of the EB II–III tools. Thus, the form and technology of the sickle blades from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Teleilat Ghassul are essentially the same. Canaanean sickle blades (fig. 16.2) are a minority form at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, accounting for 12 of the 66 EB II–III sickle blades. These blades are much more common at the Early Bronze Age sites in Israel that are north of the central Negev (Rosen 1982: 141; 1983a; 1983c: 164–65). Rosen (1982: 141; 1997: 140) states that Canaanean sickle blades first appear during the Early Bronze Age. They do not occur at Chalcolithic sites in Israel or Jordan. This is largely correct, although the trapezoidal sickle blades from Teleilat Ghassul could conceivably be assigned to the Canaanean type in spite of my feeling that they were accidentally made in that form. Even so, trapezoidal cross-section blades are extremely rare from Chalcolithic contexts south of the Sea of Galilee.

508

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

The rather sudden introduction of Canaanean blades into sites in Jordan and Israel during the Early Bronze Age suggests that either a new group of people moved into the area or that they are trade pieces. If a new group of people moved into the area, an entirely new tool complex should also accompany them, not just one tool form. However, the chipped stone assemblages from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and sites in Israel (Rosen 1983a; 1997: 107–9) do not indicate any introduction of a complete replacement complex during the Early Bronze Age. Rosen (1983a; 1983c: 165; 1997: 107–9) believes Canaanean blades are trade pieces since very few Canaanean blade cores have been recovered from any Early Bronze Age sites. Lack of associated cores and the presence of unused and unretouched Canaanean blades at Arad, Megiddo, ºEin Shadud, and Jericho (Rosen 1983a, 1983c: 167, 1997: 107–109) all suggest that Canaanean blades were imported forms. Also, the raw material used to manufacture Canaanean blades came from nonlocal sources at most of the sites in Israel (Rosen 1983a; 1983c: 167; 1997: 107–9). Rosen’s (1983a; 1983c: 165–76; 1997: 108) analysis of Canaanean blade width indicates that a protomarket economy would best explain the distribution of these blades, each area being served by a centralized disbursement center (i.e., major Early Bronze Age city). This hypothesis apparently is supported by the data from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠where Canaanean blades are largely made from a nonlocal tan chert. The data clearly support a trade hypothesis concerning the distribution of Canaanean blades. They are more common at sites north of the central Negev in Israel (Rosen 1982: 141; 1983a; 1997: 58–59, 107–109). However, Canaanean blades are not absent from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠as Rosen (1997: 108) indicates. Nevertheless, the location of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠on the eastern side of the Dead Sea probably was a factor in the relatively small quantities of Canaanean blades reaching it. Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is located on the far eastern edge of the distribution of Canaanean blades as defined by Rosen (1997: 107–9). Hennessy (1967: 43–45) believed that tabular scrapers and Canaanean blades were part of a “Canaanean Flake Stone Industry” and that they were produced by the same technology. Further work has clearly shown they are not produced by the same manufacturing technology. Tabular scrapers were made by the anvil or block-on-block technique, while an indirect percussion (punch) method was used to produce the Canaanean blades (McConaughy 1979; Rosen 1983a; 1983b; 1997: 46–49, 71–73). The distribution of tabular scrapers and Canaanean blades also indicates that they are not related tool forms (Rosen 1983a; 1983b; 1997: 107–9). Canaanean blades are largely recovered from the northern section of the Levant while tabular scrapers are more common in the south (Rosen 1983a; 1983b; 1997: 58–59, 75, 107–9). The distribution of Canaanean blades suggests that their ultimate origins should be sought north of the Levant where they were most abundant. Trapezoidal cross section blades are common in Asia Minor during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age periods. They are relatively abundant at Mersin (Garstang 1953: 157) and Alishar Hüyük (Schmidt 1932: 63; von der Osten 1937: 82, 185). They are the majority form at Catal Hüyük, an early Pottery Neolithic site. Bailor (1962: 73) indicates that the Catal Hüyük blades “are the typical two-edged parallel-sided blade with trapezoidal or occasionally triangular cross section.” Trapezoidal cross-section blade forms can be traced even further back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Asikli Hüyük (Todd 1966). Thus, there is a long tradition of trapezoidal blade manufacture in Asia Minor. It is likely that the technology for the production of Canaanean blades had its origins in Asia Minor. The groups in that region traded blades into southern Mesopota-

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

509

mia, where suitable lithic raw material for sickles was lacking (Woolley 1955: 11). However, they dealt largely in obsidian blades and probably were not directly responsible for the Canaanean blades in the Levant (McConaughy 1979: 99–225). Recent work in Turkey has found an Early Bronze Age Canaanean blade workshop (Matney, Algaze and Rosen 1999) demonstrating that they were produced in Anatolia during the appropriate period of time. It does appear that manufacturers from Anatolia became exporters of Canaanean blades and/or technology to groups farther south and east during the Early Bronze Age as Rosen suggests (1983a; 1997: 107–9). Denticulates are a relatively common chipped stone tool form at both Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(fig. 16.3). Teleilat Ghassul will function as the representative Chalcolithic period site for the rest of the comparisons since few other sites from this period have provided usable comparative data on these chipped stone tool forms. Lee (1973: 252) divided multiple notched tools into two categories at Teleilat Ghassul: denticulates and “double notches.” Double notches were a special variety of denticulate that had two notches removed from one lateral edge of a flake. Denticulates from both Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edh-Dhr⺠usually were made from flakes, but there also were specimens made from blades or cores. Lee (1973: 252) believed that double notches and denticulates served similar functions and were knives used to butcher livestock. This functional interpretation was not based on any edge-wear study, but on the assumption that the toothed edge would make an effective cutting edge. Lee was partially correct if these tools were used in the same manner as some of the denticulates from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Those from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were used in a wide variety of fashions, including butchering. Rosen’s (1983c: 148–49, 183; 1997: 90) study of Early Bronze Age sites in Israel demonstrates that denticulates were relatively common tools in those assemblages. However, he noted that collection bias affects this category to a much greater extent than for sickles and tabular scrapers. Therefore, they probably were even more common than the literature indicates. The data suggest there was continuity in the denticulate type from the Chalcolithic into the Early Bronze Age. Borers and gravers are other chipped stone tool types that are present in both Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age assemblages. However, these tools are not always called borers or gravers. They are called awls and perforators at Teleilat Ghassul (Koeppel and others 1940: 98–99) and, in previous reports on the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠specimens (McConaughy 1979, 1980), have been referred to as “beaked denticulates.” Rosen (1983c: 183; 1997: 68–71) indicates that they have been recovered from Early Bronze Age sites in Israel. “Knife blades” compose another reasonably large tool category at Teleilat Ghassul (Koeppel and others 1940: 99–101). These specimens resemble the triangular crosssection backed and utilized blades from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Triangular cross-section blades are largely replaced by Canaanean forms in sites in northern Israel during the Early Bronze Age but may continue to be used at sites in the Negev such as Biqat Uvda (Rosen 1983c: 190; 1997: 60–65). Spherical chert hammerstones are present at Teleilat Ghassul (Lee 1973: 260–61) as well as at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Rosen (1997: 101) indicates that these tools have a long history of use in the Levant and were used throughout the Bronze Age into the Iron Age. Lee (1973: 250) also notes the presence of tools that are not sickles but that have a sickle sheen along portions of some edges. He places these specimens in several different categories based on general form, but they seem to resemble the items classified as flakes with sickle sheen from Bâb edh-Dhrâº.

spread one line long

510

CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

There are some other differences between Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age chipped stone tool assemblages besides the introduction of Canaanean blades during the latter period. Core tools such as axes, adzes, gouges, picks, and chisels are important categories at Teleilat Ghassul (Lee 1973: 247–54) and other Chalcolithic sites in the Levant (Rosen 1997: 93–98). However, they do not appear in most Early Bronze Age assemblages (McConaughy 1979; Rosen 1983c; 1997: 93–98). With the exception of the pick form, all of these tools apparently were wood-working tools. Typological differences are due largely to the general form of the working edge (Lee 1973: 247– 50). Lee conducted a microscopic examination of the edges of these tools and discovered most had striations that ran perpendicular to the bit edge, indicating a straight, chopping impact. However, some of the axes had striations that ran obliquely away from the bit edge, indicating that glancing blows were delivered by these specimens. Lee deserves special praise for conducting this analysis as it is the first edge-wear study made to establish the actual function of any Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age tool type besides that of the sickle blades. Hennessy (1969: 17) indicates that the butt ends of some of the core tools were pecked or battered. This implies that these specimens were not hafted but may have been used as wedges to split wood. The butt end would have been struck repeatedly to drive the “wedge” through the wood. The lack of various large core tools in Early Bronze Age assemblages may be the result of the increasing presence of metal tools. These probably acted as replacements for the large chipped stone tool types. Copper, or possibly bronze axes and adzes have been recovered from Early Bronze Age contexts at Jericho (Dever 1973: 55), Bâb edhDhrâº, and Numeira. Metal tools would be more durable than the chipped stone forms. Therefore, the disappearance of core tools from the Early Bronze Age assemblages can be interpreted as a cultural change resulting from improved technology. It does not indicate intrusion of a completely new group or culture into the Levant during the Early Bronze Age. Conclusions Analyses of the lithics from the EB II–III loci at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠provide new insights into the lithic technology employed by the Early Bronze Age peoples of the Levant and their relationships to cultures outside of this region. The vast majority of EB II–III chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were locally manufactured. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠remains are primarily part of a flake tool industry composed of various types of denticulated and notched forms. Most implements were produced and unifacially retouched by the direct percussion hard-hammer technique. Blade tools were relatively common at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, but clearly were outnumbered by the flake tools. Most blades were locally manufactured using an indirect percussion or punch technique that produced blades with a triangular cross section. Canaanean blades were a distinct minority blade form at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during EB II–III times and probably represent trade items. Edge-wear analysis of the chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠provided data concerning the actual use of various formal tool types. Six functional tools kits were defined based on determined tool use. Perhaps the most interesting result of this analysis was the identification of tabular scrapers as butchering knives. They were not used to scrape other materials, as their formal name implies. The edge-wear analysis indicates that chipped stone tools were important in almost every aspect of everyday life at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Sickle blades were used to harvest the crops and help

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provide a stable food source. Lithics were used to cut and process wood and bone into other tools, structural materials, and probably all forms of household items. Other stone tools were used in the production of other stone implements. As an important part of the cultural inventory of EB II–III society, chipped stone tools are worthy of serious study in the excavation of historic period sites in the Near East. Distributional studies of the EB II–III chipped stone tools from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠demonstrated that there were specialized activity areas associated with the Field XII temples and Field XIII gateway. It is not particularly surprising that the temple area activities differed from those conducted in the habitational Fields X, XIV, XVII, and XIX. However, it is significant that the lithic remains provided supportive data indicating that larger “temple” structures were used differently from smaller “dwellings.” Perhaps the most important result of the distributional study was the discovery of similarities in lithic remains recovered from the western city gateway of Field XIII and the EB II–III temples of Field XII. The similarities were basically due to the presence of large numbers of tabular scrapers in both areas. This factor also accounted for most, but not all, of the differential distribution of lithics from these two fields and the four habitation fields. Locational information and edge-wear studies indicated tabular scrapers were sacrificial knives used in religious ceremonies. The presence of large quantities of tabular scrapers at the city gateway suggested that travelers entering the city may have been required to provide a sacrifice to propitiate local deities. This is not an inference that would typically be derived from comparison of architectural remains. In fact, it is likely that most investigators would suggest there was no relationship whatsoever between the activities that took place at the gateway and in the temples. Thus, lithic analyses provided important information concerning site use that was not produced through examination of other artifactual remains. Comparisons between the lithic remains from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and other Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age sites in the Levant suggest that there is cultural continuity between the two periods. The EB II–III lithic industry of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠could be directly derived from that of the Chalcolithic site, Teleilat Ghassul. There are no differences in technology in the utilized and general form of the chipped stone tool types of Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edh-Dhrâº. In fact, the similarities are such that a mixture of specimens from both sites would be almost impossible to separate based solely on form. The only major differences involve the presence of ax, adze, gouge, and chisel core tools at Teleilat Ghassul and Canaanean blades at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The core tools present at Teleilat Ghassul were replaced by metal forms at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Canaanean blades probably were Early Bronze Age trade pieces. Locally produced triangular cross-section blades are typical of both the Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edhDhr⺠assemblages. Rosen’s (1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1997) studies have demonstrated that there are similarities in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age assemblages from the southern Negev and those from Teleilat Ghassul and Bâb edh-Dhrâº. However, there also are some differences, primarily in percentages of certain tool types. Rosen indicates that the tabular scrapers found at most major Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age sites probably were trade pieces that ultimately had their origins from quarry sites in the Negev. Similarly, Rosen indicates Canaanean blades were likely trade items from Anatolia that became the predominant blade form at Early Bronze Age sites north of the central Negev in Israel. Rosen believes that the trade probably took place in markets tied to centralized regional sites or localities.

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CHIPPED STONE TOOLS AT BÂB EDH-DHRº

Analyses of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠chipped stone tool assemblage have provided a chance to demonstrate the importance of such work in the Near East. Stone tools have been ignored by most of the historic period archaeologists of the Levant. It is hoped that the work conducted on the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠lithics along with Rosen’s (1997) typology for the historic periods will inspire others to collect and examine these important artifacts in the future.

Metallurgical Studies on Copper Artifacts from Bâb edh-Dhrâº

17 METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS FROM BÂB EDH-DHRº R. Maddin, J. D. Muhly, and T. Stech

Twelve copper and copper-based artifacts from the excavations of the EDSP at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(of which six were totally corroded) were scientifically studied at the University of Pennsylvania. The list includes seven from tombs, two from the northern edge of the town at the presumed point of the defenses, and three from within the town. In addition to these examples of the EDSP, eight other metal objects from the Lapp excavations published earlier (Schaub and Rast 1989: 444–52) are examined once more in comparison with those from the EDSP. Thus, we have elemental analyses for twenty artifacts from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, a number sufficient to allow us to advance a sound characterization of the metallurgical industry represented at the site. Several additional copper artifacts from Numeira, also excavated by the EDSP, will be published in the forthcoming volume dealing with that site. Laboratory Procedure A sample was removed from each artifact using a diamond cutoff wheel. The samples were mounted in cold-setting epoxy, ground and polished following standard metallographic procedures, and etched with ammonium hydroxide. Results 1. Reg. no. 1256 (fig. 17.1:1)—dagger/spearhead, from Field XVI.1, Locus 2. GPL 23.3 cm W. 5.3 cm. Elemental analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy (table 17.1) shows that the dagger was made from a relatively pure, unalloyed copper (the figures do not add up to 100% because oxygen is present in the corrosion products). Examination in the optical microscope reveals a small grain size and annealing twins (parallel bands within grains; fig. 17.2:1). These phenomena indicate that the dagger was worked after being cast to shape and that it was annealed after working. Because the grain size is small and the annealing twins not well developed or uniformly distributed, we can say that the annealing temperature was low and/or the time given to the procedure not long. The larger black areas visible in figure 17.2:1 are the sites of corrosion; the smaller black dots are second phase particles composed of impurities insoluble in molten copper—in this case, copper and iron oxide and sulphide.

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

514

Table 17.1.

Metallurgical Studies on Copper Artifacts from Bâb edh-Dhrâº

Reg. No.

Cu

1256+

93.28

nd

—

nd

nd

0.002

nd

nd

1257+

85.2

13.66

—

0.01

0.24

nd

nd

2416*

97.5

—

1.46

0.014

0.012

0.048

1995*

95.4

0.049

3.55

0.014

0.25

017x

65.0

nd

4.4

nd

2419*

97.1

—

1.16

0.39

Sn

As

Pb

Fe

Ag

Ni

Si

S

Sb

Zn

—

.002

nd

nd

—

nd

nd

0.20

0.014

0.016

—

—

0.010

0.21

0.0048

0.048

—

—

5

nd

3

3

nd

nd

nd

0.45

0.047

0.20

0.024

0.12

—

—

* Elemental analysis by proton-induced X-ray emission + Elemental analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy x Elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence (not quantitative)

2. Reg. no. 1257 (fig. 17.1:3)—dagger from same context as no. 1256. GPL 27.3 cm W. 5.3 cm. No. 1257 was made in the same way as no. 1256 in all respects (fig. 17.2:2) except one: the material of which it is made is tin bronze rather than pure copper (tin context 13.66%; see table 17.1). This dagger is the only tin bronze from Bâb edhDhr⺠yet analyzed and one of the earliest known from Palestine (see below). 3. Reg. no. 2416 (fig. 17.1:2)—dagger from Tomb A 22, Locus 16. GPL 20.9 cm, W. 0.4–2.8 cm, Th. (edge) 0.2 cm. This dagger is made of copper containing 1.46% arsenic, as well as minor impurities. The question of alloying will be addressed below. 4. Reg. no. 1995 (fig. 17.1:4)—dagger from Tomb A 22, Locus 16. L. 33.2 cm, L. blade 28.0 cm, Th. blade 0.2 (edge) 0.8 cm. This dagger was made of copper containing 3.55% arsenic as well as minor impurities (table 17.1); it is one of the clearest examples of the use of an arsenical copper at either Bâb edh-Dhr⺠or Numeira. It was made like the others discussed above: cast, worked and annealed (fig. 17.2:3). The annealing twins are more fully developed than in the copper and tin bronze daggers, indicating a longer and/or hotter annealing process. 5. Reg. no. 017 (figs. 17.3, 17.4)—dagger from Tomb D 1 West. L. 25 cm, W. 3 cm, Th. Blade 0.1, three rivets. This dagger is made of arsenical copper (4.4% arsenic) and was cast, hammered and annealed (fig. 17.2:4). The iron and nickel contents are probably not significant, because the analysis was qualitative. 6. Reg. no. 2419 (fig. 17.5:1)—chisel from surface in Field XIX.2. L. 3.0 cm, Th. 0.8–1.0 cm. This chisel is heavily corroded so elemental analysis may not accurately portray its original composition. Arsenic is present in the amount of 1.16%. The extent of the corrosion makes it impossible to determine how the chisel was made. 7. Reg. no. 1962 (fig. 17.5:2)—pin shaft (?) from Tomb A 22. This specimen is totally corroded and therefore was not studied. 8. Reg. no. 1783 (fig. 17.5:3)—pin shaft from Field XVII.2, Locus 2. This specimen is completely corroded.

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

1

3

515

2

4

Figure 17.1. Daggers from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. 1, 3 from Field XVI, Stratum I; 2, 4 from Tomb A 22.

9. Reg. no. 1662 (fig. 17.5:4)—pin shaft (?) from Field XVI.2, Locus 10. This artifact is too corroded for profitable study. 10. Reg. no. 1782 (fig. 17.5:5)—three pieces of copper scrap from Field XVII.2, Locus 2. These artifacts were too corroded for study. 11. Reg. no. 1663 (fig. 17.5:6)—flat, rectangular object from Field XVII.1, Locus 24. This artifact is too corroded for study. 12. Reg. no. 1792 (fig. 17.5:7)—two fragments from Tomb A 22. These pieces were too corroded for study.

516

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

1

2

3

4

Figure 17.2. Optical Microscope Photos of Metal Daggers. 1–#1256; 2–#1257; 3–#1995; 4–#017

Elemental Analyses of Metals Published in Volume 1 The following eight copper-based artifacts were published previously under the Lapp exacavations (Schaub and Rast 1989: 444–52). They were analyzed by A. Lupu at the Archaeology Laboratory of Tel Aviv University, using atomic absorption spectroscopy (table 17.2). They are discussed here again to compare them with the more recently excavated metals. The order follows that of the previous volume. 1. Tomb A 41, Lab No. 7335. Dagger with midrib and four rivets in tang. L. 28.5 cm, W. 2.6 cm; Th. 0.3–0.6 cm. This dagger is made of pure copper; that is, the metal was not alloyed. The level of tin, which is higher than that which normally occurs in copper ore and lower than that which we arbitrarily designate as an alloy (1%), might indicate that scrap bronze was being recycled. 2. Tomb A 41, Lab No. 7334. Corroded dagger blade with four rivet holes; two of the rivets are preserved in situ and a third was found nearby. L. 26.1 cm, Th. 0.5 cm. The arsenic and lead in this copper may have come from the ore that was selected for use.

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

517

Figure 17.3. Dagger #017 from Tomb D1.

Figure 17.4. Closeup of rivets of Dagger #017.

3. Tomb A 51, Lab No. 7339. Part of a dagger blade with rivet holes (two and possibly part of a third preserved). L. 18.2 cm, W. 2.8 cm. The arsenic content will be discussed below. The iron content probably derives from the ore (i.e., a chalcopyrite or copper-iron-sulfide) or from an iron ore flux. 4. Tomb A 51, Lab No. 7338. Incomplete, broken dagger blade. L. 21.4 cm (overall), W. 1.6 cm, Th. 0.9 cm (average). The composition is similar to that of the preceding artifact, Lab No. 7339, from the same tomb. 5. Tomb A 44, Lab No. 7337. Crescentic axe blade. L. 26.5 cm. The arsenic content will be discussed below. 6. Tomb A 51, Lab No. 7336. Crescentic axe blade. L. 23.2 cm, W. 9.6 cm. The low levels of tin and arsenic suggest that the composition of this axe might arise from recycling metals; cf. Lab No. 7335, Tomb A 41, above (no. 1). 7. Tomb A 51, Lab No. 7343. Adze or chisel. L. 6.0 cm, W. 3.0 cm (3.2 at working end), Th. 0.3 cm. The arsenic is the most significant impurity (see below). 8. Tomb A 51, Lab No. 7341. Blade(?) section, rounded end, edges not hammered. L. 4.8 cm, W. 2.7 cm, Th. 0.2 cm. This artifact is characterized by significant contents of arsenic and iron.

518

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 17.5. Metal objects from Bâb edhDhrâº. 1 (2419), 2 (1962), 3 (1783), 4 (1662), 5 (1782), 6 (1663), 7 (1792) 7

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS Table 17.2.

519

Tel Aviv University, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Tomb

Lab #

Cu

Sn

As

Pb

Fe

Ag

A41

7335

98.99

0.30

0.31

0.025

0.078

0.041

A41

7334

97.65

nd

0.91

1.26

0.042

A44

7337

98.56

0.08

1.05

0.109

A51

7336

99.0

0.20

0.22

A51

7339

97.2

nd

A51

7338

98.0

A51

7341

A51

7343

Au

Sb

Zn

0.0075

0.025

0.023

0.04

nd

0.028

0.02

0.07

0.032

0.003

0.03

0.025

0.01

0.60

0.012

0.012

nd

0.010

1.00

0.15

1.20

0.011

0.019

nd

0.005

nd

0.62

0.036

1.12

0.0022

0.0112

0.46

0.014

94.89

0.048

2.14

0.24

2.57

0.01

0.004

nd

0.0037

98.8

nd

0.89

0.07

0.20

0.029

0.005

nd

0.0028

Lupu’s analytical results are more or less in accord with ours, in showing a basically arsenical copper metallurgy, with most artifacts containing less than 2% arsenic. Perhaps anomalous are Lab Nos. 7335 and 7336 (nos. 1, 6 above), which contain small and approximately equal amounts of arsenic and tin. If Lab No. 017 (no. 5 in the EDSP list above) is discounted because the analysis was qualitative, then the iron contents of Lupu’s Nos. 7339 (1.20%), 7338 (1.12%) and 7341 (2.57%) are unusual, as is the lead content of his No. 7334 (1.26%). These differences are not without possible metallurgical explanations, because the iron and lead could have been present in copper ores of heterogeneous composition. The residues of iron may reflect less-careful smelting. Discussion Dagger Types. Three of the five blades (figs. 17.1:2, 4; 17.5) from the 1975–81 excavations are long, narrow dagger types that are quite common in EB III in Palestine, especially in tombs (Philip 1989: 104). Philip classifies them as his Type 2 of the narrow dagger series and describes them as having a mean length of 235 mm, a mean max. breadth of 28 mm, with a simple lentoid or flat lozenge cross section. Butts are square or trapezoidal with four or occasionally six rivets. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples are from EB III tombs, two of them from the collapse and burn of funerary building A22 near the end of EB III. The third (Reg. No. 017) is from a distinctive, large, late EB III tomb on the east edge of the cemetery with a stone-lined shaft entry and two large plastered chambers (Schaub and Rast 1989: 390–92) The east chamber of this tomb was excavated by Lapp in 1967. A west chamber was opened by the EDSP expedition in 1975. It was in the latter chamber that the long dagger was excavated. The dagger (Reg. No. 1257) with high tin content and its unalloyed companion (Reg. No. 1256) are unusual, both in type and in find spot. The wide shoulder and tang with one hole set them apart from the more typical long, narrow daggers described above. Parallels to Reg. No 1256, 1257 are limited. Daggers from Megiddo (T. 912A2, Guy 1938: fig. 171:2 ) and Lachish (Tufnell 1958: pl. 22:4) and a tomb near Tell Umeiri (Waheeb and Palumbo 1993: fig. 7.2) are similar in size and have slight midribs. All three of these examples have one hole at the top of the butt but also have

520

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

two in the shoulder area. Closer in type, with the same wide shoulder and mid-rib and with only one or two rivet holes in the tang, are examples from Sinjil (Dever 1971: fig. 1:14, 15) and several from Maºayan Barukh (Amiran 1961: fig. 8:19, 21). A group of spearheads from a tomb near ºEnan are also similar in shape and size (Eisenberg 1985: figs. 8:40–44; 9:45–47). The butts of these spearheads are longer and narrower and have two rivet holes spaced vertically. Eisenberg suggests they could be called a Byblos type because of the close parallels to a group from the foundation deposits of the Temple du Champ des Offrandes (Dunand 1950: 271–72, fig. 377). Some daggers from the same tomb at ºEnan contain tin-bronze (see below). The context of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠examples differs from all of the above because they were found in the town site at the uppermost levels of occupation, associated with EB IVB material (see chaps. 12 and 13 above). Early Bronze Tin-Bronze Daggers from Palestine. There are several tin-bronze artifacts from Palestine that can be assigned to EB IVB (contra Gerstenblith 1980: 66). A dagger from Jericho Tomb G.83a was analyzed twice, with results of 11.9% and 15% tin (Moorey and Schweizer 1972: 193). Three of the six daggers analyzed from the tomb near ºEnan, dated to EB IV, are tin-bronze (Stech, Muhly, and Maddin 1985). (Only one spearhead was analyzed [Eisenberg 1985: fig. 8:43] and it was arsenical copper, with virtually no tin.) A dagger purchased in Jerusalem and perhaps from the cemeteries around ºAin-Samiya was assigned to Kenyon’s EB–MB in its original publication (Branigan and others 1976: 15); in Dever’s scheme the ºAinSamiya cemetery is EB IVB (1980: 37; cf. also Dever 1972: 107, fig. 7, no. 1). This dagger contains 6.3% tin (Branigan and others 1976: 17). The two daggers contemporary with this tin-bronze which were studied by Branigan and his colleagues are of arsenical copper (Branigan and others 1976: 17). Artifacts purchased on the antiquities’ market do not provide the most reliable evidence, but a group of seven metal objects excavated in an EB IVB tomb-cave can be cited with greater confidence (Bahat 1975: 18–23, 117). Four of these have tin contents in the range of 3.0–7.0%. Thus, is it clear that tin-bronze was used in Palestine before the end of the third millennium, although it does not appear to have achieved wide popularity by that point, probably because regular access to the new material, tin, had not been gained. Most commentators attribute the origin of the tin-bronze daggers of Palestine to Syria (Dever 1980: 52) or Anatolia (Stech, Muhly and Maddin 1985: 81). Summary Although preservation has skewed the analyzed sample of metal artifacts in favor of daggers at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, it is still possible to advance some tentative conclusions about the nature of the industry represented. The metal most commonly used was copper containing low levels of arsenic. Of the 14 artifacts analyzed from Bâb edhDhr⺠(6 in table 17.1 and 8 in table 17.2), 11 contain arsenic in the range of 0.31 to 4.4%. Eight have arsenic contents below 2%. Such a quantity of arsenic suggests that the source(s) of copper used to supply Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were mixed bodies, in which copper and arsenic minerals occured together. If a deliberate alloy of the two materials had been made, we would expect the levels of arsenic to be more consistent. To our knowledge, no such ore bodies exist in Palestine, but they do in Anatolia (de Jesus 1980: 233, 259), and the use of arsenical copper was virtually universal in

METALLURGICAL STUDIES ON COPPER ARTIFACTS

521

Southwest Asia in the third millennium b.c. (Eaton and McKerrell 1976). The Late Chalcolithic hoard found at Nahal Mishmar (Bar-Adon 1980), 30 artifacts of which were analyzed, is also significant for the question of copper-arsenic sources. Twentyone of these contained arsenic in the range of 1.9%—11.9% (C. A. Key in Bar-Adon 1980; Key 1963: 1578–80). The presence of at least 4 arsenical copper artifacts in the Kfar Monash hoard (13 of 35 analyzed; Key 1963) is relevant, because despite controversy (Watkins 1975) it seems to be only slightly later than the Nahal Mishmar material, probably EB I–II in date (Hestrin and Tadmor 1963: 285–87; Ben-Tor 1971). The arsenic contents of these 4 pieces vary from 1.15 to 4.07%. These concentrations of arsenical copper artifacts, as well as others not from hoards (Branigan and others 1976: 20) show that Palestinian smiths had continued access to the materials needed for production. (For further discussion of the role of arsenical copper in the tools and weapons of the Early Bronze Age see Stech, Muhly, and Maddin 1985: 81; Hauptmann, Begemann and Schmitt-Strecker 1999: 9.) The manufacturing skills exhibited by the daggers—casting, working and annealing—seem to have been common to smiths in Palestine (see Stech, Maddin, Muhly in press; and Levy and others 2000) and perhaps in Egypt (Weinstein 1974) during the third millennium. Short of deliberate alloying, these procedures represent the most that the smith could do to make the best weapons: selection of ore bodies, hand-sorting of ores, careful smelting (attested by the relative infrequency of second phase particles), casting, working and annealing. While the small number of samples from Numeira discourages comparisons, it is worthwhile to note the similarities to and the differences from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠metals. Low levels of arsenic are present in artifacts from both sites and the same manufacturing skills are attested. There is, however, some evidence in the form of a crucible for local metalworking at Numeira, and for different casting techniques. The significance of these differences cannot be ascertained at present. Weapons are poorly represented at Numeira, with only a lancehead (Reg. No. 1181) assignable to this category. Such variation in the classes of artifacts might suggest functional differences between the two sites, but information can only be gained through study of the total results of archaeological activity.

Cylinder Seals, Impressions, and Incised Sherds

18 CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Nancy Lapp

The several seasons of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠produced 3 cylinder seals and 18 seal impressions on pottery fragments. As one of the larger collections from a single site, this group adds new information to the list of seals and impressions first assembled by Ben-Tor (1978). Other collections have become known since Ben-Tor’s publication, including 10 from Numeira (N. Lapp 1989, 1995a, complete corpus to be published in the forthcoming volume on that site), 20 impressions from Tel Qashish (Ben-Tor 1994), over 150 from Khirbet Zeraqon and the Zeraqon regional survey, and groups from Arad (Beck 1984), Beth ha-ºEmeq (Beck 1976), and ºEn-Besor (Gophna 1995). Isolated impressions have been found on sites west and east of the Jordan River (see distribution map, Chesson and others 1995: fig. 4). Although Ben-Tor’s study in 1978 has been amended and succeeded by more recent analyses of the Palestinian seals and impressions, it is still the criterion for the Palestinian assemblage (Matthews 1997: 52). In the second half of the fourth millennium b.c., the cylinder seal developed in Mesopotamia from the use of stamp seals on lumps of clay to secure containers (Porada 1980: 4–5). It spread to Egypt during Proto-Dynastic and Early Dynastic times, but after that was replaced by the scarab. Mesopotamian seals were imported and copied in Syria, and a local tradition developed as well. In Palestine itself no third millennium b.c. Mesopotamian-imported cylinder seals have been found in Early Bronze Age contexts, but an Akkad seal was found in an Iron Age tomb in Jerusalem, and a Mesopotamian or Mesopotamian-influenced Syrian seal found at Taanach has been noted (N. Lapp 1999: 154). However, a number have been brought into Palestine from Egypt (Ben-Tor 1978: 99–100; Schulman 1976; N. Lapp 1989: 11) and Syria (Ben-Tor 1976: 15). The tradition of impressing pottery vessels with the seals for decorative purposes is best known from Palestine and Syria (Ben-Tor 1978: 95), but a considerable number of seal impressions on pottery are now known from excavations in Iraq (Beck 1984: 112; Ii 1988). It is mainly from impressions that the seals of third-millennium b.c. Palestine are known. Ben-Tor could list only 11 seals from Palestine at the time of his study (1978: 37). Now about 30 are known. No impression has been found that can be shown to have been made by one of the preserved seals. In the discussion here, consideration will be given to the composition and characteristics of the 3 preserved seals, the vessels on which the impressions appear and the manner in which they appear, and the motifs of the seals and impressions.

subhead drop

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

523

The Seals Since the number of seals in Palestine is relatively small, the three new ones from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are a significant addition to the corpus. Of the three preserved seals from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠one was ceramic, a second alabaster, and the third chlorite. The following composition analysis of the three seals was prepared by Gary Cooke of the University of Pittsburgh. Examination under binocular microscope showed seal no. 2828 (fig. 18.1) to be of clay, with course, rounded grains in a fine-grained glassy matrix. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed primarily peaks for clay minerals (both illite and chlorite of kaolinite), as well as quartz and minor calcite. The X-ray mineralogy and chemical data are consistent with a fired ceramic with limestone grains forming part of the temper. The second seal, no. 2860 (fig. 18.16), consisted of the minerals gypsum (CaSO 42H2O) and talc (Mg3S14O10[OH2]). There is more gypsum than talc, although it was not possible to distinguish how much more. Alabaster is described as “a firm, very-fine grained and massive or compact variety of gypsum, usually snow-white or translucent.” By this definition, cylinder seal no. 2860 is classified as alabaster. The third sample, no. 2823 (fig. 18.21), gave a poor X-ray pattern, with the only identifiable peaks indicating the presence of chlorite. The chemical analysis indicated abundant Al, Si, Fe, and Ti. This chemistry and the specific gravity of the cylinder (2.79g/cc) are consistent with an iron-rich chlorite. Steatite is defined as a “compact, massive, fine-grained, fairly homogeneous rock consisting chiefly of talc . . . often consisting of grey-green or brownish talc.” This cylinder seal consequently could be designated a chlorite-steatite or fine-grained chlorite seal. Seals found in Palestine as listed by Ben-Tor (1978: 37) are of bone (3), ivory (2), steatite (1), chalk (1), unspecified stone (1), wood (1), and clay (2). The example designated as steatite may be of the kind of chlorite-steatite mentioned above. Additional seal finds include another one of soft chalk from Arad (Beck 1984: 110), of bone from Lahav (Seger and others 1990: 5) and ºEn-Shadud (Braun 1985: 77), one possibly of stone from Jericho (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 816, no. 3, fig. 368:3), one of limestone, one of unspecified stone from Taanach (N. Lapp 1999: 152–53), and one of ceramic from Tell Handaquq South (M. Flender, personal communication). The only instance of an alabaster seal thus far is the one from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. It has long been thought that most of the impressions on pottery sherds were made with seals of wood because of the flat relief and the well-defined edges of some impressions (Frankfort 1939: 230; Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: 296; Ben-Tor 1975a: 20; 1978: 37, 39; Esse 1990: *31–32*). According to this view, the susceptibility of wood to disintegration could account for the small number of actual seals that have been found in Palestine. Considering that at least eight different materials were used for the seals noted above, it seems that caution should be employed in drawing conclusions about the materials out of which the seals were carved. Collon (1990: 31) notes the variety of stone for seals sought in northern Mesopotamia at the end of the fifth millennium b.c. and that the greatest variety was used during the Akkadian dynasty (ca. 2340–2200 b.c.). Two of the seals from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠show an appreciation for fine materials. Undoubtedly many seals will never be found because chalk, bone, and wood are perishable, and even ivory is not very durable. The small size of many of the examples also suggests that many seals could have been lost or misplaced during their time of

524

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

use. In any case, the quality of the impressions depended on many factors, including the instrument used in carving, the skill of the carver, the texture of the clay, the amount of moisture in the clay, the manner of impressing and its place on the vessel, and the firing of the clay (see the discussion of whether different impressions were made by the same seal in Braun 1985: 80). Varied results could be obtained from the same seal, apart from the material from which it was carved. Patricia Maloney, ceramist from Washington and Jefferson College, who examined all the Bâb edhDhr⺠impressions for the fabric on which they were made, emphasized how difficult it would be to determine much about a seal on the basis of impressions, because of the variables in workmanship, clays, and firing. An assumption that most of the seals were carved of wood consequently seems tenuous (cf. Teissier 1984: 56; note the varied impressions made from the same seal in Collon 1987: 6, fig. 2). The three Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seals differed in size as well as material. One was small (15–24 mm; fig. 18.21), a second one medium (25–39 mm; fig. 18.1), and the third one large (40 mm and over; fig. 18.16; see Ben-Tor 1978: 38–39 for a discussion of size). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impressions indicate a similar variety in size as that found in the seals. Those impressions that were complete enough to show their height indicated that three were from small seals (figs. 18.11, 18.12, 18.13), one was impressed by a medium seal (fig. 18.15), and three were made from large seals (figs. 18.7, 18.14, 18.17) although allowances must be made for shrinkage when the clay was fired. Several impressions showed enough repetition in pattern to indicate that the seals were of varied proportions—slender, thick, tall and squat. Judging from the examples thus far known, the Palestinian seals did not have handles, a common Syrian characteristic (Teissier 1984: 52). That the well-preserved alabaster seal from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(fig. 18.16) was not pierced leaves open the question of how it was handled. It is sometimes difficult to decide whether cylinders with decorative motifs were used as beads or seals (cf. Sadeh 1996: 143; Fischer 1993: 295). The Vessels All except one of the impressions on Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherds seem to have been made on rather large, closed vessels. The variety of sherds and those large enough to make a determination, however, do not indicate one particular type of vessel. The only complete jar found by the recent expedition on which an impression was found was a reconstructed EB III storage jar from Numeira (N. Lapp 1989: 7–9). It is not large for a storage jar, but rather squat, with plain rim, a neck, and two ledge handles. Other impressions on Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherds diagnostic enough to indicate vessel size imply that the vessels were often large (figs. 18.4, 18.5, 18.13, 18.14). The slight curvature on a number of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherds may indicate that they were parts of holemouth jars like the Megiddo jars noted below. One impressed Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherd seems to be from an open vessel (fig. 18.19, most likely a bowl, but the fragment is very small). Some of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impressions probably were on large jars or pithoi similar to those found at other sites. Reconstructed pithoi with impressions are published from Tell el-Farºah (N) (Vaux and Stève 1948: fig. 7:3), ºEn-Shadud (Braun and Gibson 1984: fig. 8), and Megiddo (Ben-Tor 1978: pl. 6:41). Another Megiddo impression is said to be from a holemouth jar, but the complete sherd is not published; it is suggested that other Megiddo impressions may have been made on this type of vessel

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525

(Engberg and Shipton 1934: 31; Ben-Tor 1978: 41). A stamp seal impression from Jericho is on a holemouth jar sherd (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 477, fig. 213:9). The vessels on which the seals were impressed represent a fair cross section of the wares found at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. All vessels were handmade from clays of medium coarse texture with wadi sand inclusions. Cores were usually less than 50%, but some sherds had no cores and an occasional core exceeded 50%. The ware was usually light reddish brown in color (5YR 6/4), but reddish yellows and light reds were also represented. No sherds were combed, and none were slipped, burnished, or covered with a wash. From the jar impression finds from Ebla (their motifs, the vessels, and their provenience), Mazzoni concluded that seals were impressed on a limited number of ceramic types with specialized functions. She noted that particular storage jar types were standard for various regions, including Syria and northern Palestine, coastal Palestine and Syria, inland Syria, and northern Syria, and that during EB III–IV the seal impressions on these jars indicated their function, quality and contents, related to husbandry and fertility (Mazzoni 1984: 33–34; 1993: 413–14). Most of the impressions from northern Palestine and Jordan were on metallic ware. At Zeraqon in northern Jordan most of the approximately one hundred fifty impressions were on metallic wares with vertical combing, and on storage vessels about one meter high, that is, pithoi without handles. Approximately two-thirds of the impressions are geometric patterns; the remaining are figure motifs or are too fragmentary to determine (Ibrahim and Mittmann 1994: 15). At Bâb edh-Dhrâº, the variety of impressions, vessels, and wares does not indicate that the impressions were used for a particular type of vessel or function. The Impressions The vessels at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were impressed in a variety of ways, which may also indicate that the seals were not used for a specialized function. The impression in figure 18.4 was made on the lower neck, while several large fragments suggest that the impression was made on the shoulder (figs. 18.5, 18.14). Often the slight curvature of the sherd indicates it belonged to a large vessel and was impressed near its widest section (fig. 18.13, where the seal impression encircles a nipple, clearly illustrates this). The seal in figure 18.14 was rolled vertically. The impression in figure 18.5 may have been rolled in a wide circle, similar to figure 18.13. Multi-impressions of the same seal were made on a vessel from Numeira, principally near the widest diameter of the body of the vessel (Lapp 1995a: 47–49, pl. 5). Multi-impressions were found on the other large vessels noted above from Tell el-Farºah (N), ºEn-Shadud, and Megiddo, and from Beth Yerah (Ben-Tor 1978: 10, II.C-3). The ºEn-Shadud vessel as well as the stamp seal impressions on the vessel from Tell el-Farºah indicate that motifs other than those of the animal type (Ben-Tor’s Class II) were repeated on vessels (cf. BenTor 1978: 42). As noted above, one pot was apparently impressed on the inner face of an open vessel (fig. 18.19), and the shape of the sherd indicates that the seal was rolled vertically, at a right angle to the rim. An impression on the interior of an open vessel is thus far unique in published impressions from Palestine. A large stamp was placed inside a bowl from the ºAmuq in Syria (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: 296, fig. 23.6). At Kinneret an impression was found on the outside rim of a platter (Fritz 1987: 45; 1990: 23, pl. 54:1).

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The Motifs New motifs, along with almost all types of currently known impressions are found in this collection from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. About two-thirds of the seal motifs from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠can be classed as geometric, as opposed to less than sixty percent in Ben Tor’s corpus. Several of the Bâb ed-Dhr⺠impressions contain designs unknown previously, and some of the compositions of the more common motifs are different than previous finds. Studies made since the publication of Ben-Tor’s corpus no longer limit geometric motifs to EB III–IV in Palestine (cf. Ben-Tor 1978: 89), and although cylinder seals were undoubtedly inspired by Syrian and Egyptian contacts, local traditions flourished, as is well illustrated by the collection from the Dead Sea Plain. All of Ben-Tor’s geometric types are represented in the Dead Sea corpus, even though they are sometimes incorporated into new patterns. These include zigzag, lozenge, net, ladder, herringbone, circle, and spiral motifs. Figure motifs are also represented at Bâb ed-Dhrâº. All the figure motifs are unique, but some belong to previously known Palestinian types. A few distinct styles of animal motifs associated with Galilee and northern Transjordanian sites are missing: tête-bêche animal arrangement familiar from Syria, the “goat” standing on hind legs, and some Megiddo style animals. The Palestinian cultic type depicting figures and structures is found at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. If particular designs can be associated with specific sites or regions, the southern Dead Sea examples seem to have adapted features from a wide area (cf. Ben-Tor 1978: 106). As noted above, no pattern emerges relating particular motifs to particular types of vessels. This and the large percentage of geometric impressions probably support their usage as decorative (cf. Mazzoni’s observations concerning Tell Gubba in northern Mesopotamia, 1993: 413). Impressions with Geometric Motifs The Zigzag Motif Figure 18.1. Cylinder Seal No. 2828. This seal is ceramic (see above), and although chipped, slightly broken, and repaired, the whole design can be delineated. It is composed of five wavy lines with three zigzags. This design belongs to Ben-Tor’s class IC (“wavy lines”). His best example of the zigzag motif is an impression from Qabr el-Faras in northern Palestine near Megiddo (Ben-Tor 1978: pl. 1:8). Beck has published the two sherds with this motif from Beth ha-ºEmeq (Beck 1976: 120–21, pl. 6:1,2). Part of a reconstructed jar with this motif rolled several times comes from ºEn-Shadud in the Jezreel Valley, dated to EB I (Braun and Gibson 1984: 38, fig. 8; Braun 1985: 79, fig. 34), and a fragment of this type is published from Tel Qashish (Ben-Tor: 1994: fig. 6). A seal with a zigzag motif is reported from Tel Kabri (Flender, personal communication). These are all Galilean sites. At Zeraqon in northern Transjordan a number of zigzag impressions have been found. When these impressions are fragmentary there is the possibility that the motif was combined with another motif, such as one from Dan (Ben-Tor 1978: fig. 1:9). An excellent specimen of the zigzag impression came from Numeira (reg. no. 2817, N. Lapp 1995: pl. 3:5). A jar rim with an extensive zigzag impression was found at Um Habaj, Site 88 (= Field #9016 of the Central Moab Survey, Palestine Grid 230810, Brown 1991: 179, 272:64; N. Lapp 1995: pl. 3:2). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal is the first seal with the horizontal zigzag or wavy line motif to be found in Palestine or Transjordan. It was found in balk removal where the pottery was dominantly EB III.

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Figure 18.1. Cylinder Seal No. 2828.

Figures 18.2, 3, 4, 5. Impression Nos. 4320, 2038, 1990, 1615. Zigzag impressions in a variety of forms and sizes are found on four Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherds. Impression nos. 4320 (fig. 18.2) and 2038 (fig. 18.3) have the zigzag motif at least in part. Both are from an EB III context. An uncontexted sherd from the surface, No. 1990 (fig. 18.4), has either a zigzag motif or a half lozenge; it could have been incised rather than stamped. Impression no. 1615 (fig. 18.5) was found with EB III pottery in a surface debris layer. Its wavy zigzag design is rolled in an arc or circle on the shoulder of a large jar. Parallels for the zigzag motif from Syria and the north are limited. There are stamp seals with a zigzag motif from Amuq F of the Jamdat Nasr period (EB I in

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Figure 18.2. Impression No. 4320. Scale 1:1.

Figure 18.3. Impression No. 2038. Scale 1:1.

Palestine) and from Amuq G, dating to EB II (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: figs. 191:1, 2; 253:3). These early Amuq seals are stamps not cylinder seals, however, and their difference in type and date limit their significance (see Ben-Tor 1978: 63). Simple geometric motifs are common on Mesopotamian seals from the earliest periods (Frankfort 1939: pl. 1). A cylinder seal with zigzag lines and a dot in each angle came from ºAmuq H, dating to EB III (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: 372, fig. 289:5, No. x2478; cf. the purchased seal, fig. 381:4). Zigzag impressions appear in the Ebla EB IV collection (Mazzoni 1992: A8, A13, A37), and a zigzag-impressed sherd (A49) from an EB III level or what Mazzoni defined as EB IVA1, was found in 1990 (1993: 412). The zigzag impressions on the sides of closed vessels from Tarsus (Goldman 1956: fig. 397: 6–8), and on the banded pithoi at Lerna (Wiencke 1970: pls. 24–26, 29–30) are of significance. The varied positions of the impressions on the Tarsus jars, vertical as

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Figure 18.4. Impression No. 1990.

Figure 18.5. Impression No. 1615. Scale: see fig. 18.4 above.

well as around the vessels, remind one of Palestine. Ben-Tor discusses the relation between the seal impressions of the Argolid and Asia Minor in his consideration of the circular motif (1978: 96–99; see below). The zigzag motif suggests a similar relation between the two regions. It should be noted, however, that the use of the zigzag motif at Lerna dates to EB III, while the Tarsus examples come from EB IV. Given the earlier date for the appearance of the zigzag design in Palestine, such as the EB I example at ºEn-Shadud, as well as the frequency of its appearance in Palestine, it may be concluded with Wiencke (1970: 109) that “the use of the cylinder at Lerna was an idea imported directly or indirectly from the borders of the eastern Mediterranean.” The “borders” must be extended to include the whole of Palestine and Transjordan. The influence, then, must have reached Tarsus a little later, but further excavations and study of these impressions may reveal the routes and “way-stations” (Ben-Tor 1978: 98). The Circle and Spiral Motif Figures 18.6, 7. Impression Nos. 2947, 3117. Impression 2947 (fig. 18.6) has a well-defined motif consisting of two rows of half-concentric circles with their round

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edges meeting in the middle. The sherds of this large storage jar were found in debris in a Stratum IIIA2 silo with pottery dating to EB II (on the basis of further study the floor above has been dated to late EB II (see table 8.6 on p. 196 above; cf. N. Lapp 1989: 5). Impression no. 3117 (fig. 18.7) appears to show space fillers around a concentric pattern. It also came from a Stratum IIIA2 locus dating to late EB II. Neither of these impressions has a border groove above or below the design, nor do the motifs with concentric circles published by Ben-Tor (1978: 48). Four sherds with spiral or circle motifs were recovered in the Numeira excavations (reg. nos. 2947, 1938 and N. Lapp 1995a: 46–47, pl. 4:1, 2; all will be published in the forthcoming volume on Numeira). The Numeira site dates only to EB III. Concentric circles and spirals are fairly common geometric motifs on Palestinian stamps and seals. They are often found in combination with other motifs, particularly herringbone and ladder (Ben-Tor 1978: Classes ID and IE; Schumacher 1917: 170, Abb. 3; Esse 1990: 27*–30*, nos. 3–6; Fritz 1990: pl. 54:3; Chesson and others 1995: 120–21, figs. 3:17, 18; Greenberg 1996: figs. 3.36:6, 3.40:7, 12, 13; Stepansky 1994: 13, fig. 13). From Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira come several impressions in which the circles are the only motif. A fragmentary sherd from Beth-Yerah (reg. no. 51 4167) seems quite similar to figure 18.6 above (Ben-Tor 1978: ID-9, shown in P. Beck’s dissertation and pointed out to me by M. Flender). Several from Dan and a sherd impression from Tel Naºama seem to have the circle or spiral only with fillers, the one from Dan rolled vertically on a handle (Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.41:15–180; Greenberg 1988– 89: 140, fig. 119). Most of these are from northern Palestine or Transjordan, and many are of metallic ware. A quadruple spiral impression from Jericho may be from a stamp seal (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 477, fig. 312: 9), and a single concentric circle design made by a stamp seal is preserved on an EB I juglet found in a family tomb at Lehun in Jordan (Homs-Fredericq 1995: 470, fig. 2). Outside Palestine, the circle or spiral motif appears alone on a platter from Tell Judaidah in the ºAmuq (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: figs. 235:7, 236), and on some of the impressions on strips of clay to seal jars at Lerna (Wiencke 1970: pls. 19, 20, 27, some quite similar to No. 2947, fig. 18.6, here). A cylinder seal, as well as several impressions, with concentric circle motifs are published from Tell Gubba (Ii 1988: fig. 7:2–26; fig. 23 type 3a). A stamp seal was used for a spiral design on the neck of a jug found at Troy, which “must have been imported” (Blegen and others 1950: 256, fig. 406). In combination with other motifs, circles and spirals have been found at Byblos (Dunand 1950: pls. 193: 14541, 195: 19307), Ebla (Mazzoni 1984: fig. 11), the ºAmuq (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: figs. 369:4, 381:6), Alalakh (Woolley 1955: pl. 108:g), Jebel Aruda (Van Driel 1983: no. 35), Gubba (Ii 1988: esp. fig. 7 and fig. 23: type 3c [floral motifs]), Tarsus (Goldman 1956: fig. 397:14), as far as Susa to the east (Mecquenem 1927: 11, 18, fig. 49), and Lerna and other Aegean sites to the west (Wiencke 1970: pls. 23, 28; Buchanan 1966: no. 741; Ben-Tor 1978: 67–69). Ben-Tor dates the Palestinian examples to EB III–IV, along with the seal impressions on clay strips from Lerna and other sites in the Aegean. He dates the geometric motifs from Hama and Tarsus to EB IV (Ben-Tor 1978: 67, 96–98, especially p. 97). His dating of some of the Palestinian impressions to EB IV, however, is based almost completely on the Taanach impressions, TT 1844 and TT 1845, which are said to be from loci dated to the final phase of the Early Bronze Age at this site (Ben-Tor 1978: 43, 65). Ben-Tor assumes this to mean EB IV (1978: 89, 92), but the excavations at Taanach and studies made in preparation for publication have shown no evidence that

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Figure 18.6. Impression No. 2947.

531

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Figure 18.7. Impression No. 3117. Scale 1:1.

the site was in use during EB IV. Even during EB III, occupation seems confined to early in the period (A. Glock, M. Ziese, personal communications). One of the Beth Yerah sherds with a spiral motif is from a certain EB II context and is of typical EB II metallic ware (Esse 1990: 31*, reg. no. 6, ill. 1:1 and 2:1). The Tell es-Sukhne North impression also suggests an EB II origin (Chesson and others 1995: 121). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sherds are from Stratum IIIA3 which dates late in EB II. As mentioned above, the Lehun juglet with a stamped concentric circle motif is from an EB I tomb (Homs-Fredericq 1995: 470). The quadruple spiral is known from the end of the fourth millennium b.c. on a seal from Jebel Aruda in northern Syria (Van Driel 1983: no. 35). Another seal of unknown origin that has this motif was bought in Aleppo (Buchanan 1966: 132, no. 725, pl. 47; cf. no. 726) and a seal impression with the quadruple spiral of the Jamdat Nasr style was found at Susa (Mecquenem 1927: 11, 18, fig. 49). Seal impressions on pottery are rare this far east, so the Susa specimen is probably a result of trade between Syria and Susa (Amiet 1970: 131–32; Collon 1987: 16, 24; Ben-Tor 1978: 95–96). A seal with a spiral and other motifs in the Marcopoli Collection is classed with the Syrian seals and dated 3100–2900(?) b.c. (Teissier 1984: 53–54, 188, no. 315). The Gubba impressions and the Tell Judaidah impressions from ºAmuq G probably date to EB II (Esse 1990: 31*; Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: figs. 235:7, 236). Although Ben-Tor doubted the stratigraphic attribution of the ºAmuq seals because of the limited material that was available to him (1978: 89), the early examples now known from Palestine and Syria give the ºAmuq seals a new significance. Collon associates the Lerna and Argolid impressions with the Piedmont or Nineveh 5 style of northern Mesopotamia (dated Early Dynastic I or EB I) and thinks engraved cylinders reached the west via Troy (1987: 141). Ben-Tor was inclined to consider Troy a way station, but without available evidence of early Syrian motifs he noted chronological and geographical difficulties (Ben-Tor 1978: 97–99; cf. 1985: 17–20). The circle and spiral motif, then, is known first from early North Syria and probably reached Susa through trade. The motif seems to have reached Transjordan as early as EB I, becoming popular in Palestine as far south as the southeastern Dead Sea Plain during EB II and III. Similar impressions at Lerna probably indicate that this same motif spread from Syria and Palestine to the Aegean (Wiencke 1970: 109– 10, and cf. the discussion of the zigzag motif above). It continued or was revived in central Syria and Seleucia late in the Early Bronze Age as seen in the collections from Hama, Ebla, and Tarsus (but cf. Mazzoni 1993: 412; 1992: 118–21).

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Figure 18.8. Impression No. 4323. Scale 1:1.

Some Common Geometric Motifs Besides the zigzag, circle, and spiral designs, other geometric motifs often found on Palestinian seals include herringbone, lozenge, net, and ladder impressions (BenTor’s Class I). All of these are found at either Bâb edh-Dhr⺠or Numeira. Figure 18.8. Impression No. 4323. This sherd from Stratum II B has zigzags or half lozenges. It is too fragmentary to distinguish all the motifs, but there may be lozenges or half-lozenges filled with horizontal lines (Ben-Tor 1978: 47–48) or herringbone fillers. Several motifs, including spirals, may be present in combination, perhaps similar to a Tel Dan impression (Ben-Tor 1978: fig. 3:20). However, the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠ware is different and there is no combing. Figure 18.9. Impression No. 4322. This impression from Stratum IIIB–A has the net motif common in northern Palestine and Transjordan (Ben-Tor 1978: Class IB). A net-impressed sherd was found at ºArqub ez-Zahar by the northern Transjordan survey (Mittmann 1974: Abb. 1; also Ben-Tor 1975a: 18), and a number of sherds with this motif have been found at Zeraqon. Five net motif impressions are published from Dan (Greenberg 1996: fig. 39:1–5). Seals with this motif came from Lahav (Seger and others 1990: 5, fig. 6:b), ºEn-Shadud (Braun 1985: 77–78, fig. 32:1), Tell Abu al-Kharaz (Fischer 1993: fig. 12:11), and Tel Dalit (Sadeh 1996: 143). From the south, a stamp seal with the net motif has been published from Arad dating to EB II (Beck 1984: 108, fig. 5:14), and Homs-Fredericq reports that a stamp seal with this motif was impressed on the inside of a heavy bowl from Lehun (no. L82/34, personal communication). The cylinder seal from Lahav is from a definitive EB I context (Seger and others 1990: 5, fig. 6:b). Among the geometric motifs included in Ben-Tor’s catalogue, the net design is the only one that appears on a seal independently (Ben-Tor 1978: 50), and the net design is clearly alone on some of the Dan and Zeraqon impressions. On the seals it is the only motif, but most sherds are too fragmentary for us to know whether a second motif appears in another register or section (cf. Ben-Tor 1978: IC-4 and IE-3). The net motif appears at Beth Yerah with herringbone, circles, and lozenges (Esse 1990: ill. 1 and 2, nos. 1, 2, 5), and at Kinneret with the ladder (and perhaps other motifs, since the sherd is fragmentary, Fritz 1990: fig. 54:2). When it stands alone, the net design is usually bordered by a groove on the seal’s edge. It should be noted that Braun (1985: 77–78) considers the ºEn-Shadud specimen a bead, leaving open the possibility that it is a cylinder seal. Sadeh publishes his “beadlike objects” as “Cylinder Seals/Beads,” but leans toward the suggestion that they

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Figure 18.9. Impression No. 4322. Scale 1:1.

were used as seals (1996: 143). Fischer publishes the Tell Abu al-Kharaz cylinder as a bead (1993: fig. 12:11; note that he and Sadeh cite as a parallel the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠bead found in Charnel House C-4, Schaub and Rast 1989: 470, fig. 270). The conclusion that these are beads cannot be reached easily, since several rolled net impressions that stand alone are now known—from Zeraqon, Dan, undoubtedly some that Ben-Tor published (1978: 48, corpus IB), and the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression No. 4323 (fig. 18.8), besides the almost certain Lahav cylinder seal (contrast Braun 1985: 78). The seal or “bead” from ºEn-Shadud and the net design with herring bone impression from Beth Yerah are from an EB I context (Braun 1985: 77, 100–101; Esse 1990: 31*), along with the seal from Lahav (Seger and others 1990: 5). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression from Stratum IIIB–A, the Kinneret impression, and the seal from Tell Abu al-Kharaz all probably date to EB II (Fritz 1987: 45; cf. Esse 1990; 31* and n. 18; Fischer 1993: 295). The net impressions that Ben-Tor publishes are EB III (1978: 89). Cylinder seals with net or cross-hatched motifs have been found in Hama K, dating to EB I (Ingholt 1940: 23, pl. 6: 7), Tell Judaideh, and ºAmuq G, dating to EB II (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: fig. 254:1), Byblos, dating to EB I–II (Dunand 1950: fig. 670; pl. 194: 19305, 17015; 1937: pl. 126: 3378, 3727), and in the Diyala region (Frankfort 1955: pl. 8:57). Van Driel (1983: 52 and n. 38) considers impressed fragments from Jebel Aruda in northern Syria to be related to the northern Palestinian type. In museum collections, cross-hatched patterns, as well as herringbone and zigzag motifs are dated to Uruk and Jamdat Nasr times (e.g., Teissier 1984: 5). Sherds with net impressions, probably from the same seal, have been found in EB IV contexts at Hama and Ebla (Mazonni 1993: 405, A42 and B113). Ben-Tor considered these motifs too primitive and general to draw conclusions relating them to the Palestinian

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impressions (Ben-Tor 1978: 66), but with the earlier examples now known from Palestine and the wider use now recognized in Syria, a relationship must be expected. Teissier thinks cross-hatching or net patterns may have derived from stamp seals (Teissier 1984: 52; cf. Strommenger 1979: fig. 13). This may be supported in Palestine as well as Syria by what is probably a stamp seal impression with an “impressed grilllike pattern” published from Proto-Urban Jericho (Kenyon and Howland 1983: 192– 93, fig. 78:16) and the Arad stamp seal from EB II. On the other hand, the Jericho impression may be compared to the stamp impressions from Jawa in Transjordan consisting of various lines and dots which Helms related to economic activity and control (Helms 1987a: 42–43, fig. 3; 1991a: 117, 123–28). These common geometric motifs, the lozenge or half-lozenge and net motifs (figs. 18.8 and 9), and the herringbone and ladder motifs that are found on sherds from Numeira, are found on most of the geometric-class impressions known from Palestine (see Ben-Tor 1978: Class I). Some are found in combination with each other or appear along with zigzags and circles. Ben-Tor dated all his geometric impressions except Class IA to EB III, possibly continuing into EB IV (Ben-Tor 1978; 89, but the Taanach evidence cannot be used; cf. above). All of the impressions of these types published by Ben-Tor were from northern Palestine and Transjordan. At that time he thought that the southern limit of their production was on a line with the Jezreel Valley, beginning not before EB III (Ben-Tor 1978: 101; 89, map, fig. 25; 1985: 25). The impressions that he published from Jericho he considered an exception, referring to Jericho as “a southern extension of the north, apparently by virtue of its location within the Jordan valley” (Ben-Tor 1978: 101–2). The Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Arad, Lahav, and other Transjordanian evidence now make it necessary to consider these impressions as also present in the south, and the closely dated EB I examples from ºEn-Shadud, Beth Yerah, and Lahav, along with the EB II examples from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Arad, Beth Yerah and Kinnereth, indicate that these motifs were adopted in Palestine much earlier. Undoubtedly as further excavations take place evidence of the increased number of centers where vessels were impressed with geometric motifs, and their spread over a longer period in the Early Bronze Age, will become clearer. The use of geometric impressions for decorative purposes has generally been considered a Palestinian concept (Ben-Tor 1978: 105–6; cf. Collon 1987: 113). However, in the past decade many more seal impressions, many of them geometric, have been published from Syria, and even farther east (see the catalog of Syrian seals published by Mazzoni (1992: ch. 2, and those from Tel Gubba, Ii 1988). From Syria the two largest groups are from Hama J5, dating to EB IV, and Tell Mardikh IIB 1–2, also EB IV (Mazzoni 1984:19). The geometric impressions from these two sites have a close affinity. Most appear on the rims of two types of storage jars and Mazzoni thinks most of the impressions, even the geometric ones, are symbolically related to fertility and reproduction themes and the function of the vessels and their contents (Mazzoni 1984: 28–29; 1993: 413). She thinks this is true in general for Palestinian impressions, and there are close affinities between the Syrian vessels and some of the impressions of northern Palestine (Galilee) and Transjordan (Zeraqon and that region). But only a small number are related to the Dead Sea Plain motifs (see fig. 18.11 below). From early levels of Tell Gubba in Iraq, roughly contemporary with EB II in Palestine, come over one hundred seal impressions on flattened rims of coarse deep jars (Ii 1988; Esse 1990: 31*). Most are geometric impressions, differing in style from the Palestinian motifs, but the geometric predominance over figurative designs would indicate their

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Figure 18.10. Impression Nos. 777/777a.

use, even to Mazzoni, as decorative (1993: 413). It should be noted that the Palestinian motifs most in common with Syria are the zigzag and circle discussed above. The rather primitive patterns of herringbone, net, and ladder, although probably originating in the stamp seals of early Mesopotamia and Syria, were more often chosen for cylinder seal motifs in Palestine and Transjordan. New Motifs Figure 18.10. Impression Nos. 777 and 777a. These two pieces from Bâb edhDhr⺠were found not far from each other, and undoubtedly were made by the same seal and impressed on the shoulder of a storage jar. Their find spot, Area F 4, was located just west of the city wall. No. 777 came from bricky debris related to Stratum IV occupation above several earlier EB IA shaft tombs. No. 777a was from a Stratum IV sealed layer, dating to EB IB. The pattern consists of X’s within squares, sometimes with vertical lines through the center of the X’s. The geometric motifs from Palestine can usually be classed as net design, herringbone, ladder, zigzag, concentric circles, or a combination of these. This design is innovative to Palestine and Transjordan, and its stratigraphic context dating to EB IB is significant. Although new in the Palestinian repertory, this pattern may have roots in north Syria and Mesopotamia. From the Tell Halaf period (pre-Obeidian period, fifth millennium b.c.) come stamp seal impressions of this design from Tell Arpachiyah and Chagar Bazar in the Khabur basin of northern Mesopotamia (Homs-Fredericq 1970: 25–26, fig. 8a, pls. 18, 23). At Tepe Gawra a “back-looped button” from Stratum XIX (Obeid period = Late Chalcolithic in Palestine, Tobler 1950: 179, pl. 88, a-6; also cf. pl. 158:1, 4) has almost the exact motif. A stamp impression from Tell Brak of the Jamdat Nasr period (= EB I) has a similar pattern. Wiseman noted the possibility of a superimposed human and animal figure on the Tell Brak design (Wiseman 1962: 35, pl. 30h). There are also X- and cross-designed stamps published from a mixed context of ºAmuq F, also contemporary with the Jamdat Nasr period (Braidwood and Braid-

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Figure 18.11. Impression No. 1503.

wood 1960: fig. 191:5, 379:8). These northern ancestors are all stamp seals, but at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠the motif has been adapted to the cylinder seal. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression is from an EB IB context, and its intricate pattern may indicate some contact with north Syria or even northern Mesopotamia. Braun (1993: 121) relates the impression to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cylinder seal No. 2860 (fig. 18.16, below), which has a partial figure surrounded by the X in square geometric motif. He considers the seal as a likely Egyptian import (Braun 1993: 124), and although this is probable for the alabaster stone from which it was carved, the geometric motif favors northern contacts as in other instances (see fig. 18.16 below). Figure 18.11. Impression No. 1503. Another unique impression came from a disturbed surface area in Area F containing EB IB pottery. Lengthened lozenges, bordered by the grooved edges of the seal, contain intertwined smaller lozenges, making a continuous row of these figures through the middle. The motif edges are sharp and betray a high level of craftsmanship. While lozenges are a common Palestinian motif (Ben-Tor 1978: Class ID 1–3), they always appear upright and are filled with lines or a net design. Usually they are not as carefully made. A seal from the Aleppo Museum with diamond pattern formed by criss-crossed lines of the Jamdat Nasr brocade style was published by Hammade (1987: no. 21). Frankfort considered the diamond-shaped design with drilled holes or short lines in the center to be Jamdat Nasr characteristics (Frankfort 1955: pl. 8: 47; Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: fig. 381:3, 254:3, the latter from Amuq G [EB I]). The nearest parallel to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠fragment is the motif on the neck near the rim of a large crater-like vessel from Hama J (Ingholt 1940: pl. 15:1; Ravn 1960: no. 120). The design contains two rows of lengthwise lozenges, with small lozenges inside that are not connected. The same motif has been found at Ebla, and Mazzoni thinks the impression there was made by the same seal as the one from Hama (Mazzoni 1984: 28, fig. 9; 1993: 405). These impressions, however, are dated to EB IV. Thus it seems that the Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Hama, and Ebla motifs probably descended from the same tradition, and that the ties for these two unique geometric designs (figs. 18.10, 18.11) are to the north, perhaps northern Mesopotamia relayed through Syria.

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Figure 18.12. Impression No. 4319. Scale 1:1.

a b c Figure 18.13. Impression No. 2847. Scale 1:2.

Figure 18.12. Impression No. 4319. This impression has a unique design. It consists of a row of four rounded squares with center dots, impressed vertically, with thick wide lines around the cylinder. The horizontal lines were apparently made with a triangular pointed instrument that left rows of wedge-shaped marks; a vertical zigzag line was formed next to the row of squares. The sherd was from an EB III context and no parallels in design or technique were found. The design probably indicates experimentation by a local craftsman. Miscellaneous Geometric Motifs Figure 18.13. Impression No. 2847. This motif was impressed by a short, thick seal in a circle around a knob on the body of a large vessel. The fragment is large enough to show parts of three rolls of the seal so it is possible to determine the measurements of the cylinder. Where the sherd is broken it appears as if the beginning and the end of the rolling met almost at a right angle. The motifs or forms on the seal are like nothing known from Palestinian im-pressions. Outside of Palestine the closest similarities seem to be the stamps on Eneolithic

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Figure 18.14. Impression Nos. 2945–2946.

handles from Byblos (Dunand 1945: pl. 5 and fig. 5), and a seal from the Newell Babylonian collection classed by Buchanan as “Peripheral Jamdat Nasr” (Buchanan 1981: 82, no. 221). These motifs are too distant in time and place to have any direct connection. A decorative geometric motif appearing on a rim from Ebla has some forms somewhat comparable to those on the Bâb ed-Dhr⺠impression (Mazzoni 1992: 68, A5, pl. 4). None of the motifs are repeated on the cylinder seal itself. The design is probably best classified as geometric, since no complete figure of a man or animal is found. There is a possibility, however, that a figure is represented in three or more parts (suggested by A. Ben-Tor, personal communication). The head may be represented by motif (a), uplifted arms by motif (b), and legs by motif (c). Other shapes could be limbs, perhaps to represent more people. Animal limbs were used as space fillers in Mesopotamian seals, but are rare in those from Palestine (Frankfort 1939: 29, 47; pls. IVa, e; XIe, f; cf. Ben-Tor 1978: 55, 76). In the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠example the seal was too short for the whole figure to stand upright, so perhaps the craftsman chose to depict it in parts. Figure 18.14. Impression No. 2945–2946. This impression from Stratum IIIA2 (late EB II) was made by a fairly large seal and impressed vertically on the shoulder of a closed vessel. It is difficult to recognize a human or animal figure, and it is probable that it is meant to be a geometric design. Seen vertically, a horned animal with antlers and head turned back can possibly be identified, but animals on the seal are regularly carved around the cylinder rather than top to bottom. A geometric design with varied motifs is impressed vertically on a vessel from Apamea on the Orontes in Syria dating to the first half of the third millennium b.c. (Collon 1987: 23, no. 46). The engraving on the seal that made the impression was incised in almost a continuous line, a characteristic Ben-Tor noted on a then-unpublished Beth Yerah

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CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

Figure 18.15. Impression Nos. 4318/1936. Scale 1:1.

impression (now published, Esse 1990: nos. 3–6) and on a similar seal from Ugarit (Ben-Tor 1978: 105; Courtois 1962: 430, figs. 20:k, 21:H). A crudely incised, at least partially continuous motif from Ebla is described as a pastoral scene (Mazzoni 1992: 76, pl. 10:A41). Figure 18.15. Impression Nos. 4318/1936. Several sherds have what seem to be primitive geometric linear designs. No published Palestinian parallels to them are obvious, and the designs are too elementary to have significant parallels from longer distances. The complete motif seems to be present in the impression on these two sherds from an EB III context. The design consists of slanting lines, with grooves delineating the edges of the seal. The two sherds were recorded from two separate but close loci and are probably from the same vessel. A fragmentary Tel Qashish impression has similar grooved lines but Ben-Tor thinks it is part of a herringbone pattern as seen on other sherds (Ben-Tor 1994: 17, fig. 5). A sherd from Numeira (reg. No.

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Figure 18.16. Cylinder Seal No. 2860. Scale 1:1.

1875) was even more primitive and carelessly executed, but the pattern is repeated and lines indicate the edge of the seal. Impressions with Figure Motifs Human Figure Motifs Figure 18.16. Cylinder Seal No. 2860. This cylinder seal of pink alabaster from Stratum IIB, dating to EB III, is unique among the finds of the ancient Near East. It measures 40 mm high and has a diameter of 25.5 mm, putting it in Ben-Tor’s class of

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large seals (Ben-Tor 1978: 39). The seal is not perforated, which is an unusual feature. Of the seals in Ben-Tor’s corpus, only a seal of clay was unperforated (Ben-Tor 1978: 37, fig. 9:58). This seal was found in a small pit of Stratum IIB. The motif was apparently carved in two steps, the artisan first creating a figure with profiled head and with stick arms and upper torso. Then abandoning the attempt, either the artisan or another person finished the seal with X’s in squares on the whole seal. The square with the head is the only one without an X, indicating that the head was most likely worked first and incorporated into the completed motif. The motif is reminiscent of the Arad stele from the EB II city, which has similar stick fingers and arms bent at the elbows (Amiran 1972: 86–87, pls. 14–15). The Arad stele is best known for the figure heads of ears of wheat, but the stick representation is paralleled in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal. A pottery vessel from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in the Franciscan collection in Jerusalem has burnished but unpainted stick figures, although hands are not represented and the elbows are raised in right angles (Saller 1964–65: 166–69, figs. 16:4; 18:5; 19; cf. Amiran 1972: 88, n. 8) The style of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal seems closer to the Arad stele, but both parallels are distant. It is also interesting to compare this seal depiction with plaster reconstructions of what Early Bronze inhabitants may have looked like, made by Smithsonian scientists on the basis of excavated crania from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Rast 1987: 49). In Mesopotamia, similar profiled faces are found on cultic scenes depicting priests as far back as the Uruk and Jamdat Nasr periods (Amiet 1961: pls. 44–48; Frankfort 1939: pls. 3, 5). Profiled faces continue through the Early Dynastic period, and particularly in the Accadian period (ca. 2300–2100 b.c.), stick arms and fingers are also found. Human profiles and stick hands and elbows can be noted on more elaborate seals from Ur (Legrain 1951: pls. 7:92, 10:134, 15:211). Often a lion is pictured with a stick paw (Legrain 1951: pls. 10:134, 15:211; Moorgat 1940: pl. 25: 171). Some seals in collections from Syria have stick arms and fingers and are dated to the Early Bronze Age (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: fig. 382:4; Teissier 1984: no. 319). Teissier considers the three-fingered hand a Syrian feature (Teissier 1984: 57). An impression from Hama J6 (EB IV) has a figure with three stick fingers and a thumb (Ingholt 1940: pl. 14:2; Ravn 1960: no. 118). Ben-Tor has related the plant-like protrusions, often three-pronged, on the arms of humans in his second class of Palestinian cultic seal impressions (see below) to the Mesopotamian “feeding of the sacred herd” motif. He notes that “the artists did not go to any great lengths to stress the distinction between the hand holding the object and the object itself ” (1992: 162). Braun (1993: 121–24) has drawn attention to Egyptian parallels to this motif, particularly on an incised figure from Tel ºErani (Brandl 1989: 371, fig. 11). Two non-contiguous fragments from a storage jar of Egyptian manufacture uncovered in an EB I context at Tel ºErani depict an incised figure closely parallel to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠motif. The reconstructed drawing includes a head in profile with a portion of a torso and raised arm, while on the lower fragment there is depicted the posterior, legs, feet, and a crook of the second elbow, also in profile (Braun 1993: 121–22, fig. 4). Braun points out that in both the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Tel ºErani figures the torso and the stick arms and hands are portrayed en face, with the head and lower portion in profile in the case of the Tel ºErani sherd. Although schematically executed, they are reminiscent of the stylized Egyptian manner of portraying humans, partially in profile and

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partially en face. Braun also draws attention to the figures similarly protrayed on a stone pavement associated with the shrine of Stratum XIX at Megiddo (Loud 1948: pl. 273: 5) and some Egyptian examples of the Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods (Braun 1993: 122–24, figs. 5–7). An incised figure on a palette from Tarhkan is a particularly good parallel (fig. 6). Braun relates the bent elbows, upraised arms, and widely splayed fingers of the Bâb ed-Dhr⺠and Tel ºErani sherds, the Meggido pavement figures, the locally made impressions on the ºEn-Besor sherds (Schulman 1976: fig. 1), and the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠female figurines with upright arms (Schaub and Rast 1989: 275–89), and the painted pot with raised forearms (see above) to EB I cult and ritual (Braun 1993: 123–24). Due to the Egyptian parallels and the EB I date of the Tel ºErani, Megiddo, and other Bâb edh-Dhr⺠artifacts, Braun (1993: 123–24) concludes that the schematic figure was incised in EB I and that the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠pink alabaster came from Egypt (cf. Schaub and Rast 1989: 292–93; N. Lapp 1995a: 44). He cannot say whether the seal was inscribed in Egypt, but he believes it is possible. Braun also regards the EB I sherds with X’s in squares and lines through them (fig. 18.10 above) as a good parallel to X’s in the seal squares of this Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal, and thus additional evidence for an EB I date for the seal (Braun 1993: 121). Since as far as known at this time, the influence for this motif was from the north (see above), this design does not witness to Egyptian influence. It could be posited, however, that the seal with or without a partially incised figure was imported into Palestine in EB I. If the figure was incised at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠it was under Egyptian influence, but in any case the X pattern was completed by a local artisan with the motif similar to that on the sherds (fig. 18.10). The cultic significance of upraised hands could be related to the cultic motifs discussed below (figs. 18.17, 18.18) dating to EB III contexts. In these impressions and their parallels, the upraised arms and dancing figures are fully developed. Perhaps the cylinder seal motif and parallel figures are precursors of these. The parallels brought forth by Braun (1993) are important and indicate that the motif on this seal is not as unique as originally thought (N. Lapp 1989: 5). The alabaster was certainly imported; whether it was incised in Egypt or by a local artisan cannot be determined, but it might show Egyptian influence. It is possible all this took place in EB I, but its provenience in Stratum IIB (EB III) has to be taken into consideration. Figure 18.17. Impression No. 1855. This impression displays what seem to be figures with raised arms standing above or behind a net-pattern which is usually interpreted as the mud-brick facade of a cultic structure. Ben-Tor divides the cultic scenes on Palestinian seal impressions into two groups. The first consists of a number of people located behind a building, apparently engaged in a ritual dance. The second is characterized by a single human figure, a taller and narrower building than that in the first group, and a horned animal or a human dressed up as one. He suggests these are two aspects of the same cult (1992: 153–54). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression would belong to Ben-Tor’s first group: human figures, perhaps performing a ritual dance, behind or on a structure, probably a temple. A number of similar impressions have been found at sites in northern Israel, the Golan, and northern Jordan (Ben-Tor 1977; Epstein 1972: fig. 2:4, 6; Prausnitz 1955: figs. 1, 2; 1958: fig. 1; Mittmann 1974: 5). Ben-Tor considered this a northern type, dating to EB III (Ben-Tor 1975: 19–20; 1977: 94; 1978: 91, 107; 1992: 160–61). The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression, also from an EB III context, indicates contact as far south as the Dead Sea Plain.

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Figure 18.17. Impression No. 1855.

Although clearly related to the northern motifs, the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression has some unique features. Instead of the typical flat-headed figures (Epstein 1972: fig. 2:6; Prausnitz 1955: figs. 1, 2; cf. Ben-Tor 1977: 94, figs. 13, 14; Zori 1955: pl. 10; cf. BenTor 1978: Corpus IIIB 1–3, IIIC 5), or even round-headed figures (Ben-Tor 1978: fig. 10:68), the heads on the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression are oval and elongated. Arms are upraised rather than suspended as in the closest parallels (Epstein 1972: fig. 2:6; Prausnitz 1955: fig. 1). It is possible that the portrayal intends linked arms, or arms extended around the shoulders. But like the northern examples there appears to be a group of human figures performing a ritual dance. The design is flat or, rather, smooth but with sharp edges, in contrast to the lines of low relief on the Byblos animal motifs and the Jericho impressions that Ben-Tor describes as “soft” (Ben Tor 1978: 40, fig. 6: 34–37). A Numeira pot with an animal motif also has this low relief (N. Lapp 1989: fig. 7). Its relief, as well as that of some of those from Byblos, could hardly be described as “soft,” but the sharper outlines are probably due to a less skillful craftsman rather than the technique. Only two parallels from outside Palestine that are of the same flat relief may be cited, and each contains a probable cultic scene. An impression from Hama J-5 (Ingholt 1940: 42, pl. 14:3) is dated to EB IV, and it has been noted as the only close parallel to the Palestinian cultic scenes in style and subject (Ben-Tor 1978: 79). A Byblos impression from the first urban settlement (Dunand 1950: pl. 195: 15715) has oval heads, and the raised arms appear to depict a dancing figure. Other motifs on the Byblos impression are hard to distinguish, but there seems to be the top of a ladder (representing a structure?) and the legs and tail of at least one animal. This impression may be more clearly related to Ben-Tor’s second group of cultic motifs.

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Figure 18.18. Impression No. 3008.

Although this type and the near parallels for it are limited to Palestine and the two examples from Hama and Byblos, the determination that these are cultic scenes is based on motifs from Syria and Mesopotamia (Ben-Tor 1992: 153, 161–64). In a seal from Ur, humans with animal heads, sometimes thought to be dressed-up humans, dance before a temple (Legrain 1936: pl. 19:374), and rows of squares on an impression from Çatal Hüyük seem obviously to be a temple (Frankfort 1939: 229, pl. 38j). Additional Syrian cultic scenes will be mentioned in connection with the other Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cultic impression below. Particularly noteworthy is that the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impression was found in what is thought to be the sacred area in the southwest section of the EB II–III walled town (Rast and Schaub 1980: 31). The impressed sherd was found in Stratum II (EB III) near a hemispherical feature interpreted as an altar. Other related small finds discovered in connection with the sacred complex included a sherd with incised decoration (reg. no. 1937), an incised and punctured sherd (reg. no. 1939), a sherd incised around two raised knobs (reg. no. 1849), a stone ring (reg. no. 1957), flints (reg. no. 1975), a blade (reg. no. 1977), and a hammerstone (reg. no. 2185). Figure 18.18. Impression No. 3008. This unique impression from Stratum II (EB III) again may represent a cultic theme. The extant part of the impression shows two bird-like figures with raised arms, probably dancing, with a spiral circle design above them. The bottom of the fragment has what may be the feet of the left figure. On the other hand, the four small blocks could represent the wall of a structure as in the previous impression. Unfortunately the sherd is fragmentary. It is possible it is from a stamp seal, or even two different stamp or cylinder seals, one above the other. Impressions possibly made by two cylinder seals on different registers are known (Ben-Tor 1978: 50, fig. 1:9), and the stamps on a jar from Tell el-Farºah (N) were repeated several times to create the effect of a cylinder seal (Ben-Tor 1978: 42; Vaux and Stève 1948: fig. 7:3, pls. 22, 23:1). A circle or spiral occasionally occurs with a figure on a seal, but the motifs differ considerably from this one from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. A spiral appears with an animal figure at Zeraqon and at Tell Gubba in the Hamrin Basin in Syria (Ii nos. 8, 23). Ben-Tor

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Figure 18.19. Impression No. 2815. Scale 1:1.

notes an impression from Ugarit that has a concentric circle motif with what might be a human figure (Ben-Tor 1978: 65; Courtois 1962: 430, fig. 20:k, 432, fig. 21:h). Nothing similar to this impression is known in Palestine, and other comparative material is not close. Bird-like faces are known from Obeid times through the Early Bronze Age (Tobler 1950: pl. 163:92; Amiet 1961: pls. 90, 91), but the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠motif differs in style from any of these. The dancing figures do recall the figures on a seal from Tell Brak (Mallowan 1947: pl. 23:8) or a seal in the Marcopoli Collection (Amiet 1961: pl. 102:1353), which is probably from northern Syria. Amiet classes these as seals depicting the “Rituel de Haute Syrie” (Amiet 1961: 167–68, pl. 102). The “bird” face also appears on a seal in the British Museum that Amiet included in the group (Amiet 1961: pl. 102:1354). Fragmentary impressions with a facade and a possible figure from Jebel Aruda have also been compared to this type of seal (Van Driel 1983: 53–54, no. 36). The Tell Brak and Marcopoli Collection seals are often mentioned in relation to the Palestinian cultic scenes of the first example above (fig. 18.17), but they seem to be closer to this impression in style. Yet the parallels are not close, so that figure 18.18 remains a unique piece of glyptic art. Animal Motifs Several impressions of animal motifs have been found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira, all from EB III contexts but in different styles. Sherds of two vessels from Numeira give complete impressions; both are animal motifs but are dissimilar in technique and style (N. Lapp 1989: 7–9, fig. 7; 1995: pl. 5). Figure 18.19. Impression No. 2815. This sherd was found during balk trim where all pottery was EB III or earlier. It is unique in that it is impressed on the inside of a shallow bowl. It is small and contains only a part of an impression, but it may be a part of the animal file motif. One animal is clear although the species is difficult to identify. Perhaps it is a bovine, ewe, or lamb; a domesticated dog is also a possibility. To the right is a rear leg and stub tail of another animal. Between the two is a space filler of some kind, perhaps a plant or part of another animal. An appendage appears below the animal’s head. There seem to be at least two rows, and they may not be facing the same way. The impression is so incomplete that the scene cannot be identified. The figures are small, and the seal itself may be small, yet the space is filled to the

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Figure 18.20. Impression No. 1616. Scale 1:1.

maximum. The sherd appears to have been burned black, and vertical marks could indicate that the interior of the vessel was meant to be burnished. Ben-Tor notes (1978: 55) the tendency for maximal filling of spaces for all of his Class II examples (animal motifs). This seems true for this new impression also, and it is quite obvious in the two impressions with varied geometric shapes (figs. 18.13 and 14 above) which perhaps have some representations of animal or human figures. In Palestine two small EB I impressions from Megiddo depict animal rows (Engberg and Shipton 1934: fig. 10: C; Ben-Tor 1978: fig. 6: 38, 39), and a sherd from Dan with an animal row may depict a dog (Greenberg 1996: fig. 3.41:22, figure on right). Two sherds with fragmentary animal row impressions are published from Tell el-Handaquq South (Chesson 1998: 29, 31, fig. 12). Perhaps similar animals appear on early Mesopotamian seals. A Tepe Gawra stamp seal of Stratum VIII (EB I) shows four recumbent dogs (Speiser 1935: 124, pl. 58: 34), and hunting dogs are seen in action on some Predynastic seals (Amiet 1961: pl. 39: 603, 605, 607). Full-bodied bovines are found on Uruk and Jamdet Nasr cylinder seals (Buchanan 1966: pls. 3, 4:41). None of these animals is close enough in date, place, or style to consider any relationship with the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal. Figure 18.20. Impression No. 1616. The impression on this small sherd is even less discernible. At least one animal in some form is depicted, but not much more can be said. As shown in the drawing, there may be a fore and hind leg of an animal (cf. the bent legs of the goat on the early stamp seals, Buchanan 1981: fig. 56; Speiser 1935: pl. 57:17, 18). Or, if the motif is seen another way (upside down), perhaps there is the tail and horn of an animal (cf. the unusual horn on the Jamdet Nasr style seal in the Yale University collection, Buchanan 1981: fig. 192). With the photograph in the inverted position it may be possible to see the faint lines of a complete animal with fore and hind legs, head with horn (?), and body, but no tail. The fragmentary impression could be part of an animal file motif. It is from a balk trim, probably Stratum II (EB III). An Imported Seal Figure 18.21. Cylinder Seal No. 2823. This seal is of a type almost unknown in Palestine. It has important links with Egypt, but the type has its roots in Mesopotamia. The seal is carved in chlorite and was found with what must have been a piece

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0

5

10 cm

Figure 18.21. Cylinder Seal No. 2823.

of string in its perforation. On the seal a long-haired female figure is seated before a table with her arm outstretched. She may be holding something. Behind her is a horned animal, probably with a bird below its head. Behind this animal is another quadruped with a high-curled tail, resembling a horse or large dog. The type has close affinities in material, execution, and motif to First Dynasty seals found in Egypt (Petrie 1917: pls. 1, 2; Frankfort 1939: pl. 46: d, f). Although cylinder seals were imported into Egypt from Mesopotamia during the expansion of the Jamdat Nasr period toward the end of the fourth millennium b.c., no cylinder seals made in Egypt can be shown to antedate the First Dynasty (Frankfort 1939: 292–93; for other Mesopotamian features in early Egypt see Kantor 1952: 250; and Frankfort 1951: 100–111). The locally made Egyptian seals are not slavish copies of Mesopotamian seals, but the motifs reflect Egyptian themes and the earliest attempts at hieroglyphic writing. When the local seals appear they are of two types. The kind here is short and squat, a shape not known in Mesopotamia after the Jamdat Nasr period. On the Egyptian seals a common motif is a seated figure, thought to be a woman with a long hairstyle before a table with loaves of bread, and they seem to have been funerary amulets.

spread is 1 pica short

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They are found in tombs and never seem to be used for sealing (Collon 1987: 141). Similar scenes with a figure sealed at a table with loaves of bread are depicted in mastaba reliefs of the Old Kingdom, and in the pyramid texts in the ritual of the dead the “deceased is treated as a sleeper who is called to the table” (Frankfort 1939: 293–94). Animals appear on some of the seals along with the seated female (Petrie 1917: pl. 1:5–12), and early hieroglyphs or predecessors to hieroglyphic writing appear on many of them. Egyptian seals soon are regularly inscribed and serve for identification purposes. An imported First Dynasty black steatite seal of similar size with hieroglyphs, probably a name, was found in the Sharon plain in Palestine (Rowe 1936: 233, pl. 26: S 1). The Egyptian seal and seal impressions found at ºEn-Besor should be noted in this connection (Schulman 1976) and a seal from Gezer has been identified as Egyptian (Macalister 1912: pl. 214:12; cf. Brandl 1992: 446). The Mesopotamian prototypes to this kind of seal are small seals with a pig-tailed figure squatting on a couch. These were formerly thought to be a chronological indicator of the Jamdat Nasr period and the spread of its culture (Frankfort 1939: 35–36, 294, pl. 8:c, d, f; Ben Tor 1978: 71), but some are now known from certain Uruk contexts (Porada 1980: 6), and the styles seem to overlap (Collon 1987: 15–16). Sometimes the pig-tailed figures (women?) are shown as potters or with vases (Buchanan 1966: 10, pl. 2:15–18). Others seem to be spinning and weaving (Mallowan 1947: 135, pl. 21:17; Collon 1987: 148, nos. 627–30). With cows or goats the scenes suggest the preparation of dairy products, perhaps for ritual purposes (Porada 1948: 4). Often the motifs are too schematic to interpret (Frankfort 1939: 37; cf. Amiet’s “cylindres schématiques” in Amiet 1961: pls. 19–21). The use of the drill to make heads and other parts of the motif was typical (Frankfort 1955: 17; Porada 1980: 5). Mesopotamian seals of pig-tailed figures reached Syria and were made in local styles in late Uruk times. Stratified examples have come from Habuba Kabira South (Strommenger 1975: 164, Abb. 14), Tell Chuera (Moortgat and Moortgat-Correns 1978: 25, Abb. 9a–b), and Jebel Aruda (Van Driel 1983: 36, no. 2; cf. also nos. 21–23). Later seals in local styles have come from the ºAmuq (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960: figs. 297:5, 381:7) and Ras Shamra (Amiet 1963: 67, fig. 12). Typical Syrian features include the low, angular cutting style, loop handles, and animals with the pig-tailed figures (Teissier 1984: 52–53). What Ben-Tor considers highly stylized pig-tailed figures are seen in a handle impression from Byblos (Dunand 1945: fig. 1:j, pl. 2:f), and he relates them to the Jamdat Nasr period (Ben-Tor 1978: 71). There is no doubt that the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal has the most affinities with the Egyptian seals that are based on Mesopotamian prototypes. The long Egyptian hair style, similar tables, and stick-like animals are characteristic. The seal is almost certainly an import, since chlorite is not local to Palestine or Transjordan. All the Egyptian seals of this type are described as of “black steatite,” which is now known to be chlorite (cf. Ben-Tor 1978: 37; for identification of chlorite, see above). Although the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seal fell out of a balk and the context was EB III, the First Dynasty date (EB II) for the Egyptian seals is satisfactory, allowing for transport time into Transjordan and the heirloom factor for an artifact so unique. That there is contact between Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Egypt as early as EB I is shown by the alabaster maceheads found in some EB IA tombs (Schaub and Rast 1989: 292–94, fig. 167:9). During EB III schist or slate palettes, and two combs, from a charnel house indicate Egyptian influence, though contacts with Syria and Mesopotamia seem to have increased as the

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CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

third millennium progressed (Rast 1980: 11–14). The contact between the Dead Sea Plain and Egypt in the first part of the third millennium b.c. is similar to that known from excavations in southern Palestine (Amiran 1970: 87–89; 1978: 51; Beck 1984: 109–10, 112; Van den Brink 1995: 202–4). Conclusion In the twenty years since the last comprehensive study of Palestinian seals and impressions was published (Ben-Tor 1978), scholarship has increased and been modified significantly. This is due mainly to the discovery of many more impressions and a few seals in Palestine and Syria, many of them from stratified contexts. Certain basic assumptions are still valid. No Mesopotamian cylinder seals of Early Bronze date have been found in Early Bronze Age contexts in Palestine. A number made in Egypt have now been uncovered in Palestinian excavations, of which the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠chlorite seal of a woman at an offering table is the first of that type. Association with Syria is so common in many of the seal motifs that it is always possible that some of the seals may have come from Syria, though the vessels on which they were impressed are usually of local wares. Our knowledge of Early Bronze Age seals continues to come mainly from seal impressions. As yet no seal used to make one of the pottery impressions has been found. Most seals must have been made from perishable materials. In only a few cases is more than one impression found from the same seal, and then the impression is usually on the same pot. Realizing that new finds will bring new evidence, we may present a few tentative conclusions on the basis of our present knowledge. The custom of impressing vessels with seals was more widely practiced than formerly thought. Not only have many more examples been found in Palestine, but there are now significant groups from Ebla and other recently excavated Syrian sites. In addition, impressions on vessels from North Syria, Mesopotamia, and Elam force reconsideration of this as a SyroPalestinian phenomena alone (Ben-Tor 1978: 95). The practice may have originated in the east, spread to northern Mesopotamia and north Syria, and from there to the south (Collon 1987: 113). As might be expected, the main period for the use of the cylinder seal in Palestine was during EB II–III when towns or city-states flourished. Besides the figured impressions known from Megiddo dated to EB I, a few geometric motifs are now known from definitive EB I contexts, including two from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(figs. 18.10 and 18.11). As far as can be determined, only a Beth Yerah impression (Bar-Adon 1973: 99–100) is from an EB IV context. It is significant that no examples turned up in the EB IV settlement at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, nor have they appeared at the EB IV sites of Khirbet Iskander and Tell el-Óayyat in Jordan. On the other hand, in Syria where the prosperous city-states continued in EB IV, Ebla and Hama have produced two of the richest collections of Syrian Early Bronze seal impressions. In 1978 when Ben-Tor published his corpus of known seal impressions from Palestine, it was believed that the custom of impressing seals on vessels was limited to northern Palestine and Transjordan (Ben-Tor 1978: 102). Now the excavations at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira, as well as other isolated finds, present new evidence of seals and impressions far to the south.

spread is 1 pica short

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

551

The Dead Sea Plain collection is an integral part of the corpus of Palestine, yet there are features in almost all the seals and impressions from the Dead Sea Plain that present a regional group with its own unique attributes. As has been seen, the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seals and seal impressions, along with those from Numeira (forthcoming in the volume devoted to that site), include almost all styles represented at other Palestinian sites. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠artisans attempted designs and scenes that they recognized from outside contacts and developed new arrangements and motifs of their own. The Dead Sea Plain impressions offer little toward solving the problems of how the seals were used and the purpose of the impressions on vessels. The wide variety in style and subject, the lack of standardization on the type of vessel impressed, or the placement of impressions on vessels, all fail to suggest that the impressions served a special commercial function (contrast Mazzonni 1984, 1993). Although these Palestinian impressions could indicate ownership, the purpose seems to have been mostly decorative. More significant may be that the motifs reflect the Palestinian culture during the Early Bronze Age. The majority of the motifs are geometric. Many of them are simple or primitive patterns, and some are clumsy attempts at design. The closest parallels are often those of early Mesopotamian seals, sometimes early stamps of the Uruk or Jamdat Nasr periods. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(and Numeira) figure motifs, mainly “animal rows” or cultic scenes, can usually be related to Syrian seals or impressions of Predynastic seals of Mesopotamia and Elam. But the figure motifs are seldom elaborate designs. The characteristic Early Dynastic and Akkadian contest scenes, deities, and banquet scenes, although copied in Syria and contemporary with the Early Bronze Age in Palestine, are not found. Eastern modeled styles, use of the drill, “Ur III,” or “Farah” styles are hardly known. Ben-Tor considers that an independent Palestinian style developed during EB II and III (Ben-Tor 1978: 108). Perhaps this local style relates to the “archaizing” style of Syria (Amiet 1963; Teissier 1983: 57–58), and in that sense it cannot help but reflect a cultural lag. The examples from Bâb edhDhr⺠illustrate the way the local artisans adapted the motifs apparently known from northern and older cultures, and then attempted their own designs and scenes. Some hitherto unknown motifs and combinations of patterns were also introduced. Except for the small Egyptian chlorite seal (reg. no. 2823, fig. 18.21) and the stone for the alabaster seal (reg. no. 2860, fig. 18.16), there is little reason to suppose that the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impressions and seals were not made locally. The wares are typically those of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠pottery. The large number of impressions of wide variety points to local attempts. Although motifs familiar from other Palestinian sites are found, and influence from the north is evident, most of the motifs are elementary and rather crude, indicating efforts made by craftsmen of a more or less isolated and self-sufficient community. There would be little reason to import seals of such quality. The two more elaborate, probably cultic, motifs (figs. 18.17 and 18.18) could have been carved on seals brought to the site, but the individuality displayed in the designs suggests that these impressions were products of local workshops. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠collection enlarges the area in which these seals and impressions are found, and it extends the period during which some of the motifs were made. Many of the motifs found at other Palestinian sites are represented at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and new variations, designs, and scenes can be added to the growing collection of seal types.

[Text continues on p. 555]

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

552

Table 18.1. 777 & 777a Prov. Stra. Dim. Ware Motif 1503 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 1615 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 1616 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 1855 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif

1990 Prov. Dim. Ware Motif 2038 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif

spread is a tad long

Catalog List of Seals and Impressions (by Registration Nos.)

(fig. 18.10) BD 77 F4 loc. 8, bkt. 10 (777); loc. 56, bkt. 64 (777a) IV–II (777); IV (777a) 2 sherd fragments, 55 x 51, 33 x 30 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash; inside very rough, outside smoothed X’s in squares with vertical lines through some X’s, border groove 33+ mm high? (fig. 18.11) BD 77 F4 loc. 6, bkt. 9, sherd .2415 EB IB sherd 42 x 55 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash lengthened lozenge containing smaller lozenges, connected to form a row of continuous small lozenges through the middle, 20 mm high (fig. 18.5) BD 79 XIV.6 loc. 1, bkt. 3, surface debris layer EB III, some possibly late EB III sherd 96 x 120 mm impressed by seal vertically or circularly on shoulder of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash at least 2 shallow wavy lines 12+ mm high (fig. 18.20) BD 79 XIV.4 loc. 19, bkt. 51, balk trim, probably Stratum II EB III, some possibly late EB III sherd 44 x 51 mm impressed on closed vessel, probably near widest part of vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash possibly front and rear leg of running animal on edge of seal, 9+ mm high (fig. 18.17) BD 79 XII.11 loc. 3, bkt. 8 II sherd 83 x 88 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash elongated, oval-headed figures with raised arms joined, schematic bodies (no feet or legs depicted), dancing (?) on structure with square windows (?) faint border grooves 40 mm high, ca. 12.7 mm diam. (fig. 18.4) BD 79 XVII.1 surface, bkt. 103 sherd 103 x 130 mm impressed or possibly incised on shoulder of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash large zigzag line or 1/2 lozenge lower border groove, 25+ mm high (fig. 18.3) BD 79 IV.3 loc. 5, bkt. 13 EB III sherd 96 x 38 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash at least two zigzag lines lower (?) border groove fragmentary; 20+ mm high

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Table 18.1. 2815 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif

2823 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif

553

Catalog List of Seals and Impressions (by Registration Nos.) (cont.)

(fig. 18.19) BD 81 XVII.1 loc. 85, bkt. 152 balk trim, EB III context EB III sherd 34 x 49 mm impressed vertically on interior of open vessel (?), clear top edge handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash fragmentary animal figure facing right with tail over back, another tail, leg, or filler below, plant, filler, or tail to right, with hind leg and stub tail of another animal far right, clear top edge 16+ mm high (fig. 18.21) BD 81 XVII.1 loc. 88, bkt. 164 fell out of balk, EB III context EB III seal 16 mm high, 16 mm diam. black chlorite cylinder seal long-haired figure seated on stool before table, behind her a horned animal with a bird (?) below its head, followed by another quadruped, perhaps a horse or large dog with high, curled tail, border grooves

2828 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif

(fig. 18.1) BD 81 XIV.3 loc. 176, bkt. 147 balk removal dominantly EB III seal 34 mm high, 25 mm diam. ceramic cylinder seal fragment broken off, but repaired almost completely 5 wavy lines with 3 zigzags around seal, no border grooves

2847 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware

(fig. 18.13) BD 81 XIX.2 loc. 65, bkt. 63 mixed sherd 82 x 99 mm impressed around nipple near widest part of closed vessel handmade, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash flat, sharp-edged, geometric (?) individual motifs top groove, clear bottom edge 23 mm high, ca. 25 mm diam.

Motif 2860 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif

(fig. 18.16) BD 81 XIX.1 loc. 97, bkt. 126 IIB seal 40 mm high, 25.5 mm diam. pink alabaster cylinder seal profiled face in square and stick arms, one hand, side of one upper torso, rest of seal blocked off with X’s in squares, symmetrically executed design gives border grooves

2945–2946 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware

(fig. 18.14) BD 81 XVII.1 loc. 149, bkts. 280, 274 IIIA2 sherds 185 x 106 mm impressed vertically on shoulder of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash geometric (?), individual motifs border grooves 40 mm high, 18.5 mm diam.

Motif 2947 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif

(fig. 18.6) BD 81 XVII.1 loc. 150, bkt. 273 IIIA2 sherd 300 x 460 mm impressed horizontally on shoulder of closed vessel handmade, vertical finger marks interior, smoothed outside; light red (10R 6/6), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core more than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash two rows of four half-concentric circles inside each other, outer edges meeting in middle of seal and forming diamond pattern between half circles, no border grooves but definite seal edges 31 mm high, ca. 16 mm diam.

554

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

Table 18.1. 3008 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif

3117 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif 4318/1936 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 4319 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 4320 Prov. Pott. Dim. Ware Motif 4322 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif 4323 Prov. Strat. Dim. Ware Motif

Catalog List of Seals and Impressions (by Registration Nos.) (cont.)

(fig. 18.18) BD 81 XVI.2 loc. 49, bkt. 215 II sherd 40 x 53 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel possibly by stamp or two stamps, one above the other handmade, light red (2.5YR 6/6), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash spiral above 2 bird-faced figures in dresses with arms raised and joined, fragmentary remains of feet or structure below left figure, no dimensions possible (stamp/s?), no top or bottom edges (fig. 18.7) BD 81 XVII.1 loc. 154, bkt. 310 IIIA3 sherd 48 x 55 mm impressed on closed vessel handmade, light red (2.5YR 6/6), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash fragmentary; perhaps encasing motif for spirals, cf. 1636 no dimensions possible (fig. 18.15) BD 79 XIV.6 loc. 33, bkt. 80 (No. 1936), loc. 34, bkt. 82, sherd .0189 (No. 4318) EB III (No. 1936), EB II–III (No. 4318) 2 sherd fragments 52 x 55 mm (No. 1936), 68 x 105 mm (No. 4318) handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, No. 1936: no core, No. 4318: core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash continous diagonal grooves, border grooves 28 mm high (fig. 18.12) BD 77 XIV.4 balk, bkt. 46, sherd .834 EB III sherd 66 x 45 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light red (10R 6/6), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash vertical zigzag and circle rows, and horizontal circle-like rows 25 mm high (?) (fig. 18.2) BD 77 XIV.4 loc. 7, bkt. 12, sherd .1216 EB III sherd 77 x 24 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, core less than 50%; no slip, burnish, or wash zigzag lines 20+ mm high (fig. 18.9) BD 81 XIX.1 loc. 100, bkt. 142, sherd .7508 IIIB–A sherd 91 x 75 mm probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash net incomplete, but one border groove present, 21+ mm high (fig. 18.8) BD 79 XIX.1 loc. 47, bkt. 84a IIB sherd 50 x 39 mm, probably impressed near widest part of closed vessel handmade, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4), medium coarse, wadi sand inclusions, no core; no slip, burnish, or wash zigzags or half lozenges with herringbone (?), fragmentary but one border groove 26+ mm high

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

555

Pottery with Incised Marks Incised marks on pottery from the town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠have been found rather infrequently; about 60 from all seasons of excavation have been recorded. Approximately 18,000 diagnostic sherds have been drawn and described from the town site of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, so those with incised designs are a very small percentage (0.3%). Approximately half of the incised sherds from the town site are from Stratum II (EB III), and 18 are from primary Stratum II loci. There are about 10 from Stratum IV (EB IB), 6 from primary loci, as well as 2 from Stratum III (EB II) and one from Stratum I (EB IV) primary loci (see the catalog below for full information). Most of the incised marks appear on the exterior walls of large vessels and often the sherds are too fragmentary to infer further characteristics concerning the pottery forms. Four incised marks appear on the shoulder or neck of large jars and two are from the shoulder or exterior body of smaller jars. One holemouth jar has an incision below its rim. Two marks are on the interior walls of a large vessel. A large, deep bowl with several incised marks near its rim and handles could be reconstructed; incisions appear below the rims on the exterior surface of two smaller bowls, and one bowl had incised marks on the exterior surface of the base and another on the interior base surface. Several handles have interesting incised marks of unique patterns. The complete incised motif appears only in the instances of the X on the holemouth jar, the reconstructed bowl, the oval with an X on a small jar fragment, and the face on a column handle (figs. 18.22:1, 8, 20; 18.23:3). Other sherds are fragmentary and the incomplete motifs limit what can be determined about the meaning and significance of the marks. Sherds with motifs of some interest are drawn in figures 18.22 and 18.23. Listed in the catalog are additional sherds that had incised lines that were probably intentional but are too fragmentary for consideration. The marks of significance include X’s, occasional triangles, tic-tac-toe patterns, line patterns, various other crossing or touching lines usually at right angles, and several sherds that may contain figure representations. The variety and frequency of incised marks on Early Bronze Age pottery has long been noted. Petrie, Bliss and Macalister all published many “pottery marks” from their early explorations and excavations, often without distinction as to site or period (Petrie 1891: pl. 5:48–50; Bliss 1898: 21, 23, 25; Bliss and Macalister 1902: pl. 29; Macalister 1912: pl. 190). At some Palestinian sites incised marks have appeared very frequently on Early Bronze Age pottery. Many are found in Petrie’s, Bliss and Macalister’s publications of pot marks, most of which came from Tell el-Hesi. More recently Fargo (1979: 27, 38, figs. 4, 5) has published additional examples from Tell el-Hesi, and others have come from Arad (Amiran 1978: pl. 112 et passim), Yarmuth (Miroschedji 1988: pls. 26, 31, et passim), and Tel Halif (Seger and others 1990: 17). When Early Bronze Age pottery is published from almost any site, some sherds are shown with pot marks. Incised marks similar to almost any of the marks we have cataloged from the EDSP can be found at other Early Bronze Age sites. Generally the pottery marks from excavated sites are so varied that no particular conclusions can be drawn. From Bâb edh-Dhr⺠a few incised marks that appear with particular regularity on some types of vessels, and some that are particularly interesting, will be mentioned. It has been noted that the marks occur frequently near the rim on holemouth jars (Fargo 1979: 27). Often the mark is a simple X, as on a sherd from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(fig. 18.22:1). These occur at Yarmuth (Miroschedji 1988: pl. 39: 9, 10), Wadi el-Yabis

556

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Figure 18.22.

Fig. no.

Sherd no. Field/Area Locus

18.22:1 18.22:2 18.22:3 18.22:4 18.22:5 18.22:6 18.22:7 18.22:8

81.7089 81.5491 81.7349 81.5223 81.1704 81.7142 79.6752 75 #415

XIX.2 XVII.1 XIX.2 XVII.1 XII.11 XIX.1 XIX.1 F1

18.22:9

75.0751

F2

18.22:10 (see 18.24.1) 18.22:11 (see 18.24:2) 18.22:12

81 #3007

IV.5

79 #1937

89 88 87 114 19 94 83

Incised Sherds (* indicates Primary Locus) Incision Placement

Bkt.

Stratum Type Vessel

147 171 137 209 87 119 107

holemouth ledge handle jug juglet bowl large vessel large vessel very large, deep bowl

below rim above handle top handle top handle int. base ext. wall ext. wall below rim, by 3 handles

IV–II

large vessel

ext. wall

II II

V

Description X—complete X almost complete partial X partial X partial X most of trident partial trident or tree? 5 lines crossed near end by 1 line twice, 6 by 1 line once, and 5 by 2 at ends once—reconstructed 8 vert. lines, 1 horiz. below, another vert. to right crossing horiz. below, and part of another horiz. at top 2 vert. lines with 2 lines crossing

9

7

5A*

50

IV

large jar

shoulder

XII.11

3*

15

II

large jar

shoulder

at least 3 horiz. and 3 vert. crossing lines

81.2139

XII.4

36

86

bowl

below rim

18.22:13 18.22:14 18.22:15

79 #1941 77.0499 81.4757

XIII.2A XVII.1 XVI.4

43* 5 12*

64 4 104

II II I

large vessel large jar bowl

ext. wall neck below rim

18.22:16 18.22:17 18.22:18 18.22:19 18.22:20 18.22:21 18.22:22

81.1863 81.2074 81.8461 81.3282 77 #770 79 #2317 81.0344

XII.9 XII.11 J.2 XIV.3 XIII.2 XIV.4 IV.5

22 14 27 226 29* 51* 5

73 65 87 172 47 178 34

IV? IV V–IV II II II III–II

large vessel large vessel large vessel large vessel small jar large vessel bowl

ext. wall ext. wall int. wall ext. wall shoulder ext. wall ext. base

18.22:23

75.0752

F2

9

7

IV–II

jar

ext. wall

18.22:24

77 #778

F4

6

7

large vessel

ext. wall

18.22:25 18.22:26 (see 18.24:3) 18.22:27

79 #1709 79 #2096

IV.1 XIV.4

6 33*

20 165

II II

large vessel large vessel

ext. wall ext. wall

2 lines crossing at right angles to 2 others short lines either side horizontal line vertical lines partial horiz. lines and 1 vertical crossing horizontal lines, diagonal line on edge 2 crossing lines partial box? part of box? oval with X through—complete partial oval (?) with line through partial incised X and other lines, some very light wide double line crossing narrower double line 2 triangles in X shape with short lines within partial X with line across top two zigzag lines crossing

81.2326

XIII.1

203

306

II

large vessel

int. wall

crossing lines

(Mabry and Palumbo 1988: fig. 8:37), Tell Umm Hammad es-Sharqiya (Helms 1984: fig. 16:1), Tell el-Hesi (Fargo 1979: fig. 4:4), and Arad (Amiran 1978: pls. 8:24; 19:12; 45:17; 51:8; 54:31; 112:7–10). Holemouths with a variety of other marks, however, are probably more frequent. Particularly interesting is the X above the ledge handle on a sherd from Bâb edhDhr⺠(fig. 18.22:2). A plain ledge handle from Megiddo has two short incised dashes (Guy and Engberg 1938: pl. 6:12). Punctate designs on ledge handles occurred on some of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tomb pottery (see the discussion of punctate decorated pottery in Lapp 1995b: 560). Besides the X alone on the holemouth jar and above the ledge handle, it appears on the top of two juglet handles and on the interior of a small bowl base (fig. 18.22:3–5). The X within a circle or with other strokes is fairly common on the interior bases of bowls in the tomb pottery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Jericho (Lapp 1995b: 563, and notes 16, 17). The variety of vessel types makes it hard to find a common feature other than the X mark itself on these town site pots, and only the X on

Lapp 1995

6:20

6:8

6:6

6:5

6:2 6:12

6:9 6:10 6:11

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

Figure 18.22. Line-drawings of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhrâº.

557

558

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

one of the juglet handles and the interior of the small bowl base are from Stratum II (EB III). Another rather frequent Early Bronze Age motif is the trident, found on two unstratified town site sherds (fig. 18.22:6–7). There are several trident designs on pots from EB IB Tomb A 43 from the cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 152:32, 33, 38). Variations of the trident occur at Arad near the rim of two holemouth jars and on the bottom of a bowl (Amiran 1978: pls. 19:6; 23:7; 46:6), and on a Tell el-Hesi sherd (Fargo 1979: fig. 5:d). This symbol was found on Chalcolithic vessels at Ghassul (Mallon 1931: pls. 1:3; 3:4; Mallon, Koeppel, and Neuville 1934: pl. 37:4, 6). Petrie has many examples of tridents among the incised pottery marks he published from Egypt (Petrie 1900; Petrie 1901). In the First and Second Dynasties he considered them the ka hieroglyph when the depiction consists of two raised hands (tridents) sometimes with other symbols (Petrie 1900: 30, pls. 47–48; 1901: 47, pl. 55:27–48). When the single tridents are cruder signs and not linked to the hieroglyph, he related these “signary” to later numeral systems (Petrie 1900: 31, 32, pl. 54–55; 1901: pl. 55C: 330–46). Emery also pointed to a number of trident marks that he considered entirely disconnected from the hieroglyph of the First and Second Dynasties (Emery 1961: 201, fig. 121). A pattern that occurs several times consists of several parallel vertical lines with a horizontal line crossing at one end. This is the pattern that is repeated with variations several times on the reconstructed large bowl (fig. 18.22:8). A similar sherd came from a nearby tomb area (fig. 18.22:9). Both of these were from EB I contexts. Tic-tactoe designs and other crossing lines are a variation of these (figs. 18.22:10–13, 18.24:1– 2; note also the ladder design with punctate decoration in fig. 18.23:10). Some sherds are too fragmentary to know what variation they may represent (fig. 18.22:14–19). These crossing line motifs appeared on vessels in the EB IB tombs, especially Tomb 88L (Lapp 1995b: 560, fig. 5; Rast and Schaub 1981: figs. 12–15). Figure 18.22:10 is from an EB IB primary locus, and several of the other sherds are from EB I contexts. Crossing lines was a popular motif during EB I. Variants of X designs, triangles, and diamond shapes form a miscellaneous group, some of which seem little more than deep scratches (figs. 18.22:20–27, 18.24:3; note that fig. 18.22:22 is on the exterior of a bowl base, and fig. 18.22:27 is on the interior wall of a large vessel, both with some of their lines lightly scratched). Handles are a common place for pottery marks to appear, and except for the two X marks on juglets, the only handles with incised marks from the town site had unique designs and two appeared on less common vessels. Part of a jug handle has short, deeply incised marks along both edges of the fragment (fig. 18.22:1). What may be a handle of a spoon has five horizontal lines (probably more) between two vertical lines, with six vertical lines beneath (fig. 18.22:2). Unfortunately this sherd was picked up on the surface and thus has no context. It was published as a jug handle (Lapp 1995b: 564), but closer observance indicates it may be from a spoon (cf. the spoon from EB IB Tomb A43 in Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 135:3). The front of a column handle on a large jar shows a face formed with eyes and possibly eyebrows, a nose, and a mouth (fig. 18.23:3). A very close parallel to the incised face is published from Tell Um Hammad, an example “shaped as a face, the eyes stabbed, the mouth slashed before firing” (Helms 1992: 54, fig. 204:1). The vessel belongs to Helm’s Genre 28, spouted jars, a jar similar to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠jars with column handles (for column handle jars from the tombs see Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 135:1, 2 [Tomb A 43, EB IB]; fig. 145:1 [Tomb A 53, EB IB]; fig. 194: 1 [Tomb A 4, EB II–III]; fig. 216:6

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

559

[Charnel House A 41, EB II–III]; note the two added dots on the top surface of the latter). Helms dates this genre to EB IB; the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠handle is from Stratum II. Punctate marks on handles found in the tombs were thought to provide an “improved grip,” but closer examination suggested this feature may have been decorative rather than functional, like the strip of clay on juglet handles (Schaub and Rast 1989: 261). Helms found a variety of “symbols” on jar and jug handles from the Um Bighal EB IV cemetery, and he was able to rank them by volume (see below). As noted here, several of the incised marks on handles from the town site were unique, even creative, in design. One incised design (figs. 18.23:4, 18.24:4) almost certainly depicts the fore and hind legs of an animal, although the sherd is broken above them. Incised animals are found on Jericho Tomb A94 small bowls (Kenyon 1960: figs. 9:1, 10:6, 11:4; also the juglet in fig. 13:12), but the stick figures are a totally different style and the Bâb edhDhr⺠sherd is probably from a large vessel. From Megiddo, animals are said to be scratched on pottery after firing (Engberg and Shipton 1934: 30, fig. 10:K–S). An animal formed by punctate marks is published from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠EBIA Tomb 81E (Schaub and Rast 1989: fig. 152:28), and a punctate-formed bird of some kind appears below the rim of a large bowl from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠which appeared on the antiquities market in the 1960s. Two sherds from the town site (figs. 18.23:5–6, 18.24:5) had two knobs encircled, one with an incised vertical line between the knobs, the other with short dashes between them. They probably came from large vessels. Figure 18.23:5 is broken (intentionally?) to look like a woman’s breast. The marks on figure 18.23:6 make the two knobs look more like eyes in an attempt to depict a face. Two other sherds had knobs with lines, too fragmentary to determine if more than one knob was present or what the design might represent (fig. 18.23:7, 8). Knobs, singly or in pairs, are not unusual on Early Bronze Age pottery. (Examples from other sites can be found in Kenyon 1960: fig. 14:10; Ben-Tor 1975b: pls. 14:4–5, 20:3, fig. 38:9–10; Amiran 1978: pl. 41:18; Vaux 1951: figs. 4:6, 6:7, 12:6.) Sixty-three knob or nipple appliqués have been registered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(and 25 from the EB III site of Numeira). A sherd with punctate design has a knob or vestigial lug handle below (fig. 18.23:12). Several knobs on Bâb edh-Dhr⺠tomb pottery had punctate designs around them (Schaub and Rast 1989: figs. 39:3, 40:2, as did a sherd from Tomb A 107S). A complete pithos from Sheikh Muhsen in the Southern Sinai had two pairs of incised knobs, one of them decorated with incised lines (“tic-tac-toe” between knobs) on its shoulders (Beit-Arieh 1986: 34, fig. 9:5). Finally, from Ghassul came a round-based Chalcolithic jar with two projecting knobs (nipples?) with incised lines between them that seem to represent an incised garment or necklace (Mallon, Koeppel, and Neuville 1934: pl. 53; Elliott 1977: fig. 5:4). When one looks at the markings on the tomb pottery from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, in addition to incised marks two other types are identified: punctate and split reed (N. Lapp 1995: 555). Only one split reed sherd from the town site has been identified (fig. 18.23:9), and although the split reed markings on the sherd can be easily recognized, the marks differ from those found on the tomb pottery (cf. N. Lapp 1995b: fig. 4). Three hundred and seventeen sherds with punctate design have been registered from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, but at least 250 of these are from Strata V and IV contexts, contemporary with the EB IA–IB tombs. Sixty-four vessels from these tombs have been published (N. Lapp 1995b: 555–60, 568–69 with references; Schaub and Rast 1989; Rast

560

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Figure 18.23.

Fig. no.

Sherd no.

Field/ Area

18.23:1

81.2441

XIII.1

18.23:2

81.2837

surface

18.23:3

81.3373

XIV.3

Incised Sherds (* indicates Primary Locus)

Incision Locus Bkt. Stratum Type Vessel Placement 209

318

II

jar/jug

handle

spoon?

handle ?

234

184

II

large jar

handle

18.23:4 79 #1850 IV.1 (see 18.24:4) 18.23:5 79 #1849 XII.11 (see 18.24:5)

31

49

IV

large vessel

ext. wall

3*

5

II

large vessel

ext. wall

18.23:6

79.0059

XIV.3

17

32

large vessel

18.23:7

81.7812

XIX.1

87

112

large vessel

18.23:8

81.2095

XII.4

39*

62

IV

18.23:9 18.23:10

77.3104 XI.5 79 #1939 XII.11

10* 3*

10 18

II II

very large jar large vessel large vessel

18.23:11

81 #2846 IV.3

28*

56

II

large vessel

18.23:12

79.0760

1

2

XIV.6

large vessel

Description deeply incised marks front sides 5 horiz. and 5 (partial) vert. lines face incised on column handle complete legs of animal

2 knobs encircled and with line between ext. wall 2 knobs encircled and short lines within partial lines shoulder lines around possibly 1 or 2 knobs below neck incised line to right of knob ext. wall split reed shoulder partial ladder beneath punctated row ext. wall 2 fragmentary lines with punctate (?) shoulder vestigial lug handle below punctate

Lapp 1995

6:15

6:13

6:14

6:7

6:19

and Schaub 1981). Only 18 punctate decorated sherds have been registered from Numeira, where the main occupation is EB III. The punctate design is an important characteristic of EB I. Shown in figure 18.23 are 3 sherds with punctate marks in combination with incised marks (fig. 18.23:10, 11) and a vestigial lug handle (fig. 18.23:12). Unfortunately the contexts for these sherds do not fit into any pattern for either punctate or incised marks. The Meaning of the Pottery Marks Archaeologists have long considered the significance of the pottery marks, and various suggestions can be briefly reviewed. The marks occur on all parts of both large and small vessels: the handles, below rims, on shoulders and mid-body, and bases, and

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

561

Figure 18.23. Additional line-drawings of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhrâº.

on the interior as well as exterior walls and bases of bowls. They are incised both before and after firing, but our concern has been mainly with the former. Those made after firing are less durable and could be made on broken potsherds. Those incised before firing are much more likely to be intentional. Petrie published hundreds of marks on Egyptian pottery (Petrie 1900, 1901). He considered some “unquestionably hieroglyphs; others are probably connected with the signs used by the earlier prehistoric people; and many can scarcely be determined” (Petrie 1900: 29). The hieroglyphic signs (Petrie 1900: pls. 44–51; 1901: pls. 55A–C) belonged to the First and Second Egyptian Dynasties, and are crude arms (ka), birds, serpents, fishes, and such. The linear signs (Petrie 1900: pls. 52–58; 1901: pls. 55C, D) according to Petrie certainly went back to early prehistoric times and “continued to be

562

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Figure 18.24. Fig. no.

Sherd no.

18.24:1 18.24:2 18.24:3 18.24:4 18.24:5

81 79 79 79 79

#3007 #1937 #2096 #1850 #1849

Incised Sherds (* indicates Primary Locus) Field/Area

Locus

Bkt.

Stratum

IV.5 XII.11 XIV.4 IV.1 XII.11

5A* 3* 33* 31 3*

50 15 165 49 5

IV II II IV II

used until the alphabets of the Mediterranean were selected from them” (Petrie 1901: 47). He related these “signatory” to the “system of geometrical signs used from prehistoric to Roman times in Egypt, and also in other countries around the Mediterranean” (Petrie 1900: 31). Of their alphabetic use in later stages the Phoenicians only selected a few for numerical purposes according to Petrie (1900: 32). Emery also distinguished between the Egyptian “incised texts on pottery vessels executed before firing,” which he said “should not be confused with pot marks” (Emery 1961: 199, fig. 119) and the pot marks or “signary” that are “entirely disconnected with known hieroglyphs” (p. 201, fig. 121). The latter’s purpose he still considered a matter of debate, although he did not consider them haphazard marks. At the same time, he did not think they could have been owners’ marks or potters’ signatures because the same groups of signs were used over more than a hundred years. He thought they could possibly indicate the workshop in which the pots were made, but different groups of signs on pots made from the same clay source did not make this likely. The system of marking was not confined to one locality, but occurred all over Egypt (Emery 1961: 201). Commenting on the marks from Tuleilat el-Ghassul Mallon suggested that the Ghassulians were on the verge of the development of writing, and compared some of the motifs to the Minoan script of the second millennium b.c. (1931: 267–70). Bliss and MacAlister noted that some of the marks they published from Tell el-Hesi bore a certain resemblance to the old Hebrew letters tau, shin, and resh, but “the rest of the signs are purely arbitrary,” and antedate the “earliest known forms of Phoenician writing” (1902: 82–83). It should be noted that we are dealing with signs nearly a millennium earlier than the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. More recently other suggestions have been made as to their use. In their publication of the Megiddo tombs, Guy and Engberg suggested that short strokes or impressions might indicate the number of measures of grain contained in holemouth vessels (1938: 12). Holland, commenting on those found in his excavations at Tell el-Sweyhat in Syria (1977: 53–55), noted that they might indicate measures of grain contained in the larger jars, but this could not hold true for similar marks on small bowls and cups unless they were used for measuring. He compared the Tell el-Sweyhat marks with others, such as those from Tell el-Hesi (Bliss 1898: 21, 23, 25), and thought they might indicate some numbering system generally accepted by pot manufacturers. Mathers has argued similarly, and Schmandt-Besserat has demonstrated that the use of geometric symbols was an early form of accounting in Mesopotamia (Fargo 1979: 38). Helms argued for a system of marks on jug handles in relation to vessel volume throughout the northern and central areas of Palestine, Transjordan and southern Lebanon during the latter part of the third millennium b.c., based on finds in an EB IV

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

2

1

3 4

5 Figure 18.24. Photographs of incised sherds from Bâb edh-Dhrâº: (1) #3007; (2) #1937; (3) #2096; (4) #1850; (5) #1849.

563

564

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS

cemetery at Um Bighal near Amman (Helms 1987a: 46–48). He limited his analysis to repeated symbols. He did not consider this a totally new invention but adapted from more sophisticated practices that existed at that time (Helms 1987a:48). The report from the first three campaigns of excavations at Yarmouth indicates that about 10% of the holemouth jars had pottery marks (Miroschedji 1988: 76; Nodet 1988: 125 n. 2). Nodet suggested that the marks may have been made before firing in order to keep account of their serial production. Every tenth jar would have been marked. Marks on the Pottery of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain All of the above suggestions have merit in their own contexts, and it is possible that several are correct. However, it should be noted, that in each case evidence is based on specific sites or circumstances in date or area, often on a limited number of vessel types and almost always on specific types of signs. It is therefore unlikely that any of the above suggestions are helpful in reference to the EDSP. Most of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠marks are on tomb pottery dating toward the end of EB IA or to EB IB. Because of their tomb distribution, it was concluded previously that the marks (punctate, split reed and incised) were mainly for decorative purposes (Lapp 1995b: 566). The marks on the EDSP town site pottery, however, are not numerous or consistent enough to offer any firm hypothesis. Most of the marks are on large vessels, perhaps like the two complete large-necked jars from Numeira (reg. nos. 2866, 3721; see the catalog in Lapp 1995b: 571), but there are a number on other vessel types. With two exceptions the ware of the incised sherds is not typical of holemouth ware, which is usually coarse, dark or reddish brown, with brown or gray surfaces (cf. Nodet 1988: 125). The motif with lines crossed by other lines is probably the most common, and some of these are from EB I contexts, perhaps related to similar markings found on pottery in some EB IB tombs. At the same time, a variety of motifs appearing on assorted vessel types came from EB III contexts, some primary loci. This diversity leads to no particular conclusions, and given the limited evidence, the meaning of the pottery marks from the town site eludes us.

Acknowledgments. I would like to acknowledge and thank Thomas Schaub and Walter Rast for permission to do this study and for their help and counsel throughout; the National Endowment for Humanities for a grant to do research in Amman, Jordan; David McCreery, Director of the Amman Center of Oriental Research during that time; Moawiyeh Ibrahim for use of the library of the Institute of Archaeology of Yarmouk University and his own personal library; and Amnon Ben-Tor for discussing seal impressions with me and showing me several unpublished impressions in the Institute of Archaeology at Hebrew University. Credits for the seal and impression drawings and photographs go to Barbro Evans, Kim Gordon, Jane Dereich, and Henry Cowherd. A number of scholars have taken time to answer my inquiries concerning the finds in their excavations. I want especially to thank Siegfried Mittmann for permission to use information concerning the Zeraqon seals and impressions, whenever these are referred to in this report. Thanks are also due Matthias Flender for sharing the results of his research on these and other Early Bronze material.

CYLINDER SEALS, IMPRESSIONS, AND INCISED SHERDS Table 18.2.

Sherds With Partial Incised Marks (Too Small To Be Significant) * indicates Primary Locus

Sherd No. 77.2481 77.2579 77.4725 77.4729 77.3018 77.3582 77.0592 79.8003 79.5134 79.8786 79.5907 79#2177 79.4333 79.0517 79.6533 79.7108 81.0393 81.0792 81.0037 81.0107 81.0701 81.0739 81.0038 81.1878 81.2020 81.2130 81.1732 81.1733 81.2447 81.2370 81.2391 81.2490 81.2731 81.4016 81.5257 81.5344 81.5447 81.6077 81.7513 81.6804 81.7154

Field/Area F4 F4 X.3 X.3 XI.6 XIII.2 XIV.4 IV.3 XI.6 XII.11 XIII.2A XIV.3 XIV.4 XIV.6 XIX.1 XVII.2 IV.4 IV.4 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 XII.11 XII.4 XII.5 XII.9 XII.9 XIII.1 XIII.1 XIII.1 XIII.2A XIV.3 XIV.3 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XIX.1 XIX.2 XIX.2

Locus 36 6 5* 9 1 29* 3 8 12* 3* 71 41* 42 1 47* 2 8 7 5 5* 5 5 5 6* 36 85* 20* 20* 209 203 211 83 255* 273* 114* 149 85 162* 100* 80 73

Bucket

Stratum

39 7 146 141 1 44 8 28 39 33 96 112 91 3 78 4 16 25 47 54 31 26 47 77 58 242 82 82 318 304 320 111 201 223 235 276 158 309 142 75 59

IV–II I

II

II II II II II

II IV IV IV–III III–II IV II IV IV IV II II II III II II II III III III

565

Jewelry and Ornaments

19 JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS Nancy H. Broeder and H. Catherine W. Skinner

Excavations at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠by the EDSP produced 54 pieces of jewelry from ten fields or areas of the town site. In examining these ornaments we have gone a step further than many reports in using analytic means such as X-ray diffraction to give mineralogical results. Seven minerals, singly or in combination, were used to produce the ornaments under discussion. The shapes, mineralogical composition of each piece, their registration numbers, and their stratigraphic provenience are tabulated in table 19.1. The discussion that follows deals with methods of analysis, mineral species found in jewelry samples, presentation of the data, and summary. Methods of Analysis Scholars in the past have complained that “no accurate analyses of many ancient materials have been recorded. Without more complete and accurate data, it is idle to speculate on the nature of ancient technical processes, the trade routes by which they were disseminated and the cultural contacts that they show” (Aldred 1978: 45). More pertinent to beads, “archaeologists have paid them only scant attention and so our attempts to make detailed comparisons with other sites have been largely unsuccessful” (Bar-Yosef and others 1977: 73). Much of the information on beads from other excavations relies on general description derived from visual examination only. We believe our efforts in employing X-ray diffraction and other tests provide a firmer basis for identification. We define “bead” as an essentially spherical object, with or without facets, distinguished by a hole usually drilled through the center. Bead shapes, described below, follow the terminology presented by Beck (1928). When comparing our material with other sites where his terminology is not used, we have substituted Beck’s terms, thus facilitating comparison of like objects. For example, Beck defines a “standard” or “equant” bead as having a length between 0.9 times and 1.1 times the diameter; “long” beads a length more than 1.1 times the diameter; and “short” bead lengths between 0.33 and 0.9 times the diameter. table 19.1 gives a summary of the different shapes represented by these samples, following the classification of Beck (1928), and it includes mineralogical identifications. The Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell 1975) and A Color Notation (Munsell 1981), with accompanying color chips, were used for the designation of color (table 19.2). For mottled or variegated samples, more than one color is stated. Hardness was

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS

567

Table 19.1. Ornaments according to Fields, Strata, Material, Registration Nos., and Shape Field or Area

Stratum

Area F4

IV

Field XI uu uu uu uu

Ornamental Material

Reg. No

Shape

758.001

short cylinder

II II II III–II IIIA

(Quartz, “impure” chrysocolla, unknown) Calcite uu uu uu Quartz (carnelian)

1664.001 1668.001 1785.001 2092.001 1885.001

Field XII uu uu uu uu Field XIII uu Field XVII uu uu uu uu uu uu Field XIV uu uu

II II II II III–II II ? II II IIIA2 IIA1 IIA2 II III2A II II II

Aragonite = mollusc uu Calcite (Quartz, calcite, aragonite) (Quartz, calcite, gypsum) Calcite-containing rock Quartz (chalcedony) Calcite uu uu Gypsum Quartz, blue Quartz (jasper) Shell Calcite-containing rock Gypsum (Gypsum, unknown)

759.001 774.001 2315.001 2014.001 771.001 2843.001 1346.001 1666.001 2816.001 2937.001 1667.001 1882.001 2879.001 3109.001 2842.001 761.001 2015.001

uu Field uu uu Field Field Field uu uu ” • • uu • • uu uu uu • • uu uu • • • • • • • • •

IIA2 ? III–II II I IA I? II? IB IB IB II II–I II–I IB II–I II–I I I II I II–I II–I IB II II IB ? II–I I II–I

Quartz (carnelian) (Apatite variety dahllite, calcite) Calcite Apatitic (elephant ivory, est.) Calcite Quartz-containing rock Apatitic (bone) Apatitic (hippopotamus ivory, est.) [Apatitic (bone), halite] Calcite uu uu uu uu uu uu uu uu uu uu uu uu Gold Gypsum Quartz (chalcedony) Quartz (agate) Quartz (carnelian) Calcite-containing rock Shell uu uu

2016.001 2850.001 2900.001 2881.001 2.001 5.001 1298.001 3112.001 1791.001 762.001 1303.001 1634.003 1641.001 1669.001 1685.001 1692.001 2854.001 2877.001 2899.001 2906.001 2913.001 3107.001 2855.001 756.001 1634.001 1634.002 2961.001 2822.001 2311.001 2840.001 2841.001

tubular long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder standard, truncated convex bicone long cylinder, no hole long cylinder, no hole long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder pendant long cylinder long cylinder standard circular pendant short barrel irregular object irregular object long cylinder lenticular long truncated convex bicone long barrel standard barrel barrel disc, no hole long barrel barrel disc pendant tubular irregular object irregular object barrel disc long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder short cylinder short cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder convex cone disc long cylinder convex bicone disc long barrel long cylinder oblate disc irregular (shell) irregular (shell) irregular (shell)

XIX

IX X XVI

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS

568 Table 19.2.

Colors of Calcite Ornaments Excavated at the Town Site

White Gray Gray Gray Pinkish gray Pinkish gray Pinkish gray Pinkish white Pinkish gray Light yellowish brown Reddish yellow Pinkish gray Pinkish gray Pinkish white Gray Light brownish gray Light brownish gray Light gray Light gray Very pale brown Very pale brown White White

Munsell Color

Reg. No.

Field/Square

5Y 8/1 5YR 5/1 5YR 5/1 5YR 6/1 5YR 7/2 5YR 7/2 5YR 7/2 5YR 8/2 7.5YR 6/2 7.5YR 6/4 7.5YR 6/6 7.5YR 7/2 7.5YR 7/2 7.5YR 8/2 10YR 6/1 10YR 6/2 10YR 6/2 10YR 7/1 10YR 7/2 10YR 7/3 10YR 7/3 10YR 8/2 10YR 8/2

2877.001 2315.001 2900.001 2906.001 1668.001 1692.001 2092.001 1685.001 2816.001 1641.001 1669.001 2937.001 2913.001 1666.001 1664.001 1303.001 2899.001 762.001 1634.003 2.001 3107.001 1785.001 2854.001

XVI.4 XII.6 XIX.1 XVI.2 XI.6 XVI.2 XI.2 XVI.2 XVII.1 XVI.2 XVI.2 XVII.1 XVI.4 XVII.2 XI.5 XVI.1 XVI.4 XVI.1 XVI.2 IX.5 XVI.4 XI.6 XVI.2

determined using the scale of hardness introduced by F. Mohs, and specific gravity was obtained using heavy liquids (densities 2.67 and 3.32, GEM Instruments Corporation, Santa Monica, CA). Samples were examined in the laboratory using a binocular microscope with magnifications up to 100x. Two samples were examined in the Kerak Archaeological Museum using magnification at 10x. On selected samples, X-ray diffraction results were obtained employing a Guinier–deWolff multiple sample powder diffraction camera, and Cu/Ni radiation. All techniques are summarized in the Catalog List at the end, which incorporates both the visual and several tests or properties performed on each sample. For example, hardness, if listed, means that the material was tested. Where X-ray diffraction was employed, the ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Card Number is entered. When identification was straightforward and unambiguous, tests were not performed. Standard mineralogic texts (Dana 1932; Fleischer 1987; and Hurlbut and Switzer 1979) were consulted in the identification of the materials. The dating of sites follows the chronologies for Egypt, Palestine, and Mesopotamia set forth in Edwards, Gadd, and Hammond (1980), unless otherwise indicated. Mineral Species Found in Jewelry Samples The following seven minerals were identified in these jewelry samples: apatite, aragonite, calcite, chrysocolla, gold, gypsum, and quartz. These species are briefly described in alphabetical order.

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS

569

1. Apatite Apatite, one of the most abundant mineral groups of the phosphatic minerals, is known from all the rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary (McConnell 1973: 1). Apatite occurs and is easily obtainable in a wide range of colors. Gem quality apatite (i.e., good color, clear, possibly showing euhedral morphology) is normally close to the chemical formula of fluorapatite, Ca 5(PO4)3F. However, the hardness of apatite, 5 on the Mohs scale, is not quite enough to make a desirable gem today, a factor that probably was not important in Early Bronze Times. Apatite, often found associated with iron ores (McConnell 1973: 1), is possibly the reason that apatite beads are more often found at Iron Age sites than those from the Bronze Age. One bead in the town site collection is composed of the apatite variety dahllite, a carbonatecontaining calcium phosphate. Probably the most usual source of apatitic material, and most important for this jewelry report, are the biologic apatites, also carbonate-containing apatites in the form of the bones and teeth of vertebrates (McConnell 1973: 1). Bone hardness varies according to whether one is testing cortical (compact) bone or trabecular (cancellous) bone, cortical being harder, measuring 2 3/4 on the Mohs Scale (Gemological Institute of America [GIA] 1980: No. 33). Ivory, a soft white material easily carved, is an example of biologic apatite. Tusks of both elephants and hippopotami were used to manufacture ivory artifacts. Hippopotamus tusks are actually large canine teeth—the reason, no doubt, that the literature often speaks of hippopotamus teeth, rather than tusks (Schumann 1979: 218; Webster 1983: 588–89; Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 214; and Reese 1988b). Ivory from hippopotamus teeth retains its whiteness. Elephant tusks are the upper prolonged incisor teeth. The physical expression of ivory is essentially the same as most teeth. Webster (1983: 590–91; fig. 24.4) explains how ivory from elephants may be identified: striae, which appear like an engine turning, can be seen in transverse sections. These striae are described as “different shades of cream proceeding in the arc of a circle and forming by their decussations minute curvilinear lozenge-shaped ‘lines of Retzius,’ ” or engine-turning lines. Ivory from other animals does not show these striae. Only when the tooth, such as the tusk of an elephant, is sufficiently large is it considered “ivory” (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 214). 2. Aragonite Two forms of CaCO3 (polymorphs) were found: aragonite and calcite. Aragonite, the orthorhombic form of CaCO3, is a usual mineral found in the shells of recent invertebrates (see the discussion of calcitic and aragonitic minerals in Broeder and Skinner 1992: 141). 3. Calcite Calcite is the usual form of CaCO 3 found in shells, especially fossil shells. It can also be precipitated inorganically, forming sedimentary layers or limestones, which may also contain fossilized shells of aragonite converted to calcite. Although inorganic calcite is not usually found in Palestine (Bourke and others 1994: 93), it is easily obtainable in Egypt (Dana 1932: 514). The softness of calcite (H = 3) allows it to be easily fashioned into ornaments. Calcite effervesces freely in cold hydrochloric acid. It is distinguished from aragonite by

570

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS

having lower specific gravity and rhombohedral cleavage (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 173) and by X-ray diffraction technique. On lists of many museum collections and in site reports, the term alabaster is often used. This is misleading because alabaster means fine-grained gypsum, not calcium carbonate (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 180; Schumann 1979: 214; Lucas and Harris 1989: 59). Notably, Lucas and Harris (1989: 59) concluded that all the alabaster they had examined was in fact calcite. Calcite may occur in a variety of colors and forms, so it is imperative that accurate mineralogical definition, not just color or appearance, be determined. We refrain from citing comparisons to other sites where materials are labeled “alabaster” unless the author, such as Andrews (1981: 21), has indicated whether calcite or gypsum is intended. 4. Chrysocolla Chrysocolla, a hydrous copper silicate, CuSiO 3.2H2O, is a green to bluish-green mineral with hardness of 2 to 4 (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 174). It is one of a host of the secondary minerals of copper usually found in the upper portions of copper deposits (Dana 1932: 686). Chrysocolla can be defined by using X-ray diffraction technique. The mineral’s durability is enhanced by its association with quartz, which has a hardness of 7 (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 174; see No. 758.001 below, which has been identified as containing chrysocolla). 5. Gold Gold can be found in two forms, either in veins and blebs in quartz-containing rocks, or as part of alluvial sands (known as placer deposits), where the gold weathered out of rocks has been transported by water and deposited in stream sediments. Both types of occurrences have been described in the area between the Nile River and the Red Sea (Dana 1932: 402; Lucas and Harris 1989: 224), and although untested, the gold found in a sample from Field XVI (No. 2855.001) may have come from the gold-bearing region of Egypt, which is “immense” (Lucas and Harris 1989: 224). Gold is very malleable, has a hardness of 2.5 to 3, a metallic luster, and its color and streak are gold-yellow (Dana 1932: 401). Pyrite (“fool’s gold”) can be distinguished from gold by its streak (color of powder) which is greenish (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 188). 6. Gypsum This is a common mineral whose chemical composition is CaSO 4.2H2O, hydrous calcium sulfate, often white with yellowish or pink tinges. Gypsum, with a hardness of 2 (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 180), is easily scratched by a fingernail and can readily be worked into shapes. Gypsum is commonly found in the southern Dead Sea basin (Arkin 1980: 6, 7; figs. 2, 3; pl. 1). The fine-grained variety is known as alabaster (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 180). 7. Quartz Quartz, SiO2, silicon dioxide, is the most durable mineral of those described here, with a hardness of 7 (Dana 1932: 471). It is often found in stream beds, or wadis, as pebbles, where it could be picked up by the townsfolk. It also occurs in a multitude of

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colors, which have been known for a long time. For example, jasper, amethyst, and carnelian are all varieties of quartz. Chalcedony is the term given to all the microcrystalline, fibrous varieties of quartz. It is a common mineral used in ornament making, and all the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠samples with small variations in color are well within the ranges expected for this material no matter when or where it is found. Agate is the designated name for the most familiar subvariety of chalcedony quartz. It is composed of “alternating layers of different thickness, color, and porosity that tend to parallel the walls of the rock cavity in which it was deposited” (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 153). Carnelian is a red chalcedony, colored by the iron oxide hematite (Hurlbut and Switzer 1979: 153). It is known that ancient jewelry makers were able to fashion quartz into beads and other objects as early as the Badarian Period in Egypt (ca. 4000 b.c.; Andrews 1981: 23, 24), not an insignificant technological milestone, considering the hardness of this mineral species (on the manufacture of beads, see Lucas and Harris 1989: chap. 4). Chronology The 54 bead samples discussed here are associated with the following time periods: A. Early Bronze IB (Stratum IV). 1. Area F 4, habitation above EB IA shaft tombs

1 sample

B. Early Bronze II (Stratum III), some Early Bronze III (Stratum II) 1. Field XI, Northeast Towers Area 5 samples 2. Field XII, Sanctuary Area 5 samples 3. Field XIII, West Gate Area 2 samples 4. Field XVII, Residential Area 7 samples C. Early Bronze III (Stratum II) 1. Field XIV, Residential Area 2. Field XIX, Residential Area D. Late Early Bronze III, Early Bronze IV (Strata II–I) 1. Field IX, south of the town 2. Field X, northeast of the town 3. Field XVI, north ridge of town, ceremonial area?

4 samples 3 samples 1 sample 1 sample 25 samples

Presentation of Data The samples are described and compared to similar mineralogical type and shape material found at other excavations, along with suggestions regarding their significance. A. Early Bronze IB ( Stratum IV) 1. AREA F4. During Stratum IV Bâb edh-Dhr⺠experienced a transition from semi-nomadic pastoralism to settled village life. Area F4 just east of the west city Wall A contained much information for this phase (Rast and Schaub 1981: 9).

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No. 758.00 (fig. 19.1a). (Quartz, “impure” chrysocolla, unknown) short cylinder. This bead from Area F is composed of a combination of quartz, chrysocolla, and a small fraction of an undetermined mineral. The sample is a short cylinder with a length (L): 0.3 cm; diameter (D): 0.5 cm; and diameter of hole (DH): 0.2 cm. The exterior is colored blue-green (5.0BG 8/4), and the interior is white (5YR 8/1). The bead gives no indication that the site might have been destroyed by fire during this time period. Copper minerals, including chrysocolla, are present in the mines of Feinan in the ºArabah, at Timna in the southern Negev, and at Wadi Magharah and Serabit elKhadim in the Sinai Peninsula, any one of which could have been the source for this bead material. The copper ore at Magharah and at Serabit el-Khadim was obtained mostly from the secondary sites and composed of malachite (a copper carbonate), with some azurite (another copper carbonate), and a minor amount of chrysocolla (copper silicate). Lucas and Harris (1989: 203) state that only small quantities of these materials now remain. The mines are still being worked in a minor fashion (I. Rizkana, personal communication). B. Early Bronze II (Stratum III), Some Early Bronze III (Stratum II) Sixteen samples came from Fields XI, XII, XIII and XIV, dating to the EB II and EB III towns. Most of the samples are from Stratum II, a few from mixed Stratum III–II contexts, and one from a clear Stratum III context (see table 19.1). 1. Field XI. Three of the ornaments from this field (Nos. 1664, 1668 and 1785) came from the mud-brick debris of the Stratum II Northeast Towers superstructure. The remaining two were from loci preceding the construction of the Northeast Towers. No. 1664.001. Calcite tube. This bead in Field XI is an opaque gray (10YR 6/1) color. It measures L: 1.5 cm; D: 0.4 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. Nos. 1668.001, 2092.001, 1785.001. Calcite long cylinders. Three long cylinders of calcite were found in Locus 2. Two (Nos. 1668.001 and 2092.001) are pinkish gray (5YR7/2), and one ( No. 1785.001) is white (10YR 8/2). It is possible that the two cylinders that agree in color may have come from the same ornament. Although all three are termed “long” beads, their lengths and diameters vary considerably: 1668.001: L: 2.4 cm; D: 0.7 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. 1785.001: L: 1.5 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. 2092.001: L: 2.8 cm; D: 1.1 cm; DH: 0.4 cm. More calcite beads were found at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠than any other mineral. Table 19.2 lists all 23 calcite samples found at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site by the recent excavations. Eight calcite beads (five green calcite) were found in EB II–III charnel houses at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. None of these was a tube or long cylinder (Schaub and Rast 1989: 461–70). Kenyon and Holland (1983: 799) list over one hundred calcite beads from Jericho dated to the EB–MB period (commonly referred to as EB IV). They were found in Tomb A113 (Dagger Type). Five of these beads are long cylinders with the length ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 cm, whereas the remaining 106 are still cylindrical, but probably qualifying as Kenyon and Holland’s “small cylinders” which have lengths ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 cm.

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1

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2

0

a

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2

b

c d 0

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1

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h

g

f

e

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Figure 19.1. a. b. c–d. e–f.

No. 758.001 Short cylinder, opaque bead. No. 759.001 Long cylinder, aragonite = mollusc. No. 1346.001 Pendant shape, quartz, semi-translucent. No. 2881.001 Long barrel, opaque bead, ivory.

g–h. No. 3112.001 Opaque fragment, hippopotamus ivory. i–j. No. 2855.001 Convex cone disc, opaque, gold.

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The beads made from calcite reflect the common occurrence of calcite in the sedimentary horizons in the Near East. Its light color and ease of working may have contributed to its use as bead material. We are confident that the jewelry we have identified as calcite is inorganically precipitated calcite as opposed to calcite from shell origin because we do not see any of the internal structure typical of shells. No. 1885.001. Quartz (carnelian) standard truncated convex bicone. This bead is translucent, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) made of carnelian. It is precisely shaped into a standard truncated convex bicone measuring L: 1.1 cm; D: 1.0 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. The Early Bronze II–III charnel houses, Tomb A56 and Tomb A22 produced 23 carnelian out of a total of 822 ornaments (3 %, personal observation). The EB II–III tombs at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠excavated by Paul Lapp in 1965–1967, yielded 107 carnelian samples (Wilkinson 1989: 461–70). 2. Field XII. Five objects were excavated from the sanctuary area, including two white cylindrical fragments composed of aragonite (assigned as mollusc material); one gray, long cylinder bead of calcite; one white, long cylinder bead composed of a combination of quartz, calcite, and aragonite, intimately mixed in approximately equal proportions; and one gray, long cylinder bead composed of a combination of quartz, calcite, and gypsum, intimately mixed in approximately equal proportions. Nos. 759.001 (fig. 19.1b) and 774.001. Mollusc cylinders. These two opaque white (10YR 8/2), cylindrical fragments measure in length 4.5 and 5.0 centimeters. Measurements of the diameters were taken at the largest end. No. 759.001 measures D: 1.1 cm, while No. 774.001 is D: 1.2 cm. The objects are not true cylinders since they both taper toward one end. Neither has been pierced, so they are not beads. The two cylinder fragments were identified in the field as ivory (Rast and Schaub 1981: 29), but laboratory examination showed that they are aragonite. On binocular examination at 25x magnification, internal cross-lamellar structure, which is distinctive for mollusc shell (Rhoads and Lutz 1980; Wilbur and Saleuddin 1983: 257), is obvious. We propose that the material is mollusc shell (see the discussion of calcitic versus aragonitic material in Broeder and Skinner 1992: 141–42). We have previously identified six elliptical cylinder beads (spacer beads) and nine large fragments of spacers from Site 120E of the Southern Ghors and Northeast ºArabah Archaeological Survey (SGNAS) as aragonite. After optical examination that showed lamellae, we proposed that the source of the material was mollusc shell (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 141–44). Worked shell samples, identical in size and shape to the SGNAS spacer beads, were found at a Negev site associated with worked Lambis truncata sebae shells (Cohen and Dever 1979: fig. 12). The beads were called “bars” by Cohen and Dever. Bar-Yosef (Bar-Yosef and others 1977: 76, pl. 11: C) identified mollusc bracelets from Ein Huderah in the Sinai as being made from Lambis truncata sebae. Mollusc bracelets were also excavated from tombs at Feifa (Broeder, personal observation). Bar-Yosef and others (1977: 76) state that bracelets described as “ivory” from Beer Abu Matar appear to be made of mollusc (carbonate). Two fragments of Lambis truncata sebae were found within an Egyptian temple, dated to the Late Bronze Age, at Timna (Reese 1988a: 261). Reese also cites two examples from Petra, Jordan, and many from Quseir in Egypt, where they were easily obtainable. Lambis presently lives in the Red Sea and is “limited to the shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific” (Wagner and Abbott 1967: 41). The mollusc does not live in the Mediterranean Sea. It is distributed from Aqaba to Polynesia and lives in colonies on sandy,

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algal, and coral rubble in the vicinity of coral reefs, usually in shallow waters down to a depth of about 40 feet (Reese 1988a: 261). Reese, Mienis, and Woodward (1986: 83) note that shell material often served as offerings in graves and sanctuaries during early periods, and is common in many sites. Sources of various invertebrates have been discussed previously (Broeder and Skinner 1992). At Tel Masos, Reese (1983: 224) has identified both Tridacna (Giant clam) and Cassis (Helmet shell) fragments in an Iron Age I settlement context. This site is 60 km from the Mediterranean and 200 km from the Red Sea. Reese observed (1983: 226) that, although the meat from Tridacna is edible, it does not seem logical that the townsfolk would travel such a long distance to secure food. A more logical assumption would be that the shells were ornaments. If all species of the giant clam genus Tridacna are limited to the Indo-Pacific area, and are not a Mediterranean species (Wagner and Abbott 1967: 219), whereas Family Cassidae shells inhabit the warm waters all over the world (Wagner and Abbott 1967: 81), then the occurrence of the Tridacna material in such an early age settlement implies that this special shell material was transported far from its source for use as ornament material. Reese (1989: 34) cites the EB II–IV Tomb L I at Tell Hadidi, Syria, as yielding material of the Family Cassidae in the form of “five water-worn lips ranging in length from 2.8 to 4.3 centimeters.” “Lips” refer to the edge segment of the shell aperture, which because of its natural shape was directly useful for jewelry. Also, at Teleilat Ghassul and the shrine at ºEn-Gedi, two sites only 25 km from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Reese (1989: 33–34) identified lip material from Family Cassidae shells, which the excavators had misidentifed as bone. The find spot of the ºEn-Gedi example near an altar showed that these shells were conserved and revered. During the second season of the Central Negev Highlands Project at Beer Resisim (80 km from Bâb edh-Dhrâº), pieces of shell evidencing shell-working activity were discovered in Building 4, and outside of Building 8 in area 8A (Cohen and Dever 1979: 51, 52: fig. 12). Reese (personal communication) identified the mollusc material as Lambis truncata sebae, the giant Spider conch or Scorpion shell. The beads at Beer Resisim were found in association with worked pieces of Lambis. This was a fortunate find, since normally only when a bead is found together with a large fragment of worked shell can an association with that particular species be made, although trace element composition is also capable of yielding information on source. Although the mollusc spacers from the SGNAS Site 120E on the Wadi Khuneizir, and the mollusc bangles from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: 311, fig. 183) differ in construction and shape, it is possible that the cylinders from the sanctuary in Field XII are made from the same type of mollusc, i.e., Lambis. The SGNAS Site 120E beads range from white (10YR 8/1) to pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/11), closely allied with the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠samples that are white (10YR 8/2). SGNAS Reg. No. 73.002 directly matches Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Reg. No. 759.001 as white (10YR 8/2). At the same time, it is possible that the cylinders may have been fashioned from shells other than Lambis, such as Tridacnidae or Cassidae, which have also been identified at early sites. Modern specimens from these Families exhibit similar coloration (personal observation), making it difficult to distinguish species by color. Whether the cylinder fragments were used as jewelry or were parts of a revered cultic symbol is an open question. What can be said is that townspeople at Bâb edhDhr⺠did have a preference for long cylinders. A total of 25 long cylinders was excavated, exceeding all other shapes (see table 19.3).

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Table 19.3.

Bead Material and Shapes

(Classification System after Beck 1928)

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spread one line long

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In reviewing sites where the mollusc species Lambis was identified, there appears to be a connection between Lambis shell and copper-working areas. According to Cohen and Dever (1981: 74), access to copper sources was important to the Early Bronze IV copper-working community at Beer Resisim. We sense that this connection was true during the Early Bronze I period as well. Lambis bracelets appear to have been used by the copper-working community at Ein Huderah in Sinai where shell bangles were found to be Lambis truncata sebae (Bar-Yosef and others 1977: 76). Furthermore, artifacts in the form of points of almost pure copper were found in the stone structures called nawamis. Builders of the nawamis seem to have been the local Sinai inhabitants who were involved in copper mining (Bar-Yosef and others 1977: 87). The dating of the stone structures at Ein Huderah as Late Chalcolithic and EB I periods by Bar-Yosef and others (1977: 88) is based on the fact that the Lambis shell bangles go out of use in Egypt during Dynasty II (ca. 2900 b.c.). The reason for this change is not known. By EB III the Egyptians of the centralized Old Kingdom were seeking other luxury items: gold from Nubia, turquoise from Sinai, African ivory and spices, and cedar of Lebanon (Ward 1991: 12). The consolidated Old Kingdom had the power to mount expeditions to exotic destinations, and perhaps shell material fell out of fashion. In our studies of approximately 500 beads and personal ornaments from EB IA–IB tombs excavated at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠by the EDSP in 1977, were two mollusc shell bracelets. In addition, another mollusc bracelet, dating also to EB IA, was found during the 1964–67 excavations by Lapp in the same cemetery (Schaub and Rast 1989: 310). In a review of all these bangles or bracelets, Reese (personal communication) suggested that they were sawn from Lambis truncata sebae. In this cemetery were also ten beads of plancheite, a mineral from a secondary enrichment zone of a copper mine (not from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, which has no mines), lending support to a connection between Lambis and copper-mining. For a list of sites ranging from Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age at which mollusc ornaments have been identified, see Wilkinson 1989: 311. We conclude that mollusc was employed continually as a source of decorative or possibly cultic material in Western Asia throughout the entire Early Bronze Age. No. 2315.001. Calcite long cylinder. This bead is a long cylinder, gray (5YR 5/1), opaque bead. It measures L: 1.0 cm; D: 0.6 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. Of the 54 samples of jewelry we are discussing here, 28 are composed entirely of calcite or have calcite as a constituent, thus constituting 53% of the total. Twentythree entirely calcite beads have the color range from white through gray, to light yellowish brown, reddish yellow, and very pale brown. Table 19.2 shows that several calcite beads have identical colors. We believe it is probable that the material for these beads was obtained from the same locality. It is also possible that some of the pieces may have come from the same ornament. From a speculative perspective, it is worth asking whether the beads found in the Field XII sanctuary were purposely interred, like those found beneath the Eye Temple brickwork at Tel Brak (Oates and Oates 1976: 54). Comparisons for the Field XII examples can be made with beads excavated at the following sites in Egypt (Andrews 1981: 44): • • •

Mostagedda, grave 312, 4th Dynasty (ca. 2613 b.c.), an amulet of a pair of calcite testicles (?) Mostagedda, grave 2638, 4th Dynasty, 2 standard cylindrical beads and 2 disc beads Mostagedda, grave 10008, 6th Dynasty, a fist amulet

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No. 2014.001. (Quartz, calcite, aragonite) long cylinder. Examination by X-ray diffraction confirmed that one white (5YR 8/1) bead consisted of an intimate mixture of quartz, calcite, and aragonite. These three minerals form common associations in sedimentary rocks. The cylinder measurements are L: 3.6 cm; D: 1.0 cm; DH: 0.3 cm, qualifying it for status as a long cylinder. Published data that would allow comparisons with other sites have not been found in the literature. No. 771.001. (Quartz, calcite, gypsum), long cylinder. Another long cylinder is an intimate mixture of quartz, calcite, and gypsum. This aggregate is also common as a sedimentary rock. The color is gray (10YR 6/1). The measurements are L: 2.0 cm; D: 1.5 cm; DH: 0.5 cm. No comparable artifacts pertaining to this time period were listed in site reports that we examined. 3. Field XIII. Two articles of jewelry were excavated at the West Gate area, one a pendant, the other a long cylinder: No. 2843.001. Calcite-containing rock, long cylinder. A dark gray (7.5YR 4/0), long cylinder bead was excavated from the gate area. It measures L: 2.1 cm; D: 0.8 cm; DH: 0.1 cm, and is predominantly calcite with traces of admixed “clay” minerals. We suggest that this sample is a sedimentary rock fragment. No. 1346.001 (fig. 19.1c–d). Quartz (chalcedony) pendant. This pendant was excavated east of the western wall of the gate area. Examination showed this semitranslucent, white (2.5Y 8/0) pendant to be composed of all quartz. The sample measures L: 1.8 cm; W: 0.9 cm; T: 0.7 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. Comparison may be made with the white stone pendant excavated from Tomb A43 in the cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Schaub and Rast 1989: 315, fig. 187: 4). The latter measures L: 1.3 cm; D: 1.0 cm. Harder materials, such as quartz, gained popularity during the Early Bronze Age (Dubin 1987: 328). In fact, Lucas and Harris (1989: 70) state that the hardest rock worked in ancient Egypt was quartz. Quartz is plentiful in the Eastern Desert and at Aswan (Lucas and Harris 1989: 402), and pebbles of chalcedony can be easily gathered today from the wadis of the Southern Ghors (Broeder, personal observation). 4. Field XVII. This field is located in a domestic and/or industrial area of the Stratum III–II town. Six beads (Nos. 1666.001, 2816.001, 2937.001, 1882.001, 2879.001, and 3109.001) and one pendant (No. 1667.001) came from this area. Nos. 2937.001 and 3109.001 belong to Stratum III, while three others and the pendant were from Stratum II (see table 19.4, Catalog List, pp. 593ff.). No. 1666.001 was from a mixed locus (Strata II–I) and thus could be later. Nos. 1666.001 and 2816.001. Calcite long cylinders. Two calcite cylinders, whose relative measurements qualify them to be termed “long” (i.e., the length is >1.1 D), were excavated from two different squares in the domestic area. No. 1666.001 measured L: 1.9 cm; D: 0.8 cm; DH: 0.3 cm, while No. 2816.001 measured L: 3.5 cm; D: 1.0 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. Long cylinders were the most frequent shape of the calcite beads from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site—16 out of 23 samples. At Bâb edh-Dhrâº, pinkish gray is the most common color for calcite—6 samples out of 23 (table 19.2). The long cylinder No. 1666.001 is colored pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2), while the long cylinder No. 2816.001, is colored pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2). Sixty-five pink beads were excavated from three charnel houses (A21, A41, A44)

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dating to EB II–III at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. These beads were thought to be limestone or calcite (Schaub and Rast 1989: 463–67). Reese (1988a: 266) lists mineral specimens from the floor of an Egyptian temple at Timna, Israel. One of the specimens contained thick laminae of calcite stained pink. No. 2937.001. Calcite standard circular. This is the only calcite object from the town classified as standard circular. The sample is pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2), but smaller in diameter and different in shape from the pinkish gray bead No. 2816.001. Sample No. 2937.001 measures L: 1.2 cm; D: 0.6 cm. It has no hole. Perhaps it was used as a marble or was a precursor to a finished bead. A “spherical” (Beck’s standard circular) bead of carnelian, not calcite, is cataloged by Andrews (1981: 48) as part of an amuletic string. She notes that the string was registered as “First Intermediate Period, but this burial may have been one of those of Middle Kingdom date.” Her First Intermediate Period ranges from ca. 2181 to 2040 b.c. Lucas and Harris (1989: 43) describe 129 undated rough spheroids of carnelian from Mitrahineh, which presumably were unfinished, i.e., never bored. Diameters range from 0.6 cm to 1.2 cm. For information on the finishing and making of stone beads, see Lucas and Harris (1989: chap. 4). From this information it appears that the spheroid shape is uncommon in a finished bead, but the shape may be a precursor to the finished product of whatever mineral is used. Two standard cylinder calcite beads were excavated from 4th Dynasty Grave 2638 at Mostagedda (Andrews 1981: 44). None of the calcite samples from various fields at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠is green, such as those listed from the cemetery excavations of Paul Lapp (Schaub and Rast 1989: 461– 62, 465, 468, 469). Why there are green calcite beads in the cemetery but none thus far represented at the town we have not been able to determine. Andrews (1981: 19) speaks of beads made from green calcite during the Badarian Period (ca. 4000 b.c.) in Egypt. She catalogs a short barrel bead in translucent green calcite from Mostagedda Area 500 dating to the Badarian Period (Andrews 1981: 21). Calcite is the component of the 16 longest beads that we examined, and this material turns up in many other sites. No. 1667.001. Gypsum pendant. This sample is a translucent, light reddishbrown (2.5YR 6/4) gypsum pendant. The piece measures 3.8 cm long, with a width and thickness of 1.9 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. The diameter of the hole is 0.5 cm. No. 1882.001. Quartz short barrel. This blue (5.0B 8/2), opaque bead is unique in color in the town site collection. It qualifies as a short barrel because it measures L: 0.3 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. Blue is an uncommon color for quartz. However, Dana (1932: 272) refers to a “sky blue” quartz. “Sky blue” may be the closest non-Munsell color to our sample. The degree of intensity of luster of this blue bead could be classified as glimmering when offered the choices of splendent, shining, glistening, and glimmering (Dana 1932: 274). It is possible a blue bead was thought to ward off the “evil eye” or bad spirits (Kunz 1971: 39). No similar samples have been identified by Andrews, but she lists a pendant of green jasper (a variety of quartz) that was excavated at Grave No. 2660 at Mostagedda dating to the 4th Dynasty in Egypt (Andrews 1981: 45). Talbot (1983: 789–93; Appendix K) lists several “blue stone” beads from Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Early Bronze Age levels at the tell of Jericho. The blue-green (5.0BG 6/4), quartz short cylinder bead found at Site 232 of the SGNAS, Jordan (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 148),

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appears to be unique in color when compared to quartz beads at other sites. It is worth comparing because of the hue, since pottery from Site 232 has been identified as ranging from 500 b.c. to Modern. No. 2879.001. Quartz (jasper) irregular object or fragment. This sample has surficial fluting. Its base measures 1.5 cm x 1.7 cm, and its height 1.0 cm. The color of this jasper (est.) sample is dark brown (7.5YR 3/4). Andrews (1981: 45) catalogs a 4th Dynasty jasper trapezoidal pendant (1.7 cm long) from Grave No. 2660 at Mostagedda (see above). No. 3109.001. Shell fragment of object. The pearly luster of this sample led to its identification as a mother-of-pearl form of aragonite by G. Rosenberg, Harvard University. This irregularly-shaped sample measures L: 2.2 cm; W: 1.7 cm; T: 0.1 cm. The EB IB Shaft Tomb A43 at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠furnished a mother-of-pearl pendant measuring maximum L: 3.8 cm; W: 2.6 cm (Schaub and Rast 1989: 314–15, fig. 187:5). At Arad five EB II mother-of-pearl pendants were registered by Amiran (1978: 55; pl. 69: 1–4 [Stratum III], 14 [Stratum I]). Lengths range from 1.6 cm to 3.25 cm. One mother-of-pearl pendant (pl. 67:1) was also found in Stratum V. These pendants are made of shells from the Red Sea (Amiran 1978: 55). A possible mother-of-pearl bead with a perforation in the center came from Jericho in an area dating to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 790). From a Proto-Urban archaeological context at Jericho, a mother-of-pearl pendant, broken at the pierced end, was also excavated (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 791).

C. Early Bronze III (Stratum II) 1. Field XIV. Four samples came from this residential area located in the central part of the EB III walled town. No. 2842.001. Calcite-containing rock, long cylinder. This bead represents an inorganic or sedimentary rock fragment. It is mostly calcite, a very pale brown color (10YR 7/3). The bead measures L: 1.6 cm; D: 0.3 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. No. 761.001. Gypsum lenticular object. One lenticular slice of gypsum was excavated from Locus 9 of Field XIV.4. The unusual shape, ridged but holeless, and the translucency of this specimen, may indicate that this sample is a portion of a larger decorative piece. The lens-shaped object, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), measures L: 1.4 cm; W: 1.1 cm; T: 0.4 cm. This piece resembles amber in color and in hardness (H = 1), but we know it is not amber because the X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed gypsum. Interestingly, no amber samples have been identified to date in the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira ornament collection of approximately 1,386 samples dating to all Early Bronze phases. For a large collection like this one, the negative evidence apparently strengthens the claim that simultaneous trade in tin and amber from the Baltic to the Mediterranean in exchange for bronze weapons and tools did not operate in earnest until around 1600 b.c. (Dubin 1987: 292). No. 2015.001. (Gypsum, unknown) long truncated convex bicone. This is a bicone bead of a mixture of gypsum and undetermined component(s). This long, semitranslucent bead measures L: 2.7 cm; D: 1.3 cm; DH: 0.3 cm. Its color is red (2.5YR 4/6). Ninety per cent of the bead is composed of gypsum. The remaining 10% of unknown mineral, probably hematite, may account for the unique red color.

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No. 2016.001. Quartz (carnelian) long barrel. This bead of red (2.5YR 5/8) carnelian represents the only long barrel carnelian sample collected at the town site. Of the three carnelian beads found at the town site, each has a different shape (see tables 19.1, 3). This bead measures L: 0.6 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. In antiquity reddish stones were thought to be remedies for hemorrhages (Kunz 1971: 370), on the principle that “like cures like.” According to Mershen (1991: 173) “a cylindrical or biconical agate bead of a brownish red color is worn against inflammation of the ear or the throat.” A carnelian long barrel was found in Charnel House A20 in the cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Charnel House A21 may have produced four “long” barrels as defined by Beck (1928). The list speaks of “standard long barrels,” which does not follow Beck (1928). Beck classifies a bead as either “standard” or “long” in measurement. One long barrel of carnelian is listed for Charnel House A51 (Schaub and Rast 1989: 463). Amiran (1978: 55; pls. 68, 69) discusses carnelian beads from strata dating to EB II at Arad. None of her three samples is a long barrel or a standard truncated convex bicone, such as the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠samples. Eighteen long barrels of carnelian from Jericho tombs were all dated to EB–MB: 1 long barrel from Tomb G 16 (Kenyon 1960: 253); 2 long barrels from Tomb P 22 (Kenyon 1965: 107); 2 long barrels from Tomb P 15 (Kenyon 1965: 109); 1 long barrel from Tomb P 25 (Kenyon 1965: 109); and 12 long barrels from Tomb L 2 (Kenyon 1965: 148). At Jericho there were few carnelian beads in the southern and general groups during the Early Bronze Age, unlike earlier and later periods (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 797). Andrews (1981: 41) writes that during the Old Kingdom (ca. 2613–2181 b.c.) in Egypt carnelian beads are “pale, almost colourless” with wide holes. Two samples from the town site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(Nos. 1885.001 and 2961.001) have wide (0.2 cm) borings. The sample here (0.1 cm) does not exhibit that feature. None of the Bâb edhDhr⺠samples is pale. Apparently, the jewelers in ancient Egypt had a different source for their carnelian. One long barrel carnelian bead was part of Amuletic String No. 209, pl. 19, from the Mostagedda Old Kingdom grave of a woman (Andrews 1981: 41). Four long barrels of pinkish carnelian were excavated at 6th Dynasty Mostagedda Grave No. 3005. Long and short barrels were part of a necklace with amulets, No. 234, pl. 20, that was excavated from 4th Dynasty (ca. 2613 b.c.) Grave No. 312 at Mostagedda. Carnelian barrel beads were also found at the following grave sites at Mostagedda: Graves 701, 785 and 10008 from the 6th Dynasty; and Grave 1420 from the 5th dynasty. They were also discovered in the Necropolis at Abydos, possibly 6th Dynasty, and Grave 7785 at Qaw el-Kebir, 6th Dynasty. Carnelian is popular at many locations. The finds are conserved because quartz is durable (does not dissolve over time), which differs from the soft carbonates (calcite, for example) or sulfates (gypsum). 2. Field XIX. This field is located on the slope of the town center. Three ornamental pieces were excavated from this Field. No. 2850.001. (Apatite variety dahllite, calcite) standard barrel. X-ray diffraction testing determined this sample to be a mixture of 3/4 dahllite (calcium carbonate phosphate) and 1/4 calcite, a sedimentary composite rock. The sample has a diameter of 1.3 cm, and the specific gravity of this blue (5.0B 8/2), standard barrel registers 2.21. Apatite usually occurs in some shade of green or brown, but may be found with blue hues.

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No. 2900.001. Calcite barrel disc. This pure calcite sample is of gray (5YR 5/1) color. Because it has no hole we conjecture that it may represent a gaming stone. It is also large, measuring L: 2.2 cm; W: 1.7 cm; T: 0.2 cm. This calcite barrel disc was found in a residential area, as was calcite barrel disc No. 2.001. Their colors are different, however, so we cannot speculate that they came from the same matrix (for other calcite bead samples see table 19.2). No. 2881.001 (fig. 19.1e–f). Apatitic (elephant ivory, est.) long barrel. Broeder visually examined this sample in the Kerak Archaeological Museum in Jordan, where it is stored, and agrees with the field identification as animal ivory. The hardness of the sample is less than 3; the hardness of ivory is 2.5. The color of the long barrel is yellow (10YR 7/6). Hippopotamus ivory retains its whiteness, so this specimen is believed to be ivory from an elephant tusk because of its yellow color and, more importantly, because its physical characteristics under the 10x loupe correlate strongly on a smaller scale with those of an elephant ivory sample under 25x (GIA 1980: No. 33, fig. 2). Long grain lines are also clearly visible in the sample. The measurements are L: 2.8 cm; D: 1.5 cm; DH: 1.2 cm. The possibility of the sample’s being bone was discarded because, microscopically, the internal structure does not agree with that of bone. No Haversian canals were discerned, nor were seed-like lacunae (GIA 1980: No. 33, fig. 5). Also bone is harder than 3. X-ray testing was not made available, so we base our identification only on hardness and microscopic examination. Syrian elephants were extant during the late Early Bronze Age (Miller 1986: 29) and may have provided the raw ivory. Alternatively, Africa may have been the source. D. Early Bronze III–IV (Strata II–I) Ornaments dating to these phases were found in Fields IX, X, and XVI. 1. Field IX. This field is located south of the walled town of Stratum II. Structures unearthed were essentially domestic types. No. 2.001. Calcite barrel disc. This sample is one of three barrel discs excavated at the town site. Interestingly, the other two barrel discs are also calcite (Nos. 762.001 and 2900.001) and come from Fields XVI and XIX respectively. The dimensions of the barrel disc here are L: 0.2 cm; D: 0.9 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. X-ray diffraction confirmed that this bead is calcite, but probably not biologic calcite (shell), because no structures indicative of the invertebrate shell are found. No. 2.001 shares the same color, very pale brown (10YR 7/3), with calcite bead No. 3107.001 from Field XVI (table 19.2). Thus these materials may have been quarried at the same location. Andrews (1981: 47–56) catalogs (British Museum) no calcite “nonwhite alabaster” samples during the Egyptian First Intermediate Period, 7th to 11th Dynasties, ca. 2181–2040 b.c. She notes that shells are scarcely used during the First Intermediate Period (Andrews 1981: 37–44). Kenyon and Holland (1983: 799) state that no shells dating to EB–MB (First Intermediate Period in Egypt) were found in the Jericho tombs. This may suggest that the population at this time did not frequent the coastal areas. It also raises the possibility that there was less trade during this phase. 2. FIELD X. This field was located approximately 150 m northeast of the Stratum II walled town, constituting an area independent of the earlier town. No. 5.001. Quartz-containing rock pendant. This pendant is dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2), and was determined by microscopic examination to be a rock containing

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quartz. Its measurements are L: 3.2 cm; T: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. It is one of four rock ornaments in this collection of artifacts from the town site. There are two other pendants in the collection, one of quartz (No. 1346.001) and one of gypsum (No. 1667.001). 3. FIELD XVI. During EB IV, Field XVI contained a ceremonial precinct or sanctuary constructed on earlier EB III remains. Thus some of the 25 ornaments found in this field may have significance in the context of cultic activities. Ornament types are as follows: apatitic (bone) tube; apatitic (ivory) fragment of object; (apatitic, halite) fragment of object; calcite barrel disc, long cylinders, and short cylinders; gold convex cone disc; gypsum long cylinder; quartz (chalcedony) convex bicone disc; quartz (agate) long barrel; quartz (carnelian) long cylinder fragment; rock, calcite-containing, oblate disc; shells (calcium carbonate). No. 1298.001. Apatitic (bone) tube. The only bone bead at the town site was discovered in Field XVI. This tiny bead of worked bone is only 0.2 cm in diameter, with half of that measurement being the hole diameter. The length of the bead is 1.1 cm, and the color pink (7.5YR 7/4). The colors of bone samples from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site and the cemetery vary. To determine the cause of color variation, we have performed controlled high temperature tests on bone. The chief structural element of bone is hydroxyapatite, a complex phosphate of calcium that occurs as a mineral, Ca 4(CaOH)(PO4)3 (Dana 1932: 704). Results of these tests showed that color alteration in bone is time- and temperature-dependent. Color alteration studies were also made by P. Shipman (personal communication) with the same conclusions. Based on these tests, we believe that archaeological bone can indicate degrees of thermal activity. Because Sample No. 1298.001 is pink, we can infer that it has been subjected to a temperature of ca. 50–90 C. Obviously, its color has not been altered by high temperature, for then it would appear reddish brown, reddish black, or black, such as several bone samples subjected to heat in Charnel House A22. During the First Intermediate Period in Egypt (7th to 11th Dynasties, ca. 2181–2040 b.c.) bone artifacts were excavated from three grave sites: 2 anklets with amulets at Mostagedda, grave no. 11815, larger bone disc beads at Abydos, grave no. 822, and a bracelet with amulet at Mostagedda (Andrews 1981: 49–52). At Numeira, a bone seal bead (personal examination) was discovered. Its measurements are L: 3.7 cm; D: 1.3 cm at the end (D is variable); maximum DH: 0.9 cm. It is reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), showing it was in a burn layer. From the same site came a tubular, worked bone, bead fragment, No. 2872.001. It is 0.5 cm in diameter. At Jericho many small beads that may be either bone or paste were excavated from IB–MB tombs (Kenyon 1965: 51–163). Tomb A129 furnished one bone bead. Tomb L7 supplied one small cylindrical polished bone. This is a small showing compared with the numerous bone buttons or spindle whorls dating to the Middle Bronze Age at Jericho (Kenyon 1965: 223). No. 3112.001 (fig. 19.1g–h). Apatitic (hippopotamus ivory, est.) fragment. X-ray diffraction and microscopic examination were used to determine that this sample is apatitic, and in this case, ivory. The sample is pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2). Reese (1985: 392) suggests that “large hippo tusks are more expensive and more in demand than elephant tusks because they do not turn yellow.” In thin cross section, no lines of Retzius, the striae that identify elephant ivory (Webster 1983: 590), were observed, leading us to suggest that it is not elephant ivory but rather hippopotamus ivory. That hippopotami lived in the coastal swamps of the

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Levant at least since the Middle Pleistocene was proposed by Horwitz and Tchernov (1990: 67, 72). Their presence was maintained until the end of the Iron Age around 540 b.c., with a hiatus between post-Mousterian and Chalcolithic (Perrot 1955: 172). Trade or contact with the west therefore may be indicated by the presence of hippopotamus ivory at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠during late EB III–EB IV or earlier. Our sample’s measurements are L: 2.6 cm; W: 2.2 cm; T: 0.2 cm, not a large sample, but nonetheless important because it indicates the sacredness of such materials, having been found in a sanctuary context. For over 2,000 years hippopotamus ivory, large mollusc shell material, and ostrich eggshell beads were associated with sanctuaries (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 144). Reese (1988b) has examined both worked and unworked hippopotamus teeth (some of which are ivory). He writes about 2 mandibular rami of an adult hippopotamus dated to ca. 2040 b.c. from an area near Tell Qasile. Reese (1985: 395) also observes that the excavations at Tell Qasile produced 17 teeth and 9 bones ranging from the late twelfth to the eighth centuries, and more recent excavations produced more hippopotamus remains from the Early Iron Age. The Bir es-Safadi sample (ca. 3320 b.c.) originally identified as elephant tusk by Perrot (1959: 13) is now known to be hippopotamus tooth (D. S. Reese, personal communication). At ºAi, half of a lower right canine was found outside the sanctuary in what was interpreted as the EB IC level. A hippopotamus femur or humerus was found with an EB II bowl at Tell Gath (Tel Erani) and ‘‘must have been brought as an offering’ ” (Reese 1988b). At Shiqmona (fourteenth century b.c.) a hand and Hathor-headed clapper of worked hippopotamus lower canine were excavated. Other Late Bronze samples included a fragment of a knife-shaped “wand” found at Tell el-ºAjjul (Gaza), a Hathorheaded clapper (Hathor is the female god of dancing and music, and shell clappers were apparently used as musical instruments) found at Beth-shean, and another “wand” found at Megiddo. The curving “knives” or “wands” are known from Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. 2133–1786 b.c.), especially in the tombs (Reese 1988b). They are made from lower canines and were engraved with symbols, such as the popular theme showing the hippopotamus Ta Weret, the female god of pregnant women and childbirth (Reese 1985: 396–97). In his conclusions, Reese (1988b) emphasizes that hippopotamus teeth were “considered as votive offerings . . . judging by their association with the Kition (Cyprus) and ºAi (Levant) temples, and Enkomi (Cyprus) and Minet el-Beidha (Levant) tombs.” From the occurrence of hippopotamus ivory at sanctuaries as early as the Chalcolithic Period, when five hippopotamus teeth objects were stored in a cave in Nahal Mishmar (BarAdon 1962: pl. 39b), to the Iron Age, hippopotamus ivory appears to have played a sacred role. It appears to be a religious symbol important to women and their partners. No. 1791.001. [Apatitic (bone), halite] fragment. X-ray diffraction pattern on a portion of this fragment shows it is composed of two minerals: primarily hydroxyapatite and a barely observable amount of halite or salt. Microscopic observation shows that the minute amount of salt has occurred as an efflorescence upon the surface of bone, i.e., that the apatite is the mineral fraction of the bone sample. Since the site of the excavation is in the arid district adjacent to the Dead (sometimes called Salt) Sea, the salt is probably a later addition. The fragment is 0.8 cm in length, and the diameter of its hole is 0.2 cm. There is an indication that originally there may have been two holes. The white (10YR 8/2)

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color testifies that this fragment of bone has not been burned. This fragment was found in association with No. 1685.001, a calcite long cylinder, one of 13 beads discussed below. Nos. 762.001, 1303.001, 1634.003, 1641.001, 1669.001, 1685.001, 1692.001, 2854.001, 2877.001, 2899.001, 2906.001, 2913.001, 3107.001. Calcite barrel disc, long cylinders, short cylinders. Thirteen calcite beads were uncovered in Field XVI: 1 barrel disc, 10 long cylinders, and 2 short cylinders. These beads exhibited 9 different colors as follows (see also table 19.2, to compare these beads with other calcite samples from the town site): 762.001 1303.001 1634.003 1641.001 1669.001 1685.001 1692.001 2854.001 2877.001 2899.001 2906.001 2913.001 3107.001

barrel disc long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder short cylinder short cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder long cylinder

10YR 7/1 10YR 6/2 10YR 7/2 7.5YR 6/4 7.5YR 6/6 5YR 8/2 5YR 7/2 10YR 8/2 5Y 8/1 10YR 6/2 5YR 6/1 7.5YR 7/2 10YR 7/3

light gray light brownish gray light gray light yellowish brown reddish yellow pinkish white pinkish gray white white light brownish gray gray pinkish gray very pale brown

No. 762.001 was identified as calcite by X-ray diffraction. Its measurements are L: 0.5 cm; D: 1.4 cm; DH: 0.3 cm. It is the only barrel disc from Field XVI. Nine long cylinders were identified using X-ray diffraction. No. 3107.001, the tenth cylinder, was identified by hardness and reaction to acid. The range of size is from 0.9 cm to 5.0 cm in length, with the shortest, No. 1669.001, measuring L: 0.9 cm; D: 0.3 cm; DH: 0.1 cm. The longest, No. 2906.001, measures L: 5.0 cm; D: 1.5 cm; DH: 0.7 cm. The long cylinder, No. 1634.003, was found in association with quartz (agate) long barrel No. 1634.002 and quartz (chalcedony) convex bicone disc bead No. 1634.001. Three long cylinder calcite beads had shades of pink: 1685.001, 1692.001, and 2913.001. A pink calcite mineral specimen was found as a votive offering in the Egyptian mining temple at Timna, Israel (Reese 1988a: 266). The temple dates to the Late Bronze Age, thereby showing the votive character of calcite extending into later time periods. The group also contains 2 short cylinders. No. 2854.001 measures L: 0.7 cm; D: 1.1 cm; DH: 0.3 cm. No. 2877.001 was misidentified in the field as ivory, but we have confirmed it to be calcite by acid test. It measures L: 2.0 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. Perhaps these calcite beads from the Field XVI sanctuary were purposely interred, such as the beads found under the brickwork of the Eye Temple at Tel Brak (Oates and Oates 1976: 54), and the offering at Timna. From the Proto-Urban Period Tomb K 1 at Jericho, 60 calcite beads are cataloged into five types, one of which is the long cylinder type, Type H (Talbot 1983: 794; fig. 364, No. 11). Fifteen Type H beads are listed and compare well with those described here.

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Early Bronze Age tomb finds at Jericho were divided into two groups: Southern and General. Listed for the Southern Group was one calcite barrel; listed for the General Group were one barrel and 3 cylinders (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 797–98). Again, the cylinders outnumber the other shapes. The Jericho Intermediate Early Bronze–Middle Bronze Age (EB–MB) tomb finds were taken from a selected tomb in each of the four types of tombs of this age: EB–MB Pottery Type, EB–MB Dagger Type, EB–MB Bead Type, and EB–MB Outsize Type. No calcite beads were recovered from Pottery Type Tomb H7, the selected tomb. From Dagger Type Tomb A113, 111 calcite beads were found, 5 of them long cylinders ranging 0.7–1.0 cm in length. One hundred six were cylindrical, ranging 0.1–0.3 cm in length. Beads from Bead Type Tomb K27 were found under the ribs and vertebrae, suggesting that they were worn on clothing. None of these beads was calcite. Beads made of calcite placed in Outsize Type Tomb P15 numbered 101. Their shapes were short cylinders and discs, 0.1–0.2 cm in length (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 798–800). Site 120E of the SGNAS, Jordan, dates to EB IV. At this site 165 calcite short cylinders were excavated. Their colors were pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2); white (10YR 8/1); and grayish brown (10YR 5/2). These beads accompanied burials, showing again the votive character of calcite. In summary, of the 13 calcite ornaments at Field XVI, the identity and similarity to beads at other sites suggests that these people continued to use calcite when they returned to the site following the destruction of the walled town. No. 2855.001 (fig. 19.1i–j). Gold convex cone disc. One convex cone disc of gold was found in Field XVI. This ornament measures D: 1.8 cm and D of hole: 0.4 cm. It appears to be slightly domed and is without embellishment, even though the granulation technique was known in the Near East at this time (Lilyquist 1993: 33–34). At Jericho, Tomb O 1 contained gold in the form of one “small” long cylinder and one “medium” long cylinder (Kenyon 1965: 126; fig. 51, Nos. 17 and 18). Tomb O 1, dated to the Intermediate EB–MB Period (= EB IV) is one of the tombs designated “Outsize” (Kenyon 1965: 93). Outsize tombs were distinctive because of their square shafts, and these tombs also contained large numbers of beads. In addition, objects manufactured with two metals occurred in all the Outsize tombs. Gold beads were found at Azor (Ben-Tor 1975b: 23), Kinneret (B. Mazar 1977: 718) and Lachish Cave 1535 (Tufnell 1958: 73). It was probably the rare individual, usually a female, who had a burial accompanied by gold beads. Several gold disc beads were deposited in Egyptian burials dating to the First Intermediate Period (Andrews 1981: 51, 52, 54). Gold is easy to work, and is chemically stable even under high temperatures such as fire. Ornaments made of gold were probably often passed on as inheritance. One case of an object being handed down for 900 years occurred at Qau-Badari, where a Dynasty VII–VIII (ca. 2300 b.c.) trinket box contained Predynastic (ca. 3200 b.c.) beads (Brunton 1928: 22). Gold beads and objects have also been found in tombs at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, to be published in a subsequent volume. No. 756.001. Gypsum long cylinder. This ornament is estimated to be gypsum, using hardness and microscopic examination. It measures L: 2.0 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. The color is pink (5YR 7/3). This cylinder was found in association with calcite long cylinder, No. 1303.001, and calcite barrel disc, No. 762.001.

spread is 1 ling short (1 pica)

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No. 1634.001. Quartz (chalcedony) convex bicone disc. This translucent convex bicone disc bead was determined by microscopic examination to be chalcedony. The sample measures L: 0.8 cm; D: 1.7 cm. It exhibits no hole, but a centrally located, unpolished, minute depression on both sides may indicate the beginnings of a hole. The color is very pale brown (10YR 7/3). This sample was found in association with quartz (agate) long barrel, No. 1634.002, and calcite long cylinder, No. 1634.003. Chalcedony beads from EB IV contexts were recorded at Jericho (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 799). Three tombs contained the following beads: Tomb H7 (EB–MB Pottery Type): 2 chalcedony, cylindrical with flat polished ends, 1.3 and 1.4 cm in length; 1 chalcedony, short barrel D: 1.7 cm; Tomb A113 (EB–MB Dagger Type): 288 chalcedony, cylindrical, 0.1–0.2 cm in length; 1 chalcedony, short cylinder, D: 0.6 cm; Tomb K27 (EB–MB Bead Type): 39 chalcedony, cylinder, 0.1 cm–0.2 cm in length. It is surprising that, of the 331 chalcedony beads from Jericho, none matches our sample in shape. However, the short barrel from Tomb H7 matches our sample in diameter. During the First Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1 chalcedony barrel was found at the neck of a woman in Grave 5006 at Mostagedda. The remainder of the necklace was composed of “many tiny, thin disc beads of blue glazed composition, and some of green,” 1 long cylinder of talc, and 2 carnelian samples, 1 conical and 1 broken barrel (Andrews 1981: 55). Recorded at the Site 120E graves of the SGNAS, Jordan, were 10 short cylinders of opaque quartz (variety chalcedony). Each of the tiny beads, ranging from a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 cm with a length of only 0.1 cm, is an intimate mixture of reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), pink (7.5YR 7/4), and brown (7.5YR 5/2). These beads are much smaller than the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sample, and none of their coloration matches that of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sample. No. 1634.002. Quartz (agate) long barrel. The concentric, alternating bands of this sample are colored pale red (10R 6/4) and white (5Y 8/1). The measurements are L: 1.0 cm; D: 0.7 cm; DH: 0.2 cm. The bead was found in association with Nos. 1634.001 and 1634.003. Agate has been identified in Tomb H7 (EB–MB Pottery Type) at Jericho. These agates from the burial total 5 samples (Kenyon and Holland 1983: 449): 3 agate long convex bicone beads, long striped veining on all, 2 cm, 2.4 cm, and 2.7 cm in length; 2 agate, flat ellipsoid, 2 cm in length. These agates from Jericho are at least two times longer than the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠sample, and their shapes are different. Andrews (1981: 19–56) catalogs banded chalcedony, striped quartz, and agate from Egypt during the Badarian Period (ca. 4000 b.c.). For the Naqada I and II Periods she lists only banded chalcedony and quartz marked by fine brown lines. She lists no “agate” from the First Intermediate Period, only the chalcedony and prase varieties of quartz. No. 2961.001. Quartz (carnelian) long cylinder. One semi-translucent, half of a long cylinder, carnelian bead found in Field XVI.4 is red (10R 4/8) and measures L: 1.8 cm; D: 0.9 cm; and DH: 0.2 cm. Various EB IV sites have registered carnelian beads. Two tombs at the Khirbet Iskander EB IV cemetery (ca. 100 km from Bâb edh-Dhrâº) produced several carnelian beads (S. Richard, personal communication). The following samples from Khirbet Iskander are carnelian: Tomb Area D 9: Reg. No. A:355: L: 0.5 cm, D: 0.5 cm; Tomb Area D.10: Reg. No. A:354: L: 0.2 cm, D: 0.5 cm; Reg. No. A:408: L: 0.2 cm, D:0.5 cm;

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and Reg. No. A:409: L: 0.5 cm, D: 0.5 cm. These beads are half the size of the Bâb edhDhr⺠specimen. Three poorly fashioned bicones of red (10R 4/6) carnelian were found at Site 120E of the SGNAS (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 144). These bicones, Reg. No. 73.004, have the following dimensions: (a) L: 0.3 cm, D: 0.7 cm; (b) L: 0.3 cm, D: 0.6 cm; and (c) L: 0.2 cm, D: 0.5 cm (internally exhibits 2 small dark areas). These samples are smaller than the bead from Bâb edh-Dhrâº, and the lapidary work is distinctly inferior on these SGNAS beads. Petrie (1931: 3) claimed that the EB IV (his Copper Age) carnelian was “not so finely formed or so translucent” as Dynasty V carnelian, yet the Dynasty V samples were “much better than” those from the close of Dynasty VI. It is clear that the technology of working harder material, especially in carnelian, varied during the Egyptian dynasties. Twelve carnelian beads from two tombs of the EB IV Period are listed from Gibeon (107 km from Bâb edh-Dhrâº). By taking measurements from Pritchard’s (1963) drawings of these beads, we record the following: Tomb 32 (fig. 72: 9) contained: 1 standard truncated bicone (Pritchard’s long cylinder): L: 1.0 cm, D: 0.9 cm; 1 short convex truncated bicone (Pritchard’s short cylinder): L: 0.6 cm, D: 0.9 cm; 1 short cylinder: L: 0.4 cm, D: 0.8 cm; Tomb 32 (fig. 72:10) also contained: 8 carnelian beads, illustrated by two drawings of Pritchard’s “long cylinders”: L: 1.7 cm, D: 0.8 cm (long cylinder); L: 1.0 cm, D: 0.6 cm (long truncated bicone). Pritchard writes that the “cylinders” measure as little as 0.7 cm in length. The illustrated long cylinder closely resembles the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠bead, being only 0.1 cm different in D and L. Tomb 54 (fig. 72:22) contained: 1 long barrel, L: 1.7 cm, D: 0.8 cm. This bead is similar to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠bead except for its tapering sides. Some of Pritchard’s beads seem to be truncated bicones. Fine differences, however, are not always clear in drawings. Pritchard has not noted the color of his samples. EB IV tombs at Jericho yielded 136 carnelian beads (Kenyon 1960; Kenyon and Holland 1983). After reclassifying the beads according to Beck (1928), we were able to note 9 differing shapes for some of the beads: 4 barrel discs, 2 cylinder discs, 23 short barrels, 1 short truncated convex bicone, 2 short cylinders, 2 standard barrels, 20 long barrels, 1 long convex bicone, and 1 long cylinder. The emphasis is on barrels and cylinders—the type of the beads typical of the 6th Dynasty Qau and Badari area in Egypt (Brunton 1928: 17, 18). Concerning the reason that some bead shapes are typical of a specific time, we can only speculate that fashion operated in ancient times much as it does today. According to Petrie (1931: 3), carnelian beads dating to EB IV have been found associated with an ovate jar at Tell el-ºAjjul (ca. 115 km from Bâb edh-Dhrâº). The 63 samples of carnelian in the drawings of these beads illustrate the following variety of shapes: long convex bicones, long cylinders (similar to the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town sample), short barrels, and barrel discs. Kenyon and Holland (1983: 797) found that relatively fewer carnelian beads have been excavated at Jericho from loci dating to the urban phases of the Early Bronze Age than those dating to EB IA (Kenyon’s Proto-Urban A) and EB IV, the post-urban phase. This lack of carnelian in the urban phases of Jericho is reflected in the findings at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery, where out of 839 beads excavated by the EDSP from the EB II–III urban period cemetery, only 23 beads (or 3%) are carnelian or carnelian agate (personal analysis). The Lapp excavations of 1965–67 excavated 107 carnelian samples from the EB II–III cemetery, bringing the total to 130 carnelian ornaments.

spread is 1 ling long (1 pica)

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Out of 502 beads excavated by the EDSP in the EB IA Cemetery A at Bâb edhDhrâº, 95 (or 19%) are carnelian (personal analysis). More than 220 carnelian beads were excavated from Cemetery A by the Lapp team. This raises the question whether carnelian was out of fashion in some parts of Palestine during EB III, or whether the material had come to be in short supply. The similar patterns at Jericho and Bâb edh-Dhr⺠seem to indicate some consistent factor. The ample Jericho collection of carnelian during the Proto-Urban period may indicate a belief in its healing or magical powers. The town site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠did not produce enough carnelian material for us to make a proper assessment regarding usage during EB IB, II, III compared with usage in Late EB III/IV. Town sites rarely furnish as many beads as cemeteries unless the beads were deposited in an urban sanctuary or a hoard. It is probable that the living individuals wore the beads or took them with them when they left. Montet discovered at Byblos a significant bead collection in a closed deposit that covered a third-millennium shrine. The find was the so-called Montet Jar, which contained over 600 beads, 158 of which were carnelian. Only one of these carnelian beads is classified a long cylinder. The jar also contained scarabs, figurines, metal artifacts, and other items that Tufnell and Ward used to date the contents to ca. 2130–2040 b.c. (Tufnell and Ward 1966: 205). The date of the contents of the Montet Jar is still under debate. Bietak (1991: 54) argues for putting them in the transition from EB IV to MB I. He notes that Porada maintained a position that she held already in 1966, of dating the cylinder seals from the jar to the nineteenth century b.c. O’Connor prefers to date them to the late 13th Dynasty (eighteenth century b.c.), which is even later than Bietak and Porada suggest (Bietak 1991: 54). Bietak’s chronological framework on his Palestinian material is questioned by Dever (1991: 77). Therefore, we await the outcome of further chronological studies for use of the contents of the Montet Jar for comparison with the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠samples. Meanwhile, we offer the evidence of the 158 carnelian artifacts in this discussion so that the reader may know that some archaeologists identify them as EB IV artifacts. No. 2822.001. Calcite-containing rock, oblate disc. Occasionally a mineral, such as calcite, is found to be admixed with “clay” minerals or rock. No. 2822.001 contains 95% calcite with fine rock fragments or clay the remaining percentage. The sample measures L: 0.4 cm, D: 1.4 cm, DH: 0.4 cm. The color is gray (5YR 6/1). Nos. 2311.001, 2840.001, 2841.001. Shell beads. The shell beads from Field XVI have been identified by D. S. Reese (personal communication) as follows: No. 2311.001: 1 shell bead; No. 2840.001: worked Conus fragment, holed at either end, burned; No. 2841.001: Conus, holed at apex, unburned, small. Both Conus are from the Mediterranean Sea. No. 2311.001 was found in association with Nos. 1641.001, 1669.001, and 1692.001. The burning found on shell No. 2840.001 contrasts with No. 2841.001, which came from a different square and locus and does not show evidence of burning. Reese (1983: 353) informs us that “the Mediterranean Cone shell (Conus mediterraneus Hwass in Gruguiere, 1792, = ventricosus Gmelin) is an inedible marine gastropod which grows to a maximum of 60–70 mm in length.” Samples of Conus have been used as ornaments or grave offerings, and they may have been used as children’s gaming pieces or garment adornments. Shells and shell beads are often found in sanctuaries and temples (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 144; Reese 1991: 159 and table 2, pp. 184–87; Reese 1988a: 264–65;

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Reese, Mienis, and Woodward 1986: 79). Shells play a roll in “asserting rising life power at the moment of death” (Gimbutas 1989: 463). At a later time a shell symbol over the doorway to the tomb of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem (Couasnon 1974) attests its use as a symbol of life to Christian worshipers. The 3 shell samples from Field XVI, an area that had cultic significance, supports such an interpretation as far back as the Early Bronze Age. Few shell beads contemporary with the shells from Field XVI have been recorded, although shells are plentiful during earlier and later periods. It is significant that no shell beads were found in any of the four types of tombs of the Intermediate EB–MB Period at Jericho. Such shell ornaments did appear, however, at other EB IV sites. Site 12 of the SGNAS contained fragments of 9 small Conus that were holed at the apex (Reese 1992: 155), thus being similar to No. 2841.001 here. Pottery readings show Site 12 to be contemporaneous with Field XVI. Site 120E of the SGNAS recorded 7 genus Dentalium and 6 Lambis truncata sebae beads (Broeder and Skinner 1992: 148) in burials dated to EB IV. Thirty-four shells from the Mediterranean dated to EB IV were found at Tell Hadidi on the Euphrates River (Reese 1986: 320–32). These beads were not Conus but Arcularia. The EB IV–MB I site of Beer Resisim produced worked beads and unmodified samples of Lambis truncata sebae (Kiener 1834). A centrally pierced shell was also excavated in Tomb B 1 at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, an EB IV tomb. As pointed out above, no shells were recorded from any of the Jericho Intermediate EB–MB tombs. Talbot (1983: 794) attributes this absence to the “change in style from multiple to single burials,” and she asserts that “it contributes nothing to dating evidence.” Although the absence of shell ornaments in the EB–MB tombs may not contribute to dating, the phenomenon might suggest a lack of trade with the seacoasts during this period. The evidence in Jericho’s Intermediate EB–MB levels on the tell suggests that “pastoralists, not town dwellers, lived on the sites of earlier towns but did not contribute to town development nor did they protect themselves with walls” (Kenyon 1965: 37). On the other hand, tombs dating to other phases of the Early Bronze Age did have “shells in some form or another” (Talbot 1983: 798). Biggs (1963: 127) writes of “one holed example of Early Bronze Age Conus teniatus Brug.” Proto-Urban A Tomb K2 at Jericho had 9 large shells of Conus mediterraneus Brug (Kenyon 1965: 20–21; fig. 6). Conus shells are known at sites dated to periods before and after EB IV, in fact, as early as Natufian (ca. 11,000 b.c.) at the site of Hayonim Terrace in the western Galilee (Reese 1982: 83). Reese (1990: 413–14) provides a summary of Conus beads that were holed at the apex at sites in Anatolia and Syria, covering thousands of years. Alternatively, he notes that Conus whorl beads are a “uniquely Near Eastern item.” These whorl beads are formed from the top portion of the shell, “smoothly ground and polished where it was severed from the rest of the shell” (Reese 1986: 320–32). Conus whorl beads have been found at the EB III cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(personal examination), as well as at many sites in Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, the Sinai, and Egypt (Reese 1990: 413–14; 1986: 320–32). Parallels are also found in Arabia and Iran. Two hundred twenty-seven samples of Conus and Conus whorl beads were found at the EB II–III cemetery at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Conus shells are from the Mediterranean Sea, and the Conus whorl beads are made from one or two Red Sea species (Reese, personal communication), allowing us to envision expanded trade activity during EB II–III, both to the west and to the south.

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591

Summary and Discussion Compared with the beads recovered from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery (EB IA–IB, ca. 502 samples; EB II–III, ca. 839 samples), the finds from the town site are few, only 54 samples. Town sites offer few beads because beads that are recovered probably represent lost items. Many of the samples excavated are the color of the soil, and therefore, difficult to find. Noteworthy is the predominance of calcite—43% of the 54 samples were pure calcite or contained calcite. More than half of the 23 pure calcite samples came from sanctuaries, indicating the reverence for calcite ornaments. Quartz was the second most common mineral, being a component in 12 of the 54 samples. Long cylinders were the most popular shape, totaling 25 samples, paralleling their popularity during the Old Kingdom in Egypt (Brunton 1928: 17). From the standpoint of trade, contact was apparently with the west and south. The bead from Area F4 dated to EB IB and identified as containing chrysocolla, a copper mineral, hints at connections to copper mining activity to the south and southwest, perhaps at one of the four major mines of this period: Feinan, Timna, Wadi Magharah, or Serabit el-Khadim. According to the German team of researchers at Feinan, the copper mine located there may be the oldest of the large copper mines in the area, with its beginnings in the Neolithic Period. The site was producing copper during the Chalcolithic (4500– 3100 b.c.), Early and Middle Bronze Periods (3100–1900 b.c.) in addition to later periods. Feinan is located only 50 km south of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in the northeastern ºArabah. The chrysocolla-containing bead is the only sample collected from the Bâb edhDhr⺠town site that indicates southern trade routes in EB IB, although trade with the southern areas probably continues into EB II–EB III, as indicated by mollusc material from the Red Sea. Moreover, a gold disc, which may have been manufactured from a gold source in Egypt, extends the possibilities of southern connections into Late EB III–EB IV. It is likely that the examination of other beads for subsequent volumes of archaeological research will augment these conclusions. Aragonite cylinders (without holes) in Field XII exhibit cross-lamellar structure internally, effectively mollusc shell, possibly Lambis truncata sebae. Cohen and Dever (1979: 51, fig. 12) excavated a shell jewelry workshop at Beer Resisim, where it appears Lambis truncata sebae was being manufactured into spacer beads. Similar spacers were found at Site 120E in the Southern Ghors and Northeastern ºArabah Archaeological Survey, Jordan. Rast (personal communication) surmises the mollusc spacers are indicators of population movement between the Southern Ghors and the Negev. Lambis truncata sebae, or Scorpion Shell, lives in the Red Sea, not the Mediterranean Sea. In reviewing sites where the mollusc species Lambis was identified, there appears to be a connection between Lambis and copper-working areas, such as the copperworking communities at Beer Resisim and Ein Huderah. Numeira, 10 km south of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, had some evidence of secondary copper-working as well, and may have been the entry point in the Dead Sea Plain for the thick-shelled mollusc artifacts. No signs of copper-working have yet been discovered at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Several long cylinder beads from the sanctuary in Field XII show that calcite continued to be used as a mineral during the period of the town. In one case the bead is composed of calcite along with quartz and aragonite, in another calcite is intermixed with quartz and gypsum. Long calcite and calcite-containing cylinders (20 samples)

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were the most common shape in the whole collection. Other fields also had calcite or calcite-containing rock jewelry, and the mineral was found in different settlement areas: residential, cultic, and even near the defenses. Also dating to the town phase was a long barrel bead estimated to be elephant ivory. During the later phases at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, Field XVI provided 25 beads, more than any other field. Thirteen of these were calcite, another was rock, which contains calcite. Two samples were apatitic: one in the form of bone, the other identified as ivory, possibly hippopotamus ivory rather than elephant ivory. A third sample, also apatite, appeared to be contaminated with halite (salt). Finding a sample of ivory in a sanctuary is a familiar occurrence. For over 2,000 years hippopotamus ivory, along with mollusc shell material, and ostrich eggshell beads, were associated with sanctuaries. At the Field XVI sanctuary we found ivory (possibly from a hippopotamus), and at the Field XII sanctuary we found mollusc shell, thereby adding more emphasis to the history of sacred ornaments. We suggest that all the samples found in the sanctuary areas were votive gifts. Gypsum, quartz, and shell samples were also present in the late phase. The quartz beads came in three varieties: chalcedony, agate, and carnelian. Two worked Conus shells were excavated in Field XVI, along with one shell bead whose species could not be determined. One Conus was burned, the other unburned, which is not surprising because the samples came from different squares. Both Conus samples were from the Mediterranean Sea, indicating possible trade with the west. Of special interest is the gold disc bead. Gold is unknown in early periods at the town site, although EB II–III burials at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠yielded approximately 23 gold beads. A source for gold was available in the area near Quseir, on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Therefore, this sample of gold may be another example of possible trade with the southern reaches during the Early Bronze Age. The sources of gold, copper minerals, and thick-shelled mollusc samples all are indicators of an orientation toward the south for direct exchange or procurement of precious materials. Thus, although the numbers are small, the beads from the town site contribute important information on activities at Bâb edh-Dhrâº, among them trade contacts.

Acknowledgments. We are especially grateful to D. S. Reese, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and now the Peabody Museum at Harvard, for keeping us up to date with his research on archaeological shells and identifying the shells from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Our appreciation goes to G. Rosenberg, Harvard University, for his opinion on shell material. We also thank Nabil Beqaºin, Department of Antiquities of Jordan, for the difficult task of making the ornaments that were in storage in the Kerak Archaeological Museum available for examination during a period of renovation.

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS Table 19.4

593

Catalog List (by Registration Numbers)

Beads or ornaments included in this catalog are listed by registration numbers assigned serially in the field. Hence, the sample numbers of beads are scattered throughout the listing. An extension number (.xxx) has been added to the field registration numbers in order to separate the several objects excavated from the same field, square and locus. Objects from the same locus that agree in color, shape, and material are included in one extension number. Registration numbers are in numerical order. Catalog Format Registration Number (Reg. No.) Field and Square Locus No. Bucket No. Description from Visual Observation Material Characteristics Shape (following Beck 1928) Degree of transparency Ornamental nature (bead, pendant, necklace, earring, object) Number of pieces Size of largest piece and smallest piece, if more than one (in order to give range) Length (L) Diameter (D) measured at widest point Diameter of hole (DH) Width (W) Thickness (T) Color (following Munsell’s Soil Color Charts and A Color Notation) Luster, if distinctive Tests Hardness (H), using Mohs’ hardness kit Streak, if distinctive Density: Specific Gravity (S.G.), using Gem Mini-lab liquids with densities 2.67 and 3.32 (Gem Instruments Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, U.S.A.) and alphabromonaphtalene with a density of 1.6347 Chemical tests (described for each sample, i.e., acid reactions) X-ray diffraction, using Guinier-deWolff camera, Cu/Ni radiation Optical characteristics (i.e., Refractive Index, pleochroism) Other Properties Other physical or chemical properties determined by thin section or other analysis techniques (i.e., magnetic, metallic; or growth phenomena, such as twinning, color zoning, or swirl marks) ID: Identification of sample(s)

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2.001 IX.5, loc. 1 bkt. 1 barrel disc, opaque, bead (1) L: 0.2 cm; D: 0.9 cm; DH: 0.2 cm very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Acid: effervesces X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 100x microscope: no cross-lamellar structure ID: calcite 5.001 X.1, loc. 15, bkt. 23 pendant shape, opaque, pendant or earring (1) L: 3.2 cm; T: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) 100x microscope: friable waterworn rock of primarily quartz ID: quartz-containing rock (est.) 756.001 XVI.1, loc. 7, bkt. 5 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.0 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.2 cm pink (5YR 7/3) H: 2 or 90%) gypsum and a small percentage of unknown mineral(s) 2016.001 XIV.3, loc. 27, bkt. 105 long barrel, semi-translucent bead (1) L: 0.6 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm red (2.5YR 5/8) 100x binocular microscope: est. quartz (carnelian) ID: quartz (carnelian) (est.)

1882.001 XVII.1, loc. 55, bkt. 85 short barrel, opaque bead (1) L: 0.3 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.1 cm blue (5.0B 8/2) X-ray diffraction: quartz, silicon dioxide, SiO2, ASTM Card No. 5-0490 ID: quartz

2092.001 XI.2, loc. 52, bkt. 97 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.8 cm; D: 1.1 cm; DH: 0.4 cm pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite

1885.001 XI.4, loc. 7, bkt. 24 standard truncated convex bicone, translucent bead (1) L: 1.1 cm; D: 1.0 cm; DH: 0.2 cm yellowish red (5YR 5/8) 100x binocular microscope: est. quartz (carnelian) ID: quartz (carnelian) (est.)

2311.001 XVI.2, loc. 2, bkt. 3 shell bead (1) ID: shell (identified by D. S. Reese)

2014.001 XII.6, loc. 10, bkt. 100

2315.001 XII.6, loc. 24, bkt. 108 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 1.0 cm; D: 0.6 cm; DH: 0.2 cm gray (5YR 5/1)

JEWELRY AND ORNAMENTS X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2816.001 XVII.1, loc. 86, bkt. 151 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 3.5 cm; D: 1.0 cm; DH: 0.2 cm pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2822.001 XVI.2, loc. 24, bkt. 119 oblate disc, opaque bead (1) L: 0.4 cm; D: 1.4 cm; DH: 0.4 cm gray (5YR 6/1) X-ray diffraction: combination of: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 unknown ID: combination of calcite (> 95%) with admixed “clay,” i.e., calcite-containing rock 2840.001 XVI.4, loc. 7, bkt. 18 Conus shell (1) ID: shell (opinion of D. S. Reese) 2841.001 XVI.2, loc. 31, bkt. 129 Conus shell (1) ID: shell (opinion of D. S. Reese) 2842.001 XIV.3, loc. 192, bkt. 143 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 1.6 cm; D: 0.3 cm; DH: 0.1 cm very pale brown (10YR 7/3) X-ray diffraction: combination of: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 clay minerals ID: calcite-containing rock 2843.001 XIII.1, loc. 203, bkt. 304 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.1 cm; D: 0.8 cm; DH: 0.1 cm dark gray (7.5YR 4/0) X-ray diffraction: combination of: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 clay minerals ID: calcite-containing rock

597

2850.001 XIX.1, loc. 87, bkt. 112 standard barrel, opaque bead (1) D: 1.3 cm blue (5.0B 8/2) X-ray diffraction: combination of: 3/4 dahllite, calcium carbonate phosphate hydroxide, (Ca,Mg,Na)10[(P,C)O4]6(OH,F)2, ASTM Card No. 21–145 1/4 calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 S. G.: 2.21 ID: combination of 3/4 apatite variety dahllite and 1/4 calcite 2854.001 XVI.2, loc. 34, bkt. 139 short cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 0.7 cm; D: 1.1 cm; DH: 0.3 cm white (10YR 8/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2855.001 (fig. 19.1h) XVI.2, loc. 31, bkt. 132 convex cone disc, opaque bead (1) H: 0.3 cm; D: 1.8 cm; DH: 0.4 cm golden no tests ID: gold 2877.001 XVI.4, loc. 10, bkt. 30 short cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.0 cm; D: 0.5 cm; DH: 0.2 cm white (5Y 8/1) Thin section: aggregated angular fragments Acid test: effervescence ID: calcite (est.) 2879.001 XVII.1, loc. 114, bkt. 188 irregular, opaque object (of worked mineral) or fragment (1) base: 1.5 cm x 1.7 cm; H: 1.0 cm dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) H: > 5 100x binocular microscope: quartz, possibly worked ID: quartz (jasper) (est.) 2881.001 (fig. 19.e–f) XIX.2, loc. 81, bkt. 77 long barrel, opaque bead (1)

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L: 2.8 cm; D: 1.5 cm to 1.0 cm; DH: 1.2 cm yellow (10YR 7/6) Luster: greasy H: < 3 ID: apatitic (elephant ivory, est.) 2899.001 XVI.4, loc. 10, bkt. 45 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.0 cm; D: 0.8 cm; DH: 0.1 cm light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2900.001 XIX.1, loc. 102, bkt. 146 barrel disc, opaque object (possible gaming stone) (1) L: 2.2 cm; W: 1.7 cm; T: 0.2 cm gray (5YR 5/1) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2906.001 XVI.2, loc. 49, bkt. 174 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 5.0 cm; D: 1.5 cm; DH: 0.7 cm gray (5YR 6/1) X-ray using graph technique: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3 ID: calcite 2913.001 XVI.4, loc. 21, bkt. 83 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 1.2 cm; D: 0.6 cm; DH: 0.2 cm pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite

2937.001 XVII.1, loc. 149, bkt. 266 standard circular, opaque bead (1) L: 1.2 cm; D: 0.6 cm; no hole pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) X-ray diffraction: calcite, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, ASTM Card No. 5-0586 ID: calcite 2961.001 XVI.4, loc. 17, bkt. 106 long cylinder, semi-translucent bead fragment (1) L: 1.8 cm; D: 0.9 cm; DH: 0.2 cm red (10R 4/8) 100x binocular microscope: est. quartz (carnelian) ID: quartz (carnelian) (est.) 3107.001 XVI.4, loc. 39, bkt. 128 long cylinder, opaque bead (1) L: 2.4 cm; D: 0.9 cm; DH: 0.5 cm very pale brown (10YR 7/3) H: 3 or < 3 Acid: effervesces ID: calcite (est.) 3109.001 XVII.1 loc. 150, bkt. 290 irregular shape, opaque fragment of object (1) L: 2.2 cm; W: 1.7 cm; T: 0.1 cm Luster: pearly ID: shell, mother-of-pearl (identified by G. Rosenberg) 3112.001 (fig. 19.1i–j) XVI.4, loc. 46, bkt. 129 irregular shape, opaque fragment of object (1) L: 2.6 cm; W: 2.2 cm; T: 0.2 cm pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) X-ray diffraction: apatitic material, calcium phosphate, Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F), ASTM No. 25–166 Thin cross section: no lines of Retzius (“engineturning” lines) observed ID: apatitic (hippopotamus ivory, est.)

Basketry Impressions and Weaving Accoutrements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

20 BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING ACCOUTREMENTS FROM THE BÂB EDH-DHRº TOWN SITE J. M. Adovasio, R. L. Andrews, and J. S. Illingworth with C. A. Pappas and E. A. Oliver

Introduction As in all preliminary and/or previous publications of the perishable industries from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeria (Adovasio and Andrews 1981, 1983; Adovasio and others 1978; Luffman-Yedlowski and Adovasio 1989), the term basketry herein encompasses several distinct kinds of items including rigid and semirigid containers or baskets proper, matting, and bags. Matting includes items that are essentially two-dimensional or flat, while baskets are three-dimensional. Bags may be viewed as intermediate forms because they are two-dimensional when empty and three-dimensional when filled. As Driver (1961: 159) points out, these artifacts may be treated as a unit because the overall technique of manufacture is the same in all instances. Specifically, all forms of basketry are manually woven without any frame or loom. There are three major kinds or subclasses of basketry which are generally mutually exclusive: twining, coiling, and plaiting. Twining denotes a subclass of basket weaves manufactured by sewing stationary (passive), vertical elements called wefts. Twining techniques may be employed to produce containers, mats, bags, as well as fish traps, cradles, nets, clothing, and other “atypical” basketry forms. Coiling denotes a subclass of basket weaves manufactured by sewing stationary, horizontal elements (foundation) with moving vertical elements (stitches). Coiling techniques are used almost exclusively in the production of containers and, very rarely, bags. Mats and other forms are seldom, if ever, produced by coiling. Plaiting denotes a subclass of basket weaves in which all elements pass over and under each other without any engagement. For this reason, plaited basketry is technically described as unsewn. Plaiting may be used to make containers, bags, and mats as well as a wide range of other nonstandard forms. All three types of basketry are represented by actual specimens or impressions at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠site complex, including the cemetery, though only coiling occurs at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town location. The term weaving accoutrements denotes a functional class of diverse items employed in the manufacture of basketry, textiles, or cordage. As discussed below (see

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Criteria of Classification), these specifically include a variety of needles, awls, spindle whorls, warp weights, and implements used in cordage production. Analytical Procedures The basketry impressions from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠were analyzed following protocols specified in Adovasio (1977) and previously employed on other Bâb edh-Dhr⺠specimens. The weaving accoutrements were analyzed via unaided eye and, where warranted, with a Leica Wild M-10 binocular variable-power microscope with real time image display and capturing capabilities. All basketry and weaving implements were measured with a Helios needle-nosed dial caliper or Fowler Sylvac Ultra-Cal Mark III digital caliper and recorded in the metric system with pertinent attribute data on standardized analysis forms. Weights, where applicable, were obtained via a Denver Instrument Company XL-500 digital balance. Lithic raw materials employed in the manufacture of various kinds of weaving implements were identified by F. J. Vento and M. R. Buyce, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, while osteological materials were identified by D. C. Dirkmaat, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute. Criteria of Classification The two coiled basketry impressions from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site were allocated to a single structural type based on the kind of basket wall or foundation technique and the type of stitch employed. These specimens were also assessed for type of rim finish; method of starting, work direction, decorative patterns and mechanics, type and mechanics of mending, form, wear, patterns, and function. The 25 weaving accoutrements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site were allocated to four categories on the basis of presumed function. These include eyed needles (n = 2), awls (n = 4), spindle whorls (n = 13), and probable warp weights (n = 4). Two of these categories—spindle whorls and warp weights—were sub-divided into two and three sub-groups, respectively, based on configuration. The remaining two weaving-related specimens were assigned to unique categories because their respective functions cannot be determined with certainty. The basketry impressions and weaving accoutrements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site are described and discussed below. To insure strict comparability with earlier reports, the type number employed for the solitary coiling variety corresponds to the type number employed for this technique in all previous publications. Basketry Coiling The two basketry impressions from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site are assigned to a single coiling type that is described below. Type III: Close Coiling, Bundle Foundation, Split Stitch on Both (?) Surfaces (figs. 20.1–2). Number of Specimens: 2 Type of Specimens: Wall fragments, 2 (#776, #Unregistered) Number of Individual Forms Represented: 2 Type of Form Represented: Tray, 2 Work Direction: Left to right, 2

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

601

Figure 20.1. Illustrated view of Specimen #776, an example of Type III: Close Coiling, Bundle Foundation, Split Stitch on Both (?) Surfaces and a schematic of its construction technique.

Technique and Comments: A bundle of elements is sewn with intentionally split stitches that pierce the bundle. There is no gap between the stitches. The positive casts of both specimens indicate that stitches are intentionally split on the work surfaces of both specimens. While it is obviously not possible to specify with certainty, it is highly likely that stitches were intentionally split on the non-work surface as well

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BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.2. Photograph of Specimen #776, an example of Type III: Close Coiling, Bundle Foundation, Split Stitch on Both (?) Surfaces and its positive cast.

(Adovasio 1977). The work surface represented by one of the positive casts (unregistered [see Adovasio and Andrews 1981: 182–83]) is slightly concave indicating that this specimen is a tray fragment. Though the second cast is relatively flat, it is probable that this represents a tray fragment as well. Neither specimen exhibits a rim or center. Splice type on one specimen (#776) has fag ends folded back and bound under (see Adovasio 1977: 91, fig. 106b). Neither specimen appears to be structurally decorated or mended. Use wear is not evident. The tight packing of the stitches suggests that both specimens were potentially watertight. Measurements: Range in diameter of coils: 5.35–7.08 mm Mean diameter of coils: 6.20 mm Range in width of stitch: 1.70–3.56 mm Mean width of stitch: 2.79 mm Range and mean gap between stitches: 0 Range of coils per cm: 1–1.5 Mean coils per cm: 1.25 Range in stitches per cm: 3–4 Mean stitches per cm: 3.5 Raw Materials: Stitches appear to be made of longitudinally and bilaterally split reeds, genus/species unknown; bundles are of unknown composition. Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

No. of Specimens

XII.2

20

53

2 (#776, #Unregistered)

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

603

Weaving Accoutrements The 25 weaving-related implements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site are assigned to four functional and two residual categories that are described below. Eyed Needles (figs. 20.3–5) Number of Specimens: 2 Type of Specimens: Complete, 1 (#1365); fragmentary, 1 (#1623) Technique and Comments: The complete example of this category is made on an apparent vestigial metapodial of a medium to large-sized ungulate such as goat (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), or possibly gazelle (Gazella sp.) or wild ibex (Capra ibex nuviana). It is elongate in plan and varies in cross section from concavo-convex to circular. The flattened proximal end has been bilaterally drilled in a counter-clockwise direction to produce the circular eye. The distal end is thinned and radially sharpened to form the point or working end. One side of the flattened shaft near the eye exhibits ca. 12.02 mm of heavy attrition sheen while the opposite side has 9.22 mm of slightly lighter use wear. The location of the bilateral use wear corresponds well with the posited thumb and forefinger positions of a prospective user. Midway down the shaft are discontinuous “patches” of lineal striations at ca. 45° angles to the long axis of the specimen. These could represent either the vestiges of the shaping process or use wear. Around the tip are a number of very fine striations parallel to the long axis of the implement that probably represent wear from repeated penetration and removal from a soft surface in a manner consistent with a presumed sewing function. The second artifact of this category is incomplete and consists of the shaft and tip minus most of the “eye” end. It is elongate in plan and biconvex to sub-circular or ovoid in cross section. The specimen is made on an indeterminate bone of an unknown species. On the biconvex end a small section of the margin of the eye remains. As in the first specimen, the eye was produced by bilateral drilling but the direction of work is indeterminate. Though this specimen is considerably thicker and more robust than the complete specimen, the wear and use patterns appear to be identical, again supporting a sewing function. Measurements Complete (#1365) Maximum Length: 56.27 mm Width at eye: 5.61 mm Width at tip: 0.78 mm Diameter of eye: 1.93 mm Angle of tip: 43° Incomplete (#1623) Observed length: 41.66 mm Width at eye: 5.50 mm Width at tip: 1.61 mm Estimated diameter of eye: 1.92 mm Angle of tip: 59° Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

No. of Specimens

XVI.1 XVI.2

7 2

59 3

1 (#1365) 1 (#1623)

604

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

b

Figure 20.3. Illustrated view of eyed needles: (a) #1365; (b) #1623.

Figure 20.4. Photograph of eyed needles, obverse surface. Note Specimen #1365 is on the top and Specimen #1623 is on the bottom.

a

Figure 20.5. Photograph of eyed needles, reverse surface. Note Specimen #1365 is on the top and Specimen #1623 is on the bottom.

Awls Number of Specimens: 4 (figs. 20.6–9) Type of Specimens: Incomplete, 4 (#2950-2, #2958, #2965, #Unregistered) Technique and Comments: Elongate in plan and concavo-convex in cross section, all of these fragmentary specimens are made on the sternal ends of immature bovid ribs, presumably Bos sp. The ribs have been longitudinally split. All specimens exhibit cancellous bone on the inner or concave surface. On one specimen with a complete sternal end (#2958), the margins have been bilaterally ground to produce a flattened, excurvate margin. The opposite ends are bilaterally tapered to a point and lack the vestigial articular terminations which presumably were removed by transverse grooving and snapping or sawing. The inner and outer surfaces of all specimens are highly polished as are margins and extant tips or working ends. Additionally, the tips exhibit striations parallel to, as well as transverse to, the long axis of the implements (fig. 20.9). The parallel striations extend from the tip ca. 23.49 mm to 2.82 mm up the shaft while the transverse striations usually occur within 3.12 mm of the tip and completely circumscribe it. Collectively, the striations are consistent with a penetration and boring movement that, in turn, strongly suggests that all of these implements functioned in the manufacture of coiled basketry.

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

a

c

605

b

d

Figure 20.6. Illustrated view of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry: (a) #2965; (b) # unregistered; (c) #2950-2; (d) #2958.

Measurements Range and mean length: n.a. Range in maximum width (sternal ends): 18.07–19.83 mm Mean maximum width (sternal ends): 18.95 mm Range in maximum width (tips): 3.00–3.92 mm Mean maximum width (tips): 3.59 mm

606

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.7. Photograph of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry. From left to right (# unregistered, #2965, #2958, #2950-2). Obverse surface.

Figure 20.8. Photograph of awls, probably used in the manufacture of coiled basketry. From left to right (# unregistered, #2965, #2958, #2950-2). Reverse surface.

Figure 20.9. Microphotograph of axial striations from the tip of awl #2958. This type of wear is seen on the tips of all the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town awls and is indicative of use in the production of coiled basketry.

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

607

Range in maximum thickness: 0.66–2.76 mm Mean maximum thickness: 1.84 mm Range in angle of tips: 21.5°–53° Mean angle of tips: 33° Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

No. of Specimens

XII.4 XII.9 XIX.2

54 13 99

94 99 134

1 (#Unregistered) 1 (#2965) 2 (#2950-2, 2958)

Loom Weights Number of Specimens: 4 (figs. 20.10–15) Type of Specimens: Fragmentary, 4 (#079, #1780, #1982, #2698) Technique and Comments: Three of the specimens in this category are fragments of items that were originally doughnut-shaped in plan and cross section (#1780, #1982, #2698). The fourth specimen (#079) is a portion of a triangular object that also exhibits a somewhat flattened doughnut-like profile in cross section. Originally, this specimen was a nearly equilateral triangle (see measurements). All specimens are manufactured on pieces of dolomitic limestone via pecking and grinding. The “holes” or centers of each specimen are irregularly circular and are produced by bi-directional pecking. Even on the most extensively finished specimen (#1982), this production technique results in a pronounced beveled appearance. The outer margins of all specimens are convex while the plane surfaces of the round fragments reveal only pecking and grinding modifications. The flat surfaces of the sub-triangular form exhibit numerous striations of apparently anthropogenic origin. While most of these striae are random, one “set” almost circumscribes the fragment near the “apex” of the triangle (figs. 20.13– 15). This set of parallel striae is sufficiently deep to actually constitute a groove that, on the outer margin, converges into a V-shaped notch ca. 1.52 mm wide and 2.62 mm deep. It is highly likely that this notch accommodated a warp or set of warps on a warp weighted loom. Though the remaining three specimens lack such notches, their configurations are consistent with a probable loom weight function. However, as discussed below, other functional possibilities exist (see Internal Correlations).

a

b

Figure 20.10. Illustrated examples of loom weights: (a) #2968; (b) #1982.

608

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.11. Photograph of loom weights. From top to bottom #1982, #2968. Obverse surface.

a

Figure 20.12. Photograph of loom weights. From top to bottom #1982, #2968. Reverse surface.

b

Figure 20.13. Illustrated examples of loom weights: (a) #079; (b) #1780. Note that Specimen #079 is triangular in shape. As such it is unique within the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠assemblage.

Measurements Range in diameter: 64.35–116.47 mm Mean diameter: 89.46 mm Range in thickness: 15.11–37.30 mm Mean thickness: 27.95 mm

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

609

Figure 20.14. Photograph of loom weights. From left to right #079, #1780. Obverse surface.

Figure 20.15. Photograph of loom weights. From left to right #079, #1780. Reverse surface.

Range in hole diameter: 11.20–26.30 mm Mean hole diameter: 16.13 mm Range in angle of beveling of specimen: 2.44–18.35 mm Mean angle of beveling of specimen: 11.02 mm Range in angle of beveling of hole: 78°–113° Mean angle of beveling of hole: 96° Angle of triangular specimen: 59° Provenience:

Field and Area J.2 F.3 XII.11 XVII.2

Locus

Bucket

19 13 2 2

88 — 20 4

No. of Specimens 1 (#2968) 1 (#0079) 1 (#1982) 1(#1780)

Spindle Whorls Twenty-three spindle whorls were recovered from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site. These have been allocated to two sub-types based on shape and/or raw material which are described and discussed below.

610 a

c

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING b

d

Figure 20.16. Illustrated examples of disc-shaped spindle whorls: (a) #1890; (b) #1942; (c) #1983; (d) #2095.

Disc-Shaped Spindle Whorls (figs. 20.17–21) Number of Specimens: 8 Type of Specimens: Complete, 2 (#2095, #2849); fragmentary, 6 (#760, #1890, #1942, #1957, #1961, #1983) Technique and Comments: The two complete examples of this sub-type and all but one of the fragments (#760) are circular in plan, rectangular in cross section with a circular central perforation. All but one of these (#760) are made of fired ceramic. The exception (#760) is also circular in plan with a central aperture but exhibits an irregular cross section. This cross section originally was probably bi-convex. Unlike the other examples of this sub-type, the specimen is made of quartzite. The two complete examples of this sub-type were apparently made and fired as unperforated discs that were subsequently bi-directionally drilled to create the central apertures which are almost perfectly circular. The same technique is evidenced in all of the fragmentary examples of this sub-type. The quartzite specimen appears to be shaped and perforated by the same technique employed with loom weights (see above). None of the specimens exhibits diagnostic definitive wear patterns though one of the complete examples (#2093) evidences a luster or polish near the central aperture on one side. This polish may reflect the abrasions of flax (Linum sp.) or, less likely, some other plant or animal fiber on this surface. Measurements Complete specimens (#2095, #2849) Range in diameter: 32.31–54.09 mm Mean diameter: 43.13 mm Range in thickness: 10.34–13.80 mm Mean thickness: 12.43 mm Range in hole diameter: 7.52–8.15 mm Mean hole diameter: 7.89 mm

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

611

Figure 20.17. Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. From left to right #1983, #1890, #2095, #1942. Obverse surface.

Figure 20.18. Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. From left to right #1983, #1890, #2095, #1942. Reverse surface.

a

c

b

d

Figure 20.19. Illustrated examples of disc-shaped spindle whorls: (a) #1957; (b) 1961; (c) #0760; (d) #2849.

612

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.20. Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. From left to right #0760, #1961, #1957, #2849. Obverse surface.

Figure 20.21. Photograph of disc-shaped spindle whorls. From left to right #0760, #1961, #1957, #2849. Reverse surface.

Range in body width: 11.34–23.95 mm Mean body width: 17.31 mm Range in weight: 16.02–43.99 g Mean weight: 30.01 g Incomplete specimens (#760, #1890, #1942, #1957, #1961, #1983) Range in diameter: 20.45–50.08 mm Mean diameter: 40.84 mm Range in thickness: 4.06–11.96 mm Mean thickness: 8.04 mm Range in hole diameter: 5.03–23.20 mm Mean hole diameter: 9.96 mm Range in weight: 1.06–15.26 g Mean weight: 10.10 g Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

XII.11 XIV.4 XVI.2 XVII.1 XVII.2 XIX.1 XIX.1 XIX.1

3 9 8 57 2 22 26 87

24 19 90 87 4 38 45 112

No. of Specimens 1 (#1957) 1 (#0760) 1 (#2095) 1 (#1983) 1 (#1961) 1 (#1890) 1 (#1942) 1 (#2849)

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

613

Sub-Spherical Spindle Whorls Number of Specimens: 5 (figs. 20.22–27) Type of Specimens: Complete and finished, 3 (#2845, #2852, #2969); complete and unfinished, 1 (#2971); fragmentary (#2851) Technique and Comments: All examples of this sub-type are circular in plan and sub-circular in cross section with central perforations. One complete and finished specimen (#2895) and the fragmentary specimen (#2851) are made of gypsum while the remaining specimens are made of dolomitic limestone. Examination of the complete but unfinished specimen as well as the remaining examples of this sub-type permit reconstruction of the production sequence of these items. The initial shaping of the specimens is effected by pecking and grinding followed by bi-directional pecking and vertical bi-directional gouging to produce the central aperture. The desired final interior diameter of the aperture is apparently accomplished via rotary uni(?)-directional drilling. The gypsum pieces also exhibit a final polish that may have been added before the central apertures were produced. There are no diagnostic wear patterns though the complete but unfinished specimen as well as the complete and

a

b

Figure 20.22. Illustrated examples of sub-spherical spindle whorls: (a) #2969; (b) #2852; (c) #2845.

c

614

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.23. Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. From left to right #2969, #2852, #2845. Obverse surface.

Figure 20.24. Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. From left to right #2969, #2852, #2845. Reverse surface.

a

b

Figure 20.25. Illustrated examples of sub-spherical spindle whorls: (a) #2971; (b) #2851.

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.26. Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. From left to right #2971, #2851. Obverse surface.

615

Figure 20.27. Photograph of sub-spherical spindle whorls. From left to right #2971, #2851. Reverse surface.

finished gypsum piece exhibit random, apparently anthropogenic, striae on their outer surfaces. Measurements Complete specimens (#2845, #2852, #2969) Range in diameter: 43.87–51.24 mm Mean diameter: 46.19 mm Range in thickness: 20.37–33.34 mm Mean thickness: 28.03 mm Range in hole diameter: 9.53–25.77 mm Mean hole diameter: 17.77 mm Range in weight: 54.91–83.06 g Mean weight: 68.38 g Incomplete specimens (#2851, #2971); Range in diameter: 29.81–58.01 mm Mean diameter: 47.73 mm Range in thickness: 25.22–30.41 mm Mean thickness: 27.16 mm Range in weight: 18.81–131.63 g Mean weight: 75.22 g Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

J.2 IV.4 XI.2 XII.6 XIII.2A

28 5 59 20 20

89 19 125 116 116

No. of Specimens 1 1 1 1 1

(#2971) (#2969) (#2851) (#2845) (#2852)

Drilled Bone Number of Specimens: 1 (figs. 20.30–32) Type of Specimens: Fragmentary, 1 (#1877) Technique and Comments: This carefully made item is produced on a flat segment of an unknown bone that is essentially rectanguloid in plan and exhibits a flattened, bi-convex cross section. The lateral margins and complete end are bi-directionally

616

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

Figure 20.28. Illustration of multi-perforated disc, Specimen #1260. Note the presence of a finger/ thumb print.

Figure 20.29. Photograph of multiperforated disc, Specimen #1260.

Figure 20.30. Illustration of drilled bone, Specimen #1877.

Figure 20.31. Photograph of drilled bone, Specimen #1877. Obverse surface.

Figure 20.32. Photograph of drilled bone, Specimen #1877. Reverse surface.

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

617

beveled. Approximately 8.35 mm from the complete end is a carefully drilled, nearly circular aperture. Ca. 7.14 mm from the center of the first aperture is a second hole, and ca. 5.73 mm from this aperture are the remains of a third perforation on the snapped end of the item. All of the holes are more or less centrally located on the long axis of the bone, though none is equidistant from both lateral margins. The holes appear to be uni-directionally drilled from the same surface. The specimen exhibits fine linear striae, some of which are parallel to its long axis and were probably impressed during the shaping process. Others are irregular and may reflect use. The specimen exhibits a high polish that may be the result of both final smoothing and use. While the object may have functioned in some indeterminate capacity in cordage manufacture (plying anchor?) and/or textile production, its precise use is unknown. It is remotely possible that the specimen is a three-hole button. Measurements: Length: 21.63 mm Width: 2.16 mm Range of distance between holes: 5.73–8.35 mm Mean distance between holes: 7.07 mm Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

No. of Specimens

XIV.3

23

46

1 (#1877)

Multi-Perforated Disc Number of Specimens: 1 (figs. 20.28–29) Type of Specimens: Fragmentary, 1 (#1260) Technique and Comments: This unique item is circular in plan and plano-convex in cross section. Projecting from and above the convex surface are four more or less equally spaced linear tabs arranged like spokes in a wheel. Each tab is transected by a perforation that runs parallel to the long axis of the tab. The perforations do not appear to be drilled and may have been produced while the clay was still malleable by transfixion with a reed or stick. The entire piece, including the tabs, was shaped by hand via smoothing and pinching. A partial finger print (most likely from a thumb) of the maker is evident on the plane surface. This item may have functioned in multiple ply cordage production or as a multiple warp loom weight in complex selvage manipulations. The item exhibits no diagnostic wear patterns. Measurements Diameter: 69.97 mm Range in hole diameter: 2.26–4.59 mm Mean hole diameter: 3.55 mm Weight: 66.18 g Provenience:

Field and Area

Locus

Bucket

No. of Specimens

XI.6

—

—

1 (#1260)

Internal Correlations Technology, Form, Function When compared with the vast textile, basketry, and related artifacts assemblage from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery (cf. Adovasio, and others 1999a), the collection of such

618

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

items from the town site is quite diminutive. Nonetheless, as detailed below, the town site weaving-related artifact suite is highly informative and, in fact, provides information not available from the cemetery site. This includes data not only on the products of the local plant fiber-based industries but especially on processes of production. To date, the most extensive evidence of coiling recovered from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠derives from the town site. Though represented by only two impressions, the presence of Type III: Close Coiling, Bundle Foundation, Split Stitch on Both (?) Surfaces in the form of potentially watertight trays is nonetheless significant, particularly given the antiquity and longevity of this highly utilitarian basketry technique in the ancient Near East. In this regard, it is almost certainly not coincidental that the town site also yielded awl fragments with configurations and wear patterns indicative of their use in coiled basketry production. Collectively, the recovery of the coiling impressions and equipment suitable for coiling production clearly point to basketry manufacture within the town site itself. Even more indicative of on-site perishable fiber artifact production is the recovered corpus of spindle whorls and loom weights. Though it is impossible in the absence of the spindles themselves to determine with certainty whether the Bâb edhDhr⺠whorls were high or low mounted (cf. Barber 1991: 42–44), the presence of whorls indicates that spinning was performed in town. Similarly, though some of the larger items identified as loom weights might alternatively be digging stick weights (Moholy-Nagy 1983), the majority of these specimens directly attest to on-site weaving with warp-weighted looms. Unfortunately, without actual loom parts, it is impossible to specify the exact configuration of the weaving apparatus. While the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠impressions and weaving accoutrements collection as well as the previously described weaving-related items (Adovasio and Andrews 1981, 1983) clearly document that the coiling of baskets, carding and/or combing of fiber, spinning, and loom weaving were practiced on site, several related questions remain unresolved. One such question regards the presence of the two configurations of whorls with their sharply different range in and mean of weights. There are three possible explanations for this phenomenon. As Barber (1991: 52) points out, heavy spindle whorls are well suited to long staple wools and heavy threads of full length flax, but are ill suited (or useless) for spinning short wool or fine flax. As such, should the two configurations of whorls be contemporaneous, it would be indicative of the use of both flax and some currently unknown fiber. Should the two configurations of whorls not be contemporaneous, then they will either reflect increased expertise in the manipulation of flax or a temporal change in preference between flax and some currently unknown fiber. Given the absence of any other textile fibers at either the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site or the cemetery as well as the absence of clear-cut evidence for the antecedence of either whorl type over the other (see Chronology and Provenience), no further elucidation of these issues is presently possible. Similarly unresolved are the functions of the drilled bone and perforated ceramic disk from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Though multiple ply cordage and multiple warp selvage manipulations are documented at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery, it is uncertain if these items were used or, indeed, how they may have functioned within the perishable fiber artifact industries at this site complex. No such ambiguity surrounds the remaining variety of weaving accoutrements from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site. Indeed, the function of the eyed needles is clear. Although they are relatively large and were probably not intended for primary or spread 1 pica long

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

619

accessory stitching of the fine fabrics from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery, their basic sewing function is clear. Chronology and Provenience The distribution of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠basketry impressions and weaving accoutrements is presented in table 20.1 by time period and excavation locus. As that table indicates, the bulk of the collection derives from within the city wall with only a handful of loom weights and spindle whorls occurring outside the fortifications (see below). Within the town, the majority of weaving-related items occur, not surprisingly, in residential contexts though there is a modest “concentration” of weaving paraphernalia from Field XII, which contains the sanctuary. Interestingly, the two coiled basketry impressions and two awl fragments also derive from this locus. The presence of woven products and weaving equipment in residential settings doubtless reflects fiber artifact production on the household level. This form of production is also directly suggested by the diversity of textile warp and weft preparation reflected in the early Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery perishable assemblage (Adovasio and others 1999a). The occurrence of weaving equipment in non-residential settings suggests relocation of perishable production, especially textile manufacture, from household contexts to other facilities that may favor both increased standardization of manufacturing parameters and perhaps mass production. This process is again suggested by the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠cemetery assemblage which evidences much less diversity and far more homogeneity in later periods. In this context, it is perhaps not too far afield to note that in the ethnographic Greater American Southwest, loom weaving was often conducted in ritual kivas by groups of men (Kent 1983a, 1983b). This is in marked contrast to earlier periods when weaving was performed in residential areas, almost certainly by women. Whatever the processes, if any, reflected by the spatial distribution of weaving impressions or related materials, the vast majority of the items described and discussed above is assignable to Early Bronze II–III contexts, ca. 2900–2350 b.c. (4850– 4300 b.p.), a time at which the local perishable artifact industries were clearly thriving. However, at least two items, a sub-spherical spindle whorl and a loom weight, were recovered from an Early Bronze IB locus near the cemetery. Though this discovery extends the direct evidence for on-site spinning and weaving back to ca. 3050 b.c. (5000 b.p.), it does not conclusively demonstrate the antecedence of sub-spherical spindle whorls or their disk-shaped counterparts. External Correlations However and wherever they were produced—that is, by individuals “at home” or by groups in organized collective settings—the combined perishable fiber artifact assemblage from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and nearby Numeira is the largest, most diverse, and probably the most representative yet recovered from any Early Bronze Age context in the entire Syro-Palestinian area. It is, however, not the earliest such assemblage in terms of textiles, cordage, basketry, or related weaving equipment. Again as noted previously (Adovasio and others 1978; Barber 1991), all of the major structural types of textiles and basketry and many of the cordage varieties identified at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira have been reported from a large number of Near Eastern sites and most have a very great antiquity. In fact, recent research confirms that the manufacture of cordage in the greater study area minimally extends

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

620 Table 20.1.

Chronological and Spatial Distribution of Textile Impressions and Weaving Accoutrements at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site.

Field and Area

Locus

Artifact Type

Registration Number

J.2 J.2

19 28

Early Bronze Age IB loom weight sub-spherical spindle whorl

F.3 XII.2 XII.4 XII.6 XII.9 XII.11 XII.11 XIII.2A

13 20 54 20 13 2 3 20

Early Bronze Age IB–III loom weight coiled basketry (Type III) awl sub-spherical spindle whorl awl loom weight disc-shaped spindle whorl sub-spherical spindle whorl

0079 776 Unregistered 2845 2965 1982 1957 2852

5 59 — 23 9 57 2 2 22 26 87 99 99

Early Bronze Age II–III sub-spherical spindle whorl sub-spherical spindle whorl multi-perforated disc drilled bone disc-shaped spindle whorl disc-shaped spindle whorl disc-shaped spindle whorl loom weight disc-shaped spindle whorl disc-shaped spindle whorl disc-shaped spindle whorl awl awl

2971 2851 1260 1877 0760 1983 1961 1780 1890 1942 2849 2950-2 2958

8 7 2

Early Bronze Age II–IV disc-shaped spindle whorl eyed needle eyed needle

2095 1365 1623

IV.4 XI.2 XI.6 XIV.3 XIV.4 XVII.1 XVII.2 XVII.2 XIX.1 XIX.1 XIX.1 XIX.2 XIX.2

XVI.2 XVI.1 XVI.2

2968 2971

Note: Early Bronze Age IA spans from 3350 to 3200 b.c. (5300–5150 b.p.); Early Bronze Age IB spans from 3200 to 3000 b.c. (5150–4950 b.p.); Early Bronze Age II–III spans from 3000 to 2350 b.c. (4950–4300 b.p.); Early Bronze Age IVA spans from 2350 to 2200 b.c. (4300–4150 b.p.); and Early Bronze Age IVB spans from 2200 to 2000 b.c. (4150–3950 b.p.).

back to ca. 17,350 b.c. (19,300 b.p.) as documented at Ohalo II on the Sea of Galilee (Nadel and others 1994). Similarly, the production of basketry is evidenced, albeit sporadically, across the Near East by the earliest Neolithic as documented at Nahal Hemar (Schick 1988), Jericho (E. Crowfoot 1982), Çatal Hüyük (Mellaart 1967), and Jarmo (Adovasio 1977, 1983).

BASKETRY IMPRESSIONS AND WEAVING

621

As of this writing, Jarmo in Iraqi Kurdistan has also yielded the earliest textiles from the Near East in the form of negative impressions of balanced plain weave with single warps and wefts and balanced plain weave with doubled warps and wefts that is sometimes called basket weave (Adovasio 1977: 244; 1983: 425). These impressions co-occur with loom weights and other direct and indirect indications of heddle loom weaving and are dated to ca. 7000 b.c. (8950 b.p.). Within the next millennium, textile manufacture is evidenced at Nahal Hemar ca. 6500 b.c. (8450 b.p.) and slightly later at Çatal Hüyük as well as Tell Shimshara (Mortenson 1970: 123–24). By the dawn of the Bronze Age, loom weaving had been established for at least three millennia (see Barber 1991). In this deep-time perspective, the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠and Numeira fabrics and associated weaving materials can be readily, comfortably, and conformably ascribed partand-parcel to a tradition of perishable fiber artifact production whose origins lie in the later Pleistocene (ca. 9500–9000 b.c. [11,450–10,950 b.p.]) of the Near East. Indeed, if recent discoveries in the Upper Paleolithic of Central Europe are any indication, the roots of these industries may be nearly three times as old (Adovasio, Soffer, and Klima 1996; Adovasio, Hyland, and Soffer 1997; Adovasio, Hyland, Soffer, and Klima 1998; Adovasio, Hyland, Klima, Svoboda, and Soffer 1999b; Soffer, Adovasio, and Klima 1996; Soffer, Adovasio, and Hyland 1998; Soffer, Adovasio, Hyland, and Klima 1998; Soffer, Adovasio, Hyland, Klima, and Svoboda 1998). As alluded to above and directly associated elsewhere (Adovasio and others 1999a: 11), if the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠perishables represent the evolutionary development of an ancient industry or interrelated series of industries, by Early Bronze II times, we submit that their production may well be revolutionary. Not only are the later inhabitants cultivating and heavily processing flax (Linum sp.), they may well be using this fiber source to mass produce fabrics in nascent “factories” for what may be the first time in the archaeological record of the greater study area. In this light, the textiles may provide a dramatic—if rarely preserved—“artifactual signature” for the appearance of genuine socio-political complexity on the southeast Dead Sea Plain. This possibility and other issues including an exhaustive treatment of the potential affinities of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠textiles and basketry to other earlier, contemporary, and later assemblages will be detailed in the forthcoming volume of the Numeira excavations.

Acknowledgments. The analysis and description of the basketry impressions and weaving accoutrements from Bâb edh-Dhr⺂ were initiated by J. M. Adovasio and the late R. L. Andrews in 1976 at the Perishables Analysis Facility of the Cultural Resource Management Program, University of Pittsburgh. The project continued at that facility until it was transferred to the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College in 1990. Since 1991, the continuing analysis and attendant publications of results have proceeded under the auspices of the R. L. Andrews Center for perishables Analysis Facility. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the analytical crew of the R. L. Andrews Center for Perishable Analysis who assisted in the analysis of this material and the production of the concomitant report. These include N. R. Wilson, D. P. Hermenau, E. A. Oliver, L. N. Garver, and E. M. LaCroix. Additional assistance in the production of the databases and statistics was provided by R. M. Moore, M. C. Fialkovich, L. A. Tredway, and D. A. Jeffries. E. A. Oliver assisted in the production of table 1. Species of origin for osteologically derived implements were determined by D. C. Dirkmaat while raw material for stone implements was provided by M. R. Buyce and F. J. Vento. This essay was edited by B. M. Aiken, J. E. Thomas, and D. R. Pedler. Great appreciation is due to R. T. Schaub, who not only provided us with the opportunity to work with this assemblage but also tolerated our rather prolonged processing of the collection. As with all projects in which she participated, this contribution is dedicated to the memory of R. L. Andrews.

Worked Stones

21 WORKED STONES John R. Lee

During the four seasons of excavation at the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site 232 ground stone objects were registered. A functional typology of these objects is outlined in table 21.1. Many of the daily activities of the inhabitants are illustrated by these artifacts, including food preparation, local industries and even amusement activities with game board and pieces. This chapter offers an overview of the stone artifactual assemblage and then concentrates on describing and illustrating the types associated with the Primary Loci (table 21.1). Procedures The larger objects were measured, photographed, sketched, described and assigned ground stone registration numbers (GSREG) in the field. The objects were later drawn at various scales in ink outline with the field notations included on the drawings. Notations on the drawings were used to build a data base that included field context, measurements, type assignment, stone type, color, photos, and full description. Index sorts of some of these categories are used here to offer some general comments on distributions of types, stone sources, activity loci and by strata location. Some of the smaller stone artifacts were first assigned Expedition registration numbers and then later given GSREG numbers. The ground stone data list in Appendix D (indexed on GSREG) includes all of the ground stone objects. Overview of the Ground Stone Assemblage Types. Type II objects, described as grinding and pulverizing implements, are the most common (114 of 232). Mortars, querns and grinding stones dominate in this grouping. Second in frequency of the ground stone objects are door sockets (25 of 232, Type VIII category). A sizable group (19) of percussion tools (Type IV) is listed. Spindle whorls (Type VIIA) and Loom weights (Type VIA) are also fairly frequent (18). These latter groups need to be complemented by similar artifacts in ceramic (see chap. 20). Nine game boards (type IX) were registered. Distribution by Field. With the dominance of mortars, querns and grinders it is not surprising that the majority of the ground stone objects are associated with courtyard loci and other domestic activity areas of Fields X, XIV, XVII, XIX and Area F4. It is surprising to see other large groups of mortars and querns in the loci of the gate

WORKED STONES

623

area Fields IV and XIII. They clearly have a secondary use in these fields. In Field XIII most of the stone artifacts are associated with the late blocking of the gate area in EB III. In Field IV all are from Locus 5, which contained massive debris from the destruction and collapse of the town wall. Stone Sources. Stone material was not listed for approximately 40% of the objects. Among the stone sources that were listed, sandstone is the most common type (51%), with basalt (27%) and limestone (14%) well represented. Mortars and door sockets are usually sandstone. No basalt door sockets were recorded. Querns are either basalt or sandstone. In Stratum II, there were 36 sandstone objects including 10 mortars, 15 querns and 10 door sockets, and 22 basalt objects, including 3 mortars, 10 querns, 4 hand stones and 2 hammerstones. Distribution by Strata. Most (53%) of the ground stone artifacts are associated with the Stratum II loci of the walled town. Fairly sizable groups, especially for the limited areas exposed, come from the village contexts of Stratum IV (17 of 232) and Stratum I (29 of 232). There also are 51 registered stone artifacts that were not directly associated with stratigraphic contexts. The disproportionate distribution from the five strata does not allow for any statistically meaningful diachronic interpretation. Although basalt jars are common in the EB IA tombs, it is interesting that apart from a fragment of a basalt jar from Area H (Stratum V) there are no other basalt artifacts recorded in the town site before Stratum II. Among the 10 Stratum IV stones with source described, 8 are pink or red sandstone and 2 are limestone. The lack of domestic basalt ground stone objects in the earlier strata may be a result of the limited finds from the domestic areas of these levels but it is also possible that there was some carry over of the symbolic relationship of the basalt stone jars of the EB IA tombs. Overall External Comparisons. A similar range of types was found in the Early Bronze Age levels of Jericho, although the distribution of types and stone material differs considerably (Dorrell 1983: 553–62). Overall 142 stone artifacts were recorded in the Jericho excavations for the Early Bronze Age levels. Mortars were similar in number (32) and therefore larger in percentage (23%) than at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(15%). Most of the Jericho mortars are limestone while the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠mortars are mostly sandstone. Querns were found in much greater quantity at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠(56 of 232) than at Jericho (12 of 142). Sandstone was the preferred material at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠although basalt querns were also common. Both materials were also used for querns at Jericho. Only 10 possible door sockets were registered at Jericho. One was made of limestone and the material of the others was not recorded. At Bâb edh-Dhr⺠27 door sockets were recorded. Most were of sandstone and a few of limestone. Overall the ground stone industry seems basically similar at the two sites. The differences in the numbers of types and material used reflects the different activity areas excavated as well as the local stone sources. Functional Typology of Ground Stones (Table 21.1) I. Containing Function IA. Bowls, Urns. One complete stone bowl and 13 fragments of stone vessels were registered. None is from a Primary Locus. The complete bowl (Type IA1), fashioned from basalt, 21 cm in diameter and 16 cm high (pl. 142:1), is from Field XVI, Stratum I. It is possible that this vessel was recovered in antiquity from one of the EB IA

WORKED STONES

624 Table 21.1. Type I. IA IA1 IA1a IA1b IA1c IA1d IA1e II. IIA IIA1

Functional Typology of Ground Stones

Function

GS Reg. No.

Containing Functions Bowls, urns Cylindrical/V-shaped, flat base Decorated: grooved, embossed, incised vertical lines(s) Decorated: lines of dots, punctates Pointed rim Rounded rim With handles Grinding, Pulverizing Implements Mortars Boulder Mortars

IIA2 Shaped, stone mortars IIB Pestles IIB1 Pillar type, tube type IIB2 Block type (flattened) IIC Querns, “metates,” “nether stones” IIC1 Channel type querns IIC2 Saddle querns “metates” IIC3 Milling “slabs” IID Hand stones, grinders, “manos” IIE Palettes, plaques IIE1 Cosmetic plaques III. Reducing, Abrading, Honing, Polishing, Burnishing IIIA. Pumice stones IIIB Honing stones IIIC Burnishing, polishing stones IV. Percussion Function IVA Hammerstones, pounding, striking, pecking IVA1 Hammerstones, flint knapping stones IVA2 Hammerstones-grooved (for hafting) IVA3 Mace heads IVA3a Piriform IVA3b Globular, spherical form V. Splitting, Chipping Function VA Axe (flat, normally hafted on a handle) VI. Weighting Function VIA Rings, Loom weights VIB Dibble, digging stick, centrally perforated disks VII. Rotating, Revolving Momentum Producing Function VIIA Spindle whorls VIIB Tournette stones (“slow wheels”) VIII. Architectural Function VIIIA Door sockets, door pivots VIIIA1 Double door sockets VIIIB Pillar bases IX. Socializing, Amusement Function IXA Game, gaming boards IXA1 Single games IXA2a Multiple games on single stones IXA2b Spiral, coiled, serpentine pattern IXB Gaming pieces IXB1 Spherical pieces (“marbles”) Underlined forms are from Primary Loci. See table 21.2.

240 (pl. 142.1) 263 (fig. 21.5:2)

33 (fig. 21.5:3) 243 (pl. 142.2), 264 (fig. 21.5:1)

87, 97, 90 (fig. 21.2:4, 6; 21.4:1) 31, 32 (pl. 142.3, 4) 4 (fig. 21.2:5) 214 (fig. 21.1:1) 151 (fig. 21.1:2) 50 (fig. 21.4:2) 58, 93, 99 (21.2:7; 21.4:4; 21.3:3) 76, 107 (fig. 21.3:1; 21.4:3) 218 (fig. 21.1:3) 9, 7 (pl. 142.5, 8) 246 (pl. 142.7) 152 (fig. 21.1:4) 165 (fig. 21.1:5) 162 (fig. 21.1:6)

217, 143 (fig. 21.1:7, 8) 150 (fig. 21.1:9) 59 (pl. 142.10)

178 (fig. 21.1:11) 155, 175 (fig. 21.1:10; 21.2:1) 156, 174 (fig. 21.2:2; 21.1:12)

185 (fig. 21.2:3) 5, 77, 80, 102 (fig. 21.3:2, 4, 5, 6) 123 (fig. 21.3:7) 251 (fig. 10.37, 39)

94 (fig. 21.11a, b), 79 (fig. 21.12a, b) 44 253 (fig. 21.13) 254

WORKED STONES Table 21.2. GS Reg. 3 43 46 50 76 77 78 80 87 90 93 97 99 102 151 152 155 156 162 164 165 174 175 177 192 200 210 217 218 225 263

ST FD/Area Locus 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2

XII.5 F4 XVII.1 XVII.1 XI.6 XI.6 XI.6 XII.10 XIX.1 XIX.1 XII.11 X1.4 XI.2 XI.2 XII.6 XIII.2 F4 XIII.2 XII.5 XIII.2 XIII.2 XII.11 XVII.1 XII.10 XVII.1 XVII.1 IV.3 XVI.2 XVII.1 XVII.1 XII.9

3 16 16 48 12 12 12 13 10 104 19 3 23 55 3 29 52 29 22 29 41 3 61 1 115 122 24 18 162 114 6

625

Ground Stone from Primary Loci

LE, WI, HT in cm 50x29x18 37x15x19 39x25x4 68x39x27 39x37x21 37x29x14 31x15x18 23x21x7 31x15x20 49x48x27 40x40x21 38x35x22 30x26x10 29x18x8 7x5x3 7x7x5 5x5x3 10x10x4 6x5x3 7x5x4 7x9x1 11x12x5 10x7x6 13x11x7 15x9x5 12x8x4 2x2x2 20x8x7 12x11x6 7x9x5

Mat.

Type

Color

SAND. SAND. SAND. SAND BAS. SAND. SAND.

IIC2 IIC2 IIA1 IIC1 IIC1 VIIIA IA2 VIIIA IIA1 IIA1 IIC2 IIA1 IIC2 VIIIA IIB2 IIIA VIA VIB IIIC IID IIIB VIA VIA IIA1 IIA1 IIA1 IIB1 IVA1 IID IIA1 IA1

Pink Pink Gray Red Gray Gray Gray

SAND. SAND. SAND. SAND. SAND. SAND. PUMI.

BAS.

BAS.

BAS. SAND

Pink Gray Brown Gray Gray Gray

Description Pecked surface Bottom missing Circles in cup Dark red Medium fine grain Pecked hole Segment Cup is 4 cm in diameter Bottom missing Pecked cup and surface Square depression in center Cup 20 cm in di., 10 cm deep Fragments Cup—8 cm in di., 1.4 cm deep Flat 1/2 form 1/4 form

1/2 form Complete Partial form Partial form Partial form Complete Partial form Partial form Raised design

ST = Stratum: 4 = IV; 3 = III; 2 = II; 1 = I

tombs. Among the stone bowl fragments there are 5 basalt rims (Type IA1c, GSREG 182, 184, 186, 187 and 238). One basalt rim fragment has a raised section on the side which may have functioned as a handle, Type IA1e (pl. 142:2). A second low relief, from a Primary Locus, appears on a sandstone bowl form, Type IA1a (fig. 21.5:2). The most unusual fragments were a basalt handle (fig. 21.5:1) and a white bowl rim, made of calcite, with rounded profile, Type IA1d (fig. 21.5:3). II. Grinding, Pulverizing Implements IIA. Mortars. Most of the mortars are boulder mortars with a hollowed cup in the center (Type IIA1). All seven examples from Primary Loci are from Stratum II. Although this group is small, two different size ranges seem evident. The larger size with four examples varies from 31 cm to 39 cm in length, 15 cm to 35 cm in width and 22 to 30 cm in height (figs. 21.2:4, 6; 21.4:1). All of these mortars have sandstone as their raw material. The smaller sizes average 12 cm by 10 cm by 6 cm. One of the smaller mortars is in basalt and the others are unidentified. When the mortars from [Text continues on p. 629]

626

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.1. Stone pestles (1, 2), hand stones (3), pumice stone (4), honing stone (5), burnishing stone(6), percussion stones (7–9), stone rings (10, 12) axe (11).

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.2. Stone rings (1, 2), tournette fragment (3), mortars (4–6), quern (7).

627

628

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.3. Querns (1, 3), door sockets (2, 4–7).

WORKED STONES

629

Figure 21.4. Stone mortar (1), querns (2, 4) milling slab (3).

non–Primary Loci are analyzed the two size ranges are even more evident. Thirteen large examples average 49 cm long, 38 cm wide and 25 cm high. The largest in this group is 71 cm long and the smallest 36 cm. Twelve of the 13 in this group are of sandstone. Small mortars from non–Primary Loci, also 13 in number, average 17 cm long,

630

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.5. Stone handle (1) (GSREG 264), raised decoration (2) (GSREG 263), calcite bowl rim (3) (GSREG 33). Numbers on figure are BDREG numbers.

Figure 21.6. Photo, Stone mortars, GSREG 96, 97.

16 cm wide and 12 cm high (pl. 142:3, 4). Raw material of the smaller group varies with 2 in basalt, 2 in limestone, 3 in sandstone and 7 unknown. It would appear that sandstone was the material of choice for the larger mortars. An unusual, deep, hollow cup mortar, fractured in several pieces, is illustrated in plate 142.6. There are three examples of Type IIA2 shaped mortars (fig. 21.2:5) but none from Primary Loci. IIB. Pestles. Eight pestles were recorded, of which 2 are from Primary Loci. The latter included a block type (fig. 21.1:2) and a fragment of a pillar type, similar to Reg. No. 214 (fig. 21.1:1). The largest pestle was 16 cm by 7 cm by 5 cm. It was made of limestone. The only other material recorded was one sample of basalt.

WORKED STONES

631

Figure 21.7. Photo, Saddle Quern, GSREG 125.

IIC. Querns. Six querns were associated with Primary Loci. One unusual form had a deep channel (Type IIC1, fig. 21.4:2). Four were typical saddle querns in sandstone (Type IIC2, fig. 21.3:3; 21.4:4). Two large block forms with light concavity are interpreted as milling slabs (IIC3, fig. 21.3:1; 21.4:3). Overall, there were 23 complete quern forms made of sandstone. Average size of the sandstone querns was 37 cm long, 27 cm wide and 13 cm thick. Six querns were of basalt with similar average length and width dimensions but thinner (fig. 21.2:7). Four limestone querns were slightly longer but had the same width and thickness as the basalt querns. The consistency in size of all of these complete examples is striking. There were also 2 querns of conglomerate stone. IID. Hand stones. Grinding stones or hand stones fall into two size groups. The larger size, 22 cm by 16 cm by 8 cm would appear to demand two hands to work the stone back and forth. The small size, 10 cm by 9 cm by 4 could be used with one hand (pl. 142.5, 8). Basalt, sandstone and limestone were all used for the hand stones. The 2 examples from Primary Loci fall into the smaller group (GSREG 164, 218, fig. 21.1:3). IIE. Palettes. Three palettes were found in the town site. Two of the examples, from Field XVI (Reg. 1262, fig. 12.6:3, 4, and 2924), are of siltstone or slate with a greenish tint and appear to be Egyptian in type. They are discussed elsewhere with other examples from the cemetery and Numeira (Sowada 2000: 1529). A third example, GSREG 246 (pl. 142.7) is of fine-grained quartz with a small crystal lined hole. It is thicker than the siltstone examples and could also be classified as a polishing stone. III. Reducing, Abrading, Honing, Rubbing, Polishing, Burnishing Small finishing stones could have been used for reducing, smoothing or polishing. Three examples from Primary Loci in different shapes are illustrated in figure 21.1:4– 6. One (fig. 21.1:4) is pumice, Type IIIA. Only 2 other examples of rubbing stones were registered, 1 in pumice (GSREG 141) and 1 in hematite (GSREG 24).

632

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.8. Photo, Basalt Socket (GSREG 14).

IV. Percussion Function Hammerstones made of flint were fairly common (Type IVA1). Six examples were spherical in shape averaging 7 cm in diameter (cf. GSREG 143, fig. 21.1:8). A few examples, including one from a Primary Locus (fig. 21.1:7), were similar in diameter but cylindrical in shape, varying from 13 to 20 cm in length. Two examples of hammerstones were grooved (Type IVA2), apparently for hafting purposes (fig. 21.1:9). Two complete maceheads (type IVA3), both of calcite and piriform in shape, were found in the town site area but one was a surface find (reg. 1601, pl. 142:10) and the second was associated with the Early Bronze Age tombs in Area F (Reg. 1717). V. Splitting Functions Two stone tools may have been used as axes (cf. fig. 21.1:11). They had battered edges. Both, however, were surface finds. VI. Weighting Function Stone rings, centrally perforated disks, fall into two size groups. The larger group (Type VIB, possibly digging stones) averages 12 cm in diameter and 6 cm in thickness. The smaller group (Type VIA, possible loom weights) averages one-half of the larger

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.9. Photo, Door Socket, GSREG 121.

633

Figure 21.10. Photo, Door Socket, GSREG 123.

or 6 cm in diameter and 3 cm in thickness. Four examples are from Primary Loci, a small stone ring (fig. 21.1:10), a small elliptical, thick ring (21.2:1) and two larger rings (21.1:12; 21.2:2). VII. Rotating, Revolving, Momentum-Producing Function Small thin stone rings with a small central perforation (Type VIIA) are frequently interpreted as spindle whorls. The best examples of these types, which also include ceramic forms, are treated in the chapter on textiles (chap. 20). Two stone fragments may have been used as tournettes (Type VIIB). One stone disk that may have been used as a rotating platform (fig. 21.2:3) has a central hole with a smaller ring on the bottom surface that could have been turned in a socket or around a stick. The second example is a basalt fragment that has clear rotation marks and was used as a socket for a rotating mechanism (fig. 21.7). A complete tournette from Field XVI.1, Stratum I is made of fired clay (fig. 12.6:1, 2). VIII. Architectural Function Two in situ door sockets (Type VIIIA) were recorded in Primary Loci of Field XI, one from Stratum III (fig. 21.3:5) and one from Stratum II (fig. 21.3:4). Both were in sandstone. A third Primary Locus door socket was recorded in Field XII (fig. 21.3:2). The stone source was not noted. Overall 24 door sockets were recorded. At least 19 were complete. In size the complete sockets averaged 30 cm by 23 cm by 12 cm. The circular holes for door pivots averaged 8 cm in diameter. One example, Type VIIIA1 (fig. 21.3:7), had two pivot holes, probably indicating that a reworking or repositioning of the original cup was necessary. Most sockets are in the center of the stones but one example had the socket position at one end of a long stone (fig. 21.3:6) Door sockets were associated with all of the strata, with the most found in Stratum II (14). In raw material, 17 are sandstone, 3 limestone, 3 conglomerate, and 1 unrecorded. [Text continues on p. 636]

634

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.11. Photos of Game Stone, GSREG 94; above: complete stone; and below: closeup of game.

WORKED STONES

635

Figure 21.12. Photos of Game Stone, GSREG 79; above: complete stone; below: close-up of game.

636

WORKED STONES

Figure 21.13. Photo, Spiral Game Stone, GSREG 253.

In addition to the door sockets, architectural stone objects included pillar bases (Type VIIIB). Four pillar bases were found in situ with fragments of wooden pillars in the Stratum III sanctuary of Field XII (figs. 8.2, 8.3). A large cut block of limestone (32 cm x 28 cm x 22 cm) with stepped levels, possibly used as a base for a cultic object, was found in a secondary context in the sanctuary area of Field XVI (figs. 10.37, 10.39). IX. Socializing, Amusement Function Six intact game stones and 4 fragments were recorded during the excavations. Three of the examples (GSREG 49, 79, 94) had single games with 3 rows of 10 indentations. A 4th broken example (GSREG 48) had 2 rows with 6 and a 3d row with 7 indentations. One very large stone (GSREG 44) had multiple games of 3 x 10 indentations and one small stone (GSREG 253) had a spiral pattern of indentations. They varied in size with 3 small “portable” game stones and 3 very large, more in the nature of game tables. GSREG 44. This large “gaming table” is located opposite Field XII, imbedded in the lower slope of the adjoining hillside. The stone is composed of pink sandstone, darkened by patina. Its shape is roughly square with the longest measurement 1.10 m. Long exposure has caused erosion of the worked surfaces. Six patterns with 10 sets of 3 holes pecked into the stone’s surface are distinct and 2 others are fainter (Lee 1982: pl. XIV A, B). Larger indentations, perhaps for keeping the game pieces, were also noted. GSREG 79. A second large game table is located several meters southeast of Field XI. In size it is 1.25 m long, 63 cm wide, and 42 cm high (fig. 21.12). The single game portion is located on the lower part of the left quadrant on the flat upper surface. Indentations are eroded but a 3 x 10 pattern alignment is clear. GSREG 94. Apart from two photos (fig. 21.11) no data are available for this 3d large game stone. The scale in the photo may be used to determine the approximate measure of the top as 85 cm by 40 cm. Similar to GSREG 79, it has only one set of 3 x 10 indentations at the end of the stone.

WORKED STONES

637

GSREG 48. This exemplar was discovered as a surface find 50 m from Field I on the east end of the site. The end of the stone is broken off. The surviving pattern is partial, consisting of 6 1/3 rows of 3 indentations each (1 row of 7 and 2 rows of 6). The holes are pecked into the surface; they measure 3 cm in diameter and are 0.5 cm deep. Next to the 3 rows is a well-made larger hole that probably served to hold the gaming pieces when not in use (Lee 1982: pl. XVA). GSREG 49. Another surface find in the flat area south of the walled town is a rough-surfaced white limestone with dimensions of 30.5 cm by 25 cm by 9 cm. The pattern of the indentations is irregular and poorly aligned; however, the familiar 3 x 10 arrangement can be clearly made out. The indentations are on average 1 cm in diameter. Next to the 3 rows of 10 are what appears to be 3 larger-sized holes, 2 cm wide and 0.5 cm deep, similar to those on objects GSREG 44 and 48. GSREG 253. The sole example of a game stone with a spiral pattern was found in the destruction debris of Field IV.5 inside the west wall of the town (fig. 21.13). The stone measures 23 cm by 16 cm by 7. Segments along the edge are broken off, which makes it difficult to count the exact number of indentations. There appear to be at least 4 spiraling rows with the outermost having at least 25 indentations. The parallels to these game boards and the link to the Egyptian game of Senet are discussed in an earlier article (Lee 1982).

A New Set of Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site

22 A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN SITE James M. Weinstein

We present here a new set of Early Bronze Age radiocarbon determinations from the town site at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The 8 assays in table 22.1 are in addition to 13 others from the town site that were published some two decades ago (for which see table 22.2; dates discussed in Weinstein 1984; see also Stager 1992: table 3). The previous set of dates, which actually consisted of several series of assays processed in the late 1970s and early 80s at the Smithsonian Institution and University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon laboratories, had a number of flaws. Several of the dates were substantially too early for their archaeological contexts; three EB III dates (SI-2876, SI-4134, and SI-4135), for example, relate to the early fourth millennium b.c., while a fourth (SI-2503) would fit better with the previous EB II period (at the 1s level), and only the fifth EB III date (SI-2868) is suitable for this period. Two other samples (SI-2502 and SI-2877) apparently came from multiperiod contexts, so the radiocarbon results could not be linked to just a single archaeological period. (The dates of the three samples from Area F3—SI-2502, SI-2871, and SI-2877—are problematic for two other reasons: the area had been disturbed by tomb robbers, and the field records for this area, excavated in the first season [1975] of the project, were incomplete.) As for the five dates generated from samples associated with EB IVA deposits, two (SI-2869 and SI-2870) are outliers while three others (P-2573, SI-2872, and SI-2875) fit comfortably with that archaeological period. Finally, two samples evidently were intrusive and/or severely contaminated and yielded “modern” radiocarbon ages (see note a with table 22.2). Altogether, the previously published radiocarbon data are of mixed chronological significance. The new set of dates comes from the Beta Analytic 14C laboratory. The eight samples were collected in 1981 and stored in plastic bags until they were submitted for dating in 1999. Seven of the samples were charcoal; the eighth (Beta-134013) was initially thought to be of the same material, but in a communication to one of the excavators (R. T. Schaub) the laboratory questioned that identification, saying that the sample “did not have the texture of wood charcoal. It had a vitreous luster and concoidal fracture similar to coal or vitrinite.” No further information is available on that sample, nor is there any information on the genus and species of any of the charcoal samples or on the origin of the charcoal (e.g., twigs used in hearths, construction wood, reused beams).

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

639

Figure 22.1.

Laboratory pretreatment of the seven charcoal samples followed standard preparation and cleaning procedures involving acid and alkali washes to remove contaminants. Once the samples had been cleaned, they were converted to benzene and analyzed using liquid scintillation counters. The final report sent to R. T. Schaub (dated October 12, 1999) makes no mention of the laboratory’s having encountered any unusual problems in the pretreatment of these seven samples. The eighth sample (Beta-134013) was determined to be too small to date by conventional radiometric counting: it was therefore converted to graphite, and the 14C then counted directly in an accelerator mass spectrometer. Table 22.1 provides the basic information on the new series of radiocarbon dates. This includes the laboratory number, archaeological date and context, and material for each sample, the 13C/12C ratio, 14C age bp, and calibrated dating ranges b.c. at the 1s (68.2%) and 2s (95.4%) levels, along with the probability (in percentage) for each dating range. Since a radiocarbon date may intersect the slope of the calibration curve in more than one place, there frequently are multiple calibrated date ranges for a single sample, each with its own probability factor (quoted as a percentage). The error estimates quoted by the laboratory for each sample are based only on the counting statistics. The radiocarbon dates have been calibrated using version 3.5 of the OxCal software package (Bronk Ramsey 2000).

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

640

Table 22.1. Sample

Arch. Date

New Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠13

14C

Calibrated Date Probability b.c. of Range

–25.0 o/oo

4600±70

3520–3410 (1s) 3390–3320 3230–3170 3160–3100 3650–3050 (2s)

28.9% 18.6% 11.0% 9.8% 95.4%

–25.0 o/oo

4380±60

3100–2910 (1s) 3330–3220 (2s) 3180–3150 3120–2880

68.2% 12.1% 1.8% 81.6%

–24.2 o/oo

4480±40

3340–3210 (1s) 3190–3150 3130–3090 3350–3020 (2s)

45.8% 11.8% 10.6% 95.4%

–25.0 o/oo

4050±50

2830–2820 (1s) 2660–2650 2630–2470 2860–2810 (2s) 2750–2720 2700–2460

2.6% 3.0% 62.6% 9.6% 2.5% 83.3%

–25.0 o/oo

4020±70

2840–2810 (1s) 2670–2640 2630–2450 2900–2300 (2s)

3.4% 3.2% 61.6% 95.4%

Field XIV.3 –25.0 o/oo Locus 226 Mud-brick debris in slope collapse area Field XVI.4 –25.0 o/oo Locus 7 Stratum I Mud-brick debris with ash pockets Field XVI.I –24.2 o/oo Locus 12 Stratum I Gray bricky soil, below Locus 7

4510±60

3350–3260 (1s) 3240–3100 3400–2900 (2s)

25.7% 42.5% 95.4%

3800±60

2400–2380 (1s) 2340–2130 2460–2120 (2s) 2100–2030

1.3% 66.9% 87.4% 8.0%

3690±60

2200–2170 (1s) 2150–2010 2000–1970 2280–2250 (2s) 2210–1880

5.3% 55.0% 7.8% 2.3% 93.1%

Material

Context Field XII.4 Locus 40 Stratum IV Ash and charcoal in sand and gravel abutting Wall 35, below Loci 36 and 41 Field XII.9 Locus 3 Stratum IV Ash layer with bricks and bone, below Loci 1 and 8, associated with Wall 25 Area J Locus 22 Stratum IV Village house, soil layers between walls Loci 11 and 12 Field XVII.1 Locus 149 Stratum IIIA2 Domestic occupation, surface under Locus 122 Field XVII.I Locus 143 Stratum IIIA2 Occupational surface

Beta-134011

EB IB

Charcoal

Beta-134012

EB IB

Charcoal

Beta-134013

EB IB

Charcoal (?)

Beta-134009

Late EB II Charcoal

Beta-134010

Late EB II Charcoal

Beta-134014

EB II–III

Charcoal

Beta-134016

EB IVA

Charcoal

Beta-134017

EB IVA

Charcoal

C/12C Ratio

Age bp

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

641

Figure 22.2.

The three EB IB samples are from Stratum IV domestic contexts. The radiocarbon dates with the highest probability percentage at the 1s level are 3520–3410 cal b.c. (Beta-134011), 3100–2910 cal b.c. (Beta-134012), and 3340–3210 cal b.c. (Beta134013); at 2s, the corrected dates are 3650–3050 cal b.c., 3120–2880 cal b.c., and 3350–3020 cal b.c., respectively. The 1s dates, which do not overlap, cover the entire second half of the fourth millennium b.c. and beginning of the third. The significance of these three EB IB dates can be better understood by reference to other radiocarbon dating evidence. Already in the 1980s it was clear that the EB I period covered at least a several-hundred-year time-span; in 1984 it was suggested that the Chalcolithic–EB I transition occurred in about the 34th century b.c., while the end of EB I/beginning of EB II was ca. 3000 b.c. (Weinstein 1984: 306–7), in archaeological/historical terms contemporary with early Dynasty 1 in Egypt. Since then, considerable research on the chronology of Palestine in Late Chalcolithic and EB I times has taken place. Based on their study of a much larger number of Chalcolithic period radiocarbon dates than was available in the early 1980s, Burton and Levy (2001: 1237) have proposed a date for the end of this period at ca. 3600 b.c.; Dessel and Joffe (2000: 37, table 2.1) suggest dating the beginning of EB I “to at least 3500 cal bc if not 3600 cal bc.” For the end of EB I, radiocarbon evidence from various sites in the southern Levant support a dating near the end of the fourth millennium b.c., or

642

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

Figure 22.3.

very early in the third (e.g., Braun 2001: 1286; Fischer 2000: 222–28, tables 12.2–3). Yekutieli (2000: table 8.3) allows for a 600-year spread (ca. 3650–3050 b.c.) for the several stratigraphic phases into which he divides the EB I period; a few other scholars have proposed an even longer EB I period whose beginning extends back to the early fourth millennium b.c. (see discussion in Braun 2001: 1280–83 with references). Synchronisms with Egyptian historical data offer a reasonably good fit with the conventional Palestinian chronology. Historically, the reign of Narmer and with it the beginning of Dynasty 1 is usually placed somewhere between about 3100 and 2900 b.c.; a recent evaluation of Egyptian regnal and genealogical data has led Kitchen (2000: 47–48) to place the beginning of Dynasty 1 ca. 3100/3000 b.c. Since late EB IB is contemporary with the so-called Dynasty 0, for which Kitchen allows no more than a century, EB I should end in about the last century of the fourth millennium b.c., with the earlier part of EB IB being contemporary with the Late Predynastic. Beta-134012 at the 1s level would fall comfortably within this chronological reconstruction, and Beta134013 (the AMS date), which is only slightly earlier, may also be acceptable. The latest radiocarbon evidence from Egypt is consistent with this interpretation. Radiocarbon dates associated with Tomb U-j of early Dynasty 0 at Abydos are somewhat older—though not substantially so—than the conventional historical dates; i.e., they fall in the 34th–33d centuries b.c. (Braun 2001: 1283–84, table 8). A large series of

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

643

Egyptian dates published in 1987 indicated that the beginning of Dynasty 1 (and, for that matter, all of the kings of the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom) would need to be pushed back several hundred years from the conventional dating of these periods (Haas and others 1987). More recently, many of the same researchers collaborated on the dating of a new group of samples; this time, the results for the Archaic Period (though not the subsequent Old Kingdom) were much more in line with the conventional historical chronology (Bonani and others 2001: especially fig. 1). In summary, it seems likely that the two latest EB IB dates from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠are not inconsistent with the radiocarbon evidence from Palestine or the archaeological and historical evidence from the Nile Valley. As for Beta-134011, at 3520–3410 cal b.c. (at the 1s level) it would be considered an outlier if one accepts a conventional archaeological chronology for EB IB (assuming that the charcoal sample did not come from older or reused wood). Yet this date cannot be dismissed totally out of hand, for it fits well with a group of four late EB IB radiocarbon dates from Horvat ºIllin Tahtit (Segal and Carmi 2001: 553, table 28.2), despite the effort by Braun (2001: 1285, table 9) to dismiss the latter out of hand with the claim that “these dates can . . . be explained by the ‘old wood effect’ and we need not trouble too much about them.” The two samples from Stratum III contexts relate to the late EB II period. The dates with the highest probability percentage within the 1s range are 2630–2470 cal b.c. (Beta-134009) and 2630–2450 cal b.c. (Beta-134010); in the 2s range, the dates are 2700–2460 cal b.c. (Beta-134009) and 2900–2300 cal b.c. (Beta-134010), respectively. In terms of Egyptian chronology, the EB II period is contemporary with all of Dynasties 1 and 2 (except perhaps the very beginning of Dynasty 1), and probably ends at some point within Dynasty 3 (Kantor 1992: 20; Stager 1992: 40). On historical grounds Kitchen (2000: 47–48) would place the Archaic Period at ca. 3100/3000–2700 b.c., and Dynasty 3 at ca. 2700–2620 b.c.; this is not inconsistent with recently published radiocarbon dates from Dynasty 1 tombs at Saqqara (Bonani and others 2001: 1312–13, fig. 1). Radiocarbon dates from Palestine also fall within this time-span; see Fischer 2000: 223–28, table 12.3, for dates from Tell Abu-Kharaz; for several even earlier dates from Jericho, see Bruins and van der Plicht 2001; for a hodgepodge of EB II dates (many of which must be considered unreliable) that were produced through the early 1980s, see Weinstein 1984: 306–8; Callaway and Weinstein 1977. In any event, the two new Bâb edh-Dhr⺠dates (Beta-134009 and Beta-134010) are somewhat late for their contexts, but not by much: the upper limits of their 1s date ranges barely overlap the end of Dynasty III (which may be contemporary with the very beginning of EB III), following Kitchen’s chronological scheme. Beta-134014 comes from a charcoal sample found in mud-brick debris in slope collapse in Field XIV.3 at Bâb edh-Dhrâº. The archaeological materials in this deposit belong to both EB II and III. The date for this sample with the highest probability percentage in the 1s range is 3240–3100 cal b.c.; in the 2s range it is 3400–2900 cal b.c. These results are too early for the EB III period in either range (since EB III is contemporary with most of the Old Kingdom), but would accommodate the EB II without difficulty. The final two samples are from Stratum I, which the excavators attribute to the EB IVA period. The radiocarbon dates with the highest probability within the 1s range are 2340–2130 cal b.c. (Beta-134016) and 2150–2010 cal b.c. (Beta-134017); in the 2s range, the dates are 2460–2120 cal b.c. and 2210–1880 cal b.c., respectively. [Text continues on p. 646]

644

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

Figure 22.4.

Figure 22.5.

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

Figure 22.6.

Figure 22.7.

645

646

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

Figure 22.8.

The overall range of these two dates is quite acceptable for early EB IV at both 1s and 2s (though at 2s the lower end of Beta-134017 would overlap early MB IIA). The significance of these two EB IVA dates is unclear. While EB IV is mostly contemporary with the First Intermediate Period in Egypt, there are no archaeologically or historically fixed links between Palestine and the Nile Valley during this period to let us date the early EB IV period with any precision. Overall, the EB IV period probably overlaps the latter part of Dynasty 6 (ca. 2363–2176 b.c. following Kitchen 2000: 47) and the first couple of reigns of Dynasty 12 (ca. 1900 b.c. or shortly before; for absolute dates on the “high” Middle Kingdom chronology, see Kitchen 2000: 46–47, 49). Based on a collection of 11 radiocarbon dates from various sites in the southern Negev and Sinai, Avner and his colleagues place the EB IV period between ca. 2300 and 2000 b.c. (Avner, Carmi, and Segal 1994: 284, fig. 2, table 1; Avner and Carmi 2001: fig. 2, table 1). On the assumption that EB IV terminates ca. 1900 b.c. in Palestine proper, the dates of the two Bâb edh-Dhr⺠samples fit better with the first half of this period (at 1s). Overall, the new group of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠dates covers the EB IB, EB II, EB II–III, and EB IVA periods. Some of the dates closely match the archaeological periods to which they relate. Yet this new set, like the previous data set published in table 22.2,

Spread is 1 pica long

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN Table 22.2.

647

Prior Radiocarbon Dates from the Town Site at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Material

Context

14C

Sample

Arch. Date

Age bp

SI-2871

EB IB(?)

Charcoal, soil

Area F3 Locus 9, pit

5000±65

SI-2502

EB IA/III(?)

Charcoal, charred wood fragments, bits of burned bone

Area F3 Locus 13 Occupational debris

6615±145

SI-2877

EB IA/III(?)

Wood fragments in soil and ash

7235±215

SI-2503

EB III

Powdery wood, ash

Area F3 Locus 13 Occupational debris Field XII.2 Locus 7

SI-2868

EB III

Wooden beam

4205±85

SI-2876

EB III

SI-4134

EB III

Wood fragments Charcoal

Field XIII.1 Locus 9 Destruction Debris Field XII.2 Locus 13 Field XIV.4 Locus 9 Occupational surface

SI-4135

EB III

EB IVA

SI-2870

EB IVA

Charcoal, soil

Field XII.5 Locus 24 Beam on floor Field X.1 Locus 28 Field X.3 Locus 29

5030±75

SI-2869

Charcoal (dicot, species unidentified) Charcoal

SI-2872

EB IVA

Charcoal

Field X.3 Locus 49 Brick fall

3805±60

4245±80

5080±90 5070±85

5090±85 4320±85

SI-2875

EB IVA

Charcoal

Field X.3 Locus 60

3595±70

P-2573

EB IVA

Olive stones

Field X.1 Locus 23

3770±60

Calibrated Date Probability b.c. of Range 3940–3860 3810–3700 3950–3650 5710–5690 5670–5460 5450–5420 5400–5380 5800–5300 6400–5800 6500–5650

(1s)

(2s) (1s) (2s)

23.1% 45.1% 95.4% 1.8% 59.9% 3.8% 2.7% 95.4% 68.2% 95.4%

2920–2840 (1s) 2820–2670 3100–2550 (1s) 2900–2830 (1s) 2820–2660 2650–2630 3050–2450 (2s) 3970–3770 (1s) 4050–3660 (2s) 3970–3780 (1s) 4040–4020 4000–3660 (2s)

26.2% 42.0% 95.4% 17.6% 48.3% 2.3% 95.4% 68.2% 95.4% 68.2% 1.8% 93.6%

3950–3750 3730–3710 3970–3660 3970–3790 4050–3650 3100–2870 2800–2780 3350–2600

(1s)

64.5% 3.7% 95.4% 68.2% 95.4% 66.9% 1.3% 95.4%

2400–2380 2340–2140 2460–2120 2100–2030 2120–2100 2040–1870 1850–1820 1800–1780 2140–1740 2290–2130 2090–2040 2410–2370 2360–2020 2000–1970

(1s)

(2s) (1s)

(2s) (1s) (2s) (1s) (2s)

(2s) (1s)

(2s) (1s) (2s)

1.6% 66.6% 89.2% 6.2% 2.6% 58.3% 3.9% 3.4% 95.4% 58.0% 10.2% 2.8% 91.3% 1.3%

a. Table 22.2 does not include a radiocarbon assay (QL-1558) that generated a “modern” radiocarbon age, nor one (SI-2873) that yielded a calibrated result in the ninth–tenth centuries a.d. For these, see Weinstein (1984). Also, some of the information in this table differs from that published in Weinstein (1984); specifically, SI-2502, SI-2871, and SI-2877 are now from Area F3, not Field F3; SI-2503, SI-2868, and SI-2876 are attributed to EB III contexts, not EB II–III; SI-2503 comes from Field XII.2, Locus 7, not Field XII.2, Locus 9, while SI-2868 comes from Field XIII.1, Locus 9, not Field XIII, Locus 9; and finally, SI-2870, SI-2872, and SI2875 are attributed to EB IVA, not late EB III. This new information was kindly provided by R. Thomas Schaub in a series of personal communications to the author. b. No 13C/12C ratios are available for the samples listed in table 22.2.

648

A NEW SET OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE TOWN

has its own deficiencies. The limited number of dates are spread over several archaeological phases, thus providing too few determinations for any specific period. Moreover, the three EB IB dates do not overlap, while the two EB II assays are too recent for the period in question. Hence, as few as two of the EB IB dates and the two EB IVA dates may have real value for the chronology of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠in the Early Bronze Age.

BÂB EDH-DHRº: EXCAVATIONS AT THE TOWN SITE (1975–1981) Part 2: Plates and Appendixes

REPORTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE DEAD SEA PLAIN, JORDAN VOLUME 2

BÂB EDH-DHRº: EXCAVATIONS AT THE TOWN SITE (1975–1981)

The Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain is a sponsored project of

The American Schools of Oriental Research

Bâb edh-Dhrâº: Excavations at the Town Site (1975–1981) Part 2: Plates and Appendixes

by

Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub

with the assistance of Patricia D. Maloney and Robert H. Johnston

Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003

Copyright © 2003 Eisenbrauns All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (1965–1967) Bab edh-Dhraº: excavations in the cemetery directed by Paul W. Lapp (1965– 67) / by R. Thomas Schaub and Walter E. Rast; with contributions by Wilton Marion Krogman . . . [et al.]. p. cm.—(Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan; v. 1) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-931464-51-X 1. Bab edh-Dhraº Site (Jordan) 2. Bronze age—Jordan. 3. Tombs—Jordan. 4. Jordan—Antiquities. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)— Jordan. I. Lapp, Paul W. II. Schaub, R. Thomas, 1933– . III. Rast, Walter E., 1930– . IV. Title. V. Series: Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (1965–67). Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan; v. 1. DS154.9.D38E9 vol. 1 [DS154.9.B32] 933 s—dc20 [939u.46]

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘

CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Appendixes Appendix A. Field Staffs of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, 1975–1981 . . . 322 Appendix B. Publication Support Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Appendix C. Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Appendix D. Ground Stone Registered Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Appendix E. Location of Diagnostic Sherds from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site . . 345 Appendix F. Coded Soil and Ware Colors (Munsell) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Appendix G. Basic Form Classifications of the Town Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 CD-ROM Contents Appendix H. Master Locus List for All Areas and Fields Appendix I.

Archaeological Soil Samples Collected for Pollen Analysis

Appendix J.

Dead Sea Cores from Wimpey Laboratories Collections

Appendix K. Codes Used in Recording Ware Descriptions Appendix L. Example of Data Recording Sheet Appendix M. Sample Sheet of dBase Format Appendix N. Full Databases of the Ware Descriptions of Primary Loci of Strata I–V Appendix O. Additional Ware Data for All Sherds of Primary Loci with Surface Treatment of Slip, Burnish, or Slip Paint Appendix P. Color Photos of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Field Staff, 1975 Season. Field Staff, 1975 Season. Field Staff, 1979 Season. Field Staff, 1981 Season. Satellite photo of southern Dead Sea, southeast Ghor region. Fallen monoliths near Bâb edh-Dhrâº, 1924 photo. Aerial view of Sahl edh-Dhr⺠and the Lisan peninsula, looking east. Ground view of the Lisan peninsula, looking east. Salt encrustations on rocks along eastern shore of the Dead Sea.

CONTENTS

vi 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71.

Rock strewn floor of Wadi Isal south of Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Wadi Kerak, looking east from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Wadi Kerak, looking west from Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Isolated area of Field XVI, looking west from Field XI. Spring in Wadi Kerak, below Bâb edh-Dhrâº. Aerial view of east end of Bâb edh-Dhrâº, looking south. Aerial view of town site, looking from east to west. Town site of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠looking south from north side of Wadi Kerak. Tomb F1. Tomb F2, female skeleton, town infant skeletons, 15 and 5 months old, and figurine. Figurine, Reg. # 016, from Tomb F2. Mud-brick house in the village of Mazraºa with Walt Rast. Group of excavated mud bricks with tool markings. Ceramic stand, Reg. # 3009. Top view of ceramic stand, Reg. # 3009. Seven spouted lamp, Reg. # 1633. Sherd with bitumen, Reg. # 037. “Hot Plate,” Reg. # 020. Ceramic tournette, Reg. # 1258. Four spouted lamp, Reg. # 2892. Snake motif on sherd, Reg. # 2040. Snake motif on sherd, Reg. # 3011. Group of sickle blades. Fan scrapers. Sickle blade with traces of bitumen. Dagger, Reg. # 1256. Dagger, Reg. # 1257. Corroded blade, Reg. # 2880. Corroded pin, Reg. # 2923. Cylinder seal, Reg. # 2860. Enlarged view of figure in Reg. # 2860. Cylinder seal, Reg. # 2823. Cylinder seal, Reg. # 2828. Seal impression, Reg. # 777. Seal impression, Reg. # 1615. Seal impression, Reg. # 1616. Incised sherd, Reg. # 1709. Incised sherd, Reg. # 1849. Incised sherd, Reg. # 1850. Seal impression, Reg. # 1855. Seal impression, Reg. # 1936. Seal impression, Reg. # 1937. Seal impression, Reg. # 1939. Seal impression, Reg. # 1941. Seal impression, Reg. # 1990. Seal impression, Reg. # 2038. Seal impression, Reg. # 3007. Seal impression, Reg. # 3008. Bead, Reg. # 2015. Shell, Reg. # 2840. Shell, Reg. # 2841. Bead, Reg. # 2842. Bead, Reg. # 2843. Bead, Reg. # 2850. Bead, Reg. # 2854. Bead, Reg. # 2855. Beads, Reg. ## 758 and 762, both on the left, a, b. Bead, Reg. # 2881. Stone game piece, Reg. # 2853. Large, multiple game stone, GSREG # 044. Group of sandstone ground stones. Group of basalt ground stones.

PREFACE

The pottery plates with profiles and ware descriptions in part 2 comprise all of the drawable, diagnostic sherds from the Primary Loci of the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site. The plates are organized by stratum and then by field, square, and loci. Within each locus, the profiles are arranged from closed forms to open, followed by bases, handles, and body sherds with distinctive features. Descriptions of the sherds generally include a basic form classification and ware data. The latter comprise fabric color (FC), inclusion categories (T), fabric category and distinctive features, including a description of surface treatments. Preparation of the pottery data involved a series of independent processes. These included initial recording of material in the field, drawing the profiles, extensive ware descriptions, selecting key groups based on the primary loci of the site, constructing the basic form classification system, and finally reexamining all of the selected pottery stored at the Carnegie Museum to assure consistency in describing the attributes. The results for elaborating the ceramic tradition from stratum to stratum are described in chaps. 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 of part 1. Reliability of the data was the primary concern in developing the processes. To achieve this, safeguards were built into each level of the study to compensate for ordinary human error. A quantitative approach was adopted to govern each of the processes (cf. Rice 1987: 288–93). Basing the study on numerical counts and statistical analysis helped us to discern changes across time in clay preparation, form adaptations, size ranges, and surface treatments. The search was for meaningful patterns, well-established by the data, that could reveal the behavior of the potters and simultaneously offer insight to the use of the pots by the Early Bronze inhabitants. This was the main driving force behind the effort expended in carrying out the processes described below. Field Recording. The recording system used for processing artifacts in the field continued that of the previous Lapp excavations. Locus descriptions and lists of buckets were kept by square supervisors in their notebooks as well as by field supervisors in their summary lists for all squares. In addition to the official list of registered objects, lists of the pottery processed were also kept by the registrars, including counts for the diagnostic and nondiagnostic sherds in each bucket. All diagnostic sherds were marked in ink with provenance information, and bagged and tagged separately. A final list was made in a separate notebook during pottery reading, indicating any special features of the sherds from each basket. The backup lists provided safeguards against errors that could creep into the recording system. The expedition is indebted to Linda McCreery, Marilyn Schaub, Nancy Lapp, Dorothy Ingalls, and Nan Broeder, and their assistants, who carried out the registration process during the four field seasons. Storage and Conservation. All diagnostic sherds along with body sherds from restorable groups of the four field seasons were shipped to the United States for storage and processing at institutions supporting the Expedition, including Carnegie Institute,

viii

PREFACE

the Smithsonian Institution, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Valparaiso University, and Rochester Institute of Technology. Eventually all of the material was moved to the Carnegie or the Smithsonian Institution (see appendix E for current location of the pottery). Conservation of the artifacts, including desalination and restoration of selected groups of pottery, was directed by Joan Gardner at the Carnegie Museum and Edith Dietz at the Smithsonian Institution. Drawing. The sherds were drawn at a scale of 1:1 in pencil, using traditional methods of determining stance and diameter. The sherds were not cut. A six-digit number, two digits indicating the year of excavation and four designating the sherd, was assigned to each sherd for database recording (e.g., 79.4210; see appendix M for a sample database file). A record of the numbers assigned to each field and locus and bucket was kept by the artists (see list of draftspersons in appendix B). After the pencil drawings were reviewed for corrections in stance or diameter, the drawings were arranged by field, locus, and form and inked on large mylar sheets. Most of the inking was done by Barbro Evans and Steve Talkington in Pittsburgh, John Lewando at the Smithsonian Institution, and Kevin Ludwig at Valparasio University. Approximately 18,000 Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town sherds were inked on plates (77% of the total number of diagnostic sherds recorded in the field from the town site). Most of the costs for drawing and processing the sherds was provided by an 1985–86 NEH grant to the Expedition. Reduction of the plates to a 1:4 scale was done on an ITEK machine at Rochester Institute of Technology under the direction of Robert H. Johnston. All of the reduced plates were subsequently scanned and stored digitally with the assistance of Aron Schmid. These were the scans that were used for the illustration of the material from Primary Loci in this volume. The entire collection of plates with all of the drawn and described diagnostic sherds is available for further research. Ware Characterization. Development of the ware classifications system used by the Expedition has gone through several stages. The first stage followed traditional approaches (Johnston and Schaub 1978). Ware categories were assigned during a rough field sorting and analysis of various colors and fabrics. Nine wares were classified by distinctive fabrics, such as cooking pot ware; or color, including cream, red, gray, and red-yellow; or surface treatment of combing or burnishing. The pottery for this preliminary study included only EB III– IV groups. In a second stage, selected samples of these preliminary categories were thinsectioned for petrographic studies. The sample database of 125 sherds also included forms from the cemetery corpus (EB I–IV). Analysis of this group, together with field studies of available local temper sources, resulted in the determination of four basic temper categories (cf. Beynon and others 1986). There was no clear correlation between the original, traditional ware categories as described by Johnston and the new temper categories. Further analysis, however, did reveal patterns of use of the tempers in distinctive groups of vessel forms. Some diachronic shifts in the use of the tempers were also recognized. Subsequently, more samples were chosen for thin-sectioning from the earliest to the latest strata and from a wide range of forms. The database now includes information from 449 sherds. At this point a collaborative project was designed by Schaub and ceramicists Maloney and Johnston, to build an extensive database that could be used for statistical analysis in determining ware categories (see appendix K for the codes and a descrip-

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tion of the terms used). The attributes chosen by Johnston and Maloney to determine the ware fabrics or “paste” included fabric texture, subsurface color, temper, and presence or absence of blackened or gray cores. Fabric Color (FAC) was assessed using the color immediately below the surface. Since surface colors can vary considerably from pot to pot of the same type and even on the same vessel due to firing conditions or other factors, the variables of surface color were only noted for slip and/or burnished vessels. Subsurface color is a more reliable indicator of the fired color of the body. Inclusion analysis utilized the basic temper categories that had been determined by the petrographic thin sections, including refinements added by the large database of 449 sherds. Fabric texture (FAT) was determined using a range of fine to medium-coarse to friable. Fabric cores (FC) were assessed on a scale of 0 for no core, l for a core of less than 50%, and 2 for a core of more than 50%. Surface treatment in categories of slip (SL), burnish (BU), wash (SP) and type and placement of each treatment was recorded. One of the basic concerns in setting up these categories was to be able to study the use of surface treatment independently of the ware fabric categories. In earlier attempts to define ware categories, it had become obvious that the same basic fabric (clay + temper) could be given different surface treatments. Incised and applique features were noted as well as obvious construction techniques. The broad form category (holemouth jar, large bowl, necked jar, etc.) of each fragment was also recorded. The expedition is indebted to Pat Maloney, who took on the challenge of recording the variables for the selected ware attributes of the 25,000 diagnostic sherds (including Numeira). Provenance information was recorded, including field, locus, and bucket along with the six-digit registration number assigned to each sherd when it was drawn. A model sherd board was established as a reference for the typical variables of the different ware attributes. To assess color under uniform conditions, an incandescent light bulb was used throughout the process. To determine temper a hand lens or in some cases a binocular microscope was employed. Unknown tempers were set aside for further testing. Subsurface color was determined when necessary by making a small fresh break with needle-nose pliers. Scanning electron photomicrographs of selected sherds was used to help determine the presence or absence of slip and/or burnish. With the help of dedicated volunteers who did the recording (see a sample recording sheet in appendix L), Maloney completed the ware descriptions of all of the ceramics over a five-year period from 1985 to 1990 at the Carnegie Museum, Harvard University (Numeira), and the Smithsonian Institution. She was assisted in this task by a grant to the Expedition from the National Endowment for the Humanities, and additional support from Washington and Jefferson College and the Smithsonian Institution. The data sheets were recorded in dBase 3+ files by Schaub, assisted by students from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Index sorts of the data by registration number and by field and loci were used to help remove errors that occurred in the input of the data. The major goal of this ware-description process was to build a database of relevant attributes that through statistical analysis could determine reliable ware categories (cf. Rye 1981: 119). Further studies on the ceramic industry of the southeastern Ghor, to be presented in a monograph by Robert H. Johnston, will include construction drawings, scanning electron microphotographs, xeroradiography of selected pottery, the results of Neutron Activation Analysis of selected sherds, and test results on porosity, hardness, and fired clay samples for color ranges. The entire database of profiles and ware

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descriptions remains available for future researchers to pursue other avenues of analysis. Primary Loci. Determination of the Primary Loci (for definition of Primary Locus, see part 1, chap. 1) for each field or area was the basis for selecting which pottery groups were to be included in the printed volume (part 2). Once the Primary Loci were assigned to strata, the pottery for the loci, including profiles and description linked by the six-digit registration numbers assigned to each sherd, was grouped on the plates and given figure numbers. These same groups were then used for statistical analysis in the determination of wares and ware families and in establishing the classification of the basic forms and specific types. Consistent combinations of fabric textures, temper, fabric color, and cores along with distinctive surface treatments were the factors that determined the ware categories and ware families of each stratum. The complete data set used for the analysis of the wares is found in appendixes N and O. Size groups and morphological characteristics were used to formulate the ceramic classifications of basic forms and specific types. Ceramic Classification System . The full rationale of the EDSP ceramic classification system centered on function may be found in earlier publications (Schaub and Rast 1989: 5–9; Schaub 1996). In this system the role of pots as containers is emphasized by using the criterion of size to determine basic forms. At this basic form level, it is more feasible to compare vessel functions at contemporary sites and at the same site through time. Only at a second level of classification are specific types introduced, based on differences of rims, handles, and bases. These diagnostic features are especially important during periods of exchange between sites and regions, but in periods of limited exchange they are more likely to be site specific. For the town site material, it was necessary to make certain modifications to the classification system used for the large collection of whole forms pottery from the cemetery. The comparative volume data and morphological ratios which were used in determining the basic forms of the cemetery vessels were not generally available for the partial forms based on sherd material from the town site. In addition, the town assemblage presented groups of cooking pots and large storage vessels which were not present in the cemetery material. To allow for comparison, the basic structure of the cemetery classification system was maintained but simplified (see appendix G). A similar four-digit numerical system is used, with the first digit representing the stratum, the second digit the basic structural groups of restricted vessels (holemouth jars and bowls), necked vessels (pithoi, jars, juglets, and pitchers), and open vessels (deep bowls, platter bowls, wide shallow bowls of various sizes). The third digit sets apart the size groups (large, medium-large, medium, and small), and the fourth digit may include certain vessel characteristics, especially for necked vessels. Modified codes for rims, handles, and bases are listed in appendix G. This classification system, stored in a database, allows for statistical analysis and rapid comparative studies of the basic forms and key diagnostic features in the various strata. The ware databases for each stratum (see appendix N) were used to determine the basic forms. Separate files were created for each basic structural form, using the fragment field (see appendixes K, L, and M), and the variable of diameter was added. Simple statistical methods (Drennan 1996) were employed to establish medians and size ranges. Comparative data from the cemetery whole forms and dimensions of restored vessels from contemporary sites were used to refine the size categories. Statistical sorts of the ware data were run to search for patterns in combinations of ware categories and basic forms. For example, burnishing as a surface finish and

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basalt as temper were found dominantly associated with wide, shallow bowls in Strata III and II. Once the basic form groups were established in size ranges, diagnostic features of rims, bases, and handles were used to determine the specific types. Prime examples of the more-common specific types were then chosen for illustration in the figures of the pottery chapters. The final goal envisioned for the study of the pottery was the correlation of the ware data with the basic form functional classification system based on size. Consistent patterns that emerged from this correlation were to be used to reveal human behavior and decision-making in pottery production and use. The results of this correlation of the two data groups, ware fabrics and basic forms of the pottery from the Primary Loci, are found in the pottery chapters of part 1. Conventions. Several of the conventions used in this volume differ from those usually encountered in American archaeological publications on the Near East. The scale used throughout for the pottery, unless otherwise noted, is 1 to 4 (this scale is found at the bottom of all the plates). Instead of a blackened profile, normally encountered in pottery plates, a simple outline of the section is used. The stance line has a small gap separating it from the sherd profile to emphasize the latter. The diameter, noted on the stance line, stresses the role of size in the classification system and replaces a fully drawn profile which, in most cases, was not needed to illustrate the form. In place of the diagonal hatching used in many publications to indicate red slip, we have used a series of sigla. S represents slip (which may range from white to dark reddish brown), SB stands for burnished slip, and B for burnish. The placement of the sigla to the left or right of the profile denotes interior or exterior surface finish. Fabric (subsurface) colors are indicated in the ware descriptions by a two-digit code representing Munsell color groupings (see appendix F). The Munsell descriptions and codes for the surface treatments are included in the text of the ware descriptions. Temper categories and the sigla identifying them have been described in the ware description charts for each stratum. W indicates wadi sand, B stands for basalt, L for limestone, N for Nubian sand, and U for unidentified inclusions. Formative Influences. We would be remiss not to recognize formative influences on the approaches to the pottery study adopted by the expedition. One of the last publications by Paul Lapp was a review of the final excavation report on Tell Deir Alla by Hank Franken with contributions by J. Kalsbeek (Lapp 1970b). Rereading this review while preparing this preface, we both realized anew the major impact it has had on the potter-oriented analysis used in this volume. Practically all of the recommendations of Lapp in that review, inspired by the potter-oriented approach of Franken and Kalsbeek, have been adopted in the approach to pottery retrieval and analysis used by the EDSP: (1) keeping all rim forms and using all that could be safely attributed to phases (Primary Loci); (2) typological frequency analysis; (3) statistical charts and a thoroughly representative publication of forms; (4) petrographic analysis; (5) analysis of successive ceramic groups to provide a picture of the development of the potter’s craft; and (6) collaboration with professional potters. Lapp especially recognized the importance of a reliable statistical base to help reduce the subjective element in observations about what is rare or common, imported or local, prototype or vestigial. Further influence of Franken on this volume can be seen in his stress on the importance of bases (Franken 1969; 1971: 247). Insights offered by the ethnographic studies of Gloria London, especially on how surface treatments on pots could be farmed out by potters (1991), have been very helpful. Two references works often consulted on pottery questions were Pottery

d

li

l

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Technology by Owen Rye (1981) and the indispensable source book, Pottery Analysis, by Prudence Rice (1997). Summary. The ceramic assemblage from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠offers an unusual opportunity to explore the many facets of the potter’s art during the Early Bronze Age. In chronological spread, this assemblage extends over the entire 1400 years of this cultural period. Changes in settlement pattern at Bâb edh-Dhr⺠throughout this period, from temporary encampments to open village to walled town and finally to a return to open village documented in part 1 of this volume have been correlated with adaptations and innovations in the ceramic industry described in the pottery chapters. Changes in clay preparation, surface treatments, construction techniques, together with changing styles in shape and size ranges have been used to reveal the behavior patterns of the potters and the use of the pots. Brief spurts of creative activity can be discerned alongside long stages of practical adaptation to the changing needs of the population. The complete assemblage from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠includes over 6000 whole vessels excavated from the contemporary cemetery (see Schaub and Rast 1989 for the analysis of half of this group) and the approximately 18,000 diagnostic sherds from the town site. Comparison of the types of tomb vessels to the vessels of daily use from the town site raises some interesting questions about the life-styles and value systems of the Early Bronze Age peoples that also have been addressed in the pottery chapters of part 1. Part 2 offers a complete presentation of the basic ceramic data of forms and wares from the town site in a format which will allow the reader to study the pottery in conjunction with the stratigraphy of the town site described in part 1. Appendixes A to G are included in part 2. Lists of the field and support staff for the four field seasons are found in appendix A. The many individuals who contributed their expertise in the preparation of this volume are listed in appendix B. A list of all registered objects from the town site is presented in appendix C. This appendix should be consulted for the current location of the objects and for all of the illustrations of the artifacts in volume 2, including the color slides of appendix P. A separate list of all registered ground stone objects with size data and descriptions is found in appendix D. Important data for the current location of pottery groups is offered in appendix E, and the color codes and classification codes used throughout the volume are listed in appendixes F and G. Additional appendixes with important basic data and color illustrations are included on the CD-ROM in the back pocket of part 2. The Master Locus List of the town site with basic description data for every excavated locus of the town site is contained in Appendix H. Appendixes I and J provide the data used for the pollen analysis in chap. 15. Sample forms and a list of codes used in the ceramic analysis, described above, are illustrated in appendixes K, L, and M. All of the location, ware description and basic form data of each sherd from the Primary Loci used in the analysis of the pottery is found in a searchable database for each of the strata in appendix N. Additional data for all of the sherds with slip, burnish, or paint are contained in the searchable database of appendix O. Both of these resources should be helpful for future researchers wishing to probe for additional patterns or for comparing the data from Bâb edh-Dhr⺠to other sites. Finally, 71 photo files available in appendix P offer color illustrations of the site, local environment, and many objects. Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub March 30, 2003

LIST OF PLATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

V Pottery—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area H1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Pottery—Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery—Area F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery—Area F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery—Areas F4 and J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery—Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery—Area J2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XII.9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field XIII.2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field IV.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Field IV.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Fields IV.5; XI.2, 6; XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Pottery of Fields I.1; II.7A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XII.2, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Fields XII.5 and I.1, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Fields I.5 and II.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIII.2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field IV.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XI.2, 4, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XI.1, 2, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.2, 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98

LIST OF PLATES

xiv 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

II Pottery of Field XI.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XI.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XIII.2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field IV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field IV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Fields IV.3; III.1; VIII.IB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XVI.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB and Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IID Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2; Stratum IIC Pottery of Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIC Pottery of Field XIX.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIA Pottery of Field XIX.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.1, 2, 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Pottery of Field XII.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB–IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIB Pottery of Field XIV.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210

LIST OF PLATES 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IC–IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field X.1, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I Pottery of Field IX.1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratum I Pottery of Field IX.4 and Strata II–I Pottery of Field IX.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strata II–I Pottery of Field IX.6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery from Tomb F 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery from Tomb F 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery from Tomb F 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery from Tomb F 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery from Tomb F 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery and Objects from Tombs F 4A,B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Registered Ground Stone Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xv 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288

xvi

LIST OF PLATES

Strata V–I Plates

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

2

Plate 1. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

1:01 1:02 1:03 1:04 1:05 1:06 1:07 1:08

77.1818 77.1816 77.1819 77.1820 77.1817 77.0758 77.0754 77.1831

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Vat Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck

22 22 21 22 40 21 22 22

C C C C C C C U

1:09 1:10 1:11 1:12 1:13 1:14 1:15

77.1827 77.1825 77.1814 77.1823 77.1829 77.4944 77.5165

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Large jar, tall neck Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Medium bowl Medium bowl Medium bowl

22 40 22 35 83 21 22

C W W W W C C

1:16 1:17 1:18 1:19 1:20 1:21 1:22 1:23 1:24 1:25 1:26 1:27 1:28 1:29 1:30 1:31

77.1808 2 77.1812 2 77.5156 2 77.5153 2 77.5020 2 77.5163 2 # 1264 Sur # 1622 Sur 77.0771 10 77.0841 10 77.0840 10 77.0843 10 77.0844 10 77.0811 10 77.0846 10 77.0842 10

37 21 22 22 40 21 83

W C W C W W C

40 40 83 22 22 21 83 22

C Z C W C C Z C

1:32 1:33 1:34 1:35 1:36 1:37 1:38 1:39 1:40 1:41

77.4883 77.1690 77.0837 77.0805 77.0766 77.0839 77.0804 77.0830 77.4837 77.0762

Bowl base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle body sherd Spoon handle Spoon handle Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Large pithoi Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Pithoi, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, tall neck Large bowl

coarse ware and fabric coarse ware and fabric, thin core coarse ware and fabric, thin core coarse ware and fabric coarse ware and fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric Fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, burnish, int., ext, light red (40) plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, burnished slip int, ext. light red (40) plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core coarse ware and fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, thumb impressed plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb impressed fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, outer slip, raised slashed band coarse ware, protrusion in handle area coarse ware, protrusion in handle area coarse ware and fabric coarse fabric coarse ware and fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware and fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware and fabric

83 22 22 21 40 83 83 22 40 21

C W W C C W W W W W

coarse ware and fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) ext. slip fine ware, fine fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, gray ext. burnish, 5yr7/1 plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Basic Form

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

Plate 1

3

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

4

Plate 2. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

2:01 2:02 2:03 2:04 2:05 2:06 2:07 2:08 2:09 2:10 2:11 2:12 2:13 2:14 2:15 2:16 2:17 2:18 2:19

77.0799 77.0763 77.0777 77.0818 77.0815 77.0796 77.0831 77.0827 # 768 77.0612 77.0587 77.1727 77.0681 77.0651 77.0649 77.4891 77.4306 77.4343 77.1244

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

2:20

77.1732

13

2:21

77.0589

13

2:22 2:23

77.1247 77.1733

13 13

2:24

77.0639

13

2:25

77.5187

13

2:26 2:27 2:28 2:29 2:30 2:31 2:32 2:33 2:34

77.5180 77.0747 77.0746 77.0672 77.0745 77.0717 77.0721 77.1253 77.4300

2:35 2:36 2:37 2:38

77.1740 77.1730 77.1729 77.0750

Basic Form

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1 FC

T

Descriptions

83 40 22 22 21 83 21 83 22 37 21 22 21 21 83 21 22 21 21

W C W W C C W W W W W C C W C C W C C

plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) ext. Slip plain ware, med. coarse fabric, rounded protrusion in handle area plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain wares, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware and fabric coarse ware, friable fabric coarse ware and fabric coarse ware and fabric

40

W

plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core

22

C

coarse ware, med. coarse fabric

22 40

C C

plain ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) ext. slip coarse ware, med. coarse fabric

21

C

coarse ware and fabric

40

W

plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Medium-large bowl Medium bowl Jar base Bowl base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Spoon handle Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium-large holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Pithos Large jar, tall neck Large pithos, short neck Large pithos Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, tall neck

11 40 83 22 40 83 22 21 66

C W W W W W W W W

13 13 13 13

Medium-large bowl Medium bowl Large bowl Medium-large bowl

21 21 40 40

C W W W

coarse ware and fabric, thin core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, incised design plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core dark red (18) ext. burn.slip, punctate design fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration

Plate 2

5

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

6

Plate 3. Basic Form

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

3:01 3:02 3:03 3:04 3:05 3:06 3:07 3:08 3:09 3:10 3:11 3:12 3:13 3:14 3:15 3:16

77.0749 77.4345 77.5179 77.0664 77.0660 77.0657 77.0630 77.0627 77.0654 77.0708 77.1744 77.0562 77.0561 77.0567 77.0738 77.4330

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Medium-small deep bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Loop handle Loop handle

40 83 40 11 40 22 83 22 35 83 24 23 24 22 21 06

W C W W C W W C W W W W W W C W

3:17 3:18 3:19 3:20 3:21 3:22 3:23 3:24

77.1770 77.0605 77.0740 # 763 77.4371 77.1285 77.4372 77.4378

13 13 13 13 16 16 16 16

Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Spoon Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-small bowl Bowl base

22 21 21 22 21 21 83 83

W W C W C C C U

3:25

77.4377

16

Bowl base

22

C

3:26 3:27 3:28 3:29 3:30 3:31 3:32 3:33 3:34 3:35 3:36 3:37

77.4376 77.4380 77.4379 77.4381 77.4375 77.4374 77.4382 77.4382 77.1276 77.1255 77.1275 77.1277

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17

Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar

22 21 22 22 40 21 22 22 83 37 21 22

C C W W W C W W C W C C

Descriptions plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core fine ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, weak red (43) burn. slip ext fine ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, thumb impressions plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, thumb impressions plain ware, med. coarse fabric, protrusion in handle area plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware and fabric coarse ware and fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, lt. red (40) int. burn. slip, red. gray (11) burn. slip ext. plain ware, med. coarse fabric, brown burn. slip (24) ext., lt. red slip (40) int. plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware and fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, brown (24) ext. slip fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) ext. slip, added dots fine ware, med. coarse fabric, applique design coarse ware and fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 3

7

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

8

Plate 4. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

4:01

77.1203

17

4:02 4:03 4:04 4:05 4:06 4:07 4:08 4:08 4:09 4:10 4:11 4:12 4:13 4:14 4:15 4:16 4:17 4:18 4:19 4:20 4:21

77.1274 77.1229 77.1273 77.1201 77.1232 77.1254 77.1899 77.1200 77.1231 77.1202 77.1206 77.1204 77.1284 77.1887 77.1886 77.1216 77.1211 77.1212 77.1891 77.1897 77.1225

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

4:22 4:23 4:24 4:25

77.1227 77.1898 #1260 77.1805

17 17 17 18

4:26 4:27 4:28 4:29 4:30 4:31

77.1834 77.1833 77.0705 77.1796 77.1755 77.1795

18 18 18 18 18 18

Basic Form Medium-large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Large holemouth jar Medium-large jar Large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-small bowl Medium bowl Large bowl Medium bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Spoon Medium-large holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1 FC

T

22

W

plain ware, med. coarse fabric

Descriptions

21 22 40 40 40 22 40 40 22 21 83 40 22 22 83 83 83 22 21 22 83

C W C C W W C C W C W W C B W C C W C W W

22 21 93 22

W W W C

plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate decoration coarse ware and fabric, thin core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) ext. slip plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, lt. red (40) ext. slip, thumb impressed fine ware, med. coarse fabric, lt. red (40) ext. slip, thumb impressed fine ware, med. coarse fabric, lt. red (40) ext. slip plain ware, med. coarse fabric. rounder protrusion at end of handle coarse ware, friable fabric

40 21 22 22 22 22

C C W W W W

coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) int., ext. wash fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) int., ext. wash

Plate 4

9

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

10

Plate 5. Basic Form

Stratum V Pottery—Area H1

Pl. #

Reg. # Loc

FC

T

5:01 5:02 5:03 5:04 5:05 5:06 5:07 5:08 5:09 5:10 5:11 5:12 5:13 5:14 5:15 5:16 5:17 5:18

77.1861 77.0702 77.4406 77.4404 77.1756 77.1851 77.0692 77.0689 77.1836 77.1759 77.1787 77.4410 77.4409 77.1760 77.1763 77.1862 77.4408 # 1362

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

Medium-large bowl Large bowl Pithos, tall neck Medium-small bowl Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Medium-large jar Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd Spoon

83 22 22 83 22 22 22 12 83 37 22 40 22 83 83 83 40 22

W W W W W W C W W W W W W W W W C W

5:19

# 1363

18

Spoon handle

83

W

Descriptions fine ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core fine ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, loop handle below rim fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb impressions fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb impressions fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb impressions plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, slashed band plain ware, med. coarse fabric, band of red wash ext, protrusion at lower end of handle plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core

Plate 5

11

Stratum V Pottery—Area J2

12

Plate 6. Pl #.

Reg. # Loc

6:1 6:2 6:3 6:4 6:5 6:6 6:7 6:8 6:9 6:10 6:11 6:12 6:13 6:14 6:15

81.8600 81.8486 81.8487 81.8489 81.8499 81.8597 81.8528 81.8604 81.8685 81.8681 81.8594 81.8608 81.8598 81.8595 81.8494

010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010

6:16 6:17 6:18

81.8497 81.8599 81.8605

6:19 6:20 6:21 6:22 6:23

Stratum V Pottery—Area J2

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Small bowl Medium-small closed bowl Medium-large jar Pithos Medium-large jar Large jar Medium-large bowl Small bowl

83 22 83 83 22 14 83 22 22 21 83 14 83 22 22

C C C C C C C Z C W W C W W Z

010 Small bowl 010 Medium-small bowl 010 Bowl

22 21 21

Z W W

81.8491 81.8488 81.8498 81.8606 81.8527

010 010 010 010 010

Jar base Bowl base Spoon Body sherd Body sherd

83 21 66

C C Z

22

Z

6:24 6:25 6:26 6:27

81.8602 81.8673 81.8672 81.8674

010 012 012 012

Body sherd Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

22 83 83 21

Z W W W

6:28 6:29

81.8745 81.8350

22 21

C C

6:30

81.8380

019 Medium holemouth jar 019 Medium-large holemouth bowl 019 Medium-large bowl

coarse ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, joined with .8492 and .8493 coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, blackened ext. coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, soo blackened ext. orange ware, fine fabric, dk red paint, line-group pattern,int, ext coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red slip, int. ext, random burnish ext. plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric orange ware, fine fabric, reddish brown wash, int. ext. undetermined pattern orange ware, fine fabric, thin gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, white bloom int and ext.,thin gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored, punctate decoration below rim coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, blackened int. coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange ware, medium coarse fabric plain ware, medium coarse fabric, punctate decoration carinated ware, fine fabric, red slip, int. ext. (42), random burn. int. ext., raised band fine ware, fine fabric, red.brown line-group paint int. plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, irregular cut groove in base coarse ware, coarse fabric, blackened ext. coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, blackened ext.

83

W

6:31 6:32 6:33 6:34 6:35

81.8333 81.8332 81.8382 81.8374 81.8376

019 019 019 019 019

Small jar Large jar Medium-large jar Pithos Pithos

83 83 24 22 22

W W Z W Z

6:36 6:37 6:38 6:39 6:40 6:41 6:42

81.8377 81.8327 81.8328 81.8476 81.8378 81.8381 81.8326

019 019 019 019 019 019 019

Large jar Medium-large jar Medium-large jar Medium bowl Medium-small deep bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl

11 83 24 83 83 83 22

Z W W W C W Z

fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red. brown slip int, ext, punctate decoration fine ware, med. coarse fabric, neck join evident plain ware, med. coarse fabric. trace of punctate design at base of neck orange ware, fine fabric, light red burn. random slip, int. ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, light incised line below defining lip on ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, brown slip traces ext. plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric orange ware, fine fabric, red. brown slip paint int. ext. undetermined pattern

Plate 6

13

Stratum V Pottery—Area J2

14

Plate 7. Basic Form

Stratum V Pottery—Area J2

Pl. #

Reg. # Loc

7:1 7:2 7:3

81.8331 81.8356 81.8477

019 Small bowl 019 Medium-large bowl 019 Medium bowl

7:4

81.8351

7:5 7:6 7:7 7:8 7:9

81.8357 81.8375 81.8353 81.8354 81.8373

019 Medium-small deep bowl 22 019 Bowl 019 Jar base 019 Jar base 019 Jar base 019 Bowl base

83 22 22 21 30

C C C C W

7:10 7:11

81.8372 81.8352

019 Bowl base 019 Bowl base

24 83

W W

7:12

81.8355

019 Bowl base

83

W

7:13 7:14 7:15 7:16 7:17 7:18 7:19 7:20 7:21 7:22 7:23 7:24 7:25 7:26 7:27 7:28 7:29 7:30

81.8379 81.8325 81.8334 81.8358 81.8388 81.8385 # 2964 # 2968 81.8404 81.8392 81.8393 81.8744 81.8407 81.8402 81.8397 81.8403 81.8401 81.8406

019 019 019 019 019 019 019 019 028 028 028 028 028 028 028 028 028 028

40 40 83 40 22 21

W C W W W W

22 22 22 22 22 22 83 11 36 11

W W W C W W W C W W

7:31

81.8394

028 Small bowl

22

W

7:32 7:33 7:34 7:35 7:36

81.8398 81.8743 81.8391 81.8399 81.8395

028 028 028 028 028

22 83 83 83 22

W W W C W

7:37 7:38 7:39

81.8400 81.8742 81.8483

028 Bowl base 028 Bowl base 028 Spoon

83 83 14

C W W

7:40

#2971 81.8405

028 Loom weight 028 Ledge handle

21

W

Ledge handle Ledge-knob Spoon handle Loop handle Spoon Body sherd Spoon handle Loom weight Small holemouth jar Small bowl Large jar Medium-small bowl Medium-small jar Medium-large jar Small jar Medium-large bowl Medium bowl Medium-small deep bowl

Small bowl Bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base

FC

T

22 22 22

Z W W C

Descriptions orange ware, red.brown slip int. band, ext. undt. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration fine ware, medium coarse fabric, thin gray core, punctate decoration coarse ware, coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, rough wipe marks ext. coarse ware, friable fabric, thin gray core coarse ware, coarse fabric coarse ware, coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, white bloom, int. and ext. plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, red slip paint int. undeter. added layer of clay on base fine wares, med. coarse fabric, dk red possible grain wash light brown wash with darker streaks ext. plain ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, fine fabric, thick gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric orange ware, fine fabric, thin gray core, faint red lines ext., line group

plain ware, med. coarse fabric orange ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse ware, medium coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric orange ware, med. coarse fabric coarse ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine ware, fine fabric, thick gray core, horizontal burn. int, ext. red gray (12) fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, punctate decoration below rim, traces of red slip int. fine ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, traces of deep red wash ext., base join obvious coarse ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric plain ware, med. coarse fabric, protuberance on back broken, random incised lines on back Plain ware, medium coarse fabric, red slip interior surf., similar to 7:13, three light finger inpressions on rim, not illustrated

Plate 7

15

Stratum IV Pottery—Area F4

16

Plate 8.

Stratum IV Pottery—Area F4

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

8:01 8:02 8:03 8:04 8:05 8:06 8:07 8:08 8:09

77.2407 77.2410 77.2409 77.2408 77.2411 77.5077 77.5097 77.2600 77.2601

004 005 005 005 005 016 016 016 016

Medium-small deep bowl Medium-small open bowl Bowl base Bowl base Spoon Medium holemouth jar Jar base Bowl base Ear-lug handle

Basic Form

FC

T

83 22 21 22 23 22 40 22

W W U U L L W U

8:10 8:11 8:12 8:13 8:14 8:15 8:16 8:17 8:18 8:19 8:20 8:21 8:22 8:23 8:24 8:25 8:26 8:27 8:28 8:29 8:30 8:31

77.2602 77.2491 77.2314 77.2317 77.2321 77.2320 77.2322 77.2313 77.2318 77.2311 77.2315 77.2316 77.2492 77.2319 77.2641 77.2642 77.2644 77.2645 77.2493 77.2494 77.2646 77.2643

016 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 049 050 050 051 051 051 051 051 051

Bowl base Holemouth bowl Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar short neck Large jar Small open bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Medium-small open bowl Medium holemouth bowl Large holemouth jar Small open bowl Medium bowl Small shallow bowl Small shallow bowl

22 22 83 22 12 22 22 40 83 83 83 83 24 83 24 37 21 21 35 22 35 22

W U W U U W L W L L W L L U U U L L W U W U

8:32 8:33 8:34 8:35 8:36 8:37

77.2649 77.2648 77.2647 77.2650 77.2495 77.2651

051 051 051 051 051 051

Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Knob-ledge Duck bill ledge handle

22 83 83 24 11 83

W W W W L W

Descriptions not described med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, wide red (42) bands int med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware. med. coarse fabric, line-group red paint (42) ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, plaster lined med. coarse fabric, traces of red slip med. coarse fabric fine fabric, random burnish ext. fine fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core fine fabric, weak red net paint ext. fine fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric. thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip-paint, int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric

Plate 8

17

Stratum IV Pottery—Area F4

18

Plate 9.

Stratum IV Pottery—Area F4

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

9:01 9:02 9:03 9:04 9:05 9:06 9:07 9:08 9:09 9:10 9:11 9:12 9:13 9:14 9:15 9:16 9:17 9:18 9:19 9:20 9:21 9:22 9:23 9:24 9:25 9:26 9:27 9:28 9:29 9:30 9:31

77.2499 77.2496 77.2497 77.2500 77.2501 77.2503 77.2502 77.2512 77.2513 77.2514 77.2510 77.2508 77.2511 77.5119 77.2505 77.2509 77.2504 77.2507 77.2506 77.2516 77.2517 77.2518 77.5064 77.5078 77.4997 77.4993 77.4992 77.4998 77.5068 77.2652 77.2653

052 052 052 052 052 052 052 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 053 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057

Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Duck bill ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Pithos, tall neck Medium-small open bowl Medium-large bowl Medium-small deep bowl Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Jar neck Jar neck Large holemouth bowl Large holemouth jar Small shallow bowl Jar base Loop handle base Spoon handle Loop handle Duck bill ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle

83 22 83 11 22 22 22 83 22 21 35 83 22 35 22 22 83 83 83 83 22 83 06 36 22 22 06 90 83 21 83

W W W U L W W L W W W W L W L L W W W W W W W L Z W W Z W W W

Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, exterior knob-ledge med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, knob ledge med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, plaster-lined med. coarse fabric, punctate line med. coarse fabric, punctate line med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red slip-paint int. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, coarse fabric, red (42) paint traces int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric

Plate 9

19

Stratum IV Pottery—Areas F4 and J2

20

Plate 10. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Area F4 (10:1–19) 10:01 79.8208 10:02 79.8209 069

Stratum IV Pottery—Areas F4 and J2

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

22 83

C W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

22 35 40 36 35 83 83

C W W L W W W

10:03 10:04 10:05 10:06 10:07 10:08 10:09

79.8210 79.8213 79.8215 79.5029 79.8206 79.8207 79.8219

069 069 069 086 092 092 095

Large holemouth jar Medium-small holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Medium-large bowl Knob-ledge Pithos, tall neck Medium bowl Spoon handle Pithos, tall neck

10:10 10:11 10:12 10:13 10:14 10:15 10:16 10:17 10:18 10:19

79.5001 79.5002 79.5003 79.5005 79.5006 79.5004 79.5007 79.5010 79.5008 79.5009

102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large jar Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Duck bill ledge handle Loop handle Lug handle Lug handle

40 12 22 22

C C Z W

83 22 22 21 22

W W L Z Z

med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, knob-ledge med. coarse fabric, white surface color med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, finger, tool marks int., ext., short punctate design ext. neck cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core fine fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric

Large jar, tall neck Large jar Small shallow bowl Spoon handle Medium-small holemouth bowl Medium-small holemouth bowl Pithos Jar, loop handle Medium-small deep bowl Jar base Bowl base Duck bill ledge handle Body sherd Body sherd

83 83 83 14 83

W L Z W L

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) dots int. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric

11

L

med. coarse fabric

21 83 22 83 83 22 22 22

W W Z C W W W Z

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip and burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red slip- paint ext. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, punctate design med. coarse fabric, light red (40) paint, fine vertical lines

Area J2 (10:20–33) 10:20 81.8692 013 10:21 81.8678 013 10:22 81.8693 013 10:23 81.8645 013 10:24 81.8629 018 10:25 81.8635 018 10:26 10:27 10:28 10:29 10:30 10:31 10:32 10:33

81.8634 81.8633 81.8627 81.8628 81.8632 81.8630 81.8631 81.8636

018 018 018 018 018 018 018 018

Plate 10

21

Stratum IV Pottery—Area J2

22

Plate 11.

Stratum IV Pottery—Area J2

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

11:01 11:02 11:03 11:04 11:05 11:06 11:07 11:08

81.8720 81.8579 81.8582 81.8578 81.8570 81.8563 81.8719 81.8690

009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009

Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small holemouth Medium-small deep bowl Medium-small jar, short neck

83 22 21 22 22 24 22 22

C C L W C L L W

11:09 81.8726 009 11:10 81.8724 009

Large jar Medium-large jar, tall neck

83 83

W Z

11:11 81.8583 009

Medium-small jar, tall neck

22

Z

11:12 11:13 11:14 11:15 11:16 11:17 11:18 11:19 11:20 11:21

81.8733 81.8676 81.8729 81.8731 81.8577 81.8580 81.8440 81.8704 81.8441 81.8711

009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009

Medium-small jar, short neck Jar rim Pithos, tall neck Medium-small open bowl Large bowl Medium-large bowl Large bowl Large bowl Medium-small open bowl Medium-small open bowl

66 22 22 37 83 22 22 22 83 83

Z W W B W W W W W Z

11:22 11:23 11:24 11:25 11:26 11:27 11:28 11:29 11:30 11:31 11:32 11:33 11:34 11:35 11:36 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 11:46

81.8584 81.8443 81.8675 81.8642 81.8565 81.8713 81.8721 81.8708 81.8529 81.8559 81.8575 81.8718 81.8707 81.8706 81.8712 81.8439 81.8714 81.8531 81.8572 81.8699 81.8573 81.8571 81.8576 81.8581 81.8574

009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009

Small open bowl Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Small open bowl Small open bowl Small open bowl Medium-large bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

22 22 14 22

W L W W

22 22 22 22 83 22 83 83 22 22 24 22 83 22 22 83 22 21 22 22

Z Z Z W C W W L L L W W W W Z W W W L W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) slip int., ext. burnished ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., burnished ext., handle broken med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip-paint ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., handle broken orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int., white surface color med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core, short incised line med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int., ext orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int. orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, punctate line coarse fabric, white surface color med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, white surface color med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric

Plate 11

23

Stratum IV Pottery—Area J2

24

Plate 12. Basic Form

Stratum IV Pottery—Area J2

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

12:01 12:02 12:03 12:04 12:05 12:06 12:07 12:08 12:09 12:10 12:11 12:12 12:13 12:14 12:15 12:16 12:17 12:18 12:19 12:20 12:21 12:22 12:23 12:24 12:25 12:26 12:27 12:28 12:29 12:30 12:31 12:32 12:33 12:34 12:35

81.8705 81.8716 81.8557 81.8530 81.8710 81.8709 81.8561 81.8558 81.8564 81.8560 81.8701 81.8643 81.8722 81.8725 81.8728 81.8562 81.8691 81.8644 #2912 81.8515 81.8521 81.8516 81.8514 81.8522 81.8503 81.8511 81.8502 81.8505 81.8504 81.8509 81.8508 81.8525 81.8510 81.8524 81.8506

009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 009 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011

Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Loop handle base Loop handle Spoon handle Spoon handle Ear-lug handle Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Spoon handle Medium holemouth jar Medium bowl Small closed bowl Medium-small open bowl Small open bowl Small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

14 83 37 21 83 22 83 22 22 22 83 21 83 22 83 83 22 22 22 22 83 22 22 83 22 21 83 83 83 83 14 83 83 83 83

L W W W W Z W Z W Z W Z W W W W W Z W L W W Z W Z L L C C W C W W W Z

12:36 12:37 12:38 12:39 12:40

81.8512 81.8507 81.8517 81.8523 81.8520

011 011 011 011 011

Duck bill ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle Spoon handle Body sherd Body sherd

83 83 83 83 21

W W W W Z

12:41

81.8513 011

Body sherd

83

W

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, white surface color med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, incised line med. coarse fabric, incised lines med. coarse fabric, punctate line med. coarse fabric, white surface color, incised line med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate design orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red. brown line-group paint,ext. fine fabric, white surface color med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) slip-paint int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, fine punctate line orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red. brown (19) slip-paint int. friable fabric coarse fabric, thin core coarse fabric, thin core coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core fine fabric, white surface, incised lines at base med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, crude punctate line orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext., raised dot, punctate design fine fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, punctate line

Plate 12

25

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.4, 5

26

Plate 13. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XII.4 (1–24) 13:01 81.1950 039 13:02 81.2000 039 13:03 81.1949 039 13:04 81.1953 039 13:05 81.1952 039 13:06 81.2133 039 13:07 81.1951 039 13:08 81.2095 039 13:09 81.2045 041 13:10 13:11 13:12 13:13 13:14 13:15 13:16 13:17 13:18 13:19 13:20 13:21 13:22 13:23 13:24

81.2104 81.2094 81.2116 81.2115 81.2114 81.2118 81.2107 81.2109 81.2110 81.2106 81.2108 81.2105 81.2111 81.2112 81.2113

041 050 054 054 054 054 056 056 056 056 056 056 056 056 056

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.4, 5

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Small juglet Small closed bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar neck Medium-small open bowl

22 22 11 22 22 22 22 83 83

L L B Z L L W W Z

Jar base Jar base Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large jar Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Spoon Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Knob-ledge Body sherd

11 14 22 40 22 22 22 21 22 21 22 83 22 22 14

L W L L W W L L Z W W W Z L B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint, int.,ext cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric,thin core fine fabric, orange surface med. coarse fabric, thin core, raised dot with incised line orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red slip-paint, int., ext, random burnish ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core, plaster on base and lower wall med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, int. lower lip on rim orange chalky ware, fine fabric, wide dark red painted bands int. med. coarse fabric, residue on int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, yellow bloom ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red slip-paint int.,ext. friable fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, wide, regular, slashed lunette band

22

L

med. coarse fabric, thick core

40 40

U U

22 22 83 40 U 40 23 22

U W W W W L U

35

W

med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, wide red painted bands int. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red net paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, red net paint ext. fine fabric, thin core, dark reddish brown (17) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, wide light red (40) bands, int. med. coarse fabric

Field XII.5 (25–36) 13:25 77.3866 019 Medium-small holemouth bowl 13:26 77.3865 019 Medium-large jar 13:27 77.3863 019 Medium-small open bowl 13:28 13:29 13:30 13:31 13:32 13:33 13:34 13:35

77.3870 77.3871 77.3868 77.3869 77.4001 77.3800 77.3802 77.3801

019 019 019 019 022 022 022 022

Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd Medium-small open bowl 22 Medium-large jar Bowl base Spoon

13:36

77.4845

035 Pithos

Plate 13

27

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.5

28

Plate 14. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

14:01 14:02 14:03 14:04 14:05 14:06 14:07 14:08 14:09 14:10 14:11 14:12 14:13 14:14 14:15 14:16 14:17 14:18 14:19 14:20 14:21 14:22 14:23 14:24 14:25 14:26 14:27 14:28 14:29 14:30 14:31 14:32 14:33 14:34 14:35 14:36 14:37

81.1833 81.1834 81.1843 81.1835 81.1937 81.1935 81.1811 81.1936 81.1944 81.1815 81.1934 81.1817 81.1933 81.1812 81.2017 81.2041 81.2040 81.1800 81.1804 81.2044 81.1802 81.2042 81.1805 81.2043 81.2027 81.2038 81.2124 81.2152 81.2150 81.2122 81.2131 81.2126 81.2151 81.2121 81.2128 81.2123 81.2120

068 068 068 068 069 069 069 069 069 069 069 069 069 069 072 075 075 075 075 075 075 075 075 075 080 080 085 085 085 085 085 085 085 085 085 085 085

Basic Form Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Bowl base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium bowl Small open bowl Small shallow bowl Column handle Spoon Duck bill ledge handle Body sherd Bowl base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Pithos, tall neck Pithos, tall neck Pithos, tall neck Large bowl Bowl base Knob-ledge Body sherd Medium-small deep bowl Loop handle base Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small jar Large jar Small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.5 FC 14 11 22 11 14 14 22 22 22 11 14 83 83 22 14 14 22 21 22 22 83 21 83 22 21 24 14 22 83 83 22 11 21 14 11 21

T L W W L L L L L L W Z W W W L L W W W W L W W L Z L L W W W W L W L L W

Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, small knob med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core, small knob med. coarse fabric fine fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, applique strip med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thin core friable fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, punctate line med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, punctate design med. coarse fabric, thin core, incised line orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red bands int. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, light red slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric fine fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric

Plate 14

29

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.5, 7

30

Plate 15. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Field XII.5 (1– 4) 15:01 81.2127 085 Loop handle base 15:02 81.2125 085 Ear-lug handle 15:03 81.2129 085 Loop handle

21 22 21

Z L Z

15:04

14

L

81.2130

Loc

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.5, 7

Basic Form

085 Body sherd

Field XII.7 (5– 44) 15:05 77.3775 007 15:06 77.3960 007 15:07 77.3850 007 15:08 77.3789 007 15:09 77.3785 007 15:10 77.3959 007 15:11 77.3958 007

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Body sherd

40 23 83 35 22 22 22

L L L W W U U

15:12 15:13 15:14 15:15 15:16 15:17 15:18 15:19 15:20 15:21 15:22 15:23 15:24

77.3794 77.3982 79.8960 77.3793 81.1791 79.8747 81.1788 81.1797 79.9108 81.2132 81.1826 81.1799 81.1829

016 016 016 016 022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022

Medium-large bowl Medium-large bowl Jar base Bowl base Large bowl Large holemouth jar Medium-large bowl Large jar Large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Small jar, short neck Medium-large bowl Large bowl

23 83 22 22 83 83 21 21 21 22 22 83 22

L W N W W L W W N L W W W

15:25 15:26

81.1995 81.1824

022 Medium-large bowl 022 Medium-small open bowl

22 22

Z Z

15:27

81.1827

022 Medium-small open bowl

22

Z

15:28

81.1997

022 Medium-small open bowl

22

Z

15:29 15:30 15:31 15:32 15:33 15:34 15:35 15:36 15:37 15:38

81.2137 #2943 79.9109 81.2135 81.2133 81.1991 81.2134 81.1831 79.9158 79.8745

022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022

22 22 22 21 22 14 22 22 22 22

Z Z W B L L W W U Z

15:39 15:40

81.1828 81.1792

022 Bowl base 022 Bowl base

22 22

Z Z

15:41 15:42 15:43

81.1798 81.1996 81.1830

022 Ear-lug handle 022 Loop handle base 022 Ledge handle base

83 22 21

W Z Z

15:44

79.8920

022 Bowl base

22

L

Medium-small open bowl Small open bowl Medium-small deep bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base

Descriptions orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) slip-paint orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, dark red (18) slip-paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, incised line med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, red. brown (19) slip ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) linegroup paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, fine fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, horizontal wiping marks ext. rim orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) slip, int., ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip-paint ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, reddish yellow paint, bands int. surf. ext., orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int med. coarse fabric, white bloom ext., knob-ledge med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, base made in two sections friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, wide weak red (43) bands ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red painted bands ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thick core, dark red (18) line-group paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, fine fabric fine fabric, thin core, light incised lines ext. white surf, ext. light red., int. coarse fabric, thick core, int. of base charred on edge

Plate 15

31

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.7

32

Plate 16. Basic Form

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.7

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

16:01 16:02

79.8922 79.8746

022 Plain ledge handle 022 Body sherd

22 22

W Z

16:03 16:04

81.2136 81.1789

022 Body sherd 022 Body sherd

22 22

Z Z

16:05 16:06 16:07

79.9017 79.9018 79.8961

025 Jar base 025 Body sherd 025 Body sherd

40 22 40

L N W

16:08 16:09

79.9606 79.9604

029 Jar neck 029 Amphoriskoi

40 21

W B

16:10 16:11 16:12 16:13 16:14

79.8749 79.9603 #2827 79.9052 79.9602

029 029 030 030 038

Bowl base Bowl base Small juglet Bowl base Medium-small open bowl

35 83

W W

23 22

L U

16:15 16:16 16:17 16:18

79.8826 79.8862 79.9053 79.8825

044 044 044 044

Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Plain ledge handle

83 22 35 40

W W W

med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) line-group paint ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) line-group paint, ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thick core, dark red (18) line group paint, ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (20) line group paint, ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (20) linegroup paint, ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red linegroup paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, brown painted bands int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, joins with 16:17 med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, joins with 16:15 med. coarse fabric, thin core, reed marks top surface

Plate 16

33

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.7, 9

34

Plate 17. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.7, 9

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Field XII.7 (1–12) 17:01 81.1796 057 17:02 81.1840 057 17:03 81.1786 057 17:04 81.1785 057

Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar Medium-small jar, short neck

14 83 83 83

L W W Z

17:05 17:06 17:07 17:08 17:09 17:10

81.1795 81.1787 81.1794 81.2003 81.2002 81.1764

Medium-small deep bowl 22 Jar base Bowl base Pithos, tall neck Medium-small jar, short neck Small open bowl

14 22 22 22 22

Z L W W W Z

17:11 17:12

81.2026 058 81.2001 058

Jar base Jar base

21 22

L B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, cream ware, traces of slip ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thin core, dark red (18) paint, ext., int. lip, orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) painted bands cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, plaster coating on surface med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thin core, dark red (18) bands, int.,est., cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core

Field XII.9 (13–35) 17:13 81.1892 003 17:14 79.9140 003 17:15 79.9141 003 17:16 79.9125 003 17:17 79.8603 003 17:18 79.8607 003 17:19 79.8608 003 17:20 79.8604 003 17:21 79.8605 003

Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar

40 40 23 40 83 40 22

L L L L L W W

21

N

17:22 17:23 17:24

79.9122 003 81.1895 003 81.1893 003

Large jar Small jar, short neck Medium-small deep bowl

83 22 22

W Z Z

17:25 17:26 17:27

79.8593 003 79.8592 003 79.9124 003

Small open bowl Small shallow bowl Medium-small open bowl

22 22 22

N N W

17:28

79.9139 003

Jar base

35

U

17:29

79.8600 003

Bowl base

83

W

17:30 17:31 17:32 17:33 17:34 17:35

79.8601 79.8602 79.8606 79.8594 81.1896 79.9123

Bowl base Bowl base Duck bill ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle Ear-lug handle Body sherd

83 83 22 40 22 21

W W W W Z N

057 057 057 058 058 058

003 003 003 003 003 003

med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core fine fabric, finished on tournette, slight ridge ext. lip med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (42) line-group paint, ext., int. rim med. coarse fabric, pink surface color orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) slip-paint ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int.,ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) slip int., burn marks on rim med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark red. brown slip, int. ext., gray residue int. drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, mottled black spots on surface med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric drab ware, med. coarse fabric, ware as 17:29 orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red. brown (17) line-group paint, ext., holemouth jar rim, see 17:21

Plate 17

35

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.9, 10, 11

36

Plate 18. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XII.9, 10, 11 FC

T

Field XII.9 (1–12) 18:01 81.1883 020 Large holemouth jar 18:02 81.1866 020 Small holemouth jar

Basic Form

24 83

L Z

18:03

81.1867

020 Small closed bowl

22

Z

18:04 18:05 18:06 18:07 18:08 18:09 18:10 18:11 18:12

81.1865 81.1742 81.1885 81.1887 81.1888 81.1889 81.1732 81.1733 81.2134

020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 035

Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Duck bill ledge handle Spoon handle Spoon Body sherd Body sherd Bowl base

83 21 21 83 22 22 14 22 22

W W W W Z Z W W L

med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark red (18) smeared, slip-paint ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) smeared slip-paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) slip paint int., ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, incised lines med. coarse fabric, incised line med. coarse fabric, thin core

Field XII.10 (13,14) 18:13 79.9625 011 Medium holemouth jar 18:14 79.9626 011 Small shallow bowl

22 22

L N

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext.

Field XII.11 (15–28) 18:15 79.8972 005 18:16 79.9508 005 18:17 79.8973 005 18:18 79.9658 005 18:19 79.9644 005 18:20 79.8968 005 18:21 79.8596 005 18:22 79.8969 005 18:23 79.9659 005 18:24 79.8974 005

22 23 21 35 83 21 66 66 40 22

L L B N U W N N N N

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core fine fabric, light faced, cream ware fine fabric, dark red (18) slip int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (42) bands of paint int. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) net paint orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) vertical bands, white surface orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) painted bands, white surface med. coarse fabric, punctate design fine fabric, thin core, small knob with punctate design med. coarse fabric

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small open bowl Small open bowl Medium bowl Bowl base Ear-lug handle Medium-small open bowl Body sherd Ledge handle,pinched

18:25

79.8970

005 Body sherd

22

N

18:26 18:27 18:28

79.9642 79.9166 #1959

005 Body sherd 005 Body sherd 005 Spindle whorl

83 22

W N

Descriptions

Plate 18

37

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XIII.2A

38

Plate 19. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

19:01 19:02 19:03 19:04

77.4959 79.5823 79.5826 79.5822

041 054 054 054

19:05

79.5824

19:06 19:07 19:08 19:09 19:10 19:11

Stratum IV Pottery of Field XIII.2A

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

22 22 22 36

W N N W

054 Body sherd

21

Z

79.5856 79.5887 79.5886 79.5882 79.5883 79.5881

061 066 066 066 066 066

21 83 35 23 35 22

B L W B U N

19:12 19:13

79.5885 79.5884

066 Jar base 066 Jar neck

40 35

W W

19:14 19:15 19:16 19:17 19:18

79.5892 79.5891 79.5890 79.5893 79.5766

068 068 068 069 071

Large holemouth jar Jar base Bowl base Jar base Medium-small open bowl

23 40 83 23 22

L L W L N

19:19 19:20 19:21 19:22 19:23 19:24 19:25 19:26 19:27 19:28 19:29 19:30 19:31

79.5762 79.5764 79.5763 79.5761 79.5765 79.5759 79.5895 79.5894 79.5905 79.5903 79.5902 79.5901 79.5904

071 071 071 071 071 071 072 072 074 074 074 074 074

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Small shallow bowl Bowl base Medium-small open bowl Jar base Medium-large bowl Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd, plastered

40 40 35 40 40 35 22 40 83 23 22 83 21

L L W B Z W N L W L W W B

19:32 19.33 19:34 19:35 19:36 19:37 19:38 19:39 19:40

79.5899 79.5898 79.5900 79.5896 81.2546 81.2628 81.2627 81.2635 #2916

074 074 074 074 093 095 095 111 112

Bowl base Ledge-handle base Knob-ledge Body sherd Medium-small deep bowl Pithos, tall neck Medium-small deep bowl Medium-small open bowl Small juglet

22 23 35 22 22 83 22 22 22

N W W W Z W Z Z Z

med. coarse fabric, red (40) slip ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (40) slip ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, punctate design, pale brown (29) slip ext., tournette finished orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) line-group paint, ext. orange/ chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) band cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, burnished red (42) slip ext., and int. rim orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, incised line int. rim med. coarse fabric, dark red.brown (17) burnished slip ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, pink (36) slip traces on surface common ware, coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) painted bands, ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric friable fabric, thin core, traces of slip ext., crackled surface common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., burnished ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric friable fabric med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip ext., int. band common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, red (42) slip ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, fine fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red. brown (76) slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, lime coated surface int., ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (42) burnished slip coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core fine fabric, dark red (18) polished slip ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, dark red (18) slip-paint int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, traces of dark red (18) paint ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, fine fabric

Spout Medium-large jar Bowl base Jar neck

Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Medium-small deep bowl Medium-large jar Medium shallow bowl Bowl base

Plate 19

39

Stratum IV Pottery of Field IV.5

40

Plate 20. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

20:01 20:02 20:03 20:04 20:05 20:06 20:07 20:08 20:09 20:10 20:11 20:12

81.0232 81.0161 81.0134 81.0116 81.0234 81.0142 81.0221 81.0220 81.0202 81.0145 81.0228 81.0181

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

20:13 20:14 20:15 20:16 20:17

81.0146 81.0162 81.0206 81.0190 81.0218

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

20:18

Stratum IV Pottery of Field IV.5 FC

T

22

L

11 83 21 22 11 14 21 11 11 14

L W L L L L W L L L

83 83 83 83 83

W W W W W

81.0158 05A Medium-large jar, tall neck

83

W

20:19 20:20

81.0248 05A Pithos, short neck 81.0208 05A Large jar

83 83

W W

20:21 20:22 20:23 20:24 20:25 20:26 20:27 20:28 20:29 20:30

81.0215 81.0175 81.0114 81.0165 81.0237 81.0214 81.0233 81.0128 81.0216 81.0204

83 83 83 22 21 22 83 22 21 21

L W W Z L L W W Z B

20:31

81.0210 05A Small closed bowl

14

B

20:32 20:33 20:34 20:35 20:36

81.0212 81.0125 81.0136 81.0173 81.0177

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

Large bowl Medium-small open bowl Medium-small open bowl Medium-small open bowl Medium bowl

83 21 22 22 83

W Z Z Z W

20:37 20:38 20:39 20:40 20:41 20:42 20:43

81.0131 81.0205 81.0207 81.0133 81.0135 81.0144 81.0152

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

Medium-small open Medium-small open Medium-small open Medium-small open Small open bowl Jar base Jar base

22 21 83 22 22 21 22

L Z W Z L L W

20:44 20:45 20:46

81.0243 05A Jar base 81.0247 05A Jar base 81.0186 05A Jar base

43 11 14

L L W

20:47 20:48 20:49 20:50

81.0132 81.0211 81.0150 81.0244

Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

21 11 83 22

L L W W

20:51

81.0176 05A Bowl base

83

W

20:52 20:53 20:54

81.0239 05A Jar base 81.0235 05A Jar base 81.0189 05A Jar base

21 21 22

L L W

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

05A 05A 05A 05A

Basic Form Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small holemouth bowl Pithos, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Pithos, tall neck

Medium-large jar Medium-large jar Large jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-small deep bowl Medium-large bowl Large bowl Medium-small deep bowl Small closed bowl

bowl bowl bowl bowl

Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink surface color pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, thin core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric fine fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, thick core, burn marks on lip pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, weak red (43) slip-paint int.,ext. med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int., ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric

Plate 20

41

Stratum IV Pottery of Field IV.5

42

Plate 21. Basic Form

Stratum IV Pottery of Field IV.5

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

21:01

81.0126

05A Bowl base

22

W

21:02

81.0238

05A Jar base

21

L

21:03 21:04

81.0119 81.0184

05A Bowl base 05A Bowl base

83 21

W W

21:05 21:06

81.0241 81.0172

05A Jar base 05A Bowl base

11 83

L W

21:07 21:08 21:09 21:10 21:11

81.0236 81.0147 81.0250 81.0169 81.0213

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base

83 21 83 83 22

W W L W W

21:12 21:13 21:14 21:15 21:16 21:17 21:18

81.0164 81.0217 81.0166 81.0252 81.0222 81.0149 81.0242

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

base base base base base base base

83 22 83 22 11 11 22

W L W W L W W

21:19 21:20 21:21 21:22 21:23 21:24 21:25

81.0168 81.0156 81.0109 81.0182 81.0129 81.0159 81.0249

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

21 21 22 83 22 83 83

L L W W L L W

21:26 21:27

81.0251 81.0224

05A Bowl base 05A Bowl base

21 11

W W

21:28 21:29

81.0124 81.0113

05A Bowl base 05A Bowl base

83 83

W W

21:30 21:31

81.0223 81.0240

05A Bowl base 05A Bowl base

83 83

W W

21:32

81.0118

05A Bowl base

21

W

21:33 21:34 21:35 21:36 21:37 21:38

81.0139 81.0155 81.0151 81.0138 81.0167 81.0226

05A 05A 05A 05A 05A 05A

22

W W W W W W

pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, fine fabric, red (4) slip, string cut pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of lime, ext. pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric, two incised lines int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric

Duck bill ledge handle Plain ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle Plain ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle Duck bill ledge handle

22 83 83 83

Plate 21

43

Stratum IV Pottery of Fields IV.5; XI.2, 6; XIV.3

44

Plate 22. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

Field IV.5 (1–9) 22:01 81.0170 05A Duck bill ledge handle 22:02 81.0229 05A Duck bill ledge handle 22:03 81.0192 05A Duck bill ledge handle

83 22 21

W W W

22:04

81.0117 05A Duck bill ledge handle

83

W

22:05 22:06

81.0225 05A Ledge, thumb impressed 81.0227 05A Ledge, notched

22 83

W W

22:07 22:08 22:09

81.0143 05A Knob-ledge 81.0231 05A Body sherd 81.0246 05A Amphoriskoi

22 83 21

L W L

med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric pinkish white (35) surface with brown (24) stains, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric medium coarse fabric, red (40) painted dots, fine fabric

83

L

med. coarse fabric,

21 22 21 22 08

Z Z Z Z Z

83

W

med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int.,ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip-paint int., ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thick core orange chalky ware, fine fabric fine fabric, light red (40) burnished int. and top of rim, pinkish white (35) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, red (40) burnished slip ext.

21 22 22 33 21

L W Z W L

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin core, red. brown (19) net paint ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core

Field XI.2 (10) 22:10 81.1483

Loc

Stratum IV Pottery of Fields IV.5; XI.2, 6; XIV.3

078 Platter bowl

Field XI.6 (11–16) 22:11 81.1463 042 22:12 81.1461 042 22:13 81.1462 042 22:14 81.1492 043 22:15 81.1485 046 22:16

81.1484

Basic Form

Medium-small open bowl Small open bowl Bowl base Medium bowl Medium-small open bowl

046 Bowl base

Field XIV.3 (17–21) 22:17 81.3011 291 22:18 81.2963 291 22:19 81.2964 292 22:20 81.2965 292 22:21 81.2961 294

Medium holemouth jar Medium-small open bowl Small open bowl Body sherd Jar base

Plate 22

45

Stratum IV Pottery of Fields I.1; II.7A

46

Plate 23. Reg. #

Loc

Field I.1 (1–25) 23:01 65.0019 23:02 65.0020 23:03 65.0021 23:04 65.0038 23:05 65.0041 23:06 65.0042 23:07 65.0022 23:08 65.0023 23:09 65.0024 23:10 65.0040 23:11 65.0025 23:12 65.0026 23:13 65.0027 23:14 65.0036 23:15 65.0037 23:16 65.0028 23:17 65.0029 23:18 65.0030 23:19 65.0031 23:20 65.0032 23:21 65.0033 23:22 65.0034 23:23 65.0035 23:24 65.0043 23:25 65.0039

Pl. #

010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 013 013

Stratum IV Pottery of Fields I.1; II.7A

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Pithos, short neck Jar rim Platter bowl Large bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Medium-large bowl Pithos, tall neck Medium-small open bowl Platter bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Small shallow bowl Bowl base

83 83 83 21 37 83 21 83 83 83 21 83 83 29 24 23 83 21 21 83 21 83 23 21 21

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, punctate design at neck med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red. brown (19) burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red. brown (19) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pinkish white (35) wash ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine fabric, brown (24) slip int. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red. brown slip-paint ext. fine fabric, red. brown burnish int., ext., burn marks on rim med. coarse fabric

Field II.7A (26– 41) 23:26 65.0492 010 23:27 65.0493 010 23:28 65.0495 011 23:29 65.0496 011 23:30 65.0494 011 23:31 65.0497 011 23:32 65.0498 012

Medium holemouth jar Small open bowl Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Jar neck Medium-large jar Small juglet

83 29 83 83 83 37 83

23:33 23:34 23:35 23:36 23:37 23:38 23:39 23:40 23:41

Medium-large bowl Bowl base Medium holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large jar, short neck Large jar Small closed bowl Platter bowl

37 21 83 83 83 83 83 37 21

orange chalky ware, fine fabric orange/ chalky ware, fine fabric cook pot ware, coarse fabric cook pot ware, coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, punctate line at neck fine fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red. brown (19) slip ext.,int rim med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, coarse fabric cook pot ware, coarse fabric cook pot ware, coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, light red. brown (23) burnished slip int., ext.

65.0499 65.0500 65.0522 65.0523 65.0524 65.0525 65.0526 65.0527 65.0528

012 012 005 005 005 005 005 005 005

Plate 23

47

Stratum III Pottery of Field XII.2, 4

48

Plate 24. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XII.2 (1–12) 24:01 77.3797 020 24:02 77.3988 020 24:03 77.4896 020 24:04 77.3796 020 24:05 77.3998 021 24:06 77.3999 021 24:07 77.3995 021 24:08 77.3994 021 24:09 77.3996 021 24:10 77.3997 021 24:11 77.3799 021 24:12 77.4895 021 Field XII.4 (13–24) 24:13 81.2021 011 24:14 81.2022 011 24:15 81.2029 011 24:16 81.2093 011 24:17 81.1998 011 24:18 81.1990 011

Stratum III Pottery of Field XII.2, 4

Basic Form

FC

T

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Ledge handle Body sherd Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium shallow bowl Medium bowl Jar base Bowl base Base Body sherd

23 22 21 22 22 22 22 35 40 40 22 22

L L B U U W L W W W W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric fine ware, fine fabric, faint red lines, similar to line group design med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, ledge handle, pushed up med. coarse fabric, red slip ext.,int. lip med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext.,pinkish gray (71) med. coarse fabric, thin core

Pithoi, tall neck Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd

83 14 11 21

W W L B

med. med. med. med.

22

L

friable fabric, faint reddish brown (19) slip-paint ext, similar to grain wash pattern friable fabric, faint reddish brown (19) slip-paint ext., similar to grain wash pattern med. coarse fabric, faint reddish brown (19) slip paint ext., similar to grain wash pattern cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, finger groove, wiping marks over entire surface

24:19

81.1989

011 Body sherd

22

L

24:20

81.1988

011 Body sherd

22

Z

24:21 24:22 24:23 24:24

81.2091 81.2098 81.2092 #3238

046 046 046 046

22 22 22 38

L W W W

Medium holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Large jar Deep vat, spouted

Descriptions

coarse coarse coarse coarse

fabric, thin core fabric, thick core fabric fabric

Plate 24

49

Stratum III Pottery of Fields XII.5 and I.1, 5

50

Plate 25. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XII.5 (1–14) 25:01 77.3872 025 25:02 81.1837 063 25:03 81.1836 063 25:04 79.8785 063 25:05 79.8784 063 25:06 79.8980 063 25:07 79.8981 063 25:08 25:09 25:10 25:11 25:12 25:13 25:14

79.8981 79.8981 79.8981 79.8783 79.8782 81.2037 81.2103

063 063 063 063 063 065 079

Stratum III Pottery of Fields XII.5 and I.1, 5

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Large necked jar Large holemouth jar Small bowl Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Base Jar base

40 14 11 21 21 40 22

W L W L L L Z

Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large necked jar

22 22 22 35 35 14 21

Z Z Z W W W W

med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, fine fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, faint reddish brown (19) slip-paint ext, net pattern faint, similar to grain wash patterns, joins with pl. 25:8–10 as above as above as above med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (97) slip-paint ext. as above light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, orange ware, and surfaces

Field I.1 (15–27) 25:15 65.0007 005 Very large shallow bowl 25:16 65.0008 005 Base 25:17 65.0009 005 Body sherd

37 22 37

25:18 25:19 25:20 25:21 25:22 25:23 25:24 25:25 25:26

65.0006 65.0010 65.0011 65.0012 65.0013 65.0014 65.0015 65.0017 65.0018

005 006 006 006 006 006 006 009 009

37 23 21 21 37 37 19 21 21

25:27

65.0016

009 Base

Ledge handle Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithoi, tall neck Jar base Jar base Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl

Field I.5 (28–29) 25:28 65.0392 002 Very large shallow bowl 25:29 65.0393 004 Small jar, ear-lug handle

21

med. coarse fabric, horizontal, discontinuous, burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, gray patching ext. med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) slip ext., reddish gray (11) slippaint ext. med. coarse fabric, pushed up impressions, not shown on drawing med. coarse fabric, red brown (19) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, vertical finger grooves on ext. neck med. coarse fabric, thick core, gray to black patching med. coarse fabric, cream bloom on ext. surface med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., gray patching med. coarse fabric, light reddish brown (23) slip, int. ext., discontinuous burnish int. ext., gray patching med. coarse fabric

37 21

med. coarse fabric, burnished, int., ext. fine ware, fine fabric

L

Plate 25

51

Stratum III Pottery of Fields I.5 and II.7

52

Plate 26. 52

Stratum III Pottery of Fields I.5 and II.7

Reg. #

Loc

Field I.5 (1–5) 26: 1 65.0395 26: 2 65.0394 26: 3 65.0396 26: 4 65.0397 26: 5 65.0398

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

005 005 006 006 006

Small, wide neck jar Jar base Medium-large deep bowl Loop handle base Small bowl

21 37 21 21 21

fine ware, fine fabric, gray patching med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, gray patching med. coarse fabric, gray patching fine ware, fine fabric, reddish brown (19) slip int. with criss-cross burnishing strokes

Field II.7 (6–37) 26: 6 65.0460 26: 7 65.0461 26: 8 65.0464 26: 9 65.0465 26:10 65.0466 26:11 65.0467 26:12 65.0468 26:13 65.0469 26:14 65.0462 26:15 65.0463 26:16 65.0470 26:17 65.0471 26:18 65.0472 26:19 65.0473 26:20 65.0474 26:21 65.0475 26:22 65.0476 26:23 65.0477 26:24 65.0478 26:25 65.0479 26:26 65.0480 26:27 65.0484 26:28 65.0481 26:29 65.0482 26:30 65.0483 26:31 65.0485 26:32 65.0486 26:33 65.0489 26:34 65.0490 26:35 65.0491 26:36 65.0487 26:37 65.0488

005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 006 006 006 006 006 006 006 007 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 009 009 009 009 009 009 009

Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small narrow neck jar Ear-lug handle Large deep bowl Medium deep bowl Bowl base Base Ledge handle Ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Large jar Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, shallow bowl Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Large jar, short neck Pithos Large, deep bowl Jar base Jar base Base Medium holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Jar base “horn” ledge

21 37 29 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 21 21 21 35 37 21 21 21 22 37 21 37 21 21 21 21 21 37 37 37 37

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, gray patching cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching fine ware, fine fabric fine ware, fine fabric, worn reddish brown (19) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, worn reddish-yellow (38) slip ext. fine ware, fine fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. fine ware, fine fabric, light red burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thumb impressions on handle med. coarse fabric, thumb impression on edge cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish brown (19) burnished slip ext. fine ware, fine fabric, brown (24) slip int., ext, burnt areas int. fine ware, fine fabric, reddish-brown slip paint lines ext. cook pot ware, gray to black patching med. coarse fabric, red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, pair of raised knobs on shoulder med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish brown (19) slip on top of rim cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching med. coarse fabric fine ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, gray to black patching

Plate 26

53

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIII.2A

54

Plate 27.

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIII.2A

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

27:01 27:02 27:03 27:04 27:05 27:06 27:07 27:08 27:09 27:10 27:11 27:12 27:13 27:14

79.5767 79.5755 79.5756 79.5758 79.5802 79.5805 79.5804 79.5800 79.5792 79.5791 79.5796 79.5792 79.5797 79.5798

046 047 047 047 051 051 051 051 051 051 051 051 051 051

Ledge handle Medium-small bowl Jar base Base Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small jug Jar base Base Jar base Base Jar base

Basic Form

40 22 22 23 40 23 40 22 22 21 22

W W Z L L L L U W B L

common ware, med. coarse fabric, one thumb indentation med. coarse fabric, red slip (40) ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric gray ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, fine fabric, light brown (37) slip int. used as lamp common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (40) slip int., ext.

40

B

27:15 27:16 27:17 27:18 27:19 27:20 27:21 27:22 27:23

79.5793 79.5803 79.5817 79.5816 79.5830 79.5831 79.5829 79.5832 79.5834

051 051 052 052 055 055 055 055 055

Loop handle base Body sherd Large holemouth jar Jar base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl

83 21 23 23 23 23 23 23 22

B B W L L L L L W

27:24 27:25 27:26

79.5833 79.5828 79.5827

055 Medium-large jar, tall neck 055 Large jar, tall neck 055 Base

09 83 23

W W L

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, red (40) slip ext. continuous vertical burnish ware as above, 27:14 med. coarse fabric, reddish gray (11) vertical bands slip-paint med. coarse fabric, thick core, weak red (43) ext. drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip int. ext. continuous burnish ext. soot blackened med. coarse fabric, thick core, traces of burnish ext., common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core

Plate 27

55

Stratum III Pottery of Field IV.1

56

Plate 28. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

28:01 28:02 28:03 28:04 28:05 28:06 28:07 28:08 28:09 28:10 28:11 28:12 28:13 28:14 28:15 28:16 28:17 28:18 28:19 28:20

79.4559 79.4597 79.4564 79.4598 79.4599 79.4600 79.4511 79.4512 79.4513 79.4601 79.4603 79.4602 79.5236 79.4604 79.4701 79.4700 79.4720 79.4722 79.4725 79.4721

016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 016 024 024 026 026 026 026

Basic Form Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-small bowl Small bowl Base Base Base Base Base Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Pitcher Base Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Platter bowl, carinated Jar base

Stratum III Pottery of Field IV.1 FC

T

22 22

L L

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core

Descriptions

83 09 22 22 83 83 21

W L L L W W W

22 22 83 83 83 22 22 21 83

L W W W W L L B W

fine ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red (40) burnished slip ext. Pushed up med. coarse fabric, pushed up med. coarse fabric, pushed up fine ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

Plate 28

57

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2

58

Plate 29. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

29:01 29:02 29:03 29:04 29:05 29:06

81.1272 81.1317 81.1500 81.1223 81.1280 81.1277

059 059 059 059 059 059

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2

Basic Form Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium-large jar Large deep bowl Medium-small bowl

FC

T

Descriptions

21 40 12 83 83 21

L L B W W B

Ledge handle, pushed up Body sherd Spindle whorl Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Pitcher Very large, shallow bowl

22 83

L W

12 12 21 22 21

L L W Z B

29:19 81.1415

060 Very large, shallow bowl

21

B

29:20 79.5328

060 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

29:21 81.1413 29:22 81.1260 29:23 81.1416

060 Very large shallow bowl 060 Medium-large shallow bowl 060 Medium-large platter bowl

21 21 08

B B W

29:24 29:25 29:26 29:27 29:28 29:29 29:30 29:31 29:32 29:33 29:34 29:35 29:36

060 060 060 060 060 068 060 060 070 081 081 081 081

12 83 22 22

B W W W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, round knob on shoulder med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish gray (11) random burnish light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, scratched lines ext. orange burnished ware, thin core, complete burnished, int., ext., finished on tournette orange burnished ware, as pl. 29:6 above orange burnished ware, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red, complete burnish int., random ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, complete burnish red (40) int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thin plaster coat ext. section of spindle whorl gray ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, finished on tournette fine ware, fine fabric, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, continuous red burnish int.,ext, blackened areas ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) complete burnish int. ext. as pl. 29:19 above as pl. 29:19 above med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark reddish-gray (12) random burnish, int. ext. ware as pl. 29:23 above, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red slip-paint ext.

12 13

L B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core

83 22 21 83 83

L L L W W

med. coarse fabric, thick core, burnish traces ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, traces of red slip int. rim, joins with pl. 29:37,38 as above, pl. 29:36 as above, pl. 29:36 med. coarse fabric, thin core, small raised applique knob on ext, not shown med. coarse fabric, thin core, traces of dark red (18) random burnish int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core same as pl. 29:39, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core drab ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark red (18) slip as pl. 29:35 above common ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip paint ext.

29:07 81.1278 29:08 81.1221 29:09 81.1428

059 Medium-small bowl 059 Medium-large deep bowl 059 Medium shallow bowl

22 21 21

B B B

29:10 81.1276

059 Very large plater bowl

21

B

29:11 29:12 29:13 29:14 29:15 29:16 29:17 29:18

059 059 059 060 060 060 060 060

81.1427 81.1322 #2851 81.1258 81.1257 81.1450 81.1393 81.1259

81.1391 81.1417 81.1418 81.1392 #2883 81.1297 79.5329 #2871 81.1399 81.1383 81.1397 81.1385 81.1382

Bowl base Base Loop handle Body sherd Loom weight Jar base Jar base Clay object Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pitcher Pithos, tall neck

29:37 81.1409 29:38 81.1410 29:39 81.1554

081 Pithos, tall neck 081 Pithos, tall neck 081 Large deep bowl

22 22 83

W W W

29:40 81.1387

081 Very large shallow bowl

22

W

29:41 81.1394

081 Very large shallow bowl

22

B

29:42 29:43 29:44 29:45 29:46 29:47 29:48 29:49

081 081 081 081 081 081 081 081

83 22 83 21

W L W L

83 21 22

W Z W

81.1411 81.1386 81.1398 81.1396 81.1412 81.1384 81.1388 81.1395

Very large platter bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Loop handle Loop handle Jar neck

Plate 29

59

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2, 4, 5, 6

60

Plate 30. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Small, narrow neck jar Jar, loop handle column handle (?) Jar base Large holemouth jar Holemouth basin Jar base Base Loop handle fragment

22 22 83 83 22 83 14 83 22

B W L W L W L W L

fine ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, dark red (18) slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. fine ware, fine fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish

Pithos Jar base Large holemouth jar Large necked jar Ledge handle pushed up 40

22 14 21 22 W

L L L W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core, traces of reddish gray (11) slip-paint

Field XI.2 (15–28) 30:15 81.1591 065 Medium shallow bowl

21

B

30:16 30:17 30:18

81.1321 81.1226 81.1320

066 Large holemouth jar 066 Medium holemouth jar 066 Medium bowl

12 40 21

L L B

30:19

81.1227

066 Very large shallow bowl

21

B

30:20 30:21

81.1225 81.1561

066 Jar base 073 Medium-small jug

12 21

B W

30:22 30:23 30:24 30:25 30:26

81.1563 81.1562 81.1540 81.1470 81.1501

073 073 073 079 079

40 21 21 22 21

L B L L B

30:27 30:28

81.1471 81.1469

079 Jar base 079 Bowl base

22 21

L B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red slip (40), random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, dark reddish gray (12) random burnish ext. fine ware, fine fabric, thick core, light red (40) slip, random burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, continuous light red (40) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, continuous dark reddish gray (12) burnish int. ext. med. coarse fabric, continuous reddish-yellow burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, continuous reddish-yellow burnish, ext, very dark gray (14) int.

22 22

L B

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core

Field XI.5 (1–9) 30:01 81.1552 30:02 81.1549 30:03 81.1548 30:04 81.1551 30:05 81.1464 30:06 81.1314 30:07 81.1465 30:08 81.1459 30:09 81.1460

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2, 4, 5, 6

015 015 015 015 017 017 017 020 020

Field XI.6 (10–14) 30:10 81.1446 056 30:11 81.1447 056 30:12 81.1550 057 30:13 81.1284 057 30:14 81.1530 058

Basic Form

Medium holemouth jar Medium deep bowl Jar base Medium holemouth jar Deep cup bowl

Field XI.4 (29–30) 30:29 79.5222 014 Medium holemouth jar 30:30 79.5223 014 Jar base

Descriptions

Field XI.6 (31– 48) 30:31 81.1307 030 30:32 81.1256 031 30:33 81.1255 031 30:34 81.1441 031

Ledge handle, pushed up Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium shallow bowl

22 22

L L

21

B

30:35 30:36 30:37 30:38 30:39 30:40 30:41 30:42

81.1442 81.1312 81.1510 81.1509 81.1508 81.1512 81.1580 81.1578

031 031 033 033 033 033 034 034

Base Body sherd, applique Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Jar base Base Large holemouth bowl Very large shallow

22 22 22 22 21 22 21 11

L L L W L W L B

30:43 30:44 30:45

81.1579 81.1581 81.1584

22 21 22

L L W

30:46 30:47 30:48

81.1582 81.1300 81.1583

034 Base 034 Base 034 Ledge handle, thumb impressed 034 Loop handle base 034 Loop handle fragment 034 Body sherd

med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red random burnish int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, random reddish-yellow (22) burnish int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

21 22 22

L Z Z

med. coarse fabric fine ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip fine ware, fine fabric, reddish-brown slip-paint ext.

Plate 30

61

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.1, 2, 6

62

Plate 31. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.1, 2, 6

Basic Form

Field XI.6 (1–19) 31:1 81.1358 048 Medium holemouth bowl 31:2 81.1389 048 Large deep bowl 31:3 81.1435 048 Medium-large shallow bowl

FC

T

Descriptions

22 14 11

L B B

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-gray (11) complete burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddishgray slip, random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core friable fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-gray random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, band of red (40) slip-paint ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow random burnish int., ext. friable fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, vertical red (42) burnish ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric

31:4 31:5

81.1357 81.1404

048 Medium-large shallow bowl 048 Medium platter bowl

12 22

B W

31:6 31:7 31:8 31:9 31:10 31:11 31:12 31:13 31:14 31:15

81.1401 81.1543 81.1434 81.1359 81.1437 81.1400 81.1402 81.1390 81.1403 81.1528

048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 052

22 11 12 83 83 22 22 83

L L L L W W W W

21

B

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Bowl base Ledge handle Body sherd Medium-large shallow bowl

31:16 81.1526 31:17 81.1525 31:18 81.1547

055 Large holemouth jar 055 Deep cup bowl 055 Jar base

66 22 21

L W B

31:19 81.1479

060 Medium holemouth jar

40

L

22

W

Field XI.1 (20–24) 31:20 81.1325 026 Large holemouth jar 31:21 81.1324 31:22 81.1287

026 Large necked jar 026 Large deep bowl

22 83

W W

31:23 81.1289

026 Body sherd

83

W

31:24 81.1323

026 Body sherd

22

W

Field XI.2 (25–36) 31:25 77.3108 027 Medium-small deep cup bowl 31:26 77.3109 027 Medium-small shallow bowl

83 22

W U

31:27 31:28 31:29 31:30

77.3110 77.3111 77.3113 77.3135

027 027 027 027

Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

22 22 83 21

W W W B

31:31 31:32 31:33 31:34

81.1514 81.1520 81.1517 77.3178

042 042 042 042

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Very large shallow bowl

22 14 11 22

L L L B

31:35 81.1518

042 Medium platter bowl

21

B

31:36 77.3177

042 Small shallow bowl

22

B

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, traces of reddishbrown (24) slip ext. turning marks on rim light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, thickness varies on rim, finishing lines on ext. rim light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pale brown (83) slip int., ext. applique on ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray slip, net pattern burnish ext. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) burnish int. ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow random burnish int. ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) random burnish, int. ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, complete reddish-yellow (22) int.,random light red (40) burnish ext.

Plate 31

63

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2

64

Plate 32. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XI.2

Basic Form

Field XI.2 (1–24) 32:1 81.1515 042 Medium-small bowl

FC

T

21

B

32:2

81.1519

042 Medium-small shallow bowl

22

Z

32: 3 32:4 32:5 32:6 32:7 32:8 32:9 32:10 32:11 32:12 32:13 32:14 32:15 32:16

77.3176 77.3180 77.3179 77.3182 77.3181 79.5314 81.1201 81.1206 81.1205 81.1200 81.1349 81.1208 81.1350 79.5196

042 042 042 042 042 055 055 055 055 055 055 055 055 055

83 83 23 22 22 40 22 83 21 21 21 11 11 12

W W W W L L L B L L L L W B

Jar base Base Bowl base Ledge handle, pushed up Ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium platter bowl

32:17 81.1348

055 Medium-small bowl

21

B

32:18 32:19 32:20 32:21 32:22 32:23 32:24

055 055 055 055 055 055 055

21 12 23 22 21 11

W L L L L W

81.1353 81.1351 79.5313 79.5195 81.1202 81.1352 81.1207

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd, applique Body sherd Body sherd

Descriptions orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, complete light red (40) burnish int., random ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric, thin core, dark red (18) slip-paint band interior rim med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, slip traces int. med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, soot traces ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, random yellowish-red (39) burnish int., reddish-gray burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric gray ware fine ware, fine fabric, thick core, applique dot ext. thin continuous grooved line ext.

Plate 32

65

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIV.3

66

Plate 33. Basic Form

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

33:01 33:02 33:03 33:04

81.3021 81.2970 81.3022 81.3032

282 282 282 282

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium-large deep bowl

22 83 22 83

L L W W

33:05 33:06 33:07 33:08 33:09 33:10 33:11 33:12 33:13 33:14 33:15 33:16

81.3030 81.3029 81.3034 81.2969 81.2968 81.3575 81.3580 81.3582 81.3578 81.3581 81.3579 81.3577

282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282

Small holemouth bowl Large holemouth bowl Medium-large necked jar Pitcher Large necked jar Small juglet Medium-large necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar Loop handle base Deep cup bowl Medium-small shallow bowl

22 22 83 22 83 22 40 22 22 22 36 22

W N W L W Z Z W W W W Z

33:17 33:18

81.2973 81.2972

282 Medium, deep bowl 282 Medium-small bowl

83 22

N N

33:19 33:20 33:21 33:22 33:23 33:24 33:25 33:26 33:27 33:28 33:29 33:30 33:31

81.2975 81.2967 81.2974 81.3019 81.3026 81.3017 81.3018 81.3028 81.3020 81.3027 81.3031 81.3025 81.3023

282 282 281 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282

Small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Ledge handle, pushed up Knob ledge Body sherd

22 23 24 22 83 83 22 22 21 21 21 14 83

W L L L W W W Z L W L L W

33:32 33:33 33:34 33:35 33:36 33:37 33:38 33:39 33:40 33:41 33:42 33:43 33:44 33:45 33:46 33:47 33:48 33:49 33:50 33:51 33:52 33:53 33:54 33:55 33:56 33:57 33:58 33:59 33:60

81.3024 81.3576 81.3583 81.2966 81.2830 81.2839 81.2840 81.2828 81.2832 81.2827 81.2829 81.2768 81.2928 81.2841 81.2770 81.2794 81.2785 81.2788 81.2795 81.2765 81.2786 81.2793 81.2787 81.2925 81.2784 81.2783 81.2789 81.2767 81.2766

282 282 282 282 203 203 203 203 203 203 203 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208

Pierced lug Bowl base Ledge handle Column handle Medium holemouth jar Medium-small carinated bowl Medium-large shallow Jar base Jar base Base Base Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Large jar, short neck Pitcher Pithos Large necked jar Medium, deep bowl Medium platter bowl Medium-large jar Jar base Jar base Base Jar base

83 22 22 22 40 22 22 40 40 40 35 40 40 40 35 40 22 40 22 22 40 35 40 22 22 40 83 22 40

W W W W L U W L L L L L L L W L W L L W W W L W W L W W L

33:61 33:62

81.2792 81.2769

208 Amphoriskos 208 Column handle

22 21

W B

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, high polish ext. thin handle strip ext. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, gray patching ext. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, faint traces of slip-paint ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, band of red (42) slip interior rim orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light (40) slip int., ext., burnish ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, high polish ext. fine ware, fine fabric, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext.,random reddishyellow burnish ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, gray patches on base common ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thinc core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, burned area on int. base common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, friable fabric med. coarse fabric, slight traces of red slip ext. common ware, thick core gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, cone shaped nipple ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) slip int., punctate design ext. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) slip ext., random burnish med. coarse fabric, thick core, yellowish-red slip, continuous burnish, int., ext. cook pot ware, thin core med. coarse fabric gray ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, soot marks ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, light reddish-brown slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, turning marks ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, surface pink (36) light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, surface very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip, random burnish, ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, coating of plaster on ext. of base gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, interior surface pink (36), turning marks ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip-paint, net pattern, neck join int. obvious orange burnished ware, thick core, random burnish, int. red (20), ext. yellowish red (39)

Plate 33

67

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIV.3

68

Plate 34. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

34:01 34:02 34:03 34:04 34:05 34:06 34:07 34:08 34:09 34:10 34:11 34:12 34:13 34:14

81.2934 81.2924 81.2936 81.2935 81.2921 81.3076 81.3075 81.3074 81.3036 81.3035 81.3037 81.3087 81.3090 81.3086

213 213 213 213 213 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260

34:15

81.3088

34:16

Basic Form

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIV.3 FC

T

Descriptions

22 40 83 21 21 40 40 40 40 35 21 40 40 21

L L W W W L L L L L L L W B

260 Medium, shallow bowl

21

B

81.3091

260 Very large shallow bowl

21

B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown surface (29) med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip, random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric thick core, surface very pale brown (29) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish red (39) ext., complete burnish, int. undetermined orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish ext, int. undetermined orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) complete burnish ext., yellowish-red (39) complete burnish int.

34:17

81.3084

260 Medium-large, shallow bowl

21

B

34:18

81.3085

260 Medium-large, shallow bowl

21

B

34:19 34:20 34:21 34:22 34:23 34:24 34:25 34:26 34:27

81.3038 81.3092 81.3079 81.3089 81.3082 81.2977 81.3081 81.3078 81.3080

260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260

Small bowl Deep holemouth spouted vat Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base

83 23 40 40 83 83 40 83 40

W L L L W L L L W

34:28 34:29 34:30 34:31 34:32 34:33 34:34 34:35 34:36 34:37 34:38 34:39 34:40 34:41 34:42

81.3077 81.3083 81.3041 81.2980 81.2979 81.2978 81.3583 81.3584 81.3580 81.3582 81.3581 81.3316 81.3317 81.4081 81.4082

260 260 260 260 260 260 264 264 264 264 264 267 267 267 267

Base Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle, pushed up Ledge handle Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Base Small holemouth jar Small holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Deep cup bowl

21 21 21 83 21 21 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

L B W W W W L L L L L L L L U

34:43 34:44 34:45 34:46 34:47 34:48 34:49 34:50 34:51 34:52 34:53 34:54 34:55 34:56 34:57 34:58

81.4079 81.3319 81.3314 81.3315 81.4078 81.4080 81.3318 81.3587 81.3591 81.3585 81.3586 81.3593 81.3589 81.3588 81.3592 81.3594

267 267 267 267 267 267 267 268 268 268 268 268 268 268 268 268

Medium, deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Base Medium holemouth jar Medium-large, deep bowl Base Base Base Base Small, narrow neck jar Loop handle Ledge handle

83 40 22 35 40 22 40 40 35 40

U W W W L U W L W W

83 35 22 22 40

W W N W W

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos Medium-small shallow bowl Base Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Pithos Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large necked jar Very large shallow bowl

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red slip, complete burnish, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) slip, int. ext. complete burnish int., random ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, dark red (18) burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow surface, gray patches cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, pink (36) surface ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, ext. surface pink (36) light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish brown slip (19) int. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-gray (11) ext. surface, pink (36) surface int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) surface ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, ware and surfaces as pl. 34:16 med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, traces of slip-paint ext. med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) slip-paint ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, pink (36) int. surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric import?, wheel thrown, thick core, reddish- yellow (21), complete burnish ext., light redddish brown (83), int., three incised lines below handle light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) slip ext. med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pales (29) ext. surface light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thin core, pink (36) ext. surface med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, very pale brown (29) ext. surface with dark brown mottled spots light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, fine fabric, reddish-brown (19) slip ext, int. neck med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, incised cross on top of handle

Plate 34

69

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

70

Plate 35. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

35:01 35:02 35:03 35:04 35:05 35:06 35:07 35:08

81.6088 81.6087 81.6193 81.6192 81.6082 81.6083 81.6090 81.6086

154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154

35:09

81.6196

35:10

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

22 23 23 22 23 23 40 40

L L L L L L L W

154 Large necked jar

36

W

81.6161

154 Medium shallow bowl

40

B

35:11

81.6084

154 Medium-large platter bowl

21

B

35:12

81.6085

154 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

35:13

81.6190

154 Medium shallow bowl

78

B

35:14 35:15 35:16

81.5666 81.6160 81.6089

154 Medium-large shallow bowl 154 Medium shallow bowl 154 Medium, deep bowl

23 23 83

B B B

35:17 35:18 35:19 35:20 35:21

81.6189 81.6198 81.6191 81.6159 81.6080

154 154 154 154 154

Jar Jar Jar Jar Jar

22 23 83 23 35

W L W W W

35:22 35:23 35:24 35:25

81.6199 81.5665 81.6197 81.6081

154 154 154 154

Base Base Jar base Bowl base

23 21 83 21

B B W B

35:26

81.5669

154 Bowl base

21

B

35:27

81.6188

154 Bowl base

21

B

35:28 35:29

81.5667 81.6157

154 Ledge handle, pushed up 158 Very large shallow bowl

40 22

W B

35:30 35:31 35:32

81.6168 81.6166 81.6167

158 Pitcher 158 Jar base 158 Jar base

40 40 22

N W W

35:33 35:34 35:35 35:36

81.6169 81.6153 81.6152 #3365

158 161 161 161

83 24 22

W L L

35:37 35:38

81.6149 81.6150

161 Jar base 161 Jar base

22 22

W W

35:39 35:40

81.6148 81.6146

161 Jar base 161 Bowl base

22 21

W W

35:41 35:42

81.6155 81.6145

161 Ledge handle, pushed up 161 Body sherd

22 22

L N

35:43 35:44 35:45 35:46 35:47 35:48 35:49

81.6154 81.6156 81.6074 81.6072 81.6069 81.6076 81.6077

161 161 162 162 162 162 162

40 40 40 40 22 40 35

L W L L W L W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, random burnish, ext., pinkishgray (71) int. surf. med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (21) ext. surface, black patching med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40 slip ext., light reddishbrown (83) slip int., random burnish, int., ext. orange burnished ware, thick core, light red (40) slip, random burnish, ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, red (20) slip, random burnish, int. ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int. ext., random burnish ext. friable fabric gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-brown (19), complete burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core friable fabric, thin core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric very pale brown (29) ext. surf. common ware, friable fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. surface, coils evident med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip, random burnish, ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red (40) slip, random burnish int., red (20) slip, random burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip, random burnish, int., ext orange burnished ware. med. coarse fabric. light red (40) slip, random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, traces of slip, ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., yellowish-red (39)random burnish ext. fine ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red slip, continuous burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip-paint, vertical stripes, on reddishyellow (21) surface ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, pink (36) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, think core, pink (36) ext. surface, base join evident med. coarse fabric, pinkish-white (35) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) continuous burnish,int. ext. med. coarse fabric fine ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip-paint, net pattern, on reddishyellow (38) surface ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int, ext., pink (36) stripe int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large necked jar

base base base base base

Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Pithos Small, wide neck jar

Knob ledge Ledge handle, pushed up Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-small bowl Large necked jar Large necked jar

Plate 35

71

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

72 ‘

Plate 36.

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

36:01 36:02

81.6073 81.6075

162 Large holemouth jar 162 Medium-large, shallow bowl

Basic Form

42 21

L B

36:03

81.6067

162 Medium platter bowl

21

B

36:04

81.6058

162 Medium-large platter bowl

21

B

36:05

81.6065

162 Medium-large platter bowl

21

B

36:06

81.6071

162 Medium-large shallow bowl

42

B

36:07

81.6066

162 Medium platter bowl

21

B

36:08 36:09 36:10

81.6070 81.6063 81.6059

162 Medium holemouth jar 162 Jar base 162 Jar base

42 40 40

L W L

36:11

81.6062

162 Jar base

40

N

36:12

81.6060

162 Bowl base

21

B

36:13 36:14 36:15 36:16 36:17 36:18 36:19 36:20 36:21 36:22 36:23 36:24 36:25 36:26 36:27 36:28 36:29

81.6068 81.6079 81.6078 81.5350 81.5349 81.6174 81.5358 81.5359 81.6181 81.5807 81.6184 81.6238 81.6254 81.6245 81.6247 81.6127 81.6130

162 162 162 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

40 21 83 40 40 37 24 09 22 14 22 40 37 22 82 83 83

N W W L L W L L L L L L L W N W W

36:30

81.6244

150 Large necked jar

40

W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (20) continuous burnish int., yellowish-red (39) continuous burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) continuous burnish, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) continuous burnish ext., random int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) continuous burnish int., random ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) continuous burnish int., very dark gray (14), continuous burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) continuous burnish ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface ext., reddishbrown (75) int. fine ware, fine fabric, light red continuous burnish ext., string cut base, flaky texture orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) continuous burnish ext. orange chalky ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, blackened areas ext. surf. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core gray ware, med. coarse fabric, pinkishs-gray (71) surfaces fine ware, fine fabric, thick core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, heavy plaster coating on neck, not drawn med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. surface, finishing marks on rim

36:31 36:32 36:33 36:34 36:35 36:36 36:37

#3119 81.6176 81.5361 81.6182 81.6251 81.6135 81.6235

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Pitcher Pithos Large necked jar Large necked jar Pitcher Large holemouth bowl Medium-large shallow bowl

22 40 36 40 83 21

W W W L W B

36:38

81.6255

150 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

Loop handle base Ledge handle, pushed up Ledge handle, pushed up Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small, wide neck jar Medium-small jug Large necked jar Large necked jar

light cream ware, fine fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric light cream ware, fine fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, gray patches ext. rim light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (21) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) continuous burnish int., ext.

Plate 36

73

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

74

Plate 37.

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

37:01 37:02

81.6249 81.6122

150 Medium-large shallow bowl 150 Very large shallow bowl

Basic Form

16 21

B B

37:03

81.6236

150 Medium-large shallow bowl

22

B

37:04

81.6137

150 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

37:05

81.5348

150 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

37:06

81.6175

150 Medium-large shallow bowl

B

37:07

81.6230

150 Very large shallow bowl

21

B

37:08 37:09 37:10 37:11

81.6237 81.6234 81.6125 81.6178

150 150 150 150

Medium-large shallow bowl Medium shallow bowl Small holemouth jar Medium, deep bowl

83 40 36 22

W L L B

37:12 37:13

81.6138 81.6123

150 Large, deep bowl 150 Medium-small shallow bowl

35 22

W B

37:14 37:15 37:16 37:17 37:18 37:19 37:20 37:21 37:22 37:23 37:24 37:25 37:26 37:27 37:28 37:29 37:30 37:31 37:32

81.6180 81.6233 81.6119 81.5813 81.6170 81.5811 81.6231 81.5812 81.6118 81.5334 81.6239 81.5362 81.6133 81.6120 81.6121 81.6232 81.5351 81.6134 81.5335

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Small shallow bowl Small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

22 40 22 24 39 40 40 66 40 22 22 40 38 40 36 40 83 93 24

W W W L W B W W W L L B W L L L W 0 L

37:33 37:34 37:35 37:36 37:37 37:38 37:39

81.6183 81.6240 81.6242 81.5363 81.6171 81.6246 81.6243

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Jar base Base Base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

83 22 21 40 11 83 21

L L W N B W B

37:40

81.5352

150 Bowl base

21

B

med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-gray (11) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext., hole below rim drilled from both sides orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnish int., light red (40) random burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, coantinuous burnish ext., random burnish int. orange burnished ware, fine fabric, reddish yellow (21) random burnished surfaces orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., dark red (18) continuous burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnished surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish yellow burnished surfaces, dark gray spots int. surface and rim fine ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. burn marks on lip med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, continuous burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (71) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, pink (36) ext. surface, string cut base med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (75) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core, VERY PALE BROWN (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (22) ext. surface cook pot ware, coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core gray ware, med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (71) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-brown (75) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces fine ware, fine fabric, light red (40) int., ext. srufaces med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray int., ext. surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) int., random burnish, brown random burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, complete burnish, int., ext.

37:41 37:42

#3103 81.6096

150 Loom weight 150 Pedestal base(?)

36

W

37:43 37:44 37:45 37:46

81.5364 81.6131 81.6132 81.5356

150 150 150 150

pushed up pushed up pushed up thumb

40 40 40 83

W W L W

37:47 37:48

81.6095 81.6252

pushed up pushed up

22 40

W W

Ledge handle, Ledge handle, Ledge handle, Ledge handle, impressed 150 Ledge handle, 150 Ledge handle,

med. coarse fabric, pierced hole, very pale brown (29) surfaces, top area mostly broken but small smooth area has slip traces med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) surface med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface med. coarse fabric, light red (40) surface with streaks of very pale brown (29)

Plate 37

75

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

76

Plate 38. Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

38:01

81.6186 150

Amphoriskos

39

W

38:02 38:03 38:04

81.6253 150 81.6241 150 81.6172 150

Loop handle base Ledge handle, pushed up Body sherd

40 40 23

W L W

38:05

81.5680 121

Medium platter bowl

21

B

38:06

81.5682 121

Deep cup bowl

36

B

38:07 38:08 38:09 38:10

81.5681 81.6265 81.6266 81.6263

Loop handle fragment Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium, shallow bowl

35 40 23 21

W L L B

38:11 38:12

81.5248 136 81.5804 136

Medium-large shallow bowl Medium platter bowl

35 21

W B

38:13 38:14

81.6264 136 81.5803 136

Jar base Base

23 83

L W

38:15

81.5802 136

Jar base

21

W

38:16

81.5805 136

Strap handle

40

W

38:17

81.5806 136

Loop handle base

40

W

38:18

81.6262 138

Amphoriskos

22

W

38:19

81.6261 138

Loop handle

22

W

38:20 38:21 38:22 38:23

81.6210 81.6208 81.6205 81.6203

143 143 143 143

Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth bowl

40 40 66 22

L L N W

38:24

#3366

143

Medium large jug

24

W

38:25

81.5338 143

Small narrow neck jug

83

N

38:26

81.6206 143

36

W

38:27

#3017

143

Medium-small narrow neck jug Small juglet

fine ware, fine fabric, pink (36) ext. surface, light red (40) net slippaint med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surface fine ware, fine fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface, reddish-gray (11) burnish strokes orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, random burnished int., ext. orange burnished ware, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface friable fabric, thin core cook pot ware, friable fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext., burnish, undetermined pattern int. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) continuous burnish, ext., worn int. friable fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29), int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core, yellowish-red (39) vertical burnish ext., string cut base med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) ext. surface, reddish-brown (19) vertical burnish strokes med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surface, light red (40) burnish orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, random burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface fine ware, fine fabric, flaky texture, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, random burnish, ext., splotches of red (20) slip-paint int. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) ext. surface, reddish-brown (19) vertical burnish strokes, black patches fine ware, fine fabric, pink (36) surface, red (42) slip, random burnish ext., joined neck med. coarse fabric, thick core

36

W

38:28 38:29 38:30 38:31

81.5336 81.6204 81.6213 81.6207

143 143 143 143

Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Large necked jar Medium-large shallow bowl

40 40 83 24

W B W B

38:32

81.6212 143

Medium-large shallow bowl

40

B

38:33 38:34 38:35 38:36

81.5771 81.6202 81.5355 81.5770

Jar Jar Jar Jar

24 22 83 38

W W L W

121 136 136 136

143 143 143 143

Basic Form

base base base base

fine ware, fine fabric, reddish-yellow peeling slip ext., vertical burnish med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surface, light brown (37) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, light brown random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, questionable traces of slip andburnish

Plate 38

77

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

78

Plate 39. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

39:01 #3369 39:02 #3102

143 Jewelry object 143 Base

29

W

39:03 39:04 39:05 39:06 39:07 39:08

149 149 149 149 149 149

40 40 40 83 35 40

L L L W W N

med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, thin broken edge, bottom of base is wet-smoothed cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces fine ware, fine fabric, red (20) slip burnished ext., traces of burnish int. orange burnished ware, dark red (18) slip, continuous burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, dark reddish-gray (12) burnish int., light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (38) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces with areas of very pale brown and gray patches med. coarse fabric, dark reddish-gray slip, random burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29) surface

81.5327 81.5329 81.5331 81.5280 81.5743 81.5343

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XVII.1

Basic Form

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large necked jar Large necked jar Small, wide necked jar

39:09 81.5817

149 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

39:10 81.5281

149 Medium-large shallow bowl

24

B

39:11 #3346

149 Medium holemouth bowl

22

B

39:12 #3344 39:13 81.5330 39:14 81.5324

149 Medium-small shallow bowl 149 Jar base 149 Base

36 40 40

W L W

39:15 81.5342 39:16 81.5340 39:17 81.5744

149 Jar base 149 Ledge handle, pushed up 149 Ledge handle, pushed up

40 40 35

W W W

Plate 39

79

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2

80

Plate 40. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XIX.1 (1–23) 40:01 81.7724 106 Medium holemouth jar 40:02 81.7713 106 Medium holemouth jar 40:03 81.7709 106 Medium holemouth jar

Basic Form

40 23 23

L B L

40:04 40:05

81.7725 81.7705

106 Medium holemouth jar 106 Medium-large narrow neck jar

23 40

L W

40:06 40:07

81.7712 81.7726

106 Medium holemouth jar 106 Medium, deep bowl

23 83

L W

40:08

81.7727

106 Medium-small bowl

36

B

40:09 40:10 40:11 40:12 40:13 40:14

81.7721 81.7707 81.7708 81.7723 81.7722 81.7720

106 106 106 106 106 106

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Bowl base

23 23 23 40 40 22

L L L L L W

40:15 40:16 40:17 40:18

81.7783 81.7282 81.7285 81.7610

106 106 106 106

Loop handle fragment Column handle Ledge handle, pushed up Body sherd

23 35 40 22

W 2 L B

40:19 40:20 40:21 40:22

81.7728 81.7611 81.7729 81.7743

106 104 106 101

Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Jar base

83 66 22 40

W W U W

40:23

81.7744

101 Base

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, coils evident cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, tool marks int. surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface, turning marks cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, ext. and band on int. rim, continuous burnish med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow random burnish int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core friable fabric, thick core common ware, thick core, reddish-yellow (22) surface, gray areas fine ware, fine fabric, red (96) slip ext., high polish, very pale brown (29) int. surf. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yello (22) surface med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow slip, net pattern high burnish ext., pink (36) int. med. coarse fabric, thin core, red slip paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core, red slip paint ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip paint, ladder pattern ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) slip ext. friable fabric, thick core, pink (36) ext, gray int.

83

U

Field XIX.2 (24–34) 40:24 81.7341 105 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

40:25

81.7340

105 Jar base

83

W

40:26

81.7333

106 Large necked jar

21

L

40:27 40:28

81.7326 81.7330

106 Base 106 Body sherd

83 22

W W

40:29

81.7331

106 Body sherd

83

W

40:30

81.7332

106 Body sherd

83

W

40:31 40:32 40:33 40:34

81.7329 #3350 #3046 81.6757

106 106 106 097

83

W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, yellowish-red (39) slip int., ext, continuous burnish common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, incised line on ext. surface near base orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish yellow slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip paint ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface with weak red (43) slip-paint ext med. coarse fabric, very pale brown surface (29) with red (42) slippaint ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface with red (42) slippaint ext. med. coarse fabric

23

L

med. coarse fabric, thin core

Ledge handle, pushed up Medium, deep bowl Object Medium holemouth bowl

Plate 40

81

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1

82

Plate 41. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XIX.1 (1– 42) 41:1 81.6766 100 41:2 81.7425 100 41:3 81.6765 100 41:4 81.7514 100 41:5 81.7529 100 41:6 81.7525 100 41:7 81.7521 100 41:8 81.7501 100

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1

Basic Form Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos Large necked jar

FC

T

Descriptions

23 42 23 40 40 23 36 22

L L L W W L W W

cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown surfaces fine ware, fine fabric, traces of pink (36) slip ext.- similar to Numeira ware orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, pink (36) slip ext., burn marks int. rim common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light reddish-brown (83) continuous burnish int., ext., black patch ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) continuous burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) slip ext., continuous burnish int., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext., peeling, random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext., random burnished orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) random burnished int., light reddish-brown (83) random burnished ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnished med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext., continuous burnish med. coarse fabric, band of red (42) slip-paint int. rim, rest of interior of bowl burnished, redish-yellow ext. surface med. coarse fabric, pint (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) random burnished slip ext., brown (24) slip int. common ware, friable fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) surfaces light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, thick core common ware, thick core, very pale brown (29) ext., pink (36) int., black patch ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, red (40) random burnished slip ext. common ware, thick core

41:9 41:10 41:11

81.7423 81.7515 81.7522

100 Large necked jar 100 Large necked jar 100 Pithos

21 35 40

B W N

41:12 41:13

81.7518 81.7519

100 Large necked jar 100 Medium-large necked jar

22 40

N L

41:14 41:15

81.7520 81.6764

100 Medium-large necked jar 100 Large necked jar

40 83

L W

41:16 41:17 41:18

81.7421 81.7427 81.7419

100 Medium-large necked jar 100 Medium holemouth jar 100 Medium-large shallow bowl

40 40 21

L L B

41:19

81.7418

100 Medium-large shallow bowl

21

B

41:20

81.6759

100 Medium-large platter bowl

21

B

41:21

81.7516

100 Very large shallow bowl

83

W

41:22

81.7424

100 Medium-large platter bowl

22

B

41:23

81.7426

100 Medium platter bowl

21

B

41:24

81.6758

100 Medium platter bowl

21

B

41:25 41:26

81.7517 81.7509

100 Medium platter bowl 100 Medium, deep bowl

21 23

N U

41:27 41:28 41:29

81.7526 81.7528 81.7527

100 Medium-small cup bowl 100 Medium, deep bowl 100 Medium-small shallow bowl

22 40 22

W W N

41:30

81.7507

100 Jar base

40

W

41:31 41:32 41:33 41:34 41:35

81.7411 81.6761 81.7413 81.7414 81.7412

100 100 104 100 100

40 23 40 23 22

W L L L W

41:36 41:37 41:38

81.7415 81.6760 81.6762

100 Jar base 100 Jar base 100 Bowl base

40 23 83

L L W

41:39

81.7429

40

W

41:40 41:41 41:42

81.7502 81.7500 81.6763

100 Ledge handle, thumb impressed 100 Ledge handle, pushed up 100 Ledge handle, pushed up 100 Small knob-ledge

40 22 23

L W B

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base

med. coarse fabric, thin core light cream ware, pink (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-brown (78) slip, int., ext, random burnish ext., continuous burnish int.

Plate 41

83

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2

84

Plate 42. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XIX.1 (1–26) 42:01 79.6063 041 Medium holemouth jar 42:02 79.6067 041 Amphoriskos 42:03 79.6593 041 Medium-large shallow bowl

Basic Form

23 22 21

L L B

42:04

79.6594

041 Very large platter bowl

21

B

42:05 42:06 42:07 42:08 42:09 42:10

79.6066 79.6065 79.6069 79.6068 81.7512 81.7428

041 041 041 041 100 100

Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle fragment Body sherd Body sherd

40 22 37 37 83 22

W L W W W W

42:11 42:12 42:13 42:14 42:15

79.6596 81.7513 81.7508 81.7523 81.7422

041 100 100 100 100

Loop handle Body sherd Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar

40 36 35 23 23

L W W L L

42:16 42:17 42:18 42:19 42:20 42:21 42:22

81.7417 81.7524 81.6838 81.6845 81.6844 81.6843 81.6842

100 100 041 041 041 041 041

Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Knob-ledge Body sherd Body sherd Pithos

23 40 23 22 22 83 21

L L L W N W L

42:23 42:24

81.6839 81.6840

041 Jar base 041 Base

23 35

L W

42:25 42:26

81.6841 81.7381

041 Base 041 Loop handle fragment

40 21

L B

med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip-paint ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (38) burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces, red (42) slip-paint med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, incised line med. coarse fabric, seal impression med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric, raised slashed band light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, deep cut evenly cut line common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-yellow (38) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, pink (36) surfaces light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish

40

U

22

W

Field XIX.2 (27–28) 42:27 81.7717 100 Medium shallow, carinated bowl 42:28 81.7718 100 Base

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin core

Plate 42

85

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1

86

Plate 43. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XIX.1 (1–51) 43:01 81.7740 010 43:02 81.7742 010 43:03 81.7741 010 43:04 81.7539 104 43:05 81.7682 104 43:06 81.7693 104 43:07 81.7236 104 43:08 71.7552 104 43:09 81.7691 104 43:10 81.7540 104 43:11 81.7739 104 43:12 81.7555 104 43:13 81.7553 104 43:14 81.7554 104 43:15 81.7731 104

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1

Basic Form Pithos Medium-large necked jar Medium, deep bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar

FC

T

Descriptions

83 40 22 40 23 23 23 40 40 40 40 83 23 22 22

W L W L L L L L L L L W W W U

light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light cream ware, friable fabric orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, turning lines int. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pinkish-white (35) slip ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (84) slip ext., random burnish, two pieces, repaired med. coarse fabric, thick core, light brownish-gray (10) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29 surf, dark red (18) slip, continuous burnish orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (96) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. random burnish orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (94) slip, int., ext, continuous burnish med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick core, pink (36) ext. surface orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, ext., random burnish med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (20) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext., dark reddish-gray int. orange chalky ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., random burnish orange chalky ware, fine fabric, red (42) slip int., ext.

43:16 43:17

81.7750 81.7235

104 Large necked jar 104 Medium-large platter bowl

40 30

B W

43:18

81.7546

104 Medium shallow bowl

22

B

43:19 43:20

81.7547 81.7690

104 Medium shallow bowl 104 Medium shallow bowl

22 22

W U

43:21

81.7545

104 Medium shallow bowl

21

B

43:22 43:23 43:24 43:25

81.7675 81.7689 81.7551 81.7688

104 104 104 104

Small holemouth bowl Medium, deep bowl Large holemouth jar Medium-small deep cup bowl

23 21 40 21

L B L W

43:26 43:27

81.7548 81.7549

104 Medium-small deep cup bowl 104 Medium-small deep cup bowl

22 22

U U

43:28 43:29

81.7733 81.7233

104 Medium, deep bowl 104 Medium-small bowl

22 22

U W

43:30 43:31 43:32 43:33 43:34 43:35 43:36 43:37 43:38 43:39 43:40 43:41 43:42 43:43 43:44

81.7229 81.7544 81.7231 81.7684 81.7681 81.7530 81.7531 81.7234 81.7730 81.7686 81.7536 81.7678 81.7673 81.7535 81.7534

104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104

22 83 22 40 40 83 40 23 23 83 23 83 83 23 40

N W N W L W L L L W L B W L W

43:45 43:46 43:47

81.7685 81.7532 81.7674

104 Base 104 Base 104 Bowl base

40 83 22

W W B

43:48 43:49 43:50 43:51

81.7228 81.7687 81.7232 81.7542

104 104 104 104

29 23 23 22

U W W N

Small bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base

Amphoriskos Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle fragment

orange chalky ware, fine fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core common ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core common ware, friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, weak red (43) slip ext., random burnish med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) slip ext. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) slip ext, random burnish orange chalky ware, fine fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., random burnish med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip

Plate 43

87

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2

88

Plate 44. Pl. #

Reg. #

Field XIX.1 (1–10) 44:01 81.7541 44:02 81.7543 44:03 81.7683 44:04 81.7694 44:05 81.7692

Loc

Stratum III Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2

Basic Form

FC

T

104 104 104 104 104

Ledge handle, pushed up Medium-small deep cup bowl Duck bill ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd

35 40 22 83 23

W L W W W

44:06

81.7240

104

Body sherd

83

W

44:07

81.7238

104

Body sherd

35

L

44:08

81.7239

104

Body sherd

22

L

44:09

81.7676

104

Body sherd

40

W

44:10

81.7537

104

Body sherd

40

L

Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos

23 40 66 40 23

L L W L W

Field XIX.2 (11– 41) 44:11 81.7496 090 44:12 81.7471 090 44:13 81.7494 090 44:14 81.7474 090 44:15 81.7606 090 44:16

81.7476

090

Medium-large shallow bowl

83

W

44:17 44:18

81.7495 81.7472

090 090

Large holemouth bowl Medium shallow bowl

35 21

W B

44:19

81.7475

090

Small bowl

21

W

44:20

81.7470

090

Small bowl

66

W

44:21 44:22

81.7468 81.7700

090 090

Jar base Jar base

23 83

2 W

44:23 44:24 44:25 44:26

81.7465 81.7492 81.7466 81.7493

090 090 090 090

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base

23 40 40 66

L L B W

44:27 44:28 44:29 44:30 44:31 44:32 44:33 44:34 44:35 44:36 44:37

81.7701 81.7482 81.7605 81.7497 81.7480 81.7481 81.7603 81.7604 81.7479 81.7601 81.7499

090 090 090 090 090 090 090 090 090 090 090

Base Ear-lug handle Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle Knob-ledge Small knob Loop handle base Column hanlde Body sherd Body sherd

40 22 22 22 21 83 21 40 83 66 40

W N W N W W B L W B W

44:38 44:39 44:40

81.7499 81.7600 81.7602

090 090 090

Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

40 21 83

W W W

44:41

81.7477

090

Body sherd

21

B

Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin core, reddish-gray (11) surface ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, short indented, applique strip med. coarse fabric, thick core, pink (35) slip ext., reddish brown slip paint med. coarse fabric, thick core, light red (40) slip ext., red slip-paint med. coarse fabric, thick core, wash ext, similar to “grain” wash med. coarse fabric, thick core, wash ext. similar to “grain” wash med. coarse fabric, reddish yellow (22) surface, red 20 slippaint, ladder design med. coarse fabric, thick core, wash, appearance of “grain” wash med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, covered with thick coat of plaster med. coarse fabric, thin core, light red (40) slip ext., random burnish med. coarse fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-brown (76) slip ext., continuous burnish light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin core, red (42) vertical strip slip-paint int. med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core, traces of reddish brown (19) slip ext. friable fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thin core med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin core, pink (89) slip ext., red slip paint ext. med. coarse fabric, thick core fine ware, fine fabric, light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric, red (96) slip burnished med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip med. coarse fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick core, light reddish-brown slip paint med. coarse fabric, thick core, reddish-yellow (38) slip ext., light reddish-brown (82) slip-paint as 44:37 med. coarse fabric, thick core, red (42) slip-paint med. coarse fabric, thin core, very pale brown (29) ext. red (42) slip-paint light cream ware, very pale brown surface, red (42) slip ext., continuous burnish

Plate 44

89

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.1, 2

90

Plate 45. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large platter Deep basin Medium-small bowl, Ledge handle

22 22 21 22 22 22

L L B L W W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown straight sides (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29), gray patches

Field XI.2 (7– 48) 45:07 75.0152 007 45:08 75.0132 007 45:09 75.0133 007

Med. small bowl Base Body sherd

22 22 35

B L W

45:10 45:11 45:12 45:13

75.0136 75.0137 75.0151 75.0138

Large, flat base bowl Bowl base Jar base Loop handle

23 21 22 21

B B W L

45:14

75.0141 022

Medium-large, flat base bowl

83

W

45:15 45:16 45:17 45:18 45:19 45:20 45:21 45:22 45:23 45:24 45:25 45:26 45:27 45:28 45:29 45:30 45:31 45:32 45:33 45:34 45:35 45:36 45:37 45:38 45:39 45:40 45:41 45:42 45:43

75.0143 75.0150 75.0146 75.0147 75.0148 75.0149 77.3803 77.3804 77.3229 77.3143 77.3119 77.4751 77.4792 77.4799 77.4761 77.4742 79.5332 77.3226 77.3127 77.3128 77.3126 77.3233 77.3154 77.3146 77.3147 77.3122 77.3121 77.3225 77.3149

022 024 024 024 024 024 026 026 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Large, tall neck jar Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Body sherd Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar Small necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Small necked jar Medium-large jar Medium-large jar Medium-large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium-large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 40 22 22 83 83 40 24 22 40 40 06 22 40 40 83 35 21 22 21 22 83 90 21 22 22 23 22 40

L L L W W L U W L L W L L W W W L W L W W W B B W B B B

45:44 45:45 45:46 45:47 45:48

77.3223 77.3139 77.3137 77.3136 77.3151

029 029 029 029 029

Medium flat base bowl Medium-large platter Medium platter Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

21 22 21 21 83

B W B B W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29), fine edged applique band, incised line at top orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext.,int. reddish brown (19) light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, random burnish ext., very pale brown (29), black patches light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, bunrish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, slip traces med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (93) burnished slip int., reddishyellow ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext.

Field XI.1 (1–6) 45:01 75.0107 45:02 75.0108 45:03 75.0109 45:04 75.0110 45:05 75.0113 45:06 75.0111

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.1, 2

004 004 004 008 008 012

021 021 021 021

Basic Form

Plate 45

91

spread one pica long

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2

92

Plate 46. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

46:01 46:02 46:03 46:04 46:05 46:06 46:07 46:08 46:09 46:10 46:11 46:12 46:13 46:14 46:15 46:16 46:17 46:18 46:19 46:20 46:21 46:22 46:23 46:24 46:25 46:26 46:27 46:28 46:29 46:30 46:31 46:32 46:33 46:34 46:35 46:36 46:37 46:38 46:39

77.3155 77.3232 77.3230 77.3227 77.3118 77.4746 77.4801 77.3124 77.3138 77.3130 77.3231 79.5331 77.3145 77.3116 77.3120 77.3234 77.3152 77.3153 77.3150 77.3141 77.3140 77.3142 77.3117 77.3132 77.3235 77.3115 77.3131 77.3236 79.5330 81.1265 77.3123 77.3134 77.4805 77.4754 77.4802 77.3224 77.3156 77.3237 77.4747

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 032 032 032

46:40 46:41 46:42

77.3157 77.3159 77.3158

032 Large, deep bowl 032 Bowl base 032 Body sherd

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2

Basic Form Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-small bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium, deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Large, deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Lamp, round base Jar base Base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Base Base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Body sherd Spout Medium holemouth jar Medium-large platter Medium platter

FC

T

Descriptions

90 83 83 22 21 21 83 40 83 35 73 21 21 30 22 35 40 83 83 21 40 40 40 22 21 06 22 83 21 22 22 21 21 22 22 22 22 40

W W W W B B W W W W W B B W W W L L W W L L L L B W W W W L W W W W W U L B W

21 23 22

W W L

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric burn marks on rim med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) incised mark med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, red (40) stripe, ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light brown (37) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric

Plate 46

93

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2

94

Plate 47. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

47:01 47:02 47:03 47:04 47:05 47:06 47:07 47:08 47:09 47:10 47:11

77.3163 77.3160 77.3162 77.4757 77.3166 77.3164 77.3165 77.3167 77.3168 79.5307 79.5310

034 034 034 034 035 035 035 035 035 043 043

47:12 47:13

79.5308 79.5305

47:14

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

23 23 83 06 83 21 21 23 23 23 40

L B W L W B B L L L L

043 Medium, deep bowl 043 Medium-small shallow bowl

83 22

W B

79.5306

043 Medium platter

40

B

47:15 47:16 47:17 47:18 47:19 47:20 47:21 47:22 47:23 47:24 47:25 47:26 47:27 47:28 47:29

79.5309 77.3238 77.3183 77.4777 77.3184 79.5404 79.5148 79.5146 79.5145 79.5407 79.5405 79.5408 79.5147 81.1538 79.5144

043 043 044 044 044 045 045 045 045 045 045 045 045 045 045

Bowl base Jar base Large, necked jar Small bowl Base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small jug Pithos, necked jar Large, short neck jar Medium-large jar Small juglet Shallow bowl,

21 06 40 22 82 40 23 22 22 40 22 40 40 40 21

B W W N L L L L L N L W W W B

47:30 47:31 47:32 47:33 47:34 47:35 47:36

79.5401 79.5149 81.1535 81.1534 81.1536 81.1533 81.1537

045 045 045 045 045 045 045

Large, flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base

21 21 21 21

B B B B L B B

47:37 47:38 47:39 47:40 47:41 47:42 47:43 47:44

79.5150 79.5151 79.5152 79.5406 79.5403 77.3239 79.5402 #1673

045 045 045 045 045 045 045 045

Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Base Bowl base Body sherd Funnel (?)

40 22 40 23 23 21 23 36

L W L L W B W L

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, black patches orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light reddish-brown (23) random burnish ext., complete int. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext., burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, light red (40) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware and fabric, light red burnished slip ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red carinated (40) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light brownish-gray complete burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark reddish-gray (12) int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, surface reddish-yellow (38), black burnt ring, 2 cm. thick, around 2/3rd of inner surface of neck

Jar base Bowl base Base Body sherd Pithos, necked jar Medium-large deep bowl Lamp, flattened base Jar base Jar base Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar

Plate 47

95

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2, 3, 4

96

Plate 48. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.2, 3, 4

Basic Form

Field XI.2 (1–3) 48:01 79.5335 056 Medium holemouth jar 48:02 79.5336 056 Medium holemouth jar 48:03 79.5333 056 Base Field XI.3 (4–21) 48:04 77.3201 002 48:05 77.3066 002 48:06 77.3067 002 48:07 77.3199 002 48:08 77.3200 002 48:09 77.3197 002 48:10 77.3198 002 48:11 79.5339 003 48:12 79.5338 003 48:13 79.5337 003 48:14 77.3068 003 48:15 77.3069 003 48:16 77.3095 007 48:17 77.3217 008 48:18 77.3105 008 48:19 77.3218 008 48:20 77.3102 008 48:21 77.4771 008

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large deep bowl 40 Medium-large platter Large platter Small, shallow bowl Small, shallow bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium-large, deep bowl Medium-large jar, short neck Ledge handle Body sherd Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Lamp Lamp

Field XI.4 (22–33) 48:22 77.3064 002 Small holemouth jar 48:23 77.3062 002 Medium-large platter

FC

T

23 40 23

L L L

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric

23 40 22 22 83 83 23 21 83 40 83 23 40 40 22 40 40

L L L W W W W L B W W W B L L U U L

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, combing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric

23 24

L W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, friable fabric, thick core, dark reddish-brown burnish, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) to pale yellow (30), int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric orange burnished ware., med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (42) burnished slip int., ext.

48:24 48:25 48:26 48:27 48:28

77.3065 77.4768 77.4769 77.4794 81.1590

002 002 002 005 005

Large platter Medium flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Large holemouth bowl Large necked jar

22 11 83 22

U B W L W

48:29 48:30 48:31 48:32 48:33

77.3206 77.3207 77.3082 81.1311 79.5350

005 005 005 011 011

Large necked jar Jar base Loop handle Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large, flat base bowl

40 09 22 22 21

W W U B W

Descriptions

Plate 48

97

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.5, 6

98

Plate 49. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.5, 6

Basic Form

FC

T

83

W

med. coarse fabric

35 35 35 19 21 11 40 22 40 83 40 39 83 83 83 29

W W L B B B W L W W U L L U W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine ware and fabric light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reed impressed marks

Medium flat base bowl

35

W

22 83 83 40 20 22 40 22 11 40 06 40 22

B W W W L U B L B B W L B W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) random burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29), punctate marks, ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, incised design med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Field XI.5 (1–18) 49:01 77.3085 006 49:02 77.3091 006 49:03 77.3087 006 49:04 77.3089 006 49:05 77.3090 006 49:06 77.3084 006 49:07 77.3086 006 49:08 79.5170 006 49:09 79.5155 006 49:10 77.3088 006 49:11 77.3210 006 49:12 77.3208 006 49:13 77.3209 006 49:14 #1788 006 49:15 77.4750 010 49:16 77.3103 010 49:17 77.4785 010 49:18 77.3104 010

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large necked jar Pithos, necked jar Medium-large necked jar Large platter Medium flat base bowl Small bowl Medium flat base bowl Base Base Base Body sherd Base Medium holemouth jar Pithos, necked jar Base Body sherd

Field XI.6 (19– 43) 49:19 79.5624 002 49:20 49:21 49:22 49:23 49:24 49:25 49:26 49:27 49:28 49:29 49:30 49:31 49:32 49:33

79.5135 79.5639 79.5635 79.5626 79.5637 79.5625 79.5640 79.4699 79.5225 79.5224 79.5186 79.5198 79.5201 81.1541

002 002 002 002 002 002 002 009 009 009 009 009 009 009

Medium-large platter Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Jar base Medium holemouth jar Base Bowl base Base Jar base Base Base

49:34 49:35 49:36 49:37 49:38 49:39 49:40 49:41 49:42 49:43

81.1544 79.5176 79.5174 79.5177 79.5175 79.5180 79.5181 79.5179 79.5178 79.5183

009 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010

Body sherd Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small bowl Base Jar base Base Base Spout

22 40 22 22 83 40 22 83 83

W W W W L W B W W W

Descriptions

Plate 49

99

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.6

100

Plate 50.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.6

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

50:01 50:02 50:03 50:04 50:05 50:06 50:07 50:08 50:09 50:10 50:11 50:12 50:13 50:14 50:15 50:16 50:17 50:18 50:19 50:20 50:21 50:22 50:23 50:24 50:25 50:26 50:27 50:28 50:29 50:30 50:31 50:32 50:33

79.5121 79.5114 79.5312 79.5381 79.5123 79.5379 79.5367 79.5101 79.5118 79.5382 79.4688 79.4683 79.3766 79.5371 79.5104 79.5353 79.5110 79.5116 79.5117 79.5204 79.5383 79.5390 79.4675 79.4677 79.4676 79.5354 79.5205 79.5111 79.5115 79.5103 79.5102 79.5119 79.5120

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Large, tall neck jar Large, tall neck jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Large jar, short neck Pithos, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Deep cup, closed Medium-large deep bowl Medium large deep bowl Medium, deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Deep cup, closed Large platter

23 83 40 23 40 23 40 24 22 35 23 11 37 40 40 23 22 22 40 83 23 83 35 35 35 40 39 21 22 22 21 21 83

L W L L L L L L L W L L L L W L W W W L L W W W W B L W B W B B W

50:34 50:35 50:36 50:37 50:38 50:39 50:40 50:41 50:42 50:43

79.5122 79.5368 79.5384 79.5387 79.5385 79.5386 79.4684 79.4685 79.4689 79.4691

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter

83 21 21 21 21 21 21 06 35 06

W B B B B B B B W W

50:44 50:45 50:46

79.4686 79.5351 79.5300

012 Medium-small shallow bowl 012 Medium-large platter 012 Medium-small shallow bowl

22 21 21

B B B

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, punctate line on ext. rim med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb impressed band on ext. med. coarse fabric, red (40) slip ext. friable fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, slip traces light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) random burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 50

101

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.6

102

Plate 51. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

51:01 51:02 51:03 51:04 51:05 51:06 51:07 51:08 51:09 51:10 51:11 51:12 51:13 51:14 51:15 51:16 51:17 51:18 51:19 51:20 51:21 51:22 51:23 51:24 51:25 51:26 51:27 51:28 51:29 51:30 51:31 51:32 51:33 51:34 51:35

79.5372 79.5370 79.5377 79.5129 79.5399 79.5352 79.5131 79.5125 79.5375 79.5124 79.5376 79.5187 79.5109 79.5107 79.5106 79.5141 79.5132 79.5188 79.5126 79.5127 79.5130 79.5374 79.5373 79.5108 79.5378 79.5128 79.4687 79.4682 79.4679 79.4678 79.4690 79.4680 79.5113 79.5391 79.5389

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

51:36 79.5112 51:37 79.5134 51:38 79.5355

Basic Form Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd

012 Jar neck 012 Body sherd 012 Spout

Stratum II Pottery of Field XI.6 FC

T

40 41 35 22 70 35 40 40 40 40 22 83 12 40 22 22 21 83 66 35 22 22 22 40 21 22 22 83 21 21 21 40 22 83 22

W N W W W L L B W W W L B L W L L W L W L W W B B L L W B L B W W W U

22 22 21

W L B

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pink (90) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) line-group (?) paint ext. med. coarse fabric, crescent incisions on neck med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, incised line med. coarse fabric

Plate 51

103

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1

104

Plate 52.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

52:01 52:02 52:03 52:04 52:05 52:06 52:07 52:08 52:09 52:10 52:11 52:12 52:13 52:14 52:15 52:16 52:17 52:18 52:19 52:20 52:21 52:22 52:23 52:24 52:25 52:26 52:27 52:28 52:29 52:30 52:31 52:32 52:33 52:34 52:35 52:36 52:37 52:38 52:39 52:40 52:41 52:42 52:43 52:44 52:45 52:46 52:47 52:48 52:49 52:50 52:51 52:52 52:53 52:54 52:55

75.0706 75.0707 77.4982 77.4935 77.3321 77.3317 77.3309 77.3310 77.3311 77.3312 77.3487 77.3490 77.3314 77.3621 77.3683 77.3681 77.4905 77.3302 77.3313 77.3484 77.3318 77.3485 77.3305 77.3300 77.3306 77.3486 77.3488 77.3691 77.3687 77.3489 77.3682 77.3692 77.3685 77.3619 77.3620 77.3622 77.3623 77.3614 77.3491 77.3316 77.3328 77.3326 77.3325 77.3324 77.3322 77.3303 77.3494 77.3493 77.3315 77.3684 77.3323 77.3327 77.3307 77.3686 77.4966

004 004 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Large, deep bowl Ledge handle Pithos holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Large jar, tall neck Pithos, tall neck Large necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar Large platter Medium-large platter Medium-small shallow bowl, carinated Medium platter Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Large, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Deep cup, closed Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Medium-large jug Ledge handle Jar neck Body sherd

FC

22 83 83 22 21 37 83 22 40 37 40 22 83 83 22 21 83 35 21 83 21 83 83 22 23 21 21 83 83 22 83 83 22 40 40 22 83 23 24 83 40 83 21 22 83 83 40 83 21 21 22 40

T W L L L L L L L L L L W W U L W W W L W W B B B B B W B U W W W L W W W L W W L L L W W W L W W W W N B B L W

Descriptions light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric, slip-paint, dark red (18), ext. med. coarse fabric, brownish-gray (10) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric, red (97) burnished slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, incised marks neck med. coarse fabric, traces of red (40) slip-paint

Plate 52

105

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1

106

Plate 53. Basic Form

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

53:01 53:02 53:03 53:04 53:05 53:06 53:07 53:08 53:09 53:10 53:11 53:12 53:13 53:14 53:15 53:16 53:17 53:18 53:19 53:20 53:21 53:22 53:23 53:24 53:25 53:26 53:27 53:28 53:29 53:30 53:31 53:32 53:33 53:34 53:35 53:36 53:37 53:38 53:39 53:40 53:41 53:42

77.3362 77.3542 77.3521 77.3513 77.3503 77.3505 77.3338 77.3339 77.3495 77.3359 77.3356 77.3343 77.4937 77.4968 77.4943 77.4797 77.4744 77.4767 77.4752 77.3675 77.3530 77.3525 77.3618 77.4906 77.4749 77.4979 77.4780 77.4743 77.3529 77.3540 77.3539 77.3537 77.3341 77.3340 77.3372 77.3501 77.3361 77.3517 77.3531 77.3528 77.3515 77.3514

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth bowl Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large, tall neck jar Pithos, tall neck Pithos, necked Pithos, necked Large necked jar Large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Large jar, short neck Large necked jar Pithos necked jar Pithos necked jar Large jar, tall neck Medium, short neck pitcher Medium-large flat base bowl Shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium platter Medium platter Medium-large platter Medium flat base bowl

21 21 22 21 23 12 21 21 21 22 22 22 21 37 22 40 83 83 24 83 83 83 21 22 21 83 83 83 22 22 83 21 22 83 22 35 22 83 22 22 22 40

L W L L L L L L L L L L B L L L W L L L L W B W W W W W L W W W U W U W W W B B U W

53:43 53:44 53:45 53:46 53:47 53:48 53:49 53:50 53:51

77.3337 77.3500 77.3360 77.3520 77.3498 77.3504 77.3499 77.3518 77.3618

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015

Large platter Medium-large flat base bowl Shallow bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-large platter Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large platter

22 40 22 21 40 83 83 03 40

B B B B L W B W W

53:52 53:53 53:54 53:55 53:56 53:57 53:58 53:59 53:60 53:61 53:62

77.4788 77.4772 77.4920 77.3519 77.3516 77.3502 77.3512 77.3370 77.3673 77.3674 77.4910

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl Medium, shallow dish Medium-small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium platter Medium-small shallow bowl Base Jar base Jar base

83 22 22 21 40 22 83 40 83 21 22

B W L B W U U W W W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int. ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. fine fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (42) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric, thin gray core, reddish-brown (19) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, slip-paint, net design, weak red (18), ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 53

107

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1

108

Plate 54. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

54:01 54:02 54:03 54:04 54:05 54:06 54:07 54:08 54:09 54:10 54:11 54:12 54:13 54:14 54:15 54:16 54:17 54:18 54:19 54:20 54:21 54:22 54:23 54:24 54:25 54:26 54:27 54:28 54:29 54:30 54:31 54:32 54:33 54:34 54:35 54:36 54:37 54:38 54:39 54:40 54:41 54:42 54:43 54:44 54:45 54:46 54:47 54:48 54:49 54:50 54:51 54:52

77.4958 77.4970 77.4791 77.4977 77.4741 77.4915 77.4907 77.3616 77.3545 77.3524 77.3532 77.3511 77.3509 77.3506 77.3583 77.3496 77.3523 77.3375 77.3522 77.3533 77.3534 77.3510 77.3335 77.3508 77.3336 77.3334 77.3333 77.3374 77.3373 77.3371 77.3368 77.3350 77.3357 77.3363 77.3364 77.3365 77.3366 77.3367 77.3349 77.3348 77.3347 77.3346 77.3345 77.3344 77.3543 77.3544 77.3507 77.3536 77.3527 77.3358 77.3354 77.3355

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015

Basic Form Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Jar base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Base Base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1 FC

T

22 40 83 40 21 83 22 21 83 22 83 22 22 40

W W W W W W W W W W W W L L

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, pattern burnish, ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) patern burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Descriptions

22 21 40 22 35 40 40 22 40 22 22 21 83 83 22 22 83 83 22 40 83 22 35 21 22 22 23 22 22 21 00 21 16 22 83 22 83

L L L W L L L W L W L L L L W L W W W L W L W L W W L L W B W B B W W W W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thick core friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, burnish (?) ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 54

109

spread one pica long

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1, 2

110

Plate 55. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XIII.1 (1–12) 55:01 77.3676 015 55:02 77.4957 015 55:03 77.4911 015 55:04 77.4778 015 55:05 77.4929 015 55:06 77.4922 015 55:07 77.3497 015 55:08 77.3526 015 55:09 77.3351 015 55:10 77.3535 015 55:11 77.3353 015 55:12 77.3352 015 Field XIII.2 (13–51) 55:13 77.3613 029 55:14 77.3672 029 55:15 77.3631 029 55:16 77.3625 029 55:17 77.3636 029 55:18 77.3667 029 55:19 77.3666 029 55:20 77.3575 029 55:21 77.3572 029 55:22 77.3427 029 55:23 77.3426 029 55:24 77.3425 029 55:25 77.3423 029 55:26 77.3421 029 55:27 77.3452 029 55:28 77.3450 029 55:29 77.3445 029 55:30 77.3454 029 55:31 77.3444 029 55:32 77.3590 029 55:33 77.3589 029 55:34 77.3475 029 55:35 77.3473 029 55:36 77.3394 029 55:37 77.3390 029 55:38 77.3408 029 55:39 77.3417 029 55:40 77.3407 029 55:41 77.4983 029 55:42 77.4964 029 55:43 77.4914 029 55:44 77.4956 029 55:45 77.4938 029 55:46 77.4950 029 55:47 77.3660 029 55:48 77.3671 029 55:49 77.3664 029 55:50 77.3557 029 55:51 77.3559 029

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.1, 2

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle Body sherd Medium-large jug Spout Foot of bowl (?) Body sherd

40 22 21 21 40 83 83 22 83 22 22 21

W W W B W W W W L W W B

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, burnished ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar

22 40 40 23 23 23 23 83 83 83 21 21 83 21 37 22 12 24 22 21 83 23 40 23 40 40 83 40 83 83 23 22 35 23 83 22 21 22 21

W L L L L L L L W L L L W L L L L L W L L L L L L L L L W L L L L L W W B W L

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, coils evident cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

Plate 55

111

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2

112

Plate 56. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

56:01 56:02 56:03 56:04 56:05 56:06 56:07 56:08 56:09 56:10 56:11 56:12 56:13 56:14 56:15

77.3573 77.3448 77.3451 77.3658 77.3591 77.3469 77.3406 77.4917 77.4926 77.3652 77.3646 77.3661 77.3644 77.3639 77.3629

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2

Basic Form Pithos, tall neck Pithos, tall neck Medium-large necked jar Large jar, tall neck Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Pithos necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large platter Medium platter

FC

T

Descriptions

22 83 21 40 22 22 22 35 22 21 37 21 21 22 83

W W L W W W W W L L B B B B W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, red (97) burnished slip ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (97) burnished slip, int. ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow burnish ext., brown-gray burnish int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of red (42) burnish int., ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish int. ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) burnished slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric fine fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (97) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown (19) burnished slip ext., olive brown (34) int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish int. ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, slip traces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core friable fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

56:16 77.3640

029 Large platter

83

W

56:17 56:18 56:19 56:20 56:21 56:22 56:23 56:24

77.4916 77.4936 77.3585 77.3387 77.3558 77.3404 77.3403 77.3584

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base 22 bowl Large, flat base bowl Shallow bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

21 21 35 83 21 40 83

B B W L B B B W

56:25 56:26 56:27 56:28 56:29 56:30 56:31 56:32 56:33 56:34 56:35 56:36 56:37 56:38 56:39 56:40 56:41 56:42 56:43

77.3574 77.3388 77.3389 77.3391 77.3422 77.3405 77.3393 77.3415 77.3392 77.3409 77.3588 77.3453 77.3449 77.3414 77.3571 77.3420 77.3447 77.3442 77.3455

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-large platter Medium-large platter Medium platter Medium-large platter Medium, deep bowl Deep cup, closed Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Large, deep bowl Lamp Lamp Medium-small shallow bowl Medium platter Medium-small bowl Medium-large deep bowl

83 34 22 35 39 21 21 83 21 22 97 35 22 83 21 70 21 22 11

W B W W B B B W B W L W W U B U B W W

56:44 56:45 56:46 56:47 56:48 56:49 56:50 56:51 56:52 56:53 56:54 56:55 56:56 56:57 56:58 56:59 56:60 56:61 56:62 56:63

77.3587 77.3586 77.3416 77.3570 77.3428 77.3653 77.4988 77.4976 77.4930 77.3670 77.3638 77.3637 77.3641 77.3662 77.3668 77.3624 77.3665 77.3627 77.3643 77.3608

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Medium platter Medium, deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Lamp, flattened base Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Deep cup, closed Small bowl Small shallow bowl Small shallow bowl Lamp Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Jar base Base Base Base

40 40 21 21 22 22 22 21 21 11 83 18 40 23 23 83 21 23 22 22

W W B B W U W B B B B L W L L L L L L L

Plate 56

113

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2

114

Plate 57. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

57:01 57:02 57:03 57:04 57:05 57:06 57:07 57:08 57:09 57:10 57:11 57:12

77.3663 77.3626 77.3633 77.3632 77.3654 77.3657 77.3658 77.3656 77.4952 77.4928 77.4962 77.4972

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

22 40 40 22 22 22 83 22 24 83 70 23

W W W L W W W W L L L W

57:13 57:14 57:15 57:16 57:17 57:18 57:19 57:20 57:21 57:22 57:23 57:24 57:25 57:26 57:27 57:28 57:29 57:30 57:31 57:32 57:33 57:34 57:35 57:36 57:37 57:38 57:39 57:40 57:41 57:42 57:43 57:44 57:45 57:46 57:47 57:48 57:49 57:50 57:51 57:52 57:53 57:54 57:55 57:56 57:57 57:58 57:59

77.4951 77.3456 77.3595 77.3471 77.3434 77.3410 77.3458 77.3413 77.3395 77.3567 77.3474 77.3401 77.3430 77.3594 77.3578 77.3576 77.3562 77.3431 77.3593 77.3464 77.3465 77.3463 77.3399 77.3429 77.3565 77.3561 77.3461 77.3397 77.3435 77.3577 77.3412 77.3396 77.3472 77.3592 77.3563 77.3457 77.3566 77.3579 77.3462 77.3466 77.3460 77.3432 77.3411 77.3402 77.3398 77.3467 77.3433

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Bowl base Jar base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

22 40 22 21 35 22 40 35 97 06 22 21 40 21 22 22 23 83 22 83 21 40 40 35 83 22 83 22 21 83 83 22 22 83 40 23 21 35 83 83 35 23 11 40 35 83

W W L L W B L W L L L L L L L L L W L W L L L W W W W W L L W W W W W L L L L W W W B B W W W

029 Bowl base 029 Bowl base

83 21

W B

57:60 77.3459 57:61 77.3564

Basic Form

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2 Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, olive brown (34) slip int., reddish-brown slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, dark red (18), ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (19) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric friable fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (20) random burnished slip int. ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) slip ext., reddish-gray (11) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (23) burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 57

115

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2

116

Plate 58. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

58:01 58:02 58:03 58:04 58:05 58:06 58:07 58:08 58:09 58:10 58:11 58:12 58:13 58:14 58:15 58:16 58:17 58:18 58:19 58:20 58:21 58:22

77.3581 77.3580 77.3569 77.3568 77.3439 77.3438 77.4980 77.3634 77.3598 77.3470 77.3440 77.3441 77.3437 77.3597 77.3582 77.3418 77.4984 77.4932 77.4919 77.3635 77.3655 77.3628

029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029 029

Basic Form Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle Body sherd Body sherd Jar neck Body sherd Body sherd Column handle Column handle Body sherd

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2 FC

T

21 21 21 83 35 22 21 40 83 21 83 22 83 83 03 83 83 35 22 40 83 35

W B B W W W W W W L W U L W W W W W W W W W

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip, ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, incised design med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-gray pattern burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, applique band med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, traces of red (42) slip-paint ext. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, light brown (37) stripes, ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, applique dots med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pattern combing

Plate 58

117

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2A

118

Plate 59. Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

59:01 79.5783 59:02 79.5782

043 Medium holemouth jar 043 Medium-large jar, short neck

23 83

L W

59:03 79.5790 59:04 79.5785

043 Small juglet 043 Medium flat base bowl

83 23

W B

59:05 79.5789 59:06 79.5788

043 Medium-large deep bowl 043 Medium, shallow dish

22 21

W B

59:07 79.5781

043 Jar base

22

W

59:08 59:09 59:10 59:11

043 043 043 045

22 23 22 40

W L W B

cook pot ware, friable fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, red (96) slip ext., three pieces, join at neck med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip, int., ext. friable fabric, red (42) slip ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29), gray patches, reddish-yellow (22) int., joins with 59:08 and 59:10 med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, see 59:07 cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, see 59:07 med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (42) to dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric, pink (36) slip ext. common ware, friable fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22), raised ridge light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) to pale yellow (30)

79.5787 79.5779 79.5778 79.5753

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XIII.2A

Basic Form

Jar base Jar base Jar base Large platter

59:12 79.5821 59:13 79.5818

053 Large holemouth jar 053 Medium-small bowl

23 40

L W

59:14 79.5819

053 Jar base

83

W

Plate 59

119

Stratum II Pottery of Field IV.3

120

Plate 60. Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field IV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

60:01

81.0545 024

Medium-large jug

Basic Form

83

B

60:02 60:03

81.0682 024 81.0547 024

Medium-large flat base bowl Jar base

21 22

B W

60:04

81.0549 024

Jar base

83

W

60:05

81.0550 024

Jar base

22

W

60:06 60:07 60:08 60:09 60:10 60:11 60:12

81.0680 81.0683 81.0681 81.0685 81.0551 81.0546 81.0686

024 024 024 024 024 024 024

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle

83 83 24 21 21 22 93

W L W W W W W

60:13 60:14 60:15 60:16 60:17 60:18

81.0548 81.0657 81.0652 81.0653 81.0651 81.0656

024 025 025 025 025 025

Loop handle Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base

21 21 21 22 22 22

W B B W W L

60:19 60:20 60:21 60:22

81.0650 81.0648 81.0654 81.0655

025 025 025 025

Base Base Ledge handle Ledge handle

22 83 22 22

W W W W

60:23 60:24 60:25 60:26

81.0854 81.0856 81.0622 81.0840

027 027 027 027

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Pithos, tall neck

22 21 66 83

L L L W

60:27

81.0836 027

Pithos, tall neck

83

W

60:28

81.0844 027

Pithos, short neck

22

W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, yellowish-red (39) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21), black patches ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) crude ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn, reddish-yellow (22) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn reddish-yellow ext., possible burnish common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, worn, very pale brown (29) ext., yellowish-red int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric.. dark brown marks on ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabrics, very pale brown (29), two pieces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29), 1 cm. thick plaster coating ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39)

Plate 60

121

Stratum II Pottery of Field IV.3

122

Plate 61. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

61:01 61:02 61:03 61:04

81.0842 81.0752 81.0835 81.0619

027 027 027 027

Stratum II Pottery of Field IV.3

Basic Form Pithos necked jar Large, tall neck jar Large, tall neck jar Medium-large tall neck jar

FC

T

Descriptions

83 22 22 22

W W W L

light, cream ware, meci. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) int., with vertical incised lines, yellowish-red (39) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric. very pale brown jar (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int. ext., cream band on int. rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddishyellow burnish ext. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, black int. med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int. rim, bowl ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., two drilled holes from int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) int., black patches ext. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) int., gray ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) worn int. crude ware, friable fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., yellowish-red surface ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces med. coarse fabrics, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabrics, yellowish-red (39) surfaces, traces of red burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish red (39) surfaces, traces of red burnished slip ext.

61:05 81.0841 61:06 81.0832 61:07 81.0843

027 Medium-large necked 027 Medium-large necked jar 027 Small necked jar

22 22 21

W W W

61:08 81.0806

027 Large, flat base bowl

22

B

61:09 81.0688 61:10 81.0834 61:11 81.0804

027 Large, deep bowl 027 Medium-small shallow 027 Medium-large platter

22 83 22

W W B

61:12 61:13 61:14 61:15 61:16

027 027 027 027 027

21 66 21 21 22

B B B B B

81.0623 81.0839 81.0751 81.0687 81.0617

Large platter Large platter Medium-small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base

61:17 81.0753

027 Jar base

83

W

61:18 81.0865 61:19 81.0867

027 Jar base 027 Jar base

83 66

W W

61:20 61:21 61:22 61:23

81.0693 81.0810 81.0866 81.0805

027 027 027 027

Jar Jar Jar Jar

base base base base

83 22 83 83

L L L W

61:24 61:25 61:26 61:27 61:28 61:29 61:30 61:31

81.0618 81.0621 81.0809 81.0833 81.0624 81.0868 81.0838 81.0690

027 027 027 027 027 027 027 027

Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Jar base Base Base

22 66 11 40 22 22 22 21

L L L L L W W W

61:32 81.0689

027 Ledge handle

22

W

61:33 81.0811 61:34 81.0855

027 Ledge handle 027 Ledge handle

22 21

W W

Plate 61

123

Stratum II Pottery of Fields IV.3; III.1; VIII.IB

124

Plate 62. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Fields IV.3; III.1; VIII.IB FC

T

Descriptions

Ledge handle Column handle

21 22

B W

62:03 81.0694 027

Body sherd

22

Z

62:04 81.0807 027

Body sherd

83

W

62:05 62:06 62:07 62:08 62:09 62:10

Medium holemouth jar Pithos, tall neck Medium-large flat base bowl Jar base Ledge handle Large, necked jar

40 83 22 11 22 11

L W B L W W

62:11 81.0858 028 62:12 81.0879 030

Jar base Base

21 22

L W

62:13 81.0881 030 62:14 81.0890 031

Ledge handle Large holemouth jar

22 11

B L

62:15 81.0884 031 62:16 81.0885 031 62:17 81.0886 031

Jar base Jar base Loop handle

22 21 21

L L B

common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (39) med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, red.-brown (19), ext., coils evident on int. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint design, weak red (43), ext. on very pale brown (29) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, punctate decoration orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., gray int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) ext., gray int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn, yellowishred (39) common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pinkish-gray (71) ext. crude ware, med. coarse fabric, common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Ledge handle Large, deep bowl Bowl base

19 37 21 21 36

L L W B B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, black patching med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (19) slip int., and ext. rim med. coarse fabric, brown (24) pattern burnished slip int.

21 40

W W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Field IV.3 (1–17) 62:01 81.0857 027 62:02 81.0808 027

81.0860 81.0864 81.0859 81.0863 81.0862 81.0880

028 028 028 028 028 030

Field III.1 (18–22) 62:18 65.0564 003 62:19 65.0565 003 62:20 65.0566 003 62:21 65.0567 003 62:22 65.0568 003

Basic Form

Field VIII.1B (23–24) 62:23 75.0074 003 Jar base 62:24 75.0073 003 Base

Plate 62

125

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2

126

Plate 63. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

63:01 63:02 63:03 63:04 63:05 63:06 63:07 63:08 63:09 63:10 63:11 63:12 63:13 63:14 63:15 63:16 63:17 63:18 63:19 63:20 63:21 63:22 63:23 63:24 63:25 63:26 63:27 63:28 63:29 63:30 63:31 63:32 63:33

79.6815 79.6816 79.3520 79.4272 79.2314 79:4228 79.4256 79.2216 79.3521 79.4257 79.6819 79.4255 79.2315 79.2215 79.2311 79.6820 79.4227 79.2313 79.2217 79.2316 79.2312 79.2220 79.4258 79.4259 79.2221 79.3522 79.4271 81.6818 79.4229 79.2222 81.4126 81.4100 81.4109

004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2

Basic Form Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small bowl Small necked jar Small necked jar Large, short neck jar Large necked jar Medium-large jar short neck Small necked jar Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large flat Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium, deep bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar Base Base Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl

FC

T

Descriptions

40 40 40 23 21 22 40 22 83 22 22 83

L L L L B W B L W W W W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (38) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, same pot as 63:11 med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric

40 22 22 22 22 34 22 22 22 22 83 83 22 83 35 35 22 40 40 21

W W N N W B W W W W W W W W W W L L N

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (20) burnish base bowl int., ext. fine fabric, weak red burnished slip ext., reddish-yellow burnish int. fine ware and fabric, traces of light red (40) wash ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabrics, red (20) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vert. combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, joins with 63:29 med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light olive brown (34) slip int. ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip ext., slip int. surface, clear wiped band at rim med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown surfaces light, cream ware, friable fabric, yellowish-red (39) slip int., ext. fine ware and fabric, pink (36) smooth surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip int., black patches, gray ext. med. coarse fabric, pink (36) burnished slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, horizontal incised line on ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, friable fabric, strong brown to yellowish brown (25) burnished slip int. ext. crude ware, friable fabric, gray int. med. coarse fabric, brown gray (6) slip ext., black patches friable fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., red (20) int., worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., gray ext. friable fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext, slip int., applique band, incised before firing med. coarse fabric. combing friable fabric, combing, red (93) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, pattern combing light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces

63:34 81.4293

004 Medium holemouth bowl

83

U

63:35 63:36 63:37 63:38 63:39

81.4306 81.4105 81.4127 81.4134 81.4104

004 004 004 004 004

Large necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Small cup Large, flat base bowl

40 22 22 35 23

W B W W B

63:40 63:41 63:42 63:43 63:44

81.4125 81.4138 81.4140 81.4307 81.4120

004 004 004 004 004

Large platter Lamp fragment Lamp Lamp Jar base

39 22 23 23 23

B W W W W

63:45 63:46 63:47 63:48 63:49

81.4286 81.4119 81.4117 81.4291 81.4297

004 004 004 004 004

Jar base Platter bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd

08 40 23 40 21

L W W W B

63:50 63:51 63:52 63:53

81.4300 81.4301 81.4107 81.4162

004 004 004 018

Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Deep cup, neutral/open

23 40 23 83

B W B W

Plate 63

127

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2

128

Plate 64. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2 FC

T

Descriptions

64:01 81.4159

018 Deep basin

83

B

64:02 64:03 64:04 64:05 64:06 64:07 64:08 64:09 64:10 64:11 64:12 64:13

81:4157 79.4237 79.4238 79.4233 79.4235 79.4232 79.4236 81.4330 81.4323 81.4322 81.4338 81.4317

018 022 022 022 022 022 022 034 034 034 034 034

Body sherd Medium flat base bowl Lamp, flat base Lamp, flat base Lamp, flat base Jar neck Bowl base Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small necked jar

83 16 83 83 22 21 22 40 40 40 40 22

W W W W W W W L L L L W

64:14 64:15 64:16 64:17 64:18 64:19

81.4325 81.4311 81.4315 81.4313 81.4312 81.4335

034 034 034 034 034 034

Medium-large jar, short neck Medium flat base bowl Medium, shallow dish Pithos necked jar Medium-small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl

23 21 23 83 21 21

B B B W W B

64:20 64:21 64:22 64:23 64:24 64:25 64:26 64:27 64:28 64:29

81.4327 81.4310 81.4333 81.4318 81.4334 81.4332 81.4340 81.4337 81.4316 81.4314

034 034 034 034 034 034 034 034 034 034

Small bowl Jar rim Lamp Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Ledge handle Body sherd

23 22 83 83 83 21 22 22 23 83

W W W B W B W W B W

64:30 81.4331 64:31 81.4320 64:32 81.4309

034 Body sherd 034 Body sherd 034 Body sherd

35 21 22

W B W

64:33 64:34 64:35 64:36 64:37 64:38 64:39 64:40

037 037 037 037 037 037 037 041

35 21 22 22 22

W W W W B

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb impressed applique band med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core common ware, friable fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, friable fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (96) burnished slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (78) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, slip traces int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., worn surfaces common ware, friable fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., burn marks on rim common ware, friable fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, pale-yellow (30) slip ext., tetrafoil rim med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, vert. combing, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, slip traces (?) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown (75) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric., light red (40) slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, friable fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., applique band med. coarse fabric, combing, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces med. coarse fabric, pattern combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) surfaces, pattern combing light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core. turning marks on int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabricds, traces of slip, turning marks med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext.

23 22

B W

common ware, smed. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (23) burnished slip int., slip ext.

81.4542 81.4551 81.4549 81.4547 81.4548 81.4553 81.4550 81.4851

Medium-large necked jar Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Bowl base Jar base Body sherd Medium-large deep bowl

Plate 64

129

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3

130

Plate 65. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3 FC

T

Descriptions

Deep cup, closed Medium-large deep bowl

21 35

B B

Medium shallow bowl Medium-large jar short neck Medium-large platter Large, necked jar Bowl base Jar base Large holemouth jar Large, necked jar Large, necked jar Loop handle Large holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Loop handle

24 22 23 22 40 22 40 40 22 21 40 35

B W W W W L L W B U W W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, thin gray coreds, black patching fine fabric, red (42) slip int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, turning marks common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, friable fabric, thick core, black patches med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown slip int., ext.

Field XVI.3 (16– 45) 65:16 81.4456 008

Large platter

21

B

65:17 65:18 65:19 65:20 65:21 65:22 65:23 65:24 65:25 65:26 65:27

81.4455 81.4454 81.4411 81.4418 81.4422 81.4412 81.4102 81.4374 81.4484 81.4426 81.4196

Small bowl Deep cup, closed Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd Lamp Lamp Base Medium-large jar, short neck

23 21 22 23 83 22 24 21 21 35

B L U W U B B B B W W

65:28 65:29

81.4194 044 81.4191 044

Jar base Bowl base

22 83

W W

65:30 65:31 65:32 65:33 65:34 65:35 65:36 65:37 65:38

81.4193 81.4192 81.4195 81.4405 #3014 81.4569 81.4571 81.4579 81.4580

Ledge handle Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Lamp, flattened base Pithos, necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium,deep bowl Lamp

23 83 21 83 38 21 22 23 40

B B W W W B W B W

65:39 65:40 65:41

81.4581 046 81.4395 046 81.4570 046

Lamp Jar base Bowl base

21 35 21

B W B

65:42

81.4574 046

Bowl base

23

W

65:43 65:44 65:45

81.4577 046 81.4572 046 81.4578 046

Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd

21 23 83

W U B

Field XVI.2 (1–15) 65:01 81.4378 047 65:02 81.4380 047 65:03 65:04 65:05 65:06 65:07 65:08 65:09 65:10 65:11 65:12 65:13 65:14 65:15

81.4376 81.4384 81.4383 81.4377 81.4375 81.4374 81.4392 81.4393 81.4396 81.4394 81.4406 81.4407 81.4408

047 047 047 047 047 047 049 049 049 049 051 051 051

008 008 034 034 034 034 036 036 036 044

044 044 044 045 045 046 046 046 046

Basic Form

orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., brown (24) int. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware, friable fabric, incised line ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21), combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21), combing med. coarse fabric, combing, red (42) slip ext., thumb impressions med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., red (42) int. med. coarse fabric, slip traces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) slip int., applique (snake ?) int. base. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing, black patch ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, surface wet-smoothed, burn marks on rim fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) burnished slip ext., brownish-gray (09) slip int. med. coarse fabric. light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, vert. combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown (19) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) burnished slip ext., red (96) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb impressed band

Plate 65

131

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4

132

Plate 66. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XVI.3 (1–16) 66:01 81.4180 053 Jar rim 66:02 81.4190 053 Medium-large flat base bowl

35 23

W B

66:03

81.4189

053 Medium-large flat base bowl

23

W

66:04

81.4187

053 Medium platter

23

W

66:05 66:06 66:07

81.4184 81.4185 81.4183

053 Medium-small bowl 053 Medium flat base bowl 053 Medium-large flat base bowl

23 23

B W

66:08 66:09 66:10

81.4186 81.4179 81.4188

053 Medium flat base bowl 053 Lamp 053 Deep bowl

21 66 22

W W W

66:11 66:12

81.4181 81.4178

053 Lamp 053 Base

22 23

W B

66:13 66:14 66:15

81.4176 81.4175 81.4177

053 Base 053 Base 053 Bowl base

83 40 23

W L W

66:16

81.4182

053 Body sherd

22

cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) surfaces, tetrafoil rim med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext., remnant edge of ledge handle below rim light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) slip ext., light olive-brown (34) vertical burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, brown (24) burnished slip ext., reddish-yellow (80) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (38) surfaces light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (42) burnished slip ext., light olive-brown (34) burnished slip int. friable fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., slip int., burn areas and patchy colors med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (83) burnished slip ext., red (20) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb impressed band

Field XVI.4 (17–38) 66:17 81.4832 027 66:18 81.4839 035 66:19 81.4840 035 66:20 81.4841 035 66:21 81.4842 035 66:22 81.4833 027 66:23 81.4830 027

Basic Form

Large holemouth jar Base Jar base Loop handle Body sherd Large holemouth jar Body sherd

21 23 83 21 21 23 83

L L L B B L W

66:24 66:25

81.4855 81.4854

041 Medium-large deep bowl 041 Large, flat base bowl

83 23

B W

66:26 66:27 66:28 66:29

81.4858 81.4857 81.4856 81.4852

041 041 041 041

83 21 39

U W B U

66:30

81.4853

041 Jar neck

83

W

66:31

81.4862

046 Medium holemouth jar

21

B

66:32

81.4861

046 Small holemouth bowl

35

W

66:33

81.4866

046 Large, necked jar

22

W

66:34 66:35 66:36 66:37 66:38

81.4863 81.4868 81.4864 81.4869 81.4865

046 046 046 046 046

22 83 23 23 23

L W B W W

Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Base

Medium flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Small votive cup Jar base Jar base

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thick core, pink (36) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip med. coarse fabric, combing cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core common ware, friable fabric, thin gray core, applique band, thumb impressed, pattern combing fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., very pale brown (29) ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, common ware, med. coarse fabric, wetsmoothed surface, turning marks common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) surface with lime patches common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29), thumb impressed band at neck fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., very pale brown (29) ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29), turning marks med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces, burn marks ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, patchy surface, reddish-yellow (21) to very pale brown (29)

Plate 66

133

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.3

134

Plate 67.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XVI.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

67:01

#3319

046 Large jar, tall neck

Basic Form

21

W

67:02 67:03

#3009 #1633

045 Chalice?, Incense stand? 006 Lamp

35 29

W W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combed over entire surface, raised bands with impressions at max. diameter , neck and below rim. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, burn marks on upper surface med. coarse fabric, traces of white (10YR 8/2) coating on int, and ext lip (could be lime), turning marks int., string cut base

Plate 67

135

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

136

Plate 68.

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

68:01 68:02 68:03 68:04 68:05 68:06 68:07

81.5769 81.5402 81.5235 81.5415 81.5401 81.5301 81.5419

122 122 122 122 122 122 122

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos, necked jar Pithos, necked jar Pithos, necked jar Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

Basic Form

21 40 35 40 40 35 21

W L W W W B B

68:08 68:09 68:10 68:11 68:12 68:13 68:14 68:15 68:16 68:17 68:18

81.5768 81.5305 81.5420 81.5403 81.5400 81.5418 81.5306 81.5678 81.5677 81.5421 81.5233

122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122

Medium platter Medium-large deep bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd, base of loop handle Loop handle

21 23 40 83 40 40 40 23 22 36 36

B L W W W W L L W W W

68:19 68:20 68:21 68:22 68:23 68:24 68:25 68:26 68:27 68:28 68:29 68:30 68:31

81.5300 79.2601 79.2603 79.2593 79.2602 79.2600 79.2612 79.7152 79.7151 79.7150 79.7155 79.7168 79.7169

122 073 073 073 073 073 073 077 077 077 077 077 077

Pitcher/cup with loop handle at rim Medium holemouth jar Medium-large platter Large platter Medium platter Jar base Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

21 22 21 21 83 22

B L B B N W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

23 83 23 66 23 21

L L L L B B

68:32

79.7174

077 Large, flat base bowl

21

B

68:33 68:34

79.7167 79.7172

077 Medium-large flat base bowl 077 Medium-large flat base bowl

35 21

W B

68:35

79.7173

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

23

B

68:36

79.7171

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

21

B

68:37

79.7159

077 Large, flat base bowl

21

B

68:38

79.7170

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

21

B

68:39

79.7177

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

83

B

68:40

79.7179

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

24

B

68:41

79.7160

077 Medium-large flat base bowl

21

B

68:42 68:43 68:44 68:45 68:46 68:47 68:48 68:49 68:50 68:51 68:52 68:53 68:54

79.2958 79.2959 79.7157 79.7158 79.7178 79.716/ 79.7166 79.7143 79.7148 79.7175 79.7146 79.7165 79.7142

077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077

22 40 21 21 23

B L B B W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (20) burnished slip ext., slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip ext., brown (24) burnished slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-brown (76) burnished slip int., ext med. coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip ext., reddishbrown (76) int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pale yellow (30) burnished slip ext., dark red (18) burnished slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light brown (37) burnished slip ext., reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip ext., red (42) slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., dark red (18) burnished slip int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric

23 35 22 66 83 35 83

L W W W W W W

med. med. med. med. med. med. med.

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Large, tall neck jar Large necked jar Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

coarse coarse coarse coarse coarse coarse coarse

fabric fabric fabric fabric, thick gray core fabric fabric fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) slip ext.

Plate 68

137

spread one pica long

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

138

Plate 69. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

69:01 69:02 69:03 69:04

79.5242 79.5243 79.5244 81.5245

079 079 079 123

69:05

81.5243

69:06 69:07 69:08 69:09 69:10 69:11 69:12 69:13

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

40 40 83 22

L W L N

123 Medium-small bowl

40

B

81.5244 81.5246 81.5304 81.5236 81.5302 81.5303 81.5238 81.5239

123 123 126 126 126 126 128 128

40 40 40 40 40 66 40 40

L B L L W N L W

69:14

81.5240

128 Body sherd

21

B

69:15 69:16 69:17 69:18 69:19 69:20

81.5441 81.5701 81.6162 81.5702 81.5442 81.5439

129 129 129 129 129 129

Small holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium, deep bowl

21 22 23 40 40 23

L L L L L L

69:21 69:22 69:23 69:24 69:25 69:26 69:27 69:28

81.5700 81.5704 81.5434 81.5440 81.5703 81.5437 81.6163 81.5436

129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129

Large, flat base bowl Shallow bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Column Handle

21 21 21 21 40 83 66 35

B B B B L W L W

69:29 69:30

81.5438 81.5443

129 Loop handle 129 Ledge handle

40 35

W W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., light red (40) slip int., band of red (42) slip paint int. rim orange burnsihed ware, med. coarse fabric, burn mark on rim, used as lamp common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, red (42) burnished slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, incised line made before firing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, hole drilled from ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pink (36) slip int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, stance uncertain, may be more upright orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, rim widened orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, burn marks on rim cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, surface wet-smoothed, very pale brown (29) with purplish hue in areas similar to many Numeria wares. fine ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric

Medium holemouth jar Lamp, flat base Jar base Deep cup, closed

Jar base Ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar, short neck Jar/juglet base Small holemouth jar Body sherd

Plate 68. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

68:55 68:56 68:57 68:58 68:59 68:60 68:61 68:62

79.7161 79.7163 79.7147 79.7144 79.7145 79.2955 79.2957 79.7162

077 077 077 077 077 077 077 077

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 (cont.)

Basic Form Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Bowl base Loop handle

FC

T

Descriptions

40 21 40 35 40 83 21 40

L W W W W W B B

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light reddish-brown slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (42) burnished slip int., ext.

Plate 69

139

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

140

Plate 70. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

70:01 70:02

79.2660 79.3024

039 Medium holemouth jar 039 Medium holemouth jar

Basic Form

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1 FC

T

22 22

L L

Descriptions med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Plate 70

141

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

142

Plate 71.

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

71:01 71:02 71:03 71:04 71:05 71:06 71:07 71:08 71:09 71:10 71:11 71:12 71:13 71:14 71:15 71:16 71:17 71:18 71:19 71:20 71:21 71:22 71:23 71:24 71:25 71:26 71:27 71:28 71:29 71:30 71:31 71:32 71:33 71:34 71:35 71:36 71:37 71:38 71:39 71:40 71:41 71:42 71:43 71:44 71:45 71:46

79.2971 79.2975 79.2974 79.2973 79.2608 79.2972 79.2611 79.2976 79.2630 79.2633 79.2631 79.2632 79.2640 79.2639 79.2977 79.3064 79.3061 79.3081 79.3074 79.3084 79.3072 79.3082 79.3075 79.2978 79.3085 79.3066 79.3065 79.3070 79.3076 79.3068 79.2456 79.2457 39.2460 79.2459 79.2458 79.2461 79.2462 79.2400 79.2401 79.2402 79.2405 79.2404 79.2406 79.2403 79.2408 79.2407

050 050 050 050 050 050 050 050 052 052 052 052 052 052 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 068 070 070 070 070 070 070 070 071 071 071 071 071 071 071 071 071

Large, necked jar Medium-large platter Medium-large platter Medium-large platter Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Pithos, necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Bowl base Bowl base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large, necked jar Small juglet Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Loop handle Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Loop handle Medium flat base bowl Large, necked jar Medium-small bowl Jar base Base Base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd

83 22 21 21 22 40 22 22 83 21 21 21 16 22 22 21 83 21 22 21 22 21 40 83 21 40 83 22 21 06 22 22 40 22 22 22 22 21 22 40 29 83 40 21 22 21

W B B B B W B B W B B B B N L L W B W B W B L L W L W W B L L W W L L W B B L L L L L B W B

Descriptions med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, burnish traces, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, drilled hole

Plate 71

143

Stratum IIB and Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

144

Plate 72. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IIB and Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 FC

T

Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large, flat base bowl Large platter Medium-large platter Medium-small bowl Base Jar base Knob Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large, necked jar Large platter

23 40 40 21 21 21 22 35 21 21 40 14 23 21

L L L B B B N W B W L L W B

81.5834 115

Medium, shallow dish

22

B

72:16 72:17

81.5837 115 81.5842 115

Medium platter Cup, handle fragment

21 22

B B

72:18 72:19 72:20 72:21 72:22 72:23

81.5835 81.5831 81.5830 81.5832 81.5829 81.5841

Large platter Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle

14 22 40 22 83 22

B N W W W W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, worn ext. fine ware and fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown burnished slip, ext., light reddish-brown (23) slip int., concave groove below rim ext., drill hole from int. after firing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, concave groove below rim ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, dark areas on drawing indicate broken areas of loop handle above rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware and fabric drab, dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, string cut base common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric

Medium-large flat base bowl Bowl base Jar base Medium-small bowl Large, necked jar Small, shallow bowl carinated Jar base Jar base Base Ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Bowl base Medium flat base bowl

21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 40 40 21 37 35

B B W L W B L L L W L W B W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of burnished slip (?) ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light brown (37) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric

Stratum IIB (1–23) 72:01 81.5711 113 72:02 81.5744 113 72:03 81.5900 113 72:04 81.5708 113 72:05 81.5710 113 72:06 81.5709 113 72:07 81.5699 113 72:08 81.5698 113 72:09 81.5712 113 72:10 81.5707 113 72:11 81.5838 115 72:12 81.5836 115 72:13 81.5833 115 72:14 81.5839 115

72:15

115 115 115 115 115 115

Stratum IIA (24–37) 72:24 77.0425 016 72:25 77.0427 016 72:26 77.0426 016 72:27 79.2500 016 72:28 79.2501 016 72:29 79.2499 016 72:30 79.2502 016 72:31 79.2503 016 72:32 79.2498 016 72:33 79.2504 016 72:34 77.0486 017 72:35 77.0487 017 72:36 77.0485 017 72:37 77.5122 017

Basic Form

Descriptions

Plate 72

145

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

146

Plate 73. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

73:01 73:02 73:03 73:04 73:05 73:06 73:07 73:08 73:09 73:10 73:11 73:12 73:13 73:14 73:15 73:16 73:17 73:18 73:19 73:20 73:21 73:22 73:23 73:24 73:25 73:26 73:27 73:28 73:29 73:30 73:31 73:32

79.3089 79.3078 79.3062 79.2541 79.3073 79.3088 79.2570 79.2637 79.3045 79.3092 79.3091 79.2571 79.2638 79.3086 79.3090 79.2681 79.2683 79.2684 79.2629 79.2583 79.2579 79.2581 79.2582 79.2584 79.2585 79.2873 79.2493 79.2491 79.2575 79.2492 79.2494 79.2577

032 032 032 031 032 032 031 031 032 032 032 031 031 032 032 035 035 035 042 043 043 043 043 043 043 042 045 045 045 045 045 045

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

Basic Form Medium-large necked jar Medium large jar, tall neck Jar neck Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium holemouth bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Base Ledge handle Body sherd Bowl base Jar base Body sherd Large holemouth bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Jar base Jar base Body sherd Medium holemouth bowl Medium platter Deep cup, closed Medium, deep bowl Base Base

FC

T

22 22 40 22 22 22

B B W B W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, traces of burnish med. coarse fabric

Descriptions

40 40 22 83 22 24 21 22 22 83 22 30 21 21 21 40 21 22 40 40 18 40 83 22 22

L L L L B W B W B B L W B B B B B W W L B W L L L

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, traces of burnish med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

core core

core

core

Plate 73

147

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

148

Plate 74. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

74:01 74:02 74:03 74:04 74:05 74:06 74:07 74:08 74:09 74:10 74:11 74:12 74:13 74:14 74:15 74:16 74:17 74:18 74:19 74:20 74:21 74:22 74:23 74:24 74:25 74:26 74:27

79.2463 79.2613 79.2497 79.2496 79.2966 79.2641 79.2464 79.2669 79.2970 79.2968 79.2967 79.2720 79.2717 79.2719 79.2721 79.2990 79.2992 79.2993 79.2995 79.2996 #2011 79.2991 79.2994 77.0471 77.0472 77.0464 77.0460

061 061 061 061 061 061 061 062 062 062 062 063 064 063 063 065 065 065 065 065

74:28 74:29 74:30 74:31 74:32

77.0462 77.0463 77.0461 77.0468 77.0474

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1 FC

T

40 22 40 21 22 40 22 22 22 83 40 21 21 21 40 40 22 40 22 21

L L L B L L B L L L B B B B W L W B L B

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

065 065 004 004 004 004

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large deep bowl Loop handle Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium, shallow dish Body sherd Small holemouth jar Medium flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Jar base Bowl base Stone object Bowl base Loop handle Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large flat base bowl

Basic Form

Descriptions

22 40 L 18 83 21

B B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric

L W B

004 004 004 004 004

Large, flat base bowl Large platter Medium-large platter Deep basin Jar base

40 21 21 40 83

B B B W W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 74

149

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

150

Plate 75. Basic Form

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XVII.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

75:01 75:02 75:03

77.0470 77.0475 77.0469

004 Jar base 004 Jar base 004 Jar base

22 40 40

W L W

75:04 75:05 75:06 75:07

77.0458 77.0459 77.0457 77.0456

004 004 004 004

40 40 83 21

W L B W

75:08 75:09

77.0465 77.0466

004 Ledge handle 004 Ledge handle

40 21

L B

75:10 75:11 75:12 75:13 75:14 75:15

81.6009 81.6008 81.5902 81.6007 81.5825 81.6005

110 110 110 110 110 110

Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium flat base bowl

40 40 40 23 40 40

L L L L L W

75:16 75:17 75:18 75:19 75:20 75:21 75:22 75:23 75:24

81.6010 81.5901 81.6006 81.5904 81.5750 81.5749 81.5395 81.5396 81.5394

110 110 110 110 111 111 112 112 112

Medium-large platter Medium-small bowl Bowl base Loop handle Medium-small bowl Base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Base

22 21 40 22 21 40 23 40 22

B B B N B L L L W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, gray areas ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish ext., string cut base common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray surfaces fine ware and fabric, light red (40) burnished slip orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, burn areas int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric

Bowl base Jar base Jar base Base

Plate 75

151

152

Stratum StratumIID IIDPottery Pottery(XIX.1, of Field 2)XIX.1, and Stratum 2; Stratum IIC Pottery IIC Pottery (XIX.1) of

Plate 76. Pl. #

Reg. #

Stratum IID Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2; Stratum IIC Pottery of Field XIX.1 FC

T

Stratum IID, XIX.1 (1–2) 76:01 81.7439 099 Medium holemouth jar 76:02 81.7440 099 Jar base

23 40

L L

friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Stratum IID, XIX. 2 (3–6) 76:03 81.7288 104 Medium-small bowl 76:04 81.7289 104 Medium-small shallow bowl

21 21

B B

76:05 76:06

23 21

L W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) slip ext., pink (36) slip int., burn marks on lip common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray coreD, yellowish-red (39) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29)

Stratum IIC, XIX.1 (7–9) 76:07 79.6546 040 Medium holemouth jar 76:08 79.6545 040 Medium-large flat base bowl 76:09 79.6544 040 Large, deep bowl

23 22 22

L W W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, slip traces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Stratum IID, XIX.1 (10–11) 76:10 81.6768 098 Small jar, tall neck 76:11 81.6769 098 Ledge handle

83 83

W W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29)

Stratum IIC, XIX.1 (12– 41) 76:12 81.7737 099 Large holemouth jar 76:13 81.7736 099 Small holemouth jar 76:14 81.7738 099 Medium holemouth jar 76:15 81.7734 099 Jar base 76:16 81.7716 046 Small holemouth jar 76:17 81.7715 046 Medium-small shallow bowl

23 40 40 23 40 22

L L L L L U

76:18 76:19 76:20 76:21 76:22

81.7714 81.7404 81.7405 81.7406 81.6897

046 046 046 046 046

Column handle Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base

22 23 23 21 83

W L L B U

76:23 76:24 76:25 76:26

81.7383 81.7384 81.7403 81.7382

046 046 046 046

Base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd

40 21 21 22

W B B N

76:27 76:28 76:29 76:30 76:31 76:32

81.7318 81.7309 81.7314 81.7311 81.7313 81.7316

050 050 050 050 050 050

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium flat base bowl

40 40 40 23 41 21

L L L L N B

76:33 76:34

81.7312 81.7317

050 Medium-large flat base bowl 050 Medium-large flat base bowl

23 40

B W

76:35 76:36

81.7310 81.7308

050 Deep cup, closed 050 Large, deep bowl

22 40

B W

76:37 76:38 76:39 76:40 76:41

81.7307 81.7305 81.7303 81.7304 81.7302

050 050 050 050 050

23 40 66 23 21

L W W L W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., burn marks on rim med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, burn marks on rim common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray coreD,S yellowish-red (39) surfaces med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware and fabric, dark reddish-brown (17) pattern burnish on pink (35) surface common ware, med. coarse fabricds, gray ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, yellowish-red (39) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (71) ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) slip ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish yellow (21) burnished slip ext., light red (40) burnsihed slip int. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (38) burnished slip int.,ext., black patches light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) int. yellowish-red (39) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext., black patches ext.

81.7286 81.7287

Loc

Basic Form

104 Jar base 104 Jar base

Jar Jar Jar Jar Jar

base base base base base

Descriptions

Plate 76

153

Stratum IIC Pottery of Field XIX.2

154

Plate 77. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

77:01 77:02 77:03 77:04 77:05 77:06 77:07 77:08 77:09 77:10

81.7211 81.7217 81.7390 81.7389 81.6789 81.7219 81.7220 81.7215 81.7213 81.7388

084 084 084 084 084 084 084 084 084 084

77:11 77:12 77:13

81.7207 81.7218 81.7387

77:14 77:15 77:16 77:17

Stratum IIC Pottery of Field XIX.2

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

22 21 23 40 23 23 40 21 36 21

W U L L L L L W B U

084 Jar base 084 Base 084 Jar base

83 40 22

W W W

81.6788 81.7698 81.7323 81.7667

084 087 087 087

21 23 40 35

B L L W

77:18

81.7669

087 Deep cup, closed

21

B

77:19 77:20

81.7668 81.7320

087 Small jar, short neck 087 Medium-large flat base bowl

21 22

B W

77:21 77:22

81.7322 81.7321

087 Large, flat base bowl 087 Medium-large flat base bowl

22 83

W W

77:23 77:24 77:25

81.7670 81.7671 81.7666

087 Medium, shallow dish 087 Medium, shallow dish 087 Base

21 21 23

B B W

77:26

81.7695

087 Base

66

B

77:27

81.7696

087 Jar base

22

W

77:28 77:29 77:30

81.7319 81.7664 81.7697

087 Base 087 Base 087 Bowl base

21 83 21

B W B

77:31

81.7665

087 Bowl base

24

B

77:32 77:33 77:34 77:35 77:36 77:37

81.7491 81:7486 81.7489 81.7488 81.7485 81.7490

096 096 096 096 096 096

40

L

med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip ext., int. neck fine ware and fabric, traces of red (42) slip cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, wet smoothed, yellowish-red ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric flint ware, reddish-yellow (22) int., cream ext. turning marks, three pieces common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, smoothed surface, yellowish-red (39) med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core. pinkishgray (71) surfaces fine ware, med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) burnished slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., turning marks med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, strong brown to yellowish-brown (25) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pink (36) slip ext., light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip ext., reddishgray slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, black int. pinkish-gray (71) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (38) burnished slip ext., red burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip ext., light red slip int. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

23 22

W N

83

W

Medium-large jug Small juglet Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter

Bowl base Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Deep Basin

Medium holemouth jar Medium-large jar, short neck Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (78) burnished slip ext. description unavailable light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, slip-paint traces, dark reddish-brown (17) ext.

Plate 77

155

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1

156

Plate 78.

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

78:01 78:02 78:03 78:04 78:05 78:06 78:07 78:08 78:09 78:10 78:11 78:12 78:13 78:14 78:15 78:16 78:17 78:18 78:19 78:20 78:21 78:22 78:23 78:24 78:25 78:26 78:27 78:28 78:29 78:30 78:31 78:32 78:33 78:34 78:35 78:36 78:37 78:38 78:39 78:40 78:41 78:42 78:43 78:44 78:45 78:46 78:47 78:48 78:49 78:50 78:51 78:52 78:53 78:54

79.6579 79.6489 79.6488 79.6490 79.6504 79.6487 79.6033 79.6076 79.6035 79.6078 79.6034 79.6031 79.6220 79.6219 79.6218 79.6038 79.6222 79.6032 79.6216 79.6221 79.6036 79.6077 79.6213 79.6215 79.6226 79.6227 79.6223 79.6082 79.6228 79.6214 79.6225 79.6039 79.6224 79.6081 79.6037 79.6505 79.6506 79.6529 79.6530 79.6539 79.6540 79.6541 79.6532 79.6531 79.6528 79.6538 79.6542 79.6527 79.6537 79.6534 79.6536 79.6535 79.6533 79.6543

034 034 034 034 034 034 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 039 039 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047 047

Medium flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Samll holemouth bowl Small holemouth bowl Small holemouth bowl Medium-small jug Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large platter Deep cup, neutral/open Medium-small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Bowl base Knob Body sherd Small holemouth jar Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth bowl Medium-large jar short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl Small bowl Base Base Jar base Base Ledge handle Loop handle

21 40 40 40 21 22 22 22 40 40 40 22 22 21 22 21 37 22 22 37 22 22 37 22 40 40 83 23 22 22 22 83 22 83 40 21 40 22 22 21 21 22 83 37 22 83 40 34 22 21 37 22 83 36

B N N N B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric fine fabric, slip-paint, int. friable fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric fine fabric

L L L L L L L L L B B B B B B N W W L L W L B W L W B W W L L B L L L L W W W W L B W L L L W N

Plate 78

157

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2

158

Plate 79. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIX.1, 2 FC

T

Descriptions

Stratum IIB, XIX.1 (1–22) 79:01 81.7811 097 Medium holemouth jar 79:02 81.6726 097 Medium holemouth jar 79:03 81.7803 097 Medium holemouth jar 79:04 81.7367 097 Medium holemouth jar 79:05 81.7804 097 Small holemouth jar 79:06 81.7810 097 Medium flat base bowl 79:07 81.6802 097 Medium platter

Basic Form

40 23 23 40 23 24 21

L L L L L B B

79:08

81.6715

097 Medium-large platter

21

B

79:09

81.6716

097 Medium-large flat base bowl

21

B

79:10

81.7802

097 Medium-large flat base bowl

21

B

79:11 79:12 79:13 79:14

81.7368 81.7369 81.7144 81.7146

097 097 097 097

40 21 40 21

W B B B

79:15

81.6717

097 Lamp

22

B

79:16 79:17 79:18 79:19 79:20 79:21 79:22

81.7809 81.6725 81.7366 81.7807 81.7808 81.7806 81.7805

097 097 097 097 097 097 097

41 41 23 40 41 23 40

N W L L N U W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip ext., light red (40) slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light brownish-gray (10) burnished slip ext., reddish brown (19) burnished slip int. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnished slip int., ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., burn marks on rim light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, hole drilled from both int. and ext., very pale brown (29)

Stratum IIB, XIX.2 (23–37) 79:23 81.6899 026 Medium holemouth jar 79:24 81.6896 026 Medium-large platter 79:25 81.6895 026 Small, short neck jar 79:26 81.6898 026 Jar base

40 21 22 23

L B W W

79:27 79:28 79:29 79:30 79:31 79:32 79:33 79:34 79:35 79:36

81.7371 81.7357 81.7372 81.7356 81.7374 81.7256 81.7373 81.7268 81.6967 81.6968

085 085 085 085 088 088 088 088 092 092

23 23 22 23 21 40 23 36 23 22

L L U L L B L N L W

79:37

81.6966

092 Large platter

83

W

Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-small shallow bowl Lamp

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Loop handle Body sherd

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium-small bowl Jar base Body sherd Small holemouth jar Base

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray int., pinkish gray (71) ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) pattern burnish int. cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray int., pinkish-gray (71) ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext., hole drilled from both int. and ext.

Plate 79

159

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIX.1

160

Plate 80.

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIX.1

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

80:01 80:02 80:03 80:04 80:05 80:06 80:07 80:08 80:09 80:10 80:11 80:12 80:13 80:14 80:15 80:16 80:17 80:18 80:19 80:20 80:21 80:22 80:23 80:24 80:25 80:26 80:27 80:28 80:29

81.6901 79.6575 81.6903 81.6904 79.6580 79.6576 79.6577 81.6900 81.6906 79.6462 79.6465 79.6463 79.6398 79.6466 79.6464 79.6471 79.6475 79.6473 79.6474 79.6468 79.6390 79.6469 79.6472 79.6252 79.6392 79.6476 79.6250 79.6391 #1852

005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 028 028 028 028 028 028 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024

Medium holemouth jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-holemouth jar Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Ledge handle Small, short neck jar Small juglet Medium flat base bowl Medium, shallow dish Jar base Jar base Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Pithos, necked jar Large, tall neck jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium holemouth bowl Deep cup, neutral/open Deep cup, closed Small jar

Basic Form

80:30 80:31 80:32 80:33 80:34

79.6485 79.6478 79.6477 79.6479 79.6251

024 024 024 024 024

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Body sherd

FC

T

Descriptions

40 83 23 23 22 23 37 66 22 22 83 22 22 40 21

L W L L L L L N B L L L W L L

common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric, pinkish-gray (71) burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (35) surfaces fine fabric, burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, slip int. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, burnish ext.

40 22 40 22 23 40 22 22 22 83 21 21 29

L L L L L L W W W L L B W

83 22 24 24 83

W W L L W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored, burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn light red (40) slip ext, and int. neck med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (42) paint ext.

Plate 80

161

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.1, 2, 4, 5

162

Plate 81. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.1, 2, 4, 5 FC

T

Medium-large flat base bowl Body sherd Loop handle

21 35 40

B N L

med. coarse fabric fine fabric, pattern combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Field XII.2 (4–10) 81:04 79.9126 003

Medium holemouth jar

22

B

81:05 81:06 81:07 81:08 81:09

75.0205 75.0206 77.4877 77.3986 77.3795

Bowl base Loop handle Base Base Medium-large jar short neck

22 21 22 22 22

W W W W

81:10

79.8963 019

Jar base

40

L

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnish friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, friable fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surface with traces of lime coat

Field XII.4 (11) 81:11 79.8719 030

Medium-small shallow bowl

21

B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

Field XII.5 (12–35) 81:12 79.9547 002 81:13 79.8626 002

Bowl Base Jar base

40 40

W W

81:14 81:15 81:16 81:17 81:18 81:19 81:20 81:21 81:22

79.8722 77.3935 77.3746 77.3974 77.3915 77.3931 77.3937 77.3916 77.3939

002 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Ledge handle Small holemouth jar Medium-large, deep bowl Large holemouth jar Small holemouth bowl Pithos, necked jar Small, tall neck, jar Medium flat base bowl Large platter

22 22 20 23 23 40 83 21 21

B L W L L W U B B

81:23 81:24 81:25 81:26 81:27 81:28 81:29 81:30 81:31 81:32 81:33 81:34 81:35

77.3973 77.3975 77.3976 77.3917 77.3913 77.3933 77.3745 77.3940 77.3914 77.3934 77.3932 77.3941 77.3936

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Bowl base Base Bowl base Loop handle

29 12 83 83 40 23 35 83 83 22 83 24 40

B B W W W W W W W B W B W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored,d burnished int., pink (36) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (42) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Field XII.1 (1–3) 81:01 77.3942 003 81:02 77.3910 003 81:03 79.9057 030

003 003 004 017 019

Basic Form

Descriptions

Plate 81

163

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.5

164

Plate 82. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

82:01 82:02 82:03 82:04 82:05 82:06 82:07 82:08 82:09 82:10 82:11 82:12 82:13 82:14 82:15 82:16 82:17 82:18 82:19 82:20 82:21 82:22 82:23 82:24 82:25 82:26 82:27 82:28 82:29

75.0232 75.0234 75.0236 75.0237 75.0239 75.0235 75.0240 75.0241 75.0238 75.0245 15.0246 75.0247 75.0248 75.0249 75.0250 75.0251 75.0261 75.0256 75.0257 75.0258 75.0259 75.0260 75.0253 75.0231 77.4824 77.4809 79.9507 79.8583 79.9152

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

82:30

79.8581

82:31

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.5

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

83 83 21 22 21 83 21 22 22 83 21 21 21 22 22 21 22 22 40 40 21 21 21 22 22 22 40 40 21

W W B W B W B W L W B B B B B B W B B W B B B W W L B B B

003 Jar base

40

B

79.8927

003 Jar base

22

W

82:32

79.8735

003 Base

23

L

82:33

79.8925

003 Bowl base

23

B

82:34

79.8928

003 Base

29

U

82:35 82:36 82:37

79.8982 79.9601 79.8750

003 Column handle 003 Loop handle 003 Ledge handle

21 83 35

B W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, friable fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, friable fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) burnished slip ext., red (42) burnished slip int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, smooth pink (36) int. surface drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-white (71) surface med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Medium-large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar short neck Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Large jar, short neck Medium pitcher, short neck Medium pitcher, short neck Medium-large deep bowl Medium flat base bowl Large platter Large platter Large, flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Chalice base Ledge handle Jar base Jar base Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Small bowl

Plate 82

165

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.5, 6

166

Plate 83. Pl. #

Reg. #

Basic Form

FC

T

Field XII.5 (1–16) 83:01 75.0265 004 83:02 75.0264 004 83:03 75.0267 004 83:04 75.0266 004 83:05 79.9059 004 83:06 77.3758 004 83:07 77.3761 004 83:08 77.3757 004 83:09 77.3760 004 83:10 77.3764 004 83:11 77.3762 004 83:12 77.3763 004 83:13 77.3855 012 83:14 79.8751 012 83:15 77.4810 004 83:16 77.4857 004

Medium-large jar, short neck Large, flat base bowl Jar base Bowl base Ledge handle Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Lamp, round base Base Base Base Large necked jar Medium-large jar short neck Large jar, short neck Base

40 21 22 21 22 22 12 22 83 83 40 22 22 22 83 22

U B W B W W L U B W W L W U W B

friable fabric, thick core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric

Field XII.6 (17–37) 83:17 75.0300 002 83:18 75.0282 002 83:19 75.0283 002 83:20 75.0284 002 83:21 75.0285 002 83:22 75.0286 002 83:23 75.0304 002 83:24 75.0287 002 83:25 77.3743 002 83:26 77.3906 002 83:27 77.3907 002 83:28 77.3909 002 83:29 77.3908 002 83:30 75.0288 003 83:31 75.0289 003 83:32 75.0290 003

Medium-large jar short neck Medium-large necked jar Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Pithos holemouth jar Medium-large flat base bowl Base Jar base Jar base Deep cup, closed Medium-large jar, tall neck Large, flat base bowl

22 40 40 23 21 22 40 21 35 40 83 40 40 40 83 40

W W U L W B W B W W W B B B W W

83:33 83:34 83:35 83:36 83:37

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base

83 22 83 40 83

B W W B W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, red (97) burnish int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric

75.0291 75.0292 75.0294 75.0295 75.0296

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.5, 6

003 003 003 003 003

Descriptions

Plate 83

167

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.6

168

Plate 84.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.6

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

84:01 84:02 84:03 84:04 84:05 84:06 84:07 84:08 84:09 84:10 84:11 84:12 84:13 84:14 84:15 84:16 84:17 84:18 84:19 84:20 84:21 84:22 84:23 84:24 84:25 84:26 84:27 84:28 84:29 84:30 84:31 84:32 84:33 84:34 84:35 84:36 84:37 84:38

77.3834 77.3924 77.3828 77.3923 77.3938 77.3826 77.3928 77.3825 77.3833 77.3926 77.3827 77.3830 77.3835 77.3832 77.3831 77.3981 77.3927 77.3925 77.3922 77.3920 77.3919 77.3930 77.3929 77.3824 77.3836 77.3921 77.3829 77.3837 77.4871 77.4853 77.4884 77.4842 77.4866 77.4880 77.3845 77.3954 77.3841 77.3780

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 006 006 006 006

84:39

77.3788 006

Medium-large flat base bowl 22

84:40 84:41 84:42 84:43 84:44

77.3912 77.3955 77.3842 77.3849 77.3847

Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base

006 006 006 006 006

Basic Form Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Deep cup, neutral/open Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle Large holemouth jar Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd Body sherd Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium platter Medium flat base bowl

FC

T

23 23 21 22 40 21 22 22 40 83 40 22 40 21 22 40 83 35 22 66 21 40 22 22 23 83 40 40 23 66 21 22 40 22 23 23 40 40

L L L W B B W B L W L W L L U W W W B W U W W W B W U B L W W W W W L L B W W

22 22 22 83 22

W W W W B

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown (19) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, dark-reddish brown (17) burnished slip ext., reddish-brown (19) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 84

169

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.6, 7

170

Plate 85. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.6, 7 FC

T

Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle Loop handle Loop handle Body sherd Large, tall neck jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle Deep bowl

40 11 40 83 21 22 40 22 20 21 22 40 21 40 40 23 83 22 21 21 22 22 22 21 22 83 40 21

W U W W B W W W L B B B B B W U W W B W B W W B W W U B

79.9148 010

Jar base

83

W

85:30

79.9147 010

Jar base

83

W

85:31

79.9150 010

Jar base

40

L

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric med. coarse fabric, brown (24) burnished slip int., ext. hole below rim drilled from both sides light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces, worn int. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71)

Medium-small bowl Jar base

22 22

B L

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Field XII.6 (1–31) 85:01 77.3846 006 85:02 77.3843 006 85:03 77.3777 006 85:04 77.3786 006 85:05 77.3784 006 85:06 77.3783 006 85:07 77.3952 006 85:08 77.3957 006 85:09 77.3956 006 85:10 77.3985 006 85:11 77.3848 006 85:12 77.3782 006 85:13 77.3781 006 85:14 77.3844 006 85:15 77.3779 006 85:16 77.3787 006 85:17 77.3776 006 85:18 77.4843 006 85:19 77.4898 006 85:20 77.4835 006 85:21 77.4808 006 85:22 77.4876 006 85:23 77.4881 006 85:24 77.4893 006 85:25 77.4858 006 85:26 77.4859 006 85:27 77.4865 006 85:28 79.9149 010 85:29

Field XII.7 (32–33) 85:32 77.3944 004 85:33 77.3945 004

Basic Form

Descriptions

Plate 85

171

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.7, 8

172

Plate 86. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.7, 8 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XII.7 (1–27) 86:01 81.1961 004 Medium holemouth bowl 86:02 81.1966 004 Medium-large necked jar

Basic Form

21 83

B W

86:03 86:04 86:05 86:06 86:07 86:08

81.1962 81.1779 81.1766 81.1844 81.1965 81.1777

004 004 004 004 004 004

Medium pitcher, short neck Small jar, tall neck Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl

22 22 21 21 22 22

B W B B W B

86:09 86:10 86:11 86:12 86:13 86:14 86:15

81.1960 81.1772 81.1770 81.1783 81.1782 81.1778 81.1767

004 004 004 004 004 004 004

Jar Jar Jar Jar Jar Jar Jar

14 22 21 22 24 22 83

L W W W L W W

86:16

81.1958

004 Base

40

W

86:17 86:18

81.1845 81.1964

004 Base 004 Bowl base

21 83

B W

86:19 86:20 86:21 86:22

81.1818 81.1969 81.1784 81.1971

004 004 004 004

Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle

14 21

L B

22

W

86:23 86:24

81.1970 81.1967

004 Ledge handle 004 Body sherd

22 22

W W

86:25 86:26 86:27

81.1968 77.3790 77.4821

004 Body sherd 009 Medium-large flat base bowl 009 Body sherd

40 83 83

L W W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, joined neck orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. fine fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., black patches ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vert. combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., reddish-yellow (22) int. dense med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown (19) surfaces, black patches med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) ext. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, dark red (18) painted stripe on white surface, yellowish-red (39) int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric fine fabric

22

W

66 21 66

W B B

base base base base base base base

Field XII.8 (28–33) 86:28 79.9616 001 Large, tall neck jar 86:29 79.8731 001 Pithos, short neck 86:30 86:31 86:32 86:33

79.9607 79.8728 79.8584 79.9128

001 001 001 001

Large necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core description unavailable

Plate 86

173

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.8

174

Plate 87. Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.8

Pl. #

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

87:01 87:02

79.8729 001 79.8725 001

Medium-large, deep bowl Bowl base

22 21

W B

87:03

79.8726 001

Jar base

21

B

87:04

79.9096 001

Base

40

L

87:05 87:06 87:07

79.8727 001 79.9615 001 79.9612 001

Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle

21 40 83

B W W

87:08

79.9020 003

Medium-large deep bowl

83

W

87:09 87:10 87:11 87:12 87:13

79.8767 79.9121 79.9554 79.9019 79.9022

003 003 003 003 003

Large, deep bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Large, short neck jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl

22 40 22 22 21

L B W B B

87:14 87:15 87:16

79.9153 003 79.8765 003 79.9127 003

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large platter

22 23 21

B B B

87:17 87:18

79.8764 003 79.9608 003

Jar base Jar base

21 35

W W

87:19

79.9545 003

Jar base

40

B

87:20

79.8762 003

Base

35

W

87:21

79.9021 003

Jar base

40

W

87:22

79.8763 003

Base

83

W

87:23

79.8717 003

Base

21

L

87:24

79.8716 003

Bowl base

21

W

87:25 87:26 87:27 87:28 87:29

79.8915 79.8774 79.8773 79.8822 #2423

Ledge handle Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Base Lamp, flattened base

40 35 22 23 21

B W B L B

87:30

79.8786 019

Medium flat base bowl

21

B

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, pinkish-gray (71) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) slip ext. coarse fabric, thick gray core, slip traces (?) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, white (10YR 8/3) surface med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29), worn ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric. red (42) burnished slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, friable fabric, thin gray core, widened at rim, not shown orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, medium coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip ext., dark red (18) slip int. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (38) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, very pale brown (29) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored, very pale brown (29) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29), worn light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) int., pink (36) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29), worn common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) worn surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core. very pale brown (29) burnish ext., pink (36) burnish ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (39) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) int., pink (36) ext., burn marks around rim, turning marks orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

003 015 015 015 019

Basic Form

Plate 87

175

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.9

176

Plate 88.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.9

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

88:01 88:02

79.9540 79.9551

001 Medium-small bowl 001 Medium holemouth jar

Basic Form

21 83

B W

88:03 88:04 88:05

79.8997 79.8615 79.9014

001 Medium holemouth bowl 001 Medium pitcher, short neck 001 Pithos, short neck

23 40 23

L W B

88:06 88:07 88:08 88:09

79.8996 79.8614 79.9002 79.8615

001 001 001 001

21 21 23 40

B B B B

88:10 88:11 88:12

79.9000 79.9541 79.9537

001 Medium-large platter 001 Medium platter 001 Jar base

21 40 83

B B W

88:13

79.9080

001 Jar base

40

W

88:14 88:15 88:16

79.9004 79.9538 79.9003

001 Jar base 001 Jar base 001 Jar base

40 40 83

W W W

88:17

79.9011

001 Jar base

40

W

88:18

79.9172

001 Base

40

W

88:19

79.8819

001 Jar base

22

W

88:20 88:21 88:22

79.9539 79.9081 81.2004

001 Jar base 001 Bowl base 001 Jar base

40 21 22

W B W

88:23

81.2005

001 Base

22

L

88:24

81.2032

001 Body sherd

22

W

88:25 88:26 88:27 88:28 88:29

79.8713 79.9159 79.9078 79.8821 79.9179

002 002 002 005 005

Medium-large, deep bowl Large, tall neck, jar Base Large holemouth bowl Medium-large, deep bowl

21 35 40 22 40

B W W W W

88:30 88:31 88:32

79.9175 79.9180 79.9178

005 Medium-large deep bowl 005 Large, flat base bowl 005 Jar base

40 21 22

B B W

88:33

79.9174

005 Jar base

66

B

88:34 88:35 88:36

79.9176 79.9068 79.9177

005 Base 005 Jar base 005 Bowl base

22 21 40

W W W

88:37 88:38 88:39

79.9167 79.9169 79.9171

005 Bowl base 005 Bowl base 005 Ledge handle

40 22 22

B W W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., very pale brown (36) ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish- yellow (22) light, cream ware med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) friable fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) common ware, med. coarse fabric, combing, reddish-yellow (22) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light reddish-brown (83) random burnish int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray (5YR 6/ 1) int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36 surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

Plate 88

177

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.9, 10

178

Plate 89. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Field XII.9 (1–12) 89:01 79.8609 006 89:02 79.8610 006 89:03 79.8633 006 89:04 81.2132 008 89:05 81.2023 008 89:06 79.9073 013 89:07 79.9617 013

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.9, 10

Basic Form

FC

T

Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Ledge handle Deep cup, closed Base Medium pitcher, short neck Base

21 21 23 22 22 22 35

B B L Z W W W

21

Z

21 83

W W

24 22

B L

89:08

81.2036

89:09 89:10

81.2034 81.1825

013 Medium-small shallow bowl (lamp) 013 Base 013 Bowl base

89:11 89:12

81.2033 81.2138

033 Medium deep bowl 033 Base

Field XII.10 (13– 46) 89:13 77.3700 001 89:14 77.3705 001 89:15 77.3704 001 89:16 77.3703 001 89:17 77.3702 001 89:18 77.3878 001 89:19 77.3701 001 89:20 77.3881 001 89:21 77.3879 001 89:22 77.3710 001 89:23 77.3707 001 89:24 77.3716 001 89:25 77.3717 001 89:26 77.3884 001 89:27 77.3883 001

Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large jar, short neck Pithos necked jar Medium-large jar, tall neck Large necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Bowl base

22 22 22 21 21 83 22 40 22 83 11 11 83 40 40

U W B B W W B W W W W W W L U

89:28 89:29 89:30 89:31 89:32 89:33 89:34 89:35 89:36 89:37 89:38 89:39 89:40 89:41 89:42 89:43 89:44 89:45 89:46

Base Base Bowl base Bowl base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Medium-large jar, short neck Ledge handle Loop handle Loop handle

40 40 40 21 11 83 22 22 83 22 22 83 83 23 40 83 40 83 21

U W B B B W W L W W W W W W W W W W W

77.3882 77.3880 77.3711 77.3712 77.3708 77.3706 77.3718 77.3719 77.3715 77.3714 77.3713 77.3720 77.3722 77.3721 77.3723 77.3725 77.3724 77.3885 77.3886

001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001

Descriptions orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric, slip-paint, dark red (18) int. ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip ext. drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored, black int., very pale brown (29) ext. fine ware and fabric, light red (40) surfaces, burn marks on rim common ware. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext, gray int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, gray int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, slip traces (?) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 89

179

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10

180

Plate 90. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

90:01 90:02 90:03 90:04 90:05 90:06

77.4839 77.4827 77.4832 77.4825 77.4840 79.8918

001 001 001 001 001 001

90:07

79.8613

90:08 90:09

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

40 40 40 22 40 40

W L B B B W

001 Medium holemouth jar

40

B

79.8770 79.8917

001 Large jar, short neck 001 Medium-large jar, short neck

40 21

B B

90:10

79.9115

001 Medium-large flat base bowl

40

W

90:11 90:12 90:13

79.8771 79.8814 79.8772

001 Medium-large flat base bowl 001 Jar base 001 Jar base

23 22 40

B W B

90:14

79.8916

001 Jar base

83

W

90:15 90:16 90:17

79.9116 79.9143 79.8919

001 Bowl base 001 Bowl base 001 Ledge handle

35 21 22

W B B

90:18 90:19

81.2147 81.2144

001 Small holemouth jar 001 Deep cup, closed

22 22

Z Z

90:20 90:21 90:22

81.2136 81.2137 81.2145

001 Large jar, tall neck 001 Medium-large platter 001 Medium-small, shallow bowl

83 22 14

W Z W

90:23

81.2135

001 Jar base

21

B

90:24 90:25

81.2148 81.2149

001 Base 001 Ledge handle

22 21

Z W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., pink (36) ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., pinkish-gray (71) ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish- yellow (22) surface light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., very pale brown (29) ext., red slip traces(?) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabricd, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light reddishbrown (23) int., pink (36) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (29) ext., gray (5YR 5/1) int. fine fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) slip-paint band int. rim, fine fabric, thin gray core, traces of burnished slip, dark red (18), int. ext. med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric fine ware and fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnish ext., reddish-gray (11) burnish int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, traces of very pale brown (29) slip ext. fine ware and fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces

Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Small holemouth jar

Plate 90

181

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10

182

Plate 91. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10 FC

T

Descriptions

91:01 79.8548

004 Medium deep bowl

Basic Form

40

B

91:02 91:03 91:04 91:05

79.8902 79.8547 79.8595 79.8901

004 004 004 004

Medium-large deep bowl Small bowl Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

21 40 21 66

B W B W

91:06 91:07 91:08 91:09 91:10 91:11 91:12 91:13 91:14 91:15 91:16

79.8957 79.8899 79.8545 79.8956 79.8546 79.8541 79.8542 79.9095 79.9621 79.8634 79.8549

004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004 004

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Loop handle Ledge handle Medium-large jug

21 13 40 21 21 40 35 40 40 40 21

B B B B B W W B B W W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) burnish ext., light reddish-brown (83) burnish int., orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric. red (42) slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surface med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow 22 surfaces, large burn mark ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray (05) int., pink (36) ext., punctate line common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish- yellow (38) int., gray patches ext. med. coarse fabric, combing, very pale brown (29) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) ext. friable fabric, thick cored, pink(36) ext., light red (40) int.

91:17 79.9173

004 Jar neck

23

W

91:18 79.9113

005 Medium-large flat base bowl

22

W

91:19 79.8984 91:20 79.9114

005 Body sherd 005 Ledge handle

83 40

W W

91:21 79.9066

010 Jar base

23

L

91:22 79.9067

010 Ledge handle

22

L

Plate 91

183

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10, 11

184

Plate 92. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.10, 11 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XII.10 (1–21) 92:01 79.8877 013 Large deep bowl 92:02 79.8882 013 Large necked jar

Basic Form

40 40

W W

92:03 92:04 92:05 92:06 92:07 92:08 92:09 92:10

79.9164 79.8875 79.9163 79.8612 79.8611 79.8880 79.8876 79.8881

013 013 013 013 013 013 013 013

40 21 40 21 22 73 40 21

B B B B B W W W

92:11 92:12

79.8878 79.8748

013 Jar base 013 Ledge handle

21 83

B W

92:13 92:14 92:15

79.9110 79.8874 79.8711

013 Ledge handle 013 Body sherd 017 Large holemouth jar

22 40 21

W W B

92:16 92:17 92:18 92:19 92:20 92:21

79.9016 79.8904 79.8903 79.8905 79.8710 79.8712

017 017 017 017 017 017

Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Body sherd

22 21 40 40 22 35

W B B W W W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) worn surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface, slip traces(?) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) worn surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish yellow (21) int., pink (36) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) int., surface, pink (36) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., light reddish-brown (23) int. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, combing, very pale brown (29) common dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., pink (36) int. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, vry pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, traces of light combing, pink (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Field XII.11 (22– 40) 92:22 79.8950 001 Medium-large flat base bowl 92:23 79.8953 001 Medium flat base bowl

21 66

B B

92:24

79.8952

001 Large, flat base bowl

83

W

92:25 92:26 92:27 92:28 92:29 92:30 92:31 92:32 92:33 92:34

79.8948 79.8949 79.8947 79.8934 79.8930 79.8929 79.8939 79.8936 79.8931 79.8942

001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001

21 21 21 22 83 40 22 21 22 40

B B B W W W W B W W

92:35

79.9045

001 Base

23

B

92:36

79.8933

001 Bowl base

22

W

92:37 92:38 92:39

79.8945 79.8938 79.8935

001 Base 001 Body sherd 001 Body sherd

21 40 40

B W W

92:40

79.8946

001 Ledge handle

40

W

Medium-small shallow bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium deep bowl Medium-large platter Base Jar base Jar base Jar base

Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Jar base

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light brownish-gray (09) burnished slip ext., brown (24) burnished slip int. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext., red (96) slip int., widened rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, vert. combing light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, fine fabric, very pale brown (29) ext., pink (36) int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, vert. combing, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) random burnish ext., light red (40) random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (97) burnished slip ext., burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing, pinkish-gray (71) int. med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, very pale brown (29) ext., reddish yellow (21) int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yello int., pinkish-gray (71) worn ext.

Plate 92

185

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

186

Plate 93.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

93:01 93:02 93:03 93:04 93:05 93:06 93:07 93:08 93:09 93:10

81.1877 81.1871 81.1874 81.1876 81.1870 81.1873 81.1875 79.9544 79.9092 79.9542

001 001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002 002

Large holemouth jar Medium-large jar, short neck Jar base Base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

14 40 21 22 22 83 21 40 23 83

B W W Z B W W B B W

93:11

79.9088 002

Medium-small, shallow bowl

21

B

93:12 93:13 93:14

79.9086 002 79.8628 002 79.8618 002

Jar base Jar base Base

35 40 40

W W W

93:15 93:16 93:17

79.8616 002 79.8617 002 79.9085 002

Jar base Jar base Jar base

40 40 22

W W W

93:18 93:19 93:20

79.9087 002 79.9093 002 79.9084 002

Jar base Jar base Jar base

83 35 40

W W W

93:21

79.9543 002

Base

22

W

93:22

79.9090 002

Base

83

W

93:23

79.9091 002

Base

40

W

93:24

79.8620 002

Base

40

W

93:25 93:26 93:27 93:28

79.9089 79.8619 79.8629 79.9094

002 002 002 002

Bowl base Ledge handle Ledge handle Jar neck

40 22 22 83

W B W W

93:29 93:30 93:31 93:32 93:33

79.8991 79.9629 79.8913 79.8910 79.8992

003 003 003 003 003

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar

40 40 23 40 40

L L L L L

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, dense med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine ware and fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, impressed band, reddish-yellow ext., worn orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, friable fabric, thick core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip ext., very pale brown (29) burnished slip int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, very brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., reddish-gray (11) int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, friable fabric, reddish-yellow (21) worn surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces drab ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29), mat impression on bottom (?) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext., pink (36) int. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish- gray (71) int., pink (36) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., very pale brown (29) ext. med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, possible combing (?) common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray cored, brown (24) burnish common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface ext. med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces, three raised dots at neck line med. coarse fabric, pink (36) int., ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 93

187

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

188

Plate 94.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

94:01

79.8522

003 Small holemouth jar

Basic Form

35

W

94:02 94:03 94:04 94:05 94:06 94:07 94:08 94:09 94:10

79.9119 81.1713 81.1930 81.1924 81.1923 81.2014 81.2008 81.1712 81.1882

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Deep basin Medium holemouth bowl Pithos necked jar Large jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Large jar, tall neck

40 14 22 22 83 22 83 22 22

L L L W W W W B W

94:11 94:12 94:13 94:14 94:15 94:16

81.1711 81.1710 81.2011 81.1714 81.1709 81.1708

003 003 003 003 003 003

Large, flat base bowl Large platter Large, flat base bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Vat Medium-large platter

21 22 21 83 22 22

B B B N W B

94:17 94:18 94:19 94:20 94:21 94:22

81.2064 79.9532 79.9527 79.9638 79.9531 79.9117

003 003 003 003 003 003

Medium-small shallow bowl Small holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Large jar, tall neck

21 40 40 22 40 83

B L L N B W

94:23 94:24 94:25 94:26 94:27 94:28 94:29 94:30 94:31 94:32 94:33 94:34 94:35 94:36 94:37

79.8893 79.8883 79.8523 79.9026 79.9039 79.9530 79.8556 79.9635 79.8886 79.9031 79.8864 79.8870 79.8890 79.8526 79.8787

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Large jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large platter

83 21 22 83 22 22 21 40 21 40 21 66 23 40 21

W B W W W W B B B B B B B B B

fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., turning signs cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine ware and fabric, pink (36) ext., reddish-yellow (22) int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces fine ware and fabric, thick gray core, yellowish-red (39) int., pink (36) ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, very pale brown (29), thick lime coat med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, excised line ext. below rim on circumference

Plate 94

189

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

190

Plate 95.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

95:01 95:02

79.8994 79.9634

003 Medium flat base bowl 003 Medium-large flat base bowl

Basic Form

40 40

B W

95:03

79.9077

003 Medium-large deep bowl

22

W

95:04 95:05 95:06 95:07

79.9636 79.9032 79.9525 79.8790

003 003 003 003

Medium flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl

21 40 21 40

B B B N

95:08 95:09 95:10 95:11 95:12 95:13 95:14

79.9641 79.9511 79.8519 79.9533 79.9035 79.8521 79.9526

003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Medium flat base bowl Medium-large platter Medium-large flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Small bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-large platter

83 21 21 40 21 21 22

B B B W B B W

95:15 95:16 95:17

79.9529 79.9524 79.9118

003 Medium platter 003 Jar base 003 Jar base

21 22 23

B W B

95:18

79.8908

003 Jar base

40

W

95:19

79.8865

003 Jar base

40

L

95:20 95:21 95:22 95:23 95:24 95:25 95:26 95:27 95:28 95:29 95:30 95:31 95:32 95:33

79.8733 79.8911 79.8510 79.9028 79.9650 79.9647 79.9044 79.9043 79.8994 79.9029 79.9042 79.9519 79.9027 79.9053

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

83 35 22 83 23 22 40 35 40 83 35 35 66

W W W W W N B W W W W W B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip int., light red (40) slip ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric fine fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) burnish int., ext., drill hole made after firing, burn marks int. surface friable fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, fine fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light brown random burnish ext., pink (90) random burnish int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, vert. combingd, very pale brown (29) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) ext.,gray patches int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric friable fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces friable fabric, light red (40) slip ext., pink (36) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, redish-yellow (21) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core description unavailable

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Lamp, flat base

Plate 95

191

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

192

Plate 96. Basic Form

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

96:01 96:02 96:03 96:04

79.9652 79.9655 79.9023 79.8511

003 003 003 003

Jar base Jar base Base Jar base

21 23 21 40

L L B W

96:05 96:06 96:07 96:08 96:09 96:10 96:11 96:12 96:13 96:14 96:15 96:16 96:17 96:18 96:19 96:20

79.8891 79.8515 79.8516 79.8868 79.8621 79.8988 79.9512 81.1926 81.1922 81.2065 81.1716 81.1927 81.1718 81.1925 81.2009 81.2010

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Jar base Jar base Jar base Base Base Base Base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Base Base

21 40 22 40 83 21 22 22 22 22 24 11 22 22 83 40

B W W L W W W W W W L L W B W N

96:21 96:22 96:23 96:24 96:25 96:26 96:27 96:28 96:29

81.2013 79.9034 79.8513 79.9518 79.9516 79.8734 79.8514 79.9646 79.8789

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Bowl base Base Jar base Base Base Base Base Jar base Base

22 40 21 83 22 22 21 40 40

B W L B W W B B W

96:30

79.9041

003 Base

22

W

96:31 96:32 96:33

79.9649 79.9521 79.8622

003 Bowl base 003 Base 003 Small bowl, flat base

23 40 40

W W W

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-gray (11) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (38) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, dense med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) ext. fine ware and fabric, thin gray core, purplish weak red (43) hue ext., similar to flint ware of cemetery orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces, used as lamp, string cut base

Plate 96

193

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

194

Plate 97. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

97:01 97:02 97:03 97:04

79.8623 94.3788 79.8624 79.8551

003 003 003 003

97:05 97:06

FC

T

Descriptions

base base base base

40 21 40 40

B B W W

79.9520 003 79.8885 003

Bowl base Column handle

21 40

B B

97:07

79.9030 003

Chalice base

22

U

97:08 97:09 97:10 97:11 97:12 97:13 97:14 97:15 97:16 97:17 97:18

79.8995 79.9534 79.8871 79.8872 79.9025 79.8525 79.9628 81.2066 81.1719 81.1931 81.1881

Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Lug handle Loop handle Loop handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd

40 40 40 21 21 40 22 22 83 22 22

W B B W W W W W W L B

97:19 97:20

81.1929 003 81.2012 003

Body sherd Body sherd

83 22

W W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) burnish ext., red burnish int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, weak red (43) burnished slip ext., red slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, net slip-paint, weak red (42) int., burnished light red (40) slip, ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pale yellow (30) ext surface with combing, light red (40) int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, applique band, yellowish-red (39) ext.

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Basic Form

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

Plate 97

195

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

196

Plate 98. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

98:01 98:02 98:03 98:04 98:05 98:06 98:07

79.9633 79.9632 79.9627 79.8524 79.8786 79.8557 79.8989

003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Spout Body sherd Body sherd Deep bowl

98:08 98:09 98:10 98:11 98:12 98:13 98:14 98:15 98:16

79.9510 79.9528 79.9640 79.9523 79.9037 79.9517 79.9639 79.8990 79.8518

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

98:17 98:18

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

35 23

W W

36 23 22 40

W L W W

Body sherd Body sherd, loop handle base Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

40 21 83 40 22 40 83 40 40

W W W W W W W W W

79.8554 003

Body sherd

40

W

79.9509 003

Jar neck

83

W

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) slip med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) description unavailable med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, incised lines med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, punctate linear design, light reddish-brown (23) ext. (intrusive?) med. coarse fabric, raised dot med. coarse fabric, combing, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, combing light, cream ware, med. coarse ware med. coarse fabric. combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, combing light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, rasied band applique light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, thumb impressed raised band med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb impressed band

Plate 98

197

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

198

Plate 99.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

99:01 99:02 99:03

81.1851 81.1904 81.1911

006 Medium holemouth jar 006 Medium holemouth jar 006 Deep basin

Basic Form

21 22 22

L L W

99:04

81.1724

006 Large jar, tall neck

21

W

99:05

81.1850

006 Medium-large jar, tall neck

21

W

99:06 99:07 99:08 99:09 99:10

81.1901 81.1747 81.1879 81.1722 81.1880

006 006 006 006 006

Medium-large jar, tall neck Large necked jar Medium-large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large flat base bowl

22 21 22 83 22

W W W W W

99:11 99:12 99:13

81.1721 81.1907 81.1918

006 Medium-large flat base bowl 006 Large, flat base bowl 006 Deep cup, closed

21 21 40

W B L

99:14 99:15

81.1726 81.1853

006 Medium-small bowl 006 Jar base

21 22

B W

99:16

81.1905

006 Jar base

21

B

99:17 99:18

81.1848 81.1849

006 Jar base 006 Jar base

21 21

W B

99:19 99:20

81.1744 81.1908

006 Jar base 006 Jar base

83 11

W W

99:21

81.1757

006 Base

83

W

99:22 99:23 99:24 99:25 99:26

81.1723 81.1902 81.1903 81.1847 81.1909

006 006 006 006 006

21 22 22 22 21

B W W L W

99:27 99:28

81.1720 81.1846

006 Bowl base 006 Bowl base

21 21

B W

99:29

81.1725

006 Ledge handle

22

L

99:30 99:31 99:32 99:33

81.1913 81.1746 81.1743 81.1854

006 006 006 006

83 21 83 11

W W W B

99:34 99:35

81.1852 81.1912

006 Loop handle 006 Body sherd

83 21

W W

99:36

81.1878

006 Body sherd

22

W

cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, dense med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., gray int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red (39) ext. with burn patches light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn reddish-yellow (38) ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, worn common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) surfaces, lime pops orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, vert. combing, very pale brown (29) ext., reddish-yellow (39) int. heavy, dense med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-brown (23) surfaces med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) int., black/gray ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext., light reddish-brown (23) int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) int., black patches ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, yellowish-red ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) burnish int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) ext, gray int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) burnish light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, reddish-yellow int. with black patches med. coarse fabric, light red (40) surfaces. line may be drag mark from surface inclusion

Base Jar base Base Base Base

Ledge Ledge Ledge Ledge

handle handle handle handle

Plate 99

199

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

200

Plate 100.

Stratum II Pottery of Field XII.11

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

100:01 100:02 100:03 100:04

81.1748 81.1700 81.1754 81.1736

019 019 019 019

22 66 83 40

L L W L

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, worn surfaces

100:05 81.1752

019

22

W

100:06 81.1735

019

21

L

100:07 81.1701 100:08 81.1807

019 019

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Pithos, necked, short cylindrical Pithos, necked, short curved out Medium-large jar short angled neck Medium-large jar short neck Medium, short neck pitcher

35 16

W B

100:09 81.1808

019 Medium-large platter

11

L

100:10 81.1753

019 Medium-large deep bowl

21

B

100:11 100:12 100:13 100:14 100:15

019 019 019 019 019

21 22 83 83 22

B L W W W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, impressed band at neck, yellowish-red (39) surfaces medium coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow random burnish ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pale yellow (30) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, yellowish-red (39) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) random burnish ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burn marks on rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29), combed ext. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, vertical combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29), ext., yellowish-red (39) int. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, incised mark int. on dark black surface, string cut base, yellowish-red ext. med. coarse fabric, worn reddish-brown (19) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, raised band, yellowish-red (39) ext. fine fabric, red (40) vertical lines slip-paint on white lime surface ext., yellowish-red (39) int. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29), incised mark

81.1809 81.1738 81.1755 81.1749 81.1741

Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Base Jar base

100:16 81.1705

019 Jar base

83

W

100:17 81.1751 100:18 81.1750

019 Jar base 019 Jar base

22 83

B W

100:19 81.1704

019 Bowl base

22

W

100:20 81.1706 100:21 81.1810

019 Ledge handle 019 Body sherd

21 83

W W

100:22 81.1806

019 Body sherd

22

W

100:23 81.1707 100:24 81.1756

019 Body sherd 019 Body sherd

83 22

W W

Plate 100

201

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3

202

Plate 101. Basic Form

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

101:01 101:02 101:03

81.3577 81.2709 81.3579

256 Medium holemouth jar 256 Medium holemouth jar 256 Large, short neck jar

40 40 23

L L W

101:04

81.2707

256 Medium-large platter

83

W

101:05

81.2708

256 Medium-small bowl

22

W

101:06 101:07

81.2706 81.3576

256 Jar base 256 Jar base

71 40

W L

101:08 101:09 101:10 101:11 101:12

81.3578 81.2905 81.2904 81.2906 81.2913

256 201 201 201 201

Jar base Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Deep cup, neutral/open Deep basin

40 40 40 40 83

W L L W W

101:13 101:14 101:15

81.2912 81.2916 81.2911

201 Large, necked jar 201 Large, flat base bowl 201 Medium-large, flat base bowl

40 21 21

W B B

101:16 101:17 101:18

#3354 81.2901 81.2799

201 Medium-small shallow bowl 201 Jar base 201 Jar base

36 40 40

B L L

101:19

81.2900

201 Jar base

21

L

101:20 101:21 101:22 101:23 101:24 101:25 101:26 101:27 101:28 101:29 101:30 101:31

81.2798 81.2797 81.2796 81.2917 81.2918 81.2907 81.3249 81.2720 81.2721 81.2722 81.3014 81.3012

201 201 201 201 201 201 251 251 251 251 269 269

Jar base Jar base Jar base Loop handle Loop handle Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large, necked jar Bowl base Medium holemouth jar Medium-large, flat base bowl

40 83 22 21 21 40 40 11 22 22 21 21

L W L W B U L L W W L B

101:32 101:33 101:34 101:35 101:36

81.3013 81.2960 81.2959 81.2955 81.2801

269 272 272 237 241

Jar base Medium platter Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar

35 21 21 40 40

L B B L L

101:37 101:38 101:39

81.2804 81.2954 81.2802

241 Medium holemouth jar 241 Medium holemouth jar 241 Medium-large, flat base bowl

22 40 21

L L B

101:40 101:41 101:42 101:43 101:44 101:45

81.2802 81.2800 81.2953 81.2805 81.2700 81.2701

241 241 241 241 246 246

21 40 40 22 40 21

B L U W L B

101:46 101:47 101:48

81.3015 81.4073 81.4072

274 Small holemouth jar 278 Medium holemouth jar 278 Bowl base

35 40 83

L L W

common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) int. worn ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29), ext., pink (36) int., gray patches ext. light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) random burnished slip int.,ext. fine ware. med. coarse fabric, red-brown (76) burnished slip ext., burnished int., pink (36) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, black patches ext., pinkish-gray (71) int. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light reddish-brown (23) surfaces med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, friable fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, complete burnish ext. common dense ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface, turning marks int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (38) int., ext. lime coated OB, med. coarse fabric, random, reddish-yellow burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burn marks int. reddish-yellow (38) surface fine fabric, brown (24) slip ext., int. lip common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of brown (24) slip int., very pale brown (29) ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) int., pinkishgray (71) ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (38) surface med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip,. ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) ext., worn int. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip int., burnished ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext., gray patches common ware, med. coarse fabric, two stage construction orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red burnish, complete, ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light reddish-brown (23) int., reddish-yellow (21) ext. vertical finger marks int. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) burnished slip int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Medium-large, flat base bowl Jar base Loop handle Ledge handle Medium holemouth jar Medium flat base bowl

Plate 101

203

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3

204

Plate 102.

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

102:01

79.0006

041 Medium-large platter

21

W

102:02 102:03 102:04 102:05 102:06

79.0004 79.0002 79.0003 79.0005 81.3235

041 041 041 041 198

22 83 21 22 22

L W B W W

102:07

81.3233

198 Small bowl

40

B

102:08 102:09

81.3236 81.3234

198 Medium-large platter 198 Medium platter

21 40

B B

102:10 102:11

81.3237 81.3230

198 Medium platter 198 Jar base

22 21

B B

102:12

81.3234

198 Jar base

40

L

102:13 102:14 102:15 102:16 102:17 102:18 102:19 102:20

81.3232 81.3565 81.3564 81.3560 81.3562 81.3557 81.3563 81.3569

198 233 233 233 233 233 233 233

22 23 40 40 40 40 22 23

W L L L L L B B

102:21

81.3566

233 Medium platter

22

W

102:22 102:23 102:24 102:25

81.3558 81.3559 81.3568 81.3567

233 233 233 233

Medium-large deep bowl Medium platter Jar base Jar base

21 21 23 40

B B L L

102:26 102:27 102:28 102:29 102:30 102:31 102:32 102:33 102:34 102:35 102:36

81.3269 81.3268 81.3266 81.3267 81.4003 81.4006 81.4004 81.4002 81.4005 81.4007 81.4015

238 238 238 238 273 273 273 273 273 273 273

Medium, short neck pitcher Medium-small shallow bowl Bowl base Jar base Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-large, tall neck jar

22 40 22 40 40 40 40 23 40 40 22

U W B L L W L L L L L

102:37 102:38 102:39 102:40

81.4011 81.4019 81.4083 81.4076

273 273 272 272

Medium-small bowl Small bowl Medium-large platter Medium-small bowl

21 22 21 23

B N B B

102:41 102:42 102:43

81.4014 81.4009 31.4010

272 Medium-large deep bowl 272 Medium-small shallow 272 Medium-small shallow bowl

21 21 21

B B B

102:44

81.4077

272 Jar base

40

L

102:45 102:46 102:47 102:48 102:49 102:50 102:51 102:52

81.4012 81.3597 81.3599 81.3596 81.4001 81.4013 81.3598 81.4016

273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273

40 40 83 83 40 21 21 40

L L W W L B B W

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (20) burnished slip ext., burnished int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface, turning marks med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (39) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, rim is widened (not shown) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) int. pink burnish (36) ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-brown burnished slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, slip-paint, lt. red (40), diagonal stripes ext. band at lip orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thick core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) int., light reddish brown (23) ext. med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) burnished slip ext., int. neck med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red burnished slip, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cmmon ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cream ware, fine fabric, slip-paint, red.-gray, ext., int. rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, rim widened, not shown orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pierced hole on rim made before firing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, burn marks on rim orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, burn marks on rim common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., pink (36) ext. common ware, friable fabric, thin gray core. pink (36) surfaces cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surfaces orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surface, incised mark before firing

Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Ledge handle Large, necked jar

Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium, deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl

Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd

Plate 102

205

Stratum IIB–IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4, 6

206

Plate 103. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IIB–IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4, 6 FC

T

Medium flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Small holemouth jar Medium flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Deep cup, neutral/open Medium-small bowl Bowl base

40 21 40 22 22 23 24 21 11 07 22

B B L B B B B B B B B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse orange burnished ware, med. coarse

Field XIV.6 (12–33) 103:12 79.0552 038 103:13 79.0557 038 103:14 79.0551 038 103:15 79.0555 038 103:16 79.0548 038 103:17 79.0549 038 103:18 79.0554 038 103:19 79.0556 038 103:20 78.0878 044 103:21 78.0877 044 103:22 79.0399 044 103:23 78.0879 044 103:24 79.0398 044 103:25 79.0397 044 103:26 79.0402 044 103:27 79.0400 044 103:28 79.0403 044 103:29 79.0396 044

Pithos holemouth jar Large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Large platter Medium-small bowl Jar base Bowl base Knob-ledge Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium-large deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium-small bowl Medium flat base bowl

40 22 40 21 22 83 83 40 36 36 40 36 40 83 22 83 22 83

L W W B

103:30 103:31 103:32 103:33

Jar base Jar base Base Body sherd

22 35 22 36

L W W L

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, random reddish-yellow burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core fine fabric, thick gray core coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (92) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (42) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip ext.,burnish (?) light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext. friable fabric, thick core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core fine fabric, thin gray core coarse fabric

Small holemouth jar Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Large, necked jar Medium flat base bowl

36 83 40 40 83 22 40 40 83 40

L W W L W L W W W W

Field XIV.4 (1–11) 103:01 79.3974 054 103:02 79.3975 054 103:03 79.3891 059 103:04 79.3887 059 103:05 79.3890 059 103:06 79.3886 059 103:07 79.3889 059 103:08 79.3892 059 103:09 79.3894 059 103:10 79.3893 059 103:11 79.4033 059

79.0401 78.0876 78.0875 78.0882

044 044 044 044

Field XIV.4 (34– 43) 103:34 79.3828 051 103:35 79.3827 051 103:36 79.3826 051 103:37 79.3921 051 103:38 79.3919 051 103:39 79.3831 051 103:40 79.3829 051 103:41 79.3830 051 103:42 79.4064 053 103:43 79.4065 053

Basic Form

B B L L L L L L W W W W W

Descriptions fabric, thick gray core fabric fabric fabric fabric, fabric, fabric, fabric, fabric, fabric,

thin gray core thin gray core thin gray core thin gray core thick gray core thin gray core

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, uncertain slip light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light red to reddish-brown ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish int., ext.

Plate 103

207

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.6

208

Plate 104. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IIB Pottery of Field XIV.6 FC

T

104:01

79.0484 023

Medium-large, flat base bowl

22

104:02 104:03 104:04 104:05 104:06 104:07 104:08 104:09 104:10 104:11 104:12 104:13 104:14 104:15 104:16 104:17 104:18 104:19 104:20 104:21 104:22 104:23 104:24

79.0776 79.0772 79.0469 79.0468 79.0470 79.0473 79.0471 79.0478 79.0472 79.0474 79.0476 79.0467 79.0477 79.0480 79.0481 79.0465 79.0479 79.0462 79.0464 79.0466 79.0431 79.0432 79.0430

Jar/jug neck Bowl base Medium holemouth jar Pithos holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large, necked jar Medium-small bowl Medium-large platter Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Pithos holemouth jar Loop handle Jar base Jar base Body sherd Pithos holemouth jar Medium-small shallow bowl Jar base

83 35 40 22 24 22 22 24 40 22 35 22 21 83 22 40 22 40 23 83 40

U med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow random burnish int., W med. coarse fabric, thin gray core W med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L med. coarse fabric, thin gray core W med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W med. coarse fabric, thin gray core W med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray burnished slip ext. B med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W med. coarse fabric W med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W friable fabric, thin gray core L med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W med. coarse fabric L med. coarse fabric L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core U med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip, int. ext., burnish ext. L cook pot ware, friable fabric L med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W med. coarse fabric L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric

22

L

029 029 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 041 041 041 041 041 042 042 042

Basic Form

Descriptions

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core

Plate 104

209

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3

210

Plate 105.

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

105:01 105:02 105:03 105:04 105:05 105:06 105:07 105:08 105:09 105:10 105:11 105:12 105:13 105:14 105:15 105:16 105:17 105:18 105:19 105:20 105:21 105:22 105:23

79.4381 79.0065 79.4159 79.0018 79.0014 79.0017 # 1946 79.0066 79.0013 79.0015 79.0019 79.0020 79.4156 79.4157 79.4383 79.0108 79.4158 79.4382 79.0016 81.3536 81.3552 81.3549 81.3545

037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 037 214 214 214 214

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth bowl Small juglet, tall neck Small juglet, short neck Small juglet, short neck Pithos, tall neck Large, flat base bowl Medium platter Medium-large platter Medium-small bowl Medium, deep bowl Lamp, round base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Loop handle Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar

Basic Form

14 22 22 22 22 22 40 22 22 83 66 21 66 40 21 21 21 22 21 40 40 40 40

L L U U L U B B U W W U L W W W W U L L L L L

105:24 105:25 105:26 105:27 105:28

81.3406 81.3541 81.3544 81.3384 81.3537

214 214 214 214 214

Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium

40 21 40 40 21

105:29

81.3410

214 Large holemouth jar

21

105:30 105:31 105:32 105:33

81.3408 81.3383 81.3389 81.2931

214 214 214 214

40 21 40 22

105:34 105:35

81.3550 81.3386

Medium holemouth bowl Medium, short neck pitcher Medium-large jar Medium-large, short necked jar 214 Small jar 214 Large jar

105:36

81.3538

214 Large holemouth bowl

83

105:37

81.3543

214 Medium-large deep bowl

40

105:38 105:39 105:40 105:41 105:42

81.3387 81.3542 81.3388 81.3411 81.3407

214 214 214 214 214

22 22 83 21 21

holemouth holemouth holemouth holemouth holemouth

jar jar jar jar jar

Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Medium-small shallow bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large, flat base bowl

40 83

Descriptions

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric fine fabric med. coarse fabric, slip traces med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext.,int., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric fine fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. orange burnishded ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (21) surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surfaces L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core L common ware, med. coarse fabric, wet smoothed ext., reddish-yellow (38), gray mottling W common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface L cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core W med. coarse fabric W common ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface, rough L med. coarse fabric L med. coarse fabric, red (42) burnished slip int. W light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surface W light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surface, gray areas int. W common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkish-gray (71) surfaces W med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow burnish ext. N fine fabric, complete light red (40) burnish int., ext. N light, cream ware, fine fabric, burnish int., ext, pink (36) B orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric B orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 105

211

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3

212

Plate 106. Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

106:01 106:02 106:03 106:04

81.3548 81.3546 81.3533 81.3412

214 214 214 214

106:05 106:06

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3 FC

T

Descriptions

Medium-large platter Medium platter Medium-large platter Medium flat base bowl

Basic Form

21 21 21 21

B B B B

81.3385 214 81.3539 214

Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium platter

21 21

B B

106:07 106:08 106:09 106:10 106:11 106:12 106:13

81.3409 81.3528 81.3525 81.3529 81.3530 81.2933 81.3405

214 214 214 214 214 214 214

Medium-large, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

21 35 40 40 40 40 40

B W L W L L L

106:14 106:15 106:16 106:17 106:18 106:19 106:20 106:21 106:22 106:23 106:24 106:25 106:26 106:27 106:28

81.2932 81.3527 81.3374 81.3531 81.3402 81.3526 81.3404 81.3403 81.3532 81.3375 81.3390 81.3413 81.3350 81.3351 81.3347

214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 242 242 242

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Loop handle Medium flat base bowl Lamp Jar base

40 21 40 40 22 40 66 66 83 22 40 21 21 40 22

L B W N W L L W W W L B B W U

106:29

81.3348 242

Jar base

40

W

106:30 106:31 106:32 106:33

#3363 81.2762 81.2741 81.3157

224 133 134 134

Medium-large platter Small jar Large holemouth jar Pithos

21 83 40 40

B W L B

106:34 106:35 106:36 106:37 106:38 106:39 106:40 106:41 106:42

81.2739 81.2740 81.3156 81.3154 71.2738 81.3158 81.2744 81.2743 81.3155

134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134

Medium platter Medium platter Jar base Base Base Loop handle Ledge handle Body sherd Ledge handle

21 40 22 40 22 22 22 66 22

B B W B B W W B W

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnsihed ware, med. coarse fabric, mottled ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burn marks int. worn orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip, random burnish, int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surface common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (35) surface common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, lime coating (?) light, cream ware, fine fabric, pink (35) surface common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, lime-coated (?) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, gray areas ext. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabricd, pink (36) surfaces, burn marks on rim light, cream ware, fine fabric, reddish-yellow (21) int., very pale brown (29) ext., wet smoothed surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (21) int., pink (36) ext., black patching ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, surface, very pale brown (29), wheel finished orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, heavy lime coating ext.,int. common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, incised design common ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 106

213

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3

214

Plate 107.

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.3

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

107:01 107:02 107:03 107:04

81.4068 81.4070 81.4064 81.4071

177 177 177 177

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Large necked jar

Basic Form

40 40 40 22

L L L W

107:05 107:06 107:07 107:08 107:09 107:10 107:11 107:12 107:13

81.4067 81.4069 81.0991 #3367 81.2781 81.2774 81.2958 81.2776 #3353

177 177 177 177 206 206 206 206 206

Medium, shallow dish Medium-large platter Jar base Large, tall neck jar Spout Large holemouth jar Medium, deep bowl Large platter Medium-small shallow bowl

21 21 22 21 22 40 22 21 22

B B W B B L B W B

107:14

81.2773

206 Bowl base

40

W

107:15 107:16

81.2957 81.2775

206 Jar base 206 Jar base

40 66

L W

107:17 107:18

81.3001 81.3002

207 Medium-large, flat base bowl 207 Medium flat base bowl

21 35

B W

107:19 107:20 107:21 107:22 107:23 107:24

81.2858 81.2849 81.2845 81.2851 81.2856 81.2852

210 210 210 210 210 210

Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar

40 40 40 22 22 22

L L L B L W

107:25 107:26 107:27 107:28 107:29

81.2854 81.2850 81.2846 81.2847 81.2842

210 210 210 210 210

Large, necked jar Medium-large, flat base bowl Medium-large platter Jar base Jar base

21 40 40 35 40

B U B W L

107:30

81.2844

210 Bowl base

21

B

107:31 107:32

81.2843 81.2857

210 Bowl base 210 Ledge handle

21 22

B W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surface, wheel finished orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, surface very pale brown (29) med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, red (40) burnished slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pattern burnish int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (21) ext., gray (05) int., string cut base cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, weak red (43) int., lime coating ext., coils evident, yellow stains ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) burnished slip, int., ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pink (36) surface med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) burnished slip, int., ext., coils evident common ware, med. coarse fabric, turning marks fine fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. orange burnished ware, medium coarse fabric, thick core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pinkish-white (35) surface common dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pinkishgray (71) ext., black areas int. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, incised mark on base ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext.

Plate 107

215

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4

216

Plate 108.

Stratum IIA Pottery of Field XIV.4

Pl. #

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

108:01 108:02 108:03 108:04 108:05 108:06 108:07 108:08 108:09 108:10 108:11 108:12 108:13 108:14 108:15 108:16

79.3972 79.3973 79.4338 79.3903 79.3922 79.3904 79.3902 79.4340 79.3620 79.3897 79.4339 79.4026 79.3905 79.3900 79.3621 79.4025

020 020 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033

Large platter Jar base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium-large short neck jar Small jar Large, short neck jar Large jar Large jar Medium-large short neck jar Medium holemouth jar Medium flat base bowl Medium platter Medium platter

Basic Form

18 22 40 24 22 24 83 40 11 83 22 22 42 21 21 22

B L L L L L W L L W W L L B B B

108:17 108:18 108:19 108:20 108:21 108:22 108:23 108:24 108:25 108:26 108:27 108:28 108:29 108:30 108:31 108:32 108:33 108:34 108:35 108:36 108:37 108:38 108:39

79.3898 79.4341 79.4028 79.4056 79.4343 79.4029 79.4027 79.4342 79.4055 79.4054 79.4342 79.4053 79.4345 79.4344 79.4346 79.4348 79.4349 79.4350 79.4347 79.0644 79.0643 79.3628 79.3629

033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 033 026 026 026 026 026 026 026 027 027 031 031

Medium, shallow dish Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Jar base Base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd Large, flat base bowl Jar base Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar

22 24 83 22 22 40 22 40 18 22 40 21 40 11 22 22 21 66 22 40 40 40 21

U L W L L L L L L W W L W L L W B W B

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, traces of light red (40) slip-paint orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

W L L

Plate 108

217

Stratum IC Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4

218

Plate 109. Pl.

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IC Pottery of Field XVI.3, 4 FC

T

Field XVI.3 (1–11) 109:01 81.4502 022 Medium-large jar, tall neck

Basic Form

22

W

109:02 109:03

81.4510 81.4509

024 Medium-large necked jar 024 Medium, flat base bowl

22 21

W B

109:04 109:05 109:06 109:07

81.4505 81.4535 81.4566 81.4567

024 033 038 038

22 22

W W

21

B

109:08 109:09 109:10

81.4565 81.4561 81.4564

038 Lamp 038 Bowl base 038 Jar neck

36 23 36

W B W

109:11

81.4562

038 Jar neck

36

W

Field XVI.4 (12– 41) 109:12 81.4758 010 Medium, flat base bowl

23

B

109:13 109:14 109:15

81.4752 81.4754 81.4759

010 Large, deep bowl 010 Medium, flat base bowl 010 Small bowl

21 40 23

L B W

109:16

81.4750

010 Medium, deep bowl

21

B

109:17 109:18

81.4755 81.4751

010 Jar base 010 Bowl base

23 23

L B

109:19 109:20 109:21 109:22 109:23

81.4753 81.4756 81.4757 81.4763 81.4764

010 012 012 016 016

21 22 83 78 22

B B W W W

109:24 109:25

81.4760 81.4762

016 Medium, flat base bowl 016 Small bowl

83 22

W B

109:26

81.4766

016 Body sherd

22

W

109:27

81.4765

016 Body sherd

83

W

109:28 109:29 109:30 109:31

81.4101 81.4804 81.4813 81.4811

019 020 020 020

Body sherd Small bowl, lightly closed Small, necked jar Medium-small jar, tall neck

22 22 23 22

U U B W

109:32 109:33 109:34 109:35

81.4807 81.4802 81.4799 81.4808

020 020 020 020

Large platter Medium, flat base bowl Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium platter

66 22 35 83

W W W W

109:36 109:37 109:38

81.4812 81.4800 81.4809

020 Small bowl 020 Medium-small bowl 020 Jar base

83 22 40

B B W

109:39 109:40 109:41

81.4805 81.4806 81.4814

020 Jar base 020 Jar base 020 Body sherd (base?)

21 21 40

B B W

Jar base Large, flat base bowl Cup Medium, flat base bowl

Jar base Medium-small bowl Medium-large deep bowl Small holemouth jar Medium-large deep bowl

Descriptions fine ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) ext. surface and int. neck, thin continuous incised line fine ware and fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int. ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, random burnish ext., thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) complete burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown slip int. med. coarse fabric, int. surface pinkish gray (08), ext. surface, pinkish white (35), thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (08) surfaces, thumb impressed band fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, red (40) random burnished slip ext. common ware, friable fabric, scalloped rim, black patching ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) random burnished slip ext. orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish int., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, random burnish int., ext., surface very pale brown (29) common ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, band incision med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, gray (05) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., deep groove (rill) orange burnished slip ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. common ware, dense, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, combing, band common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, burn patches, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, vertical combing fine ware and fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces fine ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces fine ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, pattern combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (20) burnished slip int. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., deep groove (rill) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, raised band (snake motif?), black patching int., ext.

Plate 109

219

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

220

Plate 110.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

Pl.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

110:01 110:02 110:03

77.2687 77.2686 77.2698

007 Medium spouted jar 007 Medium spouted jar 007 Medium-small jar, short neck

Basic Form

22 22 22

W W W

110:04 110:05

77.2713 77.2720

007 Medium-small jar, short neck 007 Medium-small jar, short neck

21 21

W B

110:06 110:07 110:08 110:09 110:10 110:11 110:12 110:13 110:14 110:15 110:16

77.2927 77.2936 77.2937 77.2944 77.2945 77.2946 77.2947 77.2948 77.2721 77.2712 77.2724

007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Large necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar Medium-large necked Medium-large necked Medium-large necked Medium-large necked Medium-large necked Large necked jar Medium-large necked Large necked jar

83 22 22 83 22 83 22 22 83 83 22

W W W W W W W W W W W

110:17 110:18 110:19 110:20 110:21 110:22 110:23 110:24 110:25 110:26 110:27

77.2707 77.2699 77.2719 77.2940 77.2943 77.2944 77.2688 77.2706 77.2938 77.2935 77.2926

007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Medium-small jar, tall neck Medium-large jar, short neck Medium-large necked jar Medium-small jar, tall neck Large Pithoi Medium-large necked jar Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium, deep bowl

21 22 83 83 22 22 22 34 83 40 83

W W W W W W W W W W B

110:28 110:29 110:30

77.2936 77.2704 77.2693

22 22 22

W W W

110:31

77.2701

22

W

110:32

77.2725

37

W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

110:33

77.2957

83

W

med. coarse fabric

110:34

77.2942

007 Medium bowl, shallow 007 Medium, flat base bowl 007 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 007 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 007 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 007 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 007 Small bowl

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, random red (20) burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext, red (97) burnish int.,ext med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pink (36) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red burnished slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., deep grooves (rills)

83

W

110:35 110:36 110:37 110:38 110:39 110:40 110:41 110:42 110:43 110:44 110:45 110:46 110:47 110:48 110:49

77.2931 77.2938 77.2943 77.2941 77.2718 77.2717 77.2723 77.2708 77.2928 77.2929 77.2930 77.2932 77.2933 77.2934 77.2949

007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007

21 22 22 22 40 22 83 22 22 22 83 40 83 22 22

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

med. coarse fabric, nish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric,

jar jar jar jar jar jar

Medium, deep bowl Small shallow bowl Medium bowl, deep Medium-small bowl Small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Small bowl, straight sides Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

light red (40) slip int.,ext, red (97) random bur-

thin gray core light red (40) burnished slip ext.,

vertical combing

vertical combing thick gray core vertical combing light red (40) burnished slip ext.

Plate 110

221

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

222

Plate 111. Basic Form

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

Pl.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

111:01 111:02 111:03 111:04 111:05 111:06 111:07

77.2694 77.2695 77.2690 77.2689 77.2925 77.2945 77.2716

007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Loop handle

35 22 22 21 21 22 22

W W L W W W W

111:08 111:09 111:10 111:11 111:12 111:13 111:14

77.2711 77.2709 77.2952 77.2953 77.2954 77.2702 77.2935

007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Loop handle Body sherd

22 21 83 83 22 35 22

L W W W L W W

111:15 111:16 111:17 111:18 111:19 111:20 111:21 111:22 111:23 111:24 111:25

77.2951 77.2955 77.2956 77.2730 77.2703 77.2710 77.2696 77.2947 77.2946 77.2691 77.2692

007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 007

Body Body Body Body Body Body Body Body Body Body Body

22 22 83 22 22 40 83 21 22 35 22

W W W W W B W W W W L

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (20) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip ext., dark red (18) random burnish ext., pattern combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) pattern burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, combing, plain band med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines

sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd sherd

Plate 111

223

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

224

Plate 112.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

112:01

77.2746

012 Medium spouted jar

Basic Form

22

W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (97) random burnish ext., deep groove (rill)

112:02 112:03

77.2845 77.2838

012 Medium-small bowl 012 Medium bowl, shallow

21

W

112:04

77.2814

012 Medium bowl, shallow

21

W

112:05

77.2812

012 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

112:06 112:07

77.2800 77.2816

012 Medium-large deep bowl 012 Medium-large deep bowl

22 37

W W

112:08 112:09 112:10

77.2843 77.2811 77.2813

012 Small shallow bowl 012 Medium-large deep bowl 012 Medium-large deep bowl

37 21 21

W W W

112:11

77.2841

012 Medium bowl, deep

37

W

112:12

77.2840

012 Small bowl

21

W

112:13

77.2744

012 Small bowl

22

B

112:14

77.2793

22

W

112:15

77.2798

012 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 012 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

112:16 112:17 112:18 112:19 112:20 112:21

77.2837 77.2740 77.2794 77.2818 77.2804 77.2796

012 012 012 012 012 012

Medium-large deep bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large jar, short neck Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated

22 22 22 21 21 22

W W W W W W

112:22 112:23 112:24 112:25 112:26

79.3563 77.2815 77.2807 77.2842 77.2806

008 012 012 012 012

Medium-small Cup Medium-small Medium-small Medium-small

bowl, carinated bowl, carinated bowl, carinated

22 21 22 37 37

W W W W W

112:27

77.2797

012 Medium-small bowl, carinated

21

W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (42) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, red (20) random burnished slip ext., deep groove (rill) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., red (42) vertical burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext.,vertical burnish int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., band combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnish ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., dark red (18) random burnish ext., deep groove (rill)

bowl, carinated

Descriptions

Plate 112

225

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

226

Plate 113.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

113:01 113:02

77.2743 77.2810

012 Medium, flat base bowl 012 Medium-large necked jar

Basic Form

21 21

W W

113:03

77.2802

012 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

113:04

77.2805

012 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

113:05 113:06 113:07 113:08 113:09 113:10 113:11 113:12 113:13 113:14

77.2819 77.2822 77.2828 77.2826 77.2827 77.2823 77.2829 77.2820 77.2794 79.2379

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Large, deep bowl Medium-small bowl, carinated

21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 21 21

W W W W W W W W W W

113:15 113:16

77.2773 77.2860

015 Medium-small bowl, carinated 012 Medium-small jar, short neck

22 22

W W

113:17 113:18 113:19

77.2865 77.2855 77.2853

012 Medium-small bowl, carinated 012 Medium-small bowl, carinated 012 Medium-small bowl

22 22 22

W W W

113:20

77.2862

012 Large, flat base bowl

21

W

113:21

77.2857

012 Large, flat base bowl

21

W

113:22

77.2852

012 Large platter

24

B

113:23 113:24 113:25 113:26 113:27 113:28 113:29 113:30 113:31 113:32 113:33 113:34

77.2869 77.2863 77.2871 77.2896 77.2854 77.2894 77.2861 77.2864 77.2889 77.2868 77.2902 77.2887

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

21 37 22 21 21 22 21 22 37 83 37 22

W W W W W W W W W W W W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (42) random burnish int., ext., deep grooves (rills) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., deep grooves (rills) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. pattern burnish int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (40) vertical burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., light red (40) random burnish ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., dark red (18) burnish int., ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext., light red (40) random burnish int.,ext.,deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-gray (11) random burnish int., med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, combing

Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Lamp Lamp Lamp Body sherd

Plate 113

227

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

228

Plate 114. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

114:01 114:02 114:03 114:04

77.2870 77.2867 77.2859 77.2926

012 012 012 012

Body Body Body Body

114:05 114:06 114:07 114:08 114:09 114:10 114:11 114:12 114:13 114:14

77.2751 77.2752 77.2748 77.2750 77.2749 77.2753 77.2755 77.2766 77.2767 77.2760

13B 13B 13A 13B 13B 13B 13B 015 015 015

114:15 114:16 114:17 114:18 114:19 114:20 114:21

77.2758 77.2765 77.2762 77.2764 77.2756 77.2759 77.2757

015 015 015 015 015 015 015

114:22

77.2778

114:23 114:24 114:25 114:26

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.1

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

21 22 37 83

W W L B

Medium-small bowl Small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl, carinated Large, flat base bowl Bowl base Bowl base Large jar, short neck Cup Large, flat base bowl

22 19 37 37 37 22 37 11 21 37

W W W W W W W W W W

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Small shallow bowl Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Large platter

21 37 22 22 37 21 21

W W W W W W W

015 Large, flat base bowl

22

W

77.2769 77.2768 77.2770 77.2775

015 015 015 015

21 21 22 22

W W W W

114:27 114:28 114:29

77.2776 77.2911 77.2914

015 Ledge handle 015 Medium-small jar, short neck 015 Medium-small bowl, carinated

21 22 22

W W W

114:30 114:31 114:32 114:33 114:34

77.2924 77.2915 77.2918 77.2912 77.2922

015 015 015 015 015

37 22 21 37 21

W W W W W

med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, slashed band med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext, dark red (18) random burnish int., ext., scrabbled combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) burnished slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext., random burnish int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) slip int., ext., reddish-gray (11) vertical burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) vertical burnish ext., band combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (97) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (20) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, wavy combing

sherd sherd sherd sherd,

Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Jar neck, combing

Medium, deep bowl Bowl base Bowl base Lamp Jar neck

Plate 114

229

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

230

Plate 115.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

115:01 115:02 115:03 115:04 115:05

79.3599 79.2337 77.6735 79.4300 77.2772

008 008 008 008 015

Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-small jar, short neck Small spouted vessel Medium-small jar, short neck

37 83 21 21 22

W W W W W

115:06 115:07 115:08 115:09 115:10 115:11 115:12 115:13 115:14

77.4260 79.3614 79.2396 79.2271 79.6750 79.6716 79.6739 79.6715 79.6737

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Medium-small jar, short neck Large necked jar Large necked jar Large necked jar Medium spouted jar Large jar, short neck Medium small, deep cup bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 83 22 22 22 22 21 21 22

W W W W W W W W W

115:15

79.6706

008 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

115:16 115:17 115:18

79.6724 79.6713 79.6746

008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium-small bowl

22 11 11

W W W

115:19 115:20 115:21

79.6767 81.4130 81.4131

008 Medium-small bowl 008 Medium platter 008 Large, flat base bowl

21 22 21

W

115:22

79.3572

008 Medium platter

22

W

115:23 115:24 115:25 115:26 115:27 115:28 115:29

79.2335 79.2395 79.2227 79.4285 79.3534 79.4251 79.2224

008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

22 21 22 37 22 21 22

W W W W W W W

115:30

79.3532

008 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

115:31

79.3565

008 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

115:32 115:33 115:34 115:35 115:36 115:37 115:38 115:39 115:40

79.2399 79.4290 79.2225 79.2254 79.2263 79.2231 79.3574 79.4284 79.3564

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

21 21 22 37 21 22 22 21 21

W W W W W W W W W

115:41 115:42 115:43

79.2259 79.3598 79.3586

008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium platter

21 22 22

W W W

115:44 115:45 115:46 115:47 115:48 115:49 115:50 115:51 115:52 115:53 115:54 115:55 115:56 115:57

79.3582 79.3600 79.3601 79.2351 79.2256 79.2385 79.2388 79.2384 79.3585 79.2353 79.2230 79.3503 79.2391 79.2258

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

21 21 37 21 21 22 21 22 21 21 21 22 21 21

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (20) random burnished slip ext., thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, light red random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, light red slip ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray (11) random burnish, int, ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, red (20) random burnish int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray (11) random burnish ext., dark reddish-brown (17) int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, random burnish int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext, random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow random burnish int., ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnished slip ext., light (40) vertical burnished slip int., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric

Medium, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium, deep bowl Medium-small bowl Small shallow bowl Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated

B

Plate 115

231

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

232

Plate 116.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

116:01 116:02

81.4133 81.4132

008 Medium small, deep cup bowl 008 Deep cup bowl, lightly closed

Basic Form

40 22

B U

116:03 116:04

81.4136 81.4142

008 Small bowl 008 Deep cup bowl, lightly closed

36 21

N B

116:05 116:06 116:07

79.2386 79.2262 79.4386

008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium, flat base bowl

21 21 21

W W W

116:08 116:09 116:10 116:11 116:12 116:13 116:14 116:15

79.2261 79.2252 79.4287 79.2251 79.3504 79.2389 79.6732 79.6723

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

21 22 22 21 21 21 22 21

W W W W W W W W

116:16

79.3583

008 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

116:17 116:18 116:19 116:20

79.2336 79.4269 79.2390 79.4250

008 008 008 008

Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium,

bowl bowl bowl bowl

21 21 21 21

W W W W

116:21 116:22 116:23 116:24 116:25 116:26 116:27 116:28 116:29

79.2341 79.3588 79.2272 79.2278 79.3501 79.2394 79.3587 79.3576 79.4277

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

21 21 83 37 22 21 21 37 22

W W W W W W W W W

116:30

79.3560

008 Small shallow bowl

21

W

116:31 116:32 116:33 116:34

79.2393 79.2226 79.2257 79.2338

008 008 008 008

21 37 21 37

L W W W

116:35

79.4292

008 Medium-small bowl

21

W

116:36 116:37 116:38 116:39 116:40

79.6749 79.3531 79.3540 81.4175 79.2383

008 008 008 008 008

Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, carinated Medium-small bowl, flat base Medium, flat base bowl

22 21 83

W W W

fine ware, med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (20) burnished slip int., ext., band incision fine ware and fabric orange burnished ware, friable fabric, random burnish ext., worn ext. black patches int. med. coarse fabric, random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., red (20) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., dark red (18) random burnish int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) vertical burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, brown (24) random burnish ext., reddishyellow (38) random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., dark red (18) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext.

21

B

116:41 116:42 116:43 116:44 116:45 116:46 116:47 116:48 116:49 116:50 116:51 116:52 116:53 116:54 116:55

79.2382 79.2253 79.2246 79.3612 79.3578 79.4294 79.4252 79.3507 79.3517 79.3505 79.4297 79.4254 79.2242 79.3537 79.3567

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Small shallow bowl Medium-small bowl, flat base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

21 21 22 21 21 22 21 21 22 22 21 22 21 22 22

W W W W W W B W W W L W W W W

flat flat flat flat

base base base base

Small shallow bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium bowl, shallow Small shallow bowl

orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext.

Plate 116

233

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

234

Plate 117. Basic Form

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

117:01 117:02 117:03 117:04 117:05 117:06 117:07 117:08 117:09 117:10 117:11 117:12 117:13 117:14 117:15 117:16 117:17 117:18 117:19 117:20 117:21 117:22 117:23 117:24 117:25 117:26 117:27 117:28 117:29 117:30 117:31 117:32 117:33

79.3613 79.3510 79.3511 79.4298 79.2281 79.3543 79.2286 79.4267 79.2282 79.3545 79.4396 79.4293 79.4295 79.2280 79.4253 79.4299 79.3544 79.3508 79.2232 79.2233 79.3554 79.3557 79.2279 79.2283 79.2235 79.3509 79.2247 79.3596 79.3566 79.3551 79.2248 79.3568 81.4122

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base

22 21 22 21 22 83 22 21 21 22 22 21 22 22 37 21 21 21 37 83 24 21 22 22 22 21 22 22 21 24 21 22 21

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W B

117:34 117:35 117:36 117:37 117:38 117:39

81.4121 79.6720 79.6722 79.6725 79.6727 79.6718

008 008 008 008 008 008

Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

40 37 22 22 66 22

W W W W W W

117:40 117:41

79.6719 79.6703

008 Bowl base 008 Bowl base

22 22

W W

117:42 117:43 117:44 117:45 117:46 117:47 117:48 117:49 117:50 117:51 117:52

79.2300 79.3569 79.4302 79.2297 79.3519 79.2296 79.3591 79.2289 79.2288 79.2343 79.2268

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

83 40 22 22 22 40 21 40 22 22 22

W B W W W W W W W W W

117:53

79.2293

008 Body sherd

22

W

med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, red (20) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (42) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, red (97) random burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, brown (24) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., black patches int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (38) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (23) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow burnish, random ext., vertical int., combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext., horizontal combing med. coarse fabric

Loop handle Loop handle Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

Plate 117

235

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

236

Plate 118. Basic Form

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

118:01

79.2287

008 Body sherd

22

W

118:02 118:03 118:04 118:05

79.2273 79.3500 79.2290 79.6762

008 008 008 008

sherd sherd sherd sherd

22 21 40 22

W B W W

118:06 118:07

79.3518 79.3595

008 Body sherd 008 Body sherd

66 22

W W

118:08

79.2292

008 Body sherd

21

W

118:09 118:10

79.2295 79.3611

008 Body sherd 008 Body sherd

37 21

W W

118:11

81.4116

008 Body sherd

21

B

118:12

81.4115

008 Body sherd

23

W

118:13 118:14

81.4114 81.4113

008 Body sherd 008 Body sherd

21 24

B U

118:15

79.6752

008 Body sherd

22

W

118:16

79.6755

008 Body sherd

21

W

118:17 118:18 118:19 118:20 118:21 118:22 118:23 118:24 118:25 118:26

79.6701 79.6707 79.6709 79.6754 79.6721 79.6764 79.3589 79.6734 79.2264 79.6745

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Lamp Lamp, flattened base Lamp Lamp

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 37 22

W W W W W W W W W W

118:27 118:28 118:29 118:30 118:31 118:32 118:33 118:34 118:35

79.6761 79.2276 79.6741 79.2267 79.3609 79.6733 79.6747 79.3538 79.4285

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008

Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp Lamp Lamp

22 22 21 22 21 22 22 22 22

W W W W W W W W W

118:36 118:37 118:38

79.3571 79.3592 79.3502

008 Lamp 008 Lamp 008 Lamp, round base

22 37 22

W W W

118:39 118:40 118:41 118:42 118:43 118:44 118:45

79.4382 79.3546 79.3614 79.2275 79.2266 79.6714 79.3549

008 008 008 008 008 008 008

22 22

W W

coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., horizontal combing med. coarse fabric, horizontal combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, band combing with diagonal tool marks between the bands med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, light olive brown (34) random burnished slip ext., thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric, brown (24) random burnish ext., thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric, wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., horizontal combing orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, burnished slip ext., combing, applique undetermined med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (96) random burnished slip ext., black patches int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., band of applique med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, wavy combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, band combing med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, pattern combing med. coarse fabric, pattern combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (83) slip int., ext., reddishgray random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext.

22 22 21 22

W W W W

med. med. med. med.

Body Body Body Body

Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp, flat base

coarse coarse coarse coarse

fabric fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. fabric, thin gray core fabric

Plate 118

237

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

238

Plate 119.

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

119:01 119:02 119:03 119:04 119:05 119:06 119:07 119:08 119:09 119:10 119:11 119:12 119:13 119:14 119:15 119:16

79.2294 79.3542 79.3548 79.3556 77.2742 79.3541 79.3610 79.3524 79.2327 79.2363 79.2365 79.2321 79.3525 79.6814 79.2333 79.2364

008 008 008 008 012 008 008 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010

Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Lamp, flattened base Medium holemouth jar Large spouted vessel Pithos, tall neck Medium-large necked jar Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-small jar, short neck Small, narrow neck jug Large, flat base bowl

22 22

W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

37 22 22 22 37 07 40 37 21 21 21 22 22

W W W W L W B W W B W W W

119:17

79.2366

010 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

119:18 119:19 119:20 119:21

79.3527 79.2368 79.2319 79.2322

010 010 010 010

Medium, flat base bowl Medium bowl, deep Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl, carinated

40 22 30 22

W W W

119:22

79.2323

010 Medium-small bowl, carinated

22

W

119:23 119:24 119:25

79.2320 79.2324 79.2223

010 Medium-small bowl, carinated 010 Medium-large, deep bowl 010 Medium-small bowl

21 22 22

W W W

119:26 119:27 119:28 119:29 119:30

79.3526 79.2348 79.2369 79.2328 79.2331

010 010 010 010 010

37 35 83 22 21

B W W W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, brown (24) slip ext., red (97) slip int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., wavy combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., reddish-yellow random burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int., ext.

Small bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base

Descriptions

Plate 119

239

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3

240

Plate 120. Fig.

Reg. #

Field XVI.2 (1-8) 120:01 79.2332 120:02 79.2219 120:03 79.2330 120:04 79.3528 120:05 79.2349 120:06 79.2370 120:07 79.3530 120:08 79.2326

Loc 010 010 010 010 010 010 010 010

Field XVI.3 (9-40) 120:09 79.2374 006 120:10 79.3617 006 120:11 79.2375 006 120:12 79.3619 006 120:13 79.2376 006 120:14 79.2378 006 120:15 79.2377 006 120:16 79.2380 006 120:17 79.2381 006 120:18 79.3635 009 120:19 79.3634 009 120:20 79.3636 009 120:21 79.3637 009 120:22 81.4459 012

Stratum IB Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3

Basic Form

FC

T

Bowl base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd Lamp, round base Lamp

21 22 22 22 22 22 34 22

W L W W W W W W

friable fabric, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, wavy combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric

Large necked jar Medium-small bowl Medium-large necked jar Small shallow bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium, flat base bowl Body sherd Body sherd Medium-small bowl

22 22 37 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 83

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, band incision fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) burnished slip ext., red (42) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) slip ext, burn marks on rim fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip ext., combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pinkish-gray (08) surfaces cook pot ware, friable fabric, pinkish-gray (08) ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) random burnished slip int., ext. friable fabric, thin gray core, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext., worn surfaces crude ware, friable fabric, pink (36) slip ext. fine ware and fabric, burn patches ext. med. coarse fabric, pinkish-gray (71) surface, burn marks on rim, string cut base orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) burnished slip ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., diagonal tool marks dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thin incised lines, clay band common ware, med. coarse fabric, combing, raised dot fine ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., thumb-impressed band

120:23

81.4461

012 Lamp

83

W

120:24 120:25

81.4460 81.4458

012 Loop handle 012 Body sherd

22 40

N L

120:26

81.4462

014 Jar base

83

W

120:27 120:28 120:29

81.4467 81.4468 81.4469

016 Medium holemouth jar 016 Small jar, short neck 016 Medium-small jar

40 66 21

L B B

120:30

81.4473

016 Medium, flat base bowl

21

U

120:31

81.4478

016 Large, flat base bowl

21

B

120:32 120:33 120:34

81.4476 81.4470 81.4472

016 Lamp 016 Medium-small bowl 016 Lamp, flat base

40 22 83

L U W

120:35

81.4464

21

B

120:36

81.4479

016 Medium-large jar, narrow neck 016 Body sherd

40

U

120:37

81.4465

016 Body sherd

22

W

120:38 120:39 120:40

81.4474 81.4481 81.4483

016 Body sherd 017 Medium-small bowl 017 Jar neck

23 21 23

B B B

Descriptions

Plate 120

241

Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3, 4

242

Plate 121. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field XVI.2, 3, 4 FC

T

Descriptions

Field XVI.3 (1-7) 121:01 81.4490 019 Medium-small jar, tall neck 121:02 81.4489 019 Large, flat base bowl

Basic Form

21 21

B U

121:03

81.4497

019 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

121:04

81.4488

019 Bowl base

83

W

121:05 121:06 121:07

81.4492 81.4491 81.4490

019 Lamp 019 Lamp 019 Medium-large jar, narrow neck

21 22 21

B B B

common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., reddish-brown (19) pattern burnished slip int., deep groove (rill) fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. light cream ware, med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces, string cut base fine ware and fabric, burn marks ext. rim med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., burn marks on rim med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.

Field XVI.4 (8-40) 121:08 81.4732 008 Medium holemouth jar 121:09 81.4727 008 Medium holemouth jar 121:10 81.4748 008 Large spouted vessel

23 23 40

L L L

121:11 121:12

81.4725 81.4743

008 Holemouth jar 008 Pithos, tall neck

40 35

L W

121:13

81.4745

008 Medium-large jar, tall neck

21

B

121:14 121:15 121:16 121:17

81.4738 81.4744 81.4739 81.4733

008 008 008 008

35 22 22 21

W N N B

121:18 121:19

81.4737 81.4729

008 Medium, flat base bowl 008 Medium, flat base bowl

40 23

U W

121:20 121:21 121:22

81.4731 81.4747 81.4740

008 Large, flat base bowl 008 Medium-small bowl 008 Small jar, short neck

83 21 40

B B U

121:23 121:24

81.4728 81.4736

008 Lamp, flat base 008 Jar base

21 21

B L

121:25 121:26

81.4741 81.4730

008 Jar base 008 Jar base

40 23

L W

121:27

81.4719

008 Jar base

66

U

121:28

81.4724

008 Jar base

23

B

121:29 121:30 121:31 121:32

81.4721 81.4722 81.4742 81.4734

008 008 008 008

Jar base Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

21 22 40 23

B B U L

121:33

81.4726

008 Body sherd

40

U

121:34 121:35

81.4769 81.4772

017 Medium holemouth jar 017 Large, deep bowl

83 22

L B

121:36 121:37

81.4767 81.4770

017 Large, flat base bowl 017 Medium, flat base bowl

23 83

B B

121:38

81.4773

017 Bowl base

21

B

121:39

81.4768

017 Body sherd

21

W

121:40

81.4771

Medium-large necked jar Medium-small jar, short neck Small narrow neck jar Large, flat base bowl

017 Body sherd

40

W

Field XVI.2 (41-43) 121:41 79.6817 012 Body sherd

35

W

121:42 121:43

40 40

W L

81.4154 81.4155

012 Large, flat base bowl 012 Jar base

cook pot ware, friable fabric, dark soot ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, soot coating int., ext. cook pot ware, friable fabric, pink (36) slip int., ext., thin continuous incised line cook pot ware, friable fabric heavy crude ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (20) surfaces, burn patches ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, black patches int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) surfaces fine ware and fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. fine ware and fabric, weak red (43) slip ext., small lug handle orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, red (94) complete burnished slip int., ext. friable fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray surfaces, turning marks on rim fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. fine ware and fabric, deep groove (rill) common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, pink (36) ext. surface med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep groove (rill) cook pot ware, friable fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, black patches ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, very pale brown (29) surfaces flint ware, fine fabric, light reddish-brown (23) surface, trimmed at base dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, random burnish ext., pink (36) surface int. med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, weak red (43) slip paint, net pattern, ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (66) slip ext., combing cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, combing, soot areas int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, combing cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, pink (36) surfaces common, dense, ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, wheel finished, wet smoothed surface med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (19) random burnished slip int., ext., deep groove (rill) orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (76) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, faint slip paint lines ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, combing ext., blackened int. surface med. coarse fabric, white (2.5Y 8/2) surface, pale red (41) slip ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core

Plate 121

243

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.2

244

Plate 122.

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.2

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

122:01 122:02

75.1095 75.1093

014 Large spouted vessel 014 Large, flat base bowl

Basic Form

11 21

W B

122:03

75.1096

014 Body sherd

35

W

122:04 122:05 122:06 122:07

75.1097 75.1538 75.1541 75.1540

014 015 015 015

Jar base Medium spouted jar Small bowl Very large flat base bowl

21 22 22 22

W W W W

122:08 122:09 122:10 122:11 122:12 122:13 122:14 122:15 122:16 122:17 122:18 122:19 122:20

75.1539 75.1542 75.1543 75.1548 75.1544 75.1547 75.1545 75.1546 75.1196 77.6053 75.1534 75.1197 75.1532

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 020 020 020 020 020

Medium, flat base bowl Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Loop handle Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small jar, tall neck Large necked jar Medium, flat base bowl

22 22 22 22 22 22 21 22 22 22 11 22 14

W W W W W W W W B L B W W

122:21 122:22 122:23 122:24 122:25 122:26 122:27 122:28 122:29 122:30 122:31 122:32 122:33 122:34

75.1533 75.1282 75.1198 75.1199 75.1200 77.6054 77.6052 75.1535 75.1536 75.1280 75.1205 75.1203 75.1206 75.1204

020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020 020

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Large, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

83 22 11 22 22 83 21 22 22

W W W W W W Z L W

fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. rim with design, random burnish int., thumb-impressed band light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnished slip ext., plain band med. coarse fabric, patches of lime on surface med. coarse fabric, yellowish-red (39) surfaces, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, lime coated, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, random burnish ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. fine ware and fabric, red (42) random burnish ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, black patches, lime coating med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, red (42) pattern burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, fine combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. cook pot ware, coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric light ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, mottled reddish-yellow (22) surface, black patches med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) surfaces, turning marks med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, brown (24) surfaces med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) slip int. med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) pattern burnished slip ext.

24 83 24 21

L W W W

122:35 122:36 122:37 122:38 122:39 122:40

75.1207 77.6056 75.1283 75.1281 75.1202 75.1208

020 020 020 020 020 020

Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Body sherd

13 22 83

W W W

22 83

W W

122:41 122:42

75.1209 77.6057

020 Body sherd 020 Body sherd

22 83

W W

122:43 122:44

75.6058 75.1201

020 Body sherd 020 Body sherd

22

W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core gray ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., red (42) random burnish ext. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, combing, pinch-lapped med. coarse fabric, vestigial, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, pinch-lapped crude ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (20) burnish, even lines with diagonal slashes between, combing med. coarse fabric, horizontal combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., and traces ext. (black area), vertical red (42) burnish int.

Plate 122

245

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

246

Plate 123.

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

123:01 123:02 123:03

77.6038 77.4722 75.1320

048 Medium holemouth jar 048 Large holemouth jar 048 Large holemouth bowl

Basic Form

22 21 21

L L W

123:04 123:05 123:06 123:07 123:08 123:09 123:10 123:11 123:12 123:13

75.1224 75.1054 75.1055 75.1558 75.1582 75.1670 75.1672 75.1321 75.1230 75.1227

048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048

Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large jar, tall neck Medium, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Large, deep bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

21 21 21 22 22 22 21 22 21

L L L W W W U W W W

123:14 123:15

75.1228 75.1229

82 83

W B

123:16

75.1225

048 Large, flat base bowl 048 Medium-small bowl, lightly closed 048 Large, flat base bowl

22

W

123:17 123:18 123:19 123:20 123:21 123:22 123:23 123:24 123:25 123:26 123:27 123:28 123:29 123:30 123:31 123:32 123:33 123:34 123:35 123:36 123:37 123:38 123:39 123:40 123:41 123:42 123:43 123:44 123:45 123:46

75.1226 75.1242 75.1241 75.1240 75.1027 75.1029 75.1028 75.1243 75.1559 75.1584 75.1574 75.1583 75.1561 75.1560 75.1671 75.1322 75.1231 75.1233 75.1234 75.1232 75.1238 75.1235 75.1236 75.1237 75.1245 75.1246 75.1244 75.1030 75.1239 75.1248

048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048 048

21 83 83 83 22 22 11 83 22 11 83 21 22 22 29 83 22 22 40 83 83 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 66 83

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W B W W W L W L W W W W W W W W W

123:47

75.1247

048 Body sherd

83

W

Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large platter Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium, flat base bowl Small bowl, angled Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Bowl base Body sherd Body sherd

Descriptions cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, worn red (20) slip, peeling, thumb impressed band cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, friable fabric, diagonal combing med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext., peeling med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band ext. rim. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext., thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces, impressed band ext. rim fine ware and fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray (11) slip int., ext., black patches med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn int., black patches ext. med. coarse fabric, faint traces of red slip int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric dense ware, med. coarse fabric, deep grooves (rills), worn ext. fine ware and fabric, black marks on rim, used as lamp walls med. coarse fabric, vertical combing common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, smooth surfaces light, cream ware, fine fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of red slip int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, smooth surfaces med. coarse fabric, vertical combing cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band dense ware, med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, thumb-impressed band dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band

Plate 123

247

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

248

Plate 124. Basic Form

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

124:01 124:02 124:03 124:04 124:05 124:06 124:07 124:08 124:09 124:10 124:11 124:12 124:13 124:14 124:15 124:16 124:17

77.4735 77.4731 77.4736 77.4734 77.4733 75.1174 75.1660 75.1661 75.1663 75.1179 75.1177 75.1175 75.1178 75.1665 75.1674 75.1662 75.1673

049 049 049 049 049 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057 057

Medium holemouth bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-large, deep bowl Medium-large deep bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium spouted jar Medium-small bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large spouted vessel Very large flat base Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

08 22 21 22 22 40 29 83 21 22 83 83 40 21 29 29 21

W W W W W L W W W L W W W W W W W

124:18 124:19

75.1664 75.1669

057 Medium-large necked jar 057 Large necked jar

21 21

W W

124:20 124:21

75.1176 75.1180

83 83

W W

124:22 124:23 124:24 124:25 124:26

75.1675 75.1667 75.1666 75.1676 75.1181

057 Medium, flat base bowl 057 Medium-large jar, narrow neck, tetrafoil 057 Jar base 057 Jar base 057 Jar base 057 Jar base 057 Jar base

med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, vertical burnish ext.,lime coating fine ware and fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line, slip traces ext. friable fabric, traces of worn red slip, thumb-impressed bowl band med. coarse fabric, races of worn red slip light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, hole drilled through wall common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip, ext., int. radial fine ware and fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, rough surface (indicated by black lines) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext.

40 29 29 29 83

L W W W W

124:27 124:28 124:29 124:30

75.1182 75.1425 75.1668 75.1677

057 057 057 057

Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd

83 83 83 29

W U W W

124:31 124:32 124:33 124:34

75.1426 75.1427 77.6031 77.6032

057 057 058 058

Body sherd Body sherd Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar

40 83

U U L W

124:35

77.6034

058 Bowl base

22

W

124:36

77.6033

058 Bowl base

83

W

124:37

77.6035

058 Medium, flat base bowl

83

W

124:38 124:39 124:40 124:41 124:42 124:43 124:44 124:45 124:46

77.6036 77.6098 77.6076 77.6077 77.6075 77.6073 77.6074 77.6071 77.6070

058 058 058 058 058 058 058 058 058

21 22 21 29 21 83 22 22 22

L W W W W W W W W

Very large flat base bowl Ledge handle Body sherd Body sherd Jar base Jar base Bowl base Bowl base Jar base

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, traces of red slip, thumb-impressed band common ware, med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, thumb impressed band med. coarse fabric, pattern impressed band med. coarse fabric, heavy impressed band cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark (18) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, pale red (41) slip ext., brown (24) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark reddish-gray (12) slip int., ext., random burnish ext., complete burnish int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, vertical combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, pinch-lapped light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, mottled ext. surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn slip traces int. dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band

Plate 124

249

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

250

Plate 125. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

125:01 125:02 125:03 125:04 125:05 125:06 125:07

75.1166 75.1168 77.6072 77.6069 75.1167 75.1169 75.1171

059 059 058 059 059 059 059

125:08 125:09

75.1170 77.6100

125:10 125:11 125:12 125:13 125:14 125:15 125:16 125:17 125:18

Stratum IC Pottery of Field X.3

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

83 83 21 40 83 83 83

W W W L W W W

059 Ledge handle 060 Medium, flat base bowl

21 22

W W

77.6103 77.6128 77.6099 77.6131 75.1173 77.6129 77.6110 77.6123 77.6116

060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060

22 22 22 22 40 83 22 83 83

W W L L L W W W W

125:19 125:20 125:21 125:22 125:23 125:24 125:25 125:26 125:27 125:28 125:29 125:30 125:31

75.1191 77.6102 77.6124 77.4715 77.4707 77.4708 77.4713 77.4710 77.6119 77.6101 77.6113 77.6112 77.6104

060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060

Lamp, flat base Lamp, round base Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium-small holemouth bowl Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium, deep bowl Large holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Large holemouth jar Small holemouth jar Small bowl, upright walls Medium, flat base bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., random burnish int., med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, vertical combing ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) vertical burnished slip int., ext., drilled hole in base med. coarse fabric, vertical combing, pinch-lapped med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip int., ext., drilled hole near base med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, three pieces, burn marks at all four spouts cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext., thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) burnished slip, ext.

83 22 83 22 83 40 23 40 06 12 22 22 22

W W W L W L L L W W W W W

125:32 125:33 125:34 125:35 125:36 125:37 125:38 125:39 125:40 125:41 125:42 125:43 125:44

27.6105 75.1190 75.1192 77.6109 77.6107 77.6079 77.4716 77.4717 77.4727 77.4712 77.4705 77.4709 77.6114

060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060

Medium, flat base bowl Lamp, round base Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium bowl, deep

22 22 86 83 22 21 83 83 22 22 22 83 83

W W L W W W W W W W W W W

Large, deep bowl Medium-large necked jar Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext., random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, slip traces ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric coarse fabric, thin gray core fine ware and fabric, dark red (18) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core burn marks int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., mottled ext. med. coarse fabric, traces of burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, traces of brown burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, brown stains ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core friable fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. hole drilled from ext. below rim

Plate 125

251

Stratum IC–IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3

252

Plate 126. Reg. #

Loc

Field X.3 (1-17) 126:01 77.6115 126:02 77.6125 126:03 77.6130 126:04 77.6117 126:05 75.1193 126:06 77.6121 126:07 77.6122 126:08 77.6078 126:09 77.6118 126:10 77.4702 126:11 77.4714 126:12 77.4723 126:13 77.4704

Fig.

060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060 060

126:14 126:15 126:16 126:17

060 060 060 060

Stratum IC–IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3 FC

T

Descriptions

Medium, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base

83 83 22 22 40 22 83 22 22 23 83 29

W L W W U W W U W L L L W

Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd

23 21 22 22

L L W W

med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int. fine ware and fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, pattern combing, pinch lapped med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, drilled hole

Field X.2 (18-42) 126:18 75.1513 007 Medium holemouth jar

22

W

126:19

75.1514

007 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

126:20

75.1515

007 Large, flat base bowl

83

W

126:21 126:22 126:23 126:24

75.1516 75.1517 75.1518 75.1519

007 007 007 007

Large, flat base bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

11 22 83 22

W W W W

126:25 126:26 126:27 126:28 126:29 126:30 126:31 126:32 126:33 126:34 126:35 126:36

75.1523 75.1522 75.1527 75.1525 75.1528 75.1526 77.6042 75.1505 75.1507 75.1397 75.1396 75.1506

007 007 007 007 007 007 008 008 008 008 008 008

40 66

22 22 22 22

L L U W L L W U W W W W

126:37 126:38

77.6046 77.6050

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Small holemouth jar Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-large jar, narrow neck, tetrafoil 008 Very large flat base 008 Medium, flat base bowl

83 24

W W

126:39 126:40 126:41 126:42

77.6044 77.6043 77.6045 75.1508

008 008 008 008

22 83 83 22

W U W W

77.4711 77.4703 77.4706 77.4712

Basic Form

Large, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large platter

21 22 21 22

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) horizontal burnish bands int., ext. undetermined med. coarse fabric, dark reddish-gray (12) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., reddish-gray (11) burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., strong brown (25) slip int. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) vertical burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., horizontal combing med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, thumb-impressed band bowl med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip int.,ext., random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. fine ware and fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish int., ext.

Plate 126

253

Stratum IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3

254

Plate 127. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum IB Pottery of Field X.2, 3 FC

T

Descriptions

Jar base Jar base Jar base

83 40

W U L

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

83 83 83 83 83 83 22

W W W W W L W

75.1511 008 75.1503 008

Jar neck Ledge handle

22 14

W W

127:13 127:14 127:15 127:16

75.1504 75.1022 75.1021 75.1024

Body sherd Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Very large flat base

22 36 21 29

L W W W

127:17 127:18

75.1020 021 75.1023 021

Medium, flat base bowl Lamp or tetrafoil jar

24 35

W W

127:19 127:20 127:21 127:22 127:23 127:24 127:25 127:26 127:27 127:28

75.1527 75.1098 75.1036 75.1037 75.1038 75.1049 75.1048 75.1050 75.1047 75.1051

Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Bowl base Medium-large jar, short neck Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth bowl Medium, flat base bowl Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium, deep bowl Medium-small jar, tall neck Very large flat base

40 66 83 22 22 22 12 22

U U L W W W W W W W

127:29 127:30

75.1039 022 75.1041 022

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

83 22

W W

127:31 127:32 127:33 127:34 127:35 127:36 127:37

75.1040 75.1044 75.1042 75.1043 75.1045 75.1053 75.1046

Medium-large deep bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base Loop handle Loop handle

22 21 21 83 22 22 29

W W L W W B W

med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, traces of red slip ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core dense ware, med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish int., ext., drilled hole from ext. (not shown) med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, blackened surfaces, pinch lapped med. coarse fabric, pattern combing common ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of light bowl red (40) slip int., horizontal burnish. med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, fine fabric, fine horizontal combing or finishing marks med. coarse fabric, red (20) pattern burnished slip int. description unavailable cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, incised marks med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (42) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, gray surfaces med. coarse fabric, reddish-brown (19) random burnish bowl int., ext. med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnished slip ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, friable fabric, thin gray core gray ware, friable fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip int.,ext light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric

Field X.3 (38-51) 127:38 75.1582 019

Large, deep bowl

21

W

127:39 127:40 127:41 127:42

75.1579 75.1578 75.1580 75.1581

Jar base Jar base Bowl base Ledge handle

11 21 22 21

W W W W

127:43

75.1566 028

Large, deep bowl

83

W

127:44 127:45

75.1568 028 75.1569 028

Large necked jar Large, flat base bowl

22 21

W W

127:46

75.1565 028

Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

127:47 127:48 127:49

75.1567 028 75.1564 028 75.1571 028

Medium-small bowl Large platter Jar base

22 22 83

W W W

127:50 127:51

75.1570 028 75.1572 028

Jar base Bowl base

22 22

W L

Field X.2 (1-37) 127:01 75.1399 008 127:02 75.1398 008 127:03 75.1502 008 127:04 127:05 127:06 127:07 127:08 127:09 127:10

75.1501 75.1509 75.1510 77.6041 77.6048 77.6049 77.6047

127:11 127:12

008 008 008 008 008 008 008

008 021 021 021

021 021 022 022 022 022 022 022 022 022

022 022 022 022 022 022 022

019 019 019 019

Basic Form

common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn ext., burn marks int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn int., vertical combing common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn int., common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray (11) slip ext., vertical combing dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn thumbimpressed band ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, red (97) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, reddish-gray (11) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, weak red (43) random burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, very worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric

Plate 127

255

Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field X.1, 3

256

Plate 128. Fig.

Reg. #

FC

T

Descriptions

031 Medium holemouth jar 031 Deep cup bowl, lightly closed 031 Medium-large narrow

11 83 66

L W W

75.1554 75.1553 75.1292 75.1294 75.1313 75.1316 75.1314 75.1315

031 031 031 031 029 029 029 029

83 83 83 22 22 83 21 21

W B W W W W B W

128:12

75.1550

031 Large, flat base bowl

22

W

128:13

75.1300

031 Large, flat base bowl

21

W

128:14 128:15 128:16 128:17

75.1295 75.1301 75.1298 75.1302

031 031 031 031

22 83 22 83

W W W W

128:18

75.1556

031 Bowl base

22

W

128:19 128:20 128:21

75.1555 75.1317 75.1318

031 Jar base 029 Jar base 029 Jar base

12 22 21

W W W

128:22 128:23

75.1314 75.1488

029 Bowl base 002 Body sherd

83 83

W W

128:24 128:25

75.1303 75.1296

031 Ledge handle 031 Jar neck

22 12

W W

cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) neck jug vertical burnish ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, dark red (18) slip int., ext., med. coarse fabric, wet smoothed surface ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish-gray (11) slip int., ext., thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing dense ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. gray ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing ext., blackened int. med. coarse fabric, slip traces ext., pattern burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing, thumbimpressed band med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext., random burnish int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, vertical combing, thumb-impressed band

Field X.1 (26–38) 128:26 75.1355 128:27 75.1416 128:28 75.1419 128:29 75.1356

001 001 001 001

22 22 22 22

W W W W

128:30

75.1357

001 Medium-small bowl

83

W

128:31

75.1418

001 Very large flat base

21

W

128:32 128:33 128:34 128:35

75.1420 75.1422 75.1423 75.1359

001 001 001 001

22 21 22 22

W W W W

128:36

75.1358

001 Body sherd

29

W

128:37 128:38

75.1390 75.1421

001 Body sherd 001 Loop handle

83 42

Z W

Field X.3 (1–25) 128:01 75.1551 128:02 75.1552 128:03 75.1299 128:04 128:05 128:06 128:07 128:08 128:09 128:10 128:11

Loc

Stratum IB–IA Pottery of Field X.1, 3

Basic Form

Medium-large jar, tall neck Large necked jar Medium-large necked jar Large, flat base bowl Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

Medium, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base

Medium spouted jar Medium spouted jar Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium-small bowl

Medium, deep bowl Bowl base Jar base Body sherd

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, worn int., traces of red slip ext., band combing med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines, forming rill fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., deep grooves (rills) fine ware and fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip bowl int., ext,. grooves forming rills fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., thin continuous incised lines light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, two rows of band combing with short diagonal tool markings between med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., fine horizontal combing med. coarse fabric, joined neck with ridge int., incised tool marks ext.

Plate 128

257

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1

258

Plate 129. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

129:01 129:02 129:03 129:04 129:05

75.1136 75.1385 75.1384 75.1387 75.1386

002 002 002 002 002

129:06

75.1459

129:07 129:08 129:09 129:10 129:11

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

21 14 83 22 22

W W W U W

002 Medium, flat base bowl

21

W

75.1460 75.1388 75.1389 75.1278 75.1160

002 002 002 007 007

Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Deep basin Large platter

83 83 22 83 21

W W Z U W

129:12

75.1290

011 Very large flat base

22

W

129:13 129:14 129:15 129:16 129:17 129:18 129:19 129:20

75.1279 75.1249 75.1250 75.1252 75.1251 75.1138 75.1141 75.1140

011 011 011 011 011 012 012 012

22 22 22 22 22 21 21 22

U W W W W W W W

129:21 129:22

75.1139 75.1137

012 Medium-small bowl 012 Medium platter

83 20

W W

129:23 129:24 129:25 129:26 129:27

75.1254 75.1253 75.1258 75.1256 75.1255

012 012 012 012 012

Very large flat base Large, flat base bowl Medium, deep bowl Medium, deep bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 21 22 21 22

W W W W W

129:28 129:29 129:30 129:31 129:32 129:33 129:34 129:35

75.1257 75.1144 75.1143 75.1259 75.1145 75.1260 75.1261 75.1262

012 012 012 012 012 012 012 012

Pithos Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

97 36 83 21 21 17 40 22

Z W W W W W W W

fine ware, med. coarse fabric, turning marks on rim med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, greenish hue med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines fine ware and fabric, light red (40) random burnished bowl slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, random burnish traces int.,ext., thin grooves (rills) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip paint ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip, ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., bowl random burnish ext., thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band, knob on shoulder med. coarse fabric, very pale brown (29) surfaces med. coarse fabric, burnished int., ext., wavy combing int. med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line, lime encrusted ext. surface med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, burnished int., ext., thin continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines bowl (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines, (rills) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext.thin continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, burnish int., ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, band combing med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, band combing med. coarse fabric, drilled hole

Medium-small jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, tall neck, Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Very large flat base

Medium-small bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Body sherd Jar neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

Plate 129

259

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1

260

Plate 130. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

130:01

75.1124

015 Medium spouted jar

130:02 130:03 130:04 130:05 130:06 130:07

75.1125 75.1126 75.1155 75.1285 75.1284 75.1142

015 015 015 015 015 015

130:08

75.1150

130:09 130:10 130:11 130:12 130:13

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1

Basic Form

FC

T

22 22 22 22 22 22 21

W W U W W W W

015 Large, deep bowl

40

L

75.1147 75.1149 75.1146 75.1148 75.1156

015 015 015 015 015

21 21 21 21 21

W W W W W

130:14

75.1158

015 Medium, deep bowl

83

W

130:15 130:16

75.1157 75.1153

015 Medium, flat base bowl 015 Very large flat base

21 22

L W

130:17

75.1286

015 Medium small, deep cup bowl

22

W

130:18 130:19 130:20 130:21

75.1287 75.1128 75.1135 75.1132

015 015 015 015

11 22 13 21

W W W W

130:22 130:23 130:24

75.1127 75.1131 75.1129

015 Medium, flat base bowl 015 Medium, flat base bowl 015 Very large flat base

21 21 22

W W W

130:25

75.1130

015 Large, flat base bowl

21

W

130:26 130:27 130:28 130:29 130:30 130:31 130:32 130:33 130:34 130:35 130:36 130:37 130:38

75.1288 75.1133 75.1134 75.1151 75.1154 75.1159 75.1160 75.1289 75.1152 75.1394 75.1621 75.1622 75.1395

015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 015 019 019 019 019

Bowl base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Medium-large necked jar Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd Ledge handle Large, flat base bowl Medium-large jar, short neck Wide mouth pitcher Bowl base

22 21 21 22 22 23 22 22 22 40 22 11

W W Z W W W W W W U L W W

130:39 130:40 130:41 130:42 130:43 130:44 130:45

75.1004 75.1005 75.1360 75.1361 75.1362 75.1346 75.1347

022 022 023 023 023 025 025

Large, deep bowl Jar neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Very large flat base

22 22 36 83 22 22 22

W W W W W L B

130:46 130:47 130:48 130:49 130:50

75.1348 75.1349 75.1350 75.1016 75.1017

025 025 025 025 025

Large, flat base bowl Small bowl Body sherd Bowl base Body sherd

22 22 22 22 41

W L W W N

Medium spouted jar Medium-large necked jar Medium-small jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-large jar, tall neck Cup

Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, deep bowl

Very large flat base Medium, deep bowl Medium-large deep Large, flat base bowl

Descriptions med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow smoothed surface med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip ext., worn int. med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric fine ware, med. coarse fabric, greenish hue int., traces of burnish ext., thin continuous incised lines (rills) cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, scalloped rim, rough surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, red slip (20), int., thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric, drill hole from ext. fine ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext., random burnish int. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red slip, int., ext., burn marks ext., thin continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, random burnish int., ext, deep bowl continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) burnished slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills) bowl fine ware, med. coarse fabric, burnished int., ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core bowl med. coarse fabric, worn int., traces of red (20) slip ext., groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext., groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext, light groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, smooth pale brown surface ext., light bowl groove under turned down rim med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip traces int., ext., thin continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, black areas int., ext. med. coarse fabric, worn int. med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing med. coarse fabric, combing, raised bands med. coarse fabric, pinch lapped, combing med. coarse fabric, exterior rills cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, scalloped rim med. coarse fabric, traces of red slip ext, broken handle med. coarse fabric, slight traces of reddish-yellow (22) random burnish ext. dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces, turning marks fine ware, med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) bowl slip int., ext., random burnish ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) slip ext., slashed band med. coarse fabric, worn int. fine ware and fabric, regular horizontal and diagonal combing, thin raised band

Plate 130

261

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1, 2

262

Plate 131. Fig.

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.1, 2

Reg. #

Loc

Basic Form

FC

T

Descriptions

Field X.1 (1–34) 131:01 75.1363 131:02 75.1123 131:03 75.1369 131:04 75.1620 131:05 75.1366 131:06 75.1117 131:07 75.1116 131:08 75.1368 131:09 75.1364 131:10 75.1367 131:11 75.1370 131:12 75.1365 131:13 75.1119 131:14 75.1121 131:15 75.1120 131:16 75.1118 131:17 75.1381 131:18 75.1371 131:19 75.1372 131:20 75.1375 131:21 75.1374 131:22 75.1376 131:23 75.1373 131:24 75.1377 131:25 75.1380 131:26 75.1122 131:27 75.1619 131:28 75.1382 131:29 75.1378 131:30 75.1379 131:31 75.1002 131:32 75.1003

027 026 027 027 027 026 026 027 027 027 027 027 026 026 026 026 027 027 027 027 027 027 027 027 027 026 027 027 027 027 028 028

Large spouted vessel Large spouted vessel Large spouted vessel Large spouted vessel Medium-large jar, short neck Large necked jar Large necked jar Medium-small jar, tall neck Medium-small jar, tall neck Small, necked jar Large necked jar Large jar, short neck Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Very large flat base bowl Very large platter Small bowl Medium-small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large platter Jar base Jar base Bowl base Jar neck Large necked jar Loop handle Medium-large necked jar Very large flat base

22 22 21 12 83 22 22 83 22 22 12 22 22 40 22 83 22 21 22 21 21 21 21 83 22 21 40 22 22 22 22

W U W W W W W L W W W L W W W W L W W W W W W W W W W L L L W W

131:33 131:34

028 Medium, flat base bowl 028 Large, flat base bowl

21 22

W W

dense ware, friable fabric, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, blackened areas common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces, vertical combing light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn int. surface med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext. dense ware, med. coarse fabric, vertical combing, even grooves int. rim cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, joined neck, gray surfaces med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddish brown (19) slip ext., med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, light reddish-brown (23) random burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext., deep groove (rill), burn mark on rim friable fabric, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish int., worn surfaces fine ware and fabric, light red (40) slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. dense ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn int., possible burnish ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, slashed band cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, black soot ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip, bowl ext., thin continuous incised lines, med. coarse fabric, worn int. med. coarse fabric, red (42) random burnished slip int., ext.

Field X.2 (35–66) 131:35 75.1444 131:36 75.1448 131:37 75.1445 131:38 75.1449 131:39 75.1446 131:40 75.1447 131:41 75.1456 131:42 75.1455 131:43 75.1454 131:44 75.1453 131:45 75.1452 131:46 75.1450 131:47 75.1451

001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001

Medium-small jar, short neck Medium spouted jar Medium spouted jar Medium spouted jar Deep cup bowl, lightly closed Medium-large necked jar Small bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium-small bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 83 22 22 22 21 22 21 22 22 22 22 83

W W W W W W W W W W W W W

131:48 131:49 131:50 131:51 131:52 131:53 131:54 131:55 131:56 131:57 131:58 131:59 131:60 131:61 131:62 131:63 131:64 131:65 131:66

001 001 001 002 002 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

Large, flat base bowl Jar neck Body sherd Medium holemouth bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-small jar, short neck Medium-large jar, short neck Cup Medium holemouth bowl Medium bowl, deep Medium-small bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium-large deep bowl Small bowl Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd

22 22 83 21 22 28 21 21 22 21 21 21 22 83 22 21 21 83 21

W W W B W W W W W W W W W W L W W L W

75.1000 75.1001

75.1458 75.1443 75.1457 75.1424 75.1100 75.1436 75.1434 75.1435 75.1512 75.1437 75.1439 75.1438 75.6096 75.6097 75.1391 75.1440 75.1436 75.1393 75.1442

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext.,thin continuous incised line med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext, thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric, random burnish ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous line (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills), deep cut under turned down rim med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills) dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills), random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin continuous line (rill) med. coarse fabric, band combing, diagonal tool marks med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, regular diagonal grooves med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, traces of red (20) slip ext., thin continuous incised lines (rills) fine ware and fabric med. coarse fabric, red (42) slip int., ext., random burnish int., scalloped rim med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines, med. coarse fabric, slight traces of red slip ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext., horizontal burnish int. med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill) common ware, fine fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, band combing med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band

Plate 131

263

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.3

264

Plate 132. Basic Form

Stratum IA Pottery of Field X.3

Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

132:01

75.1060

001 Small spouted vessel

21

W

132:02

75.1061

001 Large jar, short neck

22

W

132:03 132:04 132:05 132:06 132:07 132:08 132:09 132:10 132:11

75.1063 75.1062 75.1064 75.1065 75.1067 75.1066 75.1471 75.1475 75.1479

001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002 002

21 83 83 22 22 22 40 14 21

W W W W W W L L W

132:12

75.1477

Large spouted vessel Medium-large necked jar Very large flat base bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium holemouth jar Medium holemouth jar Medium-small holemouth bowl 002 Medium-small holemouth

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., random red (42) burnish ext., deep grooves and zig-zag design med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., very pale brown(29) horizontal burnish ext., horizontal combing medium coarse fabric, thin continuous incised lines (rills) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric, red (20) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, deep grooves (rills), drilled hole common ware, med. coarse fabric, deep grooves (rills) cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric

14

W

132:13 132:14 132:15 132:16 132:17 132:18 132:19 132:20

75.1476 75.1473 75.1474 75.1486 75.1482 75.1478 75.1480 75.1068

002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002

Medium holemouth bowl Medium-large jar, short neck Large jar, short neck Small jar, short neck Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

12 14 21 22 21 83 22 29

W L L W W L W W

132:21 132:22 132:23 132:24 132:25 132:26 132:27 132:28 132:29 132:30 132:31 132:32 132:33 132:34 132:35 132:36 132:37 132:38 132:39 132:40 132:41 132:42

75.1069 75.1070 75.1072 75.1071 75.1481 75.1485 75.1483 75.1484 75.1487 75.1073 75.1489 75.1074 75.1077 75.1076 75.1557 75.1078 75.1080 77.4728 77.4725 75.1577 75.1081 75.1089

002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 005 008

Medium, flat base bowl Large platter Pithos Medium-small bowl Medium-small bowl Large, deep bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Body sherd Body sherd Large necked jar Medium small, deep cup bowl Medium, deep bowl Large platter Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Body sherd Medium, flat base bowl Body sherd Small jar, tall neck

21 21 21 21 22 22 22 40 21 22 24 83 22 22 83 24 83 22 22 22 22

W W W W W W W L U W W W W W W B W N W W W W

132:43

75.1082

008 Medium, flat base bowl

24

B

132:44 132:45 132:46 132:47 132:48 132:49 132:50 132:51 132:52 132:53 132:54 132:55 132:56 132:57 132:58

75.1085 75.1084 75.1083 75.1086 75.1088 75.1087 75.1090 75.1092 75.1101 75.1105 75.1103 75.1104 75.1107 75.1108 75.1106

008 008 008 008 008 008 008 008 024 024 024 024 024 024 024

21 21 21 21 21 83 21 83 66 83 11 22 83 22 22

W W B W W B W W L W W W W W W

Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Very large flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large platter Small shallow bowl Jar base Bowl base Medium-large jar, short neck Medium holemouth bowl Small bowl, lightly closed Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, deep bowl Medium, deep bowl

fine ware and fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) bowl slip int., ext., dark red (18) random burnish ext., vertical int. fine ware and fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, vertical combing cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, scalloped rim med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin continuous incised line (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thin continuous incised line (rill) med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, traces of reddish-brown (19) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, traces of light red (40) slip int. med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, groove (rill) fine ware and fabric, dark red (18) slip int., ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb-impressed band, combing dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, black patch on rim, combing friable fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, dark red (18) random burnished slip int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, drilled hole fine ware and fabric, red (20) random burnished slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, incised line med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., red (20) horizontal burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, joined neck int., incised groove at ext. neck, pale yellow surface med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) slip int., ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip ext., deep groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) slip int. fine ware and fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light brown (37) random burnish ext. cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric fine ware and fabric, reddish-gray (11) slip int., ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band fine ware and fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int.,ext., groove (rill)

Plate 132

265

Stratum I Pottery of Field IX.1, 2

266

Plate 133. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

Large necked jar

40

W

75.0406 003

Small shallow bowl

11

B

133:03 133:04

75.0400 003 75.0404 003

Large, deep bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 11

W

133:05 133:06

75.0553 003 75.0407 003

Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl

22 14

W W

133:07

75.0402 003

Large, flat base bowl

21

B

133:08 133:09 133:10 133:11 133:12 133:13 133:14 133:15 133:16 133:17 133:18

75.0401 75.0410 75.0408 75.0552 75.0409 75.0412 75.0411 75.0413 75.0414 75.0415 75.0583

Large, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Ledge handle Jar neck

11 22 14 22 83 21 22 22 11 21 29

W W B W W B B W L W W

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, turning marks orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddishyellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, smoothed surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn int. surface common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, thin gray cored, worn surfaces common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, raised dot on inner neck

Field IX.2 (19– 47) 133:19 75.0570 002

Large necked jar

29

W

133:20 133:21

75.0475 002 75.0471 002

Large necked jar Large, flat base bowl

22 14

W B

133:22 133:23

75.0574 002 75.0477 002

Medium, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl

22

U B

133:24 133:25 133:26 133:27 133:28 133:29 133:30 133:31 133:32 133:33 133:34 133:35 133:36 133:37 133:38 133:39 133:40 133:41

75.0470 75.0573 75.0476 75.0466 75.0572 75.0569 75.0575 75.0571 75.0469 75.0473 75.0487 75.0468 75.0479 75.0484 75.0478 75.0481 75.0480 75.0467

Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, deep bowl Medium, flat base bowl Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Loop handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Ledge handle Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Bowl base

22 21 21 22 21 21 22 29 22 22 22 22 83 21 83 22 22 21

W W W B W W W W B W W W W B W W W B

133:42

75.0483 002

Bowl base

83

W

133:43 133:44 133:45 133:46

75.0485 75.0482 75.0417 75.0416

002 002 015 015

Bowl base Jar base Medium, flat base bowl Large necked jar

83 21 21 83

W W B W

133:47

75.0418 015

Medium, flat base bowl

21

B

Field IX.1 (1–18) 133:01 75.0405 003 133:02

003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003 003

002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002

Basic Form

Stratum I Pottery of Field IX.1, 2

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, vertical combing ext., horizontal combing int. neck med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnish, int.,ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddishyellow (22) random burnish int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip int.,ext., random burnish ext. med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn ext., drilled hole med. coarse fabric, thick gray core common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, groove (rill) med. coarse fabric, groove (rill) light, cream ware, worn surfaces, groove (rill) light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, envelope med. coarse fabric, plain, worn med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed, worn med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core. worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thin gray core orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, light red (40) random burnished slip int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thick gray core med. coarse fabric, thin gray core light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, turning marks, thin lime patch ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnish ext.

Plate 133

267

268

Stratum of IX.5 Field StratumI IPottery PotteryofofField FieldIX.4 IX.4and andStrata StrataII–I II–IPottery of Field

Plate 134. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

Stratum I Pottery of Field IX.4 and Strata II–I Pottery of Field IX.5 FC

T

Descriptions

Field IX.4 (1–21) 134:01 75.0528 001 Large, flat base bowl 134:02 75.0580 001 Very large flat base 134:03 75.0527 001 Medium, flat base bowl

Basic Form

21 21 21

B W B

134:04 134:05 134:06 134:07 134:08

75.0581 75.0530 75.0529 75.0576 75.0430

orange burnished ware(?), med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces, slight traces of red bowl slip orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddishyellow (22) random burnish int. common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces orange burnished ware (?), med. coarse fabric, thin gray core med. coarse fabric, horizontal combing, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, slight traces of red slip int. rim

134:09 134:10

001 001 001 001 003

21 22 21 21 14

W B B W B

75.0428 75.0577

Jar base Jar base Bowl base Body sherd Medium-small jar, narrow neck 003 Medium, flat base bowl 003 Very large flat base

22 22

W W

134:11 134:12

75.0427 75.0420

003 Large, flat base bowl 003 Large platter

21 21

L B

134:13

75.0426

003 Large, flat base bowl

21

B

134:14 134:15 134:16 134:17 134:18 134:19 134:20

75.0582 75.0425 75.0424 75.0423 75.0579 75.0422 75.0429

003 003 003 003 003 003 003

29 22 83 40 21 22 83

W W W W W W W

134:21

75.0421

003 Ledge handle

83

L

med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. med. coarse fabric, light brown (37) slip int., bowl horizontal burnish, light red (40) slip ext., traces of diagonal vertical combing med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int.,ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int., ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, reddishyellow (22) random burnish int.,ext. light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, light red (40) slip, int.,ext. common ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, traces of red (20) slip int. med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, worn surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, two bands of combing, curved tool marks between common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces

U

not available for description light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric

21

W U B

Large, flat base bowl Medium, flat base bowl Jar base Jar base Bowl base Ledge handle Body sherd

Field IX.5 (22– 44) 134:22 002 Medium-small holemouth bowl 134:23 75.0443 002 Medium-small jar, tall neck 134:24 002 Large jar, short neck 134:25 75.0519 002 Medium-small jar, short neck

22

134:26 134:27 134:28 134:29

75.0534 75.0533 75.0587 75.0588

002 002 002 002

Medium-small jar Medium-large necked jar Large necked jar Small bowl

22 83 29 29

W W W U

134:30 134:31 134:32 134:33

75.0517 75.0585 75.0586 75.0536

002 002 002 002

Medium-small bowl Large, flat base bowl Large, deep bowl Very large flat base

22 22 39 22

W W W W

134:34 134:35 134:36

75.0590 75.0584

002 Very large flat base bowl 002 Medium, flat base bowl 002 Large, flat base bowl

22 29 29

W W W

83 22 29

W W W

83

W

134:37 134:38 134:39 134:40 134:41

75.0538 75.0539 75.0589 75.0537

002 002 002 002 002

Jar base Jar base Jar base Jar base Large, flat base bowl

134:42 134:43

75.0532 75.0531

002 Body sherd 002 Body sherd

12 22

W W

134:44

#307

024 Medium, flat base bowl

22

W

light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, turning marks light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces light, cream ware, med. coarse fabric, continuous incised lines, (rills) fine ware, med. coarse fabric, thinned rim med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill), worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, deep groove (rill), worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, reddish-yellow (22) bowl random burnished slip int, ext. not available med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces, light red (40) slip int., drilled hole dense ware, med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, worn surfaces dense ware, med. coarse fabric common ware, med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces not available med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip int., thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thick gray core, dark red (18) random burnished slip ext., slashed band med. coarse fabric, applique band, snake form

Plate 134

269

Strata II–I Pottery of Field IX.6, 7

270

Plate 135. Fig.

Reg. #

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

Large, flat base bowl Small bowl Bowl base Large, flat base bowl Pithos, short neck

21 12 21

W B B

22

L

75.0592 75.0556

003 Body sherd 011 Small spouted vessel

21 22

W W

135:08

75.0555

011 Pithos, tall neck

83

W

135:09 135:10

75.0596 75.0595

017 Medium, deep bowl 011 Large deep bowl, lightly closed

21 21

W W

med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces med. coarse fabric, reddish-yellow (22) random burnish int.,ext. orange burnished ware, med. coarse fabric not available med. coarse fabric, scalloped rim,impressed band at neck, thin lime coating on ext. med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band, vertical combing med. coarse fabric, light red (40) random burnished slip ext., deep grooves (rills) med. coarse fabric, thin gray core, thin vertical combing on neck and shoulder (not shown), thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, thinned rim med. coarse fabric, horizontal combing, pinch lapped handle, traces of lime coating

29

W

21 36 21 21

W W W W

21 21 21

W W W

Field IX.6 (1–10) 135:01 75.0593 135:02 75.0563 135:03 75.0594 135:04 135:05 75.0567

002 002 002 003 003

135:06 135:07

Basic Form

Strata II–I Pottery of Field IX.6, 7

Field IX.7 (11–27) 135:11 007 Large holemouth jar 135:12 75.0605 007 Large deep bowl, lightly closed 135:13 75.0603 007 Medium-small bowl 135:14 75.0604 007 Large, flat base bowl 135:15 75.0600 007 Large, flat base bowl 135:16 75.0602 007 Jar base 135:17 007 Jar base 135:18 75.0599 007 Jar base 135:19 75.0598 007 Bowl base 135:20 75.0597 007 Body sherd 135:21 008 Large deep bowl, lightly closed 135:22 008 Medium holemouth jar 135:23 008 Large, flat base bowl 135:24 75.0607 008 Medium-small bowl 135:25 75.0606 008 Jar base 135:26 75.0608 008 Jar base 135:27 75.0609 008 Ledge handle

21 40 40 21

W L L W

not available med. coarse fabric, thumb-impressed band med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, not available med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, med. coarse fabric, not available

traces of red slip int., ext. wet smoothed traces of red burnished slip int., worn ext. thick gray core, worn thick gray core light red (40) burnished slip int.,ext. thumb-impressed band

not available not available med. coarse fabric, worn int. surface cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric cook pot ware, med. coarse fabric med. coarse fabric, worn surfaces

Plate 135

271

Pottery from Tomb F 1

272

Plate 136. Pl. #

Reg.# Pot Form HA RI BA WF

136:01

407

136:02 136:03

052 027

16 5

0454.21.62.20 0164.00.62.30 0234.00.12.30

P P P

136:04

023

2

0274.00.12.30

P

136:05

053

13

0224.22.62.30

F

136:06 136:07 136:08

062 050 049

23 4 19

0235.22.12.30 0454.24.61.20 0454.21.62.20

F P P

136:09

048

18

0454.21.62.20

P

136:10 136:11

025 026

3 15

0454.22.62.20 0274.00.62.20

P P

W C

Pottery from Tomb F 1 Description

83 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, reconstructed 21 Med. large jar, tall wide neck, red (20) slip ext., rim fragments missing 83 Med. small jar tall wide neck, inflected point, surface pink (36) to light reddish brown (83), chips at base 22 Small jar, tall, wide neck, inflected point, mottled surface with pink (36) and dark areas 36 Med. small jar, tall wide neck, corner point, surface reddish yellow (22) with traces of reddish-brown (83) slip, punctate line on neck 21 Med. small jar, wide neck, inflected point, punctate line below rim, crack in body 22 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, surface chipped 39 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, reddish-brown surface (19) burn spots on side, surface damaged 83 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, surface reddish yellow (21) to pink (36), rim chipped 22 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, clay strip on handle 21 Small jar, tall, wide neck, inflected point

WF = Ware family, P = Plain, F = Fine, WC = Ware color

Plate 136

273

Pottery from Tomb F 1

274

Plate 137. Pot Form HA RI BA WF

W C

Pl. #

Reg.#

137:01 137:02 137:03 137:04

054 051 061 055

8 12 14 17

0581.00.13.13 0545.00.11.16 0536.00.11.15 0536.00.11.15

P P P P

22 83 39 21

137:05 137:06

057 024

21 1

0522.00.12.16 0505.00.62.15

P P

36 22

137:07 137:08

030 031

10 11

0744.00.11.60 0581.54.62.15

F P

21 21

Pottery from Tomb F 1 Description Med. bowl, open form, surface reddish-yellow (21) to pinkish-white (35) Large bowl, splaying sides, small cracks in wall Med. large bowl, open form, partial form Med. large bowl, open form, surface reddish-yellow (22) to pinkish- white (35), uneven punctate line below rim Large bowl, open form, uneven punctate line below rim, small cracks in wall Large bowl, lightly closed, finger grooves int. surface, punctate decoration below rim, crack in wall, fragment missing from rim Med. small bowl, open form, small fragment missing from rim Med. bowl, open form, red (42) slip int., ext., punctate line below rim with four raised dots

Plate 137

275

Pottery from Tomb F 1

276

Plate 138. Pl. #

Reg.#

138:01 138:02 138:03

408 409 056

138:04 138:05

Pot

Form HA RI BA

WF

20

0701.51.12. 0701.00.12.60 0506.54.62.16

F F F

028 029

7 9

0780.00.12.30 0744.00.12.50

P F

138:06

032

6

138:07

415

0536.51.12.13

P

Pottery from Tomb F 1 W C

Description

21 Med. small bowl, lightly closed, partially reconstructed 21 Med. small bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed 36 Large bowl, lightly closed, partial form, punctate line below rim, four raised dots 21 Small bowl, open form, one-half missing 39 Small bowl, open form, reddish-yellow surface with burnt spots, punctate line below rim, rim chipped Basalt bowl, two raised smooth rows, part of rim missing 21 Med. large bowl, open form, reconstructed, three similar incised decoration on int., one ext.

Plate 138

277

Pottery from Tomb F 2

278

Plate 139. Pl. #

Reg.#

Pot

139:01 139:02

401 402

11

139:03

397

139:04

391

139:05

Form HA RI BA

WF

0160 0224.21.62.20

P F

0224.22.62.

F

14

0454.22.62.30

P

064

12

0274.21.62.20

F

139:06

394

17

0501.00.12.15

P

139:07

399

2

0505.00.62.15

P

139:08

400

4

0525.00.11.15

P

W C

Pottery from Tomb F 2 Description

83 Med. large jar, reconstructed, neck missing 22 Med. small jar, tall wide neck, corner point, traces of red (42) slip, punctate line below rim, handles and part of rim missing 83 Med. small jar, tall, wide neck, corner point, reconstructed, brown (24) ext., fine punctate line below rim, black patch on base 36 Med. juglet, tall neck, inflected point, repaired, light red (40) burnished slip ext., int. rim 21 Small jar, tall, wide neck, inflected point, traces of light red (40) slip, surface mottled with dark patches, punctate line on handle, many fragments 83 Very large bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed, small black marks on surface 36 Large bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed, surface reddish-yellow (38), punctate line below rim, reconstructed from many pieces 36 Large bowl, open form, reconstructed

Plate 139

279

Pottery from Tomb F 2

280

Plate 140. Pl. #

Reg.#

140:01 140:02

403 395

140:03

Pot

Form HA RI BA

WF

3 1

0526.00.11.15 0512.00.62.15

P F

396

15

0562.54.62.15

F

140:04

398

16

0565.00.42.15

F

140:05

405

8

0778.00.12.13

F

140:06 140:07 140:08 140:09

406 392 404 393

7 6 5

0771.00.12.20 0773.00.12.20 0772.00.11.20

P P P P

Pottery from Tomb F 2 W C

Description

40 Large bowl, open form, partially reconstructed 22 Med. large bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed, light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., fine punctate line below rim 36 Med. bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed, traces of light red (40) burnished slip int., ext., raised slashed band below rim, with two tiny ledges 21 Med. bowl, lightly closed, reconstructed, brown (24) burnished slip int., ext.,two rows of punctate lines on body, black patches on base 36 Small bowl, open form, reconstructed, light red (40) slip int., ext., slight concavity in base 21 Small bowl, open form, reconstructed 22 Small bowl, open form, reconstructed, pink (36) surface, many fragments 21 Small bowl, open form, reconstructed, disintegrating 36 Partial form, ceramic imitation of basalt stone bowl, base worn, broken off, surface mottled, pink (36) to gray, crude punctate line below rim

Plate 140

281

Pottery and Objects from Tombs F 4A,B.

282

Plate 141. Pl. #

Reg.#

Pot

Tomb F 4B (1) 141:01 2124

Pottery and Objects from Tombs F 4A,B.

Form HA RI BA

WF

W C

Description

0445.21.12.20

F

40 Med. juglet, tall neck, corner point, light red (40) burnish on very pale brown (29) mottled ext. surface 36 Small jar, tall, wide neck, corner point, light red (40) random burnished slip ext. , blackened spot on surface 40 Small jar, tall, wide neck, corner point, light red (40) slip ext. 36 Med. juglet, tall neck, corner pointed, light red (40) burnished slip ext., hole in side 36 Small jar, tall, wide neck, corner point, light red (40) random burnished slip ext.,large blackened mark ext. 36 Med. juglet, tall neck, corner point, light red (40) burnished slip ext, half missing 40 Large bowl, lightly closed, many pieces 38 Very Large bowl, lightly closed, traces of light red (40) slip, raised band line below rim, worn surfaces 36 Small bowl, open form, crude ware, rough surfaces, large inclusions Med. juglet, tall neck, corner point Mace head, calcite but not strongly compacted, chalky in areas

Tomb F 4A (2–11) 141:02 1647

4

0264.00.12.13

F

141:03 141:04

1656 1651

8 3

0265.00.12.30 0445.21.12.14

F F

141:05

1648

5

0264.00.12.20

F

141:06

1675

1

0445.21.12.20

F

141:07 141:08

1730 1738

6 2

0502.00.62.16 0501.00.62.16

F F

141:09 141.10 141.11

1661 3296 1717

7

0775.00.12.16 0445.21.12.60

P

Plate 141

283

Registered Ground Stone Objects

284

Plate 142. Pl. # 142:01 142:02 142:03 142:04 142:05 142:06 142:07 142:08 142:09 142:10

Registered Ground Stone Objects

GS BD REG REG 240 243 032 031 020 025 246 012 261 059

2005 2897 2012 2013 9 3253 2141 7 39 1602

Type

Field

Loc

Bkt

Material

IA1 IA1e IIA1 IIA1 IIC IIA2 IIE1 IID XIIA IVA3

XVI.2 IV.5 XIV.3 XII1.2A X.1 XI.4 XIII.2A F.1 F.2 XVI.2

020 005 024 050 009 026 050

076 025 090 071 011 072 079

001

001

Basalt Stone Stone Sandstone Sandstone Stone Stone Basalt Limestone Calcite

Plate 142

285

Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci

286

Plate 143. Pl. #

Reg. # Field Loc

143:01

3352

XIV.3

143:02

3363

XIV.3

143:03

3355

XIV.3

143:04

2834

XIX.1

143:05

3356

XIV.3

143:06

3361

XIV.3

143:07 143:08 143:09 143:10

3348 3347 2903 3360

XIX.2 XIX.2 XIV.3 XIV.3

143:11

3349

XIX.2

143:12 143:13

3359 2037

XIV.3 XIV.3

Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci

Basic Form

234 Medium-large, shallow, flat base bowl 224 Medium-large, shallow, flat base bowl 211 Medium-large, shallow, flat base bowl 079 Medium bowl, shallow, round base 074 Medium bowl, shallow, flat base 044 Medium-small bowl, round base 068 Medium-small bowl, flat base 073 Medium-small bowl, flat base 234 Lamp 234 Medium bowl, deep, lightly closed 065 Medium bowl, deep, splayed walls 234 Votive cup 024 Flat base, flange

FC

T

21

B

22

B

Mended, two pieces, two holes below rim; light very pale brown (29) slip int., ext. Red (20) burnished slip int., mottled gray surface ext.

Descriptions

38

B

Burnished slip, very pale brown (29) to light red (40)

38

B

Random burnish ext., mottled surface, dark gray to very pale brown (29), worn base area Wall fragment, rim to base, slip traces

21 38 22 21 22

W Recessed circle in flattened base, light red (40) slip int., mineral deposits ext. W Wall fragment rim to base, base recessed W Wall fragment, rim to base, black marks on rim B Random burnish, int.,ext., burn marks on spouts W Mended from five pieces, red (20) burnished slip

38

W Fragment, rim to base, pinkish-white (35) slip ext.

29 21

U Cream ware, self slip U Base bottom has a burnished light red slip, red burnished slip on upper surface of base, broken wall fragment slopes inward.

Plate 143

287

Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci

288

Plate 144.

Selected Objects from Non-Primary Loci

Pl. #

Reg. #

Field

Loc

FC

T

Descriptions

144:01

2898

XIV.3

217

Large necked jar

Basic Form

29

W

144:02

3368

XIV.4

049

Large necked jar

29

W

144:03 144:04

2805 33

XIII F.1

Sur

Amphoriskos, narrow neck Amphoriskos, wide neck

21 22

W Z

144:05

1644

Surf.

Small juglet, pointed base

21

W

144:06 144:07 144:08

1263 779 2819

XIV.4 XIV.4 XIX.1

008 007 052

Small juglet, rounded base Bottom half of juglet Small juglet, flat base

21 38 36

W W W

144:09

2904

XVI.4

014

Base, special purpose vessel

21

U

144:10

1940

XIII.2

043

Ceramic object

71

U

144:11

1945

XIV.4

050

38

U

144:12

1947

Surf.

Ceramic object, anthropoid features Spoon

surface, very pale brown(29), ledge handle, thumbimpressed, neck missing Fragments of rim, shoulder wall and base, pinkish white (35) slip ext. Surface red (42) net painted, also at rim Line-group paint, ext.,small ledge handles, associated with debris in robber trench Light red (40) vertically burnished slip ext., burn marks ext., top and handle broken Traces of red (20) slip Traces of light red (40) slip Traces of red (42) vertically burnished slip, handle and neck missing Red (20) slip on base section and traces int. of cup, small burn marks bottom of base, punctate decoration on lower section Pinkish gray (71) surface, concave surface top and bottom, burn area across rim of top, fragment missing from top Light red (40) slip, broken at top and bottom, hollow

21

W

Very pale brown (29) surfaces, red (42) painted bands

Plate 144

289

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIX A Field Staffs of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, 1975–1981

Co-Directors Walter E. Rast, Valparaiso University R. Thomas Schaub, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Scientific and Research Staff James Adovasio, University of Pittsburgh (textiles and basketry) 1981 Reuben Bullard, University of Cincinnati (geologist) 1975 Edith Dietz, Smithsonian Institution (conservation) 1981 Jack Donahue, University of Pittsburgh (geologist) 1977, 1979. 1981 Michael Finnegan, Kansas State University (physical anthropologist, surveyor) 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981 Bruno Fröhlich, Smithsonian Institution (physical anthropologist) 1981 Jack Harlan, University of Illinois (paleoagronomist) 1977, 1979, 1981 Robert Johnston, Rochester Institute of Technology (ceramicist) 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981 Robert Maddin, University of Pennsylvania (metals) 1981 Mark McConaughy, University of Pittsburgh, Illinois State Museum (lithics, surveyor) 1977, 1979, 1981 David McCreery, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, American Center of Oriental Research in Amman (paleobotanist) 1977, 1979, 1981 Donald Ortner, Smithsonian Institution (physical anthropologist) 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981 Susan Short, University of Colorado (palynologist) 1977, 1979, 1981 Photographers Henry Cowherd, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1979, 1981 Christine Helms, Oxford University, 1975, 1977 Kjell Sandved, Smithsonian Institution, 1977, 1979 Administrative Director Marilyn M. Schaub, Duquesne University, 1979, 1981

Appendix A: Field Staffs of the Expedition, 1975–1981

323

Other Specialists Bruce Bevan (advisor, cemetery survey equipment) 1981 Nancy Broeder (registrar, pottery reconstruction) 1981 Janine Dragan (assistant registrar) 1977 Jean Graham (drafting) 1975 Carol Greger (drafting) 1981 Christine Helms (assistant to the directors) 1975, 1977 Lawrence Ingalls (surveyor) 1981 Dorothy Ingalls (registrar) 1981 Nancy Lapp (registrar) 1979 Jennifer Loynd (drafting and pottery drawing) 1977, 1979, 1981 Linda McCreery (registrar, pottery reconstruction) 1975, 1977 Joyce Ortner (registrar) 1977 Ellen Paige (drafting) 1981 Bryan Prill (camp manager) 1981 Jeffrey Raday (surveyor) 1977 Helen Schaub, (pottery assistant) 1977, 1979, 1981 Marilyn Schaub (registrar) 1977 Jeannine Schonta (cartographer, surveyor and assistant to the geologist), 1975, 1977 Paul Tanck (surveyor) 1979 Cynthia Torczynski (pottery reconstruction) 1979, 1981 Rebecca Unland (drafting) 1977 Rebecca Vaage (drafting) 1979

First Season: May 25—July 2, 1975 Fields VIII IX

Supervisors David McCreery Walter Rast

X

Jack Graham Pittsburgh Theological Seminary XI R. Thomas Schaub XII Alberic Culhane St. John’s University, MN XIII David McCreery Area F Robert Brown Pittsburgh, PA Tomb B3 Robert Brown Tomb Fl Christine Helms Tomb A55 Michael Finnegan Cairn Exploration

Assistants Mary Vachon Richard Zweig Robert Zacour James Engle Dane Surra Dane Surra Richard Zweig Robert Zacour

Sami Rabadi Faisal Quddah

Representatives of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan Sami Rabadi, Kerak; Faisal Quddah, Jerash

324

Appendix A: Field Staffs of the Expedition, 1975–1981

Technical Workers Yahya M. Darwish, Nablus; Muhammad A. Darwish, Amman Head Cook Muhammad Khalil Karaeen (Abu Arif), Amman

Second Season: May 23—July 6, 1977 Fields VIII X XI

XII

XIII XIV XV XVI XVII Area F Area H

Supervisors Dorothy Hill Walters Art Gallery James Engle Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Burton MacDonald St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia Alberic Culhane

David McCreery Eric Anderson Dorothy Hill Mark McConaughy David McCreery Jack Lee St. John Fisher College Dorothy Hill

Assistants Eric Anderson

Marie Therese Reilly

Charles Larson Jeanette Ohlson Mary Pumper Joseph Skemp Richard Zweig Joseph Tucker

Representatives of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan Sami Rabadi, Kerak; Husni Yusuf Abu Shwaimeh, Amman Technical Workers Yahya M. Darwish, Sebastiya; Muhammad A. Darwish, Zadik Abdullah, Khamis Fahed, Ayish Muhammad Issa, Ali Khalaf, all of Amman. Head Cook Muhammad Khalil Karaeen (Abu Arif), Amman Assistant Cook Abdul Abed, Amman

Appendix A: Field Staffs of the Expedition, 1975–1981

325

Third Season: May 25—Jul 11, 1979 Fields IV XI XII

XIII XIV XVI XVII XVIII XIX AREA F

Supervisors Jack Lee Marie Therese Reilly Hammond, IN Alberic Culhane

Jack Lee Robin Brown Cambridge, MA David McCreery James Flanagan University of Montana David McCreery Jack Lee

Assistants Fred Strietelmeier James Flanagan Bill Budzien Christopher Munoz 0. Remie Constable Tom Coppinger Brett Gary Jeanette Ohlson Melanie Williams Leif Vaage Mark McConaughy Daniel Lapp

Daniel Lapp

Representatives of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan Sami Rabadi, Husni Abu Shuweiweh, Muhammad Kassassbeh Technical Workers Yahya Darwish, Muhammad Darwish, Zadik Abdullah, Khamis Fahed, Muhammad Jamrah, Aysh Abu Hilali, Ali Abed Rassul, Muhammad Fataftah Head Cook Muhammad Khalil Karaeen (Abu Arif), Amman Assistant Cook Ahmed Elian

Fourth Season: May 24 — July 10, 1981 Fields IV XI

Supervisors James Engle Freeman College, SD Marie Therese Reilly Washington, D.C.

Assistants Richard Zweig Karl Olson Suzanne Kane Aline Kalbian Joel Rast

326

Appendix A: Field Staffs of the Expedition, 1975–1981

XII

Alberic Culhane

XIII XIV

Jack Lee Charles Perry Institute of Archaeology, University of London Carole O’Leary University of Pennsylvania James Flanagan

XVI

XVII XIX

AREA J

Gillian Bentley University of Chicago Jane Isaac Institute of Archaeology, University of London Michael Finnegan

George Brewster Paul Gelbmann Robert Stocker Thomas Thurmond W. Tod Zeigler James Clowes Martha Newby Mary Stehle Thomas Lee Jeanette Ohlson Erik Harrell Laurie King Lawrence Mitchell James Eighmey Curt Drake Suzanne Angstadt Andrea Watson

Representatives of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan Sami Rabadi, Kerak; Muhammad Darwish, Amman Technical Workers Yahya M. Darwish, Sebastiya; Muhammad A. Darwish, Fouad Awad, Khamis Fahd, Muhammad Jamra, all of Amman; Khalil Darwish, Ahmed Hiji, Muhammad Hafith, all of Jericho. Head Cook Muhammad Khalil Karaeen (Abu Arif), Amman Assistant Cooks Abdul Mansif Abd er-Rahim, Hassan Rahmah, Jamal Badr, Abd er-Rahim, all of Amman

APPENDIX B Publication Support Staff

In addition to the co-directors and research staff who have contributed chapters to this volume the following have assisted in various ways in the preparation of expedition materials for publication. Ceramicists Patricia Maloney, Washington and Jefferson College Robert H. Johnston, Rochester Institute of Technology Cartographer Jeannine Schonta Photographer Henry Cowherd Conservationists Joan S. Gardner, Carnegie Institute, Section of Anthropology Edith Dietz, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology Curators—Carnegie Institute, Section of Anthropology James B. Richardson III David R. Watters Verna L. Cowin Collection Manager—Carnegie Institute, Section of Anthropology Deborah G. Harding Project Managers Barbro Evans, Pittsburgh Steve Talkington, Pittsburgh Eric Blaustein, Pittsburgh Marie T. Reilly Fröhlich, Washington, D.C. John Lewando, Washington, D.C.

328

Appendix B: Publication Support Staff

Project Assistant and Computer Consultant Aron Schmid Architects Jennifer Loynd Josef Englert Scientific Illustrators Ellen Paige, Steve Talkington, Barbro Evans, Aron Schmid, Gerry Wagner, Marie Heerkens, Kevin Ludwig, Joel Rast, John Lewando, Marci Bakry, Margaret Lethbridge, Amber King, Patrick Finnegan, Dan Pickering, Brian Ruskin, Don Romagno, Ellen Campbell, Bob Loos Draftspersons Michael Hogle, Gayle Funk, Sandy Hofmeyer, Michael Johnstone, Francis V. Brancato, Terri Direnna, Donald Derosa, Linda Hipps, Keri Kuhn, Jeffery M. Zelensky, J. T. Grice, Brenda Ryan, Denise Hough Data Processors Julie Dittrich, Barbara Hunsberger Secretaries Dee Beramasco, Debra Wesson, Pat McDowell from Indiana University of Pennsylvania Charmaine Steinberg, Carnegie Institute, Section of Anthropology Volunteers at Carnegie Institute Alice Toner, Edith Wattenmaker, Vickie Freen, Helen Swauger

Appendix C Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Reg.# 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Plate/Fig.#

pl.142:08 pl. 142:09

Field IX.5 X.3 X.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 X.1 X.2 XIII.1 XII.2 VIII.1 VIII.1 VIII.1 F.2

Locus Bkt 001 012 015

001 013 023

009 003 005 001 003 003 003 014

011 007 007 014 008 008 008

X.3 XII.2 X.4 X.3 X.3 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 XIII.1

010 003 005 019 048

011 003 005 021 055

X.3 X.3 XI.1

049 048 016

056 052 020

fig. 17.02:04 fig. 16.07:a fig. 12.09:06 fig. 12.09.01 pl. 136:04 pl. 137:06 pl. 136:10 pl. 136:11 pl. 136:03 pl. 138:04 pl. 138:05 pl. 137:07 pl. 137:08 pl. 137:06 pl. 144:04 fig. 8.9 fig. 12.09:07 fig. 12.10

Material Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Clay Stone Stone Stone Clay Metal Ceramic Chert Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Basalt Ceramic Bone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Place C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. Site C.I. Site C.I. C.I. C.I. Site Site Site AMM AMM C.I. C.I. C.I. AMM AMM PTS AMM AMM AMM PTS C.I. PTS AMM AMM PTS AMM C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

Comments Jewelry catalog list, ch. 19 Spindlewhorl, GSREG # 10 Jewelry catalog list, ch. 19 quern, GSREG # 11 grinder,GSREG # 12 quern, GSREG# 65 quern, GSREG # 20 quern, GSREG # 21 quern, GSREG # 30 stem mold door socket, GSREG # 15 door socket, GSREG # 16 door socket, GSREG # 17 figurine, see App. P-20 Also 17.3;17.4 flat base, “hot plate” scraper flat base, “hot plate”; see App. P-27 flat base, “hot plate” flat base, “hot plate” small jar large bowl small juglet small jar small jar bowl fragment medium bowl medium bowl large bowl jar amphoriskos, line-group paint tool hematite burnishing stone body sherd with bitumen body sherd with bitumen; see App. P-26 body sherd with bitumen

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

330

Reg.# 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 70 71 72 79 81 84 85 307 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402

Plate/Fig.# pl. 142:09

16.09:f 12.09:02 12.09:03 20.13:a

134:44 139:04 140:07 140:09 139:06 140:02 140:03 139:03 140:04 139:07 139:08 139:01 139:02

XII.6 XII.5 XII.5 IX.5 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2

pl. 137:03 pl. 136:06 pl. 139:05

pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

F.2 IX.5 Sur IX.7 X.3 F.1 F.1 XI.2 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 X.3 XIII.1 X.3 F.1 F.1 F.2 F.2 IX.6 X.3 X.3 X.3 F.3

pl. 136:09 pl. 136:08 pl. 136:07 pl. 137:02 pl. 136:02 pl. 136:05 pl. 137:01 pl. 137:04 pl. 138:03 pl. 137:05 fig. 12.09:08

fig. fig. fig. fig.

Field

Locus Bkt

014

012

001 057

015 070

012

006

057 005 057

071 007 071

016

013

011 058 059 059 013

010 073 075 075

003 003 003 024

024

Material

Place

Comments

Stone Stone Chert

C.I. Site C.I.

worked stone, GSREG # 261 quern, GSREG # 18 augur

Stone Stone Clay Clay Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Chert Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Chert Ceramic Ceramic Stone

Site C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS PTS PTS C.I. AMM PTS PTS PTS C.I. AMM C.I. C.I. C.I. AMM AMM PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. Site Site C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

door socket, GSREG # 19 quern, GSREG # 23 mat impression mat impression sherd with bitumen juglet juglet juglet large bowl small jar medium jar large bowl large bowl large bowl large bowl Also fig. 16.10:c spindle whorl, GSREG # 66 spindle whorl large bowl medium jar small bowl jar fragment small bowl blade with bitumen flat base, “hot plate” flat base, “hot plate” spindle whorl, GSREG # 64, also figs. 20.14: 20.15 spindle whorl fragment mortar, GSREG # 27 quern, GSREG # 28 Also fig. 11.13:01 small juglet small bowl small bowl large bowl medium bowl medium bowl medium jar medium bowl large bowl large bowl medium jar small juglet

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Reg.# 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 420 421 756 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 768 770 771 774 776

Plate/Fig.# pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

140:01 140:08 140:05 140:06 136:01 138:01 138:02

fig. 18.22.08

fig. 19.01:a fig. 19.01:b fig. 20.19:c

pl. 3:20 pl. 2:09 fig. 18.22.20

Field

Locus Bkt

F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.2 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 F.1 X.4 X.4 F.4 F.4 XVI.1 F.4 XII.5 XIV.4 XIV.4 XVI.1 H.1

004 004 002 002 007 020 009 009 009 007 013

007 007 003 003 005 023 038 019 019 020 022

H.1 XIII.2 XII.2 XII.5 XII.2

011 029 023 003 020

024 047

Material

Place

037 053

Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone Stone Shell Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Metal Ceramic Ceramic Stone Shell Ceramic

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I.

777 777 778 779 1256 1257 1258

fig. 18.10 fig. 18.10 fig. 18.22.24 pl. 144:07 fig. 17.01.01 fig. 17.01.03 fig. 12.06:01

F.4 F.4 F.4 XIV.4 XVI.1 XVI.1 XVI.1

008 056 006 007 002 002 007

010 064 007 015 002 008 052

Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Metal Metal Ceramic

PTS PTS PTS C.I. KER KER C.I.

1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1298 1299 1300 1302

fig. 20.28 pl. 4:24 fig. 12.06:03 pl. 144:06 pl. 1:22

XI.6 H.1 XVI.1 XIV.4 H XVI.1 XVI.1 XVI.1 XI.4

001 017 007 008

002 045 052 049

016 007 007 005

041 052 052 012

Ceramic Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic Bone Ceramic Ceramic Bone

C.I. C.I. VAL C.I. C.I. C.I. SMI SMI C.I.

331

Comments large bowl small bowl small bowl small bowl small juglet medium bowl medium bowl repaired jar repaired bowl bowl fragment repaired jar repaired large bowl pl. 138:07 flat base, “hot plate” flat base, “hot plate” repaired jar repaired bowl with incised decoration Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, see App. P-66a Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Also figs. 20.20; 20.21 Jewelry catalog,ch.19 Jewelry catalog,ch.19, see App. P-66b spoon handle coin fragment, surface find spoon handle incised body sherd Jewelry catalog,ch.19 Jewelry catalog,ch.19 base fragment with reed mat impression table 18.1, seal impression, see App. P-43 777a, table 18.1 incised body sherd small juglet Also fig. 17.2:1, dagger, see App. P-35 Also fig. 17.2:2, dagger, see App. P-36 On loan from D. of A., tournette, see App. P-28 Also fig. 20.29 spoon fragment palette fragment small juglet On loan from D. of A. Jewelry catalog, ch.19 rim sherd from large lamp rim sherd from large lamp worked bone

332

Reg.# 1303 1346 1352 1353 1354 1356 1357 1358 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1368 1503 1602 1606 1615

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Plate/Fig.#

Field

fig.18.05

XVI.1 XIII XIV.4 VIII XVI.1 X X.3 X.3 H.1 H.1 XII.5 XVI.1 XII.2 X.3 F.4 XVI.2 XVI.1 XIV.4

1616

fig.18.20

XIV.4

1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1633 1634 1636 1641 1644 1647 1648 1651 1656 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1673 1675 1685 1692

pl. 1:23 fig. 20.03:b

H.1 XVI.2 XIV.3 XIV.6 XI.2 XVI.2 XVI.2 XVII.2 XVI.2 Sur F.4 F.4 F.4 F.4 F.4 XVI.2 XVII.1 XI.5 XI.6 XVII.2 XVII.1 XI.6 XVI.2 XI.2 F.4 XVI.2 XVI.2

fig. 19.01:c fig. 21.08

fig. 12.09:04 fig. 12.09:05 pl. 5:18 pl. 5:19 fig. 20.03:a fig. 12.09:09 fig.18.11 pl. 142.10

pl. 67:03

pl. 144:05 pl. 141:02 pl. 141:05 pl. 141:04 pl. 141:03 pl. 141:09 fig.17.05:04 fig.17.05:06

pl. 47:44 pl. 141:06

Locus Bkt 007

051

008

052

012

023

059 059 018 018 004 007 014 060 006 001 023 001

Material

Place

133 133 042 039 088 059 038 134 009 001 068 003

Stone Stone Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Chert Bone Metal Stone Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. SMI C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. SMI PTS

019

005

Ceramic

PTS

002 001 001 049 006 004 002 002

003 001 001 063 007 005 003 009

075 078 078 078 078 010 024 002 001 007 025 002 002 045 078 010 002

101 101 101 102 102 012 033 012 001 015 034 004 017 071 106 011 011

Ceramic Bone Ceramic Stone Stone Ceramic Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Metal Metal Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Stone Stone

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. SMI C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

Comments Jewelry catalog, ch.19 Jewelry catalog, ch.19 jar rim sherd with plaster tournette base fragment, GSREG # 14 small shaped fragment flat base, “hot plate” flat base, “hot plate” flat base, “hot plate” spoon handle spoon handle scraper with lime coating Also fig. 20.4; l. 111:26 blade fragment polishing stone, GSREG # 24 table 18.1 mace head, GSREG # 59, calcite lamp fragment table 18.1, seal impression, see App. P-44 table 18.1, seal impression, see App. P-45 spoon fragment Also figs. 20.4; 20.5 fragment with pierced hole fragment with pierced hole basalt bowl rim. GSREG # 238 seven spouted lamp, see App. P-25 Jewelry catalog, ch.19 bead fragment Jewelry catalog, ch.19 small juglet small jar small jar small juglet small jar small bowl corroded pin shafts flat, rectangular object Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 worked stone, GSREG # 26 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 broken vase top small juglet Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Reg.# 1709 1717 1730 1738 1739 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1787 1788 1790 1791 1792 1849 1850 1852 1855 1856 1876 1877 1882 1883 1885 1888 1890 1891 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1945 1946 1947 1957 1959 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Plate/Fig.# fig. 18.22.25 pl. 141:11 pl. 141:07 pl. 141:08 fig. 20.13:b fig. 17.05:05 fig. 17.05:03

pl. 49:14

fig. 17.05:07 fig. 18.23.05 fig. 18.23.04 pl. 80:22 fig. 18.17

fig. 20.30–32 fig. 21.05:02 fig. 21.05:03 fig. 29.16:a fig. 18.15 fig. 18.22.11 fig. 18.23.10 pl. 144:10 fig. 18.22.13 fig. 20.16:b pl. 144:11 pl. 144:12 fig. 20.19:a pl. 18:28 fig. 20.19:b fig. 17.05:01 fig. 16.04:a fig. 16.08:a fig. 16.08:a

Field IV.1 F.4 F.4 F.4 F.4 XVII.2 XIII.2 XVII.2 XVII.2 XVII.2 XI.6 Sur XI.5 Sur XVI.2 A22 XII.11 IV.1 XIX.1 XII.11 XVI.2 XII.10 XIV.3 XVII.1 XII.9 XI.4 XIV.3 XIX.1 XII.10 XIV.6 XII.11 XII.11 XIII.2 XIII.2A XIX.1 XIV.4 IV.3 Sur XII.11 XII.11 XVII.1 A22 IV.1 XIV.3 XII.5 XII.10 XII.10

Locus Bkt 006 078 078 063 078 002 002 002 002

020 101 106 100 106 004 004 004

002

011

006 049 010

021

003 031 024 002 002 011 023 055 006 007 032 022 016 033 013 003 043 043 029 050 037

005 049 037 008 047 037 046 085 024 024 069 038 049 080 015 018 064 064 045 139 084

003

024

005 002

029 004

003 003 002 006 001

004 007 113 015 025

025

Material

Place

Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone Ceramic Metal Metal Metal Stone Stone Ceramic Metal Bone Metal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone Bone Stone Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone

PTS C.I. SMI SMI C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE UPE UPE C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE PTS PTS C.I. PTS PTS KER C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS PTS PTS C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

Stone Ceramic Metal Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert

C.I. C.I. UPE C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

333

Comments incised sherd, see App. P-46 mace head, GSREG # 63, calcite large bowl large bowl repaired bowl Also figs. 20.14; 20.15 small object with pierced hole corroded scraps corroded pin shaft pin Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 bead flat base, “hot plate” copper coin, surface Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 corroded fragment incised sherd, appliqué design incised sherd 1852A, small juglet, lug handles table 18.1, seal impression sherd with paint remnants bead bone with markings Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Sandstone Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 calcite jar rim Also fig. 20.17; 20.18 sherd with raised design seal impression, see App. P-50 incised sherd, see App. P-51 incised sherd, see App. P-52 small utensil incised sherd, see App. P-53 Also figs. 20.17; 20.18 anthropomorphic fragment bowl fragment with mending holes spoon fragment, painted worked stone, GSREG # 260, also figs. 20.20; 20.21 ring, broken 1961b. Also figs. 20.20; 20.21 corroded pin shaft hammerstone blade blade blade blade

334

Reg.#

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Plate/Fig.#

1968 1971 1972 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

fig. 16.07:b

1982

Field

Locus Bkt

Material

Place

XII.10 XIX.1 XII.10 XII.10 XIV.3 XII.11 XIV.3 XVII.1 XVI.2

010 009 005 003 037 003 024 065 002

029 012 043 024 084 028 087 102 038

Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Stone

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

fig. 20.10:b

XII.11

002

020

Stone

C.I.

1983 1989

fig. 20.16:c

XVII.1 XI.6

057 074

087 042

Ceramic Stone

C.I. C.I.

1990

fig. 18.04

XVII.1

103

Ceramic

PTS

1995 2005

fig. 17.01:04 fig. 10.39:01

A22 XVI.2

020

076

Metal Stone

KER C.I.

XIII.2A XIX.2 XIX.2 XVII.1 XIV.3 XIII.2 XII.6 XIV.3

050 014 004 064 024 050 010 024

071 013 004 104 090 071 100 090

Chert Chert Chert Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone

C.I. C.I. C.I. KER C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

XIV.3 XIV.3 IV.3

027 024 005

105 090 013

Stone Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. C.I. PTS

XIV.3 XVI.2 XI.2 IV.3 XVI.2 XIV.4 XIV.3 XIV.6 XVII.1 XIV.6 XIX.2 F.4 XIII.2 XIII.2

037 020 052 005 008 033 024 039 061 039 022 099 060 050

096 080 097 018 090 165 090 101 114 020 126 081 079

Ceramic Ceramic Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Ceramic Chert Stone

PTS PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

XIV.3

041

112

Ceramic

PTS

2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2037 2038 2039 2040 2092 2093 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2124 2139 2141 2177

fig. 16.02:g

fig. 16.05:b

fig. 16.11:a pl. 74:21 pl. 142:04 pl. 142:03

pl. 143:13 fig. 18.03

fig. 11.13:02

fig. 20.16:d fig. 18.22.26

pl. 141:01 pl. 142:07

Comments scraper hammerstone sickle blades fragments blade blade fan scraper blade spherical stone, game piece, sandstone, GSREG # 254 perforated disk, GSREG # 29; figs. 20.11; 20.12 Also figs. 20.17; 20.18 worked stone, GSREG # 264, finegrained quartzite table 18.1, seal impression, see App. P-54 Also fig. 17.2:3, dagger basalt bowl, GSREG # 240, also pl. 142:1 fragment blades augur door socket, GSREG # 60 mortar, GSREG # 32 mortar, GSREG # 31, limestone Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-58 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 bowl ring base or “andiron” table 18.1, seal impression, see App. P-55 sherd with marking base, snake motif, see App. P-30 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 mortar, GSREG # 13, sandstone Also figs. 20.17; 20.18 incised sherd blade fragment blade fragment augur small juglet blade plaque, GSREG # 246, fine-grained quartzite incised sherd

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Reg.# 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2311 2313 2315 2317 2416 2419 2421 2422 2423 2805 2815 2816 2819 2822 2823 2824 2827 2828 2834 2837 2840 2841 2842

Plate/Fig.#

fig. 16.12:c

fig. 16.02.b fig. 18.22.21 fig. 17.01:02 fig. 17.05:01 fig. 16.04:b fig. 16.08:b pl. 87:29 pl. 144:03 fig. 18.19 pl. 144:08 fig. 18.21 pl. 16:12 fig. 18.01 pl. 143:04

2843

Field XVII.2 IV.1 XVII.1 XII.7 XII.10 XII.10 XII.10 XVII.1 XVI.2 XVII.1 XII.6 XIV.4 A22 XIX.2 XVII.1 XIII.2A XII.8 XIII XVII.1 XVII.1 XIX.1 XVI.2 XVII.1 XIV.3 XII.7 XIV.3 XIX.1 Sur XVI.4 XVI.2 XIV.3

Locus Bkt 008 006 032 042 010 013 003 057 002 048 024 051

018 020 046 116 030 045 023 088 003 012 108 178

Sur 073 063 019

132 088 063

085 086 052 024 088 050 030 176 079

152 151 097 119 164 126 135 147 103

007 031 192

XIII.1

Material

Place

018 129 143

Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Shell Chert Stone Ceramic Metal Metal Chert Chert Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone Ceramic Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic Shell Shell Stone

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. KER C.I. C.I. PTS KER UPE C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. KER C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I.

203

204

Stone

C.I.

2845 2846 2847

fig. 20.22:c fig. 18.23.11 fig. 18.13

XII.6 IV.3 XIX.2

020 028 065

016 056 063

Stone Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. PTS C.I.

2849 2850

fig. 20.19:d

XIX.1 XIX.1

087 087

112 112

Ceramic Stone

C.I. C.I.

2851 2852 2853

fig. 20.25:b fig. 20.22:b

XI.2 XIII.2 XIII.2

059 086 084

125 114 112

Stone Stone Stone

C.I. C.I. KER

XVI.2

034

139

Stone

C.I.

XVI.2

031

032

Gold

KER

2854 2855

fig. 19.01.i

335

Comments scraper hammerstone scraper blade blade scraper hammerstone hammerstone Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 blade Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 incised sherd dagger chisel fragment stone tool stone tool lamp fragment amphoriskos, net painted table 18.1 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 small juglet Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 On loan from D. of A., table 18.1 round cylindrical object small juglet table 18.1, cylinder seal, see App. P-42 shallow bowl sherd with incised markings Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, see App. P-59 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, see App. P-60 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-61 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-62 Also figs. 20.23; 20.24, loom weight seal impression table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., seal impression Also figs. 20.20; 20.21 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-63 Also pl. 29:13; figs. 20.27 Also fig. 20.23; 20.24 worked stone, game piece? see App. P-68 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-64 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-65

336

Reg.# 2858 2860

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Plate/Fig.#

fig. 18.16

2861 2868 2869 2870 2871 2873 2874 2877 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2889 2892 2894 2896 2897

pl. 29:31

fig. 19.01:e

pl. 29:28

fig. 21.05:01 pl. 142:02

2898 2899 2900 2901 2902

pl. 144:01

2903 2904 2905 2906 2912 2913 2916 2923 2924 2926

pl. 143:09 pl. 144:09

2932 2937 2939 2942 2943 2945

pl. 12:19 pl. 19:40 fig. 10.39:02

pl. 15:30 fig. 18.14

Field

Locus Bkt

Material

Place

XVI.4 XIX.1

006 097

021 126

Wood Stone

C.I. PTS

XIV.3 XIII.1 XI.2

213 201 069

166 301 133

Ceramic Ceramic Clay

C.I. C.I. C.I.

XI.2 XI.2 XVII.1 XIV.3 XVI.4 XVII.1 XIII.1 XIX.2

069 069 088 213 010 114 202 081

133 133 178 166 003 188 314 077

Clay Clay Ceramic Stone Stone Stone Metal Ivory

C.I. KER C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE KER

XIII.2A XI.2 XIV.3 XIX.2 XVI.4 IV.5 XVII.1 IV.5

095 060 221 081 007 007 124 005

127 132 077 062 024 213 025

Chert Stone Clay Ceramic Ceramic Stone Stone Stone

C.I. KER C.I. PTS KER C.I. C.I. C.I.

XIV.3 XVI.4 XIX.1 XVI.1 XVI.2

217 010 100 010 027

045 046 045 107

Ceramic Stone Stone Metal Plaster

C.I. PTS C.I. UPE C.I.

XIV.3 XVI.4 XII.4 XVI.2 J.2 XVI.4 XIII.2 J.2 XVI.4 XI.1

234 014 009 049 009 021 112 015 026 Sur

191 073 174 174 037 083 150 056 089

Ceramic Ceramic Chert Stone Ceramic Stone Ceramic Metal Stone Metal

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE C.I. UPE

XVI.4 XVII.1 XII.5 XVI.4 XII.7 XVII.1

020 149 075 007 022 149

086 266 196 044 175 280

Ceramic Stone Ceramic Wood Ceramic Ceramic

PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS

Comments worked wood table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., cylinder seal, see App. P-39, 40 spindle whorl large bowl with plaster lining clay object with flint pieces imbedded same as pl. 29:31 as 2869 as 2869 spindle whole, one-half object, possibly worked Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 badly corroded blade, see App. P-37 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19, bead, see App. P-67 blade, broken loom weight round object, three pieces sherd with applique design deep, four spouted lamp, see App. P-29 handle burnishing tool, broken bowl rim with raised band, GSREG # 243 large store jar Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 bronze pin plaster on mud brick with parallel ridges shallow bowl base, incised decoration fan scraper, fragment Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 handle Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 small juglet corroded pin, see App. P-38 slate slender, square piece with two caps and pin, modern? sherd with combing or impression Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 sherd, mended with plaster worked wood small bowl table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., seal impression

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

Reg.#

Plate/Fig.#

Field

Locus Bkt

Material

Place

2946

fig. 18.14

XVII.1

149

274

Ceramic

PTS

2947

fig. 18.06

XVII.1

150

273

Ceramic

PTS

2950 2951 2952 2958 2961 2964 2965 2968 2969 2971 3007 3008

fig. fig. fig. fig.

XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.1 XIX.2 XVI.4 J.2 XII.9 J.2 IV.4 J.2 IV.5 XVI.2

099 099 099 099 017 019 013 019 005 028 005 049

134 134 134 134 106 078 099 088 019 089 050 215

Bone Bone Bone Bone Stone Ceramic Bone Stone Stone Stone Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. KER C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS C.I.

3009 3011 3014 3017 3046 3101 3102 3103 3107 3108 3109 3112 3117 3118 3119 3238 3240 3250 3253 3296 3319 3322 3325 3326 3328 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348

pl. 67:02 fig. 11.13.03 pl. 65:34 pl. 38:27 pl. 40:33 fig. 10.37 pl. 39:02 pl. 37:41

XVI.3 XVI.2 XVI.3 XVII.1 XIX.2 XVI.4 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVI.4 XIX.2 XVII.1 XVI.4 XVII.1 XIX.1 XVII.1 XII.4 XIII.1 XVI.4 XI.4 F.4 XVI.3 Sur XIX.1 XIX.2 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XIX.2 XIX.2

045 039 045 143 103 049 143 150 039 107 150 046 154 052 150 046 015 007 026 078 046 27 093 164 088 088 149 085 149 073 068

103 221 104 292 142 133 297 300 128 148 290 129 310 085 311 093 033 055 072 100 107

Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Stone Ceramic Stone Stone Metal Shell Ivory Ceramic Plaster Ceramic Ceramic Bone Ceramic Stone Ceramic Ceramic Stone Metal Stone Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. KER C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE C.I. C.I. PTS C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. UPE C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I.

20.06:c 20.06:c 20.06:c 20.06:d

pl. 7:19 fig. 20.06:a fig. 20.10:a fig. 20.22:a fig. 20.25:a fig. 18.22.10 fig. 18.18

fig. 19.01:g fig. 18.07 pl. 36:31 pl. 24:24

pl. 142:09 pl. 141:10 pl. 67:01

pl. 39:12 pl. 39:11 pl. 143:08 pl. 143:07

118 068 171 172 274 152 280 059 065

337

Comments table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., seal impression table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., seal impression 3 pieces, 2950–52; also fig.20.7; 20.8 as above as above Also fig.20.7; 20.8; 20.9 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 spoon handle Also figs. 20.7; 20.8 Also pl. 7:20; figs. 20.11; 20.12 Also figs. 20.23; 20.24 Also pl. 7:40 figs. 20.26; 20.27 incised sherd, see App. P-56 table 18.1, on loan from D. of A., seal impression, see App. P-57 On loan from D. of A., see App P-23, 24 base, snake motif, see App. P-31 small bowl small juglet object Also fig. 10.38; 10.39:3 tournette fragment circular fragment Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 corroded piece with square corners Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 Jewelry catalog, ch. 19 table 18.1, seal impression plaster with traces of paint medium jar large spouted bowl mended tool small bowl, mended mortar, GSREG # 25 small juglet large jar, combing bead corroded bent pin pierced stone object round, broken handle (?) fragment restored pitcher small bowl partially restored medium bowl large jar, ledge handles small bowl small bowl

Appendix C: Registered Objects of Bâb edh-Dhr⺠Town Site

338

Reg.# 3349 3350 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3358 3359 3360 3361 3363 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 4318 4319 4320 4322 4323

Plate/Fig.# pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

143:11 40:32 143:01 107:13 101:16 143:03 143:05

pl. 143:12 pl. 143:10 pl. 143:06 pl. 143:02 pl. 35:36 pl. 38:24 pl. 107:08 pl. 144:02 pl. 39:01 fig. 18.12 fig. 18.12 fig. 18.02 fig. 18.09 fig. 18.08

Field XIX.2 XIX.2 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XIV.3 XVII.1 XVII.1 XIV.3 XIV.4 XVII.1 XIV.6 XIV.4 XIV.4 XIX.1 XIX.1

Locus Bkt 065 106 234 206 201 211 074 234 234 234 044 224 161 143 177 049 143 034 BAL 007 100 047

063 196 183 157 153 162 132 210 209 208 120 170 306 292 140 117 292 082 046 012 142 084

Material Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Wood Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Place C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. C.I. PTS PTS PTS PTS PTS

Comments small bowl small bowl platter bowl shallow bowl small bowl platter bowl platter bowl repaired bowl votive cup medium bowl shallow bowl platter bowl pitcher, painted large jar large-necked jar large-necked jar, ledge handles charred pendant joins with 1936 table 18.1, seal impression table 18.1, seal impression table 18.1, seal impression table 18.1, seal impression

Legend: Place = current location; AMM = Amman Citadel Museum; C.I. = The Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Museum of Natural History, Section of Man, KER = Kerak Museum; PTS = Pittsburgh Theological Seminary; Site = Bâb edh-Dhrâº; SMI = Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Department; UPE = MASCA, Univ. of Pennsylvania; VAL = University of Valparaiso

Appendix D Ground Stone Registered Objects

GS BD REG REG 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036

Pl./Fig.#

St. 1 1 2

fig. 21.02:05 fig. 21.03:06

2

2 3 6 7 2093 1353 13 14 15 40 43 9 10 44 1368 3253 1665 84 85 1982 11 2013 2012 1888

1 pl. 142:08 fig. 21.08

pl. 142:05

pl. 142:06

pl. 142:03 pl. 142:04 fig. 21.05:03

2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2

Type IIA1 IIC IIC2 IIA2 VIIIA IIC IID IIA1 IIC VIIA IIC IID IIA1 VIIB VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA IIC VIIIA IIC IIC IIC IIIC IIA2 XIIIC IIA IIC VIB IIC IIA1 IIA1 IA VIIIA IIA1 IIA1

Field

Loc.

X.0 X.0 XII.5 XII.6 XIII.1 F.4 F.4 F.4 F.4 X.3 F.1 F.1 IV.3 VIII.0 VIII.1 VIII.1 VIII.1 IX.5 IX.7 X.1 X.2 X.3 X.3 XI.4 XI.6 XII.5 XII.5 XII.11 XIII.1 XIII.2A XIV.3 XIV.3 XIII. XIII. XIV.4

004 004 003

Bkt Length Width

015

013 012

013

005

018

003 003 003 014 001 009 003 057 060 026 001 003 003 002 005 050 024 032

008 008 008 012 015 011 007 070 134 072 001

008

020 007 071 090 069

49 39 50 26 47 36 40 24 29 5 6 8 10 8 17 23 15 17 12 10 12 24 4 14 4 23 17 12 17 10 10 5 25 0 63

49 26 29 26 22 25 18 20 24 4 5 7 7 5 13 19 13 15 8 10 8 9 2 14 3 21 13 7 12 9 8 2 21 12 48

Ht. 40 15 18 26 10 6 9 11 8 1 7 2 0 0 15 8 8 15 4 5 6 7 0 14 0 5 10 0 4 0 0 0 10 12 31

Material Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Limestone Limestone Limestone Limestone Limestone Sandstone Basalt Sandstone Basalt Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Basalt Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Conglomerate Hematite Undetermined Undetermined Basalt Basalt Limestone Basalt Limestone Undetermined Calcite Sandstone Basalt Sandstone

Appendix D: Ground Stone Registered Objects

340

GS BD REG REG 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 063 064 065 066 074 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092

Pl./Fig.#

pl. 142:09

St.

Type

Field

Loc.

2 1 1 1 1 1 4

IIC2 VIIIA VIIIA IIA1 IIC IIC IIC2 IXA2a IIC IIA1 IIC IXA1 IXA IIC1 IIA IIA1 IIC IIC IID IIA IIC IIC2 IVA3 VIIIA XIIIC IVA3 VIIA IIC VIIA IIA IIC1 VIIIA IA2 IXA VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA IIC IIC IIA1 IIA1 IIA1 IIA1 IIC IIC

XIV.4 X.3 X.3 X.3 X.3 X.3 F.4 XII. F.4 XVII.1 XIX. 01.0 Tent? XVII.1 XVIII.1 XIV.4 XIV.6 XIV.3 XIV.6

008 073 073 073 073 065 016

App. P-69 2 2

fig. 21.04:02

2 2 2 2 2

1602 2011 2900 1717 79 8 59

fig. 21.02:07 pl. 142:10

2 2 1 2 5 2

fig. 21.03:01 fig. 21.03:04 fig. 21.12a, b fig. 21.03:02

fig. 21.02:04

fig. 21.04:01

2 1 2 2 2 2 4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

XIV.3 XIV.6 XVI.2 XVII.1 XIX.1 F.4 F.3 F.1 XIII.1 X.4 XI.6 XI.6 XI.6 XII.10 XIII.2 XIII. XIX.1 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.1 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.1 XIX. XIX.1

Bkt Length Width

016

048 033 049 034 029 034

52 110 070 062 082

022 034 001 064 100 078 013

051 020 001 104 046 101

005 009 012 012 012

007 039 039 039

013 075 074 084 084 084 010 084 084 104 100 045

164

56 22 30 47 26 38 37 110 70 39 0 26 30 68 46 40 43 27 19 42 36 42 6 12 2 7 6 13 4 40 39 37 31 0 23 32 26 24 24 28 40 31 51 48 49 12 53

31 22 24 35 26 35 15 100 43 25 0 18 25 39 36 34 39 5 14 42 26 24 0 9 2 6 5 8 2 31 37 29 15 0 21 16 23 20 22 14 25 15 45 42 48 10 48

Ht. 10 8 8 26 6 12 19 20 12 4 0 5 9 27 19 30 11 25 7 25 9 4 5 0 1 0 1 8 2 0 21 14 18 0 7 19 16 12 10 12 9 30 26 23 27 6 30

Material Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Basalt Basalt Basalt Sandstone Basalt Basalt Calcite Undetermined Undetermined Calcite Limestone Basalt Limestone Sandstone Basalt Sandstone Sandstone

Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Gravel

Appendix D: Ground Stone Registered Objects

GS BD REG REG 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

Pl./Fig.#

St.

Type

Field

Loc.

fig. 21.04:04 fig. 21.11a, b

2

IIC2 IXA IIA1 IIA1 IIA1 IIC IIC2 IXA IIC VIIIA IIA1 VIIIA IIA1 IIA2 IIC3 IIC IIC IIC IID IID VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA1 VIIIC IIC VIIIA VIIIA IIC IIC IIC IIC IID IIC IIC IIC VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA IIA1 IIC IIIA IIC IVA1 IVA1 XIA VIA IA2

XII.11

019

fig. 21.06 fig. 21.02:06 fig. 21.03:03

fig. 21.03:05

fig. 21.04:03

fig. 21.09 fig. 21.03:07 fig. 21.07

2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 2

fig. 21.01:08 1

XVI. XI.5 XI.4 XI. XI.2

Bkt Length Width 084

003 003 023

XI.2 XI.2 XIV. XIV. XIV.3 XIV. J.2 J.2 J.2 J.2 J.2 J.2 IV.4 IV.4 IV.4 IV.4 IV.5 IV.5 IV.4 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5

052 055 090 240 267

221

023 029 023 023 023 023 004 004 004 004 005 005 005 005 005 05A

083 100 083 083 083 083 021 013 011 006 029 041 019 029 035 022

IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 IV.5 XIV.4 XIV.4 XVII.1 F.4 X.3 F. F. F.

005 005 005 005 005 005 020 005 008 008 005 066 061 Sur Sur Sur

050 041 035 031 040 027 029 025 014 045 004 074 137

40 0 71 44 38 47 30 0 23 29 36 49 24 60 50 43 29 27 21 20 38 33 30 22 39 21 27 33 29 28 0 27 35 26 29 36 37 23 25 16 14 10 6 9 3 5 6

40 0 45 44 35 40 26 0 17 19 32 38 15 62 40 12 23 22 15 16 30 30 28 20 29 21 24 26 22 25 0 19 24 19 22 19 23 21 22 8 10 7 6 8 4 5 6

Ht. 21 0 30 27 22 18 10 0 6 8 24 10 15 25 24 10 10 7 10 6 18 18 14 11 11 15 12 13 8 10 0 9 13 10 10 18 11 12 9 7 9 5 5 3 1 3 2

341

Material Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Basalt Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Conglomerate Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Limestone Basalt Pumice Chert Chert

Basalt

342

GS BD REG REG 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195

Appendix D: Ground Stone Registered Objects

Pl./Fig.#

fig. 21.01:09 fig. 21.01:02 fig. 21.01:04

fig. 21.01:10 fig. 21.02:02

fig. 21.01:06

fig. 21.01:05

St. 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 2 5 1 5 1 4 2 2 4 2 3 1

2 fig. 21.01:12 fig. 21.02:01

fig. 21.01:11

fig. 21.02:03

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 4 2

Type

Field

Loc.

IID IID IVA2 IIB2 IIIA IIB IVA VIA VIB VIB VIB VIA IA2 IIIC IVA2 IID IIIB IVA1 IIA IVA IXA IXA VIA VIA VIIIA VIA VIA VIA IIA1 VA IVA2 IVA IA IA XIIIC IA VIIB IA IA VIA IIB IVA IA IIA1 VIIA IVA XIIIA

XIV.4 XIV.4 XVI.2 XII.6 XIII.2 XIV.4 F.4 F.4 XIII.2 H.3 X.0 H.3 XVI.1 XII.5 XII.1 XIII.2 XIII.2 F.4 F.4 X.3

004 004 Sur 003 029 007 060 052 029 003 Sur 003 001 022 003 029 041 055 014 044

XIV.3 XII.7 XII.11 XVII.1 XII.8 XII.10 XVIII.1 XIV.6 XIV.6 XIV.4 XVII.1 XVII.1 IV.4 XVII.1 XIII.1 XVI.2 F.2 XIX.2 XIX.1 XIV.2 XVII.1 XIII.2A XIII.1 XIX.1

037 043 003 061 003 001 Sur 001 001 002 117 088 004 088 212 024 010 062 052 038 115 114 203 087

Bkt Length Width 020 020 050 049 012 069 058 046 004 008 018 070 015 048 062 063 018 130

084 118 040 135 059 048 001 001 006 198 172 006 171 321 225 044 054 086 035 189 152 305 112

16 7 7 7 7 12 6 5 10 7 10 10 9 6 7 7 7 7 8 7 0 0 16 8 14 11 10 12 13 12 13 0 8 7 6 12 11 7 7 7 5 8 3 15 5 14 5

11 6 5 5 7 7 6 5 10 5 10 11 11 5 6 5 9 7 8 7 0 0 16 8 14 12 7 12 11 8 10 0 7 4 6 12 11 8 8 8 8 9 4 9 3 8 4

Ht. 5 4 3 3 5 5 5 3 4 5 2 5 2 3 4 4 1 7 5 7 0 0 8 2 4 5 6 5 7 4 6 0 4 3 6 2 5 2 2 3 4 5 3 5 2 3 1

Material Basalt Basalt

Pumice

Basalt

Basalt

Basalt Sandstone Sandstone

Basalt Basalt Basalt

Basalt Basalt Basalt Basalt

Appendix D: Ground Stone Registered Objects

GS BD REG REG 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 242 243

Pl./Fig.#

St. 4 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

fig. 21.01:01

fig. 21.01:07 fig. 21.01:03

1626 2005 1453 2897

2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

pl. 142:01

2 2 2 3 1

pl. 142:02

3

Type IVA XIIIA VIA IIB IIA1 IIC VIA XIIIA IIC IIC IIE VIA VIA IVA IIB1 IIA1 VIA IID IIB1 IIC IID IVA1 IID IIC IVA3 IIC IID IIB IIC IIA1 XIIIA IIB IVA IVA IID IA IIC VA IIA1 IIC IIC IIA IA1c IA1 IA1b IA1e

Field

Loc.

Bkt Length Width

IV.3 F.2 XIII.1 XIII.2A XVII.1 XIII.2A XIX.1 XIX.1 XIII.2A XVII.1 XIX.1 XIX.1 XIV.3 XIX.2 IV.3 F.1 XIII.1 XVII.1 XVII.1 XIX.1 XIII.1 XVI.2 XVII.1 XVII.1 XIX.2 XIX.1 XIII.1 IV.5 XVII.1 XVII.1 XVI.4 XVI.4 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIX.2 XIV. XIV. XVII.1 XVII.1 XIII.1 XI.2 XVI.2

026 008 203 077 122 089 Sur Sur 082 132 079 051 233 073 024 007 203 132 085 052 203 018 162 151 089 084 202 005 116 114 007 007 065 065 065 065 065 Sur Sur 084 109 203 049 020

144 180 305 063 076

IV.5

005

025

054 043 305 103 216 118

110 286 103 084 181 059 050 008 305 230 149 089 305 199 309 269 141 108 302 035 201 193 013 062 022 022 022 067 067

8 8 10 16 12 9 12 4 8 11 15 4 6 5 2 8 8 11 14 10 10 20 12 9 4 13 10 8 10 7 11 15 11 8 13 7 16 15 16 23 16 14 11 21 16 14

8 5 11 7 8 9 12 4 6 6 11 4 6 5 2 11 8 8 6 6 12 8 11 9 3 9 6 3 6 9 10 9 9 8 13 7 9 9 15 12 14 14 0 15 10 12

Ht. 8 2 7 5 4 2 6 4 4 4 4 2 3 5 2 8 3 5 4 5 4 7 6 4 2 5 4 3 5 5 4 8 8 7 3 3 7 4 10 7 5 9 0 0 0 0

343

Material

Limestone Basalt Basalt

Basalt Basalt Basalt Limestone

Basalt

Basalt

Sandstone

Basalt Basalt Undetermined Undetermined

Appendix D: Ground Stone Registered Objects

344

GS BD REG REG

Pl./Fig.#

246

2141

pl. 142:07

251 253 254 258 259 260 261 262

3101

fig. 10.37, 39 fig. 21.13

263 264

1983 2894

1980 1667 1957 39 1989

St.

Field

Loc.

IIE1

XIII.2A

050

079

9

6

0

XVI.4 IV.5 XVI.2

049 005 002

133 041 038

XVII.1 XII.11 F.2 XI.6

025 003

034 024

1

VIIID IXA2b IXB1 XC XIA XIB XIIA XIIIA

074

042

32 23 2 0 4 2 17 4

27 16 2 0 2 2 16 2

19 7 2 0 1 1 5 0

3

XIIIC

XI.6 IV.5

074 007

042 024

4 8

2 4

0 0

1 2 1 2 2

fig. 21.05:02 fig. 21.05:01

Type

Bkt Length Width

Ht.

Material Fine-grained quartzite Undetermined sandstone

Limestone fine-grained quartzite Undetermined Undetermined

Types I–IX are described in Table 21.1. Type XIII is a category for stone objects with problematical or unknown functions. O in columns, length, width, ht. represents undertermined dimension.

Appendix E Location of Diagnostic Sherds from the Bâb edh-Dhr⺠town site Field

Year

Storage Location

IV

1979 1981

Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

VIII

1975 1977

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

IX

1975

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

X

1975 1977

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XI

1975 1977 1979 1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XII

1975 1977 1979 1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XIII

1975 1977 1979 1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XIV

1977 1979 1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XVI

1977 1979 1981

Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XVII

1977 1979 1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

XIX

1979 1981

Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

AREA F

1975 1977 1979

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

AREA H

1977

Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Anthropology Department

AREA J

1981

Carnegie Institute, MNH, Section of Anthropology

NMNH—National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. MNH—Museum of Natural History. Section of Anthropology is located in the Eugene O’Neil Research Center, Pittsburgh

Appendix F Coded Soil and Ware Colors (Munsell)

02 = light gray—7.5YRN/; 2.5YN7/; 5Y7/1.6/1 05 = gray—2.5YRN6/N5; 7.5YRN6/N5; 2.5YN6/; 5Y5/1 08 = pinkish-gray—5YR6/2; 7.5YR6/2 09 = light brownish-gray to light yellowish-brown—10YR6/2, 5/2, 6/3, 6/4 11 = reddish-gray—5YR5/2 14 = very dark gray—2.5YRN3/; 7.5YRN3/; 2.5YN3/; 10YR3/1; 5YR3/1 15 = black—2.5YRN/2.5; 5YR2.5/1; 7.5YRN/2; 2.5YN/2; 5Y2.5/1, 5/2; 10YR2/1 17 = dark reddish-brown—2.5YR3/4, 2.5/4; 5YR3/2, 3/3, 3/4 18 = dark red—2.5YR3/6; 10R3/6 19 = reddish-brown—2.5YR5/4, 4/4 20 = red—2.5YR5/6 21 = reddish-yellow—5YR7/8, 6/8 22 = reddish-yellow—5YR7/6, 6/6 23 = light reddish-brown—2.5YR6/4 24 = brown—7.5YR5/2, 5/4; 10YR5/3 25 = strong brown to yellowish-brown—7.5YR5/6, 5/8; 10YR5/6, 5/8 28 = yellow—10YR8/6, 8/8, 7/6; 2.5Y8/6, 8/8, 7/6, 7/8 29 = very pale brown—10YR, 8/3, 8/4, 7/3, 7/4 30 = pale yellow—2.5Y8/4, 7/4 33 = light yellowish-brown—2.5Y6/4 35 = pinkish-white—7.5YR8/2; 5YR8/2 36 = pink—7.5YR8/4, 7/4; 5YR8/3, 8/4, 7/3, 7/4 37 = light brown—7.5YR6/4 38 = reddish-yellow—7.5YR8/6, 7/6, 7/8, 6/6, 6/8 39 = yellowish-red—5YR5/6, 5/8, 4/6 40 = light red—2.5YR6/6, 6/8; 10R6/6, 6/8 41 = pale red—2.5YR6/2; 10R6/2, 6/3, 6/4 42 = red—10R4/6, 5/6, 5/8, 4/8 43 = weak red—10R5/2, 5/3, 5/4, 4/3, 4/4 71 = pinkish-gray—7.5YR7/2 73 = pale brown—10YR6/3 75 = reddish-brown—5YR5/3 76 = reddish-brown—5YR5/4 83 = light reddish-brown—5YR6/4 92 = red—2.5YR4/6 93 = red—2.5YR5/8

Appendix G Basic Form Classifications of the Town Site

As explained in the preface (p. x), the basic form classification system used in this volume is a simplified version of that used in Volume I of the Expedition (Schaub and Rast 1989). Both versions were devised primarily for use in data bases to assist in chronological intra-site comparative studies. In the four digit system, the first digit (indicated below by a dash) represents the stratum of the basic forms addressed in Chapters 5,7,9,11 and 13. 0 = Stratum V (EB IA), 1 = Stratum IV (EB IB), 2 = Stratum III (EB II), 3 = Stratum II (EB III), and 4 = Stratum I (EB IV). The second digit refers to the structural group, and the third and fourth digits to size and vessel characteristics, when available. For example, Form 2114 is an EB II (Stratum III) Pithos with mouth width of 30–21 cm, tall neck, curved out.

Holemouth Jars Pithos—neck width over 30 cm Large—neck width—29–23 cm Medium—neck width—22–16 cm Small— neck width—13–8 cm Holemouth Bowls Large—mouth width—31+ cm Medium-large -mouth width—30–20 cm Medium to Small—mouth width—19–10 cm Spouted vessels Large—mouth width over 15 cm Medium—mouth width 14–10 cm Small—mouth width less than 10 cm Deep Basins, Vats Restricted Open Necked Jars Large Pithoi, mouth width—31+ Diameter only Tall neck Cylindrical Angled out Angled in Curved out Short neck Straight Angled out Angled in Curved out Pithoi—mouth width 30–21 cm Diameter only Tall neck (shape as -101–104) Short neck (shape as -106–109) Large—mouth width 20–16 cm Diameter only

-000–009 -010–019 -020–029 -030-039 -040–045 -046–049 -050–059 -060–066 -067–071 -072–079 -080–089 -090–099 -100–109 -100 -101 -102 -103 -104 -106 -107 -108 -109 -110–119 -110 -111–114 -116–119 -120–129 -120

348

Appendix G: Basic Form Classifications of the Town Site Tall neck, corner point Tall neck, inflected point Short neck—general Short neck, corner point Short neck, inflected point Medium-large—mouth width 15–12 cm Diameter only (shape as above) Tall neck, corner point Short neck, general Short neck, corner point Tall neck, inflected point Short neck, inflected point Narrow neck Medium-small- mouth width 11–9 cm Diameter only Tall, wide neck, corner point Tall, wide neck, inflected point Short neck Narrow neck Small—mouth width, less than 9 cm. General Tall, wide neck, corner point Tall, wide neck, inflected point Short neck, general Short neck, corner point Short neck, inflected point Narrow neck

-121–124 -126–129 -130 -131–134 -136–139 -140–179 -140–144 -145–149 -150 -155–159 -160–164 -170–174 -180–199 -220–259 -220 -221–224 -231–234 -240–249 -250–259 -260–299 -260 -261–269 -270–279 -280 -281–284 -286–289 -290–299

Jugs Medium-Large Medium-small Small Juglets, Pitchers Pitchers Large, tall neck Medium-large, tall neck Medium-large, short neck Medium, short neck Juglets, small—mouth 7– cm Tall neck, inflected point Short neck, inflected point Large to Medium Deep Bowls Large—31+ cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium-Large 30–22 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved, neutral to open Angled to splaying walls Medium—21–17 cm Lightly closed Lightly curved,neutral to open Angled to splaying Shallow, Flat Base and Platter bowls Very Large, wide—40+ cm Shallow, flat base bowls Platter bowls, flattened to round base Large, wide—39–31 cm Shallow, flat base bowls Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium-Large—30–23 cm Shallow, flat base bowls Platter bowls, flattened to round base Medium—22–17 cm Shallow, flat base Platter bowls, flattened to round base Very shallow, wide dishes 22–17 cm

-320 -360 -380

-400 -420 -430 -460 -480 -490

-500 -520 -540 -510 -530 -546 -560 -570 -580

-600 -610 -620 -630 -640 -650 -660 -670 -678

Appendix G: Basic Form Classifications of the Town Site Medium-small to Small bowls Medium-small to Small Deep to Medium-depth Bowls Medium-small Deep Cup bowls—16–9 cm Lightly closed -700 Neutral to open -710 Medium depth bowls—16–12 cm Upright walls -720 Carinated walls -730 Neutral to open, round base -740 Neutral to open, flat base -745 Lightly closed -750 Straight walls -784 Small Bowls—11–7 cm Lightly closed -756 Cups -769 Neutral to open -770 Straight angled sides -794 Straight upright sides -798 Medium-small to Small Shallow Bowls, less than 16 cm Carinated -820 Neutral to open -830 Straight wall, very shallow -845 Lamps General -850 Round base -851 Flattened base -852–4 Flat base -855–57 Special forms Spoons -930

Rim Forms Simple-direct .10—squared .11—rounded .12—tapered .13—beveled, inside .14—beveled, outside .16—exterior ridge .17—interior lip .18—folded, thickened .18a—beveled .18b—slanted sharply down and in .18c—pronounced bulbous .18d—rounded bulbous .18e—angled down .19—thinned, with exterior groove Angled Upright .20—tall, squared .21—tall, rounded .22—tall tapered .23—triangular and stub .24—triangular stub with groove .25—short, thin, squared .26—short, thin, rounded .27—short, thin tapered Inverted .30—squared, same thickness .31—rounded, same thickness .32—tapered, same thickness .33—triangular, short .34—rounded, thin .35—tapered, thin .36—square, thins .37—triangular, tall .38—triangular with groove

349

350

Appendix G: Basic Form Classifications of the Town Site Rim Forms

Everted/Angled .40—slight angle, squared .41—slight angle, rounded .42—slight angle, tapered .43—sharp angle, squared .44—sharp angle, rounded .45—sharp angle, tapered Curved-In or Upright .50—squared .51—rounded .52—tapered .53—concavity below rim, squared .54—concavity below rim, rounded .55—concavity below rim, tapered Curved-Out .60—lightly flared, squared .61—lightly flared, rounded .62—lightly flared, tapered .63—sharply flared, squared .64—sharply flared, rounded .65—sharply flared, tapered .66—flared, tetrafoil Thickened Inside .70—flat, thin .71—flat, thick .72—flat, pointed .73—rolled .74—rolled and pointed .75—turned down .76—flat top, beveled down .77—flat top, angled down Thickened Outside .80—squared .81—rounded .82—tapered .83—concavity below rim, squared .84—concavity below rim, rounded .85—concavity below rim, tapered Thickened, In and Out .90—flat-hammer .91—rounded-knob .92—triangular, flat .93—triangular, angled down .94—hammer, angled down .95—knob, concavity below rim

The two digit codes for Handles and Bases are used in this volume only for the tomb pottery in plates 136–41. The codes used there are the same as those used in Volume I (Schaub and Rast 1989: 6–8).