Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption [1 ed.] 9781617619564, 9781616682187

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Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by Matin

Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

TRANSPORTATION ISSUES, POLICIES AND R&D

Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

AUTOMOBILES: PERFORMANCE, SAFETY ASSESSMENT, AND ENERGY

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Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

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Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

TRANSPORTATION ISSUES, POLICIES AND R&D

AUTOMOBILES: PERFORMANCE, SAFETY ASSESSMENT, AND ENERGY

MATIN F. KODY Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

EDITOR

Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

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Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

CONTENTS

Preface Chapter 1

Automobile Insurance Rate-Making: The Spanish Case Eva Boj, Mª Mercè Claramunt and Josep Fortiana 

Chapter 2

New Description for Driving Behavior by TP-Theory based on Cognitive Psychology Koji Tanida  

25 

The Ability Profile of People with Parkinson Disease: Cognitive and Motor Functions in Driving Hoe C. Lee  

43 

Two Concepts to Improve Crash Worthiness of Hat Columns by Applying Ultrafine Grained Steel Sheets Yoshitaka Okitsu, Tadashi Naito and Nobuhiro Tsuji  

61 

Chapter 3

Chapter 4 Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

vii 

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Light Alloys: New Technologies Leading to Good Perspectives for the Environment Sidnei Jose Buso, Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro, Americo de Almeida Filho, Iara Maria Esposito and Ricardo Bulcao Ferrari  Effects of Road Traffic Injuries on Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses: Useful Knowledge for the Automobile Insurance Professionals Masahito Hitosugi 

1 

83 

99 

Chapter 7

Issue of Energy Consumption in Automobiles: A Brief Discussion Viroj Wiwanitkit 

107 

Chapter 8

Safety Assessment of Automobiles: Hazard Aspect Viroj Wiwanitkit

111 

Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

vi Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Contents Modular and Scalable Multi-Interface Data Acquisition Architecture Design for Energy Monitoring in Fishing Vessels: An in-Depth Review Sebastián Villarroya, Mª Jesús L. Otero, José Varela Pet   and José M. Cotos

115 

A New Poisson Mixture Model for the Number of Claims in Automobile Insurance Emilio Gómez-Déniz and Enrique Calderín-Ojeda 

131 

Vision-based Safety Features for Automotive Vehicles: Improved Algorithms and Techniques for FPGA Implementation Tam Phuong Cao and Edhem Custovic 

155 

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Index

Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

209 

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PREFACE The authors in this book present and review varied important data relating to today's automobiles; their safety assessment, performance, energy consumption, the related insurance industry and the psychology of driving. Discussed herein is the philosophy which should be followed by non-life insurance rate-makers for the selection of tariff variables and posterior estimation of premiums in automobile insurance; the driving ability profile of people with Parkinson's Disease; and new high strength steels and alloys being applied to automotive bodies to improve crash worthiness and reduce their weight. Chapter 1 - Two rate-making systems may be distinguished: a priori or class-rating, and a posteriori or experience-rating. Class-rating is a process which consists of the following interrelated phases: The determination of a tariff structure including the selection of tariff variables (selection from among a set of potential risk factors or characteristics of the policyholders, which will be used to distinguish between individuals with different qualities of associated risks); The calculation of an adequate premium level for each tariff group (the overall premium income must be equitable and sufficient to cover all claims and expenses); and the implementation of the tariff in a competitive market. Experience rating is a process that starts from an initial premium for each risk unit (an individual or group) and which is modified in successive periods according to the experience of the risk unit. The justification of these systems is that there is a remaining heterogeneity within each risk group, due mainly to certain unconsidered risk factors, whether known or unknown, or to an incorrect grouping of classes of the tariff variables which have been taken into account. Let us assume that we have the experience of an insurance branch’s portfolio for a fixed period (in general, 1 year). We observe the claim experience and a set of potential risk factors for each policyholder. The risk factors will be measurable observed characteristics, and they will have a possible causal relationship with the claim experience being studied. They might refer to characteristics associated with the individual proposer, with the risk unit which the proposer seeks to protect, or with the coverage being sought. Pure premiums, i.e. the expected total claim amount per policyholder, are obtained by the product of the expected number of claims per policyholder and the expected amount of a claim. Therefore, the authors are concerned with the study of factors which influence both separately. In this chapter, the authors discuss the philosophy which should be followed by the nonlife-insurance rate-maker for the selection of tariff variables and posterior estimation of premiums in Automobile Insurance. The authors show the advantages and disadvantages that some multivariate analysis techniques have in practice. The authors place special emphasis on

Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

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viii

Matin F. Kody

the distance-based methodologies. Moreover, the authors study the particularities that each coverage of the Automobile Insurance has in Spain and indicate how to take it into account in rate-making. Chapter 2 - Recently, the fact that there is anticipation before cognition in the brain processing is elucidated by brain science, although human behavior has been explained as cognition-judgment-operation loop. The TP-theory (Temporal Predictive behavior model proposed by Tanida and Pöppel in 2006) is a model which applies anticipation-operationcomparison loop as new information processing with temporal frame to human behavior including automobile driving. Why is driving referred? Driving an automobile is an example of a goal-directed activity with high complexity in which different behavioral elements have to be integrated and brought into a sequential order. On the basis of the reafference principle and experimental results on temporal perception and cognitive control, I propose a hierarchical model of driving behavior which can also be adapted to other goal-directed activities. Driving is conceived of as being controlled by anticipatory neuronal programs; if these programs are disrupted by unpredictable stimuli which require an instantaneous reaction, behavioral control returns after completion of the reactive mode to the anticipatory mode of driving. In the model different levels of anticipation windows are distinguished which, however, are interconnected, in a bi-directional way: A. Strategic level with a representation of the driving activity from the beginning to reaching the final goal; B. Segmented tactical level with the sequence of necessary milestones to reach the goal, which are characterized by adaptive scenarios; C. Maneuver – in general operational level, where actions like passing another car or keeping a lane are controlled; this level represents learned activities which have become automatized; D. Short term integration level of two to three seconds, which allows immediate anticipations; this temporal window represents the subjective present; E. Synchronization level for sensory motor control and complexity reduction within neuronal assemblies which allows the creation of mental content and consciously available categories. A flow diagram schematically describes different driving situations stressing the anticipatory mode of control. As mentioned before, this model is able to apply to riding a motorcycle or a bicycle, cooking, gardening, DIY etc. This chapter gives the general explanation about the TP-theory. Chapter 3 - Background: Recent studies on Parkinson Disease (PD) patients indicated that they are generally less competent when compared with the age-matched control group in driving. Their problems were found to rest on the slowness in approaching the T-junctions, inability to control a steady speed and difficulty in addressing two tasks simultaneously. A major concern in road safety was raised when the current clinical measures adopted by medical practitioners to screen unsafe PD drivers were found to be unreliable. It is unfortunate that the behavioural results obtained from previous studies did not enable the researchers to devise more reliable assessment and effective interventions for this diagnostic group. The reason is that the problems revealed could have been attributable to a natural process of aging, the disease process of PD and the deterioration of handling the humanmachine-environment interface in driving, either a single factor alone or a combination of all. This study attempted to isolate each of these factors to gain better understanding of how cognitive and motor deficits affect the performance of PD drivers.

Automobiles: Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption : Performance, Safety Assessment, and Energy Consumption, edited by

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Preface

ix

Purpose: To establish the ability profile of PD drivers by comparing the performance of PD participants and age-matched controls in simulated driving tests, standardised cognitive and motor psychometric assessments. Methodology: A quantitative pre-post case-control study design were employed. Convenience sample of 53 drivers with PD and 129 controls drivers living in community were recruited and assessed. In addition to medical screening, all participants were undergone a series of psychometric assessments to determine baseline cognitive and motor functions, which were then matched with performance in driving tests. Result: The driving performance of the participants declined with age (r = 0.89, p