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ARMY OF MANIFEST DESTIN Y
The American Social Experience Series GENERAL EDITOR: JAMES KIRB Y MARTIN EDITORS: PAULA S . FASS , STEVE N H . MINTZ , CARL PRINCE, JAMES W . REE D & PETER N. STEARN S
/. The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns JOSEPH T. GLATTHAA R
2. Childbearing in American Society: i6$o-i8so CATHERINE. SCHOLTE N
j . The Origins of Behaviorism: American Psychology, 1870-1920 JOHN M . O'DONNEL L
4. New York City Cartmen, 1667-1850 GRAHAM RUSSEL L HODGES
5. From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, 1910-1928 CHRISTINE A . LUNARDIN I
6. Mr. Jefferson's A rmy: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809 THEODORE J. CRACKE L
7. "A Peculiar People": Slave Religion and Community-Culture Among the Gullahs MARGARET WASHINGTO N CREE L
8. "A Mixed Multitude": The Struggle for Toleration in Colonial Pennsylvania SALLY SCHWART Z
9. Women, Work, and Fertility, 1900-1986 SUSAN HOUSEHOLDE R VA N HORN
10. Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union EARL J. HES S
//. Lewis M. Terman: Pioneer in Psychological Testing HENRY L . MINTO N
12. Schools as Sorters: Lewis M. Terman, Applied Psychology and the Intelligence Testing Movement, 1890-1930 PAUL DAVIS CHAPMA N
13. Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 182$-1860 JOHN C . SPURLOC K
14. Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History PETER N. STEARN S
75. The Nurturing Neighborhood: The Brownsville Boys Club and Jewish Community in Urban America, 1940-1990 GERALD SORIN
16. War in America to 177$: Before Yankee Doodle JOHN MORGA N DEDERE R
17. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 ANNE FARRA R HYDE
18. Frederick Law Olmstead: The Passion of a Public Artist MELVIN KALFUS
19. Medical Malpractice in Nineteenth-Century America: Origins and Legacy KENNETH ALLE N D E VILLE
20. Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells RODNEY D . OLSE N
21. Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 MERRIL D. SMIT H
22. In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s ERIC C. SCHNEIDE R
23. Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846-1848 JAMES M. MCCAFFRE Y
ARMY O F MANIFEST DESTIN Y The American Soldier in the Mexican Wr, 1846-1848 JAMES M. MCCAFFREY
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRES S NEW YORK AND LONDO N 1992
Copyright © 199 2 by James M. McCaffre y All right s reserved Manufactured i n the United State s of Americ a Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dat a McCaffrey, James M. Army of Manifest Destin y : the American soldier in the Mexican War, 1846-184 8 / James M. McCaffrey . p. cm.—(Th e America n socia l experience series ; 23) Includes bibliographica l reference s an d index . ISBN 0-8147-5468- 6 (aci d free ) ISB N 0-8147-5505- 4 pbk . 1. Unite d States . Army—History—Mexica n War , 1846-1848 . 2. Mexica n War, 1846-1848 . I . Tide . II . Serie s E409.2.M35 199 2 973.6'2—dc20 91-3351 7 CIP New Yor k University Pres s books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding material s are chosen for strength and durability. 10 9 8
7
6 5
4 3
For my wife Ellen
Gontents
Preface
xi
Abbreviations i n Note s
XV
i. "Wa r Exists by the Act of Mexico Hersel f
1
2. T o th e Colors
l
3. Of f t o War
35
4. "Nearl y All Wh o Take Sick Die "
52
5. "Reptile s in the Path of Progressive Democracy "
66
6. "Al l the Varieties of a Soldier's Life"
80
5
7. "Keepin g Down Unrul y Spirits "
106
8. Th e Volunteer s Take the Field
129
9. Th e Army of the West
•47
10. T o the Halls of the Montezumas
165
11. Peac e at Last
193
12. Epilogu e
205
Notes
211
Bibliography
241
Index
271
^Preface
The impetu s fo r thi s stud y bega n o n a movie se t outsid e o f Natchez , Mississippi, i n Ma y 1985 , whe n I and other histor y enthusiast s spent a wee k campin g an d workin g a s extra s durin g th e filmin g o f th e television miniserie s "Nort h an d South. " Th e particula r scene s i n which w e worke d wer e those portraying a battle i n the Mexican War, and I quickly realize d ho w littl e I knew abou t tha t encounter. A yea r later I signe d u p fo r a directe d reading s cours e a t th e Universit y o f Houston and chose the Mexican War as my topic. The number of books available in the local municipal and university libraries did no t begi n t o equal th e volume of wor k on the Civil War , which ha d bee n a n earl y passio n o f mine , bu t ther e wa s enoug h material tha t I at leas t becam e familia r wit h th e basi c reason s fo r th e war an d th e strateg y an d majo r personalitie s involved . Bu t I wante d more. I wanted to find out about the soldiers who fought i n this war. I wanted t o understand their social history . Then I stumbled upo n Norman E . Tutorow's The Mexican-American War: An Annotated Bibliography. Thi s book , jus t a s th e titl e suggests , contains a n almos t overwhelmin g listin g o f severa l thousan d sources , both primar y an d secondary , publishe d an d unpublished . I spent th e next tw o year s completin g cours e wor k fo r m y M.A . an d Ph.D . an d poring ove r Tutorow' s book . I identified wha t seeme d t o b e th e bes t collections o f soldiers ' letter s an d diarie s an d planne d researc h trip s around the resultant listing. An d before delving into the various librarXI
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PREFACE
ies and archives on my list , I read as much published primar y materia l as I could. I then bega n traveling and visiting variou s repositorie s an d gathering information . The purpos e o f th e presen t work , then , i s t o loo k a t th e wa r fro m the viewpoin t o f th e commo n soldiers ' experiences . Wha t prompte d them t o enlist i n th e first place? Wha t di d the y thin k o f th e Mexica n people wit h who m the y cam e i n contact ? Ho w di d the y fee l towar d their officers ? Wer e the y adequatel y supporte d wit h food , clothing , shelter, an d medica l car e b y thei r government ? Ho w di d the y spen d spare time ? I f the y brok e an y rules , ho w wer e the y punished ? Wha t did th e regula r soldier s thin k o f thes e temporar y volunteers , an d vic e versa? An d finally, havin g answere d thes e questions , ho w di d th e American soldier s i n th e Mexica n Wa r measur e u p t o thei r counter parts of earlier and later conflicts? This i s no t a ne w concept , gettin g a t th e socia l histor y o f th e military. Bel l Wile y wa s one of the early practitioners , wit h hi s Life of Johnny Reb and Life of Billy Yank back i n th e 1940 s and 1950s . I n fact , the Civil Wa r has probably draw n mor e interest from militar y histori ans tha n an y othe r America n war , an d Wiley' s succes s ha s le d other s to follow i n his path. Notabl e among these later historians are James I. Robertson, a former studen t o f Wiley , wit h hi s Soldiers Blue and Gray; Gerald F . Linderman , wh o wrot e Embattled Courage; Rei d Mitchell , author of Civil War Soldiers; Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves , who focused o n one particular battle in their ^Seeing the Elephant": Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh; an d Joseph T . Glatthaar , wh o wrot e o f black Civil War soldiers in Forged in Battle, x Works ar e also availabl e o n America n soldier s i n mos t othe r wars . James Kirb y Marti n and Mark Edwar d Lende r studied th e soldiers of the Revolutionar y er a i n A Respectable Army; an d Charle s Royste r ha s contributed A Revolutionary People at War. J. C . A . Stag g ha s writte n on the America n soldie r during th e Wa r of 181 2 i n his "Enlisted Me n in th e Unite d State s Army , 1812-1815 : A Preliminar y Survey. " Sol diers of th e interwa r period s of th e nineteenth centur y ar e the subjec t of Edwar d M . Coffman' s Old Army. Th e everyda y experience s o f th e World Wa r I I soldier for m th e basis of Le e Kennett' s G.I.: The American Soldier in World War II an d o f Norma n Longmate' s The G.I.s: The Americans in Britain, 1942-1945, 2
PREFACE
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The wa r wit h Mexico , however , i s a subject tha t ha s no t garnere d the amoun t o f historica l interes t tha t mos t othe r America n conflict s have generated. Graduat e student s ove r th e year s hav e writte n M.A . theses an d Ph.D . dissertation s describin g participatio n i n th e wa r b y the soldier s o f individua l states , bu t ther e ha s bee n littl e attemp t t o address the day-to-day activitie s of all the American soldier s involved . The presen t study, then , attempt s to fill this gap. No wor k o f thi s kin d ma y b e don e withou t help , an d I wis h t o acknowledge som e o f thos e wh o helpe d me . Althoug h th e staff s o f all the libraries I visited wer e courteous an d helpful , certai n peopl e seeme d to go out of their way t o help me. Amon g thes e were Michael Music k of th e Nationa l Archives ; Made l Morga n o f th e Mississipp i Depart ment o f Archive s an d History ; Gary J. Arnol d o f the Ohio Historica l Society; Rand y Robert s of the Joint Collection of the Western Histor ical Manuscript Collection and the State Historical Societ y of Missouri Manuscripts a t th e Universit y o f Missouri ; an d Herber t Hartsoo k o f the Sout h Carolinian a Librar y a t th e Universit y o f South Carolina . The librar y staf f of the interlibrary loa n department o f the Universit y of Housto n wa s alway s helpfu l i n obtainin g hard-to-fin d secondar y works for me, an d I thank them. I also thank Joseph T. Glatthaa r and James Kirby Marti n for their critical readin g of the manuscript.
Abbreviations in ^tytes
AH Atlant a Historica l Societ y Ala Alabam a Departmen t o f Archive s an d Histor y Chi Chicag o Historica l Societ y Dayton Dayto n an d Montgomer y Count y Publi c Librar y Duke Specia l Collection s Department , Willia m R . Perkin s Li brary, Duk e Universit y E Car Eas t Carolina Universit y Librar y Filson Manuscrip t Department , Filso n Club , Louisville , Ken tucky 111 Illinoi s Stat e Historica l Librar y Ind H Indian a Historica l Societ y Librar y Ind L Manuscrip t Collection , Indian a Division , Indian a Stat e Li brary LSU Louisian a an d Lowe r Mississipp i Valle y Collections , LS U Libraries MHI U.S . Arm y Militar y Histor y Institut e Minn Minnesot a Historica l Societ y Miss Mississipp i Departmen t o f Archive s an d Histor y Mo H Missour i Historica l Societ y N H Ne w Hampshir e Historica l Societ y Ohio Ohi o Historica l Societ y Rice Ric e Universit y Librar y SMU DeGolye r Library , Souther n Methodis t University , Dalla s xv
XVI
ABBREVIATIONS
Tenn Tennesse e Stat e Librar y an d Archive s U M i Bentle y Historica l Librar y a t the Universit y o f Michiga n U M o Wester n Historica l Manuscrip t Collection-Columbia , Uni versity o f Missour i UNC Souther n Historica l Collection , Librar y o f th e Universit y of Nort h Carolin a a t Chapel Hil l USC Sout h Carolinian a Library , Universit y o f Sout h Carolin a USMA Specia l Collection s Division , Unite d State s Militar y Acad emy Librar y UT Universit y o f Texas Archive s UTA Specia l Collection s Divisio n o f th e Universit y o f Texa s at Arlington Librarie s U V a Universit y o f Virgini a Librar y Va A Persona l Paper s Collection , Archive s Branch , Virgini a State Librar y an d Archives , Richmond , Virgini a Va H Virgini a Historica l Societ y WM Swe m Library , Colleg e o f Willia m an d Mary Yale Beineck e Librar y a t Yale Universit y
CHAPTER I
i n o - ! (i943) : 4'- 6 6Hamilton, Charle s S . "Memoir s o f th e Mexica n War. " Wisconsin Magazine of History 14, no. 1 (1930) : 63-92. Herrick, W . B . "Remark s upo n th e Organizatio n o f th e Medical Departmen t of th e Army , an d th e Effect s o f Marchin g an d a Camp Lif e i n Producin g and Modifyin g Disease. " Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal 2, no. 3(1847) : 225-32. Hess, John W . "Joh n W . Hess , wit h th e Mormo n Battalion. " Utah Historical Quarterly 4, no . 2 (1931): 47-55. Heyer, Charle s H . " A Mexica n Wa r Letter. " Magazine of History 17 , no . 6 (1913): 2 3 8 - 4 1 .
H. [Hill , D . H. ] "Th e Battle s o f th e Ri o Grande." Southern Quarterly Review, n.s., 2 , no. 4 (November 1850) : 427-63. Holland, James K . "Diar y o f a Texan Voluntee r i n the Mexican War." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 30, no. 1 (Jul y 1926) : 1-33 . Hollings worth, John McHenry. "Journa l of John McHenry Holling s worth: A Lieutenant i n Stevenson' s Regimen t i n California." California Historical Society Quarterly 1, no. 3 (January 1923) : 207-70. Jarvis, Natha n S . "A n Arm y Surgeon' s Note s o f Frontie r Service—Mexica n War."Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 40, no . 14 7 (May 1907) : 435-52; 41, no. 14 8 (June 1007) : 90-105. Johnson, Willia m S . "Privat e Johnson Fight s th e Mexicans, 1847-1848. " Ed-
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ited b y Joh n Hammon d Moore . South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 6y, no . 4 (1966): 203-28. Jones, Nathanie l V . "Th e Journal o f Nathanie l V . Jones , wit h th e Mormo n Battalion." Utah Historical Quarterly 4 (January 1931) : 6-23. K., G . W . "Ver a Cruz." LitteWs Living Age 13 , no. 15 7 (1847): 328-29. Kendall, Georg e W . "Mr . Kendall' s Letter s fro m th e Army. " LitteWs Living Age 15 , no. 18 3 (1847): 323-35. King, John Nevin . "Th e Happ y Soldier : Th e Mexica n Wa r Letter s o f John Nevin King. " Edited b y Walte r B . Hendrickson . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 46, no. 1 (1953) : 13-27146 , no . 2 (1953): 151-70 . Lane, Henr y S . "Th e Mexica n Wa r Journal o f Henr y S . Lane. " Edite d b y Graham A . Barringer . Indiana Magazine of History 53, no . 4 (1957) : 383 434Lane, W . B . "Th e Unite d State s Cavalr y i n th e Mexican War." Journal of the United States Cavalry Association 3 , no. n (Decembe r 1890) : 388-408. Long, Edwi n Ramsey . "A n Essa y o n Deleriu m Tremens. " Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal1, no. 2 (June 1846) : 97-107. Lundie, Thoma s Y . "Letter s fro m Mexico : 1847-1848. " Edited b y James W . McKee. Tennessee Historical Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1970): 152-59 . McClintock, Willia m A . "Journa l o f a Tri p throug h Texa s an d Norther n Mexico i n 1846-1847. " Southwestern Historical Quarterly 34 , no . 1 (1930): 20-37; 34, no. 2 (1930): 141-58 ; 34, no. 3 (1931): 231-56. McSherry, Richard . " A Mexica n Campaig n Sketch. " New Eclectic 3 (1868) : 327-36. McWilliams, William Joseph. "A Westmoreland Guard in Mexico, 1847-1848 : The Journal o f Willia m Joseph McWilliams, " Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 52, no. 3 (July 1969) : 213-40; 52, no. 4 (October 1969) : 387 4'3Manigault, Arthu r M. " A Lette r from Ver a Cruz i n 1847. " Edited b y Rober t A. Law . Southwestern Historical Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1914): 215-18. "Memories o f Mexico. " Harpers New Monthly Magazine 3 (June-Novembe r 1851): 461-66. Molina, Ignacio . "E l Asalt o al Castillo de Chapultepec: E l Di a 1 3 Septiembr e de 1847. " Revista Postiva Cientifka, Filosofica, Social y Politica; Organa del Positivismo, no . 2 2 (1002): 444-64. Morrison, Georg e S . "Lette r from Mexico by George S . Morrison , a Member of Capt . Alber t Pike' s Squadron. " Arkansas Historical Quarterly 16 , no . 4 (1957): 398-401. Nauman, George . " A Lancastria n i n th e Mexica n War. " Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society 12 , no. 3 (1008): 109-29 . . "I n Comman d a t Ver a Cruz , 1847-1848. " Papers Read to Lancaster County Historical Society 18 , no. 6 (June 1914) : 157-60 . Nunnelee, S . F . "Alabam a i n Mexic o War. " Alabama Historical Quarterly 1 9 (1957): 413-33.
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Patton, A . "Recollection s o f Medica l Servic e durin g th e Wa r wit h Mexico. " Indiana Journal of Medicine 5, no. 4 (August 1874) : 145-50 . Porter, John B . "Medica l an d Surgica l Note s o f Campaign s i n th e Wa r wit h Mexico, durin g th e Years 1845 , 1846 , 1847 , and 1848. " American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2 3 (Januar y 1852) : 13-37 ; 2 4 (Jul y 1852) : 13-30 ; 2 5 (January 1853) : 25-42; 2 6 (October 1853) : 297-333 ; 35 (April 1858) : 347 52.
Proctor, Alfre d N . " A Massachusett s Mechani c i n Florid a an d Mexico — 1847." Edited b y Arthu r W. Thompson . Florida Historical Quarterly 33 , no. 2(1954): 130-41 .
Quesenbury, William . "William Quesenbury of Fayetteville Reports the Battle of Buena Vista , Mexico." Flashback: Preserving the Past for the Future 4, no . 2 (1954): 34-36 . Reilly, James. "A n Artilleryman's Story. " Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 33, no. 12 6 (1003): 438-47. Richardson, Willia m H . "Willia m H . Richardson' s Journa l o f Doniphan' s Expedition." Edite d b y Willia m B . McGroarty . Missouri Historical Review 22, no . 2 (1928): 193-236 ; 22 , no . 3 (1928): 331-60 ; 22, no. 4 (1928): 51142.
Rogers, William P. "The Diary and Letters of William P. Rogers, 1846-1862. " Edited b y Eleano r Damo n Pace . Southwestern Historical Quarterly 32, no . 4 (April 1929) : 259-09 .
Scott, Winfield , an d Harney , Willia m S . "Scot t an d Harney—A n Officia l Episode of th e Mexican War." Journal of the United States Cavalry Association 9, no . 3 5 (December 1806) : 316-27. Skelly, James . "Diar y o f a Pennsylvani a Voluntee r i n th e Mexica n War. " Edited b y James K . Greer . Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 12, no. 3 (1929): 147-54 . "Sketches of the Mexica n War : The Texa n Ranger. " Frasers Magazine 38 , no. 7 (July 1848) : 91-102. Smith, Persifo r F . "Th e Second Brigade , a t Monterey." Historical Magazine 3 , no. 1 (Marc h 1874) : 138-40 . Steele, John. "Extract s fro m th e Journal of John Steele. " Utah Historical Quarterly 6, no . 1 (Januar y 1933) : 2-28. Sweeny, Thoma s W . "Narrativ e of Army Servic e in the Mexican War and on the Plains, 1846-18 5 3. "Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 42, no. 15 1 (1908): 126-35 . Taliaferro, Willia m Booth . "Willia m Boot h Taliaferro's Letter s from Mexico , 1847-1848." Edite d b y Ludwel l H . Johnson . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 73, no. 4 (1965): 455-73"Taylor's Battles in Mexico." Harpers New Monthly Magazine n , no . 62 (1855): 170-85.
Thomas, John. " A Mexica n Wa r Incident. " Edite d b y To m Feathers . Flashback: Preserving the Past for the Future 7, no . 3 (1957): 23-24.
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Toll, Isaa c D . "Michigan' s Recor d i n the Wa r with Mexico. " Pioneer Society of Michigan Papers 2 (1877): 171-77 . . "Michiga n Soldier s i n Mexico. " Pioneer Society of Michigan Papers 7 (1884): 112-21 .
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Upton, Barna . "Ou r Firs t Foreig n War. " Edited b y Willia m F . Goetzmann . American Heritage 17 , no. 4(1966): 18-27 , 85-99 Viall, Nelson . "Recollection s o f th e Mexica n War. " Rhode Island Historical Collections 30, no. 3 (July 1937) : 65-82. Watson, Henr y Bulls . "Th e Journa l o f Secon d Lt . Henr y Bull s Watson. " Fortitudine (Summer 1985) : 3-8. Weber, R . B. , ed . "Th e Mexica n War : Som e Persona l Correspondence. " Indiana Magazine of History 6$, no . 2 (1969): 133-39 . Whitworth, Rober t W . "Fro m th e Mississipp i t o th e Pacific : A n Englishma n in the Mormo n Battalion. " Edited b y Davi d B . Grac y I I and Hele n J. H . Rugeley. Arizona and the West 7, no . 2 (1965): 127-60 . Wynne, James. "Memoi r of the Rev . Antho y Rey , S . J." United States Catholic Magazine 6, no . 10(1847) : 543-52. Wool, Joh n E . "Genera l Joh n E . Wool' s Memorand a o f th e Battl e o f Buen a Vista." Edited b y K . Jack Bauer . Southwestern Historical Quarterly JJ, no . 1 (1973): 111-25 .
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Coffman, Edwar d M . The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898. New Yor k and Oxford: Oxford Universit y Press , 1986 . Cunliffe, Marcus . Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775186$. Bosto n and Toronto: Little, Brown , 1068 . Cutler, Wayne ; Eisenhower ; John S . D. ; Soto , Migue l E. ; an d Richmond , Douglas W . Essays on the Mexican War. Edite d b y Dougla s W . Richmond . College Station: Texas A&M Universit y Press , 1986 . De Leon , Arnoldo . They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821-1900. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983 . Dolph, Edwar d Arthur . "Sound Off!": Soldier Songs from the Revolution to World War II. Ne w Yor k and Toronto: Farrar & Rinehart, 1929 , 1942 . Eisenhower, Joh n S . D . So Far from God: The U.S. War with Mexico, 18461848. Ne w York : Random House, 1989 .
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Johannsen, Rober t W . To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination. New Yor k an d Oxford : Oxfor d Universit y Press , 1985. Katcher, Phili p R. N . The Mexican-American War, 1846-1848. London: Osprey Publishing, 1976 . Kreidberg, Marvi n A. , an d Henry , Merto n G . History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 177s-1945- Westport, Conn. : Greenwoo d Press , »955Lacour-Gayet, Robert . Everyday Life in the United States before the Civil War, 1830-1860. Translate d b y Mar y 1 1 ford. Ne w York : Frederic k Ungar , 1969. Leach, Jac k Franklin . Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, Vt. : Charles E. Tuttle, 1952 . Lerwill, Leonar d J. The Personnel Replacement System in the United States Army. Washington, D.C. : Department of the Army, 1954 . Lewis, Virgi l A . The Soldiery of West Virginia in the French and Indian War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolution, the Later Indian Wars, the Whiskey Insurrection, the Second War with England, the War with Mexico, and Addenda relating to West Virginians in the Civil War. Reprint . Baltimore : Genealogical Publish ing, 1972 . McWhiney, Grady . Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat. Ne w Yor k and Lon don: Columbia Universit y Press , 1969 . Miller, Rober t Ryal . Shamrock and Sword: The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the U.S.-Mexican War. Norma n an d London : Universit y o f Oklahom a Press , 1989.
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Index
Accidental deaths , 45 , 83-8 5 Adams, John Quincy , 6 6 Aguardiente, 10 0 Alabama volunteers , 16-17 , 19 , 25 , 27 , 36, 43 , 50 , 68 , 70 , 86 , 89 , 94 , 96-98 , 174 Alamo, Battl e of, 3-4 , 33-3 4 Alburtis, William , 13 0 Alvarez, Juan, 180-8 1 American Medica l Association , 5 5 Ampudia, Pedro , 7-9 , 133-34 , 17 3 Anesthesia, 190-9 2 Antietam, Battl e of, 5 3 Arista, Mariano , 8-1 3 Arkansas volunteers , 17 , 91, 124-25 , 139, 14 4 Armijo, Manuel , 148 , 150-5 1 Armistice: a t Monterrey, 134-35 , 140 ; at Mexico City, 17 9 Army o f Observation , 6 Army o f Occupation , 7 , 16 5 Army o f th e West, 147-6 2 Austin, Moses , 1 Austin, Stephen , 1
Belknap, Willia m G. , 1 2 Bent's Fort , 15 0 Blacks i n the America n army , 26-27 , 114 Bounty, 17 6 Bowles, Willia m A. , 14 4 Bragg, Braxton , 92 , 145 , 20 3 Branding, 110 , 19 6 Bravo, Nicholas , 18 3 Brazito, Battl e of, 157-5 9 Bryant, Willia m Cullen , 16 2 Bucking and gagging, 106-10 7 Buena Vista , Battl e of: described , 142 46; mentioned, 88 , 92 , 137-38 , 162 , 178, 186-87 , 190 , 20 6 Buffaloes, 93 , 149-5 0 Butler, Willia m O. , 13 5 Calderon d e l a Barca , Madame , 20 9 Carson, Kit , 15 2 Casa Mata, 180-8 1 Casualties: Buen a Vista , 146 ; Cerro Gordo, 172 ; Contreras/Churubusco, 179; El Molin o del Rey , 181 ; Monterrey, 135 ; Palo Alto , 10 ; Resaca de la Palma, 13 ; Veracruz, 17 0 Catholic churches/religion, 71-7 3 Cerro Gordo, Battl e of: described , 171 73: mentioned , 26 , 188 , 20 7
Baker, Edwar d D. , 11 9 Baltimore volunteers, 1 8 Battle anxiety , 130-32 , 185-8 7 Beauregard, Pierre'G . T. , 8 4 2
7'
272
INDEX
Chapman, Nathaniel , 6 1 Chapultepec, Battl e of: described , 181 — 84; mentioned, 187 , 189 , 19 6 Cholera, 52 , 5 9 Churubusco, Battl e of: described , 178 79; mentioned, 194 , 19 6 Civil Wa r comparisons, 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 53,61-62, 111 , 114 , 122 , 137-38 , 175, 206-207 , 209-1 0 Clark, Meriwethe r Lewis , 15 7 Clay, Henry , Jr., 14 5 Clothing/uniforms, 21 , 27-28 , 45 , 50 , 87-88,90,95, 114-15 , 16 1 Company elections , 2 1 Conscription, 23 , 111 , 130 , 206-20 7 Contreras, Battl e of: described , 178 ; mentioned, 18 7 Cooke, Phili p St . George , 152 , 154-5 6 Cooper, Samuel , 4 3 Cortes, Hernando , 17 2 Courts-martial, 107-10 9 Crimes agains t civilians , 122-2 8 Crockett, David , 3 4 Cushing, Caleb , 23 , 88-89 , 106 , 114 , 117
Davis, Jefferson, 21 , 41, 134 , 20 3 Declaration o f War , 7 Delerium tremens , 45 , 101-10 2 Desertion, 24-25 , 30 , 45 , 49 , 107 , 109 13, 141 , 176 , 179 , 181 , 194-96 ; Mexican attempts t o encourage desertion , 112-13 Diarrhea, 52 , 60-61 , 15 5 Discipline, 48 , 106-2 8 Disease, 52-6 5 Doctors, 23-25 , 54-57 , 187-8 8 Doniphan, Alexander , 29 , 121 , 148 , 152 , 157-62 Drill, 43-44 , 82-8 3 Drink, 37 , 99-10 2 Drinking water , 46-47 , 58 , 61 , 95 , 123 , 149-50, 15 2 Duncan, James, 9-1 0 Dysentery, 52 , 60-6 1 El Molin o del Rev , Battl e of: described , 180-83; mentioned, 138 , 19 4
Engineers, 43 , 100 , 142 , 152 , 171 , 177 78, 180 , 18 2 Eutaw Rangers , 1 9 Evacuation o f Mexico , 20 1 Executions, 109-10 , 196-9 7 Fandangos, 73 , 76 , 103-104 , 161 , 19 7 Fannin, James, 3-4 , 33-34 , 14 2 Fear, 130-32 , 185-8 7 Flogging, 107 , 110 , 19 5 Food, 46-47 , 61 , 73 , 92-99, 110-11 , 147, 152-53 , 155-56 , 161 , 203,21 0 Foraging, 98-9 9 Foreigners i n th e America n army , 29 , 31, 11 3 Foreigners i n th e Texas army , 33-3 4 Fort Texas , 8 Fredericksburg, Battl e of, 13 8 Gaines, Edmun d P. , 15-1 6 Gambling, 102 , 124 , 197 , 20 0 Garland, John, 132-33 , 18 5 Georgia volunteers , 17 , 29 , 34 , 45, 80 , 117-19 Goff, Peter , 2 1 Goliad massacre , 3-4 , 33-3 4 Gonzales, Battl e of, 3 Grant, Ulysse s S. , 42 , 62 , 86 , 99 , 123 , 135-37, 175 , 184 , 186 , 200 , 20 3 Hamtramck, John F. , 11 6 Hardin, John J., 92 , 144-4 5 Harney, Willia m S. , 19 6 Hill, D . H. , 20 3 Homecoming, 201-20 3 Houston, Sam , 3-4 , 6 8 Illinois volunteers , 17-18 , 21 , 46 , 50 , 52-53, 58 , 62 , 63-74 , 77 , 82 , 88-92 , 94, 97 , 99 , 101 , 109-10 , 114 , 119 , 130, 139 , 143-45 , 20 2 Indiana volunteers , 17-18 , 20 , 23 , 25 26, 37 , 45, 47 , 50 , 57 , 68 , 90 , 95-96 , 101, 117 , 136 , 143-44 , 146 , 177 , 20 2 Indians, 1 , 3 , 66, 68-69 , 74 , 78-79 , 89 , 123, 147 , 149 , 154 , 156-57 , 177 , 208 209 Insects, 50-51 , 151-5 2
INDEX Jackson, Andrew , 5 Jackson, Thoma s "Stonewall, " 203 Jasper Greens, 29 , 118-1 9 Jefferson, Thomas , 1 , 6 6 Jesup, Thoma s S. , 17 1 Kearny, Stephe n Watts , 147-48 , 150 52, 155 , 15 7 Kennesaw Rangers , 118-1 9 Kentucky volunteers , 17-19 , 20 , 36 , 45, 76,96, 118 , 136 , 144-45,20 3 Kirkland, Richard , 13 8 Lane, Joseph, 143-4 4 Language barrier , 75-7 7 Lee, Rober t E. , 84 , 122 , 170 , 192 , 20 3 Lice, 151-5 2 Louisiana volunteers , 15 , 20 , 83 , 12 0 Louisville Legion , 13 6 Lovejoy, Elijah , 2 1 McClellan, Georg e B. , 98-99 , 121 , 20 3 McMahon, Capt. , 11 9 Mail, 85-8 6 Malaria, 52 , 58-6 0 "Manifest destiny, " 66 Marcy, Willia m B. , 14 , 20 , 117 , 14 7 Maryland volunteers , 18 , 2 0 Massachusetts volunteers , 19 , 23 , 76 , 11 4 May, Charle s A. , 1 2 Meade, Georg e G. , 7 , 18 , 200 , 20 3 Mescal, 10 0 Mexican soldiers , 9 , 11 , 133 , 136-39 , 141, 146 , 150 , 158 , 160 , 169 , 17 3 Mexican towns , 69-7 1 Mexican women , 77-79 , 199-20 0 Mexico City campaign , 177-8 5 Mier expedition, 5 , 33-34 , 127 . Mississippi volunteers , 16-17 , 20 , 27-28 , 48, 58 , 89-90 , 115-17 , 121 , 131 , 136 , 144, 186 , 20 3 Missouri volunteers , 16-17 , 25 , 29 , 32 , 46, 70 , 87 , 93-94 , 100 , 102 , 104 , 121 , 147-52, 157-6 2 Monterrey, Battl e of: described , 132-35 ; mentioned, 32 , 60, 70-71 , 75 , 88 , 90 , 121, 123 , 129 , 135-37 , 139-40 , 142 , 165, 181 , 184 , 187 . 189 , 197 , 20 6
273
Morales, Juan, 16 8 Mormon Battalion , 98 , 147-49 , 151-57 , 208 Mutiny, 48-49 , 109 , 113-1 7 National Associatio n o f Mexica n Wa r Veterans, 20 4 New Yor k volunteers , 17 , 31 , 44-45 , 48-49, 80 , 117-18 , 18 3 Newspapers, 197-9 9 North Carolin a volunteers , 19 , 21 , 28, 82, 115-17 , 199 , 202-20 3 Officers, a s described b y soldiers , 87 92 Ohio volunteers , 17-18 , 31 , 37 , 51-52 , 58, 71-72 , 83 , 90, 92 , 95 , 107 , 114 , 117-18, 122 , 130-31 , 133 , 135 , 199 , 203 Ormsbv, Stephen , 4 5 O'Sullivan, Joh n L. , 6 6 Padierna, Battl e of, 17 8 Palo Alto , Battl e of: described , 9-11 ; mentioned, 11 , 13 , 20 , 32 , 129 , 165 , 186, 20 5 Paine, Rober t T. , 115-1 7 Patterson, Robert , 12 4 Pay, 17 6 Pennsylvania volunteers , 21 , 84 , 87 , 91, 118* 124 , 167-69 , 17 3 Pensions, 20 4 Persian Gulf Wa r comparisons, 205 207 Physical exams , 23-2 6 Pickett's Mill , Battl e of, 13 8 Pierce, Franklin , 20 3 Pillow, Gideo n J., 8 8 Poe, Edga r Allan , 3 0 Point Isabel , 8 Polk, James K. , 1 , 6-8, 13 , 44, 80-81 , 88, 117 , 19 9 Ponce d e Leon , Antonio , 158-5 9 Porter, John B. , 60 , 6 4 Premonitions o f death, 13 0 Prescott, Willia m H. , 20 9 Puebla, 61 , 71-72 , 121 , 176-78 , 19 3 Pulque, 10 0
274
INDEX
Quitman, John, 18 3 Rea, Joaquin, 19 3 Reinforcements, 175-7 7 Regular U.S . troops , 7-8 , 11-13 , 15 , 18 , 27-29, 43-44 , 48 , 55 , 61-62 , 70 , 72 74, 82 , 87-88 , 91-93 , 97-100 , 102 103, 110-12 , 115 , 119-23 , 126-27 , 129, 132-33 , 135-36 , 139 , 141 , 144 , 147-48, 152 , 154 , 159 , 167-69 , 172 73, 175-77 , 181-82 , 184 , 189 , 194 , 201, 20 7 Resaca de l a Palma, Battl e of: described , 11-13; mentioned , 20 , 32 , 129 , 16 5 Revolutionary Wa r comparisons, 16 , 26 , 53,61-62, 111 , 120 , 20 9 Ridgely, Randolph , 1 2 Riley, John, 195-9 6 Rivalry, interstate , 117-19 ; volunteer s vs. regulars , 119-2 2 River trip, 44-4 5 Sacramento, Battl e of, 160-6 1 San Antonio , Battl e of, 3 San Jacinto, Battl e of, 4 San Patrici o Battalion , 113 , 179 , 181 , 194-97 Sanitation/hygiene, 6 1 Santa Anna , Antoni o Lope z de , 2-5 , 124-25, 138 , 140-46 , 171-72 , 174 , 178, 182-85 , 193 , 206 , 20 8 Santa F e expedition (1841) , 4- 5 Scott, Winfield , 14 , 36 , 42 , 57 , 62 , 70 , 111, 141 , 146 , 162 , 166 , 168 , 170-72 , 174-82, 184-85 , 192-95 , 199 , 203 , 206-207 Sea voyage , 46-5 0 Seasickness, 4 7 Seminole Wars , mentioned , 13 , 91 Semmes, Raphael , 18 4 Seven Years ' War comparisons, 5 3 Sherman, Willia m T. , 175 , 192 , 21 0 Slidell, John, 6 Smallpox, 5 2 South Carolin a volunteer s (Palmett o Regiment), 18 , 23 , 45, 47 , 75 , 86 , 11 7
Souvenirs, 159 , 19 9 Spanish America n Wa r comparisons, 207, 20 9 Stevenson, Jonathan D. , 48-4 9 Sutlers, 95-96 , 10 0 Taylor, Zachary , 6-16 , 20 , 26 , 28 , 32 , 77, 87-89 , 112 , 117 , 125-26 , 129 , 132, 134-35 , 139-43 , 145-46 , 165-66 , 175, 203 , 20 6 Tennessee volunteers , 17-19 , 20 , 53 , 84, 88, 117-18 , 121 , 20 3 Texas annexation , 5 Texas, colonizatio n of , 1- 3 Texas Revolution : described, 3-4 ; mentioned, 31 , 33 , 34 , 127 , 14 2 Texas volunteers , 15 , 17 , 20 , 33 , 35 , 46, 125-27, 173 , 190 , 20 9 Thornton, Seth B. , 7 , 1 5 Torrejon, Anastasio , 9-10 , 1 5 Travis, Willia m B. , 3 Treatment o f wounded , 187-9 2 Treaty o f Guadalup e Hidalgo , 124 , 20 1 Trist, Nicholas , 17 9 Uniforms, 21 , 27-28 , 45 , 50 , 87-88 , 90 , 95, 114-15 , 16 1 Vega, Romul o Dia z de la , 1 2 Venesection (bleeding) , 59-6 0 Venereal disease , 10 4 Veracruz, Battl e of: described , 165-71 ; mentioned, 50 , 56-57 , 62-64 , 70 , 130 , 141, 177 , 191-93 , 197 , 201 , 203 , 20 7 Vietnam Wa r comparisons, 33 , 114 , 206-207 Virginia volunteers , 19-20 , 27 , 32 , 47, 71, 115-17 , 129 , 173 , 19 9 Walker, Sam , 12 7 War of 181 2 comparisons, 26 , 32 , 204 , 206, 20 9 Washington, George , 61 , 110 , 113 , 12 0 Weapons, 35-42 , 173-7 4
INDEX Weather, 81-82 , 13 9 Wool, John E. , 91 , 117 , 124-25 , 139-46 , 152, 157 , 159 , 161-6 2 Women i n th e ranks: American army , 25-26, 31 ; Mexican army , 15 9 World Wa r I comparisons, 205 , 20 7 World Wa r II comparisons, 33 , 53 , 20 9
275
Worth, Willia m J., 64 , 134 , 140-41 , 174 , 180-81, 183-8 5 Yellow fever , 52 , 62-64 , 167-68 , 171 , 175, 20 1 Young, Brigham , 14 8
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