Ancient Marble Quarrying and Trade: Papers from a Colloquium held at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, San Antonio, Texas, December, 1986 9780860545828, 9781407347387


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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Illustrations, Figures and Tables
INTRODUCTION
I. LES CARRIERES DES EPOQUES GRECQUE, ROMAINE ET BYZANTINE: TECHNIQUES ET ORGANISATION
II. PATTERNS OF EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTIONIN THE WHITE MARBLE QUARRIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN:HISTORY, PRESENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
III. RECENT WORK IN STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF WHITE MARBLE AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM
IV. SCULPTURE FROM CYRENE IN ITS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT
V. ROMAN STATUARY AND THE SUPPLY OF STATUARY MARBLE
Abbreviations and Common Bibliography
Index
Authors' Addreses
Recommend Papers

Ancient Marble Quarrying and Trade: Papers from a Colloquium held at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, San Antonio, Texas, December, 1986
 9780860545828, 9781407347387

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Ancient Marble Quarrying and -Trade Papers from a Collo quium held at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, San Antonio, Texas, December, 1986

edited by

J. Clayton Fant with cont ribut ions by Tony Kozelj, M. Waelkens, P. De Paepe, L. Moens Susan Walker and Keith Matthews Susan E. Kane Amanda Claridge

BAR Internatio nal Series 453 1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR S453, 1988: 'Ancient Marble Quarrying and Trade' © The

Individual Authors,

1988

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860545828 paperback ISBN 9781407347387 e-book

DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545828

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

ANCIENT MARBLE QUARRYING AND TRADE Contents

iv

Illustrations, Figures and Tables Introduction ......................................................

J.C. Fant I Les carrieres des epoques grecque, romaine et byzantin ....... . .............

3

Tony Kozelj II Patterns of Extraction and Production in the White Marble Quarries of the Mediterranean: History, Present Problems and Prospects .............. 81

M. Waelkens, P. de Paepe, L. Moens III Recent Work in Stable Isotope Analysis of White Marble at the British Museum 117

Susan Walker and Keith Matthews IV Sculpture from Cyrene in its Mediterranean Context

127

Susan E. Kane V Roman Statuary and the Supply of Statuary Marble . . . .................. 139

Amanda Claridge Abbreviations and Common Bibliography ....... .. ..... . .. ...... . . ... ... 153 Index ......... ... .... ................. .. ... . .... ....... ........ 159 Authors' Addresses .................................................. 165

Ill

I tra t ions , F igures a nd T ab les lus

I L es c arr ieres d es é poques g recque , r oma ine e t b yzan t in ( a l p ho to s b y a u thor e xcep t a s n o ted ) l p age P lanche 1 I . 1 K ouros l I . 2 K ouros l K ouros K ouros

d 'Apo lon d e T ha so s (Mu see d ' I s tanbu l ) . l d e Naxo s . c r iophore d e l ' acropo le d e T ha sos . d es c arr iere s d e D iony s io d ans l eP en te l ique .

1 3

P lanche 2 I . 3 S ta tue d 'Apo lon i n s i tu d an s l ac arr iere d e Naxo s . l l I . 4 D eux ieme k ouros d e Naxo s . l

1 5

P lanche 3 l I . 5 A .

1 7

B .

l P re levemen t d 'un e chan t i lon d e marbre d an s u ne p aro i v er t ica le d e l ac arr iere d e v a t i s ion e n E ubee . Mode d 'ex t rac t ion d 'un b loc ä Pepoque a rcha ique .

P lanche 4 l I . 6 C .

1 9 B loc s d u p or t d 'Ama thon te , Chypre , a vec empre in te s d e s c o in s d e b o i s . D . Cuves d i te s g ourna . L 'une , s e rvan t d e f oyer , e s t s 2 , 5 , 6 ) ; L 'au tre , s e r t d e b as t sin p ercee d 'un c ana l p our a t i ser l ef eu ( n° s 1 ,3 , 4 ) . p our l ' eau ( No S 1e t 6 : Kary s tos , E ubee . NO N° 2 :A rchange lou , T ha so s . NO S 3 , 4 , 5 : My l i , E ubee . P lanche 5 2 1 l I . 7 C riere t ar empora ire s i tuee ä Ph i loppapo , D e lphe s . race sd 'ex trac t ion d e sb loc s L ongueur : 2 7m , l a rgeur : 6m . Cubage e va lue : 6 48 m 3.T NO S 1ä4 3 s on t i nd iquee s p ar l e s p o in t s n o ir s .

P lanche 6 2 3 l I . 8 O rgan i sa t ion d 'une c a rr iere p ermanen te . A . Z one d 'ex trac t ion d es b loc s , e xemp le , u ne c o lonne mono l i the ( Kary s to s , E ubee ) . B . Emp lacemen td e l ' a te l ier äc i e lo uver tp our l ' en tre t ien e tl ar epara t ion d e s o u t i l s : f oyer e t e nc lume . sin C . B as . D . A te l ier d e menu i ser ie p our l ' en tre t ien d es e l emen t sd es mach ines d el evage e t d e s e chafaudages . E . Amenagemen t d 'un p e t i t s anc tua ire . A V a thy , T ha sos , t r ou d e p o teau p our l am ise e n p lace d 'une t en te s e rvan t d 'abr i a u s anc tua ire . F . S t e le f unera ire o u v o t ive . G . Emp lacemen td el a mach ine d e l e vage p our l ec hargemen td e sb loc s äb ord d u b a teau . H . Z one d 'hab i ta t ion . I . C ons truc t ion d efen s ive . J . D eb la is .

p age K .

Nom d e l ac arr iere g rave äP en tree d e l ac arr iere .

P lanche 7 I . 9 P rem iere c arr iere ( permanen te ) d e S a hara , T ha so s . l

2 5

P lanche 8 I . 1 0-12 ls

2 7

F ig s . 1 -3 P lanche 9 ls I . 1 3-14 F ig s . 4 -5

C o in s d e f er p rovenan t d 'une ma i son d e c arr ier s d u P en te l ique , m e o u X IX ' s i èc le . d u XV Ie I I I dem .

C o in s d e f er p rovenan t d 'une ma i son d e c arr ier s d u P en te l ique , I I d u XV I ' o u X IX s i èc le . I dem .

2 9

P lanche 1 0 3 1 l I . 1 5 P ha ses d e f abr ica t ion d 'un s a rcophage r o ma in äS a hara , T ha sos . D egagemen t d u b loc d an s l ac arr iere . N° 1 N° 2 I nc i s ion a u c i seau d e l af orme d u s a rcophage . N° 3 E quarr is u c i seau d 'apres P inc i s ion . s age a NO S 4 , 5 C reu semen t d e P in ter ieur . N° 6 E quarr is ina l . s age f N° 7 I nc i s ion a u c i seau d e l af orme d u c ouverc le . N o s 8 , 9 -, 10 E quarr is u c i seau d 'apre P inc i s ion . s age a N ° 1 1 E quarr is i na l . s age f 2 N° 1 E ta t f i na l a van tl et r an spor tv er s P a te l ier d ef i n i t ion .

P lanche 1 1 1 . 1 6 C o lonne s d e Kary 1 s to s , E ubee . B loc s mono l i the s . N° 1 D iam . b a se : 0 ,75m . L . i ncomp le te : 5 ,55 m . N° 2 D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . L . v i s ib le : 7 ,50m . N° 3 D iam . b a se : i nv i s ib le . L : 7 , 15m . N° 4 D iam . b a se : 1 , 43 m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 30m . L : 1 2 ,09m . N° 5 D iam . b a se e t s o mme t : 1 , 30m . L : 1 0 ,94m . N° 6 D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 20m L : 1 ,99m . N° 7 D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 20m . L : 1 2 ,02m N° 8 D iam . b a se : 1 , 40m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 35 m . L : 1 ,80m N° 9 D iam . b a se : 1 , 35m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 30m L : 1 ,95m .

3 3

P lanche 1 2 T ro is p hases d e s cu lp tures . 3 5 I . 1 7 E quarr is ro ss ier d 'un p er sonnage monumen ta l , d ebou t l s age g s ur u ne b a se . I n s i tu . H au teur t o ta le : 2 ,04 m . H au teur b a se : 0 ,20m . L . e t 1 .b a se : 0 ,75m x 0,75m . I . 1 8 P ha se d 'equarr is econda ire . I n s i tu . P ar t ie s uper ieure c on servee a u musee d e l s age s T ha so s . P ar t ie i nfer ieure d i sparue . H au teur t o ta le : 2m . I . 1 9 R e l ief a rcha ique o ü a ppara is t l e s d iver ses p ha se s d e t r ava i l . S eu le l ap ar t ie l s en s uper ieure d u c orp s e s t a chevee . S urface t a i lee : h au teur : 0 ,50m ; l l a rgeur : 0 ,25m ; e pa is : 0 , 15 m . s eur

v i

p age P lanche 1 3 I l . 2 0 I n scr ip t ion s d u n om d e l ac arr iere o u d u n om d u p ropr ie ta ire d e l ac arr iere ä T ha so s , E ubee , C h io s e t A thene s . E n tre E uroka s tro e t P hanar i , T ha sos . N° I P hanar i , T ha so s . N° 2 E n t re P hanar i e t Makr iamo s , T ha so s . N° 3 NO S 4 et 5 P rem iere c arr iere d e S a hara , T ha so s . T ro i s ieme c ar e S a hara , T ha sos . N° 6 riere d N° 7 Qua tr ieme c a rr iere d e S a hara , T ha so s . A rchange lou , T ha sos . N° 8

3 7

P lanche 1 4 . 2 1 I n scr ip t ion s d u n om d e l ac arr iere o u d u n om d u p ropr ie ta ire I d e l ac arr iere äT ha so s , E ubee , Ch ios e t A thenes . S 9 et 1 0 S ep t ieme c a rr iere d e S a hara , T ha sos . NO s 1 ä1 4 S ur d e s b loc s d e V a thy , T ha so s . No 5 E n tre V a thy e tS a hara , Tha so s . N° 1 6 S ur u n b loc d e l a 50 c arr iere d e V a thy , T ha so s . N° 1

3 9

P lanche 1 5 4 1 I . 2 2 I n scr ip t ion s d u n om d e l ac arr iere o u d u n om d u p ropr ie ta ire l d e l ac arr iere äT ha so s , E ubee , Ch io s e t A thene s . 7 D ern iere c arr iere ä gauche d e My l i , E ubee . N° 1 N° 1 8 C arr iere c en tra le d e My l i , E ubee . N° 1 9 P rem iere c a rr iere d e My l i , E ubee . 0 C arr iere s uper ieure d e My l i , E ubee . N° 2 1 S tyra , s ur u ne c o lonne , E ubee . N° 2 N° 2 2 C o l ine d es Nymphe s , A thene s . l 3 I dem , A thenes . N° 2 N° 2 4 L a tom i , Ch io s ,s ur u nb loc d e marbre d et ype p or tasan ta , A thene s . P lanche 1 6 I . 2 3 Emp lacemen t d es mach ines d e l e vage ( Archange lou , T ha sos ) l A : P la teforme d u t r eu i l . a ) P ied g auche d u t r eu i l : 0 ,23m x 0, 14 m . b ) P o in t d 'ancrage d u t r eu i l : 0 ,47 m x 0 , 14 m . P ied d ro i t : 0 ,23 m x 0 , 14m . c ) d ) P o in t d 'ancrage : 0 , 10m x 0,7m . e ) P o in t d 'ancrage d u n av ire d e t r an spor t . D iame tre : 0 , 10m . . 2 4 Z one d 'equarr is Va thy , T ha so s ) . I s age ( A P la teforme d u t r eu i l . a ) Empre in te d u p ied g auche d u t r eu i l : 0 ,22 m x 0 ,80m . b ) Empre in te d u p ied d ro i t : 0 ,42m x 0,20m . P o in t s d 'ancrage d u t r eu i l . c ) 0 ,40m x 0,30m . d ) 0 , 13m x 0,42m . e ) 0 , 14m x 0, 10m . f ) 0 , 16m x 0, 16m . g ) 0 , 12m x 0, 12m . h ) 0 ,08m x 0,06m . i ) 0 , 13m x 0,06m . j ) 0 , 16m x 0, 10m . k ) 0 , 18m x 0, I0m . I ) 0 ,20m x 0,20m . B : P la teforme i nfer ieure . C : Z one d 'equarr is . s age

v i i

4 3

p age P lanche 1 7 I . 2 5 l

4 5 S anc tua ire d e s p r i s ionn ier s b yzan t in s d an s l e s a nc ienne s c arr iere s r oma ine s . Mo t if s g rave s . A : A rchange lou , T ha so s . P aön : R epre sen ta t ion d iv ine . P er sonnage : O ff ic ian t . C ro ix . B : P rem iere c arr iere d e Va thy , Tha so s . C : E de ssa , Macedo ine .

P lanche 1 8 l I . 2 6 S te le f unera ire o u v o t ive d e S a hara , T ha so s . ( H t . 0 ,90m ; 1 . 0 ,40m ; e p . b a se 0 ,20m ) . I ned i te . D ecouver te e n 1 982 , l o r s d e p ro spec t ions , a vec t r o i s monna ie s d on t u ne d e V a len t in ianu s P lac idu s F lav ius Augu s tu s , A .D . 4 25-455 . P lanche 1 9 I l . 2 7 S i tua t ion g eograph ique d e s c a rr ieres äTha so s . I . 2 8 S i tua t ion g eograph ique d e s c arr iere s e n E ubee ( Kary s to s ) . l P lanche 2 0 l I . 2 9 S i tua t ion g eograph ique d e s c arr ieres d 'Eubee : S tyra , An ibor io e t Va t i s ion .

4 7

4 9

5 1

P lanche 2 1 5 3 F ig . 6 D egagemen t d 'un b loc p ar l ec reu semen t d 'un c ana l s ur t r o i s c ö te s . L a tom i , Ch io s . F ig . 7 B loc d 'epoque r o ma ine . P hanar i , T ha so s . F ig . 8 F ron t d 'ex trac t ion a vec u n t r ou p our l af i xa t ion d e s c ordage s . A l ik i , T ha so s . F ig . 9 I n scr ip t ion s i tuee äl al im i te d e l az one d 'exp lo i ta t ion d e l ap rem iere c arr iere d e . l P hanar i , Tha so s . C f . P l . 1 3 : I . 2 1 n° 1 F ig . 1 0 I n scr ip t ion s i tuee äl al im i te d e l ad eux ieme z one d ' exp lo i ta t ion . C arr iere sc on t ig ue s . C f . P l . 1 3 : I . 2 1 no 2 . l F ig . 1 I nscr ip t ion s d 'epoque b yzan t ine p e in tes a u m in ium . P lanche 2 2 F ig . 1 2 C a rr iere d e l ' acropo le d e T ha so s . P ho to EFA , 1 914 .

5 5

P lanche 2 3 5 7 F ig . 1 3 T ran spor t d u k ouro s c r iophore d e Tha so s . P ho to EFA , 1 914 . F ig . 1 4 Amenagemen t d 'une f on ta ine p our l a r ecupera t ion d e s e aux d e r u is lemen t . se l L a tom i , Ch io s . F ig . 1 5 T ran spor t d es b loc s s ur l af ou i le d e l ' agora d e T ha so s . P ho to EFA , 1 956 . l F ig . 1 6 C a rr ieres d 'A l ik i , T ha so s . P lanche 2 4 F ig . 1 7 Maquet e l ' en tree d u p or t d 'Ama thon te , Chypre . R ea l i sa t ion d e l ' au teur . te d

5 9

P lanche 2 5 F ig . 1 8 Vue a er ienne d u q ua i d u p or t d 'Ama thon te , Chypre . P ho to b a se m i l i ta ire b r i tann ique .

6 1

P lanche F ig . F ig . F ig .

6 3

2 6 1 9 Theä tre d 'Argo s . 2 0 Amenagemen t d e l at e rras e l ac o l ine d e s Nymphe s , A thene s . se d l 2 1 I dem , d e ta i l .

v i i i

p age P lanche F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

2 7 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

6 5

P lanche F ig . F ig . F ig .

2 8 6 7 2 7 P hanar i , T ha so s . L e p hare d ' epoque a rcha ique . 2 8 D es truc t ion moderne d 'une c o l ine d e d eb la is a n t iques . V a thy , T ha so s . l 2 9 Maquet 'une mach ine d e l e vage d ' epoque r o ma ine . ( Rea l i sa t ion d e l ' au teur ) . te d

T races d 'ex trac t ion d e b locs d ' epoque b yzan t ine , P hanar i , T ha so s . I dem , d e ta i l . Empre in te d e s c o in s d e f er ä P hanar i , T ha so s . T race s d ' ex trac t ion d ' epoque a rcha ique . P hanar i , T ha so s . I dem .

P lanche 2 9 6 9 F ig . 3 0 P rem iere s a s i se s d u s oubas t d e l at e rras e l ' acropo le s s emen se d d e Tha so s c on s tru i te a vec d e s b loc s ma l e quarr i s . F ig . 3 1 B loc d e p or tasan ta p or tan t u ne i n scr ip t ion d ' epoque r o ma ine . L a tom i , Ch io s . F ig . 3 2 P res ir ä hu i le i nacheve d an s l ac a rr iere d e Va thy , T ha sos . so F ig . 3 3 T ou tes l e s t r ace s d 'ex trac t ion s ur u n b loc d e l ac arr iere d e V a thy , T ha so s . P lanche 3 0 F ig . 3 4-37

7 1 P o in t s d 'accrochage p our l e s c äb les s ur l e sque l s s on t f i xe s d e s p a lan s .

P lanche 3 1 P hases d e t r ava i l d e l a mach ine d e l e vage u t i l isee ä A ma thon te . 7 3 F ig . 3 8 Chargemen t d es b locs ä Parr iere . D imen s ion s d es b locs : 0 ,60m x 0 ,70m x 2m . F ig . 3 9 Mi se e n p lace d e s b loc s ä l' ap lomb d e l ac on s truc t ion , d epu i s l ' as se i nfer ieure si j u squ 'ä l at r o i s ieme a s ise a u-des s d u n iveau d e l a mer . s su F ig . 4 0 Avancee d e l ' arbre p our p lacer u ne a u t re s e r ie d e b loc s d e b a s e n h au t . P lanche 3 2 7 5 F ig . 4 1 Avancee d e l ' arbre j u squ 'ä P ex trem i te . P or tee max imum 5m . F ig . 4 2 Au-de lä d e s 5m , t en s ion d u c ab le a tache ä u n p o in t f i xe p our s ure lever l a t mach ine a f in d e p ouvo ir p lacer d e s b i lo t s d e b o i s s ur l e sque l s o n l af era a vancer . l P lanche 3 3 F ig . 4 3 Mon tage d e l ac on s truc t ion d u q ua i d u p or t d 'A ma thon te .

7 7

P lanche 3 4 F ig s . 4 4-47

7 9

I

Mon tage d e l ac on s truc t ion d u q ua i d u p or t d 'A ma thon te .

P at f E x trac t ion a nd P roduc t ion i n t he Wh ite Marb le Quarr ies t erns o o f t he Med i terranean ( a l p ho to s b y a u thor s ) l

I . 1 l F ig . 1 F ig . 2 F ig . 3 F ig . 4 F ig . 5 F ig . 6 F ig . 7 F ig . 8 F ig . 9

Map o f t he q uar s s t ud ied a nd s amp led t o d a te . rie Wedge-ho le f or v er t ica l s p l it t Do l iana . ting a Sma l e x trac t ion s i te o n Mt . Hymet s . l to A rcha ic q uarry f ace a t B e lev i . T race s o f t he o lder , l i gh ter p ick ( Type I ) , Chorodak i , P aro s . Mark s ( Type I ) l e f t b y t he h eav ier p ick b e low o lder t r ace s ( Type I )o f t he l i gh t p ick a t F os , C arrara . s acava S tocky p ick-hammer u sed f or d res t one s , Ma rmara . sing s A rrangemen t a fes ton i o f mark s ( Type I I ) o f t he s t ocky p ick-hammer , Obruk tepe q uarry , Upper T embr i s v a ley , T urkey . l I regu lar q uarry f ace , r e su l t ing f rom t r enches c u t w i th r c on s tan t ly r ever sed p ick-hammer s t rokes . Doc im ium ( s ec t ion B 1) . S ide t r ench o f t he c o los l s t a tue a t Apo lona s , Naxo s . sa l

i x

p age 8 7 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 8 1 00 1 00

p age F ig . 1 0 F ig . 1 F ig . 1 2 F ig . 1 3 F ig . 1 4

F ig . 1 5

I regu lar mark s o f t he p ick-hammer o n aB yzan t ine r q uarry f ace a t Doc im ium ( s ec t ion E 2 ) . Upper s ec t ion q uarry f ace w i th s hor t , c urved s t roke s a l terna t ing w i th h or izon ta l p ick mark s a t c am l ik I I , Marmara . Quarry f ace c arved w i th a li gh t p ick , a f terward s " correc ted " b e low b y mean s o f ap o in t . Mt . Hymet s . to P o in t mark s ( a t l e f t ) d ef in ing t he b ack e dge o f a n e x trac ted b lock i n t he a rcha ic q uarry a t Apo lona s , Naxo s . l Ho les ( on t he r i gh t ) c u t t o f ac i l i ta te t he h ammer ing o n i r on w edge s i n ser ted i n t he w edge h o les o n t he l e f t . A rcha ic q uarr ie s o f Apo lona s , Naxo s . l Wedge-ho le s c omb ined w i th p o in t s t roke s i n a probab ly a rcha ic s ec t ion o f t he q uarry a t P hana r i o n T ha so s . C on t inuou s g roove ( Ke i lnu t ) i n t he q uarr ie s a t F i l ipp i . P o in t i /M t e chn ique a t A l ik i , T ha so s . P o in t mark s a round a n e x trac ted b lock a t B e lev i . sing b D res lock s a t I s ceh i sar , Doc im ium . sa l Roughed o u t c o los l s t a tue a t Apo lona s , Naxo s . Ha lf-f in i shed k ouros a t P h ler io , Naxo s . l H igh q uarry wa l a t B acaka le ( Doc im ium ) . H igh q uarry f ace a tS p i l ia , Mt . P en te l ikon . P refabr ica ted c o lumn a t I br ik l ik , A l t in ta s , T urkey . s ed C r ara P re l im inar i ly d res or in th ian c ap i ta l a t G io ia , C ar . s ed b ti P re l im inar i ly d res a se a t F an t i scr it , C a rra ra . S tepped s l ab f or v eneer ing . Doc im ium . s ed s l P re l im inary d res t e le i n t he v a ley o f S t ephan i , P aro s . P refabr ica ted modern w a sh ing b a s in s a t Marmara . l to o R e l ief o f t he Nymph s , s o-ca led G rot f t he Nymph s , P aro s . s o C ros n a B yzan t ine q uarry f ace a t Aphrod i s ia s . Modern p a in ted g raff i to a t L a Murag l ia , C arrara : " Lod iamo D io . " l Modern p a in ted g raff i t i o n aq uarry b lock a t Marmara : " A lah in d ed ig i o lur . "

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3

I I

R ecent Work i n S tab le I s o tope Ana lys is o f Wh i te Marb le a t T he B r it ish Museum

T ab le 1 T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le

I V

2 3 4 5 6

I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f t he f ree-s tand ing s cu lp ture s o f t he Mau so leum su a t Ha l icarnas s . I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f t he f r iezes o f t he Mau so leum l I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f b lock s f rom t he p er ibo lo s wa l o f t he Mau so leum . I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f d ecora ted a rch i tec tura l o f t he Mau so leum . l I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f w a l f ac ing a nd r oof b lock s o f t he Mau so leum . l I s o top ic a na ly s i s o f Roman s a rcophag i i n t he c o lec t ion s o f t he D epar tmen t o f G reek a nd Roman An t iqu i t ie s , T he B r i t i sh Mu seum .

1 00 1 01 1 03 1 04 1 05

1 05 1 06 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 1 09 11 111 I11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16

18 19 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 23

S cu lp ture f rom C yrene i n i t s Med i terranean C on tex t

T ab le 1 T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le

2 3 4 5 6

F ig . 1

I s o top ic r a t io s o b ta ined a t t he Un iver s i ty o f Georg ia a nd t he B r i t i sh Mu seum f or t he s ame s amp le s . I s o top ic R a t io s f or t he B r i t i sh Mu seum S amp le s . G raph s how ing o ver lap o f s amp les f rom C i ty a nd S anc tuary . D i s t r ibu t ion o f marb le t ypes b y l o ca t ion ( C i ty a nd S anc tuary ) . D i s tr ibu t ion o f marb le t ype s b y d a te . D i s tr ibu t ion o f marb le t ype s b y s cu lp tura l t ype .

1 27 1 28 1 29 1 29 1 30 1 31

P or tra i t o f An ton inu s P iu s , T ha s ian marb le ( Br i t i sh Museum S . 1 463 ) .

1 31

p age F ig . 2 F ig . 3 F ig . 4 F ig . 5 F ig . 6 F ig . 7 F ig . 8 F ig . 9 F ig . 1 0 F ig . 1 F ig . 1 2 F ig . 1 3 F ig . 1 4

V

1 32 1 32 1 33 1 33 1 34 1 34 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 37

R oman S ta tuary a nd t he S upp ly o f S ta tuary Marb le

F ig . 1 F ig . 2 F ig . 3 F ig . 4 F ig . 5 F ig . 6 F ig . 7 F ig . 8 F ig . 9 F ig . 1 0 F ig . 1 F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

T oga tu s ( s ide v iew ) i n C arrara marb le , f rom S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone , C yrene ( Un iver s i ty Mu seum E xped i t ion n o . 7 1-829 ) . F ron t v iew o f s a me t oga tus . S ta tue o f a" P r ies t ; " h ead i n P a r ian marb le , b ody i n P en te l ic ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 1 404 ) . s o S ta tue o f a" P r ie s tes f I s i s ; " h ead i n T ha s ian marb le , b ody a l so i n T ha s ian ( Br i t i sh Museum S . 1 403 ) . H ead o f aL ibyan , P a r ian marb le , f rom S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone , Cyrene ( Un iver s i ty Mu seum E xped i t ion n o . 7 3-1288 ) . H ead o f L ibyan , P en te l ic ma rb le ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 1 456 ) . H ead o f a Fema le , P ar ian marb le ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 1 505 ) . G roup o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone , f rom S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone ( Un iver s i ty Mu seum E xped i t ion n o . 7 6-460 ) . S ta tue o f aD raped F ema le , P en te l ic marb le , f rom S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone ( Un iver s i ty Mu seum E xped i t ion n o . 7 1-500 ) . S ta tue o f aD raped F ema le , P en te l ic marb le , f rom C yrene . R e l ief o f C yrene a nd L ion , P en te l ic marb le ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 7 90 ) . G roup o f C yrene a nd L ion , P en te l ic marb le . ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 1 384 ) T ab le L eg o r S uppor t i n S hape o f P an , marb le u nknown ( Br i t i sh Mu seum S . 1 439 ) .

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6

T ivo l i Genera l . A f ter No tSc 1 925 , 2 52f . B u s t f rom T hera . Af ter v on Gaer tr ingen ( s ee b e low , P . 1 39 n . 9 ) . P or tra i t h ead D e lo s Mu seum A4186 . P ho to A . C lar idge . H ima t ion s t a tue . D e lo s A4253 . A f ter Marcade ( s ee b e low , p . 1 37 , n . 1 ) . Cu iras t a tue f rom Ru se lae . Af ter S temmer 1 978 , p l . 1 4 .3 . s ed s l F ema le s t a tue s f rom Magne s ia o n t he Maeander . A f ter Humann a nd Wa tz inger 1 904 , F ig . 2 00 . T iber iu s f rom N em i . A f ter P ou l sen 1 962 , p l . l xxx i . . 1 44 ) . Augu s tu s f rom T hes lon ike ( s ee n o te 2 0 , b e low P sa P a r t o f c u iras t a tue f rom Ancona . A f ter S t emmer 1 978 ( no te 2 6 , s ed s b e low , p . 1 45 ) . P a r t o f c u iras t a tue f rom Rome . A f ter S t emmer 1 978 s ed s ( no te 2 7 , b e low , p . 1 45 ) . Hadr ian ic ma tron f rom P u teo l i . Af ter C om s tock a nd . 1 47 , n . 3 3 ) . V ermeu le ( s ee b e low , P Augu s tu s f rom V ia L ab icana , Rome ( no te 3 6 , b e low , p . 1 48 ) . T oga tu s , S a la d e la B iga , V a t ican Mu seum s . A f ter N iemeyer 1 968 . l Maxen t iu s f rom O s t ia . Af ter N iemeyer 1 968 , p l . 8 . 2 . Augu s tu s f rom O tr ico l i . V a t ican Mu seum s . A f ter N iemeyer 1 968 . Ope l iu s Macr inu s . V a t ican Mu seum s . A f ter N iemeyer 1 968 . l

x i

1 41 1 42 1 42 1 43 1 43 1 45 1 45 1 45 1 48 1 48 1 49 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 51 1 51

I NTRODUCT ION J . C . F an t

T he p aper s i nt h i s v o lume w ere f i r s t p resen ted a t ac o l loqu ium ( "Marb le Quarry ing i nt he Roman Wor ld : T rade , S cu lp ture a nd A rchaeo logy " ) h e ld a t t he D ecember 1 986 mee t ing s o f t he A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te o f Amer ica i nS an An ton io , T exa s . The i n ten to ft he c o l loqu ium wa s t o p u t b efore t he p rofes sion e xamp les o f t he p ioneer ing work b e ing d one b y s cho lar s i nvo lved i n v ar iou s a spec t s o f" marb le s t ud ie s , " i fw e may u se s uch at e rm t od e scr ibe i nqu iry i n to t he e n t ire p roces s b y wh ich a n t iqu i ty 's mo s tn ob le ma ter ia l wa s p roduced a nd emp loyed . A g rea t a dvan tage , a lmo s t a neces si ty , i n t h i s k ind o f r e search i sa n i n t ima te k now ledge o f t he ma ter ia l a nd f am i l iar i ty w i th t he s i te s a nd o b jec t s , p ar t icu la r ly s i nce t here i ss t i l l l i t t le i n p r in t .' Hence i ti sn o t s urpr i s ing t ha t mo s t o ft he a c t ive s tuden t s a re b a sed i n E urope , a nd a spec if ic p urpo se o f t he c o l loqu ium w a s t o h e lp make t he ir work b et ter k nown i n Nor th Amer ica . T he t heme o f t he c o l loqu ium wa s t he i n terconnec t ion b e tween q uarr ie s ( and q ua rry s ide work shop s )a nd t he t r ade i nf i ne s t one . I n t h i s t he g rea tp ioneer wa s J ohn Ward P erk in s , who f i r s t s howed h ow f ru i tfu l i tc ou ld b e t o l ook b ack b eyond f in i shed o b jec t s t o t he t e chn ica l , s oc ia l a nd e conom ic c i rcum s tances o f t he ir p roduc t ion . I n as e r ies o f a r t ic les i n t he 5 0 s a nd 6 0s h e a rgued t ha t s evera l c l as s o ft he g ar land s a rcophag i w ide ly d i s tr ibu ted i n t he e a s tern se Med i terranean w ere n o t o n ly made o f P roconne s ian marb le b u t mu s t h ave b een made o n he f ounda t ion o fh i s t he s i s wa sc l ose a ten t ion t ot he a e s the t ica ly u np lea s ing t l P roconnesus .1 T b u t i nforma t ive u nf in i shed s a rcophag i . H i s work a nd t he s t ud ies o f t he P roconne s ian q ua rr ies a nd s acrophagu s t r ade b y Nu s in A sgar ih ave p roduced n ow ap ic ture o f av ery l a rge , c en tra l ized work shop wh ich t ook c anny a dvan tage o f i t s n a tura l a se t s , a bundance a nd s p rox im i ty t o a good h arbor , t o k eep c o s t s l ow , a nd a ggre ss ive ly t a i lored p roduc t s t o f i t t he t a s te o f d ifferen t r eg ion s . Ma rc Wae lken s h a s d eve loped a sim i lar ly r evo lu t ionary a ccoun t o f t he I mper ia l work shop s a tt he g rea t q uarr ies a t Doc im ium a nd i n Upper T e mbr i s v a ley .2 l Wa rd P erk in s h ad t o r e ly u pon h i s a b i l i ty t o i den t ify marb le s b y e ye .3 C er ta in ly t here w ere f ewer b et choo led e yes , b u t i th a s b een c l ear f rom t he b eg inn ing t ha t r e l iab le ter s s c ien t if ic mean s wou ld make g rea ta dvances p os le . T he l e ad ing f i gure i nt he t hree d ecades sib o f t he s earch f or s uch t e chn ique s h a s b een Norman H erz o f t he Un iver s i ty o f Georg ia , who a l so s poke a t t he A IA c o loqu ium . H erz s e t led u pon s t ab le i s o tope a na ly s is a s t he b e s t l t g enera ld i scr im inan t( due t ov ary ing c ond i t ion sc a lc ium c a rbona tes t ake u pd ifferen t amoun t s

1S ee t he i t em s i n t he B ib l iography c i ted a s Ward P erk in s 1 957 , 1 958 , 1 963 , 1 969 a nd a l so Ward P erk in s 1 980 ; f ur ther r eference s b e low , p . 8 2 , n . 6 . C f . Wa lker 1 985 . The mo s t i mpor tan t work o n A s ian s a rcophag i h a s b een d one b y N . A sga r i 1 977 a nd 1 978 ( t ypo logy a nd i c onography a s w e l a s l p roduc t ion ) , c f . b e low , p . 8 2 , n .7 . Wae lken s 's n o te s 1 -20 a re r i ch i n r eference s , e spec ia ly v a luab le l f or i nd iv idua l s i te s ( n . 8 ) a nd t he h i s tory a nd p re sen t s t a tu s o f a na ly t ica l t e chn iques ( n . 1 8-20 ) . 2 W ae lken s 1 982b , 1 985 , a nd 1 986a . O f r e la ted i n tere s t i s af or thcom ing s tudy ( Fan t 1 988b ) b a sed o n 2 40 n ew q uarry i n scr ip t ion s , o f t he a c tua l q uarry o rgan iza t ion a t Doc im ium . 3 A l though t he e ar ly c onf idence i n macro scop ic ( " eyeba l l " ) p e trofabr ic a na ly s i s w a s m i sp laced , t here h a s o f ten b een a n o vercompen sa t ing r e t icence i n a rchaeo log ica l p ub l ica t ion wh ich f ru s tra te s b u i ld ing d i s tr ibu t ion map s . C au t ion a nd s kep t ic i sm a re c er ta in ly c a l led f or s i nce s o many med iuma nd l a rge-gra ined wh i te ma rb le s a re s im i lar ; b u t mo s t o f t he marb les a ta ny Roman s i te c an u sua l ly b e a s s igned w i th a high d egree o f c er ta in ty . S ee Wae lken s o n t he d anger s o f v i sua l i den t if ica t ion , b e low , p . 8 3f . w i th n o tes 1 2-14 , n o t ing a l so t he g rea t v ar iab i l i ty o f r ock w i th in s i ng le q ua rr ie s . I n t he c a se o ft he c o lored marb le s , h owever , t he r i gorou s c on tro lo ver q ua l i ty a nd c o lor b yt he i n spec tor ( proba tor )c an make t h is v ar iab i l i ty moo t . T he s ubme tamorph ic d epos i t sa t Chem tou ( S imm i thu s )a re a good e xamp le o f t h i s . On wh i te ma rb le s , s ee a l so t he c ommon sen s ica l r e mark s o f Wa lker , b e low , p . 17 a nd c f . p . 1 20 n . 9 . 1

o fC a lc ium 1 3 a nd Oxygen 1 8 d ur ing f orma t ion , a nd t he r a t io o ft he se i s o tope st ot he n orma l mo lecu le s d oes n o t c hange t hereaf ter ) . T he me thod i sa b le t o d i s t ingu i sh , a t l e a s t b road ly , mo s to ft he ma jor marb le a l though t here a re s o me o ver laps . Ac on s iderab le a dvan tage i st ha t l o n ly as ma l s a mp le i sn eeded . Two p aper s i n t h i s v o lume r epresen t t he b eg inn ing o ft he a pp l ica t ion o fH erz 's d a taba se a nd s t ab le i s o tope a na ly s i s t o q ue s t ion s o f s cu lp ture a nd t r ade ( Wa lker a nd Kane ) , a nd t hey make i tc l ear t ha t i mpor tan t r e su l t s a re f or thcom ing . Wa lker s how s t ha t n o f ewer t han f our su marb le s w ere u sed i n t he Mau so leum a t Ha l icarnas s , i nc lud ing t he e ar l ie s t d i s tan t u se o f s P hryg ian b u t n o t y e t a ny P roconnes ian , d e sp i te V i truv iu s 's a ser t ion s . Kane a na lyze s t he s cu lp ture o f Cyrene a s at e s t c a se where t here wa s n o l o ca l marb le a nd f ind s , i n a dd i t ion t o t he e xpec ted P en te l ic a nd P ar ian , a n a rre s t ing ly l a rge r epresen ta t ion o fC arrara marb le . T he t h ird c on tr ibu t ion o n s cu lp ture b eg in s n o tf rom i s o top ic d a ta b u tf rom p rac t ica lo b serva t ion . C lar idge s ee s i n s cu lp ture o f t he Emp ire t he i nf luence o f marb le b e ing a va i lab le i n l a rge l s o b lock s a s a nove l f ac tor , o ne wh ich f ur ther c a l s i n to q ue s t ion t he u sefu lnes f t he i dea o f sib t he c opy s i nce s cu lp tor s w ere work ing w i th n ew p os i l i t ies . R ecen t ly , a n i n terd i sc ip l inary B e lg ian t e am h a s c onduc ted a n e x ten s ive a nd r i gorou s s a mp l ing c ampa ign a nd i sn ow i n t he p ha se o f a na lyz ing t he r e su l t s . I n a dd i t ion t o s t ab le i s o tope s t hey a re emp loy ing s evera l o ther t e chn ique s wh ich i nc omb ina t ion a ppea r t ob e a b le t o d i scr im ina te among wh i te ma rb le s wh ich i s o topes a l one h ave n o t b een a b le t o s epara te .4 The i mmed ia te p roduc t o ft ha t s e r ie s o ff i e ld c ampa ign s i s ap aper r eexam in ing wha t w e k now o f q uarry t e chno logy , w i th p ar t icu la r f ocu s o n i t s o r ig in s a nd h i s tor ica l d eve lopmen t . Wae lken s a nd c o league s c a l i n to q ue s t ion t he E gyp t ian s ource s f or G reek q ua rry ing a nd l l s ugges t t ha t Ana to l ia a nd f a r ther e a s t i s p erhap s a more l i ke ly r eg ion . T hey c onnec t t e chno log ica l a dvance s i nt he e ar ly Roman Emp ire w i th t he g rea tg row th i n t he marb le t r ade s purred b y t he I mper ia l q uarry s y s tem . T he c on tr ibu t ion o fT ony Ko2e l j a l so f ocu se s o n t he q uarry ing t e chn ique s u sed i n t he Aegean a nd p re sen t s o ne o f t he c l eare s t s urvey s o f t he s ub jec t i n p r in t , b a sed u pon a n u nequa led f am i l iar i ty w i th t he s i te s o f t he r eg ion a nd w i th l p er sona l e xper ience o f t he a c tua l t e chn ique s . Ih ave f o lowed t he AJA s t y le s hee t i n mo s t mat s . S ince s o many work s a re c i ted b y l ter more t han o ne a u thor , i ts eemed e conom ica l t o r efer t o t hem i n a bbrev ia ted f orm , w i th t he lu s i de b enef i t t ha t t he l i s t o f s uch work s c on s t i tu te s a n i nforma l b ib l iography . I s tra t ion s h ave b een i n tegra ted i n to t he t ex t e xcep t i n Ch . I , where t he e xcep t iona l w ea l th o f Ko1e l j 's p ho tograph s a nd d raw ing s f orm ad en se a rch ive b e s t l e f t i n t he a u thor 's o r ig ina l g roup ing . l sib s The c o loqu ium wa s made p os le b y g enerou s t r ave l g ran t s f rom t he S amue l H . Kres l F ounda t ion . I convey t he g ra t i tude o f a l t he p ar t ic ipan t s a nd a dd my own p ar t icu la r s's r a pprec ia t ion f or Kres ef re sh ing e xped i t iou sne ss . We t hank a l so t he A IA f or g iv ing u s a l p la tform . Iowe al a rge d eb t t o my Oh io c o league S u san Kane f or h e lp w i th e very th ing f rom p lann ing t o e d i t ing . Margare t Hav l ik , g radua te s tuden t i n t he D epar tmen t o f H i s tory , l c on tr ibu ted c opyed i t ing e xper t i se , a nd my c o league s J acque l ine H egbar a nd C on s tan t ine D im i tr iu h e lped p roof read a nd r e s tore F rench a ccen t s l o s t b e tween c ompu ter s y s tem s . G inger Gray t yped d iff icu l t manu scr ip t s w i th c are a nd c heer . F ina ly , t hank s t o t he l D epar tmen t o f P o l i t ica l S c ience a t t he Un iver s i ty o f Akron a nd i t s c ha irman , P rof . J e se s Marquet , f or mak ing a va i lab le t he ir l a ser p r in ter . te

4 S ee b e low , p . 8 5 , n . 2 0 f or d e ta i l s a nd r eferences , t o wh ich a dd p aper s b y e ach o f t he t e am f or thcom ing i nN . Herz a nd M . Wae lken se d s . , Marb le i nA nc ien tG reece a nd R ome : G eo logy ,S ources , C ommerce , A r t ifac ts : P roceed ings o f NATO S c ien t if ic E xchange P rogramme Advanced R esearch Workshop , ( I i C iocco , T uscany , I t a ly 9 -13 May 1 988) , i n p res s.

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LES CARRIERES DES EPOQUES GRECQUE , RO MAINE ET BYZANTINE : TECHNIQUES ET ORGANISAT ION T ony K oze lj

I n troduc t ion riere L 'e tude d e s c ar s e t l ' ob serva t ion s y s tema t ique d e s z ones d 'ex trac t ion d epu i s d e ten n ombreu se s a nnees e n G rece , me p ermet t d e d i re q ue l at e chn ique d e t r ava i l a ux é poque s a n t ique , r o ma ine e t b yzan t ine e ta i t äp eu d e c ho ses p rs i den t ique . L e s b e so in s p ropres ä s ance d c haque p 6r iode s on t e n r evanche d i s t inc t s . E n e ffe t , i l s d ependen t d e l ac onna is e s ssources n l mode s d e c on s truc t ion d e s a rch i tec tes a in s i q ue d e s r e a ture le s d i spon ib les s u ivan t l e s r eg ion s . l E n G rece a nc ienne , l e s mur s d es e d if ice s p ub l ic s s on t c on s tru i t s e n g ro s b loc s t a i l6s e t d es c o lonnade sc on s t i tuen tl as t ruc ture p or teu se d e sb ä t imen t s . I ie s tc l a ir q ue c e sr 6a l i sa t ion s riere d emanden t u n t r ava i l d e g rande amp leur d an s l e s c ar s . D an s l a G rece r o ma ine , l e s t e chn ique s d e c on s truc t ion o n t b eaucoup é vo lué , c e la l p ara le lemen t äl ac oncep t ion d e l ' a rch i tec ture q u i r echerche d es e spaces p lu s l a rge s e t p lu s d iver s if ie s . B ien q ue l ac oncep t ion d e l ac on s truc t ion e ng rand a ppa re i ls ep erpe tue , o nu t i l i se d e p lus l e n p lu s l ab r ique h ourd6e a u mor t ier p our l ' appare i lage d es mur s e tp our l ac on s truc t ion d es a rc s e t d e s v Ou tes . L es ma ter iaux n ob le s t e l s q ue l e marbre s on t r 6 serv6 s a u p lacage d e s si riere p aro i s e t äc er ta in s e ' 1 8men t s d 6cora t if s . L a n eces t d 'ouvr ir d e g rande s c ar s n e s e f a i t p a s s en t ir c omme äP epoque p reciden te . s l A l a p er iode b yzan t ine , l e marbre e s t e sen t ie lemen t r e serve a ux e d if ice s r e l ig ieux . riere Avan t d e r echercher d e s c ar s , l e s B yzan t in s r iu t i l i sen t l e s b locs e t l e s c o lonne s d e s l é poques a n ter ieure s q u ' i l s r e ta i lMn t d an s l ap lupar t d e s c a s e tq u ' i l s a ppare i len t e n su i te a vec l d e s b r ique s . P our c er ta ine s p ar t ies c omme l e s d a le s e t c o lonnes d e s n ombreu ses 6 g l i se s e t riere b a s i l ique s , i l s d o iven t t ou tefo i s e xp lo i ter al eur t our d es c ar s .

L a s e lec t ion d es d i fferen tes v e ines d e marbre E nG rece a nc ienne , l e sc on s truc teur s r echercha ien ta van t t ou td es marbre s b lancs o u t ou t a u mo ms t r e s c l a ir s p our l e s p ar t ie s e x ter ieure s d e s e d if ice s . E n e ffe t , u n d e "cor p e in t v ena i t ta e nr ich ir l e s r e l ief s e t l e s c o lonnade s d e s t emp le s e t u n f ond n eu tre p ermet i t d 'ob ten ir d e l m e i leur s e ffe t s c hroma t ique s . L e s marbre s c o lor6 s , e t l e s p orphyre s e t a ien t e ga lemen t i eur s .1 emp loye s ma i s i l s e t a ien t r e serve s a ux s t ruc ture s p ropremen t d i tes e ta ux d ecor s i n te.r A Peoque r oma ine , l e s e ffe t s &cora t if s s on t r endu s d 'une f agon d iffren te . On an s t ou tes l e s p rov inces d e l ' Emp ire R oma in r echerche c e te f o i s d e s ma rbres p o lychrome s2d t e t o n o uvre a in s i d e n ombreu se s c ar s . A t i tre d ' exemp les , j e c i tera i l e s c ar e riere rieres d c i pol ver t ) e n E ub e , d e p or tasan ta ( r ouge e t g r is ) äC h io s , d e p avonazze to ( r o se e t lino ( t

1L a t ho lo s d 'Ep idaure e s t c on s tru i te e n marbre b lanc äl ' ex t& ieur , e n marbre n o ir s ur l e s p aro i s i n ter ieure s e tp o lychrome a u s o l . Al ' Erech te ion s ur l ' acropo le d 'A thenes d u marbre g r i s e s t u t i l i se p our l ap ar t ie a r iere d e l af r i se e x tr ieure . r 2 C f . Gno l i 1 971 ; Monna e ta l . 1 983 , 3 5-46 . 3

b lanc ) e td e T eo s p our l e marbre a f r icano ( po lychrome ) e n T urqu ie , ( P l . 1 9 : I . 2 7 e t2 8 ) . ls A l ' epoque b yzan t ine , l e r eemp lo i d e s ma ter iaux p lu s a nc ien s e l im ine i mmed ia temen t t ou te i dee d e s e lec t ion d es ma rbre s d ' apre s l e ur s c ou leur s .

L es d i fferent s t ypes d e c ar rieres 1L '&poque b yzan t ine r evoquera i t ou t d 'abord l as i tua t ion äl ' epoque b yzan t ine c ar l ap rob lema t ique e s t t ou t ä fa i t d ifferen te d e c e le d e s é poques p receden te s e t , d 'une c er ta ine man iere , e i le e s t a us l si p lu s s imp le . D eux t ypes d 'exp lo i ta t ion s e x i s ten t d es l e s p rem ier s s i ec le s d e l ' Emp ire b yzan t in . D 'une p ar t , l e s c on s truc teur s r eemp lo ien t l e s b loc s d e s e d if ices a n ter ieur s p our b a t ir ä le ur p lace e c e te fnon , i l s d i spo sen t d u ma ter iau p ropremen t d i t , l eur s p ropre s e d if ice s r e l ig ieux .3 D t q u ' i l s r e ta i len t äl eur g re . l I l s b rü len t l e s d eche t s d e t a i le e tl e s s t a tues c u l tue les g recque s e tr o ma ines p our o b ten ir l l d e l ac haux , u t i l i see e n su i te p our e ndu ire l e s p aro i sd es e g l i ses e tp our f abr iquer d u mor t ier . C et mp lan ta t ion äl ' endro i t meme d e st emp le sp a ien sl eur f ourn i td onc t ou sl e se l emen t s te i n eces ires äl ac on s truc t ion e tl eur p erme te ga lemen td 'ev i ter l e sp rob leme s d e t r an spor td es sa b loc s . riere l t D 'au tre p ar t ,d es c ar sn a ture le sc e te f o i ss on te xp lo i tee ss imu l tanemen tp ar p lu s ieur s mona s tere s s uff i sammen t r i ches . Quand l e s v e ine s u t i l isee s a u c our s d es s i ec les p receden t s n e s on t p a s e pu i see s l e s B yzan t in s c on t inuen t äl e s e xp lo i ter . D an s d 'au tres c a s , i l s o uvren t P l . 2 3 : F ig . 1 6 ) . l d e n ouve le s c arr ieres 4 (

2 L es é poques g recque e tr oma ine A p ar t ir d e l ' epoque a rcha ique e tj u squ 'ä l af in d e l ' epoque r o ma ine , j ' a i c on s ta te q ue l d eux t ypes d e c arr ieres n a ture le s e x i s ta ien t . L eur d iver s i te e s t l er e su l ta td u b u td an s l e que l riere äe l ac ar t e o uver te e t d e s on o rgan i sa t ion i n terne . S e lon l e s r a i son s q u i o n t p re s ide ä l riere l l ' ouver ture d 'une n ouve le c ar , c e le-c i s e ra e xp lo i tee p lus o u mo ms l ong temp s . D an s l ec a s o ü e he e s t e xp lo i tee p endan t u n l a p s d e t emp s i mpor tan t , s on o rgan i sa t ion , c omme o n ra p l l l l ev er ar l as u i te , s e ra t r e s s t ruc turee . ( P l . 5 :I . 7 , P l . 6 :I . 8 ,e t P l . 7 :I . 9 ) . rieres t A ) L e s c ar empora ire s l E les v o ien t l ej our q uand u ne r ea l i sa t ion p rec i se l ' impo se . I ip eu t s ' ag ir d e l ' ed if ica t ion d 'un b ä t imen to u p lu s s imp lemen td e l ' execu t ion d 'une s cu lp ture . r a j p u o b server p lu s ieur s rieres t s i tes d e c ar empora ires q ue j e v oudra i s c i ter e n e xemp le .

L es c arribres d e m arbre a rchaiques

riere d ls -L a c ar e l ' acropo le d e T ha so s f u t o uver te p our s cu lp ter d eux k ouro i5 ( P l . 1 :I . 1 ls l e t 2 , P l . 2 :I . 3 et 4 , P l . 1 9 : I . 2 7 e t P l . 2 2 : F ig s . 1 2 e t 1 3 ) .

C f . D ephner 1 923 , 1 08 : E n l ' an 3 99 , J ean Chry so s tome o rdonne , a u n om d e l ' Empereur , l ad es truc t ion d e s e d if ices p a ien s t ou jour s e n e l eva t ion , s i tue s e n O r ien t , d e f aQon d i scre te . 4 C f . S od in i , L ambrak i , Koze lj 1980 , 6 -50 . 5 Un d es d eux k ouro ic r iophore , r e s te i nacheve , e s tc on serve a u mu see d e T ha so s , c f . J dI 4 0 l ( 1925 ) 3 30-32 ; Ch . P icard , " Fou i les d e T ha so s ( 1914 e t 1 920 ) , " BCH 4 7 ( 1923 ) 13-28 . 3

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t er ea l i ses . On v o i tl e s t r ace s d ' ex trac t ion d e d eux d ' en tre e ux , -äNaxo s , t r o i s k ouro io n te l P l . 1 :I l . 2 et P l . 2 :i l s . 3e t 4 ) . l et r o i s ieme q u i r epre sen te u n Apo lon e s t r e s te i n s i tu 6 ( La c arr iere d 'Akera to s äT ha so s äs e rv i äc on s tru ire l ep hare d e P yrgo s .7 -L a c arr iere d e P hanar i ( Tha so s ) äe t ee xp lo i tee äe s s d ebu t s e i le a us si , p our l ' ed if ica t ion P l . 2 7 : F ig s . 2 7 e t2 8 ) . d 'un p hare 8 ( L es c arribres h ellen istiques

-äAma thon te ( Chypre ) , p lu s ieur s z one s d ' ex trac t ion s on t v i s ib les a ux a l en tour s d u p or t . P l . 2 4 : F ig . 1 7 ) . C 'es t d e l äq ue p rov iennen t l e s b loc s d u 1 ua i9 ( l s emen -S ur l ac o l ine d e l aP nyx , äA thenes , l e s b loc s r e t ires a pre s l ' agrand is t d e l ap lace t eu t i l i se s p our l ac on s truc t ion . d e s o ra teur s o n t e l 8 ( P l . 2 6 : -S ur l ac o l ine d e s Nymphe s , ä Athene s , l as i tua t ion e s t l a meme q u 'ä l aP nyx 1 F igs . 2 3 e t 2 4 ) . -äC or in the s e t r ouve u ne p e t i te c a rr iere a ux a bords d u t emp le . t ét a in ed an sl ar oche n a ture l le . C et te c on s truc t ion as e rv ie n meme -äA rgo s , l et hea tre aé t emp s d e c ar riere d e c a lca ire ( P l . 2 6 : F ig . 1 9 ) . ä A ig ion , d an s l e P e loponne se , u ne c ar riere d e c ong lomera t ae t e o uver te p our l a c on s truc t ion d u t hea tre . -äP apho s ( Chypre ) , l as i tua t ion e s t l a meme q u 'ä A ig ion . l On r encon tre d e s c a s s im i la ire s d an s d e n ombreu ses a u tre s r eg ion s t e le s q ue D e 1phes 1 ( P l . 5 :I l . 7 ) , E g ine ,1 2 e t B rauron ,1 3 e n G rece o u äS e Ica e n A lban ie .1 4

riere l l B ) L e s c ar s p ermanen te s1 5 ( P l . 6 :I . 8 et P l . 7 :I . 9 ) rieres p C e t ype d e c ar re sen te d eux a spec t s . I lp eu t s ' ag ir d 'un c omp lexe d e p lu s ieur s 6 o ü b ien d 'une s eu le p e t i tes e xp lo i ta t ion s c omme c ' e s t l ec a s e n E ubee e tä Al ik i ( Tha so s ) ,1 g rande e xp lo i ta t ion d iv i see e n p lu s ieur s s ec teur s s e lon l e s d ifferen te s p ha se s d u t r ava i l t e i le l q u 'ä Ch io s ( P l . 1 9 : i s . 2 7 e t2 8 ) .

L e s t r ace s d e c o in s e t d e c i seau s on t v i s ib le s , c f . p . 5 . C f . G u ide d e T hasos ( Pa r i s 1 968) 7 9 . riere d 8L 'exp lo i ta t ion d e l ac ar e P hanar i d a te d e l ' epoque a rcha ique e ts e p our su i t j u squ 'ä t et a i l lee s p our y placer d es l ' epoque med ieva le . Al ' epoque moderne , d e s p la teforme s o n t e c anon s . C 'es t s a s i tua t ion s t ra teg ique q u i j u s t if ie c e s d iver se s p ha se s d ' exp lo i ta t ion . rieres a s en l 9 D e s t r ace s d e c ar n t iques d e c a lca ire a ppara is t s ur l ac o l ine d e Y erokambo s , rieres e l s i tuee äl ' Es td e l ' acropo le . D 'au tre sc ar t a ien te xp lo i tee s d an sl az one Oue s t ma i s e le s t e e n p ar t ie d e tru i tes p a r d e s f our s äc haux moderne s . I ln e r e s te d e c es c ar ue rieres q o n t 6 l e s d eb la i s . D 'au tres t r ace s d ' ex trac t ion s on t v i s ib le s s ou s l e s p rem iere s a s is s d u r empa r t s se h e len i s t ique . l 1 0 S ur l aq ua l i te d e l ap ier xp lo i tee äl aP nyx , c f . Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 3 . re e a c ar s t s i tuee a u Nord-E s t d e l af or teres e P h i loppapo , a u-des s d u s t ade . 1 L riere e se d su 1 2 C f . W . Wur s ter , " An t ike S t e inbrüche a nd er w e s t l ichen Nordküs te A eg ina s , " AA 8 4 ( 1969 ) 1 2-32 . 1 3 C f . O sborne 1 985 , 1 54-72 . 1 4 C f . C eka 1 985 , 1 60-67 . 1 5 C f . n o te 4 . 1 6 C f . R aep sa t 1 984 ; Adam 1 985 , 3 0-32 .

6

7

5

7 L es v o ies d 'acces 1

C e p rob leme s e p o se e n d e s t e rme s d ifferen t s s u ivan t l al o ca l i sa t ion d es g i semen t s .1 8 L as i tua t ion c ö t iere e s tc e le q u i e s t l ap lu s f avorab le a ut r an spor tp u i sque l e s b loc ss e ron t l c ha rge s ä bord d 'un b a teau . C 'e s t l ec a s äTha so s p our l e s c arr iere s d e S a hara , d e Va thy e t si ä Chypre p d 'A l ik i n o tammen t , ma i s a us our l e s c a rr iere s d e H agh io s Georgh io s e t d e 9 F on tana Amoro sa a u c ap Akama s .1 L e sc arr iere sq u is et r ouven td an s l e s mon tagne sn eces ten tl ' amenagemen td ' impor tan te s si v o ie s d 'acces . P lu s ieur s s i te s d e c e t ype e x i s ten t e n E ubee , ä Ka ry s to s , An ibor io e t S tyra . ( P l . 1 9 : i s . 2 7 e t 2 8 ) . l T ou tes l e sc arr ieres s i tuee s äl ' in ter ieur d e s t e rres n e s on tp a s äc i e lo uver t . C er ta ines s on t d es c arr iere s s ou terra ine s c omme o n l ev o i t äP aro s o ü u n g i semen t d e marbre b lanc äp e t i t s c r i s taux e ta i t u t i l i se p our l e s s cu lp ture s . L a q ua l i ti d es marbres Avan t l ' exp lo i ta t ion d 'une c arr iere i le s t n ece ssa ire d e c onna i tre l aq ua l i te d u g i semen t . L es a nc ien s p roceda ien t a u p re levemen t d 'echan t i lon s p our t e s ter l eur r e s i s tance a ux o u t i l s l e t l av a leur e s the t ique d e c haque v e ine . ( P l . 3 :I . 5 , l e tre A ) . l t Dan s l a c arr iere r o ma ine d e V a t i s ion , e n E ubee , o n v o i t n et t l e s t r ace s d e c e s temen p re leve men t s d an s u ne p a ro i v er t ica le o ü d e p e t i t s b loc s d e 3 5 cm x 25 cm x 2 0 cm o n t e t e e x tra i t s . C e t r ava i l s ' effec tue g räce a u c reu semen t d 'un c ana l d e 1 2 cm d e l a rge t ou t a u tour d u b loc . L e c ana l e s t e v ide s ur 2 0 cm d e p rofondeur . P our d e tacher l eb loc d e l ap a ro i o n r epar t i t t r o i s c o in s s ur u n d e s c o te s l ong s e tl eb loc s ed e tache a pre s mar te lage d es c o in s . C e p r inc ipe l t l t d 'echan t i lonnage n 'e s t p our l ' in s tan t a te s te q u 'ä l ' epoque r o ma ine ( P l . 3 :I . 5 ,l e tre A ) .

L 'ex trac t ion d es b locs L a t echn ique d 'ex trac t ion d e s b loc s e s t äp eu d e c ho se s p re s l a meme p our l e s t r o i s p er iodes e tud iee s . E n Grece a nc ienne , l e s c arr ier s u t i l i sa ien td es c o in sd e b o i s2 8 p our l ec a lca ire e td e s c o in s d e f er ,2 1 t l 1 ( P l . 4 :1 1 . 6 , l e tre A , P l . 8 :I . 1 0 e t 1 , F ig s . 1e t 2 ) o u d e b ronze p our l e marbre q u i e s t u n ma ter iau b eaucoup p lu s d ur . L a me thode c on s i s ta i t t ou t d 'abord ä de l im i ter l e modu le d u b loc p ar u ne i nc i s ion ( P l . 2 1 : F ig . 6 ) . On c reu sa i t u n c ana l ( P l . 2 7 : F ig s . 2 2-26 ) s a sez e t ro i t s ur l e s t r o i s c o tes f erme s . C 'e s t s ur l eq ua t r ieme c o te r e s te l i bre , l ec ana l a va i t u ne d i men s ion p lu s i mpor tan te . C 'e s t s ur c e c o te q ue s on t p lace s l e s c o in s , ä des d i s tance s r e spec t ive s d e 4 ä7c m . Al ' epoque a rcha ique , p our l ' ex trac t ion d es p lu s g ro s b loc s , o n u t i l i se a us ec i seau p our si l

1 7 C f . Qu i l ic i 1 971 . 1 8 L e s c o in s d e b o i s u t i l ise s p our l a t a i le d e s b loc s d 'A ma thon te , ä Chypre , s on t d e l d i men s ion s 0 .28m x 0 . 07 x 0 .20 . P ar e xemp le , p our u n b loc d e 1 , 50 m d e l ong e t d 'une h au teur d e 0 . 50m , i l fau t r epar t ir t r o i s c o in s p our o b ten ir u ne t a i le p rec i se . P our u n b loc d e l meme s d i mmens ion s , u n o u d eux c o in s s e ron t u t i l i ses s il eb loc e s td e s t ine äu ne c on s truc t ion t e i le q u 'un q ua i : u n e xemp le e s t h eb r i se l ame s d u p or t d 'Ama thon te . 1 9 C inq c o ins d e f er , t r ouves p ar l ' au teur , p rov iennen t d 'un h ab i ta t moderne d e c arr ier s d u P en te l ique . 2 0 C f . Koze l j e t a l . 1 985 . 2 1 C f . n o te 1 8 .

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l l t l e s t r o i s c ö te s f ermes a f in d e r enforcer l ' ac t ion d e s c o ins me ta l ique s ( P l . 3 :I . 5 ,l e tre B ; P l . 2 7 : F ig s . 2 7 e t2 8 ) . D e p e t i t s t r ou s s on t p erces äd es d i s tance s r egu l iere s d an sc hacun d e s t r o is te t c anaux a van t l am i se e n p lace d e s c o in s . C et e chn ique e s t n o tammen t emp loyee äP hana r i l ls ( Tha so s ) e tä N axo s d an s l ac arr iere d e s t r o i s k ouro i ( P l . 2 7 : F ig . 2 7 ; P l . 1 :I . 2 ; P l . 2 :I . 3 e t 4 ) . l Aux e poque s h e len i s t ique e tr o ma ine l at e chn ique d 'ex trac t ion e s td evenue p lu s s imp le 2 ( P l . 1 0 : I l . 1 5 ) p u i squ 'on u t i l ise e xc lu s ivemen t l e s c o in s s ur l ec ö te l i bre d u b loc äd e tacher 3 ( P l . 1 0 : I . 1 5 ; P l . 1 : I . 1 6 ; P l . 2 1 : F ig s . 6e t 7 ;P l . 2 7 : F ig s . 2 3 e t2 4 ; P l . 2 9 : F ig . d e l ap ar0 i2 l l 3 1) . P our l e s b locs q u i n e n eces ten t p a s u ne t a i le p arfa i te , l en ombre d e c o in s e s t r idu i t . si l C 'e s t l ec a s äAma thon te , Chypre , p our l ac on s truc t ion d u q ua i d u p or t .2 4 A l ' epoque b yzan t ine l ec i seau e s t u t i l i se ä l' exc lu s ion d e t ou t a u tre o u t i l . On p ra t ique d e s t r ou s t ou s l e s 8 cm s ur l e c ö te L i bre d u b loc . C e s t r aces s on t p arfa i temen t v i s ib le s ä P hanar i , T ha so s . L es t r o i s a u tre s c ö tes s on t s imp lemen t d egagi s p ar l ec reusemen t d u c ana l q u i e s t u ne i nven t ion d e s e poques a n ter ieure s ( P l . 2 7 : F ig . 2 2 ; P l . 2 3 : F ig . 1 6 ) .

L 'equarr issage d e s b locs d ans l a c arr iere ( P l . 2 8 : F ig . 2 9 ; P l . 2 9 : F ig s . 3 0-33) L e s b loc s d e s t ine s äl ar ea l i sa t ion d 'une s cu lp ture o u d 'un e l emen t d ecora t if e ta ien t t r e s l a rgemen t d igros s d an s l ac arr iere me me 2 6 ( P l . 6 :1 1 . 8 ;P l . 1 0 : I . 1 5 ; P l . 1 2 : F ig . 1 7 ) . C e si l p rocide i ta i t d e s t ine ä f ac i l i ter l e t r an spor t e n r idu i san t l e p o id s d e s b locs s an s t ou tefo i s c ompromet as o l id i ti d e se l emen t s t a i le s . P our p lu sd ep rec i s ion s , v o ic iq ue lque sc h iff re s : tre l l

E n G rece a nc ienne , p our l ar ea l i sa t ion d 'un c hap i teau d or ique , i Lf au te x tra ire u n b loc d e 4 0 t onne s . Apres u n p rem ier e quarr is ,2 6 l eb loc ap erdu 5t onnes . I le s ta lor s t r an spor te j u squ 'ä s age l ' a te l ier d u s cu lp teur o ü i le s t d e n ouveau a lege d e 2 0 t onne s . L or sque l a d ecora t ion e s t l a chevie , l ec hap i teau p e se 1 2 t onne s . Al ' epoque r o ma ine , l ' equa rr i ssage l ep lu s i mpor tan t äl i eu d an s l ac arr iere . C ependan t , p ar s ouc i d e p ro tec t ion , o n l a is e s a ng le s b ru t s . C e la p erme t a us e c ha rger l eb loc p lu s se l si d f ac i lemen t ( P l . 1 0 : I . 1 5 e t P l . 1 : I . 1 6 ) . l l Dan s mon e xpo sé s ur l ' organ i sa t ion d e sc arr iere sb yzan t ine s ,j ' a is ou l igni l ' impor tance d e s s i tes d e r eemp lo ie te n p ar t icu l ier l ' execu t ion d e l at a i le äl ' endro i t meme o ul e ma ter iau i ta i t l u t i l i se . A p rox im i ti d e s c a rr iere s s e t r ouven t d e s i n s ta la t ion s d 'a te l ier d e r epa ra t ion . I l s s on t l c arac ter i se s , e n p a r t icu l ier , p ar l a p re sence f requen te d e c uve s t a i lees d an s d es b loc s d e l ma rbre , d e s t inie s äe n tri ten ir d e p e t i t s f oyer s s e rvan t äl a f on te d es o u t i l s e ndommage s . sin D 'au tres b as s s im i la ire s s e rven t d e r e serve d 'eau p our r ef ro id ir l e me ta l a pre s l af on te e t l t l ls l e mar te lage ( P l . 4 :I I . 6 , l e tre B ; P l . 6 :I . 8 ;P I . 1 : I . 1 7-19 ) .

L es D eb la is

2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

C f . C f . C f . C f . C f .

L ambrak i 1 980 , 5 4 . Koze l j e t a l . 1 981, 9 61-63 . Koppe e t a l . 1 983 , 5 1 . n o te 3 . Adam 1 985 . 7

.e s s on t a i semen t r econna is les p ar l e s f ron t s d ' ex trac t ion ma i s a us rie s ab si L es s i te s d e c ar r 7 ( P l . 2 7 : F ig . 2 8) . p ar l e s c o l ines d e d öb 1a i s2 l

L e r ej e t d e s 8 c la t s d e t a i le d o i t s e f a ire s uff i sammen t l o in d es v e ines t r ava i lee s a f in d e l l n e p a s n u ire a u t r ava i l d es o uvr ier s n ib loquer l e s v o ies d 'acce s e td e t r an spor t q u i r e l ien t l e s c ar s a ux a t e l ier s . L es d eb la i s s on t p arfo i s r ej e t8 s d an s l e s c ar s a bandonn8es s i , s ur ri8re ri8re u ns i te , l ' exp lo i ta t ion s ' e s t d ep lac8e . P our l e sc ar s s i tuees e nb ordure d e l a mer ,d an s d es ri8re z one s t r 8s a cc iden tee s , i la r ive q ue l e s t a s d e d 8 jec t ion n ' appara is t p a s . D an s c e s c a slä , r s en l e s c ar s o n tp refer8 c harger l e s da la i s a u f ur e t ämesure äb ord d e s n av ire s d e t r an spor t rier p our l e s r ej e ter äl a mer s uff i sammen t l o in d e l ac ö t8 p our n e p a s g 8ner l an av iga t ion . C e t ype d 'organ i sa t ion e s t a te s te äP hana r i ( Tha so s ) ( P l . 1 9 : I . 2 7 ; P I . 2 8 : F ig . 2 7 ) . t l

L e T ranspor t d es B locs ( P l . 2 3 : F ig . 1 5 e t P l . 1 6 : I . 2 3 e t2 4 ) l D an s l e s c ar s s i tuee s äl ' in t8r ieur d e s t e , l e s b loc s s on t c harge8 p ar d e s mach ine s ri8re rres 8 Dan s l e s c ar s c ö t iere s , l e s b a teaux d e l evage s ur d e s e ng in s d e t r an spor t c ouran t .2 ri8re e ffec tua ien t l et r an spor t ma i s d e s amenagemen t s d eva ien t ' e re p re 'vu s e n tre l a p la teforme d ' ex trac t ion e t l el i eu d 'amar u n av ire p our l ep as es mach ine s d e t r an spor t d e s r age d s age d b loc s ( P l . 6 :I . 8 , l e tre G ; P l . 2 8 : F ig . 2 9 ) . l t L e t ype d e mach ine l em ieux a te s t8 e s t c on s t i tue d e d eux r oues d e 4 0cm d e l a rge e td e t 9 2m d e d iam8 tre e n tre l e sque le s o n p lace l e s g rand s b loc s .2 l S u ivan t l a t opograph ie d es l i eux , o n p ouva i t f a ire g l is e s b loc s j u squ 'ä l a mer . L e s s er l p lu s p e t i t s d 'en tre e ux e ta ien t h i se s äb ord d u b a teau . P our l eur p ar t , l e s b loc s monumens t aux e t a ien ts o l idemen ta tache s p ar d e sc ordages q u il e s ma in tena ien ts ou s l as urface d e l ' eau t 8 e t i t s 8 ta ien t t r ac te s p ar d eux n av ire s j usqu 'au p or t d e d e s t ina t ion .3

L es A ires d e P rovenance d es B locs D e s i n scr ip t ion s g rav8e s f ourn is t p lu s ieur s t ype s d ' informa t ion s ur l ' iden t i t8 d e s en l ' ar t i san o u s ur l el i eu d e d e s t ina t ion d e s b loc s . A l ' en trie d e p lu s ieur s c ar , o n p eu t l i re s ur l e s p aro i s l en om d u c ar ou s u ne rieres rier s 1 ( P l . 1 3 : I . 2 0 , n o s 1 ,2 et 3 ;P l . 2 1 : F ig s . 9 et 1 0 ) . f orme c omp lö te o u a br8g8e 3 l Aux é poques g recque e tr o ma ine , l e s b loc s r a semb l8 ss ur l el i eu d ' embarquemen te t a ien t s d an s c er ta in s c a s i n scr i t s d 'un c h iff re-code i nd iquan t l eur l i eu d e d e s t ina t ion o u , p lu s 2 s imp lemen t , p or ta ien t l en om m ' eme d e c e l i eu .3 A l ' epoque b yzan t ine , c e s i nforma t ion s s on t r a semb lee s s ur u ne p aro i d e l a c ar s riäre s uff i sammen tp ro t8g8e d es a gres sn a ture le s . E les s ep re sen ten ts ou sl af orme d et ab leaux sion l l d e c arac teres n umer ique s e t a lphabe t iques g rave s e t e ndu i t s d e m in ium q u i r eprennen t l e c a lendr ier d e n euf a n s ( P l . 2 1 : F ig . 1) . Un a u tre t ype d ' in scr ip t ion a ppara i t a ux é poques g recque e t r o ma ine . E le e s t d es t ine8 l äs i gna ler l e s b loc s p lace s äp rox im i t8 d e s mach ines d e l e vage e tq u i s on t r econnu s p re t s a u

C f . O r lando s 1 968 ; Adam 1 985 ; S od in i , L ambrak i , Koze lj 1 980 . C e p roced8 ae t ep robab lemen t u t i l s8 a ux c ar ri8res d 'Archang8 lou , äT ha so s . 2 9 L e s i n scr ip t ion s p resen tees d an s l e s p lanche s p rov iennen t d 'Eub8e , d 'A t hänes , d e T ha so s e t d e Ch io s . 3 0 C f . S od in i , L ambrak i , Koze l j 1 980 . 3 1 C f . Ma r t in 1 965 , 5 9 . 3 2 C f . a ) Adam 1 977 e t 1 985 ; b ) Koppe e t a l . 1 983 , 5 2 ; c )S od in i , L ambrak i , Koze lj1 980 . 2 7 2 8

8

t r an spor t .

t I l s p or ten t l a marque d e l al e tre g reque p i 33 ( P l . 1 5 : I l . 2 2 , n o 2 1) .

L es Mach ines d e L evage P lu s ieur s t ypes d e mach ine ss on tc onnu sp ar d es r eproduc t ions d ' epoque med ieva le . P our l a p er iode a n t ique , c ' es t l ' ob serva t ion r epe tee d ' encoches d e d imen s ion s a na logue s e t l eur s i tua t ion p ar r appor t a ux f ron t s d ' ex trac t ion q u i m 'on t p erm is d e c onc lure äl ' u t i l i sa t ion d e t e l o u t e l e ng in d e l e vage . C es mach ine s e ta ien t d e d imen s ion s e td e f orce d ifferen te s s u ivan t l at a i l le d e s b locs . La p lu s p e t i te e s t mun ie d 'une man ive l le a c t ionnee p ar u n o u d eux o uvr ier s e t p eu t s ou lever u ne c harge d e 1 00 ä 1 20 k g . -L a mach ine äd eux man ive l le s c ruc iformes n eces si te q ua tre h omme s e ts ou leve 3 00 k g . L a mach ine a tambour d e t r o i s me tre s d e d iame tre e s t m i se e n mouvemen t p ar d eux h omme s e ts ou leve e nv iron 1 000 k g . -L e t r eu i l s imp le p eu t s ou lever 2 tonnes . -L e t r eu i l ät ambour e tc abe s tan c harge j u squ 'ä 4 tonnes , ( P l . 2 8 : F ig . 2 9 ) . -L a mach ine ät ambour a c t ionnee p ar d eux h omme s e t mun ie d 'un p a lan c harge 1 0 t onne s l ls ( P l . 1 9 : I . 2 7 : P l . 1 6 : I . 2 3 e t2 4 ) . -L a mach ine äd eux t ambour s , q ua tre h ommes e tu n p a lan p erme t d e s ou lever j u squ 'ä 2 5 t onne s . si d I ie x i s te a us e s mach ine s m i se s e n p lace p our d e s c on s truc t ion s s pec if iques . C 'es t l e c a s p our l eP ar thenon o ü u ne mach ine mun ie d e d eux c abe s tan s l a teraux e td 'un c on trepo id s t e u t i l i se e. 3 4 d e marbre äe L a c on s truc t ion d u p or t d 'Ama thon te , äC hypre , än eces si te l ' e labora t ion d 'une mach ine d e l e vage t ou t äf a i t o r ig ina le ( P l . 2 4 : F ig s . 1 7 e t 1 8 ; P l . 3 1 : F ig s . 3 8-40 ; P l . 3 2 : F ig s . 4 1-42 ; P l . 3 3 : F ig . 4 3 ; P l . 3 4 : F igs . 4 4-47 ) . L 'ob serva t ion d e l at e chn ique d 'appare i l lage d e s b locs d u q ua i , d 'un t ype u n ique , m 'a p erm i s d e r e s t i tuer l a mach ine u t i l i see .' l riere äl C e le-c i p erme t d e s ou lever l e s b loc s s t ockes äl ' ar ' a ide d 'un a rbre e td e v en ir l e s d epo ser , g räce ä un mouvemen t d e b a lanc ier e xerce p ar c e t a rbre , ä l' endro i t p réc i s d e l a s c on s t ruc t ion . L es a s i se s u ne f o i s c on s t i tuees , l a mach ine p eu t a vancer p our r epe ter c e s o pera t ion s . sa si p L 'e labora t ion d e s y s teme s d e l evage p ar t icu l ier s p euven t e l re n eces ires a us our l e riere l l d ep lacemen td e b loc s al ' in ter ieur meme d 'une c ar o r sque c e le-c i n 'off re p a su ne space s age d l s uff i san t p our l ep as e s mach ine s t r ad i t ionne le s . s en riere d 6 ( P l . 3 0 : F ig s . D eux d i spos i t if ss im i la ire sa ppara is td an s l ac ar e L a tom i , äC h io s3 t 3 4-36 ) , e t d u P en te l ique e n A t ique . D an s l e s z one s d 'ex trac t ion e t ro i tes , d e s t r ou s s on t amenages d ans l ap ar t ie s uper ieure d e p a ro i sq u is ef on tf ace a f in d 'accrocher d eux c ab le sq u i s e c ro i seron t a u c en tre . Un p a lan e s t a l or s p lace a u p o in t c en tra l .

rieres L 'organ isa t ion s oc ia le d es c ar L a ma in-d 'oeuvre e s tc on s t i tuee d ' e sc lave se td e p r i sonn ier sp our l ' execu t ion d e s t r avaux l e s p lu s r udes .

3 C sis s age f . n o te 3 2 c ) . Al ' epoque g recque , p i s i gn if ie P e lekee is o u P e lek ize i ( degros ) , c f . Ma r t in 1 965 , 1 49 . Al ' epoque r oma ine , p i s i gn if ifi ep robav i t , c f . Monna e tP en sabene 1 977 . 3 4 C f . n o te 3 2 b ) . riere d 3 5 L e s t ockage d e s b loc s s e f a i sa i t äl ' ar e l a mach ine . 3 6 C f . Koppe e t a l . 1 983 , 4 7 . T ro i s s y s temes d 'accrochage s on t e ncore v i s ib les äCh io s . 9

l D an s l e s g rande s c arr ieres , l a p opu la t ion d es t r ava i leur s e ta i t n ombreu se e t s ouven t si s eden tar i see . Aus , l e s e l emen t s i mpor tan t s d e l as oc ie te e ta ien ti l s p re sen t s a ux a l en tour s d es z one s d e t r ava i l . A l ' eQoque g recque , u n c er ta in n ombre d e s anc tua ire s d ed ies l a p lupar t d u t emps ä l t a ien t i n s ta les d an s l e s a bord s d e p lu s ieur s c arr iere s . C es l i eux d e c u l te s on t Herac le s ,' 7 e s l l e sen t ie lemen t c on s t i tu tes d 'une r epre sen ta t ion d iv ine e t d 'un a u te l p our r ecue i l ir l e s l t o ff rande s c omme l e s c arr iere s d e T ha so se td e Naxo s n ou s l e mon tren t . ( P l . 6 :I . 8 ,l e tre E ) . D e s s anc tua ire s d 'epoque r o ma ine o n t E ubee , e t ä Ph i l ippe s e n Macedo ine .

e t e

t r ouve s äCh io s ( P l . 2 3 : F ig . 1 4 ) , äS t ry ra 3 8 e n

Au d ebu t d e l ' epoque b yzan t ine , l ar e l ig ion c hre t ienne n 'es t p a s e ncore r econnue e t l e s l i eux d e c u l te s on t s ouven t c ache s ä l' in ter ieur d e s c arr iere s . D e s d ecor s g ravees d e c ro ix , d 'off ic ian t s e t d e p aön s a ppara is t . P lu s t a rd , q uand l a r e l ig ion d ev ien t o ff ic ie le , i ln e s en l r e s te q ue l e mo t if d el ac ro ix p our marquer l ' emp lacemen td us anc tua ire p ropre äl ac arr iere 3 9 ( P l . 1 7 : I . 2 5 , d es s A , Be t C ) . l sin D e s h ab i ta t ion s r ud imen ta ires p our l e s o uvr ier s e ta ien t s i tuee s ap rox im i te d e s c arr iere s e t l a d ecouver te r ecen te d 'une s t e le ä S a ha ra , d an s r i le d e Tha so s , p erme t d e s uppo ser 0 ( P l . 1 8 : I . 2 6 ) . l ' ex i s tence d 'une n ecropo le 4 l L es s i te s d e c arr iere s c ö t ieres b enef ic ia ien t s ouven td 'une p ro tec t ion m i l i ta ire p u i sque l a p lu s g rande p a r t ie d e l a ma in-d 'oeuvre e ta i t c on s t i tuee d e p r i sonn ier s . D e s i n s ta la t ion s l d efen s ive ss on t e ncore v i s ib le s äS tyra , e n E ubee , a in s iq u ' äS a hara e t Ka lam i äT ha so s4 1 ( P l . 6 :I . 8 , l e tre I ) . l t C onc lus ion D epu i sc es d ix d ern iere s a nnee s , d e t r e s n ombreu se sc a rr iere sd e marbre o n te t eo uver te s , e np ar t icu l ier d an s l ' i le d e Tha so s . C e le s-c is on t h ep lu ss ouven ti mp lan tees s ur d e s c arr iere s l a n t ique s c e q u i a sure a ux marbr ier s l a q ua l i te d e s v e ine s e t l eur e v i te d e s r echerche s d e s g i semen t s q u i s on t a suremen t o nereu ses . s L ' in s ta la t ion d ec e sc han t ier sc au se d 'enorme sd egä t sd an sl e sc arr iere sa n t ique se tu ss on t l h ep lu s s ouven t a l' or ig ine d e l eur d es truc t ion s y s tema t ique . L 'engoumen t b ru ta l p our c et ouve le f orme d 'enr ich is t ä empechee j u squ 'a te n l s emen a uj ourd 'hu i , t ou te me sure d e p ro tec t ion o u d ' in terven t ion d e l ap ar t d es a u tor i te s a rcheo lot et o ta lemen t d e tru i t e n mar s 1 986 e tq u 'ävec l u i g igues . C 'e s t a in s i q ue l es i te d e S a hara äe o n td i sparu u ne b a se d e s t a tue d 'epoque r o ma ine , l ap ar t ie i nfer ieure d 'une s t a tue ma scu l ine ( P l . 1 2 : I I . 1 8) e t u n r e l ief h e len i s t ique d 'Herac le s . l Ou tre l ' in terA t p ropremen t h i s tor ique d e s c a rr iere sa n t ique s , i ls e ra i ts ouha i tab le d e c reer d es p rogramme s d e r echerche p our v e i ler ä l a p ro tec t ion d e c e s s i te s p ar t icu l ieremen t l menace s .

C f . Koze l j1982 . C f . L ambrak i 1 980 , 4 2 . D 'au tre s s anc tua ire s c omparab les e x i s ten t ä C hypre : äKour ion o üu ne p aro i h or izon ta le e s t g ravee d e t r o i s c upu le s äl i ba t ion s r e l iees e n tre c ue s p ar d e p e t i t s c anaux q u i r epresen ten t u ne t 8 te d e l i on , ( t rouva i le d e l ' au teur ) . l 3 9 O n t r ouve d e s e xemp les d an s l e s c arr iere s d 'Archange lou , Tha so s , e t d an s l e s m ine s d e t T hor iko s , A t ique . 4 0 L a s t e le aé t ét r ouvee s ou s l ad eux ieme t our d e s c arr iere s d e S a hara , Thao s , p ar l ' au teur . 4 1 Un e p rem iere t our e s t s i tuee s ur u ne em inence q u i s urp lombe l ac arr iere d e S a hara , u ne s econde e s t p lacee e n c on tre-ba s d e l ac arr iere . 3 7 3 8

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PLANCHE 6

I . 8 I

O rgan isa t ion d 'une c ar ermanente . riere p

A .

Z one d ' ex trac t ion d e s b loc s , e xemp le , u ne c o lonne mono l i the ( Kary s to s , E ub8e ) .

B .

Emp lacemen td el ' a te l ier äc i e lo uver tp our l ' en tre t ien e tl ar epa rat i on d e s o u t i l s : f oyer e te nc lume .

C .

B as . sin

D .

A l te l ier d e menu i ser ie p our l ' en tre t ien d e s e l emen t s d e s mach ines d e l evage e td es 8 chafaudages .

E .

Am8nagemen t d 'un p e t i t s anc tua ire . A V a thy , T ha so s , t r ou d e p o teau p our l am i se e np lace d 'une t en te s e rvan td 'abr i a u s anc tua i re .

F .

S te le f unera ire o u v o t ive .

G .

Emp lacemen td el a mach ine d el e vage p our l ec hargemen td es b loc s äb ord d u b a teau .

H .

Z one d 'hab i ta t ion .

I .

C on s truc t ion d efen s ive .

J .

D eb la i s .

K .

Nom d e l ac ar riere g rave äl ' en tree d e l ac arr iere .

2 2

PLANCHE 6

~

We« ,

T ony K o2e lj

2 3

PLANCHE 7

I I . 9

P rem iere c ar riere ( permanente) d e S a hara , T ha sos .

PLA NCHE 7

I . s t QUARRY i n S a l iara ,Tbas so s v i .s .

.....

4

N PA e

b l ock s

T r2Ite t rt

b a s s -r e l ie • H e rcu le s



i n .3 1 4 1 .•

2 5

PLANCHE 8

F ig . 1

C o ins d e f er p rovenant d 'une ma ison d e c arr ier s d u P ente li que , d u XyIIIe ou XIXe r ne

I l . 1 0 l

I dem .

s ièc le .

F ig . 2

I dem .

l I l . 1 1

I dem .

F ig . 3

I dem .

l I l . 1 2

I dem .

PLA NCHE 8

2 7

PLANCHE 9

F ig . 4

C o ins d e f er p rovenant d 'une rier ma ison d e c ar s d u P en te l ique , m e s i èc le . d u XVIII ' o uX I Xe

I I . 1 3

I dem .

F ig . 5

I dem .

I . 1 4 I

I dem .

2 8

PLA NCHE 9

2 9

PLANCHE 1 0

I . 1 5 P ha ses d e f abr ica t ion d 'un s arcophage r oma in aS a hara , T hasos . I

N° 1

riere D egagemen t d u b loc d an s l ac ar .

N° 7

I nc i s ion a u c i seau d e l af orme d u c ouverc le .

No s 8 ,9 , 1 0

ris s age a E quar u c i seau d 'apre P inc i s ion .

N° 2

I nc i s ion a u s a rcophage .

c i seau

d e

N° 3

ris s age a E quar u c i seau d 'apre s P inc i s ion .

, 5C reu semen t d e P in ter ieur . N° 4 N° 1

ris s age f E quar i na l .

N° 6

N° 1 2

ris s age f E quar i na l .

E ta t f i na l a van t l et r an spor t v er s P a te l ier d e f i n i t ion .

3 0

l a

f orme

d u

PLANCHE 1 0

. ,

T I

I m

1 2 T ony K ote lj

3 1

PLANCHE 1 1

I l . 1 6 l

C o lonnes d e Karys tos , E ubee . B locs mono l i thes .

N° 1

D iam . b a se : 0 ,75m . Li ncomp le te : 5 ,55m .

N° 2

D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . Lv i s ib le : 7 ,50m .

N° 3

D iam . b a se : i nv i s ib le . L : 7 , 15m .

N° 4

D iam . b a se : 1 , 43 m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 30m . L : 1 2 ,09m .

N° 5

D iam . b a se e t s o mme t : 1 , 30m . L : 1 0 ,94m .

N° 6

D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 20m L : 1 ,99m .

N° 7

D iam . b a se : 1 , 30m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 20m . L : 1 2 ,02m .

N° 8

D iam . b a se : 1 , 40m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 35m . L : 1,80m .

N° 9

D iam . b a se : 1 , 35m . D iam . s o mme t : 1 , 30m L : 1 ,95 m .

3 2

PLA NC HE 1 1

e e•• • ••• • •

, , • / A M,/ * Pf / . ~

• ••

3

.

1

•a f ta f t

.

r • • •• •

Ara mm . ,



.

... f t. » .

0 4•••• •••



•••• •• ••••

••••• g . ••• —

.« •••••• ••

mm T ony K oie l j

3 3

PLANCHE 1 2

T ro is p hases d e s cu lp tures .

l I . 1 8 P ha se d ' equarr issage s econda ire . I ns i tu .P ar t ie s uper ieure c onservee a u musee d e Tha sos . P ar t ie i nfer ie ure d i sparue . Hau teur t o ta le : 2m .

l I l . 1 7

E quarr issage g ross ier d 'un p er sonnage monumen ta l , d ebou t s ur u ne b ase . I n s i tu . Haut eur t o ta le : 2 ,04m . Hauteur b ase : 0 ,20m . L . e t 1 . b ase : 0 ,75m x 0 ,75m .

I l . 1 9 l

R e l ief a rcha ique o ü a ppara issent l e s d iver ses p ha ses d e t rava i l . S eu le l a p ar t ie s uper ieure d u c orps e s t a chevee . S urface t a il : h au teur : 0 ,50m ; l a rgeur : 0 ,25m . lee e pa isseur : 0 ,15m .

3 4

PLANCHE 1 2

Um

5 0cm

T ony K ote lj

3 5

PLANCHE 1 3

I l . 2 0 I nscr ipt ions d u n om d e l a c ar u d u n om d u p ropr ieta ire d e l a c ar l riere o riere a S 1ä 8: T hasos Tha sos , E ubee , Ch ios e t A thenes . NO

N° 1

E n tre E uroka s tro e tP hanar i .

N° 2

P hanar i .

N° 3

E n tre P hanar i e t Makr iamo s .

N O S 4 et 5

P rem iere c ar e S a hara . riere d

N° 6

T ro i s ieme c arr iere d e S a hara .

N° 7

Qua tr ieme c ar e S a hara . riere d

N° 8

A rchange lou .

3 6

PLANCHE 1 3

0

OP

n y iloy

TTAP

co

l ony K oie l j

e rr E s 1 \

A p/

PPOY

HAP -

HPAKAEOE E lL IA

HPAKA

HA

AP I( T o a HA, • ‘0 (

AP IETO AH M OE

NA

3 7

PLA NCHE 1 4

l I l . 2 1

I nscr ip t ions d u n om d e l a c arr iere o u d u n om d u p ropr ie ta ire d e l a c arr iere ä Thasos , E ubee , Ch ios e t A thenes .

S 9e t 1 0 NO

S ep t ieme c arr iere d e S a hara , Tha sos .

NO S 1 a1 4

S ur d e s b loc s d e Va thy , Tha so s .

5 N° 1

En tre Va thy e t S a hara , Tha so s .

N° 1 6

riere d S ur u n b loc d e l a 50 c ar e Va thy , T ha so s .

3 8

PLANCHE 14

MAPKOl:

®···················

rAY

MA

([·········. . ···· ·······

MA (PKO�)

-- --- ·

A

__j

�'

®····· ············ ·

JJJ

@--······-··········

0

®·······-··········-··

xm

K

@······················ ·

XIlT H A. ... Il ..

@-······················ -

. ·- - ·- . .

Im

� - .·

. .. ..

Tony Kotelj

39

PLANCHE 15

Ill. 22 Inscriptions du nom de la carriere ou du nom du proprietaire de la carriere a Thasos, Eubee, Chios et Athenes.

N° 17 Derniere carriere

a gauche de Myli,

Eubee.

N° 18 Carriere centrale de Myli, Eubee.

N ° )9 Premiere carriere de Myli, Eubee.

N° 20 Carriere superieure de Myli, Eubee.

N° 21 Styra, sur une colonne, Eubee.

N° 22 Colline des Nymphes, Athenes.

N° 23 Idem, Athenes.

N° 24 Latomi, Chios, sur un bloc de marbre de type portasanta, Athenes.

40

PLANCHE 1 5

MEEEAEONO o

VA HP EA

FL(avius ) CLAVDIANI

OH

E nozAE

04

1 45 t£NXV 1 1

H

E T IOE AD : 1 24 2NH D (om in i ) CAE ( sar is s erv i ) N (os tr i o r n umero ) I ( XVI 17 . ) Tony

4 1

K ote ll

I m

PLANCHE 16 Ill. 23 Emplacement des machines de levage (Archangelou, Thasos).

A:

Plateforme du treuil.

a)

Pied gauche du treuil: 0,23m x 0,14m.

b)

Point d'ancrage du treuil: 0,47m x 0,14m.

c)

Pied droit: 0,23m x 0,14m.

d)

Point d'ancrage: 0,10m x 0,7m.

e)

Point d'ancrage du navire de transport. Diametre: 0,10m.

Ill. 24 Zone d'equarrissage (Vathy, Thasos).

A: Plateforme du treuil. a)

Empreinte du pied gauche du treuil: 0,22m x 0,80m.

b)

Empreinte du pied droit: 0,42m x 0,20m.

Points d'ancrage du treuil. c) 0,40m x 0,30m. d)

0,13m x 0,42m.

e)

0,14m x 0,10m.

f)

0,16m x 0,16m.

g)

0,12m x 0,12m.

h)

0,08m x 0,06m.

i)

0,13m x 0,06m.

j)

0,16m x 0,10m.

k)

0,18m x 0,10m.

I)

0,20m x 0,20m.

B: Plateforme inferieure.

C: Zone d'equarrissage. 42

PLANCHE 1 6

t h es e a

0 1 IIIIIIIII I 4 3

2 I

3 m

I T ony K ofe l j

PLANCHE 1 7

I l . 2 5 S anc tua ire d es p r is ionn ier s b yzant ins d ans l e s a nc iennes c ar oma ines . l rieres r Mo t if s g raves .

A : A rchange lou , T ha so s . P aön : R epre sen ta t ion d iv ine . P er sonnage : O ff ic ian t . C ro ix .

C : E des , Macedo ine . sa

B : P rem iere c ar riere d e V a thy , T ha so s .

4 4

PLA NCHE 1 7

A

4 5

5 0c m

1

PLANCHE 1 8

I l l . 2 6

S te le f unera ire o uv o t ive d eS a hara , Thasos . (H t .0 ,90m ; 1 .0 ,40m ; e p .b ase 0 ,20m) .I ned i te .D ecouver te e n1 982 ,t o r sd ep rospec t ions , a vec t r o is monna ies d on t u ne d e V a len t in ianus P lac idus F lav ius A ugus tus , A .D . 4 25-455 .

4 6

PLANCHE 1 8

c y .

T ony K o2e lj

4 0

PLANCHE 1 9

I l l . 2 7

S i tua t ion g eograph ique d es c arr ieres äTha sos .

I l l . 2 8

S i tua t ion g eograph ique d es c arr ieres e n E ubee ( Kary s tos) .

4 8

P LANCHE 1 9

T HASOS P iAwAes c A P - Me -E5

2S AL IA kh c e te it . I

E-S

C ap V athy dol

3 ve-f 1 4 c AtP aet iS

c al

4P YRA0S c A tee treeS 5A L IK t c ALPER -gS 6A tu tANC TELoo c t 4 ee 4E2 x5 M arbre de K astri

G neiss m edians

Marbre du P .

I lias O km

1 (ARYSTOS

4 9

4k m

1 0km

PLANCHE 2 0

I l l . 2 9 S itua t ion g eograph ique d es c arr ieres d 'Eubee : S tyra , An ibor io e t V a t is ion .

5 0

PLANCHE 2 0

i

, 2

z

4 I

km

5 1

PLANCHE 2 1

F ig . 6

D egagemen t d 'un b loc p ar l ec reusement d 'un c ana l s ur t r o is c ö tes . L a tom i , Ch ios .

F ig . 7

B loc d ' epoque r oma ine , P hanar i , Tha sos .

F ig . 9

I nscr ip t ion s i tuee al al im ite d e l a z one d 'exp lo i ta t ion d e l a e c arr iere d e P hanar i , Thasos . C f . P lanche 1 3 I l . 2 1 N° 1 . l

F ig . 1 1

F ig . 8 F ront d ' ex trac t ion a vec u n t r ou p our l a f i xa t ion d es c ordages , A l ik i , Thasos .

F ig . 1 0I nscr ip t ion s i tuee I la l im i te d e l a d eux ieme z one d ' exp lo ita t ion . e s c on t igues . C f . I l . 2 1 N° 2 l ( P lanche 1 3) .

I nscr ip t ions d ' epoque b yzant ine p e intes a u m in ium .

5 2

5 3

PLANCHE 2 2

F ig . 1 2

C arr iere d e l ' acropo le d e Tha sos . P hoto EFA , 1 914 .

5 4

PLA NCHE 2 2

5 5

PLANCHE 2 3

F ig . 1 3

T ranspor t d u k ouros c r iophore d e Tha sos . P ho to EFA , 1 914 .

F ig . 1 4

Amenagemen t d 'une f on ta ine p our l a r ecupera t ion d es e aux d e r u isse lement , L a tol m i , Ch ios .

F ig . 1 5

F ig . 1 6

C arr ieres d 'A l ik i , Tha sos .

T ranspor t d es b locs s ur l a f ou i le d e l ' agora d e Tha sos . P hoto EFA , 1 956 . l

5 6

PLANCHE 2 3

5 7

PLA NCHE 2 4

F ig . 1 7

Maquet te d e l ' en tree d u p or t d 'Ama thonte , Chypre . R ea l isa t ion d e l ' auteur .

5 8

PLA NCHE 2 4

cn

PLA NCHE 2 5

F ig . 1 8

Vue a er ienne d u q ua i d u p or t d 'Ama thon te , Chypre . P ho to b ase m i l i ta ire b r i tann ique .

6 0

PLANCHE 2 5

6 1

PLANCHE 2 6

F ig . 1 9

F ig . 2 0

T heä tre d 'Argos .

l Amenagemen t d e l a t e rra sse d e l a c o l ine d es Nymphes , A thene s .

F ig . 2 1

I dem , d e ta i l .

6 2

PLA NC HE 2 6

6 3

PLANCHE 2 7

F ig . 2 2

F ig . 2 5

T races d ' ex trac t ion d ' epoque a rcha ique . P hanar i , Thasos .

F ig . 2 3

F ig . 2 6

T races d ' ex trac t ion d e b locs d ' epoque b yzan t ine , P hanar i , Thasos .

T races d ' ex trac t ion d ' epoque a rcha ique , d e ta i l . P hanar i , Thasos .

Empre inte d es c o ins d e f er ä P hanar i , T ha sos , d e ta i l .

F ig . 2 4

6 4

Empre in te d es c o ins d e f er ä P hanar i , Thasos .

PLA NCHE 2 7

6 5

PLANCHE 2 8

F ig . 2 7

P hanar i , Thasos . L e p hare d ' epoque a rcha ique .

F ig . 2 9

F ig . 2 8

D es truc t ion moderne d 'une c o l l ine d ed eb la is a nt iques , Va thy , Thasos .

Maquet 'une mach ine d e l e vage d ' epoque r oma ine . te d ( Rea l isa t ion d e l ' auteur ) .

6 6

PLANCHE 2 8

6 7

PLANCHE 2 9

F ig . 3 0

P rem ieres a ss ises d u s ouba ssemen t d e l a t e rrasse d e l ' acropo le d e Tha sos c ons tru ite a vec d es b locs ma l e quarr is .

F ig . 3 1

F ig . 3 2

P resso ir ä h u i le i nacheve d ans l a c arr iere d e V a thy , Thasos .

F ig . 3 3

6 8

B loc d e p or ta santa p or tant u ne i n scr ip t ion d ' epoque r oma ine , L a tom i , Ch ios .

T outes l e s t r aces d ' ex tract i on s ur u n b loc d e l a c arr i ere d e Va thy , Thasos .

PLANCHE 2 9

6 9

PLANCHE 3 0

P o in ts d 'accrochage p our l e s c ab les s ur l e sque ls s on t f ixe s d es p a lans .

F ig . 3 4

F ig . 3 5

F ig . 3 6

F ig . 3 7

7 0

PLANCHE 3 0

7 1

PLANCHE 3 1

P hases d e t r ava i l d e l a mach ine d e l e vage u t i l isée ä A ma thon te .

F ig . 3 8

Chargement d es b locs ä l ' ar riere . D imens ions d es b locs : 0 ,60m x 0 ,70m x 2m .

F ig . 3 9

sise M ise e n p lace d es b locs ä l ' ap lomb d e l a c ons truct ion , d epu is l ' as i nfer ieure j usqu 'ä l a t r o is ieme a ss ise a u-dessus d u n iveau d e l a mer .

F ig . 4 0

A vancee d e l ' arbre p our p lacer u ne a u tre s er ie d e b locs d e b a s e n h aut .

7 2

PLANCHE 3 1

7 3

PLANCHE 3 2

F ig . 4 1

A vancee d e l ' arbre j usqu 'ä l ' ex trem i te . P or tee max imum 5m .

F ig . 4 2

t A u-de lä d es 5m , t ens ion d u ab le a tache äu n p o int f i xe p our s ure lever l l a mach ine a f in d e p ouvo ir p lacer d e s b i lot s d e b o is s ur l e sque ls o n l a fe ra a vancer .

7 4

PLA NCHE 3 2

7 5

PLANCHE 3 3

F ig . 4 3

Montage d e l a c ons truc t ion d u q ua i d u p or t d 'Ama thonte .

7 6

7 7

PLANCHE 3 4

P hases d e t r ava i l d e l a mach ine d e l e vage u t i l isee a An ia thon te .

F ig . 4 4

F ig . 4 5

F ig . 4 6

F ig . 4 7

7 8

PLA NCHE 3 4

7 9

II PATTERNS OF EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTION IN THE WHITE MARBLE QUARRIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: HISTORY, PRESENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

M. Waelkens, P. De Paepe and L. Moens The archaeological study of marble presents two aspects. First of all, there is the study of the material itself, which tries to establish its provenance and to define its characteristics in order to understand its possibilities for sculpture or its use in architecture. The second aspect deals with the whole process of quarrying the stone and handling it after quarrying. The oldest records in the field were the observations made by travellers, the first one being Cyriacus of Ancona's account (1442-47) of the lychnites quarries on Paros.1 Yet their remarks on the quarries were purely descriptive and did not really contribute to a better understanding of the quarrying methods. Nor did H. Bliimner's study of ancient technology published in the eighties of last century2 make much progress in unravelling quarrying techniques even though it remained for decades our main source about quarryin� Most other studies dealt mainly with the legal status and the management of the quarries, a field which has received a new impetus thanks to the very patient and excellent research carried out for several years now by J. C. Fant.4 Quarrying itself began to be viewed more attentively only within the last three decades, during which scholars identified several quarry sites and for the first time started to study quarrying techniques, which was mainly J. Roder's contribution.5 Others dealt with the economic and social aspects of quarrying, including its role in the shaping of sculpture and 1 For a list of these travellers, see A. Dworakowska, "The Quarries in Ancient Greece, According to Early Scholars and Travellers," Archeologia 25 (1974) 1-9; Dworakowska 1975, 61-63. For Asia Minor, add to this list: Ch. Texier, Description de l'Asie Mineure (Paris 1839) I, 146-151; W. J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor I (London 1842) 461-462 (both referring to Docimium). 2 H. Bliimner, Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Kiinste bei Griechen und Romern III (Leipzig 1884) 69-84. 3 The basic, although completely outdated work still remains Ch. Dubois, Etude sur /'administration et !'exploitation des carrieres (marbres, porphyre, granit, etc.) dans le monde romain (Paris 1908). 4 A complete study by J.C. Fant of the economics and operations of the imperial Roman marble quarries is in preparation (Fant 1988b). For preliminary studies, see already Fant 1984, 1985, and I 987. 5 J. Roder, "Zur Lavaindustrie von Mayen und Volvic (Auvergne)," Germania 31 (1953) 24-27; id., "Das Werden der Besitzverhaltnisse im Mayern Basaltgebiet," Germania 34 (1956) 248-60; id., "Antike Steinbriiche in der Vordereifel," Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutsch/and (Berlin 1958) 268-85; Roder 1957; id., "Zur Steinbruchgeschichte des Pellenz und Brohtal," BJb 159 (I 959) 46-88; id., "Zur Technik der romischen Granitindustrie," in W. Jorns, Der Felsberg im Odenwald, Kassel und Basel (1959) 17-38; Kraus and Roder 1962; Roder 1965; Roder 1967; id., "Bericht iiber Arbeiten in den antiken Steinbriichen von Iscehisar (Dokimeion)," TiirkArkDerg 18.1 (1969) I 09- l 6; Roder 1969 and 1971; id., "Romische Steinbruchtatigkeit am Drachenfels," BJb 174 (1974) 509-44. More general studies on the subject were published by Ward Perkins 1971a and 1971b. 81

a rch i tec ture , r e search t ha t w a s b a s ica ly s t ar ted b yJ .B . Wa rd P erk in s6 a l nd n ow f ur thered b y ecen t ly s uch N . A sgar i 's work a t Marmara ( P roconne su s ) a nd e l sewhere i n A s ia M inor .7 R ag row ing i n tere s t i n a nc ien t q uarry ing h a s b een p ercep t ib le t ha t o ne c an e a s i ly s ay t ha t t he s ub jec t h a s b ecome f a sh ionab le among a rchaeo log i s t s .8 Y e t o ur k now ledge o f q uarry ing

6S ee a l ready t he t wo s t ud ies men t ioned i nn o te 5a nd f ur ther J .B . Ward P erk in s ," The A r t o f t he S everan Age i n t he L igh t o f T r ipo l i tan ian D i scover ie s , " P rocBr i tAcad 3 7 ( 1951) 2 77-304 ; " Tr ipo l i tan ia a nd t he Marb le T rade , " J RS 4 1 ( 1951) 8 9-104 ; " The H ippo ly tu s l S a rcophagu s f rom T r inque ta i le , " J RS 4 1 ( 1956 ) 1 0-16 ; Ward P erk in s 1 957 , 4 55-67 ; Ward P erk in s 1 958 ; Ward P erk ins 1 963 , 19-124 ; Ward P erk in s 1 969 , 1 09-145 ; " Da lma t ia a nd t he Marb le T rade , " D ispu ta t iones S a lon i tanae ( 1970 ) 4 3 ; " Work shops a nd C l ien t s : T he D iony s iac S arcophag i i n B a l t imore , " R endPon tAcc 4 8 ( 1976 ) 1 91-238 ; Ward P erk in s 1 980 , 2 3-69 ; " The Marb le T rade a nd i t s O rgan iza t ion : E v idence f rom N icomed ia , " MAAR 3 6 ( 1980 ) 3 32-33 . 7 A sga r i 1 977 ; i d . , " Anado lu 'da a n t ik mermer o cak la r i , " V III . T urk T ar ih K ongres i ' nden a yr tbas tm ( Ankara 1 979 ) 4 51-56 ; A sgar i 1 978 ; i d . , " 1 .4ak S e l9 ik ler v e 9 evres inden Roma c ag i l ah i t ler i v e mermer o cak lar i , " T ürkArkD e rg 2 5 .2 ( 1981) 1-47 . 8 S evera l q uarr ies h ave b een s t ud ied r ecen t ly , among o ther s t ho se o f : E ubo ia : V . Hankey , " A Marb le Quarry a t Ka ry s to s , " BMBeyrou th 1 8 ( 1965 ) 5 3-59 ; I . P apageogak i s ," Summary o f Our Know ledge C oncern ing t he Marb le sU sed i n Anc ien tG reece a nd t he ir Quarr ie s , I . The Anc ien t Quarr ie s o f Kary s t ian Marb le " ( i n G reek ) , P rak tAkA th 3 9 ( 1964 ) 2 62-84 ; L ambrak i 1 980 ; P .T sof l ia s , " Le s c arr iere s a n t iques d e marbre d e 1 ' Eub8e d u S ud , " BMusAr t 5 3 .2 ( 1982 ) 7 1-79 . sa Thes ly : I .P apageorgak i s , " The Anc ien t Quarr ie s o f T he ssa ly , " P rak tAkA th 3 8 ( 1963 ) s 5 64-72 ; A . L ambrak i , " L 'emp lo i d e l as c ie l i se e n t an tq u 'ou t i ld ec arr ier e nG rece al ' epoque p a leochr8 t ienne , " BMusAr t 5 3 .2 ( 1982 ) 8 1-88 . -T ha so s : S od in i , L ambrak i , Kole l j 1 980 ; Ko2 e l j e t a l . 1 985 . riere -P aros : D . B erranger , " Le r e l ief i n scr i t e n l ' honneur d e s Nymphe s d an s l e s c ar s d e P aro s , " REA 8 5 ( 1983 ) 2 35-57 . -C re te : M . K . Durk in a nd C . J .L i s ter , " The Rod s o f D igen i s : a n Anc ien t Ma rb le Quarry i n E a s tern C re te , " BSA 7 8 ( 1983) 6 9-84 . sler -E phe su s : A lz inger 1 967 ; W . D res , " Karo ide I n schr if ten i m S te inbruch v on B e lev i , " OJh 4 8 ( 1966-67 ) 7 3-76 ; E . A ta lay , " Ku p in i mermer o cag i h akk inda ö n r apor , " T ürkArkDerg 2 3 .1 ( 1976 ) 1 3-15 ; Ka sper 1 977 . -M i le tus a nd Herac le ia o n t he L a tmu s : A . P esch low-B indoka t , " D ie S te inbrüche v on Mi le t u nd Herak le ia am L a tmo s , " J dI 9 6 ( 1981) 1 57-214 . P roconnesu s : s ee t he r eference s i n n . 7 and Wa lker 1 985 . -T eo s : F an t 1 988b . l -T emeno thyra i ( U 5ak ) : A . P ra long , " Trouva i le s d an s u ne c arr iere p hryg ienne i nconnue : u ne i n scr ip t ion r upe s tre e tu n s a rcophage i ns i tu , " RA 2( 1980 ) 2 51-62 ; s ee a l so t he l a s t a r t ic le b y N . A sgar i men t ioned i n n o te 7 . sinon -P hryg ia : Wae lken s 1 982a a nd 1 982b ; J .D evreker a nd M . Wae lken s , " Pe ss inu s ( Pes te ) 1 983 , " I . A rai t irma lar t s onuc lar t t op lan t is t , I zm ir 1 6-20 N isan 1 984 ( Ankara 1 985) 1 39-42 ; Wae lken s 1 985 a nd 1 986b . S ee a l so n o te 1 9 a nd F an t 1 984 , 1 985 , 1 987 , a nd 1 988b . -S e l inun te ( l i me s tone ) : G . Nenc i , " Le c ave d i S e l inun te , " A nnP isa 4( 1979 ) 1 415-25 ; J .d e l a Gen iere , " Cave d i Cu sa , " A nnP isa 4 ( 1979 ) 1 426-27 ; r ecen t ly t hese q uarr ie s h ave b een s urveyed a nd mapped b y A . P e sch low-B indoka t . A nc ien t P er s ia : Ny lander 1 968 ( dea l s w i th t he q ua rr ie s o f P er sepo l i s ) ; i d . , I on ian s i n P a sargadae , S tud ies i n O ld P er s ian A rch i tec ture ( Upp sa la 1 970 ) 2 8-30 . -C hem tou : T h . Krau s , " D ie S te inbrüche , " i n Kraus a nd R akob 1 979 , 4 8-51 ; F . R akob , " Da s A rbe i t s, Wohn-u nd V erwa l tung s lager , " Krau s a nd R akob 1 979 , 5 5-58 . R oman E gyp t : s ee J . Röder 's s t ud ie s men t ioned i n n o te 5 . -L un i ( Carrara ) : Do lc i 1 980 . -Gau l : B edon 1 984 , ( con ta in s a l l o lder l i tera ture ) . -Germany : s ee J . Röder 's s t ud ie s men t ioned i n n o te 5 . I n t he l a s t t wo d ecades , s evera l g enera l b ook s o r a r t ic le s o n q uarr ie s a nd o n t he marb le t r ade ten h ave b een w r it . S ome h ave b een i nc luded i n h andbook s o n a nc ien t a rch i tec ture : -M ar t in 1 965 , 1 46-55 ( ex trac t ion , c arr iere s ) . . .) ( con t inued.

8 2

t e chn ique s i ss t i l i n i t s i nfancy d ue t o n umerou s p rob lem s men t ioned b e low a nd t o t he f ac t l t ha t t oo many s t ud ies w ere n o t b acked u p b y r ea l f i e ldwork 9. T he s econd a spec t o f marb le r e search , wh ich t r ies t o e s tab l i sh t he p rovenance o f t he s t one , a t f i r s t h ad a very t heore t ica l c harac ter . I to r ig ina ted i n 1 8 th c en tury Rome among c o lec tor so fs t one s , a nd i t s ma in p urpo se w a s t oi den t ify marb le s( e spec ia ly c o loured lwh ich l l u S ome w ere e i ther u sed o r r eused b y l o ca l ma son s w i th s t one s k nown f rom a nc ien t s ource s .l l l r ecen t s t ud ie s , e spec ia ly t ho se p ub l i shed b y R . Gno l i a nd H . Mie l sch , s t i l c on t inue t h i s t r ad i t ion .1 I n t he l a te 1 9 th c en tury t he q ues t f or s c ien t if ic i den t if ica t ion o f marb le a cqu ired amore s o l id b a se t hrough a n ew p e trograph ica l a nd m inera log ica l a pproach s t ar ted b y G . R .

. . 8 ( .con t inued ) -O r lando s 1 968 , 4 5-49 . A dam 1 985 , 2 3-32 . O ther s a re more d e ta i led s t ud ie s a bou t t he e x trac t ion o r t he t r ade : -P .P en sabene , " Con s ideraz ion i s u l t r a spor to d i manufat i i ne ta i mper ia le aRoma ti marmore e in a l tr i c en tr i o cc iden ta l i , " D ia lAr 6 (1972 ) 3 57-62 ; i d . , " A C argo o f Marb le S h ipwrecked a tP un ta S c ifo n ear C ro tone ( I ta ly ) , " I JNA 7( 1978) 1 05-18 , 2 33 ; D . Monna a nd P .P ensabene , " No ta s u la s t ud io d il avoraz ione el at i po log ia d e is a rcofag i ag h ir lande m icroa s ia t ic ie spor ta t i l i nO cc iden te , "D ia lAr 1 5 ( 1981) 8 5-108 ; i d . , " Os ion is u la d iffu s ione d e i marm i eil ro s ervaz l io p rezzo n e la Roma I mper ia le , " BMusAr t 5 3 .2 ( 1982 ) 5 7-70 . l -F . B raemer , " Les marbre s ar epoque r o ma ine , " RA 1 971, 1 67-74 ; i d . , " Prob lemes p o se s p ar l e s ma ter iaux e t l e s t heme s d e l as cu lp ture e t d e l ad ecora t ion e n Ana to l ie e t d an s d 'au tres r eg ion s d e l ' Emp ire r o ma in , " P roceed ings o f t he X th I n terna t iona l C ongress o f C lass ica l A rchaeo logy ( Ankara 1 978 ) 7 37-51 ; i d . , " Reper to ire d e s g i semen t s d e p ierre s a yan t e xpor te l eur p roduc t ion al ' epoque r o ma ine , " i n C ol n te rna t iona l s ur l e s r esources m inera les e t l oque i l ' h is to ire d e l e ur e xp lo i ta t ion ( Grenob le 1 983 ) e d i te p ar F . B raemer a vec l ec oncour s d e G . D e icha ( Co loques d u C om i te d e s T ravaux H i s tor ique s e t S c ien t if iques 2 , P ar i s 1 986 ) , l 2 87-327 . Monna e t a l . 1 983 . R ecen t ly t wo c o lec t ion s o f a r t ic le s a bou t marb le , ma rb le work a nd q uarr ie s h ave b een l p ub l i shed : Tro isi ourn es d e l ' Indus tr ie Min &a le , L e marbre (Namur , 1 6-18 n ovembre 1 981) . i ,mes J Rappor ts d 'arch M log ie e t d 'h is to ire d e l ' ar t , p ub l i shed a s BMusAr t 5 3 .2 ( 1982 ) ( ed . J . Ch . B a l ty ) . M arm i A n t ich i . P rob lem i d 'Imp iego , d i R es tauro e d'Iden t if icaz ione , ac ura d i P a tr iz io P ensabene ( S tud i Mi sce lane i 2 6 , S em inar io d iA rcheo log ia eS tor ia d e l 'Ar te G reca eRomana l l d e l ' Un iver s i ta d i Roma " La S ap ienza , " h ere c i ted a s P en sabene 1 985 . l F ina ly ,t wo g enera l works o nq uarr ie s i nt he G reek a nd Roman p er iod sh ave b een w r it l t en b y A . Dworakow ska ( 1975 a nd 1 983) ; t hey a re v ery u sefu l f or t he o lder b ib l iography b u t u nfor tuna te ly , s i nce t hey a re n o t b a sed u pon f i e ldwork , a re t o b e u sed w i th g rea t c au t ion . Av ery d e ta i led , s t i l u npub l i shed s tudy a bou tt he q uarr ie s o fg reen s t one s i nG reece h a s b een l c omp le ted b yA . L ambrak i ,L es r oches v e r tes . E tude s ur l e s marbres d el aG rece e xp lo Ws a ux e ' poques r oma ine e tp a le .ochr f i enne ( d is , P ar i s 1 978) . s. 9 C ha rac ter i s t ic i n t h i s r e spec t a re t he s t ud ies w r it y A . Dworakow ska , men t ioned i n t en b n o te 8 . le 1 0 S ee f or i n s tance : B . C aryoph i lu s , D e a n t iqu is marn ior ibus ( W ien 1 738 ) ; F . C or s i , D el p ie tre a n t iche , e d . 3 (Roma 1 845 ) . i Gno l i 1 971 ; H . M ie l sch , B un tmarmore a us R om i m A n t ikenmuseum B er l in ( S taa t l iche si l Mu seen P reus scher Ku l turbes i tz ,B er l in 1 985 ) . S ee a l so P .P en sabene ," I l marmo n e l 'Impero l l r o mano , " BMusAr t 5 3 .2 ( 1982 ) 2 1-32 ; i d . , " Su d ue c o lez ion i d i marmo d e l ' I s t i tu to d i l A rcheo log ia d e l ' Un iver s i tä d i Roma , " i n P en sabene 1 985 , 1 -14 . T he p ub l ica t ion b y J .C h . l l B a l ty o f a la rge c o lec t ion o f marb le s a nd o ther s t one s ( Co lec t ion o f Em i le d e Mees ter d e se R ave s te in ) , n ow k ep t i n t he Musee s r oyaux d 'ar t e td 'h is to ire a tB rus ls , i si n p repara t ion . 8 3

L ep s ius .1 sib 2 Th i s c rea ted among a rchaeo log is t s an ew c onf idence i n t he p os i l i ty o f i den t ify ing marb le u sed f or s cu lp ture a nd a rch i tec ture — u nfor tuna te ly l e ad ing t oo o f ten t oo verconf idence , s i nce mo s t i d en t if ica t ions w ere b a sed o n ly o n s uch o p t ica l c harac ter i s t ics l a sc o lour o r v i s ib le g ra in s i ze .1 3 T h i s h a s c aused al o t o fc onfu s ion , e spec ia ly i n t he f i e ld o f wh i te o r g rey i sh marb le s . A n umber o f w ide ly a ccep ted i den t if ica t ion s h ave t hus b een p roved w rong b y S . Wa lker a nd h er t eam b y mean s o f s t ab le i s o top ic a na ly s is .1 4 App ly ing s t he s a me o r s im i lar s c ien t if ic t e chn ique s , N . H erz a ni o ther s h ave b een a b le t oa semb le ( o r s e mb d i sas le ) f ragmen t s o f i n scr ip t ions o r s cu lp ture » I n f ac t , e ver s i nce L . Rybach a nd H . s en a 6 W . N is pp l ied n eu tron a c t iva t ion t o i den t ify t r ace e l emen t s i n G reek marb les i n 1 964 ,1 a nd s i nce H . C ra ig a nd V . C ra ig t r ied t o d e term ine t he ir p rovenance b y i s o top ic a na ly s i s i n 7 w e h ave h ad a va i lab le a w ide v ar ie ty o f p hy s ica l a nd c hem ica l t e chn iques t o 1 972 ,1 8 Y e t i t seem s v ery c harac ter ize wh i te marb le s — n one , h owever , e n t ire ly s uccesfu l s o f ar .1

t 1 2 R . L eps ius , G r iech ische Marmors tud ien ( Ber l in 1 890 ) ; i d . , G eo log ie v on A t ika = E in B e i trag z ur Me tamorph ismus d er G es te ine ( Ber l in 1 893 ) . F or more r ecen t s t ud ies , s ee : C . R enf rew a nd J . S . P eacy , " Aegean Marb le : aP e tro log ica l S tudy , " BSA 6 3 ( 1968 ) 4 5-66 ; A sh mo le 1 970 ; H erz & V i ta l iano 1 983 . 1 3 O ur own e xper ience , a f ter t hree y ear s o f f i e ldwork i n mo s t ma jor q ua rr ies a round t he Med i terranean , i st ha t v ar iou s t ype s o f marb le may o ccur w i th in a same q uarry ( d i s tr ic t ) , wh i le a t f i r s t s i gh t v ery s im i lar o ne s c an b e f ound i n v ery o u t ly ing d i s tr ic t s . Th is h appen s l e ven w i th c o loured marb les , u sua ly c on s idered t ob e s afe e nough f or av i sua l i den t if ica t ion . l A g ood e xamp le i sf ound a t C arrara (Mandr ia , C re s to la ) , where a v ar ie ty o f t he s o-ca led lino C ary s t ian " c ipol " i s f ound : Do lc i 1 980 , 1 42 , 1 49 . A t C re s to la w e a l so f ound s o me t " pavonaze to , " l i ke t he o ne f rom Doc im ium . On t he d anger s o f s uch v i sua l i den t if ica t ion s , t 1 s ee Herz a nd P r i tchet 953 . 1 4 C o leman a nd Wa lker 1 979 ; Wa lker 1 984 ; Wa lda a nd Wa lker 1 984 . le 1 5 N . Y oung a nd B . A shmo le , " The B o s ton R e l ief a nd t he L udov i s i T hrone , " B ul t in o f t he Museum o f F ine A r ts , B os ton 6 6 ( 1968 ) 1 24-66 ; B . Andreae , G . O eh l sch lege l , a nd K . Weber , " Zu sammenfügung d er F ragmen te e ine s Me leager sarkophag s , " J dl 8 7 ( 1972 ) 4 04-07 ; s emb C o leman a nd Wa lker 1 984 ; N . H erz a nd D . B . Wenner , " As ly o f G reek Marb le I n scr ip t ion s b y I s o top ic Me thod s , " S c ience 1 99 ( 1978) 1 070-72 ; C ord i sch ie ta l . 1 983 . On t he s ub jec t , s ee a l so H . W iegar tz , " Gruppen a n t iker R e l ief sarkophage u nd Marmorbes t immung , " i n T hemen , P rob leme u nd O rgan isa t ion i n terd isz ip l inarer A rbe i ten i n d er A rchaome tr ie . s en D iskuss ions tagung 1 5 .-16 . J un i 1 976 . Akadem ie d er W is schaf ten u nd d er L i tera tur i n t 1 Ma inz ( Fre ie Un iver s i tä t , B er l in 1 976 ) 1 . 7 , 1 -5 ; H erz a nd P r i tchet 953 ; N . Herz a nd D . B . s Wenner , " I n scr ip t ion s s ur marbre : l eur a semb lage p ar me thode s i s o top ique s , " E ncyc lopaed ia U n iversa l is ( Par i s 1 979 ) 2 97-99 . s en 1 6 L . Rybach a nd H . U . N is , " Neu tron a c t iva t ion o f Mn a nd Na t r aces i n marb le worked b y t he a nc ien tG reek s , "P roceed ings o f Rad iochem ica l Me thods o fA na lys is ( Sa lzburg 1 964 ) 1 05-47 . 1 7 C ra ig a nd C ra ig 1 972 . 1 8 T he mo s t c ommon t e chn ique s a re t r ace e l emen t a na ly s i s a nd s t ab le i s o top ic a na ly s i s . On t he f i r s tt e chn ique , a pp l ied t o marb le , s ee L . C onfor to , M . F e l ic i , D . Monna , L . S erva , sica A . T addeucc i , " A P re l im inary E va lua t ion o f Chem ica l D a ta ( Trace E lemen t ) f rom C las l Marb le Quarr ie s i n t he Med i terranean , " A rchaeome try 1 7 .2 ( 1975 ) 2 01-13 ; L . L azzar in i , G . Mo sch in i , B . M . S t ievano , " A C on tr ibu t ion t o t he I den t if ica t ion o f I t a l ian , G reek a nd Ana to l ian Marb les t h rough a P e tro log ica l S tudy a nd t he E va lua t ion o f C a/Sr r a t io , " A rchaeome try 2 2 .2 ( 1980 ) 1 73-83 ; i d . , " A C on tr ibu t ion t ot he I den t if ica t ion o fI t a l ian , G reek a nd Ana to l ian Marb le s t hrough a P e tro log ica l s t udy a nd t he E va lua t ion o f C a/Sr R a t io , " la s Quadern id el opr in tendenza a ib en ia r t is t ic i es t or ic id i V enez ia 9( Venez ia 1 980 ) 8 -58 ; K . tene Germann ," Lager s tät igen schaf ten u nd H erkunf t s typ i sche Merkma lmu s ter v on Marmoren sive ( am S üdwes trand d e s Mendere s- Mas Südwes tana to l ien ) , " J d 1 9 6 ( 1981) 2 14-35 ; L . H . D av i s , " Neu tron A c t iva t ion Ana ly s i s o f t he Ganymede G roup , " i n J . H . Humphrey , Excava t ions a t C ar thage 1 977 c onduc ted b y t he Un ivers i ty o fM ich igan V I ( Ann A rbor 1 981) 1 89-90 ; L . L azzar in i , G . Mo sch in i , M . Wae lken s , H . Xu sheng , " New L igh to nS ome P hryg ian Marb le Quarr ie s t hrough a P e tro log ica l S tudy a nd t he E va lua t ion o f C a/Sr R a t io , " i n P ensabene 1 985 , 4 7-55 . S ee a l so n o te 2 0 . ( con t inued. . .) 8 4

l i ke ly t ha tw i th t he d eve lopmen t o f a nc i lary me thods o fa na ly s i s a nd w i th t he e s tab l i shmen t l o f more d a ta b a ses u namb iguou s p rovenance d e term ina t ion f or a l c l as l ma rb le a r t ifac t s l sica e ven tua ly may b ecome p os le . l sib W i th t h i s i nm ind , a ni n terd i sc ip l inary t e am u nder t he s pon sor sh ip o ft he B e lg ian Na t iona l

i 8 ( .. c on t inued ) . S tab le i s o top ic a na ly s i s h a s b a s ica ly b een d eve loped b y N . Herz a nd t he B r i t i sh Mu seum l l abora tory :L . Manf ra , U . Ma s i , B . T un, " Carbon a nd Oxygen I s o tope Ra t io so f Marb les f rom S ome Anc ien t Quarr ie s o f We s tern Ana to l ia a nd t he ir A rchaeo log ica l S ign if icance , " A rchaeome try 1 7 .2 ( 1975) 2 15-21 ; G . Ho lzmann , "Mas spek trome tr i sche Herkunf t sbes en s t immung v on Marmor , " I NW 7( 1976 ) , P hy s ik 8 , 1 -10 ; N . Herz , D . B . Wenner , E . J . Wa l ter s , " Provenance o f G reek S ta tuary b y I s o top ic Me thod s , " A IA 1 977 Annua l Mee t ing Ab s trac t s , 3 9-40 ; N . H erz a nd D . B . Wenner , " The U se o f Oxygen a nd C arbon I s o top ic S igna ture s o n A rchaeo log ica l Marb le , " Geo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Amer ica , Ab s trac t s w i th p rogram s 1 1(1979 ) 43 ; C o leman a nd Wa lker 1 984 ; K . Germann , G . Ho lzmann , F . J .W ink ler , " De term ina t ion 4 o f Marb le P rovenance : L im i t s o f I s o top ic Ana ly s i s , " A rchaeome try 2 2 .1 ( 1980 ) 9 9-106 ; N . Herz a nd D . B . Wenner , " S tab le I s o top ic Ana ly s is : aN ew T oo l f or t he C las l A rsica c haeo log i s t , " C lass ica l Ou t look 5 8 ( 1980 ) 3 7-39 ; H erz a nd Wenner , " T rac ing t he O r ig in s o f Marb le , " A rchaeo logy 3 4 .5 ( 1981) 1 4-21 ; N . Herz a nd D . B . Wenner ," P rovenance o fC las l sica Ma rb le : t he S ta te o f t he A r t , " Geo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Amer ica , Ab s trac t s w i th p rogram s 1 3 ( 1981) 4 72 ; Herz a nd Wenner , " S tab le I s o top ic Cha rac ter iza t ion o f C la ss ica l Marb le , " A rchaeome try 2 1s t S ympo s ium , Ab s trac t s , B rookhaven Na t iona l L ibrary ( New York 1 981) 4 5 ; N . Herz , D . Wenner , a nd F . A . C ooper , " S tab le I s o top ic S tud ies o fP e loponne s ian Marb le : Var iab i l i ty a t Man i a nd t he S ource f or t he B as i T emp le , " A rchaeome try 2 2nd S ympo s ium , sa Ab s trac t s , B radford 1 982 ; N . Herz , D . Wenner , a nd F . A . C ooper , " The Man i Quarr ie s : Ma rb le S ource f or t he B as i T emp le i n t he P e loponne so s , " AJA 8 6 ( 1982 ) 2 70 ; N . Herz , D . sa G . Mose , a nd D . B . Wenner , " 87Sr/86Sr Ra t ios : aP os le D i scr im inan t f or C las l Marb le sib sica P rovenance , " Geo log ica lS oc ie ty o f Amer ica , Ab s trac t sw i th p rogram s 1 4( 1982 )5 14 ;N . Herz , D . G . Mo se , D . B . Wenner , a nd F . A . C ooper , " S r , 0 a nd C I s o top ic S tud ie s o f C las l sica Marb le S ource s a nd t he B as iT emp le i nt he P e loponne su s , "A rchaeome try 2 3rd S ympo s ium , sa Abs trac t s , Nap les 1 983 , 6 2-63 ; H erz , Kane , Haye s 1 985 ; D . B . Wenner , N . Herz , a nd F . A . C ooper , " Provenance As t o f L imes tone f rom G reece b y S tab le I s o top ic S igna ture s , " s esm s en A rchaeome try 2 4 th S ympo s ium , Ab s trac t s , Wa sh ing ton D .C . 1 984 , 1 55 ; N . Herz , N . E . D ean , W . B . Haye s , a nd D . G . Mo se , " 0 , C a nd S r I s o top ic D i scr im ina t ion o f C las l a nd sica R ena is arrara Marb le Quarr ies , " i b idem , 6 1 ; N . H erz a nd W . B . Haye s , " A S tab le s ance C I s o top ic Da ta B a se f or C las l Marb le , " Geo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Amer ica , Ab s trac t s w i th sica p rogram s 1 6 ( 1984 ) 5 38 ; Herz 1 985a ; B . S .R idgway a nd N . H erz , " The L udov i s i Head Once Aga in , " AJA 8 9(1985 ) 5 19 ; H erz 1 985b ; Wa lker 1 985 ; N . H erz , D .B . Wenner , H .S . Rob in son , si s oc A . P .G r iman i s , M . V as lak i-Gr iman i s , " Geochem ica lT e s t sf or t he As ia t ion o fL imes tone S ta tuary : t he P an Head o f t he C leve land Mu seum a nd t he Mi l t iades s t a tue o f t he A cropo l i s Mu seum , " 2 5 th I n teran t iona l S ympos ium o n A rchaeome try ( A then s 1 986 ) 7 8 ; N . H erz a nd N . E . D ean , " S tab le I s o topes a nd A rchaeo log ica l Geo logy : t he C arrara Marb le , Nor thern I t a ly , " App l ied G eochem is try 1 ( 1986 ) 1 39-51 ; Herz , Kane , Haye s 1 985 ; N . H erz , " Carbon a nd Oxygen I s o top ic R a t io s : aD a ta B a se f or C la ss ica l G reek a nd Roman Marb le , " A rchaeome try 2 9 .1 ( 1987 ) 3 5-43 . S ee a l so t he a r t ic le s men t ioned i n n o tes 1 4-15 . l F or o ther me thods o f a na ly s i s , s ee C ord i sch i e t a l . 1 983 ; S . Howard , T . A . C ah i l , N . si H erz ,C .H igg in s ,E .K inmon th ,B .H . Ku sko ," Compu ter-as s ted A cce lera tor-ba sed Me thods o fD e term in ing t he P rovenance o f Anc ien t Marb le s , " i nL .C or t i , A u toma t ic P rocess ing o fA r t ty H is tory Da ta a nd Documen ts ( Paper s 2 ,S cuo la Norma le S uper iore d i P i sa a nd T he J .P . Get T ru s t , L o s Ange le s 1 984 ) 2 59-71 ; L loyd e t a l . 1 985 ; D . C ord i sch i , " Ana l is i d i marm i se a p roven ien t i d a c ave med i terranee d i i n teres rcheo log ico med ian te l at e cn ica d i r i sonanza d i s p in et l etron ico ( ESR ) , " i n P en sabene 1 985 , 3 5-40 ; G . P . B u so , L . L azzar in i , H . Xusheng , l G . Mosch in i , "Me todo r ap ido d i a na l is i e l emen ta le d i r e s idu i i n so lub i l i d i marm i c r is ta l in i , " l i n P ensabene 1 985 , 4 1-45 ; H . S . Howard , C . H igg in s , S . Margo l i s , P . S ch iff m an , T . C ah i l , B . Kusko , E . K inmon th , " Acce lera tor-ba sed Ana ly s i s a nd t he P rovenance o f Anc ien t Marb le s , " A rchaeome try 2 5 th S ympo s ium , Ab s trac t s , A then s 1 986 , 8 5 . sion o l F or ag enera l d i scus fa l me thod s ,s ee a l so Monna e ta l . 1 983 , a nd Monna e ta l . 1 985 . 8 5

Fund for Scientific Research was established in J 984 in a collaborative effort to build up and analyze a large collection of carefully sampled marbles from classical quarries around the Mediterranean, and to register all preserved traces of ancient quarrying and study their techniques. This last aspect of our research very rapidly turned into a kind of rescue operation, due to the reopening of many, if not most ancient quarries, which gradually destroys most older traces. At the same time we planned to analyze the samples by all possible scientific means, in order to produce distinctive criteria which can be used as "fingerprints" for identifying the provenance of white marble. The team consists of an archaeologist (M. Waelkens), a chemist (L. Moens) and a geologist (P. De Paepe). Nearly 450 carefully selected samples from the major quarries of white marble in Italy, Turkey and Greece (Ill. J) have been collected thus far.19 A selection of Italian and Turkish marbles have already been examined by polarizing microscopy and through the analysis of up to 30 minor and trace elements (AAS, INAA). Whereas direct discrimination based on single parameters proved to be to distinguish more than two individual quarry districts, a classification dendrogram based on some elemental concentrations and on the maximum grain size of the constitutive calcite jrains has produced distinctive clusters for the various quarry districts already examined. 2 Microprobe analysis as well as stable isotopic analysis of carbon and oxygen are also in progress now. This paper, however, deals essentially with quarrying techniques and the methods of production and supply for sculptural workshops or construction sites. Since we are still in the midst of our research, which is based on fieldwork and needs to be checked constantlwith all historical, archaeological and literary sources, our remarks only have a preliminary character. They are a list of problems and prospects rather than final results. They concern

19 See on this program M. Waelkens, "Anadolu'da beyaz mermerin geli� yerleri ve ticaret ile ilgili ara�tuma," Vil!. Kazi ara1ttrma ve arkeometri sempozyumu, 26-30 Mayis 1986 (Ankara J987) 43-45; Waelkens, De Paepe, Moens J987, J13-26. We want to thank here the Eski Eserler ve Muzeler Gene/ MudurluR-u of the Turkish Ministry of Culture, as well as its General Director, Dr. Nurettin Yardimc1, for granting us a permit to work in seven Turkish provinces in 1985. We also thank the Hypourgeio Politismou Diefthinsi Proist. & Klas. Archeiotaton. Dima Xenon Scholon of Greece and especially Mrs. M. Pendazou, for allowing us to carry out our work in Greece, in 1985. We also want to express here our most sincere feelings of gratitude towards the dozens of people, officials and others who offered us practical help and advice throughout our fieldtrips in Italy, Turkey and Greece. The samples come from Luni/Carrara (91), Docimium (41), the Upper Tembris val­ ley/Altmta�ovas1 (9), Aezani (3), the Proconnesus/Marmara (48), Akmonia (8), Temenothy­ rai (4), Sebaste (9), the neighbourhood of Ephesus (15), Hierapolis (7), Thiounta (8), Laodiceia ad Lycum (3), Aphrodisias (11), the Hymettan quarries (16), the Pentelic quarries (38), Thorikos (9), Paros (35), Naxos (22), Zastena near Volos (3), Filippi (12), Thasos (42) and Doliana (7). 20 See already L. Moens, P. Roos, J. Hoste, P. De Paepe, J. van Hende, R. Marechal, and M. Waelkens, "Chemical and Mineralogical Identification of White Marbles from the Mediterranean Area," 25th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Abstracts, Athens 1986, 126; P. De Paepe, "Chemical and Mineralogical Identification of White Marbles from the Mediterranean Area:, VIII, Kazi, ara�tirma ve arkeometri sempozyumu, Bildiri ozetleri, 26-30 May1s 1986, Ankara 1986, 72; L. Moens, P. Roos, J. de Rudder, J. Hoste, P. De Paepe, and M. Waelkens, "Chemical and Petrographical Identification of White Marble in the Mediterranean Area, !..Comparison between Carrara and Marmara Marbles," 25th Interna­ tional Symposium on Archaeometry, May 19-23, 1986, Athens (in press); L. Moens, P. Roos, J. de Rudder, P. De Paepe, and M. Waelkens, "Identification of Archaeologically Interesting White Marbles by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis ( INAA) and Petrograpy. Comparison between Samples from Afyon and U�ak (Turkey)," International Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques (in press); L. Moens, P. De Paepe, and M. Waelkens, "White Marbles from Italy and Turkey. An Archaeometric Study Based on Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Petrography," Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry (in press); P. De Paepe, L. Moens, M. Waelkens, "A Contribution to the Chemical and Petrographical Characterization of White Marbles from the Afyon and U�ak Areas," IX. Kazi, ara�tirma ve arkeometri sempozyumu, Bildiri, ozetleri, 6- JO Nisan 1987, Ankara 1987, 97. 86

I ll.

1

M ap o f t he Q uarries S tudied a nd S ampled b y t he B elgian T eam t o D ate

8 7

mainly the actual quarrying, rather than the marble trade, the picture of which has become much clearer in recent years. Materials for sculpture or architecture, including marble itself on a minor scale were already quarried and used during the Bronze Age, both in Greece 21 and in Asia Minor. 22 The actual techniques, however, still need to be studied in detail, since many of the proposed dates remain dubious. After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization the technique seems to have been lost for centuries on the Greek mainland. But from the late 7th century B.C. onwards quarrying came into use again and was now widely applied to marble, which at first served almost exclusively for sculpture or minor decorative architectural elements.23 It is commonly accepted that archaic Greece borrowed its techniques of quarrying hard stones and handling them thereafter from Eppt,24 where the first quarries had already been opened during the third millennium B.C.2 Yet Greek quarrying from its very beginning (on Naxos) seems to have been far more advanced, both in its techniques (use of iron wedges) and in its equipment (use of iron instead of bronze tools; see further below), than its contemporary Egyptian counterpart. 26 Therefore, if the Greek quarrying methods did not originate in the

21 See, for instance, J. R. Forbes, "Bergbau, Steinbruchtatigkeit und Hiittenwesen," in F. Matz and H.-G. Buchholz, Archaeologica Homerica, Die Denkmaler und das frilhgriechische Epos II (Gottingen 1967) K 4-6, K 11-12; J. W. Shaw, "Minoan Architecture: Materials and Techniques," ASAA 49 N.S. 33 (1971) 30-44; Dworakowska 1975, 79-84. For coloured marbles used on a small scale in Mycenaean architecture, see Gnoli 1971, 116, I 6I -62. The Cycladic sculptors may have used boulders which they found near the sea as well as lumps of marble which could easily be detached from the rock as the result of erosion. Compare P. Getz-Preziosi, "Herstellung der Kykladenidolen und ihre Bildhauer," in Kunst und Kultur der Kykladeninseln im 3. Jahrtausend (Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe 1976) 74; id., Early Cycladic Sculpture, An Introduction (The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu 1985) 57-58. 22 It was certainly known in the Hittite and in the Neo-Hittite civilizations: K. Bittel, "Vorlaiifiger Bericht Uber die Ausgrabungen in Bogazkoy 1935, Hethitische Steingewinnung," MDOG 74 (1936) 57-62; id., Die Ruinen von Bogazkoy (Berlin-Leipzig I 937) 44; K. Bittel and R. Naumann, Bo"gazkoy-Hattusa, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen des Deutschen Archiiologischen Instituts und der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in den Jahren 1931-1939. I. Architektur, Topographie, Landeskunde und Siedlungsgeschichte (Stuttgart 1952) 126-27; U. Bahadir Alk1m, "Steinbruch und Skulpturatelier von Ye�emek," Belleten 21 (1957) 377-94; R. Naumann, Architektur Kleinasiens von ihren Anfiingen bis zum Ende der hethitischen Zeit. 2. erweiterte Auflage (TUbingen 1971) 38-42; U. Bahadtr Alk1m, Ye:,emek ta�oca�i ve heykel atelyesinde yapilan kazi ve ara�tirmalar, TTKY V.seri-Sa 32 (Ankara 1974) 1-13 pl. 1-111. At least some of the Bo�azkoy quarries are considered by P. Neve to be of late classical date; P. Neve, "Zur sogenannten Hethitischen Briicke in Hattuscha-Bo!!azkoy," Festschrift Akurgal, Anadolu ( Anatolia) 21 (I 979-1980 [1987)) 59. Yet I found the very regular, horizontal traces, produced by a light pick, which can be seen on Kesikkaya and on K1zlarkayasi, also inside the huge "basin," dated to the first half of the 13th century B.C., situated near the propylon of the Great Temple at Bogazkoy. The bottom of this "basin" clearly contains traces which are similar to those of a quarry trench. 23 See Dworakowska 1975, 85-86; Pedley 1976, 18 (Naxos). 24 See, for instance, Ward Perkins 1971b, 528 and 1971a, I 43. This is partly the result of the theory that archaic Greek sculpture used a grid system adopted from Egypt, which was already applied inside the quarry: Adam I 966, 5-6; J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture in the Archaic Period (New York-Toronto 1978) 19, 77. 25 R. Engelbach and S. Clarke, Ancient Egyptian Masonry (Oxford-London I 930) 12-22; A. Lucas (ed. J. R. Harris), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th edition (London I 962) 57ff.; Roder 1965; Klemm and Klemm 1981 (an excellent study of Egyptian quarries and materials). 26 Pharaonic quarrying still needs much study. It has become clear that J. Roder's chronology of Egyptian quarrying techniques, especially as far as the wedge system is concerned (Roder 1965, 472-527), on the whole, is too late and certainly not to be used outside of Egypt. See Nylander 1968; Kasper 1977, 171-74. Yet Klemm and Klemm 1981, 36 still seem to exclude the use of wedges in Egypt - both in softer and in harder stones - before the Ptolemaic period. Whenever the introduction of wedges into Egypt is (continued...) 88

Greek world itself, which is less probable in light of their sudden, almost simultaneous appearance all over Greece and Western Asia Minor, another origin - possibly Anatolian (?) 27 - may be more likely. Whatever the origin of Greek quarrying, the first complete marble buildings appeared already during the--6th-century B.C. on the Cyclades and very rapidly became a tradition also on the Ionic coast, wh.er Greek marble architecture acquired a monolithic and megalithic character. 2 In fact, most major quarries of white or greyish marble in the Greek world seem to have been active by the 6th century B.C. at the latest, even if their production at first ma3i have served only a local market. This certainly applies to Naxos, 29 Paros,30 Samos, Thasos,32 the Pentelic quarries,33 perhaps also Mt. Hymettus,34 and Doliana35 in Greece. In Asia Minor we can mention during the same century the quarries at Belevi near Ephesus,36 probably some of the quarries belonging to Miletus,37 those of Heracleia on the Latmus,38 the Proconnesian quarries,39 some unidentified quarries near U�ak40 and in the territory of

26( ...continued) to be dated, it still is commonly accepted that bronze tools were· used there for quarrying, even for softer stones, as late as the 6th century B.C. and that only from that period onwards they were gradually replaced by iron instruments: A. Lucas (above, note 25) 239; Roder 1965, 523; Klemm and Klemm 1981, 36. Another important argument is the fact that the tool marks produced by metal instruments on the Egyptian quarry faces never display the same pattern (i.e., horizontal, parallel strokes) as those of the older Greek quarries; see Kraus and Roder 1962, 734 fig. 20, 738 fig. 23; Roder 1965, 514 fig. 27, 531 figs. 37-38, 542 fig. 43; Klemm and Klemm 1981, 37-38 fig. 38. This certainly seems to indicate that the acutal way of cutting trenches around a block also was different, and makes it less probable that the Greeks got their technical experience from Egypt. 21 Much depends on the dating of quarries in the Hittite, and especially in the Neo-Hittite world, where similar tool marks may have occurred, as those known from the oldest Greek quarries. See note 22. The Neo-Hittite civilization with its monumental architecture could have transmitted the techniques to the Greeks, either directly or through other Anatolian civilizations. 28 Compare R. Martin, "Le marbre dans l'architecture grecque," BMusArt 53.2 (1982) 10. 29 See Martin 1965, 137 (certainly exploitation since the 7th century); Dworakowska 1975, 86-87; Pedley 1976, 18-29. 30 For references, see Martin 1965, 137-38; Dworakowska 1975, 87-88; Pedley 1976, 38-41, 45. 31 Martin 1965, 138; Pedley 1976, 46-51. 32 Martin 1965, 141-42; Dworakowska 1975, 88; Sodini, Lambraki, Ko�elj 1980, 5 [independent pagination of offprint]; several kouros fragments have recently been found by T. Kofolj. According to Vitruvius X,2,15, Thasian marble had also been considered for the archaic Artemision at Ephesus, before the Belevi quarries were discovered. 33 See Martin 1965, 140-41; Dworakowska 1975, 88. 34 According to Martin 1965, 139; compare the remarks by Dworakowska 1975, 88. 35 See Martin 1965, 139-40; Orlandos 1968, 11; Dworakowska 1975, 88 (already used for the Temple of Athena Knakeatis). 36 Vitruvius X,2,15; Martin 1965, 142; Dworakowska 1975, 88; Monna and Pensabene 1977, 131-37; see also the recent studies on the quarries, mentioned in note 8 (Alzinger I 967; Kasper 1977). 37 Martin 1965, 143; Pedley 1976, 57-59. 38 At least according to Vitruvius, X.2,15. Compare Monna and Pensabene 1977, 124. 39 Vitruvius' statement (X.2,15) that the Proconnesian quarries were already known and active in the 6th century B.C. can now be proven by scientific methods: Walker 1985, 57-59 (a stele from Sigeion, dated to about 550-540 B.C.). According to Pliny, N.H. 36, 47 the Proconnesian quarries would also have been the first ones to export marble for veneering (to Mausolus's palace at Halicarnassus: but cf. S. Walker, below, p. 117). 40 See the doorstones belonging to the tumulus at Ikiztepe: Waelkens I 986a, 37 no. 9 pl. I. The quarries of Selvioglu might be the most logical source. 89

Dorylaeion (Eski�ehir)..41 At Docimium marble must have been quarried aUheJ?�st by the later 5th century B.C.42 Since one of the main problems in quarrying :as the~transport of bulky material overland,43 it was chiefly quarries on the islands, from which one could load directly onto less expensive sea-going vessels, that managed alread.y during the-late archaic period to export their marble to mainland Greece or Asia Minor.44 But high quality of stone combined with the efforts of a powerful dynasty seems very early to have overcome even the problems posed by overland transport. S. Walker's recent analysis of the sculpture from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus shows that some of its larger statues and one of the friezes had been imported from as far away as Docimium, several hundred miles inland.45 Despite the fact that one thus could expect to find evidence of quarrying techniques from the archaic right through the Byzantine period,46 its interpretation offers several major problems which we hope to solve during the completion of our research. First of all, a good preliminary geological study of the quarries and a detailed knowledge of the properties of their stone is essential. In fact, each type of stone not only requires a

41 They produced a whitish marble with some red veins, sometimes confused with Docimian marble. See on this marble: Waelkens 1986a, 123 n. 301, 131; Waelkens I982a, 35 n. 10; Waelkens 1986b, 67. Perhaps these quarries could be found in or near the village of Si.ipren, where a similar marble is extracted now by the bnta� Mermer Sanayu A.S. from Istanbul. Unfortunately I have not been able yet to visit the village. A sixth century B. C. stela seems to have been carved in this marble: E. Pfuhl and H. Mobius, Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs I (Mainz 1977) 8 no. 2 pl. I. 42 The marble used for a stele from the Upper Tembris valley almost certainly is Docimian: Pfuhl and Mobius (above, note 41) I, 31 no. 75 pl. 19. 43 On the economic problems posed by overland transport in comparison with transport by ship, see Martin 1965, 164, 166; Ward Perkins 1971a, 142; Dworakowska 1975, 94; R. J. Hopper, Trade and Industry in Classical Greece (London 1979) 145f. For this discrepancy in cost of transport between land and sea, see Martin 1965, 164-66, 17 l f.; Burford 1969, 184-91; K. D. White, Greek and Roman Technology (London 1968) (reprint 1984) 13l f.; K. Greene, The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (London 1986) 39-40. The way of transporting quarry material and other heavy loads by land or sea is discussed by Martin 1965, 164-172; Orlandos 1968, 23-25; Burford 1969, 184-191; Ward Perkins 1971a, 142, and 1971b, 533; id.,; A. Burford, "Heavy Transport in Classical Antiquity," Economic History Review 13,1, 1960, 1-18; Raepsaet 1984; Adam 1985, 30-32; White, op. cit. 128-32, 137-43, 154; Greene, op. cit. 17-19, 35-39, 42-44. For a list of shipwrecks with loads of quarry material, see Dworakowska 1983, 66-67. 44 See'the lists by Martin 1965, 137-143 (Naxos, Paras); Pedley 1976, 16-17; 18-19 (Naxos); export from the Proconnesian quarries to mainland Asia Minor has been proven now by S. Walker through scientific analysis of the marble of a stele from Sigeion (see note 39). Compare also Vitruvius X.2,15 (Thasos, Proconnesus). 45 S. Walker, above, p. 117 (cf. abstract in AJA 91.2 (1987) 313. The blocks most probably were taken to one of the harbours of the western coast along the overland route of the Maeander valley, which was used for the same purpose during the Imperial period. I do not believe that the Maeander itself or any other river could ever have been used for the transport of Docimian marble. See already Waelkens 1982a, 51-52; 1982b, 124-25 pl. 31; 1986a, 196 no. 486 pl. 75; 1986b, 70. From there the bulky blocks probably continued their journey to Halicarnassus by ship. 46 There are, for instance, Byzantine quarries on Thasos, at Docimium, at Kavac1k (territory of Akmonia) and on Proconnesus: Sodini, Lambraki, Ko�elj 1980; Roder 1971, 281-82, 287-94; Waelkens 1982a, 38 n. 34; Waelkens, De Paepe, Moens 1987, 116 (Kavac1k); Asgari 1978, 469. The quarries at Carrara offer examples almost right through the modern age. For marble quarrying in Ottoman Turkey, see Asgari 1978 469; 0. Barkan, Suleymaniye cami ve imareti insaat1 (1550-1557) I. pit, TTKY VI.Seri - Sa.JO (Ankara 1972) 352 (Bithynian marble), 353-54 (marble from the region of Manyas, where there is again modern quarry activity), 356 (Proconnesian marble). 90

specific technique of working it47 but also the proper method for extracting it. These techniques must have been adapted to such features as the strat­ ification of the marble, its hardness, the way it tends to split, etc. Doliana marble, for instance, which may have been the material for the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, is well strati­ fied and seems to split easily. This explains the absence there of the com­ mon method of splitting free a trenched block by hammering densely spaced wedges or wedges placed in a continuous groove (see below, p. Figure 1 Yedge-hole for vertical splitting at Doliana. 104 f.). Instead, a single large wedge apparently was sufficient to extract large blocks in both horizontal and vertical directions (Fig. 1 ). A passage of the Passio Quattuor Sanctorum Coronatorum shows that knowledge of the characteristics of the stone was considered essential for quarrymen. When a large group of sculptors is looking for good marble veins in the quarries proper, the decision finally to entrust the evidently difficult task to one of them is clearly pictured as an expression of confidence in his superior judgment.48 Quarrying was and still is essentially a craft indus­ try, dependent as much on the inherited· skills of the workmen as on the development of its tools and equipment.49 This explains why even now most quarrymen throughout Turkey are natives of the island of Marmara, ancient Proconnesus. 50 A second, even greater problem concerns the dating and identification of the toolmarks on the quarry walls. In fact, the number of quarries whose functioning was confined to a specific period is very small. In most places where high quality marble was found, activity went on for centuries or was resumed after longer or shorter interruptions. Just as modern exploitation usually starts from ancient quarry pits, expanding both outwards and downwards, successive phases of exploitation already in antiquity may have destroyed many or all older traces. The problem is especially acute in quarries like Proconnesus or Luni, where activity went on for centuries. Therefore the traces which still cover ancient quarry walls either may reflect the activities of successive periods - with more recent tool marks produced after a hiatus being immediately below traces decades or even centuries older - or they may all 47 See, for instance, the tentative approach to understand various sculpting techniques, which may have been adapted to different marbles, made by Claridge 1985, 113-25. The research in this field, carried out in recent years by P. Rockwell at Rome and at Aphrodis­ ias, may provide us with a better understanding of different styles in sculpting and explain their practical background. 48 Passio SS. quattuor coronatorum auctore Porphyrio, Acta SS, nov. VIII (ed. socii Bollandiani, Bruxelles 1910) 766, 2. In another passage (771, 11) the same sculptor again gets his material from another quarry. For examples in which the familiarity of workmen with the material they were supposed to extract or to carve may have been a dominating influence in the choice of a particular stone for a building project, see Burford 1969, 172. 49 Compare the remarks of Roder 1965, 548-49 ("tribes" of quarrymen in Egypt); Ward Perkins 1971a, 138. 50 They call themselves "Sinopli" (i.e. people from Sinop), since the population of Saraylar, the harbor town below the quarries, came from Ayanc1k on the Black Sea coast west of Sinop, when in 1923, at the end of the war of Turkish independence, the exchange of Greek and Tur}dsh populations took place. In fact, as late as 1923 Greeks had worked in the quarries (see Asgari 1978, 469). Marble exploitation is booming now all over Turkey and entrepre­ neurs get most of their work force from Marmara, the only place with a long established tradition of quarry work. 91

b e long t o as i ng le s hor tl ived o pera t ion . I n b o th c a se s , h owever , d a t ing t hem r ema in s a d iff icu l t t a sk , a s w e h ave s o f ew e l emen t s t o r e ly o n . S ome t imes p o t sherd s a bound among t he q uarry d ebr i s ,5 1 b u t t he ir d a te c an o n ly i nform l u s t ha t aq uarry wa s a c t ive d ur ing t ha tp ar t icu lar p er iod . Quarr ie s u sua ly d o n o t h ave ar ea l s t ra t igraphy s i nce d ump s w ere c ons tant ly moved a round a ccord ing t o t he n eeds o f t he e xp lo i ta t ion . A s a r e su l t t ho se s herds d o n o t n ece ssar i ly b ear a r e la t ion t o t he p i t s i n wh ich t hey a re f ound .5 2 I n o ther c a ses i ns c r ip t ion s o r g raff i t i may h e lp u s t o d a te s pec if ic s ect i on s o f a n e xp lo it a t ion . I fi n scr ibed o n aq uarry f ace , t hey may g ive u s a p rec iou s t e rm inus a n te q uem f or t he worked s urface a F igure 2 S mall E xtraction S ite o n M t. H ymettos. 3 I f , a s b ove t hem .5 i n s evera l I mper ia l q uarr ie s i n A s ia s c oncre te s ed b Minor , t hey a re f ound o n p ar t ly d res lock s o r c o lumn s , t hey may g ive u e v idence a bou t t he mo s t i mpor tan t p er iod o f a c t iv i ty .5 4 sib A l a s t p os i l i ty i st o i den t ify q uarr ie s w i th as hor t h i s tory o f e x trac t ion , o pened f or a l ther e l emen t s l i ke t he p ar t icu lar s hor tl ived a nd w e l d ocumen ted b u i ld ing p ro jec t .5 O d i men s ion s o f aq uarry ( l arger o f ten c on s idered a n i nd ica t ion o f a Roman I mper ia l d a te , l 6 s hou ld b e u sed w i th g rea t c au t ion . s ma ler s uppo sed ly p o in t ing t o G reek e xp lo i ta t ion ) ,5 T here c an b e n o d oub t t ha t i n t he p re-Imper ia l p er iod , n orma lp rac t ice , a tl e a s tf or a rch i tect ura l p urpo ses , s eem s t o h ave b een t o q uarry a par t icu lar c on s ignmen t o f marb le o n ly a f ter t he d i men s ion s , t r ea tmen t o f t he b lock s a nd t r an spor t h ad b een c l ear ly s pec if iced i n a sioner a l c on trac t b e tween t he c omm is nd t he c on trac tor .5 7 T he r e su l t w i l h ave b een t ha t n o

sinu sinu 5 1 F or i n s tance i n t he q uarr ie s o f P es s : J . D evreker a nd M . Wae lken s , " Pes s sinon t ( Pes te ) 1 983 , " I . A rai tu ma lar i s onuv lar i t op lan ts i , I zm ir 1 6-20 N isan 1 984 ( Anka ra 1 985 ) 1 40 . l 5 2 S ome t imes a nc ien t q uarry p i t s a l ready i n a n t iqu i ty w ere f i led i n w i th d ebr i s t o b u i ld u p n ew work ing p la tforms , when o ne d ec ided t o g ive u p work o n t he f l oor o f aq uarry a nd t a tack a h igher l eve l , wh ich i n t he mean t ime h ad b ecome h ard t o r each . A p er sua s ive e xamp le o f t h i s p rac t ice h a s b een d i scovered b yJ .C . F an t i nt he ma jor q uarry p i t( Bacaka le ) a t Doc im ium ( Fan t 1 987 ) . sib 5 3 O ne o f t he q uarr ie s a t B e lev i i s ag ood e xamp le o f t h i s p os i l i ty : s ee t he a r t ic le s b y sler A lz inger 1 967 a nd D res , ÖJ l i 4 8 ( 1966-67 ) . 5 4 S ee t he a r t ic le s men t ioned i n n o te 4 . F or s im i lar i n scr ip t ion s i n t he q uarr ie s o f t he l Upper T embr is v a ley , s ee Wae lkens 1 985 , 6 42 n . 1 9 ; 6 43 . 5 5 Among t he b es t e xamp les a re t he t u mu lu s ( s ee Ka sper 1 977 ) a nd t he mauso leum a t B e lev i , b o th b u i l t i n t he ir own q uarry . Much c ou ld b e e xpec ted f rom t he s t udy o f s evera l s ma lq uarr ies c onnec ted w i th t he c ons truc t ion o ff a rm h ouse so n T ha so s , d i scovered r ecen t ly l b y T . Koee l j ( a t l e a s t i fs o me l a rger b lock s h ave a l so b een e x trac ted t here ) . 5 6 S ee f or i n s tance t he r e mark s o f Dworakowk sa , G reece 1 43 . 5 7 S ee t he e xamp le s g iven b y Mar t in 1 965 , 1 46 , 1 49-51 ; B urford 1 969 , 1 67-71 . 9 2

8 A s t he e n trepeneur s c er ta in ly s ary more b lock s w ere e x trac ted t han w a s a b so lu te ly n eces .5 t ook n o r i sks a nd w ere a lway s l ook ing f or s po t s where t he marb le a t t he s urface s howed n o v i s ib le f l aw s , many i fn o t mo s t o f t he q uarry p i t s r ema ined s ma l a nd w ere d i sper sed o ver l l a rge a rea s ( F ig .

Ho wever, s o me c lass ica l a nd He len i s t ic l q uarr ie s s e rv ing c i t ies w i th l a rge b ui lding p rog ram s ( t he P ent e l ic a nd Hyme tt an q uarr ie s n ear A then s , f or i ns ta nce) or work ing f or e xp or t b ecau se o f t he h igh q ua l i ty o f t he ir marb le ( for i n s tance , t he P ar ian l ychn i tes f or s cu lpture) c an a l ready h ave r eached c on s ide rab le d i menF igure 3 A rchaic Q uarry F ace a t B elev i. s i on s , a s wa s r i gh t ly s t a ted b y S ome o f t he l ime s tone q uarr ie s o f t he A then ian s ( a t P iraeu s ) a nd t he A . Dworakow ska .6 8 S yracu san s b y t he l a te 5 th c en tury B .C . h ad e ven r eached s uch p ropor t ion s t ha t t hey c ou ld b e u sed t o c onf ine l a rge n umber s o fp r i soner so fw ar .8 1 T herefore a tl e a s ts o me o ft he ma jor c l as l q uarry p i t s c ou ld a l ready h ave p os igh q ua rry w a l s . sica s es s ed h l Th i s s ugges t ion c an i n f ac t b e c onf irmed n ow b y t he r egu lar h or izon ta l a nd p ara le l p ick l s t roke s , wh ich w e wou ld l i ke t o c onnec t w i th al i gh ter q uarry p ick , a pparen t ly u sed i n t he G reek wor ld f rom t he a rcha ic p er iod o nward s b u tg radua ly r ep laced b yh eav ier i n s trumen t s . l T oo lma rk s l e f t b y t he " o lder " i n s trumen t c an b e f ound i n s evera l l a rger q uarry p i t s o f Mt . P en te l ikon a nd Mt . Hymet s , a s w e l a s o n P aro s a nd a tB e lev i . A t l e a s t s o me o f t hem may tu l b e p re-Roman . Th i s i sc er ta in ly t he c a se a t B e lev i , where o ne o f t he l a rger p i t s ( F ig . 3 ) i s p ar t ly a rcha ic a nd p robab ly c onnec ted w i th t he i mmen se n eed o f marb le f or t he c on s truct i on o f t he f i r s t A r tem i s ion ( s ee b e low , p .9 9 ) . Ad e ta i led s tudy a nd i den t if ica t ion o fq uarry t r aces a l o ver t he Med i terranean w i l h opefu ly p rov ide u s w i th s upp lemen tary c r i ter ia f or l l l e s tab l i sh ing a re la t ive c hrono logy o f q uarry ing , b a sed u pon t he i n s trumen t s t ha t w ere u sed a nd/or t he w ay t hey w ere u sed . A f u l i nve s t iga t ion i si n p rogres u t s o me o f o ur f i r s t l s, b r e su l t s may b e n ow p re sen ted h ere . J .B . Ward P erk in s r i gh t ly empha s ized t ha t o n t he who le t he p r inc ip le s o f q uarry ing s howed l i t le c hange s i nce t he E gyp t ians f i r s t a pp l ied t hem u n t i l q u i te r ecen t t ime s . The t u sua l t e chn ique w a s n orma ly b a sed o n c ut a ther n arrow t r enches a l ong s evera l s i de s t o l ting r i s o la te a b lock , wh ich t hen w a s e x trac ted f rom t he ma in mas y l abor ious ly e xcava t ing s b

C ompare t he r emark s o f B urford 1 969 , 1 68 . Th i s c er ta in ly i st r ue f or t he a rcha ic q uar s a t Apo lona s a nd a tP h ler io o n Naxos . A rie l g ood c l as l e xamp le a re t he q uarr ies i n t he Agr i leza v a ley f rom wh ich t he c o lumn d rum s sica l o f t he P o se idon T emp le a t S oun ion h ave b een r emoved . We f ound o ther e xamp le s o f t h i s p rac t ice o n Mt . Hymet s , a t Doc im ium a nd a t Ap hrod i s ia s . T he l a ter may b e He len i s t ic . tu t l 6 0 Dwo rakow ska 1 975 , 1 49 . 6 1 F or t he P iraeu s , s ee X enophon , H is t . G r . I2 , 1 4 ; f or S yracuse , s ee T hucyd ide s V I 8 6 , I i f . ; 8 7 , i f . ( a t l e a s t s even t hou sand p r isoner s ) a nd C icero , I n V errem V 2 7 , 6 8 . 5 8 5 9

9 3

l 2 T he h or izon ta l g rooves u ndernea th i to r d r iv ing w edge s a l ong c arefu ly p repared l i ne s .6 s, h s e xecu t ion o ft h i s p roces owever , s how s af ar g rea ter v ar ie ty t han o ne wou ld a sume f rom Ward P erk in s ' w r i t ings , af ac t r i gh t ly empha s ized b y E . Do lc i i n h i s r ecen t s t udy o ft he L un i q uarr ie s .6 3 T here i s , f or i n s tance , a grea t d iver s i ty i n t he w ay t he t r enches w ere c u t . T o a cer ta in e x ten t t h is w a s d ue t o t he t ype o f q uarry . Work ing me thod s c ou ld n o t b e t he s ame i n o penca s ta nd i nu nderground q uarr ies where t he d iff icu l t work ing p o s i t ion o ft he q uarrymen r equ ired ap ar t icu lar t e chn ique a nd e ven as pec if ic t oo 1 .6 4 S econd ly , a t l e a s t i n s o me c a se s , i tw a s a l so c onnec ted w i th t he c harac ter i s t ics o f t he s t one i t se lf .6 5 B a sed u pon p rac t ica l e xp er ience , q uarrymen may h ave p referred o ne i n s trumen t a bove a no ther i n c er ta in work ing h i s may e xp la in why s o me t oo l s w ere u sed much l onger i n o ne p lace t han c ond i t ion s .6 T e l sewhere . F ina ly , t he v ar ie ty i nt oo l mark sa nd i nt he c ho ice a nd t he u se o ft he i n s trumen t s l ( d irec t ion o f t he b low s ) wh ich c rea ted t hem may a l so r ef lec t ac hrono log ica ly c hang ing l 7 e xp lo i ta t ion p at .6 tern l Unfor tuna te ly t here a re s t i l many c on trad ic t ion s6 8 a nd much u ncer ta in ty c oncern ing t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he t oo l s wh ich p roduced t he t r ace s n ow v i s ib le . I ti s , f or e xamp le , v ery 9 o r d iff icu l t t o d i s t ingu i sh b e tween t he mark s l e f t b y as ha rp-po in ted p ick a nd a p o in t ,6 d i s t ingu i sh t he t r aces p roduced b y d ifferen t k ind s o fq uarry p ick s . I n e ach c a se o ne s hou ld t ry t o c on s ider t he work ing p o s i t ion o f t he q uarrymen t oge ther w i th t he d irec t ion o f t he b low s , a nd t o s ee wha t p ar t icu lar t oo l s c ou ld h ave b een u sed t here .

6 2 S ee f or t h i s g enera l p r inc ip le : Röder 1 957 , 2 55-71 ; Ward P erk in s 1 971 b , 5 28 , 5 30 , a nd 1 971a , 1 38-40 ; Krau s a nd Röder 1 962 , 7 23-24 ; Röder 1 965 , 4 72-527 ; Mar t in 1 965 , 1 46-48 ; Röder 1 971„ 2 94-303 ; Do lc i 1 980 , 1 87 , 1 97-99 ; Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 31-47 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 38-52 ; Adam 1 985 , 2 7-30 ; B edon 1 984 , 1 01-112 . T h i s me thod wa sa pp l ied u n t i l 1 854 , when t he B e lg ian e ng ineer E . Cheva l ier i nven ted as y s tem f or c ut ting marb le f rom t he p aren t r ock b y u s ing ame ta l w ire i n c on junc t ion w i th a bra s ive s and a nd w a ter . The t e chn ique wa s i n troduced a t C arra ra i n 1 895 . Modern o pera t ion s a re s t i l l b a sed o n t h i s p r inc ip le , n ow , h owever , u s ing d iamond s aw s ( a t l e a s t i n I t a ly a nd i n G reece ) . The s y s tem i sl e ss f requen t i n T urkey , where d ynam i te a nd p neuma t ic d r i l s r ep lace t he o ld q uarry p ick s a nd c h i se l s . l F or ad e scr ip t ion o f modern o pera t ion s a t Marmara , s ee A sgar i 1 978 , 4 74-75 . 6 3 D o lc i 1 980 , 1 87 . 6 4 I n t he u nderground t uffo q uarr ie s o f t he P e lenz f or i n s tance , ak ind o f p ick-axe wa s l u sed , f i r s t o f a l a dap ted t o t he s of t ma ter ia l ( compare Mar t in 1 965 , 1 53 : p ioche a p ierre l t e ndre o u p o lka r epre sen ted o n a 4th c en tury B .C . h ydr ia a t B rus l s ) , b u t b e s ide s t h i s a l so se v ery w e l f i ted t o c u t t he c orner s o f t he t r enche s i n t he se s pec ia l work ing c ond i t ion s . S ee : l t Röder 1 957 , 2 57-58 . A s im i la r t oo l wa s a l so u sed i n t he q uarr ie s o f s of t l ime s tone o f t he Mareo t i s i n E gyp t , where mo s t q uarr ies h ad u ndercu t w a l s a nd where t he i n s trumen t c ou ld l b e u sed t o t ake away t he l a s t r e mnan t s o f t he c urve i n t he b ot f t he t r enche s ; Röder t om o 1 967 , 1 24 f i g . 1 4 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 47 . F or t he t e chn ique s o f u nderground q uarry ing , s ee R öder 1 957 , 2 40-70 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 55-65 ; B edon 1 984 , 1 09-112 ; Adam 1 985 , 2 8-29 . 6 5 S ee o n t he d ifference b e tween c ut r enche s i n t uffo a nd i n s and s tone : Röder 1 957 , ting t 2 56 . 6 6 A ccord ing t o c i rcum s tances al e f t o r ar i gh t h anded workmen w a s more e ffec t ive ( s ee l Röder 1 957 , 2 54 ; Röder 1 967 , 1 24 ) . Y e t , where t he a va i lab le work f orce d id n o t a low s uch l ac ho ice , s w i tch ing t o a differen t i n s trumen t , a low ing a g rea ter p rec i s ion ( for i n s tance a l s hor th andp ick o r ac h i se l t o" correc t "q uarry w a l s wh ich w ere c hang ing d irec t ion st oo much ) may h ave b een n ece ssary . 6 7 T h i s s eem s t o b e v ery c l ear n ow i n t he q uarr ie s o f s of ter s t one s i n E gyp t , where b o th t he i n s trumen t s a nd t he t ype o f s t rokes f or wh ich t hey w ere u sed s eem t o h ave c hanged c on s iderab ly b e tween t he O ld K ingdom a nd t he A rab p er iod : K lemm a nd K le mm 1 981, 3 1-38 , f i g . 3 8 .1-6 . 6 8 S ee , f or i n s tance , t he c on trad ic tory o p in ion s a bou t t he i n s trumen t s u sed f or e x trac t ing t he b lock s o f t he a rcha ic q uarry a t Apo lona s , d i scus y Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 32-36 . l s ed b 6 9 C ompare Dworakow ska 1 975 , 17 , 1 45 ;M . Roaf , S cu lp tures a nd S cu lp tors a tP ersepo l is ( I ran 2 1, L ondon 1 983) 3 . 9 4

° i ti sn o t a lway s A l though many i n s trumen t s a re k nown b y n ame f rom a nc ien t s ource s ,7 p o ss ib le t o i den t ify t hem w i th a s pec if ic t oo l a s r epre sen ted o n r e l ief s o r f ound i n t he q uarr ie s t hem se lves . I n t h i s l a s t c a se a no ther d iff icu l ty a r ise s f rom t he f ac t t ha t b lock s w ere n o t o n ly e x trac ted i n t he q uarry b u t a l so d re ssed o n t he s po t( s ee b e low , p . 107 ) . A s ar e su l t , sing o a n i n s trumen t d i scovered i n aq uarry may h ave b een u sed f or d res n ly , n o t f or t he 1 e x trac t ion p roper .7

l Here , t oo , t he o vera l p ic ture wh ich i ss l ow ly emerg ing f rom o ur r e search i n t he f i e ld l l s eems more c omp lex , b o th c hrono log ica ly a nd g eograph ica ly , t han i s sugge s ted b yJ . Röder 's w r i t ing s .7 2 I n g enera l , w e f i nd i n b o th t he E a s t a nd We s t t r ace s o f v ar ious i n s trumen t s f or ting t c ut he t r enches t oe x trac t b lock s . I n E gyp t , f or i n s tance , where t he who le t r ench s y s tem l o r ig ina ted , t he t oo l s w ere c l eär ly a dap ted t o t he t ype o f s t one a nd g radua ly i mproved . T he c opper p o in t s u sed a t f i r s t ( i . e . , u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he N ew K ingdom ) t o e x trac t s of ter s t ones ( s and s tone a nd l ime s tone ) w ere s ub sequen t ly r ep laced b y b ronze a nd , f rom t he 6 th r c en tury B .C . o nward s , b y i r on t oo l s . Wherea s t he c opper t oo l s l e f t s hor t , v ery i regu lar t r ace s , t he b ronze a nd t he f i r s t i r on i n s trumen t s p roduced more r egu lar g roove s , a t f i r s t tern l a rranged p redom inan t ly i n ah err ing-bone p at , l a ter i nl onger ,p ara le l ,o f ten i n terrup ted l i nes . I n t he P to lema ic a nd Roman p er iod s t he se mark s a re a rranged i n v ery l ong , s t r ik ingl l n a l p er iods t he l y p ara le l g rooves , a pparen t ly r e su l t ing f rom t he u se o f l onger p o in t s!3 I s t rokes w ere d irec ted a ta n o b l ique a ng le , wh ich i sn orma l when u s ing ap o in t , b u t t h i s s e t s t hem a par t f rom mo s t t r ace s i n t he marb le q uarr ie s o f t he G reek a nd Roman wor ld . I n h arder ma ter ia ls ( g ran i te , q uarz i te ) t he E gyp t ians f or a long t ime ( probab ly f ar b eyond t he 4 b y mean s b i r th o fG reek q uarry inz ) c u t t he ir t r enche s a nd p erhaps e ven t he ir w edge-ho les 7 o fh ammer so fd o ler i te . Unfor tuna te ly , n o d irec tc ompar i son w i th t he t e chn ique o fG reek sib marb le q uarry ing i sp os le s i nce t here a re n o marb le q uarr ie s i n E gyp t , wh i le t he g ran i te , l imes tone a nd s and s tone q uarr ies o f t he G reek wor ld h ave n o t y e t b een p ub l i shed p roper ly , lu a t l e a s t n o t w i th g ood i s tra t ion s . E ven s o , i tl ook s a s i fo n ly t he t r ench s y s tem , n o t t he ting t a c tua l t e chn ique s t ha t w ere a pp l ied wh i le c ut he t r enches , may g o b ack t oE gyp t . A sf ar ting t a s w e c an s ee n ow , G reek s a nd Roman s u sed v ar iou s i n s trumen t s f or c ut he ir q uarry l t r enches , a l made o f i r on , b u t n one s im i lar t ot hose o fE gyp t . A s t he t r ench ing s y s tem mo s t l 6 l ong b efore t he G reek s a dop ted i t , t he E gyp t ian p robab ly h ad s pread a l o ver t he E a s t7 o r ig in o f G reek q uarry ing may u l t ima te ly p rove t o b e a fi c t ion . A f i r s t g roup o f t r ace s ( Type I ) d i sp lay s av ery r egu lar s e r ies o f p ara le l a nd a lmo s t l h or izon ta l l i nes o n t he q uarry f ace s . These l i nes c on s i s t o fs ha low l edge s o r g roove s , wh ich l s eem t o b e t he r e su l t o f c ru sh ing ( F ig . 4 ) . They h ave b een d escr ibed b y s evera l s cho lar s i n t he p a s t , 77 b u tt here i sn o a greemen t a bou t t he i n s trumen t t ha t made t hem . J . Röder wa s n o t

7 0 S ee Mar t in 1 965 , 1 52-55 ; Dworakow ska 1 974 ,2 1-25 ; Dworakow ska 1 975 , 16-22 ; Do lc i 1 980 , 2 05-207 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 7 4-87 ; B edon 1 984 , 1 21-28 . 7 1 C ompare t he r e ma rk s o f A sgar i 1 978 4 74-75 . 7 2 He made , f or i n s tance , ad i s t inc t ion b e tween E gyp t a nd Nor thern E urope , where t r enches wou ld h ave b een c u t b y mean so fr e spec t ive ly al ong p o in t ( Sp i tze isen )a nd ad oub le p o in ted q uarry p ick ( Zwe isp i tz ) : Krau s a nd Röder 1 962 , 7 25 ; Röder 1 969 , 19 ( p ick ma in ly u sed n or th o f t he A lp s a nd i n t he w e s tern Med i terranean ; p o in t s c harac ter i s t ic o f A fr ica , i nc lud ing E gyp t a nd o f A s ia Minor ) . He a l so b e l ieved t ha t t he i n s trumen t wh ich p roduced t he f iner , h or izon ta l a nd p ara le l l t r aces ( s ee b e low ) w a s p redom inan t ly u sed i n A s ia M inor , G reece , C arrara , t he marb le q uarr ies o fC ar in th ia , E lba ( m ixed w i th t he c urved o ne s , r e su l t ing f rom b low sw i th ah eav ier p ick ) a nd t he g ran i te q ua rr ie s o f D jebe l Kourb ( A lger ia ) , b u t t o ta ly l a ck ing i n E gyp t a nd l Germany , t hus r ef lec t ing ag eograph ica l d ifference ( Röder 1 971, 2 98) . I n r ea l i ty mo s tt r ace s i nG reece a nd A s ia Minor ( i nc lud ing Doc im ium ) b e long t ot he c urved t ype , made b y ah eavy p ick ( s ee b e low ) . T hey v ery o f ten o ccur o n t he s ame w a l s a nd i n t he s ame q uarr ie s a s t he l marks l e f t b y t he l i gh ter p i ck , t herefore r a ther s ugge s t ing a chrono log ica l d ifference . 7 3 S ee K lemm a nd K lemm 1 981, 3 1-38 , f i g . 3 8 . 7 4 A t l e a s t a ccord ing t o Ny lander 1 968 , 7 -10 . 7 5 S ee Röder 1 965 , 4 72-502 ; Ny lander 1 968 , 7 -10 ; K lemm a nd K lemm 1 981, 3 6 . 7 6 S ee t he q uarr ie s men t ioned i n n o te 2 2 . 7 7 S ee , f or i n s tance , Wa rd P erk in s 1 971a , 1 38 p l . I b ; Röder 1 971, 2 98-99 f i gs . 4 8-49 ; A lz inger 1 967 , 6 3 F ig s . 3 5-37 ; D o lc i 1 980 , p as ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 46-47 . sim

9 5

F igure 4 T races o f t he O lder, L ighter P ick ( Type I ). V alley o f C hordaki, P aros.

i n ap o s i t ion t oe s tab l i sh i t s i den t i ty s i nce h e t hough t t ha t t he t oo l d id n o t e x i s t a ny l onger . A l though E . Do lc i d e scr ibes t he t r aces many t ime s , h i s s t udy c on ta in s a n umber o f c on trad ic t ion s o n t he s ub jec t : t he t oo l i s mo s t ly i den t if ied a s ap o in t , y e t o n o ther o cca s ion s r eferred t o a s a 8 w h ich c orre spond sw i th i t s q uarry p ick ,7 i den t if ica t ion b ys evera lo ther s cho lar s .7 9 We b e l ieve t ha t t he t r aces c an o n ly h ave b een p roduced b y al ong , f a ir ly l i gh tp ick w i th a v ery s harp p o in t a t o ne o r b o th t mu s t h ave b een moun ted o n a e nd s .8 I l ong h and le , s i nce i t s t r aces f requen t ly l f orm l ong ,s ha low c urve s, c ur l ing s l igh t1 I t wou ld b e l y u pwards a t b o th e nd s .° i mpos le t o o b ta in s uch a p at y sib tern b mean s o f ap o in t o r a p unch . Where t he t r ace s a re s l igh t ly c urved , t hey r epresen t t he e x ten to f as i ng le d eepen ing o pera t ion f rom a s i ng le p o s i t ion ; where t hey a re more h or izon ta l , t hey i tra te h ow t h i s lus i n s trumen t , b e ing r a ther l i gh t , c ou ld n o t p ene tra te v ery d eep i n to t he r ock s urface a nd s o f orced t he q uarrymen t o move o n a f ter e ach s t roke . Th is l i gh ter p ick may o r ig ina ly h ave b een a ni n s t rumen td eve ll o ped f or q uarry ing s of ter s t one s8 2 a nd t hence a dop ted f or u se i n t he marb le q ua rr ie s . Th i s may a l so e xp la in why i t s eem s t oh ave b een g radua ly r ep laced b y l ah eav ier t ype o f p ick , b et u i ted t o ter s t he h a rder ma ter ia l .

7 8 A s ap o in t ( s ca lpel , s ubb ia ) : Do lc i 1 980 , 4 9-50 , 7 0-76 , 1 21-23 , 1 91 ; a s ap ick lo ( p iccone ) , i b idem 1 38-39 , 1 56 , 1 60-63 , 1 64 , 1 91 ( p ick v ery u nu sua l a t C arrara ) . 7 9 A lz inger 1 967 , 6 3 ( l ans t ie l ige Hacke ) ; Ka sper 1 977 , 1 70 f i g s . 1 4-15 ( Sp i tzhacke ) . s o The i n s trumen t may r e semb le t he modern q uarry p ick u sed i n s o me German q uarr ie s o f s of ter s t ones , a t l e a s t u n t i l q u i te r ecen t ly ( s ee Röder 1 957 , 2 55 p 1 .21, f i g . 2 ) , b u t a l so b y G reek q uarrymen o r marb le worker s who c a l i tt ykos . l As o mewha t r e la ted , a pparen t ly f ine p ick i s vi s ib le o n ap ho tograph o ft he B e lev iq uarr ie s , p ub l i shed b y A lz inger 1 967 , 6 5 f i g . 3 4 . S im i lar i n s t rumen t s h ave b een f ound i n s o me o f t he German q uarr ie s o f s of ter s t ones , p robab ly b e long ing t ot he Roman p er iod ( Röder 1 957 , 2 55 a nd f i g . 6 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 6 0 f i g . 3 , 4 ) , a nd o ne i sr epresen ted o n a wa l o f at uffo l q uarry a t Kruf t( Röder 1 957 , 2 55 ) . T hu s f ar n os im i lar i n s trumen t sh ave a c tua ly b een f ound l i n G reece , b u t t here a re e xamp le s w i th o ne e nd p o in ted a nd t he o ther d ifferen t ly s haped ( Dworakow ska 1 975 , 17 ) , at oo l wh ich i s a l so k nown f rom Roman Germany ( i b idem ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 7 9 f i g . 2 , 8 -9 ; 8 0 f i g . 3 , 4 ) . Ano ther e xamp le wa s d i scovered i n t he " Roman " q ua rr ie s o f P o lvacc io a tC arrara ( Do lc i 1 980 , 1 64 : 0 .27 m . l ong ) . T he a nc ien t n ame o f t he i n s trumen t i s u nknown , b u t a ccord ing t o Dworakow ska 's s t ud ies i t wou ld r a ther c orre spond w i th t he t oo l k nown a s l a tom is i n G reek a n t iqu i ty ( Dworakow ska 1 974 , 2 2-23 , a nd 1 975 , 18 ) , a l though h er i den t if ica t ion , a s s he a cknow ledge s , d oes n o t c orre spond w i th t he o p in ion o f Mar t in a nd O r landos . 8 1 S ee , f or i n s tance , Do lc i 1 980 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 4 , 7 6 ( andamen to a fes to t z i ) , 1 21-23 , 1 34 . 8 2 T h is may e xp la in i t s r a ther f r equen t d i scovery i n Roman q uarr ie s o f s of ter s t one s ( s and s tone , t uffo ) . S ee n o te 8 0 .

9 6

I n f ac t , as econd s e r ie s o f t r ace s ( Type I ) p re sen t s t he s a me p at tern a s t ho se d e scr ibed a bove , b u t t he ir g roove s a re more p ronounced ( F ig . 5 )a nd c l ear ly c u t w i th a s t ronger p ick .8 3 I t may h ave b een r e la ted t o t he h eavy a nd s t ocky p ick-hammer ( Zwe isp i tz , S chro tp icke l o r S chro tsp i tz ) , n owaday s l sing b s t i l u sed f or d res lock s a f ter q uarry ing8 4( F ig . 6 )a nd i na n t iqu i ty o ne o ft he mo s t c ommon o rp erting h ap s u n iver sa l q uarry i n s trumen t u sed f or c ut t r enche s .8 5 T he h or izon ta l a rrangemen t o f t he se t r ace s may r ef lec t t he o pen ing o f n ew t r enche s , when q ua rrymen h ad t ot ake away t he u pper l a yer s j u s tb efore t hey c ou ld p roceed w i th g rea ter f orce o r a t g rea ter d ep th . I n f ac t , t he h eavy p ick-hammer u sua ly p roduced d eep , s t rong ly c urved g roove s l ( Type I I ) , o f ten a rranged i n ag ar landl ike p at tern ( af es ton i ) , i nd ica t ing t he d ep th o f t he r ange o fa ct i on f rom e ach p ar t icu lar p o s i t ion 8 6 ( F ig . 7 ) . B ec au se o f t he b u lky b ody o f t he i n s trumen t , e spec i a ly a t t he p o in t where i t w a s moun ted o n t he l h and le , t he q uarryworker s h ad t o move s l igh t ly o u tward s a s t hey w en t d eeper a l ong t he q uarry 7 T o c oun terac t t h i s , t he d i rec t ion o f t he f ace .8 T he r e su l t s t roke s wa s r ever sed s evera l t imes .8 r wa s af ar more i regu lar s urface ( F ig . 8 ) t han t ha t r e su l t ing f rom t he l i gh ter a nd l onger p ick s . S ome s cho lar s h ave t r ied t o e xp la in t h i s u se o f v ar ious p ick s . Accord ing t o E . Do lc i , t he v ery r egu lar h or izon ta l g rooves ( Type I ) , wh ich w e c onn ec t w i th t he l i gh ter i n s trumen t , wou ld b e c haract e r i s t ic o f v ery h omogenou s marb le b ed s , where

F igure 5 M arks ( Type I) o f t he H eav ier P ick ( m iddle a nd b elow); o lder t races ( above)of t he l ighter p ick ( Type I ). F oss acava, C arrara.

S ee o n t hese t r ace s : Röder 1 971, 2 98 f i g . 4 9 . F or o ther e xamp le s , s ee f or i n s tance : Do lc i 1 980 , 4 5-46 a nd 9 9 ( here c urved ) , 4 9-50 a nd 1 00 ( here i den t if ied a s a po in ted h ammer o r sib mazza a pun ta ) , 5 3-55 a nd 1 03 ; p os ly 7 7-81 , 8 2-84 , 8 6-87 , 1 09 a nd 1 32-33 , 1 27-29 a nd 1 35 , 1 38-39 a nd 1 69 ( l ower l e f t c orner ) ; A sga r i 1 978 p l . 1 39 f i g . 9( upper s ec t ion ) ; K . G reene , T he A rchaeo logy o ft he R oman E conomy ( London 1 986 ) 1 51 f i g . 6 7 ( r igh t s ec t ion ) . 8 4 S ee , f or i n s tance , Röder 1 971, 2 98 f i g . 4 7 ( Doc im ium ) ; A sgar i 1 978 p l . 1 39 , f i g . 1 0 , n o . 1(Marmara ) ; S od in i , L ambrak i , Ko2e l j 1 980 , 4 1 f i g . 8 1 ( Tha so s ) . 8 5 S ee o n t h i s i n s trumen t : Röder 1 957 , 2 55 ; Röder 1 971, 2 98 ; Dworakow ska 1 975 , 16-17 ; sim Dworakow ska 1 983 , 7 5-77 p as , 8 4 . S evera l o f t he se p ick s h ave b een f ound i n s ide q uarr ie s o f s of ter a nd o f h arder s t one s : Röder 1 957 , 2 32 f i g . 5n o . 1( Fe l sberg i m Odenwa ld : g ran i te ) ; Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 46 ( marb le q uarry o n L e sbo s ) ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 7 5 f i g . 1 , n o . 1( Puch : t uffo ) ; 7 9 (Mayen : g ran i te ) ; 8 0 f i g . 3 , 1 -3 ( Kr iemh i lden s tuh l : s ands tone ) ; 8 1 ( Auvergne : b a sa l t ic l ava ) ; B edon 1 984 , 1 23-24 f i g . 2 7 ( Kr iemh i lden s tuh l ) . I t s a nc ien t n ame i s n o t c er ta in , t he t ykos o f a n t iqu i ty p erhap s b e ing t he mo s t l i ke ly p os i l i ty , a l though o ur t oo l d oe s n o t c orre spond c omp le te ly w i th t he d e scr ip t ion o f t he sib i n s trumen t a s s ugges ted b y Dworakow ska 1 974 , 2 3-24 . 8 6 S ee Ward P erk in s 1 971a , 1 38 p l . V I b( l i me s tone q uarr ie s o fE l Medo l i nS pa in ) ; Röder I 1 971 , 2 98 f i g . 4 7 ( Doc im ium ) ; A . P e sch low-B indoka t , " D ie S te inbrüch v on M i le t u nd Herak le ia am L a tmo s , " J dI 9 6 ( 1981) 1 75 f i g . 2 6 , 1 79 f i g s . 3 5-36 , 1 82 f i g . 3 9 , 1 93 f i g . 6 1 ( above p erhap s t r ace s o f al i gh ter p ick o f t he s ame t ype ) (M i le tu s ) ; 2 09 f i g . 8 5 ( Herac le ia ) ; Do lc i 1 980 , 1 46-48 , 1 53-54 a nd 1 70 (Mandr ia q uarry a tC arrara ; w rong ly i den t if ied a st r ace s o f as ca lpel ) ; 1 52-53 ( Doc im ium ) . lo 8 7 C ompare t he r emarks o f Röder 1 957 , 2 56 . 8 8 S ee Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 48 ( w i th b ib l iography ) . 9 7

F igure 6

S tocky P ick-hammer U sed f or D ressing B locks. M armara.

rranged F igure 7 M arks o f t he S tocky P ick-hammer A O bruktepe Q uarry , U pper T embris V alley .

af es ton i

( Type

II).

o ne c ou ld i ncrea se t he work ing s peed 9 b y u s ing a p ick .8 On t he o ther h and , Ward P erk in s a ss umed t ha t t he se h or izon ta l t r aces o nly o ccurred where v ery c ompac t material was q uarr ied , wh i le t he c urved g rooves I ( Type / I ) wou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t he e x trac t ion o f s of ter s t one s ." A d e ta i led s t udy o ft he v ar iou s p ick t r ace s i n t he q uarr ie s where w e h ave worked t hu s f ar h a s s hown t ha t t he d ifferen t ma rk s h ave n o th ing t o d o w i th c harac ter i s t ic s o f t he s t one . I n f ac t , t he t r ace s o f t he h eavy a nd o f t he l i gh ter p ick s many t imes o ccur w i th in a s a me 1 q uarry d i s tr ic t ,9 o r e ven w i th in a 2 s ame q ua rry p i t .9 More i mpor tan t , h owever , i s t he f ac t t ha t t hese v ar iou s mark s c an s o meti mes b e f ound o n s ucsive l c es eve l s o f a s ame q ua rry f ace . I n s uch c a ses t he r egu lar t r ace s o f t he l i gh ter p ick ( Type I )a lway s l i e a bove t he c urved mark s ( Type I I ) o f

8 9 D o lc i 1 980 , 1 64 . H i s i den t if ica t ion o ft he i n s trumen ta s ap ick h ere s eem s t oc on trad ic t h i s s t a temen t s o n p . 1 91 . 9 0 Wa rd P erk in s 1 971a , 1 38 . 9 1 B o th t ype s o f t r ace s a re f ound f or i n s tance i n t he q ua rr ie s o f Doc im ium ( compare a l so Röder 1 971, 2 96 ) , a tA l t in tq , o n P roconne su s , a tB e lev i , Mt . P en te l ikon , o n P aro s , a tF i l ipp i , a nd a tC arrara . As tudy o f t he g ra in s i ze o ft he ir marb le d id n o tp roduce a ny p at ich tern wh w e c ou ld c onnec t w i th t he i n s trumen t t ha t w a s u sed . 9 2 F or i n s tance , a t Doc im ium i n t he s ou thea s t c orner o f aq uarry wh ich , a ccord ing t o a n i n scr ip t ion , wa s o pened a ga in i n t he B yzan t ine p er iod . We a l so s aw s evera l e xamp le s i n t he P en te l ic a nd P ar ian q uarr ie s .

9 8

3 W ea l so h ave s evera le xamp les where t he l i gh ter p ick t r ace s( Type t h es t ocky p ick-hammer .9 t I )a r e f ound a bove s im i lar , b u t d eeper h or izon ta l g rooves ( Type I ) ; b u t t he l a ter w ere mo s t 4 I n o ther c a ses t he se r egu lar , p robab ly p roduced b y a heav ier t oo l , a s men t ioned a bove .9 a lmo s t h or izon ta l mark s ( Type I ) a re s ucceeded e n a lower l e ve l b y t he c urved a nd e ven l 5 A l o f t h i s s ugge s t s t ha t , i n d eeper g rooves ( Type I I ) l e f t b y t he s t ocky p ick-hammer .9 l tern r r e a l i ty , mo s t d ifferences r ef lec t ac hrono log ica ly c hang ing e xp lo i ta t ion p at a ther t han r obora ries ag eo log ica lf ac t , ac onc lu s ion wh ich s eems t ob ec or ted b y t he f ew " da tab le "q uar .

l l ries o ry s I nf ac t , i t can h ard ly b e ac o inc idence t ha ta l w e ld a ted o lder q uar rq uar ec t ion s d i sp lay t r aces o f t he l i gh t p ick ( Type I ) . T hey a re f ound , f or i n s tance , o n t he s i de s o f t he su l ry t r enches o f t he c o los s ( F ig . 9 ) a t Apo lona s o n N axo s , p erhaps t he o ldes t G reek q uar 6 T hey a l so k nown t hu s f a r , d a ted b e tween t he l a ter 7 th a nd t he e ar l ier 5 th c en tury B .C .9 rie o ccur o n aw orked f ace i no ne o ft he q uar s n ea r B e iev i , d a ted b y i n scr ip t ions a nd g raff i t i t ot he l a te a rcha ic p er iod a nd mo s t p robab ly o pened a round t he m idd le o ft he 6 th c en tury f or 7 I n t he s ame d i s tr ic t t hey c an a l so t he c on s truc t ion o f t he a rcha ic A r tem i s ion a t E phe su s .9 ry t b e f ound o n t he q uar r enches o ft he t umu lu s a tB e lev i , o fa lmo s t c on temporary d a te ," a s l w e l a so n t he marb le c ore o f t he f amous mau so leum t here ( probab ly m id 3 rd c en tury B .C . ) . T he p ar t ly r ock-cu t Nor th a nd E a s t s i de o f t he E a s t Room o ft he t hea tre a t Thor iko s , wh ich ry f may a l so h ave s e rved a s aq uar or t he r enova t ion o f t he t hea tre t oward s t he m idd le o ft he ga in d i sp lay s t he s ame t r aces . Whenever t hey a re f ound i n q uar ries w i th 5 th c en tury ,9 a " m ixed " t r ace s , t he mark s p roduced b y t he l i gh t p ick a lway s o ccur , a sf ar a s i sk nown , i n t he

ries a 9 3 S ee , f or i n s tance , o ne o f t he q uar t B e lev i : A lz inger 1 967 , 6 3 ( heavy p ick ma rk s w rong ly i den t if ied a sp o in t mark s ) , 6 6 f i g . 3 5 . T he mark s p roduced b yt he s t ocky p ick o ccur ry f h ere o n ly i n t he l ower p ar t o f t he q uar ace , among o ther s i n t he s ec t ion b ear ing t he r yworker s i gna ture o f q uar s , d a ted t o t he l a ter R oman p er iod ( A lz inger 1 967 , 6 1 n . 4 ; Wae lken s , D e P aepe , Moen s 1 987 , 16 , 1 25 f i g . 1 2 ) . A t A l t in ta § t he a c tua l v i s ib le t r ace s o f t he I br ik l ik q uarry , wh ich a ccord ing t o a n u npub l i shed i n scr ip t ion c op ied b y J .C . F an t ( 1988b ) o n ac o lumn , w a s a l ready a c t ive b y t he l r e ign o f Dom i t ian a t t he l a te s t , a re a l p roduced b y t he s t ocky p ick . Y e t o ne l a rge b lock , fo l c on ta in ing ah o le f or s caf ld ing , a nd p robab ly o r ig ina ly b e long ing t ot he u pper e dge o ft he ry q uar , h a s t r ace s o f work w i th t he l i gh ter p ick . sion o T he s ame s ucces f t he h or izon ta l t r ace s o f t he l i gh ter p ick i n t he u pper p ar t o f a ry f q uar ace a nd o fc urved o nes p roduced b y t he b u lky p ick-hammer , i n t he l ower s ec t ion s , rie o ccur s a l so i n a t l e a s t t wo q uar s o f t he S p i l ia d i s tr ic t o f Mt . P en te l ikon , i n o ne o f t he ries a ry 1 q uar bove L id ia n ear F i l ipp i , i nq uar 0 a tA l ik i ( a c t ive f rom t he p re-Roman i n to t he i mper ia l p er iod , a ccord ing t o S od in i , L ambrak i , Kole 1j 1980 , 5 0 ) . 9 4 F or i n s tance , a tS ponda n ear C ar Do lc i 1 980 , 1 38-39 a nd 1 69 ) . A t F os n r ara ( s acava i t he B acc ino d iC o lonna ta , t he l i gh ter p ick t r aces o ccur i nt he u pper l e f ts ec t ion o ft he q uar , ry t he mark s o f ah eav ier t oo l i n t he l ower r i gh t s ec t ion ( s ee , f or i n s tance , a l ready Do lc i 1 980 , 7 0-87 a nd 1 05 ) . T he s ame p henomenon c an b e s een a tB acch iot Do lc i 1 980 , 4 9-50 a nd t o 2( 1 00 ) . 9 5 F or i n s tance , a tV am l ix I I o n P roconne su s ( Asgar i 1 978 p l . 1 39 f i g . 9 ) , i nt he B acaka le I V q ua rry a t Doc im ium ( Röder 1 971, 2 98 f i g . 4 9 , aq uar ich w a s p erhap s ma in ly a c t ive r y wh o r e xpanded i n t he l a ter Roman p er iod : s ee i b idem 2 78 ) , i n t he e a s tern q uar f M i le tu s ries o ( Pesch low-B indoka t , J dI 9 6 ( 1981) 1 93 f i g . 6 1) . 9 6 O n t he v ar iou s p ropo sed d a te s , s ee Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 32 ; P ed ley 1 976 , 1 8 . 9 7 S ee A lz inger 1 967 , 6 1-74 f i g s . 3 3 , 3 7-39 ; D res , ÖJh 4 8 ( 1966-67 ) 7 3-76 . sler 9 8 S ee Ka sper 1 977 , 1 58 f i g . 1 4 ( cor e tween t he t umu lu sa nd t he q uar , wh ich mus t ridor b ry b e long t o t he o lder a rcha ic p ha se ) ; 1 62 f i g . 1 5 ( quar , wh ich i s e i ther a rcha ic o r l a te ry c l as l-He len is t ic ; s ee p . 1 62 ) . sica l 9 9 S ee H . F . Mus s che , T hor ikos . E ine F ührung d urch d ie A usgrabungen ( Gen t -Nürnberg 1 978 ) 4 5 . 9 9

F igure 9 F igure 8 C ut

w ith

S ide T rench o f t he C olossus a t A pollonas.

I rregular Q uarry F ace R esulting f rom T renches C onstantly

r eversed

P ick-hammer

S trokes.

D ocim ium ( section 6 1).

F igure 1 0

I rregular M arks

o f

t he P ick-hammer

D ocim ium ( section 6 2).

1 00

o n a B yzantine Q uarry

f ace

a t

o lder q uarry p i t s ." ° In most p laces t he p ick wh ich p roduced t hese marks s eems t o h ave b een r ep laced g radua ly b y t he l s t ocky p ickh ammer .m B u t t h i s r ep lacemen t mu s t n o t h ave h appened e verywhere a t t he s ame momen t , n or was t he bulky p ick a dop ted i n e very s ing le q uarry . J u s t a s s ome modern q ua rr ie s a re more a dv anced i n t he ir ith S hort, C urved S trokes A lternating F igure 1 U pper S ection : Q uarry F ace w me thods o f e xw i th H orizontal P ick M arks. C am lik, M armara. p lo i ta t ion t han o ther ones, q uarryworker s i n s o me o f t he a nc ien t q uarry d i s tr ic t s may h ave c on t inued ü s ing t he t r ad it i ona lt oo ls .1 0 2 The h eavy p ick-hammer wa sa l ready k nown i nt he q uarr ies o f Germany f rom t he l a te L a T ene p er iod o nward s , b u t i ti sc on s idered b y J . Röder a n i n s trumen t t yp ica l o f t he I mper ia l p er iod , a nd s t ar t ing i n l a te a n t iqu i ty , i tw a s i t se lf r ep laced i n t urn b y at oo l o f more s l ender p ropor t ion s . 93 I n s o me o f t he marb le q ua rr ie s o f A s ia Minor t he s t ocky

1 00 A t Doc im ium , f or i n s tance , t hey a re f ound a l l o ver B acaka le I I , wh ich a ccord ing t o Röder 1 971, 2 76-77 , may h ave o r ig ina ted f rom as e r ie s o f o lder q uarr ie s , e xpanded b y t he Roman s , who c ea sed t he ir a c t iv i t ies a l ready d ur ing t he 2 nd c en tury . They a re a l so f ound i n t he s ma l l w e s tern e x trem i ty o f B acaka le V 2 a nd i n s o me o f t he v ery s ma l l q uarry p i t s o f Röder 's s ec t ion s A a nd B , s o me o f wh ich , i n o ur o p in ion , may b e long t o t he o lde s t e xp lo i ta t ion s a t Doc im ium . On Tha so s t hey a re f ound i n t he a rcha ic q uarr ies o n t he A cropo l i s a nd a t P henar i . The t r aces a l so o ccur i n t he q ua rr ie s o f Do l iana , al a rge p ar t o f wh ich may b e a rcha ic ( Ar tem i s Knakea t i s ) o r l a te c l as sica l ( A thena A lea ) i n d a te . A t C arrara i ti sd iff icu l t t o e s tab l i sh ac orrec t c hrono logy o f t he v ar iou s Ro man q uar ry p i t s . Y e t i t is t yp ica l t ha t t r ace s o ft he l i gh t p ick o ccur a tF o ssacava , o ne o f t he o ldes t , i fn o t t he o lde s t q ua rry o f t he C arrara d i s tr ic t , p erhaps s t ar ted a l ready d ur ing t he l a te r epub l ican p er iod a nd b oom ing d ur ing t he f i r s t q uar ter o ft he f i r s tc en tury A .D . ( Do lc i 1 980 , 7 0-76 , 9 0 , 9 5) . They a l so a re f ound a t L a T ag l ia ta , d e sp i te i t s h igh a l t i tude , c er ta in ly i n o pera t ion , a t t he l a tes t b y t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury ( Do lc i 1 980 , 1 21-24 , 1 34 ) . 0 1 T h i s o ccur s a t C a rrara , f or i n s tance , i n t he " Roman " q uar s o f B acch iot nd 2 1 rie t o 1a ( Do lc i 1 980 ,4 5-46 a nd 9 9 , 4 9-50 a nd 1 00 : h ere b e low t he o lder p ick marks ) ; a tC a lag io where t here w a s e xp lo i ta t ion f rom t he r e ign o f T iber iu s u n t i l t he 3 rd c en tury ( Do lc i 1 980 , 5 3-55 , 1 02-103 ) ; i n t he l ower , l a ter s ec t ions o f F o ssacava ( Do lc i 1 980 , 7 7-87 ) ; a t B occa d i C ana lgrande , p o ss ib ly a 1 s t c en tury A .D . q uarry ( Do lc i 1 980 , 1 09 , 14 , 1 32-33 ) . 1 0 2 Th i sa pparen t ly h appened , f or s t i lu nknown r ea son s( o rgan iza t ion o ft he work f orce?) , l i n t he q uarr ie s o f Mt . Hymet s a nd o n T ha so s , where t r aces o ft he p ick-hammer a re a lmo s t tu o ta ly l a ck ing . t l 1 03 R öder 1 969 , 18-19 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 8 4 . I t i s c harac ter i s t ic t ha t t he p o s t-Roman q uarr ie s a t C arra ra a l s eem t o d i sp lay a n l a l terna t ion o f h or izon ta l g roove s ( e ffec t ive ly c arved w i th ap ick o f l i gh t w e igh t l i ke t he o ld G reek a nd e ar ly I mper ia l i n s trumen t ) , a nd o f o b l ique l i ne s ( cu t w i th a p o in t ) ; Do lc i 1 980 , 4 3-44 a nd 5 2 ( Bacch iot ) , 1 56-57 a nd 1 71-72 ( Pe sc ina ) , 1 65-66 a nd 1 74 ( Ravacc ione ) . to 1

1 01

0 4 Whenp ick-hammer w a s u sed a tl e a s t f rom t he l a te 1 s t-ear ly 2 nd c en tury A .D . o nward s .1 s e ver w e h ave o ther , l e s a ccura te e l emen t s f or d a t ing q uarr ie s w i th t he se p ick-hammer l 0 5 We c an f i na ly menmark s , t hey a l so s ugge s t ad a te i nt he m idd le o rl a ter I mper ia lp er iod .1 l r tern o t i on t ha tt h is s t ocky p ick w a s s t i l u sed , s o me t imes i n amore i regu lar p at fs t roke s ( F ig . 0 6 1 0 ) , o n q uarry f aces w i th Chr i s t ian s y mbo l s .1

s A s ac onc lu s ion , w e t hu s c an a ser t t ha t , f or t he momen t , i ts eem sa s i f , o n t he who le , t he l i gh ter a nd s harper q uarry p ick wa s t he o lder i n s trumen t , p erhap s a dop ted f rom t he E a s t ( ? ) w i th i t s q uarr ies o f s of ter s t one s ( f or i n s tance , l ime s tone ) . 1" The i n troduc t ion i n to t he marb le q uarr ie s o f t he h eavy p ick-hammer a lowed a m uch f a s ter work ing p ace ( bu t w i th l g rea ter wa s te o f ma ter ia l ) , p os ly c arr ied o u t w i th a l a rger work f orce a s w e l . Th i s sib l i nnova t ion may h ave b een c onnec ted w i th t he mas eorgan iza t ion o f t he who le q uarry sive r s y s tem u nder t he Emp ire , d ue t o g enu ine mas roduc t ion , f rom t he l a ter i s t o r e a r ly 2 nd s p c en tury A .D . o nward s ( s ee b e low , p . • 10 8) . E xcep t iona ly , t he q uarry f ace s a l so d i sp lay marks o fo ther t oo l s . On s o me o ft he q uarry l wa l s w i th p ick t r ace s ( of b o th t he o lder , l i gh t v er s ion ( Type 1 )1 0 8 a nd t he l a ter , h eav ier t ype l ( Type I )1 0 we s o me t ime s f ind r a ther s hor t , c urved t r ace s . T hey a re a lway s a rranged i n a n o b l ique p at , m ixed w i th h or izon ta l g roove s o f t he c ommon t ype , wh ich h ave , h owever , tern aw ider s pac ing t han u sua l ( F ig . 1) . T hey may h ave b een a na temp t t og e td eeper a t af a s tt e r p ace t han w i th t he n orma l " hor izon ta l " p rocedure , d irec t ing t he b low s i n a m ore v er t ica l d irec t ion , b u tw i th t he s t reng th o ft he i n s trumen tp reven t ing i tf rom g et ny d eeper . The ting a w ide ly s paced h or izon ta l g rooves t hen may h ave b een c orrec t ion s , mak ing i t pos le t oc onsib t i nue f rom t he s ame l eve l a ga in . I f t h is e xp lana t ion i sc orrec t , t he mark s w ere p robab ly p roduced b y t he s a me p ick w i th t he l ong h and le a s t he h or izon ta l t r ace s . Ano ther p os i l i ty , h owever , wou ld b e t ha t t he sib n t ha t c a se t h is i n s trumen t s hor t , c urved g roove s w ere p roduced b y a shor t h andp ick . 10 I may h ave b een u sed t o c orrec t as ec t ion o f t he t r ench wh ich wa s mov ing t oo f ar o u tward s . I n f ac t , t here a re af ew e xamp le s 11 where as im i lar i n terven t ion s eem s t o h ave b een c arr ied o u t b y mean s o f a po in t ( F ig . 1 2 ) . On t he who le , h owever , t he u se o f t h i s l a s t i n s trumen t

1 04 A g ood e xamp le a re t he q uarry f ace s a tA l t in ta ( I br ik l ik )a nd Obruk tepe i nt he Upper T embr i s v a ley , wh ich a ccord ing t o t he q uarry mark s f ound t here , mo s t p robab ly w ere l d eve loped o n a la rge s ca le f rom t he r e ign o f Dom i t ian o nward s . On t he se i n scr ip t ion s , s ee Wae lken s 1 985 , 6 42-43 ( for Obruk tepe ) . Ac o lumn d rum a tI br ik l ik b ear s ad a te i n t he y ear A .D . 9 2 . 1 0 5 F or i n s tance a t Doc im ium a l t oo l mark s i n t he q uar i t s B acaka le Ia nd I wh ich , l ry p a s t he q uarry mark s s ugges t , w ere ma in ly a c t ive b e tween A .D . 9 2 a nd 2 36 ( s ee F an t 1 987 , 1 29-31 ;c ompare a l ready Röder 1 971, 2 72 ) . F ur ther i nt he s ame q uarry d i s tr ic t ,a l so B acaka le V I , where J . C . F an t f ound o ne o f t he k l ine l i d s o f ac o lumnar s a rcophagu s ( Fan t 1 985 ) , wh ich p o in t s t oward s a2 nd-3rd c en tury d a te . A t B e lev i t hey a re f ound a round a nd b e low t he l a ter Roman i n scr ip t ion men t ioned i n n o te 9 6 . A t t he S p i l ia q uarry o f Mt . P en te l ikon , mo s t ly o f I mper ia l d a te , t hey a re f ound i n t he l ower s ec t ion s . F ina ly , a tC arrara t he t r ace s l o n ly s eem t o o ccur i nt he q uarry o f Mandr ia , wh ich h a s a ni n scr ibed c ros n i t s wa l s ( Do lc i s o l 1 980 , 1 46-48 , 1 51, 1 53-54 , 1 70 ) . 1 06 F or i n s tance a t Doc im ium i n E 2 ; a t Kavac ik i n aq uarry w i th a n u npub l i shed Chr i s t ian i n scr ip t ion ( s ee Wae lken s , D e P aepe , Moen s 1 987 , 16 ) . 1 07 O n i t s p os le ( bu t n o t c er ta in ) u se i n t he H it te w or ld , s ee n o te 2 2 . sib ti l o s E xamp le s o ccur a tB e lev i ( a rcha ic q uarr ie s ) , i n t he P en te l ic q uarr ie s , a nd o n T ha sos . 1 09 F or i n s tance , o n aq ua rry f ace a t V am l ik I I o n t he P roconne su s . 1 10 F or a n e xamp le o f i t s u se o n a rock-cu t s t ad ium w a l l a t D e lph i , s ee Kole l j 1 985 . ii S ome s cat tered e xamp le s o ccur i n t he Hymet t an a nd i n t he P en te l ic q uarr ies . S ee a l so S od in i , L ambrak i , Kole l j 1 980 , 2 8 f i g . 5 0 , 4 2 .

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d oe s n o t o ccur o f ten i n t he marb le q uar so ft he G reco-Roman p er iod . 12 rie Where i t w as u sed , i t s eem s t o h ave b een t op repare ap a r t icu lar s e c t ion o fa q uarry s urface f or r e l ief s o r T he d i screpancy w i th i n scr ip t ion s . 13 t he E gyp t ian l imes tone o r s and s tone rie q uar s i ss t r ik ing . Once t he b locks t o b e e x trac ted h ad l b een f r eed o n s evera l s i de s , t hey s t i l h ad t ob e s p l i t o ff f rom t he p a ren t r ock t om a tt he b ot . V ar iou st e chn ique sc ou ld b eu sed who se p ic ture f or t he momen ti s n o t y e t a s c l ear a s t ha t o f t he me thod s ting t a pp l ied f or c ut he l a tera l a nd b ack t r enche s a round ab lock . J .R öder b e l ieved t ha tt he E gyp t ian s b efore t he P to lema ic p er iod d id n o t u se a ny w edge s , a t l e a s t n o t i n t he g ran i te rie q uar s , a nd t ha t t hey u ndercu t t he b lock s wh ich w ere t o b e r emoved , a n o pera t ion wh ich t hen wa s f i n ished b y h ammer ing d own wooden b eam s , c au sF rom t he P to lei ng c rack s b e low . 14 ma ic p er iod o nward s ,b u t ma in ly d ur ing t he I mper ia l p er iod , t h i s s y s tem wou ld h ave b een r ep laced b y t he u se o f me ta l w edge s , f i r s t f or v er t ica l ( S tossspa lting t ung ) , t hen a l so f or h or izon ta l s p l it ( o r Hebsspa l tung ) . 15

F igure 1 2 Q uarry F ace C arved w ith a L ight P ick, A fterward " Corrected" B elow w ith a P oint. M t. H ymett os.

T he t e chn ique o f u s ing w edges l w ou ld o r ig ina ly h ave b een awork shop t e chn ique , i n tended t od iv ide l a rge b lock s , ap rac t ice . a nd D . K lemm a l so a s sume wh ich i sc on s idered t o h ave o r ig ina ted o u t s ide o f E gyp t . 16 R t ha t t he w edge t e chn ique , i n b o th s of ter a nd h arder s t one s , w a s o n ly i n troduced i n to E gyp t e tt h i s d ur ing t he P to lema ic p er iod a nd d id n o tb ecome p opu lar t here b efore t he Emp ire . 17 Y l h ypo the s i sh a sb een c ha lenged b yC . Ny lander ,a ccord ing t o whom t he E gyp t ians wou ld h ave ting h u sed q u i te e ar ly d o ler i te h ammer s f or c ut o le s i n tended f or wooden w edge s . 18 We t ouch h ere a n e ven more s en s i t ive p o in t o fd i scus sion , i . e . , t he p os sib le u se i na nc ien t q uar ry ing o f wooden w edge s , s oaked w i th w a ter , wh ich made t hem e xpand a nd c au sed

1 12 C er ta in ly n o t a s o f ten a s i nd ica ted i n t he p ub l ica t ion s men t ioned b y Dworakow ska l 1 975 , 1 21-22 , where many s o-ca led p o in t o r p unch t r ace s o f t he o lder l i tera ture i n r ea l i ty may h ave b een p ick mark s . T he u se o f ap o in t wou ld o n ly make more s en se i n u nderground ries o l q uar ft he t unne l t ype , l i ke t ho se o n P aro s . T he p o in t mark s men t ioned i nt he Apo lona s ry o su q uar n T ha sos o n ly o ccur o n t he s i des o f t he c o los s , where t hey a re t he r e su l t o f sing o ry p re l im inary d res ft he s t a tue , n o to fq uar ing . F or t he u se o ft he p o in t i nl a ter p er iod s , s ee n o te 1 03 . 1 13 T race s o f ap o in t t hu sc an b e s een , i n av ery i r regu lar p at tern a round t he r e l ief o f t he Nymphs i n t he " Grot to o f t he Nymph s " o n P aros . I n t he P roconne s ian q uar ries , s o me o f t he q uar rie s o f t he S ar ikaya lar d i s tr ic t a l so h ave c ros se s o n w a l l s ec t ion s , o r ig ina l ly c arved b y means o f ap ick-hammer , b u t a f terward s s moo thened w i th ap o in t . 1 14 S ee Röder 1 965 , 5 12-15 f i g . 2 8 . 15 O n t he se t e rm s , s ee K rau s a nd R öder 1 962 , 7 24 . 1 16 R öder 1 965 , 5 23 , 5 28 . 17 K lemm a nd K lemm 1 981, 3 6 . •1 1 8 Ny lander 1 968 .

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c rack s . Many s cho lar s a ccep t t he ir e x i s tence , 19 wh i le o ther s b lun t ly r e jec t i t .1 2 ° p rob lem mo s t c er ta in ly s hou ld b e s t ud ied i n g rea ter d e ta i l .

T he

Wha tever t he a n swer t ot he q ues t ion whe ther wooden w edge s w ere e ver u sed i n a n t iqu i ty , t he u se o f me ta l w edge s i n ry G reek q uar ing i sp roven b eyond a ny d oub t a nd f rom i t s v ery b eg inn ing . I n ry s f ac t , t he q uar ec t ion s a bove a nd su l a round t he c o los s a t Apo lona s o n Naxo s , wh ich w es tud ied w i th g rea tc are r i n 1 986 , o ffer i refu tab le e v idence i n rie t h i s r e spec t . I n t hese q uar s t he n orma lp rocedure s eem s t oh ave b een t oc u t r a ther w ide t r enche s ( ca . 3 3 t o 6 0 cm .) b e tween t he b lock s ( ca . 8 5 t o 1 00 cm . w ide ) t o b e r emoved . Ac ompar i son o f t om o t he t r ace s o n t he b ot f t he t r enches w i th t he mark s l e f ti n t he t r ench a round su t he c o los s , where t here c an b e n o d oub t c oncern ing t he i n s trumen t u sed ( i t c an c l ear ly b e i den t if ied o n t he s i de l w a l s ; s ee a bove , p .99 ) , s how s t ha t t h i s o pera t ion w a s a ch ieved b y mean s o ft he o ld , l i gh t q ua rry p ick , a nd n o t w i th a l p o in t o r ad r i l a s h a s b een s ugge s ted i n 2 1 A t t he b ack , t he c on tour s t he p a s t .1 o f t he b lock s w ere s harp ly d ef ined b y a s e r ie s o f d en se ly s paced p o in t o r p unch s t rokes , wh ich f ur ther w eakened t he F igure 1 3 P o int M arks ( left) D efin ing t he B ack E dge o f a n E xtracted B lock i n t he A rchaic Q uarry a t A pollonas, s t one t here a nd may a l ready h ave c au sed N axos. i n terna lc rack s( F ig . 1 3 ) . I nf ron to ft he b lock s , as e r ie s o fh o les w a sc u ta tr egure l t om o l a r i n terva l s , c or spond ing t o c arefu ly p repared w edge-ho le s a t t he b ot f t he b lock s t hem se lve s ( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he p urpo se o ft he f i r s th o le s c an o n ly h ave b een t of ac i l i ta te h ammeri ng o n t he w edges i n ser ted b e low t he b lock s . A s ar e su l t , t he w edge s u sed h ere mu s t h ave b een o f i r on . The u se o f i r on w edge s d ur ing t he a rcha ic p er iod i sf ur ther p roven b y t he ry a e v idence f rom t he q uar round t he t u mu lu s a tB e lev i . H ere b roken p ar t s o f i r on w edges 2 2 l w ere s t i l f ound i n s ide o ne o f t he h o le s .1 J . Röder e s tab l i shed ac hrono log ica l s cheme f or q uar ries o fh ard s t ones ( ba sa l t , g ran i te ) , 2 3 A ccord ing b o th f rom E gyp t a nd Germany , b a sed u pon t he s pac ing o f t he w edge-ho le s .1 s ed t ot h i s s cheme t he s pac ing b ecome more d en se a st ime p as . F rom t he I mper ia l p er iod o nl w ard s , a nd e spec ia ly f or v er t ica l s p l i t ing ( S tosspa l tung ) , t he w edge-ho le s wou ld s o me t ime s

1 19 F or i n s tance , A lz inger 1 967 ,6 3 ; Ny lander 1 968 , 6 -7 ( who i nvoke s t he ir u se i n ar ecen t p a s t , e ven i nh arder s t one s l i ke g ran i te ) ; D o lc i 1 980 , 7 0-71, 7 8 , 8 1 , 1 09 , 1 64 ( one e normou s , u nfor tuna te ly u nda ted e xamp le o f 3 5 t o4 0 cm . w a s r epor ted f ound i n t he P o lvacc io d i s tr ic t ; l r y owner i t is n ow i n t he c o lec t ion o ft he q uar ) . O ther l i tera ture o n t he s ub jec t i s m en t ioned b y Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 40-45 . J .W . S haw , "M inoan A rch i tec ture : Ma ter ia l s a nd T echn iques , " ASAA 4 9 N .S . 3 3 ( 1971) rie 3 4 a l so s ugge s t s t ha t i n t he M inoan q uar s b locks w ere s p l i t o ff f rom b e low , p erhaps b y mean s o f p ry-bar s o r w ooden w edge s , wh ich h owever h ave l e f t n o t r ace . sib 1 20 R öder 1 965 , 5 16 ( on ly p os le i n s t ra t if ied s t one s l i ke s ch i s t ) . C ompare Dworakows ka 1 975 , 1 40 ( " con trover s ia l " ) . 1 21 O n t he se v ar iou s t heor ie s , s ee Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 31-35 . 1 22 S ee Ka sper 1 976 , 1 70-72 f i g . 1 7 . F or o ther e v idence c oncern ing i r on w edges i nG reek ry o r R oman q uar ing , s ee , Dworakow ska 1 975 , 1 44-45 , a nd i d . 1 983 , 7 8-82 f i g s . 2 -3 ( i tem s rie f ound i n s ide t he q uar s ) . 1 23 K rau s a nd Röder 1 962 , 7 24 f i g s . 1 8-20 ; R öder 1 965 , 5 17-28 , 5 33 f i g . 2 9 .

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F igure 1 5 W edge-holes w ith P o int S trokes i n a P robably A rchaic S ection o f t he Q uarry a t P hanari o n T hasos.

F igure 1 4 H oles ( on r ight) C ut t o F acilitate H ammeri ng o n I ron W edges I nserted i nto t he W edge H oles o n t he l eft. A rchaic Q uarries a t A po llonas, N axos.

h ave b een p laced i n s ide as ha low t r ench ( Ke i lr inne o r K e i lgraben ) i n o rder t o a low b et l l ter c on tro l o f t he d irec t ion o f t he b reak a nd t o o b ta in a m ore r egu lar s urface .1 2 4 F ina ly ,t he who le s ys tem wou ld h ave b een r ep laced ,i nl a te a n t iqu i ty ,b y ac on t inuou sg roove l 2 5 ( Ke i lnu t ) i n wh ich t he w edge s c ou ld b e p laced .1 I th a s s i nce b ecome c l ear t ha t t h i s s cheme c anno t b e ma in ta ined , c er ta in ly n o t f or t he marb le q uarr ie s , a s Röder h im se lf e ven tua ly a cknow ledged .1 2 6 S ome o ft he a rcha ic q uarr ie s , l f or i n s tance , d i sp lay a l ready v ery d en se ly s paced wedge-ho le s ( F ig . 1 5) .1 2 7 The s ys tem o f t he K e i lgrube s ee m s a l so t o h ave b een u sed a t P er sepo l i s d ur ing t ha t s ame p er iod ,1 2 8 wh i le t he p r inc ip le o f t he c on t inuou s g roove ( F ig . 1 6 ) wa s a pp l ied a tB e lev i , i fn o t a l ready d ur ing

1 24 R öder 1 957 , 2 65-66 ( here f or s of ter s t ones a sw e l ) ; Krau sa nd Röder 1 962 , 7 24 ; Röder l 1 965 , 5 24-28 . 1 25 S ee Röder 1 957 , 2 65 ; Krau s a nd Röder 1 962 , 7 24 f i g . 2 0 ; Röder 1 965 , 5 17 f i g . 2 9 , n o . 9 ;5 23 , 5 36 . Do lc i 1 980 , 1 97 s eem s t oe xp la in t he se g roove s n o t a s s e rv ing f or w edge-ho le s , b u t a s g roove s wh ich a lowed s p l i t ing s ma ler b lock s , a l ready f reed a t t he b ack , b y mean s l l o f c rowbar s . The g roove s wou ld h ave i nf luenced t he d i rec t ion o f t he h or izon ta l b reak . 1 26 S ee Röder 1 971, 2 98 , 3 00 ( no t v a l id o r h ard ly s o f or s and s tone , l imes tone a nd ma rb le ) . 1 27 S ee Ny lander 1 968 , 8 -10 ; Ka sper 1 977 , 1 70-72 f i g s . 1 6-17 . S ome o ft he o lder q uarr ie s o n Tha so s , p robab ly d a ted t o t he 6 th c en tury ( s ee f i g . 1 6 ) s eem t o p resen t t he s ame s cheme ( It hank T . Koze l j f or t h i s i nforma t ion ) . T he Apo lona s q uarr ie s a l so h ave t he ir w edge-ho les l i n amuch d en ser s pac ing t han Röder 's s cheme wou ld a low f or t h i se ar ly p er iod ( s ee f i g . 1 5 ) . l 1 28 N y lander 1 968 , 9 .

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t he 6 th c en tury B .C . , a t t he l a te s t d ur ing t he l a tesica c l as l a nd H e l2 9 l en i s t ic p er iod s .1 On Thasos , a t Kary s tos , a t A ss uan and a t S a int-Boi l , t he l le, s o-ca led p o in t il . t e chn ique , i e . , a s y s tem o f d en se ly p laced point s t roke s o n t hree o r l o n a l s i des , s omet ime s s eem s t o h ave r ep laced t he w edge-ho le s c om3 0 p le te ly ( F ig . 1 7 ) .1 T he b lock s t hen c ou ld b e r emoved F igure 1 6 C ontinuous G roove ( ke i lnut) i n t he Q uarries a t F itipp i. ting p s ure b yp ut res o n o ne s ide, r l l e av ing av ery i regu lar b reak ing s urface . A l t he e xamp le s men t ioned a bove s eem t o b e o f r a ther l a te d a te . Y e t t he p r inc ip le i sa l ready a pp l ied i n c omb ina t ion w i th w edge-ho le s a t l rie Apo lona s o n Naxo s ( s ee a bove , p . 9 8) a nd i n s o me o f t he o lder Tha s ian q uar s ( Phanar i ) l a s w e l . Ano ther e xamp le , p erhaps a l so o fa rcha ic d a te , u nfor tuna te ly o n ly v i s ib le o n t h ree r ed i ries o s i des , may h ave o ccur n t he q uar pened a t B e lev i f or t he c on s truc t ion o f t he E phe s ian A r tem i s ion ( F ig . 1 8) . T herefore , t he who le t e chn ique o f ting o s p l it ff s t ones b y w edge s o f r el ated methods s hou ld b e s t ud ied a ga in , c heck ing when , where a nd h ow t hey w ere a pp l ied . A t t he momen t w e h ave t he sion t i mpres ha t t he u se o f w edge s may r ef lec t a g rea ter g eograph ica l d iv er s i ty t han t he c ho ice o f as pec if ic t ype o f p ick f or ting t c ut he q uarry t r enches . T h i s i s n o t s o s urpr i s ing , a s t h i s f i na l s t age F igure 1 7 1 10 in t i tle T echn ique a t A tiki, T hasos. o ft he e x trac t ion o f s t one s w a s much a yer so f wh ich e xper ienced more i nf luenced b yt he s t ra t if ica t ion o ft he b edrock ,t he n a tura l l r ymen c l q uar ou ld e xp lo i t v ery w e l .

1 29 K a sper 1 977 , 1 71 . F or e xamp le s i n t he P roconne s ian q uarr ies , s ee A sgar i 1 978 , 4 74 e p l . 1 37 , f i g . 6 . On t he se g roove s , s e a l so Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 42 , 1 45 . 1 30 S od in i , L ambrak i , Koze l j 1 980 , 4 2-43 .

1 06

A t t he momen t w e a re s t udy ing v ery c arefu ly a l t he e v idence a t o ur l l d i sposa l , t ak ing n o te o f t he c harac teri s t ics o ft he marb le l ayer s i ne ach q uarry a nd s c reen ing a lc hrono log ica le l emen t s , l a nd w e h ope t o o b ta in , i n an o t t oo d i st an t f u ture , a much c l earer p ic ture o f t h i s u l t ima te p ha se i n t he e x trac t ion o f s t ones . Our k now ledge i s much b et , ter t hank s t o t he d i scovery o f h undred s o f a bandoned i t em s d ur ing t he r e mova l o f t he o ld d ump s i n r ecen t ly r eopened a nc i en t q uarr ie s ,1 3 1 a s f ar a s a no ther a ct i v i ty i n o r n ear t he q uarr ies i s c onc erned : t he d res f b lock s a f ter e xsing o t r ac t ion , ap roces ich n owaday s i s s wh s t i l d one o n t he s po t ( F ig . 1 9 ) . The r eal s on i st ha t i tb o th d ecrea se s w e igh t a nd t hu sf ac i l i ta te st r an spor t ,a nd a tt he s ame t ime i ncrea se s t he c ommerc ia l v a lue o f t he p roduc t .1 3 2 We k now t ha t a l ready i n E gyp t ,1 3 3 b u ta l so i n t he H it ti te o rn eo3 4 a nd Me sopo tam ian c iv i l iH it ti te ,1 3 5 s t a tue s a nd o ther a r t ifac t s z a t ion s ,1 w ere a lmos t f u ly f in i shed i n t he q uarl r i es . I t i s c ommon ly a ccep ted t ha t t he G reek s a pp l ied t he s a me s y s tem , a tl e a s t i n t he e ar l ier s t ages o f t he ir s cu lp ture si a nd c er ta in ly f or mono l i th ic c o los 3 6 Y e t s o me more r ecen t ( F ig s . 2 0-21) .1 lu l d i scover ie s i s tra te t ha t t h i s p r inc ip le s t i l c on t inued l a ter o n a nd s o me t ime s e ven o ccurred n E xtracted B lock a t arks a ro tr id a F igure 1 8 P o int H B elev i, E phesos.

S ee f or i n s tance A sga r i 1 978 , 4 69-72 ; F an t 1 987 , 1 28-29 . C ompare t he r e mark s o f Röder 1 965 , 4 81-89 ( i n p ha raon ic E gyp t ) ; Mar t in 1 965 , 1 47-51 ; A sgar i 1 978 , 4 74-75 ; Adam 1 985 , 3 2-38 . 1 33 S ee Röder 1 965 , 4 81-88 ; K lemm a nd K lemm 1 981, 3 9 f i g s . 3 0-31, 3 9-40 . 1 34 S ee U . B ahad ir A lk im , Y esemek . T ajocag t y e h eyke l a te lyes inde y ap t lan k az t y e a r ,V Irma lar . TTKY V .Ser i-Sa . 3 2 ( Ankara 1 974 ) 9 -13 , 1 9-71 p l s . I V- XL IV . 1 35 S ee R . Naumann , A rch i tek tur K le inas iens v on i h ren A nfängen b i s z um E nde d er He th i t ischen Z e i t 2 . e rwe i ter te Auf lage ( Tüb ingen 1 971) 3 6-37 f i g s . 1 5-17 ; B ahad ir A lk im ( above , n o te 1 34 ) 7 5-78 . s 1 36 S ee Adam 1 966 , 6 -7 . S he a sume s t ha t t he s t onema sons o f t he a rcha ic p er iod , who s o me t ime s may h ave b een i den t ica l w i th t he s cu lp tor s , p roduced r ough k ouro i i nt he q uarr ies c onform ing t o t he p ropor t ion s o f ac anon . T hey f i n i shed t hem t o a surpr i s ing ly a dvanced l s t a te b efore e xpor t t o t he s po t where t hey w ere t o s t and a nd where e ven tua ly t hey w ere c omp le ted b y s cu lp tor s . C ompa re a l so P ed ley 1 976 , 1 6-17 . l E xamp le s h ave b een f ound o n Naxo s ( e .g . a t P h ler io , Apo lona s ) , a t Tha so s a nd i n t he P en te l ic q uarr ie s . S ee C . B lüme l , G r iech ische B i ldhauerarbe i t , J dl E rgänzung shef t 1 ( Ber l in-Le ipz ig 1 927 ) 4 8 n o . 1p l s . 3 -4 ; 4 9 n o . 2 Pl s . 5 -6 ; 5 0 n o . 4f i g . 1 4 ; 5 0 n o . 5 fi g . 1 5 . On Tha so s s o me h ave r ecen t ly b een f ound b y T . Kole 1 j( above , n o te 3 2 ) . 1 31

1 32

1 07

3 7 T he f ac t t ha t s o many a rcha ic e xamp les a re k nown d ur ing t he Roman I mper ia l p er iod .1 sa may b e l a rge ly d ue t o t he t hen " popu lar " c o los l s i ze o f t he s t a tue s . Th i s made i ta lmo s t s ary t n eces of in i sh t hem a s f ar a s sib p os le i n t he q uarr ies : o ne t hus a vo ided o b ta in ing l arge marble b locks with i n terna l f l aw s t ha t b eco me v is ib le o n ly o nce t he wo r k w as 3 8 A t t he s t ar ted .1 s ame t ime o ne c ould r educe c on s iderab ly t he s t i ll e nor mous wei g ht for t r an spor ta t ion . On t he o ther h and , i t wa s a l so e xac t ly t he ir l a rge s i ze wh ich may h ave F igure 1 9 D ressing B locks a t I scehisar ( Docim ium). made th e d i scovery o f f l aw s d ur ing t he p re l im inary c arv ing o rt he o ccurrence o f" acc iden t s " when t he s t a tue sw ere moved , more l i ke ly t o h appen t han w i th a r t ifac t s o f n orma l p ropor t ion s . F or t he s ame r ea son , i t c er ta in ly i sn o t ac o inc idence t ha ts evera lo ft he l a ter e xamp le s o fs t a tue s d i scovered i n t he ir q uarr ies ( Pen te l ikon? , Upper T embr i s v a ley ) a re a ga in o f u nu sua l p ropor t ion s . l

I n t h i s c on tex t w e s hou ld men t ion a s w e l t ha t h igh q ua l i ty , p ure wh i te s t a tuary marb le l i ss o e xcep t iona l i n mo s t q uarry d i s tr ic t s t ha t f or t h i s r ea son a l one work ing i n t he q uarr ie s p roper , where i t wa s p os le , may h ave b een wor th t he e ffor t .1 sib 3 9 Y e t t here i sn o d oub t t ha t a s f ar a s t he p roduc t ion o f" prefabr ica ted " s cu lp ture o r a rch it e c tura l e l emen t s i n t he q uarr ie s i sc oncerned , t he r ea l r evo lu t ion w a s b rough t a bou t b y t he Roman s . They w ere r e spon s ib le f or a mas eorgan iza t ion o f t he who le s y s tem o f sive r

su 1 37 E xamp les a re k nown i n t he P en te l ic q uarr ies ( J . W i seman , " An Unf in i shed C o los s o n Mt . P ende l i , " AJA 7 2 ( 1968 ) 7 5-76 : o n ly a scr ibed t o t he I mper ia l p er iod b ecau se o f t he s i tua t ion o f t he q uarry o n t he t op o f t he moun ta in ) ; a t P aro s ( where i n 1 986 w e s aw a f ragmen t o f af e ma le s t a tue i n o ne o f t he a nc ien t q uarr ie s ) ; a tT ha sos ( s ee S od in i , L ambrak i , Koie l j 1 980 ,5 ) ; i nt he P roconne s ian q uarr ie s( af in i shed c u iras t a tue o f aRoman emperor s ed s n ow i n t he o pen a i r mu seum ) ; a t Kavac ik o n t he t e rr i tory o f Akmon ia ( N . A sgar i , " Upk S e l9 ik ler v e 9 evres inden Roma c ag i l ah i t ler i v e mermer o cak lar i , " T ürkArkDerg 2 5 .2 [ 1981] 4 sinu l 4 f i g . 4 6 ) ; i n t he q uarr ie s o f P es s ( Wae lken s 1 986b , 7 4 p l . 2 5 .1) a nd e spec ia ly i no ne o f l t he q uarr ies o f t he Upper T embr i s v a ley i n P hryg ia , where a n a lmo s t c omp le te ly f in i shed s t a tue o f o ne o f t he D ac ian p r i soner s f or T ra jan 's F orum a t Rome wa s f ound ( Wae lken s tes 1 985 ) . S evera l f ragmen t s o f s t a tuet , s o me o f t hem a lmo s t c omp le te ly f in i shed , h ave a l so b een f ound i n s ide t he q uarr ies o f L un i/Carrara : s ee D o lc i 1 980 , 6 2 , 9 2-93 . 1 38 T he f i r s tp as ft he P ass io S anc t iss imorum Qua tuor C orona torum ( above , n o te 4 8 ) , s age o t a l so i tra tes h ow t he s cu lp tor s l ooked f or t he ir marb le i nt he q uarr ies p roper , b ecau se t hey lus h ad t oc arve as t a tue o f H e l io s , i nc lud ing t he w agon a nd t he h or ses , o u t o fo ne s i ng le b lock . 1 39 M iche lange lo d rew h i s ma ter ia l h im se lf f rom n arrow v e in s o f t op-qua l i ty marb le a t l S erravezza ( Ward P erk in s 1 971a , 1 41) . F or t he s ame r ea son many s cu lp tor s s t i l h ave t he ir work shop s i n t he i mmed ia te v ic in i ty o ft he C arrara q uarr ie s . I n o ne o f t he Nax ian q uarr ie s , w e a l so s aw c omp le te ly f in i shed s cu lp ture s , c arved o n t he s po t b y a Br i t i sh a r t is t . 1 08

producing and of marketing, 140 associated with the Imperial ownership of the more important quarries from the reign of Tiberius onwards. 141 In fact, these quarries eventually started producing without specific orders on a hitherto unprecedented scale, by introducing a real mass production and building up enormous stocks. At first, they may have been intended mainly for use by the emperor or use in the capital. But from the second century A.D.

'

Figure 21

Half-finished Kouros at Phlerio, Naxos.

onwards they found an even larger market in the provincial cities where public munificence had become one of the accepted responsibilities of the wealthy citizen. 142 The very systematic organization of the Imperial quarries, of which the quarry marks are the tangible record, at least in the East, may have been basically the work of Domitian and Trajan (see note 142). In most of these quarries the exploitation, as a result of the enormously increased production, was organized in a very systematic way, allowing

Figure 20

Roughed out Colossus at Apollonas, Naxos.

140 On this revolution, see, for instance: Ward Perkins 1958, 104; id., EAA IV (1961) 866f. s.v. marmo; Ward Perkins 1969, 113, 132; idem 1971b, 536; idem 1980, 24-26; Asgari 1978 479. 141 On this "nationalization" of the quarries, see Ward Perkins 1957, 459; Ward Perkins 1963, 119-20; Ward Perkins 1971a, 145; Asgari 1978, 468; Waelkens 1982a, 36-37; Ward Perkins 1980, 24; Dolci 1980, 36 with note 52; Fant 1987, 129; Waelkens 1986b, 62-65. 142 Compare the remarks of Ward Perkins 1980, 26, according to whom the results of the reorganization were beginning to make themselves widely felt by the middle of the first century A.O. and accordingly these marbles during the second quarter of the second century suddenly reached also provinces without quarries of their own. We believe that the building projects started at Rome by Domitian and by Trajan may have played an enormous role in the development of many of the imperial quarries. According to Ward Perkins it was during their reigns that Attic and Proconnesian marbles started to replace Luni marble in Rome's public buildings. It was also during the same period that the major reorganization of the Phrygian quarries seems to have taken place; see Waelkens 1985, 642-43; Fant 1987, 129-30.

109

simultaneous operations next to one another.143 The deep cutting in many quarries sometimes created enormous quarry walls (Figs. 22-23). At the same time a considerable degree of prefabrication and perhaps also of standardization 144 was introduced, shaping and partly carving before dispatch, such items which were in constant demand. They included first of all architectural elements, such as columns (Fig. 24), capitals (Fifl.. 25), bases (Fig. 26), stepped slabs for veneering (Fig. 27) and even pieces of entablature, 5 exportable in various stages of preliminary dressin-f or prefabrication.146 Abandoned examples can be found in / almost every single quarry. 14 • Many others have been recovered from shipwrecks.148 Very/ quickly there must also have begun production, "on demand," of items of sculpture given preliminary shape, such as statues or portrait busts. 149 Communal or private quarries seem to have adopted rapidly the same principles of exploitation and of prefabrication.150 This was not in the least a result of the growing public wealth during the Imperial period, which from no later than the second half of the 1st century A.D. onwards (see note 144), provided the framework for an even larger market, that of the commerce in half-finished votive and sepulchral monuments. 151 They included both stelae (Fig. 28) and sarcophagi. 152 The formula proved to be particularly successful as far as garland sarcophagi were con­ cerned. From the first, but especially from the second century onwards, such sarcophagi were dispatched all over the East in various stages of finishing, but with the roughed-out garlands already on them. Workshops specializing in such sarcophagus production were established near some of the major �uarries, for instance, on Proconnesus, at Ephesus, at Aphrodisias and elsewhere in Caria.1 3 Recently we have been able to identify yet another workshop producing half-finished garland sarcophagi in the territory of Hierapolis in

143 See, for instance, the excellent study of this organization made by Roder 1971, 260-64, 271-75 figs. 2-9 and 14-15. 144 As far as sarcophagi are concerned, this system of prefabrication worked in Asia Minor already during the first century A.D. See Asgari 1977, 362 s. v. Aphrodisias F (Aphrodisias); 376 (Proconnesus). The standardization (with possible "standard dimensions") in architecture should be studied in greater detail than has been done in the past. In this respect the work carried out by N. Asgari on Proconnesus may solve many problems. On this matter, see already Ward Perkins I971b, 536; Monna and Pensabene 1977, 65-71; Baccini 1979, 35. 145 See Asgari 1978, 479 pl. 141 figs. 13-14 (pieces of entablature from the Proconnesian quarries, one of which, still in quarry-state, has been discovered in the theatre at Perge). 146 For the different stag�s of preliminary dressing of Corinthian capitals in the Proconnesian quarries, see Asgari 1978, 477 pl. 3. On workshops specialing in roughly shaped or in further developed artifacts, see Monna et al. 1985. 147 See for instance Asgari 1978, 476-80 pl. 135, 2; Dolci 1980, 113, 164, 200-201; Waelkens, De Paepe, Moens 1987, 114-15, 121 figs. 4-5, 126 fig. 14; Fant 1987, 128. For examples found in Italy, see Baccini 1979; Ward Perkins I980, 26-27. 148 See, for instance, Monna and Pensabene 1977, 65-7 I; Dworakowska 1983, 66f. (lists of shipwrecks with their contents); D. Strong, "Marble sculpture," in D. Strong and D. Brown, Roman Crafts (London 1976) 196. 149 For examples from Proconnesus, see Asgari 1978, 480 pl. 142. figs. 17-18. 150 See Waelkens 1982a, 42-47 and 1986b, 73-75. 151 See Waelkens 1982a, 42-47 figs. 4-6; Waelkens 1986b, 73-75 pl. XXV; Waelkens 1986a, 319 s.v. "Halbfabrikat." 152 See the articles of Ward Perkins, mentioned in note 6; Asgari 1977; Wa�lkens 1982a, 43-47 figs. 4-5; Waelkens 1986b, 74-75 pl. XXVI; Kozelj et al. I985, in Pensabene 1985. 153 See the exemplary study of Asgari 1977, figs. 52-56.

I I0

F igure 2 2

H igh Q uarry W all a t B acakale, D ocim ium . F igure 2 3 k on.

F igure 2 4

P refabricated C olumn a t

I briklik, A ltinta ,

11

H igh Q uarry F ace a t S pilia, M t. P enteli-

T urkey .

F igure 2 5

P reliminarily D ressed C orinthian C apital a t G oia, C arrara.

F igure 2 6

P relim inarily D ressed B ase a t F antiscritti, C arrara.

12

F igure 2 7

F igure 2 8

S tepped S lab f or V eneering. D ocim ium .

P relim inarily D ressed S tele i n t he V alley o f S tephani, P aros.

13

Phrygia, using the marble from the quar­ ries at Thiounta.154 Of all these sarco­ phagus workshops, only the one estab­ lished near the Proconnesian quarries managed to establish itself in the interna­ tional market. It is interesting to see that the production of prefabricated items still continues on the island of Marmara (Fig. 29).155 The important role played by the Proconnesian workshops in antiquity is not so unusual, since quarries with direct access to the sea may have been particu­ larly well suited to such a production pat­ tern. Since prefabricated sculptural items could be loaded almost directly onto ships, the costs of overland transport ex­ plain why other workshops situated near landlocked quarries such as, for instance, the Imperial quarries and workshops at Docimium, could never compete. Vi6 Therefore they seem to have specialized in the production of elaborate, fully fin­ ished items, be it statues, portraits or sar­ cophagi, made for the very rich.157 This production scheme, which gave the ar­ tifacts a higher commercial value, was eventually adopted even on Proconnesus, perhaps as the result of a gradual disap­ pearance of locally available, well trained stone masons or sculptors in the provincial Figure 29 Prefabricated Modern Washing Basins at cities who could complete imported semi- Maraara. finished items. In fact, we see that during the early Byzantine period the export of completely finished architectural elements (capitals, columns, bases, cancelli plates and ambones) had become a trademark of the Pro­ connesus \,, whence the complete decoration of churches was shipped all over the Mediter­ ranean.150 On the whole, the production process in or near the quarries of the Roman Empire thus was organized along identical lines, the only difference being the kind of artifact that was produced locally and the range of its market. In fact, we may conclude that there are some striking similarities when one compares individual quarries, despite some differences in the patterns of extraction and production as we can make them out now. Those differences, first of all, reflect chronological developments in quarrying techniques and in the possibilities of the marble trade. To a certain extent, they were also influenced by the material itself and perhaps even by local traditions to which some of the quarrymen continued to adhere. Yet other traditions extended beyond chronological or geographical boundaries. One of the best examples in this respect are the efforts of the quarrymen to put themselves and their business under divine protection. Quarrying and trading marble has always been a risky business, economically as well as physically. It still claims many lives and limbs.159

154 M. Waelkens will report on them in a forthcoming study which will be published in a new volume of Hierapolis. For a preliminary report on the subject, see now D. de Bernardi Ferrero, "Excavations and Restoration Works at Hierapolis," IX. Kazi sonu9lan toplant1s1. 6-10 Nisan 1987 (Ankara 1988, in press). 155 See Asgari 1978, 475. 156 Compare the remarks of Asgari 1977, 351-52. 157 See Waelkens 1982b and 1985, especially 642-44; Fant 1985. 158 See Monna et al. 1985, 28 with note 64. 159 See the very interesting article on Carrara by C. Newman, "Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity," National Geographic 162.1 (1982) 42-59.

114

F igure 3 0

R elief

o f

t he

N ymphs,

m Grotto

o f

t he

F igure 3 1 C ross A phrod isias.

N ymphs,u P aros.

o n

a B yzantine

Q uarry

F ace

T herefore i td oes n o t s urpr i se a ta l t ha t n ame s , i mage s ( F ig . 3 0 ) a nd s ymbo l s ( F ig . 3 1) o f l t he d iv ine p ro tec tor s w ere c arved o n t he q uarry wa l s , a nd t ha t s ma l s hr ine s h ave b een l l f ound i n s ide t he q uarr ie s .1 6 0 There i sv ar ie ty o n ly i n t he d iv in i ty who wa s i nvoked : Herc u les o n Tha sos , S i lvanu s o r A r tem i s a t F i l ipp i , t he Nymph s ( and P an ) o n P aros , C ybe le a t Doc im ium ,S a turnu sa t Chem tou , o rS i lvanu s a tC arrara . Nowaday s , t h i st r ad i t ion s t i ll i nger s l o n , t he q uarrymen p ra i s ing , i ng raff i t i wh ich a re much more t han j u s t p ious s en tence s , " D io " a t C arrara ( F ig . 3 2 ) o r " A lah " a t Marmara ( F ig . 3 3 ) . l

1 60 F or i n s tance Do lc i 1 980 , 5 9 , 1 64 ( r e l ief s o fS i lvanu s ) ; Röder 1 971, 2 88-94 ( Chr i s t ian g raff i t i a nd s ymbo l s ) ; Th . K rau s , " Fe l senre l ief s u nd S a turnku l t , " i n Krau s a nd R akob 1 979 , 5 2-54 ; D . B erranger , REA 8 5 ( 1983 ) 2 35-57 ( Nymph s a nd P an o n P aro s ) ; S od in i , L ambrak i , Kole l j 1 980 , 1 5-16 f i g s . 1 7-20 ; 2 0 f i g s . 2 7-29 ; 2 2 f i g . 3 3 ; 2 4 f i g . 3 7 ; 3 7 f i g . 7 0 ; 4 7-49 ( Chr i s t ian s ymbo l s a t A l ik i a nd e l sewhere ) .

15

a t

F igure 3 2

F igure 3 3

M odern P ainted G raffito a t L a M uraglia, C arrara: " Lodiamo D io."

M odern P ainted

G raffiti

o n a Q uarry B lock

d edigi o lur."

16

a t

M armara:

" Allahin

I I RECENT WORK I N STABLE I SOTOPE ANALYSIS OF WH ITE MARBLE AT THE BRIT ISH MUSEU M t S usan Wa lker a nd K e i th Ma thews

I n troduc t ion Ih ave b een work ing o n t he s t ab le i s o tope a na ly s i s o f wh i te marb le f or e igh t y ear s , f i r s t l i nc o labora t ion w i th Max C o leman , t hen o ft he I n s t i tu te f or Geo log ica lS c ience s , a nd i n more ome m igh t l r ecen ty ear sw i th my c o leagues f rom t he B r i t i sh Mu seum R e sea rch L abora tory .1 S e c omp la in w i th s o me j u s t ice t ha t , t hough s evera l a r t ic les h ave emerged f rom o ur work ,2 w l s t i l a wa i t as ub s tan t ia l p ub l ica t ion . B u t t hough Ih ave o b s t ina te ly ma in ta ined a n i n s t inc t ive f a i th i n t h i s me thod o f a na ly s ing wh i te marb le s , I have a l so b een a wa re o f g ap s i n o ur ry s k now ledge a nd o f ma jor p rob lem s w i th t he d a ta b a se o fq uar amp les . We a re b yn o mean s f r ee o ft hese p rob lem s , b u ti n r ecen t mon th s s ub s tan t ia l e ffor t s h ave b een made t o" c lean u p t he d a ta b a se . " l L ike o ther s work ing i n t h i s f i e ld , w e h ave n o t p er sona ly t aken s amp le s f rom marb le rie l l q uar s . R ecen t ly w eh ave a na ly sed s amp le ss y s tema t ica ly c o lec ted b y Marc Wae lken sf rom rie ra q uar sk nown t oh ave b een u sed i na n t iqu i ty a tC ar ra ( Tu scany ) . T he se s amp le sa re b e ing l a na ly sed i n o ther way s , i ti sh oped s o a s t o f orm a" marb le map " wh ich w i l p rove a m ore e ffec t ive way o f i den t ify ing wh i te marb le s . T hank s t o t he g enero s i ty o f Norman H erz , w e h ave a l so b een s en t much n ew ma ter ia l f or t he d a ta b a se f rom al abora tory who se r e su l t s a re l ry d k nown t ob e c ompa t ib le w i th o ur own . A l o ur q uar a ta , a nd s ome d a ta f rom Roman s a rs s ed b c ophag i , h ave n ow b een a ses y a st a t i s t ic ian , u s ing l i near a nd q uadra t ic d i scr im inan t s t he i s o top ic s i gna ture o f aq uar sn o l onger d ef ined b y o u t ly ing s amp le s , ry i a na ly s i s . 3 Thu b u t b y as t a t i s t ica l a ggrega te o fs amp le s . T he r e su l t s o fa na ly se s o fs amp le s f rom s cu lp ture s may b e s im i lar ly a sesed , a nd a s igned w i th g rea ter c onf idence t o af i r s t o rs econd c ho ice o f s s q uar . L a s t ly , a nd p erhap s mo s tc on trover s ia ly , w e n ow p re-se lec t q ua rr ies f rom t he d a ta ry l b a se f or s pec if ic p rogramme s ( Tab les 1 -6 ) . I s o top ic a na ly s i s i s n o t ap erfec t s c ien t if ic me thod . I to f ten o ffer s more t han o ne a n swer . We mu s ts t i lu se o ur e ye s ,o ur c ommon s en se l a nd o ur k now ledge o f h i s tory : o ur p re l im inary s e lec t ion i mp l ie s t ha t w e p u t s uch emp ir ica l k now ledge f i r s t , u s ing i s o top ic a na ly s i s t o t e s t i t .4 Hav ing s a id t ha t , Imus t a l so a dm i t t ha t i s o top ic a na ly s i s c an h e lp t he a rchaeo log i s t s ee wh i te marb le s — e spec ia ly d i r ty o r d im ly l i t marb les — i n an ew l i gh t . A s Is ha l l l d emon s tra te , Ih ave h ad t or e th ink t he r ece ived v iew , a nd o n o cca s ion s e ven t he n ew v iew , o f s cu lp ture s f amou s a nd o b scure . H ere Io ffer ab r ief r ev iew o f s ome o f t he c on tr ibu t ion s made b y i s o top ic a na ly s i s t o o ur u nder s tand ing o f ag rea t monumen t o f c l as l a n t isica q u i ty — t he Mau so leum a t Ha l icarnas s ,a nd o f ag rea tg enre o fR oman a r t — s a rcophag i . su

1 T he t ex t o f t h i s p aper , ar ev i sed v er s ion o f t he t a lk g iven b y S u san Wa lker a t S an An ton io , w a sp repared b yS u san Wa lker . C o-au thor Ke i th Mat sc arr ied o u tt he s amp l ing t hew a nd a na ly s i s a nd c on tr ibu ted t he i s tra t ion s . S e lec ted a n t iqu i t ies w ere r e samp led a t t he lu B r i t i sh Mu seum i n as ucces l a temp t t o r ep l ica te r e su l t s o b ta ined b y Max C o leman , s fu t f o low ing t he p rocedure s o u t l ined b y C o leman a nd Wa lker 1 979 . l 2 E .g . C o leman a nd Wa lker 1 984 ; Wa lker 1 984 , 2 04-21 ; Rook , Wa lker a nd D ens ton 1 984 1 43-62 ; Wa lker 1 985 . 3 A r epor t o f t he s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s u nder taken b y D r . Morven L eese ( Br i t i sh Museum R esearch L abora tory )w i l a ppear i nt he f u lp ub l ica t ion o f work o nR oman s a rcophag i i nt he l l d epar tmen ta l c o lec t ion s ( s ee a l so b e low , p . 1 20ff .) . l 4 S ee t he r emark s o f A shmo le 1 970 . 17

Isotopic Analysis of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (Tables 1-5)

The Mausoleum is roughly contemporary with the major structures of the Asklepieion at Epidaurus, where surviving building accounts offer a clear picture of the letting of contracts, and of the use of different types of stone to do specific jobs.5 Though the Mausoleum was commissioned by an individual dynast rather than a board of commissioners, it is likely that the importing of white marbles for architectural and sculptural decoration was organised in similar fashion, as Halicarnassus shared with Epidaurus a lack of high-quality building or sculptural marble on or near the site. Money was evidently no object. Table 1 Isotopic Analysis of the Free-standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum 7 6

+

*

Sculpturee Priene head

Paroa

5

.

H

u (T)

....+>• 0

C

Epheeoe 1

4

3,c

2�

Penteli � 12+i + + ++ 39-'ll + �l5 II

1L

-1 -10

-9

-8

7 Delta

180 %.

-3

-2

-1

1

The site of the Mausoleum was first excavated in the mid-nineteenth century by Charles Newton, later to become the first keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum. Quantities of material, both architectural and sculptural, most of it in fragmentary condition, were shipped from Bodrum to London.6 Supplemented by further samples supplied by the Danish team now excavating at Bodrum, these offer an opportunity to make, so to speak, an isotopic map of the monument, to identify marbles used for specific functions, and to associate unidentified fragments with known parts of the building. So far

5 Burford 1969. 6 For the excavations, see C. T. Newton and R. P. Pullan, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae I (London 1862), 84-105, 108-37. The more significant sculptures and architectural elements are catalogued by A. H. Smith, Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum II (London 1900) 65-135 nos. 980-1099. For the free-standing sculptures, see Waywell 1978. Current excavations at Bodrum are the subject of a series of volumes edited by K. Jeppesen and entitled The Maussoleion at Halikarnassos (Aarhus 1981, 1986). 118

w e h ave c omp le ted a p re l im ina ry s urvey o f t he e n t ire monumen t , c ompr is ing s ome f i f ty l s amp le s . Our f u ture s t ra tegy w i l b e t o e xam ine i n g rea ter d ep th c er ta in a rea s o f t he monumen t wh ich a ppear p ar t icu lar ly i n tere s t ing o r p rob lema t ic f rom t he i n i t ia l s urvey . S ince a n t iqu i ty i th a s b een r e cogn i sed t ha tt he mo s to u t s tand ing d ecora t ive e l emen to ft he r Mau so leum , t he f r ee-s tand ing s cu lp ture s a ranged o n t he p od ium o f t he monumen t t oo ffer at ab leau mor t o f l i fe a t Mau so lu s ' c our t , w ere made o ff ine marb le ( Luc ian , N ecr . D ia l . 2 4 ) . Modern s cho lar s h ave r ecogn i sed s o me s cu lp ture s a s P en te l ic , b u t , t hough t he marb le u sed f or o ther s l ooked v ery s im i lar t oP en te l ic , i t apparen t ly d id n o t c ome f rom t he s ame s ource . s o top ic a na ly s i s Moreover , P ar ian ma rb le w a s t hough t t o h ave b een u sed f or s ome h ead s .7 I h a s s o f a r r evea led f our s ource s o f ma rb le f or t he f r ee-s tand ing s cu lp tures . Two o f t he se r epre sen t d ifferen t a rea s w i th in t he k nown i s o top ic s i gna ture o f t he P en te l ic q uar . ries Unequ ivoca ly P en te l ic a re t he P er s ian r i der ( Tab le 1n o . 9 ) , o ne o ft he l i on s( Tab le 1n o . 1 2 ) , l a nd t he p an ther ( Tab le 1n o . 3 2 ) . T he t o r soes o f t he s o-ca led Mau so lu s ( Tab le 1n o . 5 )a nd l A r tem i s ia ( Tab le 1n o . 3 4 ) , s t and ing f i gure s s e t i n t he i n terco lumn ia t ion s o n t he t op o f t he p od ium , l i e c l o se t ot he e dge o ft he P en te l ic s i gna ture . The f i gure o f ar am f rom as cene o f s c s acr if ice ( Tab le 1n o . 1) , i s made o f t he s ame marb le a s t he se f i gures . L es er ta in i sp ar t s ( l o f t he t o r so o f a man i n P er s ian d res Tab le 1 no . 7 ) , wh ich f a l s b e tween t he i s o top ic s i gna ture s o fP en te l ic a nd A fyon ( Dok ime ion o r P hryg ian ) ma rb le . Apparen t ly P hryg ian a re t he s ea ted f i gure o f aman mo s t l i ke ly r epre sen t ing Mauso lu s h im se lf ( Tab le 1n o . 1 0 ) , p ar t o f ah or se f rom t he c har io t g roup o n t he a pex o f t he r oof ( Tab le 1n o . 4 ) a nd a no ther l i on ( Tab le 1n o . 3 8) . L a s t ly , t he u se o fP a r ian marb le f or s o me h ead s o fh uman f i gure s h a s b een c onf irmed . T hu s f ar w e h ave a na ly sed ab earded ma le h ead ( Tab le 1n o . 3 3 ) a nd af ema le h ead ( Tab le 1n o . 8 1) o f s t r ik ing s im i lar i ty t o ac on temporary h ead f rom t he S anc tuary o f T ab le 2 I so top ic A na ly s i s o f t he Mauso leum F r iezes

D e l t a 1 3 C Z .

7 -

7 D oub t s o n t he o r ig in s o f t he s cu lp tura l ma rb le s w ere e xpres y A . H . Sm i th i n P . s ed b Ga rdner , N ew C hap ters i nG reek A r t( Oxford 1 926 ) 1 03 , w i th r eference t ot he h ead o f Apo lo l ( S c . 1 058 =Waywe l 1 978 18 n o . 4 8 ) , n o t y e ti s o top ica ly a na ly sed . Sm i th 's v i ew sa re q uo ted l l i n Waywe l 's c a ta logue e n try . l

19

Athena Polias at Priene (Table I, item starred *). The latter head, also in the departmental collections, was analysed a few years ago and proved to be Parian.8 Phrygian marble may also have been used to make the chariot frieze, set in an unknown location within the interior of the monument (Table 2 nos. 3 and 35).9 The frieze decorated with scenes of battle between Greeks and Amazons, crowning the top of the podium, was most likely made of marble from south-west Asia Minor, possibly from lasos (Table 2 nos. I, 40-41). The centaur frieze from the apex of the roof has produced puzzling results which cannot be explained without further sampling (Table 2 nos. 2 and 37). It may be that the samples we have taken were affected by weathering, as was the case with the first set of samples taken from the Greeks and Amazons frieze. It is likely that the friezes, now being studied by BrianCook, Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, will be the first area of the monument to be sampled in detail. Table 3 Isotopic Analysis of the Mausoleum Peribolos Wall 7

6

Poree

s •

H

Epha•o• 1

4

u (T)

......,ID 0

Cl

2

C

Pent.eli

1

Del a 180 X.

It is hardly surprising that quarries in south-west Asia Minor provided most of the stone used for the sculptured reliefs and the architectural decoration of the monument (Table 2 no. 5). It is, however, of interest that no samples yet correspond to the isotopic signature of the Marmara (Proconnesian) quarries, a widely exploited marble said by Vitruvius (2.8, 10) to have been used to veneer all the walls of Mausolus' palace. Sadly, the samples thus far taken from sculptured reliefs and architectural members have fallen within a weak area of the data base. It is possible that the addition of more data may help clarify matters, but it seems likely that the quarries of south-western Anatolia, geographically close, are isotopically very similar, and it may prove impossible

8 J.C.Carter, The Sculptures of the Sanctuary of Athena Polias at Priene (London 1983) 271-6 no. 85 pl. 39 a-b, 47 a-d and frontispiece. For the results of isotopic analysis of the head, see Appendix 2, pp. 339-43, esp. 340, Table. 1. 9 Ashmole 1970 correctly distinguished by eye the chariot from other Mausoleum friezes, and identified the marble as Pentelic. 120

l sib t o i d en t ify t hem i nd iv idua ly b y i s o top ic a na ly s i s . I t i s , h owever , a l ready p os le t o d i s t ingu i sh d ifferen t ma rb le s u sed f or s pec if ic f unc t ion s . We h ave ac l ea r g roup o f r e su l t s l f r om t he w a l e nc lo s ing t he t emeno s o f t he t omb ( Tab le 3n o s . 2 5-29 ) , t o wh ich w e may n ow ted b a dd a no ther f our s amp le s , s ubm it y P ou l P eder sen , f rom s o me b lock s wh ich w ere l a ter su l l ry s r eu sed i n t he t hea tre a t H a l icarnas s . A l b u t o ne o f t he se f a l w i th in t he q uar i gna ture o fA fyon ,b u tt he r e su l t sc l u s ter f a rf rom t ho se o b ta ined f or t he f r ee-s tand ing s cu lp ture s ,a nd rie t he ma rb le a ppear s o f much c oar ser q ua l i ty . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t o ne o f t he l o ca l q uar s s uch a s My la sa o r H erac le ia i st he s ource . T he c o lumn s ( Tab le 4 no s . 4 2 a nd 1 3 ) a ppear t o c ome ry f r om t he s ame q uar , a s d o ac offer b lock ( Tab le 4 n o . 6 ) a nd t he s ima ( Tab le 4 no . 1 6 ) . Two o f t he s amp le s t aken f rom t he p yram ida l r oof ( Tab le 5 no s . 1 8-19 ) c lu s ter w i th in t he ry s l l q uar i gna ture o fI a so s ; at h ird s amp le ( Tab le 5n o s . 2 0 ) f a ls w e lo u t s ide i t . S amp le s t aken f rom t he p od ium f ac ing ( Tab le 5 nos . 2 1-23 ) a nd ab lock s uppor t ing as t a tue ( Tab le 5 no s . l ry s 1 7 ) f a l j u s t o u t s ide t he q uar i gna ture o f I a so s . One a rch i trave b lock f i t s w i th t h i s g roup ( Tab le 4 no . 1 5 ) , b u t a no ther may b e made o f ma rb le f rom E phe sus ( Tab le 4 no . 3 1) . W i th t t he l a ter may b e s e t a no ther b lock f rom t he p yram ida l r oof ( Tab le 5 no . 2 4 ) . T ab le 4 I so top ic A na ly s is o f t he Mauso leum 's A rch i tec tura l F ea tures

D e l t a 1 3 C X .

7 _

E ven t hough t he s cu lp tura l a nd a rch i tec tura l d ecora t ion o f t he Mauso leum w a s p a in ted , t here c an b e n od oub tt ha te ye-ca tch ing a rch i tec tura l mou ld ing s w ere made i nf i ne i mpor ted m arb le s w i th t he a pparen t i n ten t ion o f d i s t ingu i sh ing t hem f rom t he ma in f abr ic o f t he b u i ld ing . T hu s t he c rown ing mou ld ing o f t he a rch i trave wa s made o f P ar ian marb le ( Tab le 4 no . 3 9 ) , wh ich i sa l so t he l i ke ly s ource o f t he I on ic c ap i ta l s ( Tab le 4 no . 1 4 ) . T he d en t i l s ( Tab le 4 no . 3 6 ) w ere a pparen t ly made o f P hryg ian marb le . C lear ly t here i s much more w ork t o b e d one h ere . T he i s o top ic s i gna ture o f P en te l ic m arb le may s how a wider r anger o f o xygen r a t io s t han p ub l ished mea suremen t s a low . A l r ev i s ion o f t he q uar a ta may r e so lve t he p rob lem o f t he u nat ibu ted s amp les o f f r eery d tr s t and ing s cu lp tures . However , t he s amp le s n ow i den t if ied a s A fyon may w e l b e c or t ly l r ec a s igned . I f s o , t hey o ffer t he e ar l ie s t a te s ted i n s tance o f t he e xpor t o f l a rge b lock s o f s t

1 21

ndeed , w e may s ee i n t he d ep loymen t o f P hryg ian marb le o ver ac on s iderab le d i s tance .1 I marb le s f or t he c on s truc t ion o f t he Mau so leum e v idence f or t he emergence o f p rac t ice s wh ich c on t inued i n to t he Roman Emp ire . Among t he se may b e c oun ted t he u se o fP h ryg ian marb le f or l a rge s cu lp ture s , wh ich w ou ld h ave b een d iff icu l t t o c u t f rom P en te l ic marb le , s i nce i ti sp rone t o f au l t s . S ea ted f i gure s a ppear t o h ave b een a spec ia l i ty o f t he R oman

D e l t a 1 3 C Z .

T ab le 5 I s o top ic A na ly s is o f t he Mauso leum 's A rch i tec tura l B locks

D e lta 1 80 Z .

he c omb ina t ion o f P en te l ic ma rb le t o r soe s a nd P ar ian h ead s i s ries a q uar t Dok ime ion .2 T a s t ly , t he a ppearance o f P hryg ian a nd E phe s ian f r equen t ly f ound i n Roman p or tra i ture .3 L marb le a t ad i s tan t s i te i sr ef lec ted i n t he Roman t r ade i n c o loured marb le v eneer s .*

R oman S arcophag i i n t he D epar tmen ta l C o lec t ions l F or t h i s p rogramme w e s e lec ted f rom t he d a ta b a se t he f our q uar s k nown t or epre sen t rie t he ma jor c en tres o fp roduc t ion o fs a rcophag i f or e xpor t . T h i s c ho ice ( Tab le 6 )w e l r ef lec t s l t he n a ture o ft he B r i t i sh Mu seum 's c o lec t ion s , wh ich c ompr i se al a rge n umber o fs a rcophag i l f rom R ome a nd s o me f rom o ther Med i ter i te s , b u tv i r tua ly n o p rov inc ia ls a rcophag i . r anean s l T he f our q uar s h ave mopped t hem u p i n amo s t s a t i sfac tory manner , b u t i n t he i n teres t s rie o f t r u th a nd s cho lar sh ip Imu s t c onfes ha t o ne s amp le ( Tab le 6 .9 ) , l o ca ted n ear t he u pper s t b order o f t he A fyon f i e ld , c ome s f rom as a rcophagu s l i d e v iden t ly made o f amuch c oar ser

1 MA MA V I 3 69 = E . P füh l a nd H . Möb iu s , D ie O s tg r iech ischen G rabre l ief s I(Ma inz 1 977 ) 3 1 , n o .75 . Iowe t h i s r eference t o Marc Wae lken s . 2 W a lda a nd Wa lker 1 984 , 8 4 f i g . 3 ;8 6 f i g . 71 -b . 3 E . g . BM S c . 1 416 = J . Hu sk in son , CSIR 1 .1 ( 1975 ) 4 0f . n o . 7 1 . 4 F . A . P r i tchard , " Ornamen ta l S tonework f rom R oman L ondon , " B r i tann ia XVI 1986 ) I ( 1 72 , f i g . 2 ,n o . 8a nd t ab le p . 1 86 f or t he i n c idence o fp avonaze to marb le i nR oman L ondon . t B lue-ve ined d ecora t ive marb le f rom E phe su s , c er ta in ly r epresen ted i n t he f i nd s f rom L ondon , w a s u n iden t if ied a tt he t ime o f p repara t ion o f P r i tchard 's a r t ic le . 1 22

T ab le 6 I so top ic Ana lys is o f R oman S arcophag i i n t he B r i t ish Museum

D e l t a 1 3 C

A '

O e 1t a 1 80

Z .

ma rb le t han Afyon . Mos t l i ke ly t he o r ig in o f t he s t one i st o b e s ough t i n t he G reek i s lands . Apa r t f rom t h i s , a l t he o ther r e su l t s a re c on s i s ten t w i th t he a ppearance o f t he s t one s a nd l w i th o ur k now ledge o f t he ma rb le t r ade i n a n t iqu i ty . T hree p o in t s o f g enera l i n teres t a r i se f rom t he se r e su l t s : 1 . Three s a rcophag i o f s econd-cen tury d a te f ormer ly i den t if ied a s A t ic may n ow b e t a s igned t ot he work shop s a t Dok ime ion ( Phryg ia ; t he q uar i gna ture i sg iven a sA fyon s ry s 4 S amp les n o s . 1 i nT ab le 6 ) . T he s arcophag i i n q ue s t ion a re s amp le n os . 4 , 1 a nd 2 0 .1 a nd 2 0 a re f rom s a rcophag i f ound i n C yrena ica a nd C re te , aw e l-e s tab l i shed marke t f or l 5 A t ic s a rcophag i .1 t 2 . S arcophag i d ecora ted i n Rome w ere o f ten made o f marb le i mpor ted f rom t he G reek e a s t . T o d a te t he i s land s o f T ha so s a nd P roconne su s h ave b een i den t if ied a s ma jor 6 s ources . T he c hes t s w ere e xpor ted t o I t a ly h o low b u t u ndecora ted , a nd o f ten l i d les l s. 1 L id s , s o me t ime s i n scr ibed w i th p er sona l d e ta i l s o f t he d ecea sed , w ere c harac ter i s t ica ly l o fC ar le ( Tab le 6n o s . 7 -8 , as econd-cen tury s a rcophagus d ecora ted w i th s cenes r ara marb 7 f rom t he l i fe o f H ercu le s ) .1

On t he work shops , s ee M . Wae lken s 1 982b . On t he C yrena ican s a rcophagu s , s ee G . Koch a nd H . S i ch termann , R öm ische S arkophage (Mun ich 1 982 ) i ndex , p .6 50 s . v . L ondon 2 326 , a nd o n t he C re tan s a rcophagu s , L ondon 2 324 . On t he d i scovery o f t he l a ter , s ee T . B . S prat rave ls a nd R esearches i n t t, T C re te I( London 1 865 ) 2 74-288 . 1 6 W a lker 1 985 . On r ough ly c u t l e no i d i scovered i n T ha s ian q uar , s ee Koze l j e t a l . ries 1 985 . 1 7 Ko ch a nd S i ch termann , ( above , n o te 1 5 ) s . v . L ondon 2 300 ; P en sabene 1 985 . 1 4 1 5

1 23

3 . T here i s e v idence t o s ugge s t a marked d ec l ine i n t he u se o f C arrara ma rb le f or me tropo l i tan s a rcophag i i n t he t h ird c en tury A .D . S econd-cen tury me tropo l i tan s a rcophag i a re r epresen ted i n T ab le 6 b y n o s . I( Carrara ) , 3( Carrara ) , 7( l id = C arrara ) , 8 ( ches t = P roconnes ian [Marmara ] ) , 1 4 ( Carrara ) . Th ird-cen tury s a rcophag i a re r epre sen ted b y n o s . 8 ( Tha s ian?) , 1 0 ( Proconne s ian [Marmara ] ) , 1 3 ( P roconnes ian [Marmara ] ) , 1 5 ( Proconnes ian [ Marmara ] ) , 1 9 ( P roconne s ian [Marmara ] ) . I n c a se s o f o ver lap b e tween q uarr ie s , j udgmen t s h ave b een made w i th r egard t o t he v i sua l a ppearance o f t he marb le ( s ee a bove , p . 17 ) . F u l p ub l ica t ion o f t he se a nd o ther r e su l t s i sn ow i n h and . AB r i t i sh Museum O cca s iona l l P aper w i l g ive a d e ta i led a ccoun t o f s c ien t if ic p rocedure a nd o f t he i mp l ica t ion s o f t he l r e su l t s f or o ur u nder s tand ing o f t he t r ade i ns arcophag i i n t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies A . D . , c ros o amore c onven t iona l s cho lar ly c a ta logue o fa l t he Roman s a rcophag i s -referenced t l i n t he d epar tmen ta l c o lec t ion s . A s econd O cca s iona l P aper o n t he Mau so leum a t l Ha l icarnas s mu s t awa i t c omp le t ion o f t he more d e ta i led a spec t s o f t h is s urvey . su

1 24

A ppend ix C oncordance o f S amp le N umber s a nd D epar tmenta l R eg is tra t ion/Ca ta logue N umber s The Mauso leum a t Ha l icarnassus S amp le No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

R eg ./Ca t .No .

S c .1018 S c .1032 1 972 .7-14 .1 S c .1002 S c .1000 1 972 .7-21 .29 S c .1049 S c .1051 S c .1045 S c .1047 S c .1097 S c .1075 S c .980 (c ) S c .981 S c .984 1 972 .6-8 .24 No .1 ( unreg .) No .2 ( unreg .) No .3 ( unreg . ) No .4 ( unreg . )

S amp le No . 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 1 4 2

R eg ./Ca t .No .

No .5 ( unreg . ) No .6 ( unreg . ) No .7 ( unreg . ) No .8 ( unreg . ) No .9 ( unreg . ) No .10 ( unreg .) No .11 ( unreg . ) No .12 ( unreg . ) No .13 ( unreg . ) S c .1151 1 857 .12-20 .314 S c .1095 S c .1055 S c .1001 1 972 .7-14 .18 1 857 .12-20 .319 S c .1033 S c .1083 N ew ton 6 7 S c .1016 S c .1011 S c .980 (b )

R oman S arcophag i S amp le No .

R eg ./Ca t .No .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2

1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4

S c .2325 S c .2328 1 951 .3-6 .1 1 947 .7-14 .4 S c .1955 S c .2013 S c .2300 ( l id ) S c .2300 ( che s t ) S c .2314 S c .2340 S c .2326 S c .2312

S amp le No .

R eg ./Ca t .No .

S c .2305 S c .2315 S c .2321 S c .2296 S c .2296 S c .2334 1 914 .6-27 .3 S c .2324 1 947 .7-14 .12e 1 947 .7-14 .12h 1 947 .7-14 .12d 1 947 .7-14 .12f

A cknow ledgemen ts T he a u thor s wou ld l i ke t ot hank t he T ru s tee s o ft he B r i t i sh Mu seum f or t r ave l g ran t sa nd s pec ia l l e ave . T hey t hank a l so B r ian C ook , Keeper o f G reek a nd Roman An t iqu i t ie s , f or a low ing t he s amp le s t o b e t aken . D r s . M . S . T i te a nd S . B owman o f t he B r i t i sh Mu seum l p rov ided i nva luab le s uppor t . T he manu scr ip t wa s p repared f or p ub l ica t ion b y Mar ian V ian . 1 25

I V SCULPTURE FRO M CYRENE I N I TS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT S usan E . K ane

l The f ind ing sr epor ted i nt h i sp aper a re a ne x ten s ion o fc o labora t ive work b egun i n 1 983 .1 Th i s c on t inu ing i n tere s t i n ma rb le a nd i n i t s i den t if ica t ion , p ar t icu lar ly t hrough p hy s ioc hem ica l a na ly se s , s uch a s t ha t o f s t ab lei so top ic s i gna ture a na ly s i s ,2 b egan wh i le p repar ing 7 24 c a ta logued p iece s o f s cu lp ture f or p ub l ica t ion . The se s cu lp tures w ere e xcava ted f rom t he e x tramura l S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone i n Cyrene , L ibya d ur ing e igh ts ea son s o f work ( 1969-81) u nder t he d irec t ion o f Dona ld Wh i te f or t he Un iver s i ty Mu seum , P h i lade lph ia .3 T hey s pan t he l i fe o ft he s anc tuary ( 6 th c en tury B .C . -3 rd c en tury A .D . ) a nd te i nc lude l a rge-sca le s t a tue s , s t a tuet s , h ead s , a nd r e l ief s . Marb le wa s t he mo s t c ommon ly u sed ma ter ia l f or t he s cu lp ture s ( 89 .1 % ) , w i th l o ca l l ime s tone ad i s tan ts econd ( 10 .9% ) . Th i s l d i s tr ibu t ion i se spec ia ly s t r ik ing s i nce marb le i sn o t n a t ive t o t he Cyrena ican r eg ion a nd t herefore h ad t o b e i mpor ted . s G iven a n a sured f ore ign p rovenance , t he s ource o f t he marb le u sed i n t he s anc tuary a t l Cyrene n a tura ly b ecame a n i mpor tan t c oncern . I ft he p rovenance o ft he se marb le sc ou ld b e d e term ined , r econ s t ruc t ion o f t he c ommerc ia l a nd a r t i s t ic h i s tory o f Cyrene m igh t b e f ac i l i ta ted . I n 1 983 Norman Herz wa s a sked t o u se h i s d a ta b a se o f q ua rry s amp les f rom k nown q uarr ie s t o t e s t 6 1 s amp le s o f marb le wh ich h ad b een t aken f ro m s cu lp tures f ound i n t he t s anc tuary . Th i s wa s t he f i r s t l a rge-sca le a temp t t o d er ive t he p rovenance o f marb le o f u nknown o r ig in b yi s o top ic s i gna ture a na ly s i s . The r e su l t so ft h i se ar ly work w ere p re sen ted T ab le 1 I so top ic Ra t ios Ob ta ined a t t he Un iver s i ty o f Georg ia a nd t he B r i t ish Museum

B ritish

U niversity

B ritish

o f G eorgia

M useum

D ifference

Museum R egister

C -13

0 -18

C -13

0 -18

C -13

0 -18

S .1464

3 .11

3.60

2 .98

3.47

0 .13

0.13

S .1456

2 .59

6.72

2 .56

6.85

0 .03

0 .13

S .1383

5 .19

2.71

5 .21

3.00

-0 .02

0 .29

S .1486

5 .35

2.65

5 .18

2.79

0 .17

0 .14

S .1467

2 .47

7.02

2 .40

7.03

0 .07

0 .01

S .1478

2 .31

4.23

2 .23

4.25

0 .08

0 .02

S .790

2 .57

7.19

2 .50

7.27

0 .07

0 .08

S .1439

4 .43

5.99

4 .35

6.10

0 .08

0 .11

Average

D ifference

---

---

0 .08

0 .08

1 Kane 1 985 , 2 37-47 ; H erz , Kane a nd Haye s , 1 985 : 1 42-50 . 2H erz 1 985a . 3 D . Wh i te , " Cyrene 's S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone : AS ummary o f aD ecade o f E xcava t ion , " AJA 8 5 ( 1981) 1 3-30 . 1 27

a t t wo s y mpo s ia i n 1 983 a nd h ave b een p ub l ished a s n o ted a bove . s o T he s ucces f t h i s i n i t ia l i nve s t iga t ion e ncouraged f ur ther w ork . A l though t he s u spen s ion o f Amer ican e xcava t ion s i n C yrene h a s p reven ted f ur ther s amp l ing i n t he l s anc tuary , many o ther C yrena ican s cu lp tures e x i s t i n E uropean mu seum c o lec t ion s . T he e x tens ive o ne i n t he B r i t ish Mu seum , o b ta ined f rom C yrene i n t he 1 9 th c en tury , w a s a n sib o bv iou s p os i l i ty . I n 1 984 , w i th t he a c t ive s uppor to fS usan Wa lker a nd t he D epar tmen t o f G reek a nd Roman An t iqu i t ie s , t he R esearch L abora tory t ook s amp le s f rom 3 3 o f t he igh to f t he se w ere d oub le s amp les , a na lyzed b o th a tt he Un iver s i ty l c o lec t ion s s cu lp tures .4 E o f Georg ia a nd a tt he B r i t i sh Mu seum . B o th l abora tor ie s p roduced s im i lar r e su l t s , v er ify ing t he e qu iva lence o fe qu ipmen t a nd p rocedure s( s ee T ab le 1 ) . ab le 2 I s otop ic R a t ios f or t he B r it ish Museum S amp les T he o ther 2 5 s amp les w ere T a na lyzed s o le ly b yt he B r i t i sh D escription R egister C -13 0 -18 Mu seum ' s R e search L aborat o ry ( Tab le 2 ) . The r e su l t s o f t he se mo s t l r ecen t t e s t s w i l b e p re sen ted h ere a nd c ompared t o t ho se r epor ted p rev ious ly . T he se n ew d a ta amp l ify s ome o f t he t r end s n o ted i n t he e arl i er work . T he s i gn if ican t o ver lap i n t he p rovenance o f s cu lp ture f rom t he c i ty a nd s anc tuary c an b e s een i n t he g raph i n T ab le 3 . I n a dd it i on , t he c omb ined r e su l t s , c oup led w i th s t y l i s t ic a na lys e s , c an b e u sed t o c on s ider l t he f o low ing q ue s t ion s . A re t here s pec if ic c onnec t ion s b e tween C yrene a nd c er ta in q uarr ie s? Do t hese v ary o ver t ime o r b yt ype o fs cu lp ture? I s t he marb le i mpor ted i n b lock s o r a s f in i shed work s? C an t he s cu lp tures p rov ide e v idence f or t he e x i s tence o f l o ca l work shops o r f or t he p resence o f i mpor ted work s o ff ore ign a r t i s t s i nC yrene?

S tatue o f N erve - b ody

S .1404

2 .36

S tatue o f N erve -h ead

S .1404

5 .36

-2 .95

A ntonius P ius

S .1463

3 .51

3.35

M arcus Aurelius

S .1464

2 .98

3.47

L ucius Verus

S .1465

3 .29

3.28

C uirassed t orso

S .1466

2 .52

7.91

B ust o f L ucille

S .1468

2 .81

2.93

H ead o f L ivia

5 .1504

2 .32

4.06

H ead o f L ibyan

5 .1456

2 .56

6.85

B ust o f N emesis

S .1494

1 .98

1.28

6.40

B ust o f w oman

S .1501

4 .77

2.84

A ntonine w oman

S .1416

2 .97

3.16

A ntonine w oman

S .1452

3 .03

5.86

H ead o f a man

S .1383

5 .21

3.00

H ead o f a man

S .1470

1 .92

0.91

H ead o f a man

S .1486

5 .18

2.79

H ead o f a w oman

S .1401

5 .07

3.18

H ead o f a w oman

S .1408

3 .09

3.06

H ead o f a w oman

S .1505

5 .25

3.28 3.06

W oman i n t unic

-b ody

S .1389

5 .07

W oman i n t unic

- h ead

S .1389

4 .96

3.27

S .1403

1 .95

0.92 0.85

P riestess o f I sis

-b ody

P riestess o f I sis

-h ead

S .1403

1 .81

H adrianic p ortrait -b ody

5 .1415

1.16

8 .33

H adrianic p ortrait -h ead

S .1415

5 .31

2.86

W oman i n t unic

S .1467

2 .40

7.03

-t orso

T orso o f a w oman S .1478 2 .23 4.25 Cyrene a ppear s t o h ave Y oung g irl i mpor ted t he ma jor i ty o f i t s S .1480 2 .12 1.79 s cu lp tura l marb le , a bou t 7 0% C yrene & t he l ion S .790 2 .50 7.27 f rom G reece a nd t he I s land s ; N ymph C yrene -b ody S .1384 2 .69 6.97 a bou t 2 0% c ame f rom I t a ly N ymph C yrene -h ead S .1384 2 .60 6.91 r ara ( Car ) ; a nd a bou t 1 0% i s A ristaeus S .1440 2 .38 6.70 o fu nknown p rovenance ( t h i s G oat-legged P an S .1439 4 .35 6.10 c a tegory p robab ly i nc lude s o me marb les f rom A s ia M if s amp le s f r om t he s anc tuary w i th t ha t o f t ho se n or ) . T ab le 4 c ompare s t heprovenance o f rom t he c i ty . O f s cu lp ture f rom b o th l o ca t ions , t he p rovenance c an n o t b e d e term ined f or

4 T he a u thor w i she s t o a cknow ledge S usan Wa lker a nd Ke i th Mat s who d id t he t hew a na ly se sa tt he B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd N orman H erz who d id t hem a tt he Un iver s i ty o f Georg ia .

1 28

T ab le 3 T he P rovenance o f C yrenaean S cu lp tures : C ity v s . S anc tuary 8

•8 6o

4-







••

















• •

o e ol e t

o g

2

• o

08

o •• 0





e •

•• •



0





0 0



0-

0 18 R a t io 2





-1 8



S anc tua r y

o

C i t y



-10

6

4

2

0

2

l a bou t 1 0% o ft he p iece s . S uch amb igu i ty , h opefu ly , c an b e r educed i nt he f u ture b y t he u se l o f amore r ef ined d a ta b a se , a s w e l a s t hrough t he c oncurren t a pp l ica t ion o f o ther t ype s o f a na ly s i s , s uch a st r ace e l emen t ( descr ibed b y Wae lken s i nt h i s v o lume , a bove , p .8 6) a nd E SR ( e lec tron s p in r e sonance ) .5 T ab le 4 D is tr ibut ion o f Marb le T ypes b y L oca t ion S anctuary

O rigin

number

C ity

2

number

C ombined

2

number

2 --

Carrara

1 6

2 6.2

3

9 .1

1 9

2 0.2

P aros

1 8

2 9.5

9

2 7.3

2 7

2 8.7

P enteli

1 4

2 3.0

9

2 7.3

2 3

2 4.5

T hasos

7

1 1.5

8

2 4.2

1 5

1 6.0

U nknown

6

9 .8

4

1 2.1

1 0

1 0.6

1 00.0

9 4

1 00.0

T otal

6 1

3 3

1 00.0

T he p redom inance o f marb les o f e a s tern Med i terranean o r ig in , p r imar i ly f rom G reece

5 C ord i sch i e t . a l . 1 983 ; L loyd e ta l . 1 985 .

1 29

a nd t he I s land s , w a s e xpec ted o n t he b a s i s o fh i s tor ica l e v idence . Aegean marb le sa re k nown f or t he ir f ine q ua l i ty a nd w ere f r equen t ly u sed f or s cu lp ture i na n t iqu i ty . I ti sr ea sonab le t o b e l ieve t ha t C yrene i mpor ted s uch ma rb le s . A lway s ac i ty o f G reek c ha rac ter , e ven d ur ing t he Roman p er iod , Cyrene k ep t i t s s cu lp tura l a nd c ommerc ia l t i es g enera ly w i th in t he e a s tl e rn Med i terranean .6 T ab le 5 D is tr ibut ion o f Marb le T ypes b y D a te S anctuary

O rigin

H ellenistic-lstc A D

number

2 ndc A D

z

number

Z --

C arrara P aros

4 1 1

1 6.0

4

2 6.7

4 4.0

4

2 6.7

P enteli

7

2 8.0

4

2 6.7

T hasos

3

1 2.0

3

2 0.0

T otal

2 5

1 00.0

1 5

1 00.0

C ity

O rigin

number

Z

number

C arrara

0

0 .0

3

1 3.0

P aros

3

5 0.0

6

2 6.1

P enteli

1

1 6.7

8

3 4.8

T hasos

2

3 3.3

6

2 6.1

T otal

6

1 00.0

2 3

1 00.0

C ombined

O rigin

C arrara P aros

number

4 1 4

Z

1 2.9

1 8.4

1 0

2 6.3

1 2

3 1.6

8

2 5.8

T hasos

5

1 6.1

3 1

7

4 5.2

P enteli

T otal

number

1 00.0

s 3 8

2 3.7

1 00.0

T here a ppea r s t o b e s o me c hange i n t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f marb le p rovenance o ver t ime , b a sed u pon t he s t y l i s t ic d a te f or e ach s cu lp ture . Unfor tuna te ly , i s o top ic v a lue s a re n o t sica a va i lab le f or work s f rom t he A rcha ic a nd C las l p er iod s , a l though o ther s h ave a rgued ( f rom v i sua le v idence ) f or t he f r equen t u se o fP en te l ic marb le i n t he C yrena ica f rom t he l a te i lab le i s o top ic r e su l t s d o p rov ide i nforma t ion f or t he H e l len i sA rcha ic p er iod o nward . 7 Ava t i c a nd Roman p er iod s ( Tab le 5 ) . I n t he se p er iod s , marb le f rom P a ro s w a s u sed mo s t f req uen t ly ( 45% ) , w i th P en te l ic i n u se s o mewha t l e ss o f ten ( 26% ) . The h ierarchy c hange s d url i ng t he l a ter Roman p er iod a sP en te l ic a t3 2% a nd P ar ian a t2 6% v i r tua ly t r aded p laces . Th i s l sing P i se spec ia ly t rue i n An ton ine t imes . Wh i le s urpas ar ian i nq uan t i ty , t he P en te l ic marb le l f rom t h i s p er iod i sn o t o f h igh q ua l i ty ; i ti sf requen t ly f u l o f f l aw s , m icaceou s s t reak s a nd l u mp s o fc a lc i te . I t s i ncrea sed p re sence may b e ar e su l t o fC yrene 's c l o se p o l i t ica l t i e s w i th

6 7

Ro senbaum 1 960 , 5 ;S .S tucch i , L 'Agora d i C irene 1( Rome 1 965 ) c h . 4 . ti 1 F abbr icot 985 , 2 25-26 . 1 30

A then s , a fe low member o f t he P anhe len ion L eague . Marb les f rom T ha sos a nd C ar l l r ara a l so i ncrea se i n p opu lar i ty i n t he An ton ine -S everan p er iod s , b y wh ich t ime e ach h a s n earl yd oub led i n q uan t i ty f rom a bou t 5% t oa bou t 1 0% o f t he t o ta l . T he s t eady i mpor ta t ion o f r ara marb C ar le a tC yrene , b egun e a r ly i nt he J u l io-C laud ian p er iod , wa s n o ta n t ic ipa ted . I t s s ub sequen t d i scovery a t o ther s i te s i n Nor th A f r ica , a nd mo s t r ecen t ly a t L epc i s Magna , i s c hang ing i dea s o f w e s t-to-ea s t t r ade i n t he Roman p er iod .8 T ab le 6 D is tr ibut ion o f Marb le T ypes b y S cu lp tura l T ype O r ig in C a rrara P aro s P en te l i T ha sos

HEADS STATUES STATUETTES RELIEFS Number % Number % N umber % Number % 0 6 3 2

0 .0 5 4 .5 2 7 .3 1 8 .2

3 4 3 0

T o ta l

.0 1

1 00 .0

1 0 .0

O r ig in

Number %

C ar r ara P aro s P en te l i T ha so s

3 0 .0 4 0 .03 3 0 .0 . 0 0 1 00 .0

Number %

4 6 4 3

2 3 .5 3 5 .3 2 3 .5 1 7 .6

4 1 2 I

5 0 .0 1 2 .5 2 5 .0 1 2 .5

1 7 .0

1 00 . ( )

8

1 00 .0

Number

%

Number

%

3 8 4 4

1 5 .8 4 2 .1 2 1 .1 2 1 .1

0 I 3 2

0 . 0 1 6 .7 5 0 .0 3 .3 3

0 0 0 2

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0

0 0 1 0

0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0 0 .0

T o ta l

1 9 .0

1 00 .0

6

1 00 .0

2

1 00 .0

1

1 00 .0

O r ig in

Number %

C ar ra 3 ra P aro s 1 4 .0 P en te l i 7 T ha so s 6 T o ta l

3 0 .0

Number %

Number

%

Nu mber

1 0 .0 4 6 .7 2 3 .3 2 0 .0

3 5 6 2

1 8 .8 3 1 .3 3 7 .5 1 2 .5

4 6 4 5

2 1 .1 3 1 .6 2 1 .1 2 6 .3

4 I 3 1

1 00 .0

1 6 .0

1 00 .0

1 9 .0

1 00 .0

9

SANCTUARY

C ITY

%

4 .4 4 .1 1 3 .3 3 .17 1

COMBINED

1 00 .0

C er ta in marb les , o n p re l im inary v iew , d o s a ppear t o b e a soc ia ted w i th ap ar t icu lar s cu lpt u ra l u se ( Tab le 6 ) . P ar ian , o ne o f t he mos t p r ized ma rb les f or f ine s cu lp ture i na n t iqu i ty , i s t he mos t f r equen t ly u sed ma ter ia l f or h ead s a nd te s t a tuet s , a nd t he s econd mo s t p opu lar t ype f or s t a tue s . P en te l ic r ank s f i r s tf or s t a tue b od ies a nd s econd f or h ead s . T ha s ian i st he s econd mo s t tes f r equen tf or s t a tuet . T he r e la t ive ly f ew r e l ief s t e s ted a re p redom inan t ly made o f marb le f rom C a ra rra . T he l i nk o f T ha s ian marb le t o s e r ies o f An ton ine I mper ia l p or tra i t s ( F ig . 1i s a n e xamp le ) , s o me o f C yrene 's f i ne s t s cu lp ture , i s l n o tewor thy . A re t hey a l p roduc t s o f t he s ame w ork shop? I f s o , where w a s t h i s work shop l o ca ted a nd wha t w a s t he e x ten t o f i t s c ommerc i a l marke t? H igh q ua l i ty T ha s ian ma rb le a pp ear s t o h ave b een r ead i ly a va i lab le i n t he 2 nd sib s c en tury A .D . T he p os le a soc ia t ion o fT ha s ian marb le d ur ing t h i s p er iod w i th o ne o r more ( i n terna t iona ly r epresen ted? ) w ork shops wh ich l s pec ia l ized i n I mper ia l p or tra i ture s hou ld b e e xp lored .

Wa lda a nd Wa lker 1 984 , 8 7 . 1 31

F igure 1 P ortrait o f A ntoninus P ius i n T hasia n M arble ( British M useum S .

1 463).

T he u se o fC arrara marb le f or s t a tue so ft oga-wea r ing ma le s a l so may b es i gn if ican t . C yl r ene w a s v ery c on serva t ive i n i t s s a r tor ia l a s w e l a s i n i t s a r t i s t ic t r ad i t ion s . Ma le p or tra i t l s t a tue s u sua ly w ear aG reek-s ty le h ima t ion , e ven i nt he l a ter I mper ia l P er iod . I ti sn o t s urt a ly p r i s ing , t herefore , t ha t t he t oga t i t e s ted t o d a te f rom C yrene a re o f I t a l ian ma rb le .9 I a ppea r st ob et he s ource f or t he f a sh ion , t he s t one ,a nd p erhap se ven t he a r t i s t ic s t y le o ft he se l s t a tue s . A l a re c arved f rom v ery t h in s l ab s o f s t one . One e xamp le i s1 . 63m h igh b u t o n ly 0 . 31 m t h ick ( F ig s . 2 and 3 ) ."

F igure 2

T ogatus

i n C arrara M arble ( side

v iew), f rom t he S anctuary , C yrene ( Univers ity M useum E xpedition n o. 7 1-829).

F igure 3 T ogatus i n C arrara M arb le ( front v iew) f rom t he S anctuary , C yrene ( Un iversity M useum E xped ition n o. 7 1-829).

T he u se o f more t han o ne t ype o f ma rb le i n ter as t a tue i s c ommon . I n g enera l , t he b et marb le i su sed f or h ead s . P ar ian h ead s a re f ound o n P ar ian , P en te l ic , a nd T ha s ian b od ie s ( F ig . 4 ) . One s t a tue 's h ead i s made o fT ha s ian marb le a nd s e to n to as epara te ly c arved b ody o f t he s ame ma rb le ( F ig . 5 ) . Marb le h eads , h ands , a nd f ee t o f ten a re a dded t o e nr ich t he a ppea rance o fb od ie s made o fc heaper , l o ca ll imes tone . I n work s wh ich a ppear t ob e o fl o ca l manufac ture , t he u se o f as pec if ic t ype o f marb le a ppea r s t o b e d ic ta ted more o f ten b y e conomy a nd b y t he v agar ies o fa va i lab i l i ty t han b yt he p rescr ip t so f ac er ta in t ype o fs t a tue . G iven t he h igh c os t o fl a rge-sca le w ork s i n i mpor ted s t one , i ti sn o t s urpr i s ing t ha t more te l s t a tuet s a nd s ma l-sca le work s h ave b een f ound i n C yrene . However , t he p opu lar i ty o f l c er ta in s i ze w ork s , e spec ia ly i nt he 1 . 3-1 .4m a nd 1 . 6-1 .7m r ange i si n tr igu ing . D o t he se s i ze s r ef lec t al o ca l p reference f or c er ta in f orma t s? A re t hese s i ze s c on t ingen t a s much u pon t he a va i lab i l i ty o fc er ta in s i ze b lock s a s o n s t y l i s t ic p erference? More a na ly s i s n eed s t ob e d one i n o rder t o t e s t t he se h ypo the ses .

9 1 0

Kane 1 985 , 2 43-44 . Kane 1 985 , 2 43 a nd p l . 2 0 .11 .3 1 32

F igure 4 " Priest" i n P arian ( head) a nd P entelic M arbles ( British M useum S . 1 40).

F igure 5 " Priestess o f I sis," H ead a nd B ody i n T hasian M arb le . B r itish M useum S . 1 403.

Wha tever t he t ype o f marb le , s t a tue s a tC yrene t end t ob e made f rom t h in b lock s a nd t o l u se f i gura l t ype s wh ich e ncourage t he u se o fs l ender f orma t s . T yp ica ly , s t ru t s a re a vo ided . S epara te ly c arved l imb s a re a dded o n to b od ies wh ich c l o se ly c onform t o t he p a rame ter s o f s t he ir o r ig ina l b lock s . T here i sl e s c on sp icuou s c on sump t ion o f marb le a tC yrene i nt he 2 nd c en tury A .D . t han i st he c a se i n o ther a rea s o f t he Emp ire . I ndeed , e conomy i sa lway s o f ter wha p aramoun t i mpor tance , n o mat t t he p er iod . S ta tue s o f ten a re p ieced i n a n e x ten s ive t a nd e l abora te manner . Many e xamp le s ,s o me t ime so f macabre a ppearance ,a te s tt ot he p racven ting t i ce o f r ecut , r eu se a nd t he f e roc iou s r ecyc l ing o f marb le s cu lp ture a tC yrene .1 E l te s ma l s ca le s t a tuet s c an e xh ib i t c omp l ica ted p iec ing t e chn iques w i th e x ten s ive u se o fs c rap p ieces t o c on s truc t ac omp le te f i gure . S uch p rac t ices may r ef lec t b o th a n e conom ic u t i l il l sib z a t ion o f a l s c rap s o f s t one a s w e l a s t he p os le d iv i s ion o f w ork shop l a bor . S ta tuary a tC yrene a ppear s t o h ave b een p roduced b o th b y n a t ive s cu lp tor s a nd b y f ore i gn a r t i s t s v i s i t ing t he c i ty . O ther w ork s may h ave b een i mpor ted i n af i n i shed s t a te . An l i ncrea s ing amoun to fe v idence , p a r t icu lar ly i nt he w e l-documen ted Roman p er iod , s uppor t s

i R o senbaum 1 960 , 2 0 a nd n o s . 1 88 , 1 99 , 2 26 , 2 63 , a nd 2 82 ; A . B onnano , " Cyrena ican F unerary P or tra t i s i n Ma l ta , " J RS 6 6 ( 1976 ) 4 3-44 ; F abbr icot ti 1 985 , 2 25 .

1 33

F igure 6 H ead o f aL ibyan i n P arian M arb le , f rom t he S anctuary , C yrene ( Un iversity

F igure 7 H ead o f a L ibyan i n m arb le ( British M useum S . 1 456).

P entelic

M useum E xped ition n o. 7 3-1288).

r ence t he e x i s tence o fl o ca l work shops .1 2 T he r ecur o fc er ta in s t y l i s t ic a nd t e chn ica lf ea ture s ,t he p opu lar i ty o rt he c on t inued u se o fc er ta in t ype s , t he e x i s tence o fu nf in i shed n ear-dup l ica te o rr eu sed work s ,a nd t he d i scovery o fa r t i s t s w i th 3 s uppor t t he a rgumen t f or al o ca l , a nd i nheren tC yrenean n ame s s uch a s A r i s t i s T aba lbo i s1 l y c on serva t ive , p roduc t ion o f s cu lp ture . Cyrenean a r t i s t s u sed a wide r ange o f marb le s a s l w e l a s t he ir own n a t ive l ime s tone t oc rea te s uch l o ca l s pec ia l i t ie s a s p or tra i t s o f n a t ive men w i th d i s t inc t ive L ibyan p hy s iognomy ( F ig s . 6& 7 ) , wh ich a re n ow i n P ar ian , P en te l ic , a nd 4 a nd t he l ong-con t inu ing s e r ies o ff unerary p or tra i t s a nd b u s t s o f i d ea ll ime s tone v er s ion s1 i z ed f ema le s ( wh ich e x i s t n o t o n ly i n l ime s tone , b u t a l so i n P en te l ic , T ha s ian , a nd P a r ian 5 ( F ig . 8 ) . marb les )1 t A then ian a r t i s t s , A t ic s t y les a nd i c onography , a nd P en te l ic ma rb le a ppear t o h ave b een l p opu lar i nt he C yrena ica . A tl e a s to ne e xamp le , b ecau se o fi t ss ma ls i ze , may h ave b een i ml te p or ted r eady-made . A s n o ted i n p rev iou s work , t he d i scovery o f a s ma l-sca le s t a tuet g roup o fD eme ter h o ld ing h er d augh ter Kore i n h er l ap ( F ig . 9 ) i so ne o ff our e xamp le s n ow 6 T he o ther t h ree w ere f ound i n A t ica , h ome o fE leut o ft h i s p ar t icu lar i c onograph ic t ype .1 i s , a n i mpor tan t c u l t t o D eme ter a nd Kore . Two o f t he A t ic g roup s a re b e l ieved t o b e o f s t P en te l ic marb le a nd o f An ton ine d a te , t he s ame marb le a nd d a te a scr ibe t o t he C yrenean g roup . T h is a r t i s t ic c onnec t ion i sc ongruen t w i th t he c l o se p o l i t ica l t i e s d ur ing t he An ton ine l p er iod , at ime when C yrene wa s a n a c t ive member o f t he P anhe len ion L eague b a se i n 7 A then s .1

1 2 Ro senbaum 1 960 , 1 -28 ; F abbr icot 985 , 2 19-29 . ti 1 1 3 K ane 1 985 , 2 43 ; L . Ga sper in i , " Fa s i e p igraf iche e fa s i monumen ta l i : c on tr ibu t i a la l s t or ia ea l 'archeo log ia d i C irene g reca er o mana , " i n B arker e ta l . 1 985 , 3 53-55 . l 1 4 K ane 1 985 , 2 43 ; L . B acch ie l i , " Un r i trat i rena ico i ng es e t Mu seo g reco-romano l to c so n d iA les ia , " Q uadern id iA rcheo log ia d el ib ia 9( 1977 )9 7-110 ; R . M . B onaca sa C ar , s andr la L ra " R i trat i u n d ign i tar io l i b io n e l Mu seo d i S abra tha , " Q uad ern i d i A rcheo log ia d el ib ia to d la L 1980 ) 1 01-12 ; Ro senbaum 1 960 ,48 n o . 2 6 . 1 ( 1 5 R o senbaum 1 960 , 1 85-283 n o s . 3 , 1 9 . 1 6 K ane 1 985 , 2 41 . 1 7 S pawfor th a nd Wa lker 1 986 , 8 8-105 . 1 34

F igure 8

i sh M useum S .

F igure 1 0 M arble ,

F igure 9 G roup o f

H ead o f a F emale i n P arian M arble ( Brit-

f rom

t he

1 505).

D raped t he

S anctuary ,

D emeter

C yrene

a nd

P ersephone,

( University

M useum

f rom E x-

p edition n o. 7 6-460).

F emale

S anctuary ,

i n

P entelic

C yrene

( Uni-

F igure 1 1

v ersity M useum E xpedition n o. 7 1-500).

1 35

D raped F emale i n P entelic, C yrene

( Italian M ission C 17088).

O ther s t a tue s may b e t he r e su l t o f A then ian a r t i s t s work ing i n C yrene o r t hey may b e t he e xpor t s o f c er ta in t A t ic work shop s t o t he c i ty . Two n ear ly d up l ica te s t a tue s , o f P en te l ic ma rb le a nd o f An ton ine d a te , h ave b een f ound t o d a te i n C yrene ( F ig s . 1 0 a nd 1) . T hey d ep ic t a d raped f ema le t ype u sed f requen t ly f or p or tra i t s 8 T he ir i n t he Roman p er iod .1 c l o se s t s t y l i s t ic p a ra le l i s a l s t a tue ( F ig . 1 2 ) , a l so o f P ent e l ic marb le , f ound i n t he E xedra o f Herode s A t icu s i n t O lymp ia ( A .D . 1 47-150 ) . The f i gure f ormer ly wa s b el i eved t o r epre sen t R eg i l la , t he w ife o f H erode s A t t icu s , b u t r ecen t ly h a s b een i den ti f ied a s h i s d augh ter , E lp in i9 A l t hree p iece s may k e .1 l h ave c ome f rom t he s a me A t ic work shop . A f ur ther t c onnec t ion h a sb een p roposed b e tween t he s cu lp ture s f rom t he E xedra a nd C yrene . A . C lar idge h a s s ugge s ted t ha t a h ead o f L uc iu s V eru s , a l so p a r to ft he E xedra g roup , w a s made b y t he s ame h and a s a h ead o f An t inou s , f ound i n t he c i ty o f Cyrene b u tn ow i n t he L ouvre .` ° T he se s cu lpF igure 1 2 R elief o f C yrene a nd L ion i n P entelic M arb le ( British t ures c ou ld w e l h ave b een l M useum S . 1 384). made o n t he ir r e spec t ive s i te s b y o ne t r ave l ing w ork shop . l T he e x i s tence o fs uch p er ipa te t ic c raf t smen may b ep re served i nt he s i gna ture o fa nA then ian a r t i s t n amed A sk lep iades , f ound o n as t a tue b a se i n a2 nd c en tury c on tex t i n P to lema is , a no ther Cyrena ican c i ty .2 l 1 F ur ther d i scover ie s w i l h e lp t o e luc ida te i n more d e ta i l t he e x i st t ence a nd t he c ommerc ia l c onnec t ion s o f s uch A t ic work shop s . sa T he u se o f P en te l ic marb le d oe s n o t n eces r i ly i mp ly a fore ign manufac ture o r a n i ml p or ted i conography . The c l o se c ommerc ia lt i e sb e tween Cyrene a nd A then s ,e spec ia ly d ur ing l t he a c t ive p ha se o f t he P anhe len ion L eague , a ppear t oh ave made u nworked P en te l ic marb le te n r ead i ly a va i lab le t o l o ca l s cu lp tor s . F or e xamp le , ar e l ief a nd as t a tuet ow i n t he B r i t i sh Mu seum ( F ig . 1 2 a nd 1 3 ) , b o th o f t h i s marb le a nd o fo bv iou s ly l o ca l manufac ture , r epre sen t C yrene , t he c i ty 's e ponymou s n ymph , i nt he a c to fs t rang l ing al i on , t he f ea tt ha te nab led h er t o f ound t he c i ty . 2 The se work s w ere p roduced i n t he 2 nd c en tury A .D . , a time o f g rea t

1 8 Rosenbaum 1 960 , 9 2-93 ; Kane 1 985 , 2 41-243 . 1 9 B o l 1 984 , 1 77-79 . 2 0 B o l 1 984 , 1 59-64 ; Rosenbaum 1 960 , 5 3 . ti 1 2 1 F abbr icot 985 , 2 19-29 . 2 2 J . Hu sk in son , R oman S cu lp ture f rom C yrena ica i nt h eB r i t ish Museum . C orpus s i gnorum i mper i r oman i . G rea t B r i ta in 2 ( 1)( London 1 975) 3 1-32 . i 1 36

c hauv in i sm f or C yrene . S uch a nce s tra l p r ide i sc on sonan t w i th wha t w e k now o f t he meml s ed i b er sh ip c r i ter ia a nd t he g oa l s o f t he P anhe len ion L eague , where e ach c i ty s t res t s c on t inu i ty w i th a glor iou s , a nd v ery G reek p a s t . No t a l t he o b jec t s a na lyzed h ave s uch c l ear ly r ecogn izab le s t y l i s t ic o r ig in s . C er ta in l p uzz les e x i s t among t he l e s r ead i ly i den t if iab le marb le s . At ab le l e g( F ig . 1 4 ) o fr a ther l a rge s 3 I t s ma rb le i sc urren t ly c l as ied a s u nknown , s i ze ( 1 .07 m h igh ) i so ne s uch e xamp le .2 sif p os ly f rom A s ia Minor , b u t a n A lger ian p rovenance a l so h a s b een s ugge s ted . F u ture sib a na ly se s , b o th i s o top ic a nd s t y l i s t ic , w i l e nab le t he p iece t o b e i den t if ied more p rec i se ly . l

F igure 1 4 T able L eg o r S upport i n S hape o f P an , M arb le U nknown ( British M useum S .

F igure 1 3 G roup o f C yrene a nd L ion i n P ent elic M arble ( British M useum n o . S . 7 90).

1 439).

O ther p rob le m s e x i s t . Curren t ly , t he i s o top ic r a t io f i e ld so fC arra ra , Marmara , a nd T has o s o ver lap i n a le ss t han d e s irab le manner . The i den t if ica t ion o f s evera l marb le s , s uch a s Hymet nd s o me o f t he o ne s f rom A s ia Minor , i sp rob lema t ic . T he r ange o f marb les f rom tan a C yrene s hou ld b e c ompared t ot ha t f rom o ther c i t ies i n t he C yrena ica . R ecen t work a t L epc i s Magna h a s p rov ided i n teres t ing , a nd t o s o me e x ten t c orrobora t ive , r e su l t s .2 4 F ur ther c hrono log ica l s a mp l ing a t Cyrene n eed s t o b e d one , e spec ia ly o f r epre sen ta t ive work s f rom l t he A rcha ic a nd C las l p er iods . The p rovenance s o f a rch i tec tura l marb le s n eed t o b e sica

2 3 2 4

Hu sk in son ( above , n o te 2 2 ) , 2 4-25 . Wa lda a nd Wa lker 1 984 , 8 1-92 . 1 37

e s tab l ished a nd c ompared t o t he s cu lp tura l o ne s . Do t he ir p at tern s d iffer? S ome w ork h a s b egun i n t h i s a rea , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he l a ter Roman-Byzan t ine p er iod s .2 5 s fu T o d a te , t he u se o f p hy s ico-chem ica l a na ly se s t o i den t ify marb le h a s b een s ucces l a t Cyrene . T he d a ta o b ta ined h ave p rov ided n ew p er spec t ive s f or t he s tudy o f t he c i ty 's s cu lp ture . Ana ly se s o f a dd i t iona l marb le s f rom C yrene may b e made i n t he f u ture . The se e ffor t s a re p ar t o f a n o ngo ing p rogram i n tended t o p rov ide a dd i t iona l i nforma t ion o n t he s t udy o f marb le s cu lp ture b o th a s a n a r t f orm a nd a s ac ommerc ia l c ommod i ty w i th in t h i s i mpor tan t p rov inc ia l Greek c i ty .

2 5 R . Harr i son , " The B u i ld ing Ma ter ia l s o f Churches i n C yrena ica , " i n B arker e ta l . 1 985 , 2 31-35 .

1 38

V RO MAN STATUARY AND THE SUPPLY OF STATUARY MARBLE Amanda C lar idge

H igh g rade s t a tuary marb le —

p ure i nt one ,f au l t-f ree ,e ven ly t ex tured ,r e s i l ien tw i thou t

tle b e ing t oo b r it , t he s or t o f marb le d emanded b y l i fe-s ized f ree s tand ing s t a tue s o ft he t ypes s o s ough t a f ter d ur ing t he R oman p er iod — i s af a ir ly r are c ommod i ty . The p r inc ipa l s ource s i n t he Med i terranean w or ld a re P aro s , P ende l i , Dok ime ion , a nd C arrara . On ly t hey wou ld h ave h ad t he p o ten t ia l , i ts eem s , t o p roduce c on s i s ten t ly h igh q ua l i ty s t one , a nd p roduce i ti ns u i tab ly l a rge b lock s . Good t hough n o to u t s tand ing s t a tuary marb le i ns i zeab le b lock s c ou ld a l so h ave c ome f rom a v ar ie ty o f s econdary s ource s s uch a s Tha so s , Naxo s , E phe su s ( Be lev i ) , Aphrod i s ia s ( and o ther q uarr ie s i n t he Maeander Va ley ) a nd p os ly l sib F i lf i la i n A lger ia . B u t a s ag enera l r u le w e a re d ea l ing w i th s o me th ing i n tr in s ica ly i n s hor t l s upp ly . I n t hese t e rm s , t he s heer q uan t i ty o f s t a tuary wh ich s urv ive s f rom t he Roman p er iod i s a l t he more i mpres . Roman q uarry ing c l ear ly a ch ieved a n o u tpu to fq u i te e x traord ina ry l sive d i men s ion s . B u t t he s i gn s a re t here t ha t , a t t he s t ar t o f t he Roman p er iod , a s marb le s cu lp ture c ame i n to d emand a cro ss af ar b roader g eograph ica l a nd s oc ia l s pec trum t han e ver b efore , a m arb le s cu lp tor 's l i fe wa s , f rom t he ma ter ia l p o in t o f v iew , a ny th ing b u t s imp le . Quarry ing w a s b yn o mean s e qua l t ot he c ha lenge a nd ,d epend ing o n where ,a nd p re sumab ly l f or whom , h e wa s work ing , as cu lp tor may w e l h ave f ound i td iff icu l t t o o b ta in a ny marb le l a t a l l . S hor tage so rd ef ic ienc ies i ns upp l ie s a re r evea led i nt he ir mo s tt ang ib le f orm b y t he p ract i ce o f j o in ing , mak ing s t a tuary o u t o f more t han o ne p iece o f s t one . I n t he Roman p er iod l t h i s c an r ange f rom mak ing as t a tue i n t wo h a lve s t oa dd ing as ma l p a tch o n t he b ack o f t he h ee l , a nd t hrough awho le v a r ie ty o f o ther a dd i t ion s , s uch a s t he t op o f t he h ead , t he h ead i t se lf , o ne o r t he o ther o r b o th a rm s , t he f ron t p ar t o f af oo t o r o f b o th f ee t , s i ng ly o r i n p a r t icu lar c omb ina t ion s . Cur iou s ly , a l though s im i lar p rac t ice s h ave b een c ommen ted u pon he ir p reva lence i n sica l a t s ome l eng th i n A rcha ic , C las l a nd H e len i s t ic marb le s t a tuary ,1 t Roman work h a s a trac ted v ery l i t le a ten t ion . F or t he mo s t p ar t , j o in ing a ppear s t o b e t t t t aken f or g ran ted a s a neces v i l , s o mehow a soc ia ted w i th mas roduc t ion b u t r a re ly s ary e s s p i n t he s ense t ha t mas roduc t ion w i l h ave p laced as t ra in o n r e sources o f marb le . Add ing s p l t he h ead , a rm s a nd f ee t p erm it cu lp tor s t oa dap t s t ock b od ie s t o t he n eeds o f i nd iv idua l ted s r r epre sen ted af i nanc ia l s av ing i ns o f ar a s ac heaper g rade o f marb le c ou ld b e u sed c l ien t s2 o f or t he b ody , w i th t he f ur ther a dvan tage t ha t t he s cu lp tor c ou ld work t he a dd i t ion s more c onven ien t ly o n ab ench .3 T ha t marb le s cu lp tor s i nE gyp t , g iven t o mak ing u p p ar t s o ft he ir

1F or ad i scus f j o in ing i n A rcha ic s t a tuary : G . D ick in s , Ca ta logue o ft he A cropo l is sion o Museum . V o lume I ,A rcha ic S cu lp ture ( 1912 ) 3 7-39 , w i th l i s t o f e xamp les o f a dded a rms , h ead s a nd o ther e l emen t s . S ome k ora i w ere made i n t wo b locks , j o ined a t k nee l e ve l . S ee a l so Adam 1 966 , 8 0-82 , 8 6 ,a nd Waywe l 1 978 ,6 3-65 . J o in ing b ecome si ncrea s ing ly f r equen t l i n l a ter He len i s t ic s t a tuary : c f . G . S . Merker , T he H el is t ic S cu lp ture o f R hodes ( S tud ies l len i n Med i terranean A rchaeo logy XL [ 1973 ] ) 8 -9 ; J . Marca & , A u Mus e d e D e los ( BEFAR 2 15 [ 1969 ] 1 09-12 , 3 18-19 , 4 15-16 . 2 B ieber 1 977 , 1 43 n . 1 193 , 1 96 ; T raver sa r i 1 960 , 9 3-96 . 3 E . Harr i son , T he A then ian A gora I .P or tra i t S cu lp ture ( 1953) 4 n . 1 0 . 1 39

ha t t he r e s t w ork i n s t ucco , c ou ld h ave s uffered s hor tages i n s upp ly i sw ide ly r ecogn ized ;4 t o f t he Emp ire , mak ing u p s t a tue s i n s evera l p iece s o f marb le , c ou ld h ave f aced s im i la r p rob lem s s eem s t o h ave e scaped n o t ice . sing S o , b efore g o ing o n t or ev iew s ome o ft he e v idence i nd e ta i l , i t is p erhap s w or th s t res l t ha t j o in ing i sn o t a n e a sy o p t ion i n marb le . A l s or t s o f c on s idera t ion s m i l i ta te a ga in s t i t , n o t l e a s t t ha t o f t he d urab i l i ty o f t he f i n i shed work — o ne o f t he v ery r ea son s f or wh ich marb le i sc hosen a s amed ium f or s cu lp ture i n t he f i r s t p lace . T he s t one i sh eavy , a nd l a ck s s t en s i le s t reng th ; a ny j o in wh ich i sn o t s t r ic t ly h or izon ta l r equ ire s r e inforcemen t i n a le s d urab le f orm ( g lue , c e men t , w ooden o r me ta l d owe l s — s ome o f t hem s ub s tan t ia l ) . F ew s t ter o a nc ien t a dd i t ion s h ave r ema ined i n tac t . I ti sa l so , n eed les o s ay , amat f c on s iderab le l t ime a nd s k i l t o o b ta in a jo in n ea t ly a nd u nob tru s ive ly , work ing t he a dd i t iona l p iece i n r ec l c or t p ropor t ion w i th t he r e s t o f t he w ork . T he c u s tom o f p a in t ing s cu lp ture w i l o f ten s h ave r endered t he a nc ien t j o iner 's t a sk l e s a wkward t han i ta ppear s t o modern e ye s , b u t i t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he s urv iv ing t r ace s o f p a in t o n mo s t c a tegor ies o f Roman s cu lp ture a nd i ndeed t he c harac ter o ft he j o in s t hem se lve s — s ugge s t t ha tt he c o lour ing wa s , e ven a t i t s mo s t e x ten s ive , as e lec t ive t r ea tmen t . C lo th ing a nd h a ir m igh t b e r i ch ly p o lychromed , t w i th d e ta i l s o ft he f ac ia l f ea ture s , a tr ibu te s a nd s ome o ther p a r t icu lar s p icked o u t i n p a in t , l b u t b y a l a ccoun t s i tw a s e xpec ted t ha t t h9 f l esh wou ld b e r epre sen ted b y t he n a tura l t one o f — p referab ly — ap ure wh i te marb le .' I n s o me s i tua t ion s , c er ta in ly , j o in ing c an r epresen t af orm o f e conomy a nd h ave s o me l d ef in i te a dvan tages . I tc an s i gn if ican t ly r educe t he t ime a nd l abour a sw e l a st he s i ze o ft he t b lock r equ ired f or ag iven w ork i fa n o u t s tre tched a rm , f or e xamp le , i sc arved a nd a tached l a s as epara te p iece . An o u t s tre tched a rm c an a l so c on s t i tu te ama jor c ha lenge t os cu lp tura l l s k i l a nd t he r e s i l ience o f t he marb le ; as cu lp tor u n sure o f h i s a b i l i ty o r u n sure o f h i s b lock wou ld u nder s tandab ly d ec ide t oj o in i to n i n s tead . S ome a es the t ic a dvan tage m igh t t hereby r e su l t t oo ; a n i s o la ted l imb c arved i n o ne b lock w i th t he r e s t o f t he f i gure w ou ld i nvo lve l l e av ing al a rge a nd v i sua ly d i s turb ing s t ru t o f s t one t os uppor t i t s g rav i ty-defy ing w e igh t . ( Roman e ye s , h owever , a ppea r t oh ave a ccep ted s t ru t sj u s t a s r ead i ly a s t hey a ccep ted j o in s . P erhaps p a in t h e lped a ga in . ) None o f t hese a dvan tage s c an b e s o e a s i ly i nvoked , t hough , when i tc ome s t oo ther a dd i t ion s . No t ime , l abour o r much s t one w ou ld b e s aved b y c arv ing l s l ah ead s epara te ly f rom i t s b ody , n or w i l i th ave r equ ired l e s s k i l , r a ther t he r ever se . si N e i ther wou ld t he p refabr ica t ion o f ab ody i na dvance o fi t s h ead n eces ta te aj o in ;t he h ead l s o c ou ld a s w e l a wa i t t he r i gh t c u s tomer o r as pec ia l i s t c arver i n t he f orm o f ar ough mas f s t one i n o ne p iece w i th t he b ody .6 On b a lance , t hen , t here a re r e la t ive ly f ew c i rcum s tance s ( w i th t he f ur ther e xcep t ion s , o f c our se , o f r epa ir s a nd t he l i ke ) i n wh ich j o in ing c an b e c onf iden t ly a tr ibu ted t o a ny th ing t o ther t han s hor tage s o r d ef ic ienc ie s i ns upp l ie s . T he s cu lp tor c ou ld n o to b ta in as i ng le b lock o f t he r i gh t s i ze , o r p erhap s n o t o ne o f t he r i gh t q ua l i ty . T h i s m igh t b e b ecau se h i s p a tron o r c u s tomer w a s n o t p repared t o p ay f or as i ng le l a rge b lock o f t he r i gh t q ua l i ty ( t he b et ter g rade s p re sumab ly a lway s c o s t more t han t he l e ser o ne s ) , a nd i t is a l so p os le t ha t t he c o s t s sib o r l og i s t ic s o ft r anspor t ing ar ea ly l a rge b lock t os o me d e s t ina t ion s w a s p roh ib i t ive . B u t w e l k now p rac t ica ly n o th ing o ft he f i nanc ia lt e rm so n wh ich mo s tR oman s t a tuary w a sp roduced . l Wha t i nd ica t ion s t here a re s ugge s t t ha t i ti s t he l a bour , n o t t he s t one , wh ich w i l h ave l

4 V. M . S t rocka , J dl 8 2 ( 1967 ) 18-36 , c a ta logue s many e xamp le s o f s t ucco a dd i t ion s t o marb le s cu lp ture , t he ma jor i ty f rom P to lema ic a nd R oman E gyp t b u t n o t r a re e l sewhere . S t rocka i sg l ad t o a tr ibu te t he E gyp t ian e xamp les t o t he l a ck o f l o ca l s ource s o f marb le ( p . t 1 22 ) b u t i sn on-comm i ta l ( p . 1 38 ) a s t o t he r ea son s f or t he p rac t ice o u t s ide E gyp t . 5 T hough e xcep t ion s m igh t h ave t ob e made , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he c a se o fs o me c u l t i mage s a nd r e l ief s cu lp ture ( wh ich a ppear s t o h ave f o lowed d ifferen t r u le s ) . P . R eu ter swärd , l S tud ien z ur P o lychrom ie d er P las t ik .G r iechen land u nd R om ( 1960 )r ema in st he s t andard work o n t he s ub jec t . Wax may w e l h ave b een a pp l ied t op ro tec t t he s urface ( s ee e sp . p .2 08 ) , b u t l i tw i l h ave e nhanced r a ther t han o b scured t he n a tura l t one o f t he marb le . l 6 C f . I nan a nd R o senbaum 1 966 , 1 87 n . 1 ; Ro senbaum 1 960 , n o . 9 0 ; H . B lanck , BJb 1 66 ( 1966 ) 1 71-74 .

1 40

o c l ien t s w i th l im i ted f und s a ccoun ted f or t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he c o s t o f amarb le s t a tue .7 S m igh t b e e xpec ted t oc hoo se al e ss l abor ious t ype o f s t a tue r a ther t han a n i nfer ior q ua l i ty o f s t one . I na ny e ven t , a l s uch s pecu la t ion i ss ub jec t t ot he q ues t ion o fs upp l ies a s awho le , a nd l i ti s u nm i s takab ly t he c a se t ha t s cu lp tor s i n t he e ar l ier Roman p er iod f ound t he m se lve s p iec ing t he ir w ork t oge ther much more f r equen t ly t han w a sn eces a ter o n . The e v idence s ary l i sb es tv iewed w i th in t he r ea sonab ly b road a nd c hrono log ica ly r e l iab le f ramework o fp or tra i t l s t a tuary . or T o a ch ieve t he Genera l f rom T ivo l i ( F ig . 1 ) ,8 f e xamp le , d a ted b y mo s t s cho lar s a round 8 0-60 BC , t he s cu lp tor l a id o u t t he f i gure a s l ow d own i n t he b lock a s p os le , r i sk ing a w aferth in p l in th , s o t ha t h e c ou ld sib j u s t g e t t he h ead i n w i th t he r e s t o f t he b ody . H e h ad t o a dd a p iece t o t he t op o f t he h ead n one the les s, a vo id ing a j o in a cros he b row l i tera ly b y ah a ir 's s t l b read th . T he b lock wa s n o t q u i te d eep e nough f rom f ron t t o b ack e i ther : h e h ad t o a dd t he t oes o f t he l e f t f oo t . And i tl ok s a s i f ac hunk o f marb le h ad a l ready o b een c u t o u t o fo ne c orner o f t he b lock — o r i t wa s a n i regu lar s hape t o s t ar t w i th — f or h e h ad t o make u p r t he o u ter h a lf o f t he c u iras e s ide t he l e f t l e g i n t wo s b more p iece s , p erhaps o ff-cu t s r e tr ieved when s hap ing t he l e f t s i de o f t he h ead a nd u pper l e f t a rm . The o n ly j o in wh ich c ou ld h ave b een d ic ta ted b y c on s idera t ion s o ther t han t he l im i ta t ion s o f t he a va i lab le b lock i st ha t f or t he r i gh t a rm . I ti sn o t a c tua ly c l ear wha t p o s i t ion l t he a rm t ook , n or e ven t ha t i t wa s j o ined ( t hough a r u s t ing i r on d owe l wou ld a ccoun t f or t he d amage t o t he r i gh ts hou lder ) , b u t i f— a ss eem s l i ke ly — i t ex tende d o u tward s a nd u pwa rd s a t s hou lder h e igh t , t he s cu lp tor m igh t w e l h ave b au lked a t c arv ing i ti n o ne l p iece w i th t he r e s t o f t he f i gure , s uppor ted b y o n ly a s l ender s t ru t o f s t one t o t he c he s t o r t h igh . The T ivo l i Genera l w a s as ub s tan t ia l work f or i t s d ay . S cu lp tor s e l sewhere , work ing o n a much l e s s c ha leng ing s ca le , w ere h av ing wor se p rob lems . On l T hera , f or i n s tance , much c l o ser t o t he s ource s o f s upp ly , as ma l p or tra i t b u s t ( F ig . 2 )9 h ad t o h ave a l s ec t ion o f t he t op o f t he h ead a dded i n much t he s a me

F igure 1 T ivoli G eneral

7R . Duncan-Jone s , T he E conomy o ft he R oman Emp ire . Quan t i ta t ive S tud ies 2 ( Cambr idge 1 982 ) 111n o . 3 94 w i th n o te o n p . 19 , a propo s amarb le v a t i n Nor th Af r ica , e s t ima te s t ha t t he r aw ma ter ia l a ccoun ted f or o n ly a bou t 1 / 10 o f t he t o ta l c o s t . A marb le v a t , h owever e l abora te i t s f orm , w a s p re sumab ly as imp le t a sk c ompared w i th al i fe-s ized marb le s t a tue . 8 R ome , Museo n az iona le d e le T erme i nv . n o . 1 06513 . H e lb ig 4 I l 2 304 ; A . G iu l iano l l ( ed .) , Museo Naz iona le R omano . L e S cu l ture 1 , 1 ( 1985 ) , 2 67f . n o . 1 64 . The i tra t ion h ere lus ( f ig .!) i st aken f rom N o tSc 1 925 , 2 52f . wh ich s how s t he s t a tue b efore t he r e s tora t ion o f t he r i gh t s hou lder a nd b efore t he p l in th w a s s e t i n to i t s p re sen t modern b a se . 9 F . H . v on Gaer tr ingen , T hera I( 1899 ) 2 11 p l . 1 7 . C ompare a l so o ther works f rom t he i s land ( i b id . , p l . 2 6-27 a nd p . 2 10 ) .

1 41

F igure 3 F igure 2 9 ).

P ortrait H ead ( Delos M useum A 4186).

B ust f rom T hera. A fter G aertringen ( see n .

way .1 0 E x tremes i n t h i s d irec t ion a re f ound o n D e lo s . One f ine p or tra i t h ead ( F ig . 3 ) 11 wa s made i n t hree p iece s e xper t ly j o ined t oge ther : o ne s e rved f or t he f ace , a no ther t he f l ange o f t he l e f t e ar wh ich c ros he j o in s ed t w i th t he t h ird p iece , wh ich f ormed t he r e s to ft he h ead a nd n eck — wh ich wa st hen d es t ined t o b e s e t i n to a no ther b lock f orm ing t he b ody . T o j udge b y o ther s cu lp ture o n D e lo s t he b ody , t oo , c ou ld h ave b een ap iecemea l p roduc t , a ch ieved i ns evera l b lock s o fa s sor ted s i ze s .

l o C ompared w i th o ther k ind s o f j o in s , s ec t ion s m is sing o ff t he t op o f t he h ead i n t h i s f a sh ion h ave e xc i ted s o me c on s iderab le c ommen t : J .R . C rawford , i n MAAR I( 1916 ) 1 030 5 s ummar ized t he v ar ie ty o fe xp lana t ion s o ffered i nc onnec t ion w i th i nd iv idua lc a ses b yh i s d ay , r ang ing f rom s t ab i l iz ing ah ead when s he lved a ga in s t aw a l l , l a ck o f marb le , b ad-p lann ing , d amage , o r ad efec t i n t he s t one , t o ar i tua l p rac t ice a dop ted i n S yr ian c u l t s . H e a dded ( 19 ) h i s own s ugge s t ion t ha t s o me s egmen ta l h ead s may h ave b een p rov ided w i th r emovab le 1 w rea th s . 0 . V es s burg , A c ta I ns t i tu t i R oman i R egn i S uec iae , V I I I s er . 1 (1941) 2 21f . a rgued t ha t i t wa s a pecu l iar ly He l len i s t ic t e chn ique i n troduced t o Rome i n t he L a te R epub l ic a nd p ropo sed t ha t i tp erm it ted ad iv i s ion o f s pec ia l is t l abour . Ma rcade ( above , n o te 1 )3 18 n . 3 p ro te s ted a ga in s t t he l a t ter o n t he g round s o fc ommon s en se , p o in t ing o u t t ha t as pec ia l is t i n o cc ip i ta ls egmen t s wou ld b e l ud icrou s ; h e s pecu la ted i n s tead o n t he p os sib i l i ty t ha t s ec t ioned h ead s wou ld g ive t he s cu lp tor ap lane o f r eference b y wh ich t oj udge t he d ep th o f t he f ac ia l f ea tures . i D e lo s Mu seum i nv . n o . A4 186 . C . Micha low sk i , L es P or tra i ts h el len is t iques e tr oma ins [ = D e los X I I I 3 8 n o . 1 3 p l s . 2 7-28 a nd f i gs . 2 3-24 . A l l t h ree p ieces a re i n t he s ame h igh q ua l i ty marb le ( Par ian?) . C ompare a l so D e lo s A4 190 a nd A 4 191 ( i b id . , n o s . 1 2 a nd 1 4 , p l s . 2 6 , 2 9-30 ) o f wh ich o n ly t he f ace s s urv ive . 1 42

F igure 4 H imation 4253). A fter ( Delos A ( p .137 n .1).

Statue M arcadd

A man w ear ing t he 2 w a s h ima t ion ( F ig . 4 )1 c on s truc ted i n t wo ma in h a lve s , w i th a s t ra igh t h or izon ta l j o in r unn ing a cro ss t he f i gure a t h ip l l e ve l . A s ma ler p iece t w a s a tached w i th a s t ra igh t v er t ica l j o in t o t he s i de o f t he u pper o f t he t wo ma in b lock s t o s hape t he r e s t o f t he l e f t a rm . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t t he s cu lp tor j o ined a t l e a s t t he t wo ma in b locks t oge ther a nd worked t hem a s a s i ng le p iece f rom a n e ar ly s t age i n t he c arv ing , i n t he i n tere s t s o f o b ta in ing a s sib f i ne a l i ne a s p os le , f or s t ra igh t ma sonryl ike j o ins o f t he k ind h e u sed a re d iff icu l t t o d i sgu ise . E ven when made a s n ea t ly a s h i s , o n ly p a in t l w i l h ave ma sked t hem p roper ly , wh ich i s p robab ly why h e t ook c are t ha t t hey ran t hrough d rapery a nd n o t s a cros f l e sh s urface s

F igure 5

C u irassed S tatue f rom R u -

s et L ae . A fter S ton ier 1 978.

( no te t he p o s i t ion o f t he l e f t h and ) . I n f ac t , s uch j o in s b ecome r arer a nd r arer a s t ime g oe s b y , t hough i s o la ted c a se s l l o ccur w e l i n to t he f i r s t c en tury A .D . A p ar t icu lar ly t e l ing s e t o f e xamp les i sp rov ided b y l l t he amb i t iou sc yc le o fs t a tue s embarked u pon i nt he s ma l I t a l ian t own o f Ruse lae d ur ing t he l C laud ian p er iod . T he l a tes t i n t he s e r ies ( s t i l awa i t ing p ub l ica t ion ) , a cu ira ssed s t a tue o f 3 w a s s t i l a n a semb lage o f m i sce laneou s b lock s , p erhap s e igh t p ieces l s l F lav ian d a te ( F ig . 5 )1 i n a l , wh ich mu s t h ave r e l ied h eav i ly o n s tucco a s w e l a s p a in t t o f i l t he g aps i n i t s l l l p a tchwork s t ruc ture . More s ub t le s o lu t ion s h ad l ong s i nce d eve loped among s cu lp tor s i nl e ss d iff icu l t c i rcums t ance s , w i th a w ide r eper to ire -of j o in s c arefu ly s u i ted t o t he t ype o f s t a tue t hey w ere l

1 2 D e lo s Mu seum i nv . n o . A 4 253 . Marcade ( above , n o te 1 ) 3 24 p l . LXX ; c f . p l . LXV 1 ( D iadora ) ; p l . LV I ( A 4 171) ; p l . XL I ( A 4 157) ; p l . XXX IV ( A 4 127 ) ; p l . XX IX ( A 4 125 ) ; I I p l . LXXV ( A 2 229 ) . 1 3 G ros to , Mu seo C iv ico . S temmer 1 978 , 2 8 n o . H a 3 , p l . 1 4 .3 . T here a re t r aces o f se b r igh t b lue a nd y e low p a in t o n t he c u ira ss . T he o ther f ind s o f s t a tua ry f rom Ru se lae a re l l n o ted i n S tE tr XXXV I ( 1969 ) 5 94ff . a nd XXX IX ( 1971) 5 38ff . a nd b r ief ly d e scr ibed i n Rosel . G i l s cav i el a mo s tra ( Sopr in tendenza a rcheo log ica d e la T o scana , n .d . [ 1976? ] ) . le l T hey i nc lude a por tra i t h ead made i n a s many a s f our p ieces , a draped f e ma le s t a tue i n s i x p iece s , a no ther f rom ab lock o n ly 2 2 cm s . t h ick , t o wh ich a th in s l ab o f ad ifferen t ma rb le wa s a dded d own t he b ack t o g ive h er s o me b u lk . F or s o me o ther i n s tances o f s t ra igh t ma sonry-type j o in s c ompa re a toga te b oy f rom O tr ico l i i n t he V a t ican ( Ame lung-L ippo ld , Ka ta log 1 1 ,2 , 3 52 , n o . 9 3 , p l . 1 52 ) , at oga te s t a tue f rom Apo lon ia ( Ro senbaum 1 960 , 8 0 n o . l l . LXV .6 , ad raped f i gure f rom Magne s ia a d S ipy lum ( I nan a nd Ro senbaum 1 966 , n o . 12 p 2 09 , a nd a no ther f rom C o s ( C lara R hodos V 2 [1932 ] 1 08 , f i g . 1 6 ) .

1 43

l w ork ing a nd t he p ar t icu lar b lock so f marb le wh ich w e re a va i lab le . F u ly d raped f i gure s w ere l s o t he e a s ie s t . T he b ody o f a fu ly d raped s t a tue i s as o l id mas f s t one , i tr equ ire s n o g rea t i nva s ion s i n to t he b lock . I t s c on tour s , c omp lex a s t hey may b e , a re r e la t ive ly s ha l low . T he q ua l i ty o f marb le emp loyed i st herefore n o t ac r i t ica l f ac tor : t he f i gure c an b e c arved o u t o f a ny r ea sonab le b lock , e ven o ne o f q u i te p oor g rade . T hree o f t he f ema le s t a tue s f rom Mag4 w i l s e rve t o i s tra te wha t c ou ld b e d one b y s e lec t ive n e s ia o n t he Maeander ( F ig . 6 a-c )1 l lu j o in ing t oo ff se t t he more o bv iou s d efec t s o fi nfer ior ma ter ia l . T he g rea t b u lk o ft he b od ie s , i nc lud ing t he v e i l s , w ere c arved o u t o f a coar se l o ca l marb le , r a ther g rey i sh i n t one , i n o ne 5 T he f ace s , e xpo sed h and s , c a se a tl e a s t( F ig . 6a )a pparen t ly r e-u s ing a n o ld c o lumn s haf t .1 a nd e xpo sed f ee t ( i f t hey w ere w ear ing s anda ls , n o t i ft hey w ere w ear ing s hoe s ) w ere a dded i n s ma l p iece s o f af i ner wh i te marb le , n o t s pec tacu lar i n q ua l i ty b u t d i s t inc t ly b et han l ter t 6 Once t he s t a tue s w ere p a in ted u p t he a nc ien t o b server may t he g rade u sed f or t he b od ie s .1 w e l h ave b e l ieved t ha t t hey w ere made e n t ire ly o f t he f i ner wh i te s t one . T he Magne s ia l g roup b e long s a t t he b eg inn ing o f o ur p er iod , b u t t he p at f j o in s i td i sp lay s c on t inue s tern o 7 a nd d raped ma le i n a var ie ty o f c omb ina t ions t o b e af ea ture o f d raped f e ma le s t a tuary 1 8 d own i n to t he E ar ly Emp ire . s t a tuary 1

1 4 Humann a nd Wa tz inger 1 904 , 1 98f . a nd f i g . 2 00 ; D . P inkwar t , " We ib l iche Gewand s tat uen a us Magne s ia am Mäander , " A n t ike P las t ik XI 1973 ) n o s . 1 -2 p l s . 4 9-53 a nd f i gs . 1 I ( 2 , n o . 4p l s . 5 7-58 a nd f i g s . 3 -4 . A . L infer t , K uns tzen tren h el is t ischer Z e i t . S tud ien a n len w e ib l ichen G ewandf iguren ( 1976 ) 3 0f . , 1 78f . 1 5 A v e la te t oga tus f rom t he s ame f ind ( Humann a nd Wa tz inger 1 904 , 2 11f . f i g . 2 15) w a s d ef in i te ly made o u t o f ac o lumn ( s ee L infer t[ above , n o te 1 4 ] f i g . 5 1) . T he v e i led h ead , w i th t he f ace i n ser ted , a nd t he s hou lder s w ere c arved i n as epa ra te b lock w i th as t ra igh tj o in a cros s t he c hes t . T he r i gh t a rm w a s a dded f rom t he s hou lder w i th aw edge-shaped b ut o in i n t he t j s i de o f t he c he s t ; t he l e f t h and w a s a tached f rom t he l im i t o f t he d rapery o ver t he w r i s t . t 1 6 O f t he t hree s t a tue s i s tra ted h ere o n ly t he f ace o f o ne s urv ives t o d emon s tra te i t s lu d iffer ing marb le , b u t t here a re t wo more v e i led f i gure s w i th s urv iv ing i n ser ted f ace s ( Humann a nd Wa tz inger 1 904 , 2 01 f i g . 2 02 a nd 2 06 f i g . 2 09 = Pinkwar t [ above , n o te 1 4 ] n o s . 5a nd 7 ) a nd a n u nve i led f i gure w i th a n i n ser ted h ead made i n t wo p ar t s ( Humann a nd Wa tl z inger 1 904 , 2 02 f i g . 2 04 = P inkwar t n o . 6 ) a l o f wh ich c onf irm t he h igher q ua l i ty o f t he a dd i t ion s . 1 7 F or a n a dded h ead , b o th h and s a nd b o th f ee t , s ee R . Horn , S tehende w e ib l iche G ewands ta tuen i nd er h el is t ichen P las t ik ( Röm M i t E rgänzung shef t 2 , 1 931) , p l s . 2 1 .2 a nd len t 3 8 .1 ; T raver sar i 1 960 , n o . 2 6 p l . XV .1 ; C . B lüme l , S taa t l iche Museen z u B er l in . K a ta log d er S amm lung a n t iker S ku lp turen V , R öm ische B i ldn isse ( 1933) n o . R 54 p l . 2 0 . A P ud ic i t ia i n Rome ( H . S tuar t J one s , C a ta logue o f t he A nc ien t S cu lp tures . I .T he S cu lp tures o ft h e Museo C ap i to l ino [ 1912 ] 8 2 n o . 1 ,p l . 1 7 ) h a s t he h ead a nd r i gh t a rm r e s tored , b u t t he l e f t h and , t hough t b yJ one s t ob e a nc ien t b u ta l ien b ecau se o fi t sd ifferen t marb le , m igh th ave s urv ived i n p lace . T he ' L iv ia ' f rom t he V i la o f t he My s ter ie s a t P ompe i i s wor th n o t ing , d e sp i te l i a rgumen t st ha tt he i n ser ted f ace a nd a dded r i gh th and a re s ub s t i tu te sf or e ar l ier a dd i t ion s ( A . Ma iur i , BdA [ 1931] 2 24 ) . T he b ody i si n a du l , o ff-wh i te a nd f au l ted marb le , p robab ly l L una , wherea s t he f ace a nd h and a re i n af ine a nd t r an s lucen t wh i te . T he l e f t h and w a s a lmo s t e n t ire ly c overed a nd t he f ee t a re w ear ing s hoe s . c f . a l so B . M . F e let j , Museo l ti Ma n az iona le r omano . Ir i tra t i ( 1953 ) 5 6 n o . 8 9 , w i th af ace i n ser ted i nP ar ian marb le o n aL una t b ody ; b o th h and s w ere a dded ( m is ) . sing 1 8 P a l ia t i : Ny C ar l sberg G lyp to tek C a t . 2 58 ( Pou l sen [ 1962 ] , 5 9 n o . 2 8 p l . x l ) ; B r i t i sh l Mu seum 1 381, H adr ian , f rom C yrene ( Ro senbaum 1 960 , n o . 3 4 p l . XXV I ) h a s a l t he c onl s t i tuen t p ar t s p re served ; t he b ody i si n a coar se c ry s ta led wh i te marb le , t he h ead a nd b o th h and s a re i n P en te l ic ; n o te a l so t he s t a tue o f N erva f rom Cyrene , B r i t ish Museum 1 404 ( Ro senbaum 1 960 , n o . 2 3 p l . XXV I ) , t hough t he h ead i sp os ly ar ep lacemen t . sib H ima t ion s t a tue s o f F lav ian d a te o n C o s ( C lara R hodos V ,2 [ 1932 ] 8 7 , f i g s . 5 -6 a nd 1 02 , p l . V I a nd f i g . 1 3 ) h ave f i ne wh i te marb le h ead s a nd h and s o n C oan marb le b od ie s . I I T oga t i r egu lar ly p re sen t t he p at f a n a dded h ead , r i gh t f orearm a nd l e f t h and , b u t t ern o e xamp le s where t he a dd i t ion s s urv ive a re r a re . T he Augu s tu s f rom t he V ia L ab icana ( s ee b e low n o te 3 6 ) i so ne the d ifference i n t he marb les b e ing s o s t r ik ing a s t o h ave l ed s o me s cho lar s t o d oub t t ha t t he a dd i t ion s a re o r ig ina l . T he f i ve t oga t i f rom V e l le ia wh ich h ave b een a scr ibed t o a si ng le work shop ( C . S a let , I c i c lo s t a tuar io d el as i l ica d i V el ia ti la B le [ 1968 ] n os . 5 -9 , p l s . XV-X XX ) , h ad t he ir h eads , r i gh t a rm s a nd l e f t h ands c arved s epara te ly f rom t he ir d u l l , g rey i sh L una marb le b od ies : t hree h ead s , t hree a rm s a nd o ne h and s urv ive , a l l i n a fi ner wh i te q ua l i ty o f L una .

1 44

F igure 6 F emale S tatues f rom M agnesia o n t he M aeander. A fter H umann a nd W atz inger 1 904 f ig . 2 00.

F igure 7

T iberius f rom N em i» A fter P oulsen 1 962. F igure 8

1 45

A ugustus f rom T hessalon ike.

l s l T he e x ten tt o wh ich s ma lq uan t i t ie so fh igh q ua l i ty marb le c ou ld b er a t ioned o nl e sf u ly l c l o thed t ypes w a s n a tura ly l im i ted , n o t j u s t b y t he p ropor t iona te ly g rea ter a rea s o fe xpo sed f l e sh b u t b y t he f ac t t ha t s uch f i gure s a lmo s t i nvar iab ly r equ ired s cu lp tor s t o t ake h igher r i sk s i n t he c a rv ing a nd t hu s d emanded , ap r ior i , h igher g rade s o f s t one . Two f orm s r ency i wh ichga ined w ide spread c ur n t he f i r s t c en tury A .D . a nd r epay d e ta i led s c ru t iny a re s ed s em i-draped h ero ic n ude s o f t he k ind p resaged b y t he T ivo l i Genera l a nd t he c u iras l s t a tue s , o f wh ich w e h ave s een a n e xceed ing ly c lum sy v er s ion i n t he f i gure f rom Ru se lae . s, i B o th f orm s o f d res fp ur sued i n p roper s t y le , i nvo lved t he s cu lp tor i n p ierc ing l a rge g ap s t hrough t he l ower p ar t o f t he b lock i n o rder t o s hape t he b are l e g s , i s o la t ing s uch s l ender ting a s uppor t b enea th t he t ower ing w e igh t o f t he t o r so a bove . T here w a s n o g et way w i th ma rb le o f d ub iou s s t reng th u nder t ho se c ond i t ion s . W i th ad egree o f i ngenu i ty , h owever , l b o th t ypes o f f i gure c ou ld b e made i n t wo ma in h a lve s , u s ing t wo s ma ler b lock s when a s i ng le l a rge o ne o fs u i tab le q ua l i ty c ou ld n o t b e f ound , a nd n o-one e xcep t t he s cu lp tor n eed h ave b een t he w i ser . 9 w a s p robab ly v ery s ucces l o n s fu Ah ip- man t le s t a tue o f T iber iu s f rom N em i ( F ig . 7 )1 t h i s s core . T he s cu lp tor managed t o o b ta in t wo b lock s o f e qua ly g ood q ua l i ty ( Pen te l ic? ) l marb le , o ne j us t l a rge e nough t o e ncompas he h ead , t he b are t o r so a nd t he l e f t a rm a s f ar s t a st he e lbow , t he o ther t of orm t he d raped l ower h a lf o ft he f i gure , w i th t he e xcep t ion o ft he l e f t h and wh ich wa s a dded a s a separa te p iece f rom t he p o in t where i t emerged f rom t he f o lds o ver t he w r i s t . H e h ad t o a dd as ma l p iece t o t he t op o f t he h ead a nd a no ther t o t he l b ack o f o ne s hou lder , where h i s u pper b lock w a s ma rg ina ly t oo s ma l , a nd h e a dded t he l l who le o f t he r a i sed r i gh t a rm — a s h e wou ld h ave b een l i ke ly t od o i nt he i n tere s t s o fs ens i b le e conomy e ven o n a n o therw i se mono l i th ic v er s ion , f rom wh ich t he N em i d ed ica t ion i n i t s c omp le ted s t a te w i l h ave p rac t ica ly i nd i s t ingu i shab le . l l 0 w a s n o t s o f or tuna te , a t l e a s t i n t he f orm i t T he Augu s tu s i n T hes lon ike ( F ig . 8 )2 sa p re sen t s t oday . T he h ead , t o r so a nd r i gh t a rm a re i n t h ree s epa ra te p ieces o f P en te l ic . T he h ead , o f ar a ther f iner q ua l i ty s t one , i sn ea t ly j o ined t ot he t op o ft he n eck w i th a n i nver ted V -shaped j o in wh ich r un s a l ong t he u nder s ide o ft he j aw ( where i tw i l h ave b een h idden i n l s hadow ) a nd t hen f o low s t he h a ir l ine t o t he n ape ( where i t may h ave b een d i sgu i sed b y l 1 T he d raped l ower h a lf o f t he f i gure , h owever , o n wh ich t he p a in ted s t rand s o f h a ir ) .2 P en te l ic t o r so s i t sw i th in ad eep s ocke t ,i s carved i n af a in t ly b lu i sh ,c oar se ly c ry s ta led marb le o f p robab ly l o ca l o r ig in . I ti sh ard t o i mag ine t ha t t he d ifference b e tween t he t one o f t he l e g s a nd t ha t o f t he u pper t o r so wou ld n o t h ave s t ruck ad i scern ing e ye , a l though p re suma b ly t he m is e f t h and a nd t he p iece wh ich o nce b r idged t he g ap i n t he l e f t a rm w ere i n sing l P en te l ic , t oo . I ti sp os le , o fc our se , ( and t h i s i so ne o ft he s or to fp rovok ing q ue s t ion s t ha t sib a r ise when o ne s t ar t s t ak ing j o in s t oh ea r t ) t ha t t he p re sen t l ower h a lf , wh ich d iffer s a l so i n s t y le a nd workman sh ip , wa s a rep lacemen t f or a n i repa irab ly d amaged p recur sor i n P enr t e l ic , i n wh ich c a se t he j o in i n t he m idd le o f t he l e f t a rm b ecome s e a s ier t o e xp la in . F or wha t i ti s wor th , ac ompan ion f i gure f rom T hes lon ike , p erhaps p or t ray ing C laud iu s , w a s sa

1 9 N y C ar l sberg G lyp to tek C a t . 5 38 . P ou l sen 1 962 n o . 4 7 p l . LXXX I . 2 0 T hes lon ike Mu seum , i nv . n o . 1 065 . A . Rü sche , i nJ dI 8 4 ( 1969 ) 1 31f . , P 38 , f i g s . 4 8sa 4 9 ; AA ( 1940 ) 2 66 , f i gs . 7 1-73 , s how s t he v ar iou s e l emen t s b efore r eas ly . s emb 2 1 T h i s t ype o f j o in i sf ound o n o ther h ero ic s em i-nude s a nd n ude s : t he T iber iu s f rom L ep t i s Magna ( Af r ica I t a l iana 8 , [ 1940 ] 7 7-79 , f i g s . 5 3-55 ; N iemeyer 1 968 , 1 03 n o . 7 7 . p l . 2 5) ; a no ther J u l io-C laud ian f rom L ep t i s ( Af r ica I t a l iana 8 ,8 4 , f i g s . 6 1 a nd 6 3) ; C . C a r t i l iu s P op l ico la f rom O s t ia ( R . C a lza , S cav i d i O s t ia I I . [ 1958 ] , 2 21f . p l . XL IV ) a nd o n an umber o fn ow i s o la ted h ead s : t he Augu s tu s f rom I t a l ica ( A . Garc ia yB e l ido , E scu l turas r omana s d e l E spana y P or tuga l [ 1949 ] n o . 8 pl . 9 ) , aJ u l io-C laud ian p r ince f rom Au th ( E . E sperand ieu , R ecue i l g enera l d es b as-re l ief s d e l a G au le R oma ine I [ 1 908 ] 13 , n o . 1 049 ) , ah ead i n t he V a t ican s t oreroom s ( G . Ka schn i tz- We inberg , S cu l ture d e l Magazz ino d e l Museo V a t ican° [ 1 936-37 ] n o . 2 87 p l . LX I ) . F or t r ace s o f p a in ted s t rand s o f h a ir , s ee t he C a l igu la i n t he Ny C ar l sberg G lyp to tek ( Pou l sen 1 962 n o . 5 4 , p l . x c-xc i ; ac o lour p ho tograph i s r eproduced i n T . K rau s , Das r öm ische W e l tre iche [ 1967 ] , p la te x v i , o ppo s i te f i g . 2 92 ) . i

1 46

made in five pieces, of which the two main blocks survive, both in Pentelic. 22 The numbers of these semi-draped heroic nudes which were made in two halves23 give food for thought. The form itself is characteristic of the Early Empire; it does not endure in imperial or private portrait statuary much beyond the end of the first century A.D.24 One wonders whether its early popularity, in comparison with complete nudes, was in part conditioned by the very fact that it could be made in two halves, whereas nudes, although their heads might be added in the same manner as on the Thessalonike Augustus, offered no convenient line by which to hide more substantial joins. Total nudity makes its appearance in strength on the portrait statuary scene at just about the same time that major joins are on the way out - the quarries were catching up with their markets. It would be unrealistic to try to establish precisely when the statuary marble trade achieved sustained momentum, for the process must have been gradual and can hardly have happened in all quarries at once. But it is ·possible to map progress in greater detail in connection with cuirassed statuary. Cuirassed statues shared, as observed above, the leg problem inherent in hip-mantle statues and are therefore just as sensitive an index to supplies of good quality stone, but they have further advantages, too. There are many more of them, forming a continuous sequence throughout the Imperial period, and very usefully for our present purpose, a substantial sample of some 200 statues (over a third of the known corpus) is conveniently catalogued in the recent study by Klaus Stemmer. 25 Stemmer's sample in­ cludes 22 statues on which the body had to be achi�ved in two (or more) blocks, generally choosing the curving line of the breastpla�� (Fig. 9), 6 less frequently the straight line of the bottom edge of the cuirass skirt (Fig. 10) to mask the joins, depending on the dimensions

22 Thessalonike Museum inv. no. 2467. Found in the same area of the city as the Augustus (BCH 82 [1958], 759). Niemeyer 1968, 30, 70 n. 166, otherwise unpublished. The bare torso is worked in a finer quality than the bulk of the figure, which has many short green mica faults. The head (missing) was worked separately and added from the base of the neck, set into a shallow socket between the shoulders, perhaps relying on a low viewpoint for the statue to hide the join. For other examples of heads added to nude statues in this way, see W. Amelung, Die Skulpturen des Vatikanischen Museums I (1903) 209, no. 60 pl. 22; Poulsen (1962) 85 no. 48 pl. lxxxviii; Aurigemma, BdA (1922) 68-72 figs. 8-10; Garcia y Bellido (above, note 21) no. 206 pl. 151; Bul/Comm (1933) 63 fig. 4. 23 In addition to the three discussed here, there are at least another seven:'Augustus' from Venafrum, Naples Museum inv. no. 141836 (BdA [1922] 64-68 figs. 5-7) on which the mantle is drawn up over the left shoulder and the join runs through the folds over the forearm; both blocks are Pentelic. Tiberius from Utica, in Leiden (Niemeyer 1968, no. 75 pl. 24.2). Tiberius from Vaison (Niemeyer, no. 78 pl. 24.4). Claudius and Nero from Gabii, in the Louvre, inv. nos. MA 1231 and 1221 (Niemeyer, nos. 79 and 81, pl. 26). Augustus from Aries (Niemeyer, no. 71, pl. 23). An unfinished torso in Aquileia, Museum inv. no. 91 (V. S. M. Scrinari, Catalogo de/le sculture romane [1972], 3 no. 1 and plate). A possible eighth is the youth from the Villa of Q. Volconius Pollio, near Marino: Bul/Comm 1884, 215 no. 11 pl. xviii; Helbig3 no. 1245; A. Giuliano (above, note 8), I,2, p. 348 no. IV 49. 24 See Niemeyer 1968, 58, and review by Fittschen in BJb 170 (I 970), 545; also C. Saletti, I ritratti antoniniani nel Palazzo Pitti (1974) 51 n. 8. 25 Stemmer 1978, 7-118. 26 fig. 9 = Stemmer 1978, Cat. III.2, from Ancona. 14 other statues in his catalogue were joined at this point: I.8 (two statues restored as one, from Rome), 11.3 (Minturnae), V.9 (Civitavecchia), V.25 (Fanum), V.25a (Saintes), V.25b (Tarragona), Vll.7 (Gabii), VII.24 (Ostia), VII.25 (Ostia), VII.29 (Rome?), VIII.3 (two statues restored as one, from Rome?), Vllla.5 (provenance unknown). See also a torso in Izmir, from Nysa (Deltion 7 [1921-22] 74f. fig. 60). 21 fig. 10 = Stemmer 1978, Cat. V.17, from Rome. 3 other statues in his catalogue were joined at this point: VI.2 (Italy), VIl.12 (Rome?), Xl.l (Caere). See also fragments of a statue in Thessalonike (Stemmer 1978, 81 no. 238; G. Despinis, Akrolitha [1975], 16ff, figs. 8ff, pl. 11f. Despinis proposes to restore the missing torso in wood), and one from Sardis (G. Hanfmann and N. Ramage, Sculpture from Sardis R2 [1976], 107f. no. 112, fig. 238) of which only the lower part survives. 147

F igure 9

P art

o f

C u irassed

S tatue

f rom A ncona.

A fter S temmer 1 978 .

F igure 1 0 P art o f C u irassed S tatue f rom R ome . A fter S temmer 1 978.

o ft he b lock s c oncerned .2 8 I n s o me c a se s t he s cu lp tor sw en tt ot he l eng th o fu s ing a ni nfer ior g rade f or t he b u lk o ft he t o r so , who se c arv ing w i ln o th ave p re sen ted a ny g rea tr i sk s , mak ing l o n ly t he h ead , b o th a rm s , a nd t he l ower l e g s , i n h igh q ua l i ty s t one .2 9 I fS temmer 's s amp le i sr epre sen ta t ive , s uch p rac t ice s w ere e ven c ommoner i n t he E a r ly Emp ire t han o ne m igh t s uppose . O fh i s2 2 t wo-b lock e xamp le s h ed a te s 1 9 i n t he f i r s tc en tury A .D . d own t ot he e nd o f t he F lav ian p er iod , wherea s t here a re o n ly 2 i n s tances i n t he T ra jan ic p er iod , 1 in t he An ton ine , a nd n one t hereaf ter . The p ic ture c ou ld b e d i s tor ted , i n t he s en se t ha t s o me o f S temmer 's t ype s may h ave b een s e lec ted f or t he ir p ar t icu lar a p t i tude f or j o in ing . A l e s s d rama t ic b u t e n t ire ly c ompa t ib le p ic ture emerge s i fo ne p lo t s t he i nc idence o f al e ss e x treme f orm o f j o in , t he a dd i t ion o f t he h ead . S temmer h im se lf n o ted t ha t o u t o f 1 31 s t a tue s o n wh ich i t wa s p o ss ib le t o t e l o ne way o r t he o ther , 9 2 h ad t he ir h ead s i n ser ted a nd t ha t t he l p rac t ice wa se spec ia ly c ommon i nt he f i r s tc en tury A .D .3 l 8 O ne c an t ake h i sa na ly s i sf ur ther : s ed s 8 7% o ft he c u iras t a tue s h e d a tes i n t he C laud ian-Neron ian p er iod h ad t he i r h eads made s epara te ly ; i nt he F laV ian p er iod , when m i l i tary i mage s a re much i nd emand , t he f i gure r i ses l t o 9 3% . Y e t , i n t he T ra jan ic p er iod — a n e ra o f s t i l h igher d emand — i ti sd own t o 6 7% ; l i n t he Hadr ian ic a nd An ton ine p er iod i td rop s t o5 5% , a nd b y t he t h ird c en tury a l e xamp le s h ave t he ir h ead s c arved i n o ne p iece w i th t he ir b od ie s . 2 8 O n t hree f ur ther s t a tue s i n S t emmer 's s amp le t he a va i lab le b lock s d id n o t p erm i t s uch I I n ea td i sgu i se : V I .4 ( Va i son ) , V I .16 ( Co lonna-Lab icum ,o n wh ich t he t o r so w a s made i nf our l lu p ieces ) , a nd I 1 a .3 , t he f i gure f rom Ruse lae , i s tra ted h ere i n f i g . 5 . S temmer , wh i le l c arefu ly n o t ing s uch p rac t ice s a nd o b serv ing ( p . 1 27 ) t ha t t hey a re af ea ture o ft he C laud ian p er iod , e ndur ing d own t o t he T ra jan ic p er iod , o ffer s n o e xp lana t ion . I 2 9 C f . S temmer 1 978 , C a t . V I .7 . I t may a l so h ave b een t he c a se o nS temmer 1 .3 a nd 1 1 .2 . 3 0 S t emmer 1 978 , n . 7 38 , e xp la in ing t ha t f i r s t c en tury s t a tue s t herefore l en t t hem se lve s more r ead i ly t o r e-u se .

1 48

Unfor tuna te ly , n o e qu iva len t d a ta a re s o r ead i ly 1 b u t t he sib a cces le f or o ther c a tegor ie s o f s t a tuary ,3 g enera l i mpre ss ion i st ha tj o in ing o f a l k ind s i so n t he l w ane b y t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury A .D . T he H igh Emp ire i sp eop led w i th s t a tues o f aq u i te d ifferen t c harac ter . Head s , h and s , a rm s ( even a rm s r a i sed f rom t he s hou lder )3 2 a re r egu lar ly c arved i no ne p iece w i th t he ir b od ie s . S t ru t s , n o t j o in s , a re t he o rl d er o ft he d ay , t he n ew s cu lp tura ls k i l , a sf or e xamp le o n a n e n t ire ly mono l i th ic ma tron o f t he Hadr ian ic he s i ze a nd q ua l i ty p er iod f rom P u teo l i ( F ig . 1) .3 T o ft he a va i lab le b lock si mprove t r emendou s ly ;s t a tuary g e t s n o t iceab ly l a rger ; t here i s af a sh ion f or h igh , e l abora te lx p rof i led p l in th s c arved i n o ne p iece w i th t he s t a tue . '4 And , i n c on tra s t t o t he p reva i l ing t a s te s o ft he L a te R epub l ic a nd E ar ly Emp ire , aw ider , more a dven turou s c ho ice emerge s i n t he r ange o f f i gure t ypes t hem se lves . W i th o r w i thou t t he s evere s hor tages wh ich l ed t hem t o p erform m irac les o f p a tchwork , s cu lp tor s i n t he l a s t c en tury B .C . a nd f i r s t c en tury A .D . d i sp lay a ma rked p reference f or t i gh t p ose s , r equ ir ing m in ima l amoun t s o f s t one . T oga te s t a tues a re ac a se i n p o in t . E a r ly I mper ia l t oga t i d ec ided ly f avour p o ses s t and ing o n t he l e f t l e g r a ther t han t he r i gh t .3 5 I fb o th t he l e f t h and a nd t he r i gh t a rm a re a dded s epa ra te ly , a le f tl e gged s t ance c omb ine s v ery e ffec t ive ly w i th t he p os i t ion o f t he l e f t a rm a nd t he l ong v er t ica l f o ld s i t s uppor t s , t o p roduce a n arrow r ec tangu lar o u t l ine wh ich wou ld f i t i n to a block o f m in ima l d imen s ions . E xemp lary i s t he Augu s tu s f rom t he V ia L ab icana igh tlegged p ose s c hange t he who le ( F ig . 1 2 ) .' 6 R s hape o f t he f i gure , d emand ing w ider b lock s , a nd w ere emp loyed i n t he f i r s t c en tury p r imar i ly f or b oy s

F igure 1 H adrianic M atron f rom P ute o li. A fter C omstock a nd V ermeule ( see n . 3 p . 1 47). 3

he 4 5 f e ma le s t a tue s f rom C yrena ica c a ta logued b y T raver sar i 1 960 a re p o ten t ia l ly a 3 1 T g ood s a mp le . 2 7 h ave t he ir h ead s i n ser ted , 1 3 a re mono l i th s ( on t he r e ma in ing 5 i ti s i mpo ss ib le t ot e l lo ne w ay o r t he o ther ) . O ft he s t a tue sw i th i n ser ted h eads , h ed a te s 1 9( 70% ) b efore t he e nd o f t he F ir s t C en tury AD , 7 (26% ) i n t he S econd C en tury a nd 1( 4% ) i n t he T h ird . O f t he mono l i th s , h e d a tes 1 1(85% ) a f ter t he e nd o f t he F ir s t C en tury AD . 3 2 E . g . Garc ia y B e l ido ( above , n o te 2 1) 1 21 n o . 1 21 p l . 9 5 . l 3 3 Mu seum o f F ine A r t s , B o s ton , i nv . n o . 3 4 .113 . M . C om s tock a nd C . V ermeu le , S cu lp ture i n S tone ( 1976 ) 2 24 n o . 3 55 . 3 4 F . Mu thmann , " S ta tuen s tu tzen u nd d ecora t ives B e iwerk a n g r iech i schen u nd r öm i schen B i ldwerken , " A bhand lungen d er He ide lberger A kadem ie d er W issenschaf ten . P h i losoph ischh i s tor ische K lasse 3 (1951) 1 20-28 . 3 5 T oga t i a re n o t n orma l ly c l a ss if ied a ccord ing t o t he s t and ing l e g o f t he ir u nder ly ing p o se , b u t c ompare t he r ange o f e xamp le s f rom t he l a te R epub l ic a nd t he f i r s t c en tury AD i lu s tra ted b y F . W . Goe ther t , R öm M i t t 5 4 ( 1939 ) 1 76-219 . N ie meyer 1 968 , 4 2 , o b serve s t ha t l e f tlegged p o se s p redom ina te i n t oga te s t a tues o f emperor s t hroughou t t he I mper ia l p er iod , b u t h i s c a ta logued e xamp le s d o n o t b ear t h i s o u t . 3 6 R ome , Mu seo n az iona le r o mano d e le T erme i nv . n o . 5 6230 . H e lb ig 4 I I n o . 2 300 . T he l b ody i si n L una marb le , t he r i gh t f orearm a nd v e i led h ead a re i n P ar ian marb le o f h igh q ua l i ty ( t he b lock u sed f or t he h ead w a s n o t q u i te l a rge e nough , r equ ir ing a s ma l p iece t o l b e a dded t o t he b ack ) . 1 49

7 I n t he s econd c en turx, h owever , many a du l t t oga t i ( i .e . , p ropor t iona te ly s ma l ler f i gure s ) .3 s h if t t ot he ir r i gh t l e g s i n as i ngu lar ly s ucces l t ype ( F ig . 1 3 ) " wh ich , a s t he t oga g o t more s fu

F igure 1 2 A ugustus f rom V ia L ab ic ana, R ome . S ee n . 3 6 p . 1 48

F igure 1 3 T ogatus, S ala B iga, V atican M useums. N iemeyer 1 968 .

d elta A fter

F igure 1 4 M axentius A fter N iemeyer 1 968.

f rom

O stia.

a nd more v o lum inou s , mu s t h ave n eeded b lock s a lmo s t t w ice a s w ide a st he ir E ar ly I mper ia l l e f tlegged c oun terpar t s ; b yt he L a te Emp ire t he r i gh tlegged t oga t ia ch ieve t ru ly i mpres sive p ropor t ion s ( F ig . 1 4 ) .3 9 L ef tlegged t oga t i d o n o td i sappear b y a ny mean s , b u t t he c ho ice a s t ime w en t b y m igh t h ave b een n o t s o much a mat ter o f ma rb le a s aq ue s t ion o f l abour : a l a rger , more o pen p ose a u toma t ica l ly i nvo lve s more work t han ar e s tra ined , s t r ic t ly c onf ined d e s ign , s i nce t here i sa grea t d ea l more s t one t o c arve away . There w i l l a lway s h ave b een c u s tomer s u nab le t o a fford , o r u nw i l l ing t o p ay f or , o r u nw i l l ing t o w a i t f or , o ne o f t he

t 3 7 E . g . A . G iu l iano , C a ta logo d e i r i tra t i r oman i n e l Museo P rofano L a teranense ( 1957) I; n o s . 2 4-25 p l . 1 5 ; C . L . V i scon t i , Imonumen t i d e l Museo T or Ion ia ( 1887 ) n o . 1 85 p l . XLVI G . L ippo ld , D ie S ku lp turen d es V a t ican ischen Museums 1 1 .2 ( 1956 ) , 3 2 p l . 2 0 , 7 2 n o . 6 12 p l . 3 7 , 3 52 n o . 9 3 p l . 1 52 . R igh tlegged p o ses f or a du l t s w ere e i ther r a ther awkwa rd ( c f . Goe ther t [ above , n o te 3 5 ] , 1 91f . p l . 4 2 .1 o n o ne wh ich h e c a l s t he ' s tradd lelegged ' p o se ) o r l e xecu ted i n ar e la t ive ly d ar ing f orm , w i thou t much s uppor t b e s ide t he a nk le s ( e .g . Goe ther t , p l . 4 3 .1) . l 3 8 V a t ican , S a la d e la B iga i nv . 2 355 , H e lb ig ( 4 th e d . ) In o . Hadr ian ic . T he h ead d oe s n o t sion a b e long . F or d i scus nd o ther e xamp les o f t h i s t ype s ee Goe ther t ( above , n o te 3 5) , 2 12l 1 9 , e spec ia ly 2 15-17 . 3 9 Max en t iu s . O s t ia Museum i nv . n o . 5 1, R . C a lza , No tSc 1 941, 2 22-29 . N iemeyer 1 968 , n o . 2 7 p l . 8 . 2 ; c f . a l so n o . 2 2 p l . 7 . 2 . , t he D ioc le t ian i n t he V i l la Dor ia P amph i l j . 1 50

b igger , more e l abora te a l terna t ives ." Nude s t a tuary i sp a ten t ly t he mo s t r evea li ng i n t h i s d irec t ion . One may c ompare , f or e xamp le , t he Augus tus f rom O tr ico l i( F ig . 1 5 )4 1 l w i th t he Ope l iu s Macr inu s ( F ig . 1 6 ) ,4 2 b o th i n t he V a t ican . T he E ar ly I mper ia l s t a tue i s s ary w c l ose ly p osed , w i th n o u nneces a s tage ,

F igure 1 5

F igure 1 6 1 968.

A ugustus f rom O tricoli. A fter N ie-

m eyer 1 968.

O pellius

M acrinus.

A fter

N iemeyer

l 4 0 Mu ch t he s a me g enera l t r ends c an b e f ound i n f e ma le s t a tuary . The L a rge a nd Sma l l H ercu laneum Women , t he P ud ic i t ia , t he P a l ia ta , E umach ia a nd r e la ted t ype s ( s ee B ieber l 1 977 , p l s . 12-20 , 1 02-103 f i g . 8 27 , r e spec t ive ly ) a re a l p ar t icu la r ly p opu lar i n t he E ar ly l Emp ire a nd a re a l s o l id , c o lumnar f orms , i nheren t ly e conom ica l o fs t one . They c on t inue t o sioned t b e c omm is hroughou t t he S econd C en tury , a nd t he S everan p er iod e ven s aw t he i n troduc t ion o rr e surrec t ion o fa no ther c o lumnar f orm ( B ieber 1 977 ,f i gs . 8 72-74 a nd p .2 44 ) , b u t t hey a re i ncrea s ing ly o u tnumbered b y t ypes l i ke t he V enu s Gene t r ix , C eres , a nd o ther s , l a l o f whom a re s i gn if ican t ly more e xpan s ive i n p ose a nd g es ture : s ee B ieber 1 977 , p l s . 2 58 ,123-25 ,135-40 a nd H . Kru se ,R öm ische w e ib l iche G ewands ta tuen d es z we i ten J ahrhunder ts n ach C hr . ( 1975 ) p as . sim 4 1 V a t ican S a la aC roce G reca i nv . 1 81 . He igh t 2 04 cm . He lb ig ( 4 th e d .) In o . 1 9 ( w i th f ur ther b ib l iography ) . l l 4 2 V a t ican , Ga ler ia d e le S ta tue , i nv . 5 37 . He igh t 2 04 cm . He lb ig ( 4 th e d . ) I ,n o . 1 36 ( w i th f ur ther b ib l iography ) . 1 51

p robab ly f a i thfu ly r ef lec t ing t he c onf ines o f at a l b u t n arrow b lock .4 l l 3 T he L a te I mper ia l r f i gure , b y c on tra s t , i sr e laxed a nd o pen , i t s i regu lar o u t l ine f l agran t ly e x travagan t o fs t one a nd l abour ) . I n tere s t ing ly e nough , t he b ody-type s f o l lowed b y t he se t wo s t a tues a re t hough t t o r ef lec t t wo d ifferen t f i f th-cen tury o r ig ina l s — t he Augu s tu s ag ood c opy o f awork b y he Macr inu s av ar ian t o n s o me u nknown P o lyk le i tan p o se .4 5 B u t t here s eem s n o Kre s i la s ,4 t r ea son why t he Macr inu s t ype , wh ich makes i t s a ppearance i n t he s econd c en tury A .D . , s hou ld n o t b e s een a s a n o pened-up v er s ion o f t he Augu s tu s t ype ( w i th t he man t le p inned r ound t he n eck i n s tead o f b unched o ver t he s hou lder ) — i ndu lg ing i n t he l uxury o f u n l im i ted s upp l ie s o f b es t q ua l i ty s t a tuary marb le . sion a s t T he i mpres cros he b oard , i ndeed , i so ne o f c on sp icuou s c on sump t ion . One h a s o n ly t o a dd r ea l e x travaganza s l i ke t he mono l i th ic Mar s a nd V enu s g roup s wh ich a ppear i n t he An ton ine p er iod ," n o t t o men t ion t he d rama t ic d eve lopmen t i nt he s i ze o fp or t ra i tb u s t s , t o a pprec ia te t ha t wha tever o ther f ac tor s c ond i t ioned t he c harac ter o f s t a tua ry i n t he H igh Emp ire , l a ck o f ma rb le wa s n o t o ne o f t hem . S cu lp tor s w ere n o l onger f i gh t ing t he l im i tat i on so fi nfer ior o r i n suff ic ien tr aw ma ter ia l , t oo o f ten c oncen tra t ing o nr ef inemen t so fd e ta i l a nd c l ever j o inery . E ven med iocre c raf t smen w ere work ing h igh g rade s t one , wa s ted o nt he ir l t a len t s b u ta va i lab le f or wha t u se t hey c ou ld make o fi t . C arefu lj o in ing wa s s t i l n eeded o n o cca s ion ; a tt he t op e nd o f t he ma rke t when mak ing wh i te marb le h ead s , h and s , a nd f ee tf or s t a tue s whose b od ie s w ere made i n p orphyry , b a sa l t o r o ther s e lf-co loured s t one s , o r i n r es pon se t o e xa spera t ing r eque s t s f rom c l ien t s l i ke t he S everan l ad ies who a ppa ren t ly w an ted l t he ir w igs t r an s la ted l i tera ly i n s cu lp ture ,4 7 o r a tt he l ower e nd o f t he marke t where aj o in s c ou ld b e l e s c o s t ly t han t he l abour i nvo lved i n a ch iev ing a pro jec t ing a rm i n o ne p iece , o r where d e sp i te t he g enera l b oom i n s upp l ies s o me h i tch o ccurred a nd as cu lp tor h ad t or e turn l t o t he p rac t ice s o f a n e ar l ier a ge . A s i f i n a n swer t o t he f l ood o f e xce len t ma rb le , t he p a in t ing s t a tuary a ppear s t o h ave b ecome l i gh ter , a nd l e ss e x ten s ive , t he ma rb le s b e ing l e n joyed f or t he ir p ar t icu la r t one a nd p o l i sh a s as ub s tan t ia l e l emen t i n t he o vera l e ffec t ." T he h eyday wa s o ver b y t he m idd le o f t he t h ird c en tury . T he marke t s hr ink s , t he q uarr ies w ind d own ; h igh ly e xper ienced s cu lp tor s b ecome f ewer a nd f ewer ; t he a ccumu la ted l s s s k i l so ft h ir ty g enera t ion so f u nbroken t r ad i t ion a re l e s a nd l e si nd emand . T he marb le w a s l l s t i l t here , s t ock-p i led i n Rome a nd a broad , a nd s t ock-p i led i n t he q uarr ie s a s w e l . B u t t here w ere a l so a rm ies o f s t a tue s r eady made t o b e r e-u sed , many w i th t he ir h ead s c onven ien t ly l oo sen ing i n t he ir s ocke t s .

sib 4 3 I t i s p os le t ha t t he ma in b lock w a s e ven n a rrower t han i ta ppear s ; t he l e f t a rm , i nc lud ing t he d rapery o ver t he s hou lder , i s apparen t ly ar e s tora t ion , wh ich may h ave r ep laced a n o r ig ina l a dd i t ion . 4 4 N ie meyer 1 968 , 6 2 a nd 1 08 n o . 1 00 ; W .-H . S chuchard t , Z e i tshr if t f ür s chwe izer ische A rchäo log ie u nd K uns tgesch ich te 2 0 ( 1960 ) 1 63ff . a nd A n t ike P las t ik 1 (1962 ) 3 3f . 4 5 v on H e in tze i n A n t ike P las t ik 1 (1962 ) 2 8f . a nd i n H e lb ig 4 I ,n o . 1 36 . 4 6 E . g .C a lza , S cav i d i O s t ia I X ( 1977 ) n os . 1 5-16 . l 4 7 E xamp le s where t he h a ir w a s e xecu ted i n a l aba s ter o r o ther s t ones w i l o bv iou s ly h ave r equ ired j o in ing , b u t t here a re a l so e xamp le s o f s epara te c o iffeure s i n wh i te marb le . S ome l t o f t he se w ere p erhap s l a ter a l tera t ion s ( c f . R . B r i l ian t , i n Röm M i t 8 2 [ 1975 ] 1 37 ) o r mean t t o b e r ep laceab le ( F . P ou l sen i n J RS 6[ 1916 ] 4 7f . ; C rawford [ above , n o te 1 0 ] 13f . n o s . 4 65 7 , a nd 15f . ) b u t t he ir e xp lana t ion a s l i tera l r epre sen ta t ion s o f w ig s i si n my v i ew more l c ompe l ing ( c f . S t rocka [ above , n o te 4 , 18f . n . 1 6 ] . T here a re p receden t s i n t he F lav ian p er iod ( c f . R . C a lza , S cav i d i O s t ia V [ 1964 ] , n o s . 10-12 ) . 4 8 R eu ter swärd ( above , n o te 5 ) 2 18-27 . R ev iew s b y Marcade ( REA 6 3 [ 1961] 1 70 ) a nd Hafner ( Gnomon 3 3 [ 1961] 5 12f . ) , among s t o ther s , e xpre ss j u s t if ied r e serva t ion s a bou t R eu ter swärd 's c a se f or p redom inan t ly g o ld a nd wh i te e ffec t s , b u ta ccep t t he g enera l p ic ture . 1 52

A bbrev ia t ions a nd C ommon B ib l iography Adam 1 977 J .P . Adam , " A p ropo s d u t r i l i thon d e B aa lbeck . mega l i the s , " S yr ia 5 4 ( 1977 ) 3 1-63 .

L e t r an spor t e t l a m i se e n o euvre d e s

Adam 1 985 J .P . Adam , L a c ons truc t ion r oma ine , ma tjr iaux e tt e chn iques ( Par i s 1 985 ) . Adam 1 966 S . Adam , T he T echn ique o f G reek S cu lp ture i nt he A rcha ic a nd C lass ica l P er iods ( 1966 ) . A lz inger 1 967 W . A lz inger , " R i tzze ichnungen i n d en Marmorbrüchen v on E phe so s , " ÖJh 4 8 ( 1966-67 ) 6 1-72 . A sga r i 1 977 N . A sgar i , " D ie Ha lbfabr ika te k le ina s ia t i scher G ir landen sarkophage u nd i h re Herkunf t , " AA 1 977 , 3 29-80 . A sgar i 1 978 N . A sgar i , " Roman a nd E ar ly B yzan t ine Marb le Quarr ies o f P roconne su s , X th I n ternat i ona l C ongress o f C lass ica l A rchaeo logy , A nkara-Izm ir 1 973 ( Ankara 1 978 ) 4 67-80 . A shmo le 1 970 B . A shmo le , " Aegean Marb le : S c ience a nd C ommon S en se , " BSA 6 5 ( 1970 ) 1 -2 . B arker e t a l . 1 985 G . B arker , L loyd a nd J .R eyno ld s ( ed s . ) , C y rena ica i n A n t iqu i ty ( BAR 1 985 ) . B edon 1 984 ri&es e R . B edon , L es c ar t l e s c arr iers d e l a G au le r oma ine ( Pa r i s 1 984 ) . B ieber 1 977 M . B ieber , A nc ien t C op ies : C on tr ibu t ions t ot he H is tory o fG reek a nd R oman A r t ( 1977 ) . B o l 1 984 R . B o l , Das S ta tuenp rogramm F or schungen 1 5 , B er l in 1 984 ) .

d es

ticus-Nymphaeums Herodes-At

( O lymp i sche

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1 53

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1 4 ,

Wroc law-

Dworakow ska 1 983 A . Dworakow ska , Quarr ies i n R oman P rov inces ( B ib l io theca An t igua 1 6 , Wroc lawWar szawa- Krakow- Gdan sk 1 983 ) . Eng land a nd v an Z e l s t 1 985 P .E ng land a nd L . v an Z e l s t ( ed s .) , A pp l ica t ion o fS c ience i n Exam ina t ion o f Works o fA r t (Mu seum o f F ine A r t s , B o s ton 1 985 ) 1 42-50 . ti 1 F abbr icot 985 ti t E . F abbr icot , " I nf luenza A t ica aT o lema ide n e l 2s ec . d .C . " i n B arker e ta l . 1 985 ,2192 9 . F an t 1 984 J .C . F an t , " Seven Uned i ted Qua rry I n scr ip t ion s f rom Doc im ium ( I sceh i sar , Turkey ) , " ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 71-82 . F an t 1 985 J . C . F an t , " Four Unf in i shed S arcophagu s L id s i n t he Quarr ies a t Doc im ium a nd t he I mper ia l Quarry S y s te m i n P hryg ia , " AJA 8 9 ( 1985 ) 6 65-72 . F an t 1 987 J .C . F an t , " Three S ea son s o f E p igraph ica l S urvey a t t he Roman I mper ia l Quarr ie s a t Doc im ium ( I sceh i sar ) 1 983-85 , " I V . A ra i t irma s onuc lar z t op lan t zs z . A nkara 2 6-30 May is 1 986 ( Ankara 1 987) 1 27-32 . F an t 1 988a J .C . F an t , " Po ik i lo i L i tho i : t he Anoma lous E conom ic s o f t he Roman I mper ia l Marb le Quarry a t T eo s i n Roman A s ia , " V . A raj t irma S onuc lar z T op lan t zs z , A nkara , 6 -10 N isan s) 1 987 ( Ankara 1 988 , i n p res . F an t 1 988b J . C . F an t , C avum A n trum P hrvg iae : t he O rgan iza t ion a nd Opera t ions o f t he R oman s) I mper ia l Marb le Quarr ies i nP hryg ia ( BAR I n terna t iona l S er ie s , i n p res .

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1 55

l T . Ko2e 1 j a nd A . Mu ler , "M ine sa n t iques .T ravaux d el ' eco le f ranva i se e nG rece e n 1 980 , " BCH 1 05 ( 1981) 9 60-61 . Ko/e l j e t a l . 1 981 l T . Kole l j, A . Mu ler , a nd J . P . S od in i , " Carr ieres d e marbre d e l a r eg ion d e S a l iar i . T ravaux d e l ' eco le f ranQa i se e n G rece e n 1 980 , " BCH 1 05 ( 1981) 9 61-63 . Kole l j e t a l . 1 982 l T . Kole l j , A . Mu ler , a nd J .P .S od in i , " Le sc arr iere s d e marbre . T ravaux d e l ' eco le f rang a i se e nG rece e n 1 981, " BCH 1 06 ( 1982 ) 6 76-77 [ Wae lken se ta l . r efer t oa no ffpr in tw i th i ndenden t p ag ina t ion ] . Koie l j e t a l . 1 985 l T . Koie l j , A . L ambrak i , A . Mu ler , a nd J .P . S od in i , " Sarcophage s d ecouver t s d an s l e s c arr iere s d e S a l iar i , Tha so s , " i n P en sabene 1 985 , 7 5-81 . Krau s a nd Rakob 1 979 T h . Krau s a nd F . R akob , " Chem tou , " Du . D ie K uns tze i tschr if t 3 (1979 ) . Krau s & Röder 1 962 T h . Krau s & J . Röder , " Vorun ter suchungen am Mon s C laud ianus i m Ma rz 1 961, " AA 1 962 , 6 93-745 . L ambrak i 1 980 A . L ambrak i , " Le c ipo l in d e l a Kary s t ie . C on tr ibu t ion äl ' e tude d es ma rbre s d e l aG rece e xp lo i tes a ux é poque s r o ma ine e t p a leochre t ienne , " RA 1 980 , 3 1-62 . L loyd e t . a l . 1 985 l R . V . L loyd , P . W . Sm i th , H . W . Ha ske l , " Eva lua t ion o f t he Mangane se E SR Me thod o f Marb le Charac ter iza t ion , " A rchaeome try 2 7 .1 ( 1985 ) 1 08-116 . Mar t in 1 965 R . Mar t in , Manue l d 'arch i tec ture g recque .

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BMBeyrou th 2 2 ( 1969 )

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1 58

A

I ndex A na ly t ica l T echn iques c a lc i te g ra in s , max imum s i ze o f i s o top ic , o f Roman s a rcophag i i n B r i t i sh Mu seum l i near a nd q uadra t ic d i scr im inan t a na ly s i s o f i s o tope d a ta m icroprobe m icro scopy , p o lar iz ing s t ab le i s o tope a na ly s i s t r ace e l e men t B u i ld ings Men t ioned i n t he t ex t a rcha ic A r tem i s ion a t E phe su s A sk lep ie ion a t E p idauru s Mau so leum a t Ha l icarnas s us S anc tuary o f A thena P o l ia s a t P r iene S anc tuary o f D eme ter a nd P er sephone i n Cyrene T emp le o f A r tem i s Knakea t i s T emp le o f A thena A lea a tT egea t u mu lu s a t B e lev i Marb le T ypes ( use , q ua l ity , o b jec ts i n ) Aphrod i s ia s B e lev i C arrara Doc im ian Dory lae i on E phe su s F i lf i la i n A lger ia Herac le ia I a so s My la sa P ar ian P en te l ic P hryg ian p o lychrome p orphyres P roconnes ian Tha s ian Tha so s

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P ersons , Anc ien t a nd Modern , Men t ioned i n t he t ex t N . A sgar i H . B lümner A . C la r idge M . C o le man B . C ook H . C ra ig a nd V . C ra ig C yr iacu s o f Ancona P . D e P aepe E . Do lc i A . Dworakow ska J .C . F an t R . Gno l i N . Herz S . Kane

1 59

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Quarr ies ( i nd iv idua l s i tes) A ig ion Akera to s , Tha sos A l ik i , Tha sos An ibor io & S tyra , Euboea Aphrod i s ia s Apo l lona s , Naxo s A ssuan B e lev i ( Ephesu s ) B e lev i , t u mu lu s a t B rauron Ch io s ( s ee a l so L a tom i ) Doc im ium Do l iana Dory lae ion E g ina H erac le ia o n t he L a tmu s tu Hymet s Ka lam i , Tha so s Kary s to s L a tom i , Ch io s l ime s tone q uarr ie s a t S yracu se l imes tone q uarr ie s a t P iraeu s L un i Mi le tu s Naxos P apho s P a ro s P en te l ikon P er sepo l i s P hanar i , Tha so s P roconne su s S a in t-Bo i l S e lca , A lban ia T ha so s ( s ee a l so i nd iv idua l s i tes ) T ha so s a cropo l i s Upk , u n iden t if ied q uarr ies n ear V a t i s ion , E uboea

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1 60

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P . D e P aepe L abora tory o f Geo logy S ta te Un iver s i ty o f Gen t Kr i jg s laan 2 81 9 000 Gen t B e lg ium

L . Moens I n s t i tu te f or Nuc lear S c iences S ta te Un iver s i ty o f Gen t P roef tu in s traa t 8 6 B e lg ium

S u san Wa lker , D epar tmen t o f G reek a nd Roman An t iqu i t ie s t hew Ke i th Mat s , R e sea rch L abora tory The B r i t ish Mu seum L ondon WC1B 3DG Un i ted K ingdom

S usan E . Kane D epar tmen t o f A r t l Ober l in C o lege Ober l in Oh io 4 4074 USA Amanda C la r idge B r i t i sh S choo l a t Rome V ia A . G ram sc i , 6 1 0 0197 Rome I t a ly J .C . F an t D epar tmen t o f H i s tory Un iver i s ty o f Akron Akron Oh io 4 4325 USA

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