Artificial Intelligence & Blockchain in Cyber Physical Systems: Technologies & Applications 9781032040363, 9781032040370, 9781003190301

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
List of Contributors
1 Facial Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Traditional Face Recognition Systems
1.3 Disadvantages of Traditional Facial Recognition Systems
1.4 Facial Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis
1.5 Principal Component Analysis
1.6 Methodology
1.6.1 Calculation of Eigenfaces Using PCA
1.6.1.1 Step 1: Standardization
1.6.1.2 Step 2: Covariance Matrix Computation
1.6.1.3 Step 3: Compute the Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of the Covariance Matrix
1.6.1.4 Step 4: Selection of Principal Components
1.7 Result and Analysis
1.7.1 Evaluation Parameters
1.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
2 A Systematic Exploration of Blockchain-Based Healthcare Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Blockchain
2.3 The Need for Blockchain in Healthcare
2.3.1 Blockchain in Health
2.3.2 Features of Blockchain for the Healthcare Domain
2.3.2.1 Drug Traceability
2.4 Clinical Trials
2.5 Drug/Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
2.6 Biomedical Research and Education
2.6.1 Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)
2.6.2 Health Insurance Claims
2.6.3 Health Data Analytics (HDA)
2.7 Case Study
2.8 Research Methodology
2.8.1 Findings From Earlier Papers
2.8.2 Conclusions
2.8.3 Challenges and Limitations of Blockchain-Based Applications
3 Smart Parking for Smart Drivers Using QR Codes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background Study
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 UCD Process Model
3.3.2 Prototype Development
3.3.3 Usability Evaluation
3.3.3.1 Effectiveness
3.3.3.2 Efficiency
3.3.3.3 Satisfaction
3.3.3.4 Proposed Model
3.4 Data Collection and Evaluation
3.4.1 Sampling
3.4.2 Defined Tasks
3.5 Experimentation
3.5.1 Selection of Prototype Interface
3.5.2 Sample Size
3.5.3 Allocated Tasks
3.6 Usability Evaluation
3.6.1 Effectiveness
3.6.2 Efficiency
3.6.3 Satisfaction
3.7 Results and Discussion
3.8 Conclusion and Future Work
References
4 Impact of Gamification in Children’s Health Awareness
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Games Promote Medical Education
4.1.2 Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer Games
4.1.3 Gaming Impacts On Children’s Progress
4.1.4 Good Effects of Video Games On Children’s Health
4.1.4.1 Examples
4.1.5 Types of Health Awareness Games for Children
4.1.5.1 Serious Games
4.1.5.2 Arcade Games
4.1.5.3 Diabetes Prevention Video Games
4.1.5.4 Obesity Awareness Games
4.1.5.5 Mental Therapy Games
4.1.5.6 Oral Health Awareness Games
4.1.5.7 Smoking Prevention Games
4.1.6 Problem Statement
4.1.7 Objectives
4.2 Background Study
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Research Gap
4.3.2 Significance of the Study
4.3.3 Problem Statement
4.3.4 Scope of Study
4.3.5 Objectives
4.3.6 Proposed Model
4.3.7 UCD Model
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Personal Information
4.4.1.1 Age and Gender
4.4.2 General Information
4.4.3 Awareness Level in Children Regarding Oral Hygiene
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Road Lane Detection System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review (Figure 5.1)
5.2.1 Lane Detection
5.2.1.1 Edge Detection
5.2.1.2 Hough Line Transformation
5.3 Requirement and Analysis
5.4 Design and Implementation
5.4.1 Algorithm
5.4.1.1 Step 1–Parsing Video to Frames
5.4.1.2 Step 2–Applying Yellow Mask
5.4.1.3 Step 3–Conversion of Actual Frame (Colored) to Gray Scaled Image
5.4.1.4 Step 4–Edge Detection (Canny Edge Detector)
5.4.1.5 Step 5–Extracting the Region of Interest
5.4.1.6 Step 6–Creating Hough Lines
5.4.1.7 Step 7–Removing Unnecessary Hough Lines
5.4.1.8 Step 8–Line Fitting
5.4.2 Android App
5.4.2.1 Home Screen/UI
5.4.2.2 Menu View
5.4.2.3 Terms and Conditions View
5.4.2.4 Privacy Policy View
5.4.2.5 Help View
5.4.2.6 Exit Button
5.5 Results and Discussion
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 Future Work Recommendations
5.7.1 Navigation
5.7.2 GPS
5.7.3 IMU
References
6 Stock Price Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Based On LSTM–Deep Learning Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Problem Statement
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Deep Learning Model
6.5 Implementation
6.6 Performance Results
6.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
7 Blockchain in Healthcare
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Proposed Methodology
7.2.1 Logistic Regression
7.2.1.2 Mapping From 2D to 3D
7.3 NaÏve Bayes
7.4 Random Forest
7.4.1 Assumptions for Random Forest
7.4.2 Working of Random Forest
7.5 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
7.6 XG Boost
7.7 Blockchain
7.7.1 How Blockchain Works
7.8 Blockchain in Healthcare
7.9 Results and Comparison
7.10 Confusion Matrix
7.11 Conclusion
8 A Study On the Role of Electroencephalogram in Cyber Physical System and Security
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Introduction to Electroencephalography
8.2.1 Brain Regions
8.2.1.1 Occipital Cortex
8.2.1.2 Parietal Cortex
8.2.1.3 Temporal Cortex
8.2.1.4 Frontal Cortex
8.2.2 Brainwave Frequency Range
8.2.2.1 Delta (1–4 Hz)
8.2.2.2 Theta (4–7 Hz)
8.2.2.3 Alpha (7–12 Hz)
8.2.2.4 Beta (12–30 Hz)
8.2.2.5 Gamma (>30 Hz, Typically 40 Hz)
8.2.3 Types of Electrodes
8.2.3.1 Metal Plate Electrode
8.2.3.2 Metal Disk Electrode
8.2.3.3 Suction Electrode
8.2.3.4 Floating Electrode
8.2.3.5 Flexible Electrode
8.3 Literature Survey
8.4 Application Areas
8.4.1 Healthcare
8.4.2 Education System
8.4.3 Transportation
8.4.4 Security and Authentication
8.5 Design Methodologies
8.5.1 Physical Process System
8.5.2 Cyber Feedback Loop Control Scheme
8.5.2.1 Actuation and Monitoring Infrastructure Level
8.5.2.2 Network Communication Infrastructure Level
8.5.2.3 Distributed Control and Computation Unit Infrastructure Layer
8.5.2.4 Human in Loop
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Sentimental Analysis of Social Context Using Integration of PSO-Cuckoo Optimization and SVM Classifier
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sentiment Analysis Methods Used in Social Media
9.3 Machine Learning Approach for Sentimental Analysis
9.4 Literature Review
9.5 Proposed Methodology
9.5.1 Data Collection
9.5.2 Pre-Processing
9.5.3 Feature Extraction
9.5.4 Feature Selection and Meta Learning Classification
9.5.4.1 SVM With Hybrid Optimization
9.6 Experimental Results
9.7 Comparative Analysis
9.7.1 Precision
9.7.2 Recall
9.7.3 F-Measure
9.7.4 Accuracy
9.8 Sentimental Analysis: New Pathway
9.9 Application
9.10 Conclusion
References
10 Cyber Security: Analysis for Detection and Removal of Zero-Day Attacks (ZDA)
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Modern Malware
10.1.2 Email-Borne Threats
10.1.3 Spear Phishing Attacks
10.1.4 Targeted Malware
10.1.5 File Server Malware
10.1.6 Conventional Security
10.2 Background
10.2.1 Statistical-Based Defense Technique
10.2.2 Signature-Based Defense Technique
10.2.3 Behavior-Based Defense Technique
10.2.4 Hybrid-Based Defense Technique
10.3 Literature Review
10.3.1 Significance
10.3.2 Objectives
10.3.3 Questions Arise
10.4 Experimentation With a Virtualization-Based Approach
10.4.1 Web-Based Malware Detector
10.4.2 Virtual Execution Engine (VEE)
10.4.3 Static Analysis
10.4.4 Behavioral Analysis
10.4.5 Working Analysis
10.5 Results and Analysis
10.5.1 Scenario I: Web Malware Graph for 24 Hours
10.5.2 Scenario II: Web Malware Graph for Two Weeks
10.5.3 Analysis
10.6 Proposed Model
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Addressing Gestures for One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
11.2 Types of One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
11.2.1 Launch Tile and Applens Techniques
11.2.2 MagStick and Tap-Tap Techniques
11.2.3 Thumb Space Technique
11.2.4 Types of Thumb Space
11.2.5 Eight Targets Technique
11.2.7 Challenges and Issues
11.2.8 Aims and Objectives
11.3 Problem Statement
11.3.1 Research Questions
11.4 Literature Review
11.4.1 Input Gestures On Mobile
11.4.2 Touch Inputs On the Whole Touch-Based Device Surface
11.4.3 Convenient Accessibility in a One-Handed Mobile System
11.4.4 User Defined Signs and Their Involvement
11.4.5 Body of Design of a Touch Mobile System Mobile
11.4.6 Buttons, Icons and Quick Switch Systems
11.4.7 Model Design Compatibility With Hand Usage
11.4.8 Implemented Features in Consequential Gestures
11.5 Experimentation
11.5.1 Scope of the Research
11.5.2 Field Study Observation Method
11.5.3 Survey Method: Another Research Method
11.6 Results and Discussion
11.6.1 Research Method
11.6.1.1 Subject Selection
11.6.1.2 Data Analysis
11.6.1.3 Performance Analysis
11.6.2 Retrospect and Prospect
11.6.3 Field Study Results
11.7 Conclusion and Future Work
References
12 Trust Management in Smart Cities Using Blockchain Technology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of Blockchain and IOT
12.3 Overview of Blockchain Technology
12.3.1 Ethereum Blockchain Architecture
12.4 Blockchain-Based Authentication and Trust Management Procedure for Smart City
12.4.1 Authorization Blockchain
12.4.2 Resource Servers
12.4.3 Resource Owners/Publishers
12.4.4 Key Servers
12.4.5 Simulation/Creation of Smart City
12.4.6 Integration of Smart City With Authorization Blockchain
12.4.6.1 Integration of Smart City With Authorization Blockchain
12.4.6.2 Migrations
12.4.6.3 Access Control for Blockchain at Application/Browser Level (Metamask)
12.4.6.4 Data Fetching From Smart Contract
12.4.7 User Application
12.4.8 Overall Workflow
12.5 Experimental Analysis and Discussion
12.5.1 Evaluation of Key Server and Resource Server
12.5.2 Smart City Resource Publishing and Controlling Through User Application
12.5.2.1 Publishing Resources
12.5.2.2 Accessing and Controlling Resources
12.5.3 Comparative Analysis of Techniques
12.5.4 Security Analysis
12.5.4.1 Formal Security Analysis
12.5.4.2 Informal Security Analysis
12.5.5 Technical Challenges and Limitations
12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References