Gyantse and its Monasteries. Part 3. Plates [Part 3]

Citation preview

GYANTSE AND ITS MONASTERIES Part 3 PLATES

b GIUSEPPE T U C C I

L'nglnh

Z I P P \ I O ~ Iof

I N D O - T I B E T I C A IV. 3

rd~ted

LOKESH C H A N D R A

ADI'FYA PKAKASHAN NEW D E L H I

First published in Italian: Roma, Reale Accademia d'ltalia, 194 1 English translation: New Delhi, 1 B 9 . @ Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, Italy.

ISBN: 81-85 179-19-0 (SET) ISBN: 8 1-85179-26-3 Rs. 600

Published by Pradeep Goel for Aditya Prakashan, 482911, Prahlad Lane, 24, Ansari Road, New Delh Phototypesetting by Navchetan Photoset (P) Ltd., and Printed at D.K Fine Art Press, Delhi-110052.

LIST OF PLATES Samada, Kyangphu monastery 1-7 Assault of Mara, p.98. 8 Aksobhya, p.98. 9, 10 Capitals and trusses in the atrium, p.98. 11, 12 Frescoes on the walls, p.98. An Indian statue of Vajrasattva, p. 100. 13 14-18 Gilded bronze stops of the late P ~ l aperiod, with the complete Vajradhatu-mandala in high relief, p. 100. Samada, Kyangphu monastq, northern chapel 19, 20 Some of the eight Bodhisattvas, p. 101. Dvarapala of Chinese inspiration, p. 102. 21 Basement of a statue of Indian origin, p. 102. 22 Avalokiteivara, Indian statue, p. 102. 23 Inscription on the basement of a statue which men24 tions Chos-blos, a disciple of Rin-chen-bzan-po, p. 103. Samada, Kyangphu monastery, Saruavzd chapel on the upper floor 25 Sarvavid Vairocana, p. 106. 25:bis-3OThirtysix deities of the Sarvavid cycle, p. 106. Samada, Kyangphu m o m t q , Prajiiczpramiki chapel on the ~Pperfloor 31 Prajiiaparamita p. 120. 32 Ten Buddhas, p. 120. Samada, Dregun monastery 33 The monastery, p. 122. 34 Mgon-khan, cycle of Pu-tra-min-srin, p. 127. 35 Mgon-khan, messengers of the deities of the cycle of Pu-tra-min-srin, p. 131.

Salu, Gyani monastery Lions as consoles in the atrium, X i V century, p. 133. 36 37, 38 Capitals sculpted with animal designs, p. 133. Iwang sanctua7y 39 The sanctuary, p. 135. Its three chapels, p. 135. 40 41 Central chapel, Amoghadariin, p. 135. 42' Central chapel, the cycle of Seven Buddhas, p. 135. 43, 44 Central chapel, statues of sixteen standing Buddhas, p. 136. 45 Central chapel, mural paintings of the 35 Buddhas of Confession, p. 136. 46 Central chapel. 46 bis, 27 Central chapel, sponsors, p. 136. 48 Left chapel, sponsors, p. 139, 137 note 1. 49 Central chapel, two monks, p. 136. 50 Right chapel of AmiGyus, statues in Khotanese style, p. 138. 51 Right chapel of AmiGyus, painting of a Bodhisattva in the Khotanese style, p. 138. Right chapel of Amiayus, painting in Khotanese style, 52 p. 138. 53 Right chapel of AmiGyus, Khotanese style, p. 138. Left chapel, assault of Mara, p. 139. 54 Bon-po svastika on an adjacent rock, p.140. 55 56, 57 Graffiti on adjacent rocks, p.140. Shonung monastery, upper chapel Seven BuddhasIRabs bdun, p. 14 1. 58 Vairocana, p. 14 1 . 59 60 Ratnasambhava, p. 14 1. 61 Sadbhuja Natha, p. 142.

62 63 64

.baitreya, Indo-Nepalese, p. 144. Mafijusri, Indo-Nepalese, p. 144. Symbolic lotus with the Five Tathfigatas on theshaft.

65

with eight leaves of the mystic lotus, p. 145. Yab-yum deities of the Samvara cycle, p. 145.

Gyantse monastery 66, 67 T h e monastery with the Kumbum in its precincts, p. 146. Buddhas of Confession in bas-relief, p. 147. 68 Chos-rgyal who built the monastery, p. 147. 69 70-72 Painted stucco statues of the Vajradhatu mandala jutting out of trilobate arches, p. 150. 73, 74 Thousand Buddhas painted polychrome, p. 15 1. 75, 76 Right chapel, three great kings of Tibet, p. 132. 77, 78 Right chapel, Amitayus and Vajrasattva, p. 152. '79 Corridor, Surya-candra Gauri, p. 153. 80 Corridor, p. 153. 81 KamadhatviSvari, p. 153. 82 Black Bdud-rgyal, p. 153. 83 Left chapel on the upper floor, Vajradhara, p. 154. 84 Left chapel on the upper floor, Nairatma, p. 154. 85 Left chapel on the upper floor, Viropa and the series of Sa-skya-pa lamas, p. 154. 86 Left chapel on the up er floor, wood and stucco mandala (blo-blans) of amvara in the centre of the chapel, p. 155. 87, 88 Siddhas (Mikala, Damapa), p.156. 89, 90 Siddhas (Maripa, Saraha), p. 156. 91 Siddhas (Dombhiheruka), p. 156. 92-96 Episodes of the life of Sa-skya pan-chen, p. 156-5. 97-99 Life of Hphags-pa, p. 157. 100, 101 Gur-mgon, p.157. 102 Dpal-ldan i ha-molSridevi, p. 157. i03 Black Bdud-rgyal, p. 157. 104 Surya-candra Gauri, p. 158.

d

105 106 107 108 109

Gyantse monartety, central chapel of man&las, p.158. Buddha in the Nepalese manner, p. 159. Mandala of Angry VajrakumAra, p. 159. 29-deity mandala of Vajrahumkara, p. 159. Mandala of Vajramrta, p. 159.

110 11 1 112 113 114 115 116 117, 118

Mandala of Black Yamari, p. 159. Mandala of Red Yamari, p. 159 Mandala of Heruka, p. 161. Mandala of White Santa Vajrasattva Samvara, p. 160. Mandala of Catuspitha Dakinis, p. 160. Mandala of Hamkara, p. 160. VaiSravana, p. 166. Caturmaharajika, p. 166.

Kumbum

119, 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127, 128 129-132 133 134-137 138 139 140

Kumbum. 1.2 Marici, p. 174, 179. 1.2 Marici, p.179. 1.2 Angry form of Marici, p. 179. 1.2 Marici, p. 179. 1.2 Marici, p. 179. 1.2 Acolytes of Marici, p. 179. 1.2 Acolytes of Marici, p. 179. 1.3 Following of VaiSravana, p. 179. 1.4 Sme-brtsegs, p. 180. 1.4 Cycle of ten terrific deities or DaSa-krodha, p. 181. 1.4 Sixtyfour messengers of Vidarana, p. 181. 1.4 Yamantaka, p. 18 1. 1.4 Vighnantaka, and above him: Marici and Sitatapatra, p. 181. 14 1 1.4 Trailokyesvara, p. 181. 142 1.4 POja-devis (Lasya, Malya, Gita), p. 182. 143 1.4 Poja-devi Malya, p. 182. 144, 145 1.5 Sitfitapatra, p. 182. 146 1.5 Manifestations of Aparajita, p. 183. 147-150 1.5. Various mudras, p. 183. 1.51 1.5. Usnisa-sitatapatra, p. 184. 152 1.5 Dikpala Nirrti, p. 184. 153, 154 1.6 Thirtyfive Buddhas of Confession, p. 185. 155 1.7 ParnaSabari, p. 185. 156 1.7 Aparfijita, Bhrkuti, Mahapratyangira, p. 186. 157 1.7 Pirnaiabari, p. 186. 158 1.7 Six goddesses, p. 186. 159 1.8 Hayagriv-ottama-jri2na-vajra, .p.186.

1.8 Hayagriva, Ekajati, p. 187. 160 161, 162 1.8 Hayagriva with eight and six arms, p. 187. 1.8 Various emanations of AvalokiteSvara and Haya. 163 griva, p. 187. 164, 165 1.8 Nine-deity mandala of Vajrapani, p. 187. 166 1.9 Acala, p. 187. 167 1.9 Acala, p.190, 187. 168 1.9 Acala, p. 188. 169-17 1 1.9 Deities of the mandala of Acala, p. 189, 190. 172 1.9 MahaSri, p. 190. I. 10 Grahamatrka, p. 190. 173 174, 175 1.10, p.191. 176-179 I. 10 Deities of the mandala of Aparajita, p. 192. 180 I. 10 One of the Piija-devis, p. 192. 181 I. 10 Grahamatrka, p. 192. 1.1 1 Devotees and monks praying, p. 193. 182 183, 184 1.1 1 Gods come down from heaven, p. 193. 185 1.12 Four yaksas, p. 194. 186 1.12 Chu-Sel-ma, p. 194. 187 1.12 Vasudhara, p. 194. 188 I. 12 Various types of Ganapati, p. 194. 189 I. 14 Mahabala, p. 195. 190 1.14 Trailokyavijaya, p. 195. 191, 192 1.14 Various deities, p.196. 193 MahAbala, p. 196. 194, 195 1.15 Ekajati, p.196. 196 1.15 Red Carcika, p.196. 197 1.15 Terrific deities, p. 196. 198 I. 15 Dhvajagra-keyQrA,p. 197. 199 I. 15 Hog-dpag-ma, p. 197. 200 I. 15 Rdo-rje-tshugs-par-dkah-ba, p. 197. 20 1 1.16 Maitreya, p. 198. 1.16 Sarnbhoga-kaya of Maitreya, p. 198. 202 203 1.16 Tusira paradise of Maitreya, p. 198, 199. 204, 205 1.16 Portraits, p. 199. 206 I. 17 One of the ASvapati, p.200. 207 1.20 Mandala of VijayA, p.201. 11. I Acala Amitayus, p.202. 208 209 11.2 Durgottarini Tar3 surrounded by Marici and

210 21 1 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221, 222 223 224 225 226 227-230 23 1 232 233 234 235-237 238 239 240 241-243 244 245 246 247 248 249, 250 25 1 252 253

Bhrkuti, p.202. 11.2 Sadbhuja Mahakala, p.203, 204. 11.2 Varada-Tar% p.203. 11.2 Sarvartha-sadhani Tar%,p.203. 11.3 Ek~daSa-mukha AvalokiteSvara according to Padjmajala, p.205. 11.3 Sakyamuni preaching, p.207. 11.4 AvalokiteSvara and goddesses, p.207. 11.4 Details of deities around AvalokiteSvara, p.208. 11.4 Vairocana, p.208. 11.4 Deities of the Mahakaruna-mandala of Vairocana, p.208. 11.4 Candra in the Mahakaruna-mandala, p.208. 11.4 Sarasvati in the mandala, p.208. 11.4 see fig. 218, p.208. 11.4 Deities in the Mahakarun2-mandala, p.208. 11.4 Rdo-rje-dam-pa-sbyin-pa, p.208. 11.5 Four Lokap~las,p.208. 11.5 Indrabhuti-krama Kurukulla, p.209. 11.6 Retinue of Kurukulla, details on p.209. 11.6 White Mayajala-krama Kurukulla, p.2 10. 11.6 Hevajra-Kurukulla, p.2 10. 11.6 Six-armed Kurukulla, p.2 10. 11.6 Goddesses detailed on p.2 10. 11.6 Retinue of Jiiana-sattva MafijuSri, p.2 1 I . 11.7 Sarva-sattva-vaiikarana Maiijughosa, p.2 11. 11.7 Dharmadhatu-vagiivara MafijuSri, p.2 11. 11.8 Vidarana according to the Lotsava of S O I - ~ O , p.2 12. 11.8 Retinue of Vidarana, details on p. 2 12. 11.8 Vidarana according to the Lotsava of Ba-ri, p.212. 11.9 Hod-zer-gtsug-tor, p.2 13. 11.9 Vimalosnisa, p.2 14. 11.9 Retinue of Vimalosnisa, p.2 14. 11.10 Green Tars, p.2 15. 11.11 Retinue of Samantabhadra, p.2 15 11.12 Vajrapani, p.216. 11.12 Jagadbhadra Vajrap~ni,p.2 16. 11.12 Cycle of VaiSravana, p.2 16.

254 255 256 257 258 259-261 262 263 264 265 266 267-270 27 1 272 273 274-276 277 278 279 280 28 1 282, 283 284 285, 286 287 288 289, 290 29 1 292 293, 294 295, 296 297 298 299 300 30 1-303 304 305 306-309

11.15, p.217. 11.16 Eleven-headed AvalokiteSvara, p.2 17. 11.16 Retinue of fig. 255, p.217. 11.16 Khasarpana Avalokitesvara, p.2 18. 111.1, p.2 19. 111.1 Retinue of Gaganagafija, p.2 19. 111.1 Mahakala, p.220. 111.1 Retinue of Mahakala, p.220. 111.1 Vajrah~mkara,p.220. 111.1 Ak~sagarbha,p.22 1. 111.1 Retinue of Akaiagarbha, p.22 1. 111.1 Retinue of Vajrasattva, p.221-222. 111.1 ILarttikeya, p.225. 111.1 Some dikpalas, p.225. 111.1 Vajrayaksa, p.225. 111.2, p.229. 111.2, Vajracakra, p.229. 111.3 Mandala of Gaganagafija, p.230. 111.4 Vairocana, p.230. 111.4 Details of the mandala of Vairocana, p.23 1. 111.4 Mandala of Ratnasambhava dbugs-dbyun, p. 23 1. 111.6 Cycle of Eight Nagas, p.235. 111.6 Cycle of Asurendras, p.235. 111.6 Vidyadhararaja, p.235. 111.6, p.234. 111.6, Samantabhadra, p.235. 111.6 Twelve Bhomis, p.238. 111.6 Twelve Paramitiis, p.238. 111.6 Namasangiti, p.240. 111.6 Cycle of 36 deities, p. 240. 111.6 Cycle of 16 Bodhisattvas, p.240. 111.6 Ten Vasitas, p.240. 111.6 Ayurvasita, p.240. 111.6 VaSitas, p.240. 111.6 Avalokita, p.242. 111.6 Naksatras, p.242. 111.8 Sgeg-pahi-rdo-rje,p.244. 111.9 Krodha-Trailokyavijaya, p.245. 111.9 Eight Mahadevas, p.246.

310 3 1 1-3 14 315 316 317-328 329-338 339 340 34 1 342 343, 344 351, 352 353 354 355-358 359-367 368-370 37 1 372-374 375-379 380 38 1, 382 383, 384 385,386 387 388 389 390 39 1 392 393 394 '395

I I I. 10 Jvalanala, p.247. 111.10 Retinue of Jvalanala, p.247. 111.10 Details of' fig. 310. 111.10 Angry Yum-chen-mo, p.248. 111.11 Details of the Sarvavid cycle, p.252. 111.11, p. 262. I I I . 12 Vajrasattva flanked by Samantabhadra and Mahasukha, p.266. 111.13 Vajra-hurilkara, p.267. 111.13 Krodha-Trailokyavijaya, p.267, 277. 111.13 Forms of Agni, p.268, 277. 111.13 Vairocana and retinue, p.270, 277. 111.16 Figures of a mandala, p.278. 111.16 Vajrahumkara, p.278. 111.16 Mandala of Sans-rgyas-fii-ma, p.278. 111.16 Deities of the external mandala, p.278. 111.16 Chos-hdzin-rgyal-po and his retinue, p.282. 111.17 Mandala of Vajraiekhara, p.283. 111.19 Vajranala, p.285. 111.19 Retinue of Vajranala, p.285. 111.19, p.288. 111.19 dome, a mandala, p.292. 111.19 campana, Yamantakas, p.294. 111.19 campana, Vajrabhairava, p.294. 111.19, p.295. 111.19 Black Yamanataka, p.296. 111.19 campana, Kalacakra, p.296. 111.19 campana, Hevajra, p.297. 111.19 campana, ~ a k r a s a m v a r aaccording to Liiyipa, p.298. III.!9 campana, mandala of the five gods, p.298. 111.19 campana, p.298, 299. 11.1.19 campana, Buddhadakini, p.299. 111.19 campana, Padmajala Avalokita, p.299.

v Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

c

B

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

ad

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 13.

Rig. 14.

14.

'

Samada, Kyangphu monastery, gilded bronze stirpa of the late Pala period, with the whole Vqradhhtu, maadala in high relief, p. 100. h

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

-

,

P2 Fig. 19. 3

-

4

a

.H

Q)

Fig. 21.

22.

Samada, Kyangphu monastery, northern chapel, basement of a statue of Indian origin, p.102.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24,

24.

Samada, Kyangphu monastery, northern chapel, inscription on the basement of a statue'which mentions - ' Gh~s-blos,a disciple of Rin-chen-bzan-p, p.103.

Fig. 25.

25 bis. Samada, Kyangphu monastery, Sarvavid chapel on the upper floor, thirtysix deities of the Sarvavid .cycle, p*106.

Fig. 26.

Fig. 27,

Fig. 28.

m r. Fig. 29.

Fig. 30.

I

Fig. 31.

Fig. 32

Fig. 33.

33.

Samada, Dregun monastery, p. 122.

Fig. 35.

36.

97.

Salu, Gyani monastery, lions as consoles in the atrium, XIV century, p.133.

Salu, Gyani monastery, capitals snrlpted with animal designs, p.133.

Fig. 38.

BQ.

Iwang sanctuary, p. 135.

40.

Iwang sanctuary, its three chapels, p. 135.

Fig. 41.

;

d,

t

F ' .

43- Iwang sanctuary, .central- chapel, statues of. sixteen 42. Iwang sanctuary, central chapel, the cycle of Seven standing Buddhas, p. 136. Buddhas, p. 135,

IY I . .

Fig. 44.

Fig. 451

.-

.I

' ;* .:,?5;c

,,;:* ::' .. , ~ - .

5;

:

,"

wn(rir.:

,'

:' ." ,:,,::. !.I:,

,,

:

.

,,,L

.-

,

,

'

.

;. .

.

,

,

. ....

..

. %

-

^I

$-,sk

-

:'.

,

,

.

'

. ... '

"

.. T",

'

.

t. -:

8 .

-'y, k-, >v. . .* :,

%.

"

,

.

:.,;.s&,

,

.

;

..

.*;+,-' ..,,= : ?+&;

.

.

'

,

,

.

. - I " .

:

%-*.< .i - -;; . , ' - '. '" > 2"-* - .:-> p *p$*p:2x,\3. .+ :.;

-

'

*k, ,,;. ;.:;. *.I

'

,Q ;4,T

:.-I.r.. "

-..@."

;;.>..,:...:.2::cf>.i ...1: by.:

*

"

'

.

w

'.

Fig. 49. ,

6 dc

a'I 2 gad

4 d.

Fig. 51.

Fig. 52.

55.

56.

Iwang sanctuary, Bon-po svastiu on an adjacent rock, p. 140.

..

Iwang sanctuary, graffiti on adjacent nYdrs, p. 140.

57.

See fig. 56.

Fig. 58.

Fig. 59.

Fig. 60.

Fig. 61.

Fig. 62.

Fig. 65.

66.

Gyantse monastery, with the Kumbum in its precincts, p. 146.

67.

68.

See fig. 66.

Gyantse monastery, Buddhas of Confessiol~in bas-re lief, p.147.

Fig. 69.

Fig. 70. t

Fig. 74.

Fig. 76.

Fig. 77.

__1 Fig. 78.

79.

Gyantse monastery, corridor, SQrya-candra Gauri, p. 153.

Fig. 80.

a;:

- / (U

Fig. 81.

Fig, 82.

mi

rn

83.

Gyantse monastery, left chapel on the u&er floor. Vajradhara, p. 154.

Fig. 84.

0

c L

aJ

Fig. 85.

86.

Gyantse monastery, left chapel on the upper floor, wood and stucco mandala @lo-blans)of Samvara in the centre of the chapel, p. 155.

Rg. PR.

Fig. 89.

4 Fig. 90.

w

,

:.:q

Fig. 93.

Fig. 94.

Fig. 95.

Fig. 96.

Fig. 98.

%

Fig. 99.

kid Fig. 100.

h M d hternational R w c l r d Institute 5 5 6 6

In r-4

Fig. 101.

d, 12 Q)

';EI k

Y

1i 1: 4 -& m

'n

P

Q) Y

' 2 I

8

w !j

Fig. 103.

4

Fig. 104.

0 m

105.

Gyantse monastery, central chapel of mandalas, p.158.

Fig. 106.

c-

8

Fig. 107.

Fig. 109.

Fig. 110.

d + d

Fig. 111.

Fig.. 112.

Fig. 114.

uFig. 115,

Fig. 116.

Fig. ,117.

Fig. 119.

Fig. 120.

,

122.

Kumbum 1.2, Marici, p.1 :'.'

Fig. 1'23.

Fig. 125.

1 :$ I i?! Kg. 127.

cr

0 m

Fig. 128.

Fig. 129.

0 r~

Fig. 131.

Fig. 132.

Fig. 133.

Pig. 134.

Fig. 135.

Fig. 136.

Fig. 137.

Fig. 139.

'1 Fig. 140.

Fig. 141.

-

Fig. 143.

Fig. 145.

Fig. 146.

Fig. 147.

E V)

3 0

.m

2

6% C(

E

1

n

E

L

Fig. 149.

Fig, 150.

Fig. 154.

Fig. 156.

Fig. 158.

Fig. 159.

Fig. 160.

Fig. 161.

Fig. 16.2.

'481'd ' l e n - d ~ k l epue ~ me~paqopv . jo suopeueura snopleA .'8*1runqlsuny -691

'481'd '!usdea@~ jo eppireu~La!ap-au!u '8-1mnqurnx -pg1

Fig. 165.

Fig. 166.

-

8; .-

. ,- < =

Fig, 168,

,-

L+

1 %

Fig. ,169.

s?e fig. 169.

Fig. 171.

. Fig. 172..

Fig.. 174.

-

1* .

LI

-9

Fig. 175,

Fig. 176.

'C &

*

Fig, 178..

'Fig. 180.

-

d

18 1.

Kumbum I. 10, Grahamatrka, p. 192.

Fig, 182.

Fig.

s t -

189.

190.

Kumbum I . 14, Mahd~ala,p. 195.

Kumbum I. 14, Trailokyavijaya, p. 195.

193.

Kumbum I. 14, Mahabala, p. 196.

194.

Kumbum.1.15, Ekajati, p. 196.

Fig. 196.

Fig. 198.

Fig. 199.

Fig. 200.

Fig. 201. r(

R m

m

i?

k

Y

. I

i!

rw

0

m h cm

+& 0

.c

P

E

3

s u

E n E

1

a

Fig. 202.

cj

%

Fig. 203.

Fig. 205.

&' r-'

Fig. 206.

2Q9.

Kumbum 11.2, Durgottarini Tars surrounded h v Marici and Bhykuti, p.202.

Fig. 210.

4 2

CI(

2 12.

Kumbum 11.2, Sarvartha-sadhani TarB, p.203.

2 13.

Kumbum 11.3, EkadaSa-mukha AvalokiteSvara according to Padjmajala, p.205.

Fig. 214.

2 15.

216.

Kumbum 11.4, AvalokiteSvara and goddesses, p.207.

Kumbum 11.4, details of deities around Avalokiteivara, .- - p.208. h* ...-;,..