An Analysis of Vatican 30 (Monographs of Hebrew Union College: No.1) [1 ed.] 0878204008, 9780878204007

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An Analysis of Vatican 30

Lewis M. Barth

AN ANALYSIS OF VATICAN 30 by Lewis M. Barth

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE-JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION CINCINNATI. NEW YORK, LOS ANGELES, JERUSALEM 1973

MONOGRAPHS OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE . NO. I

AN ANALYSIS OF VATICAN 30

AN ANALYSIS OF VATICAN 30 by Lewis M. Barth

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE-JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION CINCINNATI. NEW YORK. LOS ANGELES. JERUSALEM 1973

©

COPYRIGHT 1973

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE PRESS HEBREW UNION COLLEGE-JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION

SBN 0-87820-400-8

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 72-8353 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Published on the GEORGE ZEPIN Memorial Publication Fund

CONTENTS

Page INTRODUCTION

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

� xiii

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Chapter

1. A REVIEW OF THE SECONDARY LITERATURE ON VAT 30 .

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III. THE SCRIBES OF VAT. 30 ..................

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II. DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT

IV. THE CRUCIAL QUESTION

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V. THE RELATIONSHIP OF VAT. 30 TO THE OTHER EARLY WITNESSES

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VI. SA MPLE CHAPTERS FROM VAT 30 .... . . . ... 121 .

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FA CSIMILES CHARTS

I. TYPICAL ALPHABET FROM EACH SCRIBE

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2. SELECTIONS FROM EACH SCRIBE FOR COMPARISON

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APPENDIX E S

1. ARAMAIC PASSAGES FROM VAT. 30 ........ 249 II. R EPEATED PASSAGES FROM VAT. 30 AND A PASSAGE FROM VAT. 60 ............... 271

III. GENIZA FRAGMENTS

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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

B I B LIOGR APH Y

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336 338

INTR ODU CTIO N With

An Analysis of Vatican 30, of

the Hebrew Union College­

Jewish

Institute

series.

On occasion, the students and faculty of the College­

Religion inaugurates

a new monograph

Institute will produce works of scientific caliber richly deserving publication, but unlikely to be commercially profitable.

The

purpose, therefore, of the "Monographs of the Hebrew Union College" is to offer scholars the opportunity to present their findings to the academic world, albeit the circle of readers for each specific publication may be limited. The Nazi Holocaust took the lives of many scholars and com­ pletely disrupted the work of the "Science of Judaism"

which

had been at home in Germany ever since the early nineteenth­ century career of Leopold Zunz.

It is imperative that "pure

science," detailed critical studies in the field of Jewish history, literature, rabbinics, and the classics, be encouraged everywhere through adequate publication.

American Jewry, now the largest

in the world, is certainly conscious of this imperative and has already begun to address itself to this task.

This country con­

tains scholars, excellent libraries, and-we hope-imaginative philanthropists willing to further this cause so that future gen­ erations may be enabled to build on the historic-critical investi­ gations of our own day. To this purpose, the new series is dedicated. It is the profound and pious hope of the Faculty Publications Committee that the series wilImeet with a favorable reception in the world of scholar­ ship. Jacob R. Marcus, Chairman

IX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The help and encouragement of the Hebrew Union College Faculty have made this study possible.

I am grateful to the

Committee on Graduate Study for granting me fellowships to study at the University of Chicago, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.

I

wish to express appreciation for the National Defense Educa­ tion Act Fellowships which enabled me to continue my studies

at RU.C. In addition, I am grateful to the late President Nelson Glueck, President Alfred Gottschalk, and Dean Kenneth Rose­ man for the opportunity to teach at the College while completing this thesis.

I would like to extend my thanks to those who were helpful in the thesis preparation. Mr. Herbert Zafren and his staff aided in every way and made available for me the great resources of the College Library.

Many faculty members have offered their

knowledge and advice, and I have learned from them all.

Particularly, I want to thank my advisors, Drs. Eugene Mihaly, Ben Zion Wacholder, Ellis Rivkin, and Isaac Jerusalmi.

I am

especially grateful to Dr. Mihaly who first opened the field of Midrash for me when I was a rabbinic student.

He has given

generollsly of his time and of his penetrating insight into the literature of the rabbis.

His guidance and friendship have seen

me through the graduate program at the College and the long and sometimes frustrating preparation of this thesis. Dr. Wach­ older has served as co-referee; his sound judgement has guided me ever since I was his student at the California school.

Dr.

Mihaly and Dr. Wacholder have read the manuscript and made many valuable criticisms and suggestions.

I wish to thank the

typists for the great care they took in preparing the manuscript: Mrs. Alisa Charash and Mrs. Karen Harb. This thesis could not have been completed without the constant help of my wife Nancy who has encouraged me from the beginning.

"What is

mine and thine is hers." Lewis M. Barth

XI

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS The first citation of books and articles in the foot­ notes will contain the complete bibliographical reference. Thereafter,

only an abbreviated reference,

will be used.

indicated below,

Standard abbreviations for well known journa�

and periodicals are employed throughout. Albeck, Introduction

Chanoch A1beck,

Einleitung

und Register zum Bereschit Berlin,

Rabba.

1931-1936.

Included in Midrash Bereshit Rabba,

ed. J.

printing.

Albeck,

Theodor and Vol.III.

Ch. Albeck.

Jerusalem,

Second

1965.

See Albeck, Introduction.

Registers

Aruch Completum,

Aruch

ander Kohut.

ed. Alex­

8 vols.

Vienna, 1878.

Assemani

Stephanus Evodius Assemanus and Joseph Simonius Asseman­ us, Bibliothecae Aposto1icae Vaticanae,

Partis Primae,

Tomus Primus, Codices Ebra­ icos et Sarnaritanos.

Rome,

1756; reprinted Paris, 1926.

Cassuto

Hurnbertus Cassuto,

Bibliothe­

cae Apostolicae Vaticanae (Codices Vaticani Hebraici). Vatican. xm

1956.

Eps t e i n . Ma vo

J. N . Eps t e i n . Mavo L ' Nu s ah Ha -mi s h n a .

Gi n zb e rg . A Comme n t a r y

J e ru s a l e m . 1 9 6 5 .

Lo u i s Gi n zb e r g . A Comme n t a r y o n t h e Pa l e s t i n i an Ta l mu d . 4 vol s .

New Yo rk . 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 6 1 .

S. D . Go i t e i n . A Me d i t e rra ­

Goi t e i n

rea n Soci e t y .

B e rkel ey a n d

Lo s Ang e l e s . 1 9 6 7 . Leopol d Z un z . Di e gott e s d i e n ­

G. V .

st1ichen VortrAge

B e rl i n . 1 8 3 2 .

der

Juden.

Tran s l at e d

i n to Hebrew b y Cha noch Alb� Ha dra shot B·yi s ra e 1 .

Jeru ­

s a le m . 1 9 47 Hadrashot

S e e G . V.

H U C A

Hebrew Un i on Co l l eg e Ann u a l

Ja s t row

Ma rcu s Ja s t row . A Di c t i o n a ry. Re p r i n t e d New Yo rk . 1 9 5 0 .

J Q R

J ewi sh Qu a rt e r l y Re vi ew

Ku t s che r . " Le � on Ha za 1 "

Ez e k i e l Ku t s ch e r ,

" Le X on

Ha z a 1 , " He noch Ya 10n Jubi l e e Vol ume , e d . Sau l Li ebe rman . Jerusal em, 1 9 6 3 . Ku t s ch e r .

"St u d i e s "

E z e k i e l Ku t s ch e r ,

"Studi e s

i n Gal i l ea n Arama i c , " Tarbi z XXI-XXI I I ( 1 9 49 - 1 9 5 2 ) . C i t e d

b y con s ecut i ve pag i n a t i o n i n the o f f pr i n t , J e ru s a l em , 19 5 2 . XIV

Jacob Levy , Nakebra i s ch e s uoc

Levy

Cha l d a i s ch e s Wo rterbu ch. 4 vol s . Le i p zi g , 1 889 . Li ebe rman , To s ephta

Th e To s ephta , e rman .

ed .

3 vo l s .

Saul Li e b­ New Yo rk ,

1 9 5 5-1967. S i f re o r To rat Koha n i m , e d .

Lutski

With an

Lou i s Fi nke l s t e i n .

i n t ro d uction by Fi n ke l s t e i n a n d Mos e s Lut s ki . New Yo rk ,

1 9 56 . Paul Ma a s , Textua l C r i t i c i sm.

Maas

Oxfo r d , Ma rgul i e s ,

" Fragme n t s "

1958.

Mi d r a s h Wa yy ikra Rabba , Mord e ca i Ma rg u l i e s . Jerusalem, 1960 .

ed .

P a r t v.

Fragme n ts

of Lev i t i cus Rabba from the Ca i ro Ge n i za . pp. 1 - 8 6. Ma rg u l i e s ,

I n t roducti on

Mi d ra sh Wa yyi kra Rabba , Mor d e c a i Ma rg u l i e s . J e ru s a l em ,

MGWJ

1960 .

ed .

Pa r t V.

Pp.I X- XL.

Mona t s schr i f t rur G e s chi chte und Wi s s e n s chaft d e s Ju d e n­ t ums .

Pal e s ti n i a n Syri ac Texts

Pa l e s ti ni a n Syriac Text s ,

ed .

Agn e s Smi th Lewi s a n d Ma r g r et Dun lop Gib s o n . REJ

Revue d e s

xv

Lo n do n ,

1 9 00 .

Etu d e s Juive s .

Ro s e n t ha l

A. S.Ro s e n tha l,"Le �o n o t So f e r­ i m , " YlN3 l Shay,A J u bi l e e Vol­

ume d e d i ca t e d to S . Y . Agnon , e d . B . Ku r zwe i l . Rama t Gan , 1 9 5 9 . Ro s e n tha l , An Arama i c Handbook

An Aramai c Handbook, e d . Fra n z Ro s e n th a l .

2 vo l s . Wi e sbaden,

1967. Ros e ntha l , M u s l i m Scho l a r s hip

Fran z Ro s e n thal , The Te ch ­ njque s and App r o a ch e s o f Mu sl im

Scho l a r s hip . S i f r e o r To r a t Koha n i m

Ro me , 194 7 .

Si fre or To rat Koha n i m , e d . Loui s Fi n k e l s t e i n . New Yo r k , 19 56.

Payn e Smi t h

J. Payn e Smi th ,

A Comp e n d ious

S yr i a c D i ct io n a r y . Oxford , 19 0� Soko l o f f

Micha e l Sokolo f f , " Th e Hebrew o f Be r e shi t Rabba

Ac c o r d i n g

to Ms . Va t . Ebr . 3 0 , " Le Xonenu ,

XXX I I I , No.1 ( Oc tob e r , 1 9 6 8 )

2 5 - 4 2 ; Nos.2-3 (Janua ry-Apri l , 1 969 ) l 3 5 - l 4 9 . Ci t e d by con ­

s e cu t i v e pag i n a t i on . T . A.

M i d ra s ch B e r e s c hi t Rabba, Ed . Judah Theodo r a n d Cha no ch Albe ck .

Be rl i n ,

190 3 - 1 9 2 9 .

S e co n d pri n t i n g : Mi d ra sh Be re s h i t Rabba .

3 vol s . , wi th

I n t ro d u c t i o n a n d Regi s t e r s by Ch . Al b e ck

.

J e r u s ale m ,

1 96 5 .

Al l c i t a t i on s r e f e r to the s e co n d pr i n t i n g .

XVI

Theodor,

Judah Th eodor,

" Dr e i unbekan n te

"Drei unbek­

a n n te Paraschas aus Bereschit

P a ra s c ha s "

Rabba , " Fes t s chri f t zum Si e b z i g s t e n Gebu r t s tag e Jakob Gu ttman n s . Y. F.

Le i p zi g , 1 9 1 5 .

Ye ru shal mi Fra gme n t s , e d . Lou i s Gi n zb e rg .

New Yo rk,

1909.

Re g a rd i n g c i tatio n s f rom Va t . 3 0, e a c h fol io of Vat .

30 i s n u mbe r e d i n the upp e r l e f t ha n d corn e r of

s i d e , tha t i s , t h e s i d e to be r e a d f i r s t . n e ve r n u mbe r e d .

the �

The � s i d e i s

Whe n r e f e r ri n g t o the re cto s i d e . a n

a bb re vi a t i on o f fo l i o ( f . ) wi l l pr e c e d e t h e n u mbe r app e a r i n g on

t h e pag e of t h e ma n u s c r i p t .

Fo r the �,

thi s

a bbr e vi a t i on ( f . ) a n d the n u mbe r of the pa ge wi l l be f o l l o � by a l owe r c a s e

f.

3 and f .

4v.

" v. "

Exampl e s :

thi s wo rd wi l l b e fou n d on

Wh e re ve r po s s ibl e , l i n e n u mbe r s are i n clud e c

wi th th e re fer e n c e to Vat . 3 0 a n d a l so t o T.A.

XVII

CHAP TER I A REVIEW OF THE SECONDARY LITERATURE ON VAT . 3 0 Th e f i r s t r e corded men t i on of Vat . 3 0 i s foun d i n the cata l og u e o f H ebrew and Sama r i tan man u s cripts i n the Vat i can Libra ry , comp i l e d by the As s emani Broth e r s a n d publ i sh e d i n Rome i n 1 7 56 . n'I:7�:':1

'so

?li

"' ,-; ;:

The man u s cri pt i s labe l ed

MEDRASC AL SEPHER B ERESCITH ,

Expo s i ti o a l l eqo r i ca i n Li brum Gen e s i s , " a n d dated i n the th i r te e n th c e n tury .

l

Appa r e n t l y t h e Assema n i Broth e r s

di d not know that thi s ccdex con t a i n e d t h e mi dra sh Be r e shi t Rabba ; had they k n own , we may a s sume that the y wou l d have i d en ti f i e d it prope r l y , a s th ey did in the ca s e of anoth e r cod ex of this mi dra s h , Vat . 6 0 .

2

Thi s error i s probably

re spon s ibl e for the r e l a tive n eg l eet of Vat . 3 0 unti l the c l o s e o f the l a s t cen t u ry .

It i s c e rta i n l y the source o f

L eopol d Zun z's i n correct r e f e rence to Vat . 3 0 i n hi s pion e e r stu dy o f t h e Jewi sh sermon , Di e qott e s d i en s t l i chen Vortraqe der Juden .

Zun z i n cl u d e s a

.•

n'WN':l

?ji

w" a

l st ephan u s Evod i u s As serna n u s a n d Jo s eph S imon i u s As s ernan u s , Bibl i othecae Apostol i ca e Vat i ca n a e ( Rome , MDCCLVI , repri n t e d P a ri s , 1 9 2 6 ) , P a rt i s P rima e , Tomus P rimu s , Codi c e s Ebra i co s et Sama r i ta n o s , p . 2 3 . 2

Vat • 60 i s i d en ti fi e d a s "[1:1, n'I:7K':l RABBA Glos s a Maqn a" ( As s eman i , p . 46).

BERESC ITH

( C od . Va t i c .

30)" in a l i s t of anonymo u s mi d ra s h i c work s

f r om t he thi r t e e n th t hroug h f ift e e n th c e n t u ri e s .

3

H e mu s t

ha v e r eli e d on the As s ema n i d e s c r i p t i on wi thout a c tua l l y s e e ing th e o ri g i n a l . Va t .

4

30 w as corr ec t l y i d en t i fi e d i n the l a s t d e cade

o f th e n i n e t e enth c e n t u ry b y Dr. l�raham ( Adol f ) B e rl i n e r . B e r l i n e r , a s cho la r who wrot e ext en s i ve ly o n I ta l i a n J ewry , pe r s on a l l y exami n e d col l e c ti on s of Hebrew man u s cri p t s i n Ita l ian l ibrari e s .

He r e cog n i z e d tha t cod ex Va t . 30 con ­

t ai n e d th e t ext of B er e shi t Rabba a n d tho u gh t tha t i t a l so con t a i n e d a dat e d co py of Torat Kohan im f r om A . D . 1 0 7 3 ; h e t oo k th i s a s the da t e of the B e r e shi t Rabba t ext a s we l l . B er l i n e r c ommu n i ca t e d hi s i n fo rma ti o n t o Judah The odor , who wa s th en preparing the g round work o f a s ci e n t i f i c e d i ti o n o f B e re shi t Rabba .

In 1 8 9 3 , The odo r a cknowl e dg e d

B e r l i n e r ' s con t r i buti on i n a n arti c l e d e s cribing a l l the ma n u s c r i pt mate r i a l to b e u s e d i n the pro je ct e d e d i t ion . H e a l s o a c c e p t e d B e r l i n e r ' s da t i n g .

5

Much l a t e r Th e o do r

3

Le opo l d Zun z , Di e gotte s di e n s t l i ch e n Vort r age de r Jud e n (Be r l in , 1 83 2 ) , p . 3 0 6 , n o t e A; Hebrew tran s l at i on by Ch . Al b e ck , Hadra shot B ' yi s ra e l (Je r u s a l em, 1947), p. 448 , n o t e 2 . 4

Th e f a ct that Zun z pre s e n t e d a d e ta i l e d r econ s t ruc t i o n o f the l a s t chapt e r s of B e r e shit Rabba i n G . V . a l so i nd i ca t e s t hat h e n ev e r actua l l y saw Va t . 30. Had h e s e e n i t h e wo ul d have r e a l i z e d t h a t i t con ta i n s the "orig i n a l " l a s t chapt e r s , as Th e o dor wa s to p rove l a t e r . Se e no te 12 be l ow . For Zun z ' s re con s truct i on s e e G . V . , p. 2 5 4 f f . a n d n o te s ; Hadra shot , pp . 1 2 3- 1 2 4 and n � 5

J . Th eodo r , "Der Mid ra s ch B e r e s chi t Rabba , " M GWJ , XXXV I I ( 1 89 3) , 170, n o t e 4.

2

d i s cov e r e d th at the t ext of Torat Kohanlm

b e l on g e d to an -

oth e r codex , Va t . 3 1 , a n d cou l d shed n o l i ght on the d a t e o f Va t . 3 0 .

6

Th e n ext s tag e in the deve l opmen t o f s chol arly i n t e r e s t i n Vat . 3 0 i s d i r e ctl y related t Q the s ci en ti f i c e d i tion o f B e r e shi t Rabba , begun by The odo r a n d comp l e t e d a f t e r hi s d e a th b y Cha n och A11:e ck .

7

Th eodor cho s e f o r

t h e ba s i s o f h i s e di t i on , th e Lon don manu s cript , Add . 2 7 1 6 9 . In the art i cl e p r ev i ou s l y men t i on e d , Th eodor j u s t i fi e d t h e cho i c e o f th e Lon don man u s cri pt f rom among the e i g h t or n i n e oth e r s ava i l abl e t o him .

He a rg u e d tha t th e Lon don

ma n u s cri pt r epre s e n t e d the e a r l i e s t extan t form of B e r e shit 6 J • The odor , "Drei u n bekan n t e P arasch a s a u s B e r e s chi t Rabba , " F e s t s chri f t zum s i ebz i q s t e n Gebu r t s t age Jakob On Vat . 3 1 , Gu ttman n s (L e i p z i g , 1 9 1 5 ) , p . 1 48 , n o t e 1 . s e e As s eman i , pp . 2 3- 2 4; a n d Humbe r tu s Ca s s u to , Bybl i oth ecae Apo stol i c a e Vat i can a e ( Va t i can , 1 9 56 ) , Codi c e s Va t i can i H ebra i ci , pp . 3 8 f f . 7 Mi dra s ch B ere s ch i t Rabba , e d . J . Theodor a n d Ch, A1 beck ( Be r l i n , 1 9 0 3- 1 9 2 9 ) ; Ch . A1be ck , Ein l e i tung und Thi s R egi s t e r zum B e r e s chi t Rabba ( B er l i n , 1 9 31 - 1 9 3 6 ) . s c i e n t i f i c e di t i on wa s publ i shed i n fa sci cl e s by Theodor , a n d a f t e r h i s d e a th i n 1 9 2 3 , by Al beck . The f a s c i c l e s appeared i n 1 9 0 3 , 1 9 0 4 , 1 9 0 6 , 1 9 08 , 1 9 0 9 , 1 9 1 2 , 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 1 4 , 1 9 1 6 , 1 9 2 1 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 2 7 , 1 9 2 8 and 1 9 2 9 . Chapters 1 - 6 4 we r e prepared b y Theodo r a l on e ; Chapte r s 6 5 - 8 6 wer e prima r i l y t h e work o f Theodo r suppl emen t e d b y some add i t i o n a l n o t e s b y A1beck; Chapte r s 8 7 to t h e end a r e e n t i r e l y A1b e ck ' s work . Both th e text o f the mi dra sh wi th appara t u s a n d commen tary an d A1beck ' s In trodu ction have be e n repri n t e d an d boun d tog e th e r i n th r e e vol ume s by Wahrman n Book s ( Je ru s a l em, I have u s ed the Wahrma n n " s e cond pri n ti n g " for thi s 1965 ) . pape r . On th e deta i l s o f A1beck ' s con t r i bu t i on t o the , l a t t e r part of the e di ti on , s e e A1beck ' s comme n t E1 HaKore , appe a r i n g on an u n n umbe r e d pag e precedi n g ---T . A . , Vol . II , p . 479 .

3

Rabba , a n d tha t i t wa s s imi l a r to the P a l e s t i n i an Ta lmud i n styl e , di c t i on a n d sp e l l i n g .

In a d d i t i o n , th e Lon don

ma n u s cript a g r e e d i n ov e r th r e e hu n d r e d cas e s with re a di n g s f rom th e Aru ch , the r e by t e s t i fy i n g t o the a n t iqu i ty o f the man u s cript a n d i t s importan ce .

8

In 1 9 0 3, t e n ye a r s a f t e r Th eodor had publ i sh e d the ba ckg rou n d ma t e ri a l on the Lon don man u s cri p t , the f i r s t f a s c i c l e o f h i s e d i tion o f Be r e shi t con t a i n e d the text o f Be r e s hit

Rabba a pp e a re d .

It

Rabba a ccordi n g to the

Lon d on ma n u s cr i p t with v a r i a n t r e.a d man u s cript s , me d i eval compen d i a , l ex i cons a n d u n publ i sh e d comme n tari e s .

9

I n addi t i o n , Theodor prepa r e d h i s own

8 A l l th e f a ctors r e g a rdi n g the choi c e of the London ma n u s cript are f ou n d in Th e odor ' s a rt i cl e , "Der Hi dra s ch Ber esch i t Rabba , " MGWJ , XXXVI I ( 1 89 3 ) , pp . 1 6 9 - 1 7 3 , 2 06- 2 1 3 , 4 5 2 - 4 5 8 ; XXXV I I I ( 1 89 4 ) , pp . 9 - 2 6 , 43 6 - 4 4 0 ; XXXI X ( 1 8 9 5 ) , pp . 1 0 6- 1 1 0 , 2 41 - 2 4 7 , 2 89 - 2 9 5, 3 3 7 - 3 4 3 , 3 8 5 - 3 9 0 , 4 3 3 - 4 4 1 , 481 -49 1 . Sp e c i f i c a l l y , he comme n t s on th e Lon d on man u s cript I "Wa s d ie H S . n o ch be d e u t s ame r ma ch t , ihr e i n en b e s on d e rn Cha ract e r ve r l e i h t u n d g ewi s s auch di e wi ch t i g s ten Momen t e zu r Beurth e i l u ng ihre s Al t e r s wi e d e r t r e u en Wi e dergabe i h r e r Qu e l l e darbi e t e t -- i s t , da ss i n ihr d e r M i dra s ch , d e r j a an e rk an n t errna s s en e i n e parA s t i n e n s i s ch e Ag ada u n d d em jer . Talmu d so n ah v erwa n d t i s t , a u ch in forrnal e r B e z i ehung, d u rch Di cti on u n d Orthog raph i e da s GeprAg e d e s j . T . erh�lt, vi e l mehr a l s d i e Au sg aben u n d andere H S S . ea e rkenn e n l as s en " (MGWJ , XXXVI I , 1 7 3 ) . The f a c t tha t t h e Lon d on man u s cript ag r e e s wi th the Aru ch in so man y i n s tan c e s sugg e s t s tha t th e man u s cript wa s wri t t e n p r evi ou s to the e l even th c en t u ry . Evi den ce for da t i n g the Lon don manu ­ scri pt before th e y e a r 1 0 00 A . D . i s fou n d in the a r t i cl e j u s t quot ed , p . 1 7 2 , n ote 6, i n T . A . , p . 780 , e n d o f n ot e 1 ; and i n Alb e ck , In t ro du ct i o n , p . 1 0 5 . 9 For a survey of the man u s c r ipt ma t e r i a l , s e e The o dor , " Der Mid ra s ch B e re s chi t Rabba , " MGWJ, XXXVII ( 1 89 3 ) , 169 173, and Albeck , I n t ro ductIOn , pp . 1 04 - 1 3 8 . For the oth e r l i t erature , s e e the previou s n o t e -

•

4

commen t a ry ,

tuti

t h e Mi nha t Yehu dah ,

i n wh i ch he

deals

with t e x-

problems and refers to the contemporary scientific

l i t e ra ture i n

th e

a n d geo graphy.

c i tation s f rom

f i e l ds

Th e

sem i t i c s,

of

pa t r i s t i cs ,

ar ch e o l o g y

c o mm e n t a ry also includes extensive

paral lels to

t he passages

u n de r di s cu s s i on .

lO

Both t ext a n d comme n ta ry were greeted with a c c l a i m wh e n the y f i r s t appeared, and upon co mp l e t i o n on e r ev i e wer wrote:

"Die Ausgabe

mit Recht als Ehr e n sa che

o f th e

e n t i re work

des Bereschit Rabba gi l t

der Ju d is ch e n

Wissenschaft."l l

I n 1915, a ft e r t h e appeara n ce o f a n umbe r of Theodor p ubl i sh e d an

au s

"Dre i

B e res ch i t Rabba," con tain i n g

from Vat. 30.

the

a r t i cl e ,

12

mid.rash.

con ta i n ed ma t e ri al 13

the

Bereshit

t e xt

of Chapters 95-97

Rabba

in

t he printed

whi ch was n ot o ri g i n al

Chapters 95-97 of Vat. 30,

to this

Theodor

ju s t i -

to h a v e foun d t h e o rig i n a l B e r e s htt

Rabba

In

fiably

cl a i m e d

text I

"Die drei Paraschas in V 10

unbekan n t e P a ra s cha s

Zun z a n d others h a d a l re a dy a rg ued th a t

co n cl u d i n g chapte r s of

e di t i on s

f a s c i c l e s.

[Yat.

3Ql

zeigen

in

ihrer

Fo r a pa r t i a l l i s t of the ext en s i v e l i t e r a tu r e s e e t h e B i bl io graph i ca l Not e .

Theodor u t i l iz e d , l

I Bernhard Heller, "Th eodor - Alb e ck s B e r e s chi t Rabba," MGWJ , LXX I (1927), 471. For a complete r e v i ew of T . A . , see Hel l e r's remarks on pp. 466-472 of t h e s ame a r t i c l e and in his c o ncl ud i n g rev i ew "Der Abs chlu s s von Theodor-Albeck s Beresch i t Rabba," MGWJ , LXXV I I I (1934), 609-615. Wh e n the fi r s t f a sci cl e o f the e d i ti on appeared in 1903, i t was r e ­ viewed b y W i lhe l m Bacher, Revue des Etudes Jui v e s , XLVI (1903),

12

301-310.

Theodor, "Drei unbekannte Paraschas," Fes t sch r i f t s i eb z i q s t e n Gebu r ts tage Ja cob Gu t tman s ( Leipzi g , 1915).

ZI.ll1

13see note 4 above and especially Albed

' I.n l l K ,

fi nn

y"D.

Some exampl e s of a l t e r n a t e readi n g s : a)

On

b)

On f . 5v to 1 " 0 1:) 1.:) , i n the m a r 9i n , 1 " 1 0 0 ' 0 K " J , S e e T . A . , p . 3 4 n o t e a n d va rian t s to l i n e 6 . Va t . �i s i n corre c t l y c i t e d i n the va r i an t r e a d i n g s whe re th e ma r g i n a l n o t e i s quot e d rath e r t h a n the bo d y o f t h e man u s cript .

c)

On f . 1 3 2v to the word ' n Y 1 J W , in the marg i n , l n y K J W K il l . S e e T . A . , p. 882 , n ot e a n d

f . 3 to O � ' � K , i n the ma rg in s , O � � ' K K i l l . S e e T . A . , p . 2 7 , n ot e a n d va r i a n t s to l i n e 5 .

22

vari ants to l i n e 1 . The readi n g s u pport e d by Vat . 6 0 . d)

3.

is

On f. • 1 6 8v to ;' :1 It W , i n the ma rgi n , ;" y w It " J . See T .A . , p . 1 1 36 , 1 and vari an t s , a n d Ku t s ch e r, " S t u di e s , " 1 0 .

Some exampl e s of cor r e cti o n s fo und i n th e marg i n s : a)

On f . 7 to the la s t two words of the s a yi n g , pJ P 7 ::J ;-" ;-' T ' � lJ " , i s fou n d i n th e ma rgin p ' J ' 7 " ;-" . S e e T . A . , p . 3 9 , n o t e s and vari ants to l i n e 2 . ---•

4.

' n Y ' :1 W

•

b)

On f . 1 7 , th e word s ;" ' J ;, , :1 127 ' a r e a d d e d i n the ma rg i n ; a c i r c l e i n t h e body o f t h e text i n d i c at e s tha t th e s e words we r e d e l e t e d by mi stak e . S e e �, p. 1 9 2 , 5 .

c)

Simi l a r l y , on f . 1 8 , the words " Y :1 7 ' 1t :1 7 ;' 127 are added in the ma rg i n ; a ci rcl e i n the body of the t ext i n d i cat e s tha t th ey were d e l e t e d b y mi sta k e . S e e T . A . , p . 1 9 7 , 3 a n d variants .

An exa�p l e of addi ti on s to Va t . 30 foun d on l y i n l a t e r man u s cr i pt s : o n f . 1 70 , i n t h e ma rg i n , the words , ' n lt l.:) W ' !) H 7 an d p n lt " l J , p ' p ' " ' J W , whi c h occur o n l y i n the Pari s a n d Mu n i ch man u ­ s cripts . See T .A p . 1 1 4 3 . va r iants to l i n e s 5 a n d 6 , a n d n�to l in e 5 . • •

23

CHAP TER I I I THE S CR I BE S OF VAT .

30

F e a tu r e s Common to a l l Scribe s Work ing on the Man u s cript B e fore d e a l i n g wi th the qu e s ti o n o f the numb e r o f 3 0 a n d the di f f e ren c e s b e twe e n

s cr i be s wo rk i n g o n Vat .

them ,

a f ew word s a r e i n order r e g a rdi n g f e a t u r e s common to the man u s cr i pt a s a wh ol e . of wa s

them

Whatever

th e n umbe r of scribe s , a l l

wro t e i n "ori en tal squ a re s cript . "

common

to

Th i s script

the Near Ea s t an d is r emarkably s imi l a r

l a t e r Ashk en a zi c squa r e script . the r e a s on f o r

l

Theodor ' s

to

The s i mi l a r i ty i s probably

con j ectu r e tha t

wri t t e n in " a l t e d e u t s ch e Quadra s chri f t . ,,

Va t .

30 wa s

2

Con s i d erabl e s tudy ha s be e n d evot e d to "ori e n t a l squ a r e script , " b u t be ca u s e it wa s i n u s e f o r many c e n tu r i e s an d th roughout the e n t i r e Medi t e r r a n e a n a r e a , the few dated man u s cripts o f f er l i t t l e aid i n e s tabl i sh i n g pr e ci s e l y the I

Albeck .

I n t rodu c t i on , p. 7 ; Ca s suto ,

p.

37 .

2 The o dor , " Dr e i unbekan n t e P a r a s cha s , " 1 49 , n o t e 1 . A good exampl e of Ashk en a z i c squ a r e s cript i s con ta i n ed i n the Erfurt ms . o f the Tos e pht a . S e e Tos ephta , Z e ra im , e d t Sa'1 1 Li ebe rma n ( New Yo rk , 1 9 5 5 ) , I n trod u ct i on , p . 9 .

24

a g e or prov e n a n c e of Vat . 3 0 .

3

Ho wever , Va t .

30 doe s con -

t a i n some vocal i z e d wo rds wh ich might sugg e s t a c l u e to or i g i n .

word w i th supra l i n e a r poi n t i n g ,

A

o n f . 1 09v .

..

"

? P ? P , i s f ou n d

Th e vowel s appear t o b e l ong t o the s cribe who

wro t e thi s fol i o .

Th i s vocal i za t i on r e s embl e s tha t fou n d

i n th e facs imi l e e d i t i o n o f Va t . 6 6 , publ i she d b y Dr . Finke l s t e i n ; i t cou l d i n d i ca te B abyl on i an orig i n .

On the

oth e r han d , the s e ction o f the man u s c r i pt in whi ch the word i s found con t a i n s some o f the be s t read i n g s of P a l e s t i n i a n Aram a i c .

O f cours e ,

i t i s n ot i n co n c e i vab l e th at a P a l e s -

t i n i an documen t o f s uch importan ce a s Ber e sh i t Rabba wou l d fi n d i t s wa y t o B abyl o n i a a n d be r ep roduced the r e . 3

An o th e r

For e xamp l e , s ee the comm e n t s of Mos e s Lut s k i on the s cr ibal f e a tu r e s of Vat . 6 6 , S if ra o r Torat Koh a n i m , publ i sh e d i n f a c s i mi l e e di t ion wi th a Hebrew i n t rodu cti on by Lou i s Fi nk e l s tei n ( New York , 1 9 5 6 ) , I n t roduction , Lu t s k i l i s t s man u s cripts of b i bl i ca l t e xt s pp. 70 - 7 7 . f rom the t e n th through twe l f th c e n t u r i e s o f whi ch fac­ simi l e s have been publ i she d . Howeve r , i t is di f f i cu l t to compar e ou r ow n man u s c ri p t w i th them be cau s e s cribal te ch­ n iqu e s we re mor e formal i ze d in r e g a r d to Bibl i ca l ma t e r i al tha n wi th midra s h ic te xts . Thi s fact i s also men t i o n e d by Lut s k i ( p . 72) ; n everth e l e s s , u s i n g cri t e r i a f rom the Bibl i cal man u s cri pt s , he dat e s Vat . 66 i n the t e n th c e n t u ry . Ca s su t o ha.d dat e d i t in the s even th ( s e e Ca s suto , pp . 95-99 ) . Oth er man us cripts an d Gen i za f ragmen t s with pa l eo ­ g raph ical f e a tu r e s simi l a r to Va t . 30 have al so b e e n a s si gn e d t o t h e ten th and e l even th c e n t u ri e s , bu t the i r dati n g al so r e s t s o n l i tt l e convi n c i n g evi de n ce . S e e the p a l imp s e s t s from the Cai ro Gen i za publ i sh e d in P a l e s t i n ian Syri a c Text s , e d . Agn e s Smi th L ewi s a n d Margr e t Dun lop Gibson ( London , 1 9 00 ) , P l a t e I I , Fragmen t I I a n d P l a t e I I I , Fragme n t I I I . Al l that can be s a i d i s tha t the e l even th cen tury is n ot a n improbabl e dat e for the o rig i n of Va t . 3 0 .

25

p o s s i bi l i ty ,

h owe v e r ,

an

a r e a i n habi t e d b y

in

the

Babyl o n i an

r e s ided .

As

far

l a t e r a rg u e ,

Al l Th i s

is

and

lines

s i on

out

l ine and

Mi dd l e Ag e s .

4

30

of

the the

lined;

d ownward

a

o f Va t .

B e ca u s e

S e e my co�� e n t s

common the

at

typ e

th e

th e

o rd e r l y p a t t e rn As

the

wi l l

4

ra ther o f pu n c -

a n d l e ft h a n d ma r g i n

adds

the p a r t o f

pen

as I

p r e v i ou s l y

i n s t rume n t wa s

to

30 ;

to d e t e r -

we r e p r o f e s s i on al s .

right

a

in

t ra i n e d

u n l ik e l y 1 0 ca t i on .

a n d th i s

c a l amu s ,

s cr i b e s

impo s s i b l e

t ext .

n e a tn e s s o n

p ro d u c e d

a l so m i g h t have

l a yout o f e a ch pag e ,

t yp e o f wri t i n g

S u ch p e n s w e r e

5

is

i s n o t an

of V a t .

n ea t n e s s

the ma n u s c r i pt ,

reed .

wh e r e

impr e s s e d i n to t h e p archme n t .

o f p r e C i s i on s ame

it

orig i n

to m a rg i n s ,

each f o l i o i s

f rom t h e

The

tell ,

Eg ypt

f rom t h e

th e

are also

wri t t e n

can

s cr i b e s

u n i form adh e r e n ce

mention e d ,

I

g eog r a ph i c a l

the

e vi d e n t

tuation ,

P a l e s ti n i an s , bu t

howe ve r ,

of

t ha t th e ma nu s cr i pt w a s

Ta lmu d a n d voc a l i za ti on as

th e p r e c i s e

mine

is

made Ne a r

t o the

Ea s t

are

impr e s -

e a ch s cr i b e . u s e d throu g h -

f rom a

of wr i t i n g

con c l u s i on

Lett e r s

hol l ow

during

th e

i n s t r um e n t wa s

o f Chapter

IV.

5

Li e b e rma n , To s e ph t a , I n t r o d u c t i o n , p . 1 0 ; Lu t sk i , i n i n t rodu c t i o n t o S i fra o r Tor a t Kohan i m , p . 7 4 . For the u s e o f the c a l amu s by Mu s l im s c ho l a r s , s e e Fr a n z Ros e n t ha l , Th e T e chn iqu e s and Approa ch e s o f Mu s l im Scho l a r ­ s h i p ( Rome , 1 9 4 7 ) , p . 1 3 : "The c a l amu s shou l d n o t be v e ry t o ug h , s i n ce th i s wou l d imp a r e i t s wri ti n g s p e e d , n o r the

sho u l d i t be t oo s o ft , s i n ce th i s wou l d cau s e i t to we a r away too q u i ck l y • • • i f you wa n t you r h a n dwr i ti n g to improv e , l e n g then the pa r t of th e ca l amu s whi ch i s cu t a way to s ha p e t h e pen ( ji l fah ) a n d mak e i t thi ck , a n d n i b t h e poi n t obl i q u e l y a n d to th e r i g h t . "

26

the s ame ,

the

s h a p e o f the

the

lin e

pen ,

b e c om e s

prog r e s s iv e l y

s p i t e of

s imilariti e s

i mp o r t a n t

manuscript .

a r i ti e s

of

f r om wh i ch

th e

ind ividual

N'lmbe r

th e

wrote Vat .

30 .

of

However, he d i d n o t

t o s u p p o rt

th i s

contact with t h e cons i dera tion.

t r a c e d to

can be

s cribe s

of

S c ri b e s

and

to

He

of the p e cu l i -

the

exemp l ars

go

i n t o a n y d e ta i l

a s s e r t i on .

t ha t mo r e t han o n e

Chart

wer e thr e e

man u s cript .

Neverthe l ess, m y own

ha s

n umbe r of

I.

C as s u to , p . 3 7 .

27

f i r s t-hand

mu s t be g i v e n

e xa mi na t i on

l ed me

7

or produ c e ev i de n c e

Be cau s e Ca s su t o had

ma n u s c r i p t , hi s v i ew

r e g a r d i n g the

30

su g g e s te d t hat there

each wro t e .

7

the

i n Vat .

first to rea l i ze

Xerox copy in my possession

see

t rai n i n g

scr i b al

s c r i pt ,

who w or k ed o n dif f er e n t sections o f the

6

the

t h e y c op i e d .

C a s suto was

e l u s i on

30,

thi ck e r t o¥a rd the l e f t e n d .

d i f fe r e nces exist between p a rts

Th e se di f f e re n c e s

Th e

scr i b e

the l i n e s

f o rm of

th e ayi n c o n s i s t s of a curv i n g d own - s t ro k e i n wh i c h

of

In and

the

and

For example, i n a l l ca s e s i n V a t .

a r e a l s o s imi l a r . ba s e

l e t te r s

to

of

s e r i ou s the

a differe n t con -

s c r i b e s a nd the sections

6

The t e s t I have appl i e d con s i s t s of two pa rt s :

a

compari s on of i n d iv i d u a l l e tt e r s a n d g roups of words from r e pr e s e n tative f o l i o s , a n d a compa ri s o n o f other s cr i ba l cha ra ct e ri s t i c s .

8

Th e re s u l t s o f t h i s t e s t a r e pres e n t e d

h e re a n d the de t a i l s w i l l fol l ow i n t h e n ext s e ct i on .

It

s eems t o m e that there a r e a t l ea s t four a n d po s s i bl y six main s cribe s i n Vat . 3 0 . 1-

Scribe

A,

f f . 2 - 9v .

2.

S cr i b e

B,

ff .

3.

S cr i b e e , f f . 8 1 v , l i n e 6 ' 7 ' ;'1

4.

Scribe D, f f . 1 41 - 1 4 5v ; pl u s the fol l owi n g :

l O- 81v ,

line 6

;'1 !) � 1U 7 y . DIn

- 1 40v .

f . l O 7v , l i n e 1 3 to the e n d of the pa g e , f.

1 2 1 v , l i n e 1 , l a s t word to l i n e 7 an d l in e 1 4 , thi r d word to l i n e 1 7 .

f . 1 2 8v , l in e 5 to the e n d o f the pag e . Two other h a n d s a r e i nvol v e d in

s i mi l a r to Scribe

A,

th e man uscript whi ch a re

bu t n o t i d e n t i ca l to him .

5.

Scribe A 2 , f f . 1 46 - 1 8 5v .

6.

Scribe A 3 , f f . 1 8 6 to the e n d o f the ma n u s cript . Di s t i ngui s hi n g F e a tu r e s P ecul i a r to Each Scribe or Group of Scri b e s

P a l e ograph i ca l di s t i n c t i on s . --Th i s s e ction t r e a t s tho s e pa l eog ra ph i cal f e ature s whi ch a r e common to s ome 8

For a d e t a i l e d t r e a tmen t of s im i l a r f e a tu re s i n th e Dead S e a Scrol l s , s e e Mal achi Mart i n , S . J . , The Scribal Charact e r of th e De ad S e a Scrol l s ( Louvai n , 1 9 5 8 ) , e speci a l l y hi s chapt e r d ea l i n g wi th me thodol og y . 28

s cribe s

a n � d i s t i ngu i sh them f rom othe rs .

It i s ba s e d on

a n a n a lys i s o f c e rt a i n l e tt e r s , word s , a n d g roups o f wo rds as

wel l

a s on other ext e rn al ph e n om e n a such a s ma rg i n s ,

i n de n t a ti on s , s pa c i n g a n d pu n ctuation , a n d fa s c i cl e o r n a m e n t a t i on .

The de s cr i p t i on o f l e t t e rs a n d othe r d e ta i l s

pre s e n t ed h e r e i s r e l at e d

to

Chart

I,

wh i ch con t a i n s a

t yp i c a l a l phabe t of e a ch s cribe , a n d to

Cha rt I I , wh i ch

r e p r e s e n t s s e l e c t io n s from e ach scribe ' s work brought tog e th er f or purpo s e s

A3

I

0

f compa r1· son .

A2

D

�

Jo4

c

9

B

A

Al l the s cribes exce pt B con s truct thi s l e t t e r u su a l l y in three s trok e s

I

a v e r t i cal l e ft l i n e , a s l a n t -

i n g c e n t e r l i n e , an d a r i g h t a rm .

The cen t e r l i n e touch e s

the l e f t l i n e s l i ghtly b e l ow the top of the l e f t l i n e .

The

s cribes can b e di s t i n gu i sh e d f rom on e a n o th e r by the pos i t i on o f the foot o f the l eft l i n e an d b y the con s t ru ct i on a n d pos i t ion o f the right a rm .

I n A a n d C , the foot i s

f ou n d ext e n di n g l e f twa r d from I:h e ba s e of the l e f t l i n e ; 9

I t i s impo r t a n t to n o t e at th e o ut s e t tha t s cr i b e s a r e not con s i st e n t in the i r wri t i n g ; there i s con s i d e rabl e v a r i a t i on in the mc ny app e a ra n c e s of a pa r t i cu l a r l e t t e r o r word wri tt en b y t h e s am e ma n . Th i s v a r i a t i on i s t a k e n i n to accoun t i n the pre s e n t di s cu s s i on . Th e mat e r i a l pre s en t e d h e r e do e s not c l a im to b e exhau s tive ; i t i s hoped that the s ampling wi l l prov i d e suffi ci e n t evi d e n c e f o r the di f f e r e n t i ation of s crib e s i n Vat . 3 0 .

29

i n D an d

A2 ,

or d i r e c t l y un d e r i t ; i n

to th e l ef t , right ,

A3 , t h e foot e i th e r ext e n d s l e f tward or a pp e a r s a s an g l e .

The

r i ght

a rm

th e

th i n l i n e f rom i t s l ow e r corn e r

a

mi d d l e of the c e n te r l i n e ;

a t t a c hed from th e mi d d l e o f a n d n o t f r om th e l owe r

tri­

i n A , A 2 , a n d A3 l ook s l i k e a t i l t e d

squ a r e ; i t i s a t t a ch e d by

to

a

is

l e ft s i d e to the ce n t e r l i n e ,

its

c or n e r ;

in C , the sq u a r e

i n D , the r i g h t a rm ma y

a pp e a r me r e l y a s a s t r a i ght or s l i g h t l y curved l i n e or even as a t e a rd rop ,

and is a t t a ched a n ywh e re on the l owe r hal f

the c e n t e r l in e .

of

The a l e f in B i s qui t e

d i f f e re n t

in

that i t i s made

Th e p e n i s not l i f t e d a t the top o f the

1n t wo s t roke s .

bro a d c e n t e r l i n e , a n d the vert i ca l l e f t l i n e con ti n u e s f rom th e r e .

In

a dd i t i on ,

a pp e a r s a s a squ a r e

pl a c e d

th e l e ft l i n e has a foot whi ch to the r i ght o f th i s l i n e . Gi m e l

A3

A2

J

�

c

D

A

B

The 9ime l i s ve ry s imi l a r i n A, C , A2 , a n d A3 . be g i n s with a pron o u n ced squ a r e

head,

whi ch th e ve r t i ca l l i n e de s c e n ds . the to

l owe r h a l f of the

l eft.

The

s l ightly foo t

tilted ,

It from

i s a t t a ch e d to

t h e verti cal l i n e a n d ext ends down a n d

Howev e r ,

it

doe s n ot d e s c e n d

an y

l ower tha n

t h e v e r t i ca l l i n e , bu t c o n t i n u e s l e f tward so tha t the

f o l l ow in g l e tte r ofte n i s

su sp e n d e d

30

above or touch i n g i t .

In the abbrevi a t i on ,

' l l l ,

the bottom of the s e co n d � In B ,

touche s the l e f t t i p of the foot .

t h e head of th e

gimel is l e s s pron o u n c e d a n d the foot beg i n s l ow e r on th e v e r t i c a l l i n e than in the othe r s c r i be s .

Th e

gime l i n 0

of t e n h a s n o h e a d a t a l l a n d the foot may b e g i n anywh e r e from the mi ddl e to the ba s e o f t h e ve rti ca l l i n e .

The l e ft

t i p of the foot i s a lmo s t a lways conn e cted to th e fol l owin g

( l i g a tu r e ) : in addi tion , the l e ngth of the foot va r i e s

l e tter

I f the fol lowi n g l e t t e r i s a � , the foot

con s i d e rabl y .

o f the gim e l m a y touch i t s ba s e or con t i n u e beyon d i t .

o

A2

A3

.£)1

,!j

B

A

�

Scribe s A , C , A2 , a n d ma nn e r .

c

A3

mak e thi s l e tter in th e s ame

The y b e g i n wi th th e cen ter a rm . the n u s u a l l y con ­

t i n u e to the roof without l i fti n g the pen , mak i n g a rou n d ed t op l e f t corn e r .

Howeve r , A occa s i on al l y l i ft s the p e n

a f t e r the a rm i s made , s t rok e ,

so that the roof be g i n s wi th a s e cond

and the top l e ft corn e r h a s a poi n t .

C make s th i s

s e con d s troke mor e oft e n tha n A , a n d A 3 a lways ha s i t .

In

the s e four s cribes the ba s e o f the � t i l t s down an d ext e n ds to the l eft f a r beyon d the l e ft edg e o f the roof . � i s ve ry compac t .

B , the

The top l e ft corn e r i s n ever roun d e d

a n d ha s a po i n t o n the top . ward i n the middl e .

In

Th e roof curv e s s l i gh t l y down ­

The upp e r right corn e r i s squ a r e .

31

r ema i n s hor i zon t a l rath e r than t i l t i n g

The b a s e

downwa rd ,

a n d ext e n ds on l y min u t e l y beyond the l ef t e dg e of the roof . I n 0 , the � i s a lmo st t r i a n gu l a r ;

i t has

the back s l a n t s downward t o th e r i ght .

a

short roo f

Th e ba s e

an d

i s h or i ­

zon t a l .

In A.

the

t'

roof

i s h o r i zon t a l wi th

po i n t a t the l e f t ti p .

all

the

a re t h i ck e r

i n the cent e r . in C

the

usually s am e

i s mad e wi th t h e

line s

a

s l ight upwa rd

The ve r t i cal l i n e beg i n s to the

of thi s poi n t a n d

th e �

A

B

r

T'

right

c

o

A2

A3

and

tou che s the roo f .

In B ,

ba s i c s t rok e s a s i n A ,

bu t

th e roof i s s l i ght ly cu rv e d

C , A2 , a n d A 3 are

s imi l a r

to A exc e pt that

roof is qui t e curved a t the c en t e r .

The

roof

is

a l s o very curv e d in 0 , an d the bot tom of the v e rt i ca l l i n e i n thi s s cribe s ome time s swi n g s to the

A3

A2

V

V In

o

C

th e

r i ght

o r s l i ght l y t i l t e d ba s e .

B

."

�

a l l s c r i b e s the s i n

I n A , C , A2 a n d A3 ,

l eft .

The

is

b e l ow

compo s e d o f thre e l i n e s .

a rm

cu rv e s i n t o a hor i zon t a l

l e f t a rm ,

32

the

�.

W

whi ch l ook s l ik e

a � , i s a t t a ch e d to the l ef t t i p o f the t ime s exte n d s s l i ghtly

A

ba s e

ba s e .

so that a

It s ome ­ sma l l

poi n t

appe a r s .

The mid d l e a rm j oi n s the l ef t a rm j u st a bov e the

l e ft corn e r , n e ar the ba s e . the l e f t a rm f o rm almo s t a

In "V . "

B,

the s l a n t e d ba s e

an d

Th e middl e a rm is u s u a l l y

attach e d to th e co r n er o r th e ba s e , b u t n ev e r t o t h e l e f t a rm .

In a ddi ti o n , th e mi ddl e arm l ooks l i k e

a

yod .

Th e

s i n i n D i s g e n e ra l l y l ik e A ' s e xcept th a t the ba s e can be ro un d , hori zon tal or s l a n t i n g .

The middl e arm is v e ry

mobi l e a n d some t im e s i s attach e d high on th e l e f t arm s o tha t t h e l e tt e r app e a rs l ik e a Ra shi s i n . From t h e bri e f d e s criptio n o f th e s e sampl e l e tt e r s , i t shou l d be c l e a r tha t th e re i s n o rad i ca l d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e ba s i c wr i ti n g habi t s of t h e va r i ou s scribe s .

10

How-

e v e r , c e rt a i n ch aract e ri s t i c s do eme rg e whi ch s ug g e s t a g ro u pi n g of the s cribe s i n to the fol l owing divi sio n s 1.

A , C , A2 , a n d A3 .

2.

B.

c.

D.

I

The f i r s t g rou p sha r e s so ma ny s imi l ar tra i t s tha t o n e may 10 Exampl e s cou l d b e brou ght from other l e tt e r s a s we l l , e s p e ci a l l y be t , d a l e th , h e , waw , kaph a n d f i n a l �. When l e tt e r s a r e tak e n out of�err-co n t ext on a pag e , i t is often d i f fi c u l t to poi n t ou t cha ract e r i s t i c d e t a i l s . Af t e r havi n g work e d wi th a Xe rox copy o f t h e man u s cr ip t f o r ove r a year a n d repe a t e d l y compa r e d its s e c t i on s , minor d i f f e r e n c e s amon g th e s c r i be s a r e v e ry obvious to me . Thi s i s part i cu � l a rly tru e i n the ca s e o f the " g roup , " A , C , A2 , a n d A3 , wh e r e the d i f f e r e n t i a t ion often r e s t s on the total impr e s sio n o f a pag e . Nev erth e l e s s , p r e c i s e d e s criptio n of di f f e r en c e s i s o f t e n impo s s i bl e . How eve r , even C a s s u t o , who wor k e d wi th t h e ma n u s c r i pt i t s e l f , wa s abl e to d i f f e r en t i a t e b e twe e n what he con s i d e r e d to be th e work of on e scribe , f f . 1 4 6 - 1 9 3� and the work of anoth e r , f f . 81v- 1 4 5v ; a n d i t i s i n th e s e fol i os tha t a di s t i n ct i o n i s so hard t o mak e . 33

a s s ume tha t a l l i t s membe r s are from the f a m i ly .

11

s ame

scribal

Thi s " g roup " is qu i t e d i ff e r e n t from B. a n d

i n c e rta i n wa ys d i f f e r e n t f r om D . Th e l e tt e r s of th e " g rou p " convey a n impr e s s i on o f s qu a r e n e s s a n d spacio u s n e s s .

12

Some t imes l e t t e r s i n the

same word tou ch on e anothe r , but the r e is n o l i g a t u r e and the l e tt e r s a r e u s u a l l y we l l spe a ra te d . Scribe

B a pp e a r s to

be

13

Th e wri t i n g of

rou n de r , shor t e r and mor e cramp e d

th an t h a t o f the " g rou p , " a n d hi s l e tt e r s o f t e n tou ch on e anoth e r .

Th i s impr e s s i on may be

due

to the r e l a tive l y

th i ck e r l i n e s produce d b y B ' s p e n and t o t h e f a c t tha t he pu t s mor e wo rd s on a pa g e th a n the o th e r s c r ibe s . h a n dwr i ti n g of D i s

p e cu l i a r i n

a s i f the scribe w e r e

in

l4

Th e

that i t s e ems ca r e l e s s ,

a hurry .

Li g a t u r e

is

v e ry

promi n e n t a n d t h e ayi n wi th an ext r e m e l y long ba s e i s ll Fr om th e a ppe a r a n ce of the i r work , the shape of the i r l e tt e r s , an d th e l ayou t o f th e pag e , i t s e ems that the back­ g ro u n d a n d t ra i n i n g o f the s e scribe s wa s the same and tha t th e y work ed u n d e r s i n g l e g u i da n c e . P e rmi t me a person a l n o t e : m y moth e r a n d h e r f i v e s i s t e r s a t t e nded the same Th e i r h a n d ­ s chool in New Yo rk Ci t y e a r l y i n thi s c e n t u ry . In tho s e wr i t i n g i s p ract i c a l l y i n d i s t i ngu i shabl e t o me . d a ys p e nmanshi p w a s o f much g r e a t e r impor t a n c e tha n t oday .

l2

Fo r thi s s e ction co n su l t Cha rt I I . I n the s e two ch aracte r i s t i c s , squa r e n e s s a n d spaciou s n e s s , the work of the " g roup " is cl o s e r to th e appe a ran c e o f a bi b l i c a l s c rol l th a n the o th e r s c r i be s . S e e Lu tski , pp . 7 2 - 7 3 , and the f a c­ s i mi l e s of th e bibl ical texts he me n t i on s . l3

Th e occu re n ce of l e tters touch i n g on e a n o the r mor e common i n C t han i n A , A2 , an d A 3 . l4

Not e on Char t I I tha t f a r b e yon d the o th e r scr ibe s . 34

hi s

is

l e f t mar g i n ext e n d s ou t

char a c t e r i s t i c . I S

A sp e c i a l t r a i t i n D i s th e f a c t tha t t h e

bott om o f t h e ve r t i ca l l i n e s i n t h e da l e th , 9£Eh, a n d f i n a l sadh e swi n g s s l i gh t l y t o t h e l e f t .

16

final n u n

In the

" g rou p " the ba s e o f the l e t t e r s b e t , gime l , t e th , f i n a l � , nun ,

ayin , �,

s i n a n d taw u su a l l y s l a n t s d ownwa rd to the

l e f t ; i n B a n d D the ba s e of th e s e l e t t e r s i s hor i z on t a l a n d occa s i o n a l l y c u rv e d . I n a d d i t i o n to the shape of the l et t e r s , ther e ar e other exte rn a l f e ature s p e cu l i a r to e ach o f the s c r i be s wh i ch r e i n force the primary d i f f e r e n ti a t io n s u g g e s t e d above .

Th e

f i rs t of th e s e f e a t u r e s i s th e appe a r a n c e of �h e r i g h t a n d l e f t han d ma rg i n s o n e a ch pag e .

Throu g hout t h e man u s crip t ,

th e ri ght han d ma rg i n i s a lmos t p e r f e c t l y s t r a i ght

.

How-

e v e r , i n d e n t a t io n doe s occu r , a n d i t s u s e reve a l s patt e r n s whi ch a r e ch a r a ct e ri s t i c o f i n divid J a l s c r i b e s or a s cribal '

g rou p . Wi th s ome s i g n i f i ca n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e twe e n them, s c r i be s A , C , A2 , A3, a n d a l so D a r e s imi l a r i n th e i r frequ e n t u s e o f i n d e n tation .

Thi s i n d e n t a t i on i s me r e l y a form o f spac-

i n g an d ha s n o th i n g to do wi th " p a rag raph s . " exempl a r ,

if a mi drashic p a s s a g e or

a

In the

bibl i c a l ve r s e i s

I S In Ch ar t I I , th e s e co n d l i n e 1:: e lon g i n g to D con t a i n s th e word , l ' '' Y , i n whi ch the ba s e of th e ayi n e xt e n d s u n d e r t h e lamed a n d yod a n d tou ch e s the kaph . 16

Th i s i s the re su l t of D ' s t en dency to j oi n on e Eve n thou gh th e s e pa rt i cu l a r l e tt e r s l e t � e r to the n ext . ca n n ot be j oin e d , they swi n g i n th e d i rection of the n e xt l atter . 35

con cl uded n e a r the l e f t marg i n of a l i n e , a n d a s pa c e exi s t s a f t e r thi s pa s s a g e o r ve rs e , the spa c e i s i n d i ca t e d i n th e copy by in d e n t i n g th e n e xt l i n e .

Spa cin g appea r s f r e qu e n t l y

t o s e t o f f bibl i ca l v e rs e s , i n t e rp r e t a t i on s , parabl e s , It ma y a l s o app e a r

s t ori e s , a n d o t h e r bl ock s of ma t e r i a l .

beca u s e o f a d e f e c � i n t h e exempl a r , but i n mos t i n s ta n c e s th i s i s � t h e c a s e .

Con s equ e n t l y ,

the h i g h f requ e n cy of

i n d e n ta t i on in thi s " g rou p " i s the result of the frequ en t s pa c e s i n the exemp l a r .

17

I n con t ra s t i ng th e "g rou p " wi th

B

i n th e u s e o f i n -

d e n t a t io n , the mo st s i g n i fi cant factor i s spaci ng .

A g l an c e

a t the ove ra l l app e a ra n c e of B ' s work reve a l s that h e d i d not u s e spaci n g to a n y g r e a t exte n t . occu r within a l i n e i n

B,

Whe re spacing doe s

i t s e rv e s t o s e t

v e r s e or a n i n depende n t block of mat e ri a l , or ma ' a s eh .

off

a n ew Torah

su ch a s a ma s ha l

Othe rwi s e i t r e pr e s e n ts a d e f e c t in the exemp1a�

po s s ibly a m i s t a k e whi ch wa s de l e t e d in the ma n u s cr ipt tradi ti on ,

l e avi n g a s pa c e .

In thi s ca s e B often pu t s a

s e r i e s of dots i n the space to i n d i ca t e th at a n ew pa s s ag e 17

Ther e a r e s i g n i fi ca n t d i f f e r e n ce s b e twe e n t h e scribe s me n t ion e d i n the " g rou p . " Scri b e s A a n d D d o n o t i n de nt for Torah ve rs e s whi ch beg i n a chapt e r ; A2 some times does i n d e n t In addi tion , i n s u ch a ca s e , a n d C a n d A3 a l mo st always do . Scribe A doe s n ot o f t e n i n d e n t for any bi bl i ca l v e r s e s whi ch o ccu r wi th i n the body of a chapt e r whi l e th e other s c r i be s u s u a l l y do , for both Torah vers e s a n d proem t ext s . Al l th e membe rs of th e " g r oup " i n d e n t for i n t e rpre t a t io n s , parabl e s A s p e c i a l cha racte r i s t i c o f Scribe C i s th a t h e and t a l e s . i n d e n t s whe n p a s s ag e s i n th e exemp l a r a r e d e f ective .

36

doe s not be g i n a t i t s t e rm i n a t io n .

18

B doe s n ot i n d e n t

o f t e n ; when h e do e s i t i s r a r e ly for th e pur p os e o f i n d i cat i n g s pa c i n g within a l i n e i n hi s exempl a r .

19

Inde n tation and spacing are the f i r s t i n d i c a t io n s we have that S c r i be

B

work e d in a man n e r qui t e d i f f e r e n t f rom

Scribe s A , C , A2 . A3 . a n d D .

20

L e f t hand marg i n s a l so r e v e a l typi cal p a t t e rn s . devi ce s a r e u s e d by the s cribe s in order to con cl u d e a s c l o s e t o t h e l e f t ma rg i n a s po s s ibl e an d speci a l s i g n s .

Two a

l in e

l e n g the n e d l e t t e r s

I

Scri be s A . C . A 2 , and A3 l e n g th e n e d

the s e l e tt e r s a t the e n d of a l i n e : f i n a l � . s a m e kh , r e sh a n d taw .

a l e f . be t . he , l ame d ,

Occa s i on a l ly A a n d A3

wi l l g o beyo n d the i r l e ft ma rg i n u p to th r e e l e tt e r s to compl e t e a word .

I f a l i n e i s sho rt , th ey fi l l i n the

rema in i n g space wi th a s e r i e s of dot s e n d i n g a t the marg i n wi th a ma rk that looks l i k e a sma l l a l e f En g l i s h

"

X. "

(

�

) or l ik e a n

Scribes C a n d A3 go b e yon d the i r l e f t ma rg i n

v e ry oft e n , s om e t imes u p t o fo u r a n d f ive l et t e r s . 18

Th ey

Fo r e xamp l e , f f . 1 5 , 1 7 . 1 8 , I Bv .

19

compa r e d t o the " g ro up , " B s e l dom i n de n t s . I n d en t a ­ t i on i s f ou n d i n B occa s ion a l l y a t th e b eg i n n i n g of a cha pteI and b e fore a Tor a h ve r s e in the body o f a chapt e r if the p r e c e di n g pa s sag e e n d s i n the prev i ou s l i n e . In on e c a s e . f . 1 4v , the " b " part of a v e r s e i s i n den t e d beca u s e i t i s s p e ci a l l y commen t e d upon . An occa s i on a l proem v e r s e i s i n den t e d a n d spa c e s may b e l e f t a t the beg i n n i n g of a l i n e wh e r e the exempl ar i s f au l ty . 20

Ag a i n , f rom wha t has be e n s a i d . i t shou l d be s tr e s s ec tha t an i n de n t e d l i n e do e s not beg i n a n ew "parag raph " i n t h e mode rn s e n s e o f the t e rm . 37

do n o t fi l l a sp a c e

at

the e n d of a l i n e , bu t p l a c e a n a l e f ­

l i l< e marl< a f t e r t h e s p a c e , a t t h e marg i n

( C X: , A2 � ) .

In

a d di t io n , on f f . l 78v- 1 7 9 a n d l 84v - 1 8 5 , S c r i b e A2 u s e s a wavy l i n e to fi l l th e space to the ma rg i n

( �) .

Scribe D a l so l e ng th e n s ma n y o f th e s ame l e tt e r s that the above g rou p doe s . qu i t e extr eme ,

Qft e n th e l e n g th o f the s e l ette r s i s

tal 1{

P ::l ,

Th e form 1 '7 ' :J

for 1 '7 ' !( :J

n ev e r occu r s

in

B;

i n C an d A2 i t i s f ou n d a t l e a s t s even time s . 7.

7 1 :1

' n Ol

Th e :1 1 n

48

thi r d p e r s on

pl u r a l p e r f e c t haf e l o f

i s spe l l ed w i t h a n a l e f in B . wi th on l y

on e exc e p t ion ; i n C . D . A2 i t i s a lways s p e l l e d wi t h a h e . 4 9 Th e fou r exc e p t io n s a r e l

f . 9 1v , 8 • • l 0 4v . 5 • f . l 0 7v , 7 • f . 1 52 , 2 • • f.

4B f. f. f. f. f.

• • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • •

Th e s pe l l in g

B7v . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 5 • 1 3 7v . B • • • • • • • 1 4Bv . 1 7 • • • • • • 1 5 5v . 2 l • • • • • • l BO . 3 • • • • • • • • 49

T.A. , T .A• • • T .A . , •T.A. ,

• • • • • • • • •

1 '7 ' :J • • • • •

appea r s o n

I

T.A•

•

605 . 5 . 6 . 7

T.A•

•

1 2 39 . 7

T:A:. 9 2 6 . 4 • T:A:. 1 00 4 . 4 • T:A7. 1 0 47 . 4

• • • • •

6 31 . 4 70 2 . 2 7 2 3 . 2 variant t o Ol n ' C Ol 0 1 ' . 1020 . 1

• • •

Th e occu r e n ce s o f 1 ' :1 ' n� in B a re :

f . 22 . 7 • • • • • • • • • • f . 2 Bv . 3 • • • • • • • • • f . 2 Bv . 2 6 • • • • • • • • f . 36 . 15 . 18 • • • • • • f . 44 . 2 4 • • • • • • • • • f � 45 . 8 • • • • • • • • • • f . 5 3v . 1 8 . 2 4 . 2 6 • • f . 54 . 4 . 5 • • • • • • • • f . 54. 7 . B • • • • • • • • f . 54 . 1 0 • • • • • • • • • f . 54. 1B • • • • • • • • • f . 62 . 1 5 • • • • • • • • • f . 7 3v . 1 8 • • • • • • • • f . 75. 6 • • • • • • • • • • f . 76 . 8 • • • • • • • • • • f . 76v . 6 • • • • • • • • • f. 77. 19• • • • • • • • •

• •

T . A . 2 46 . 6 T . A • • 2 71 . 6 • T:A7. 2 7 3 . 6 vari a n t to 7 ' :1 ' n o • T .A • • 318. 2 . 4. 6 • T .A • • 357, 5 •T.A• • 361 . 3 • T .A • • 4 0 5 . 3 . 7 . 9 va r i a n ts to 1 ' :1 ' nD • T .A • • 4 0 6 . 1 . 2 vari a n t s to 1 ' :1 ' no • T:A7. 4 0 6 . 3 . 5 v a ri a n t s to 'n :J Ol l , 'n :J K Ol l • T:A:. 4 0 7 . 1 varian t to " n :J K Ol ' • T:A:. 4 0 7 . 5 vari a n t to ' n :J K Ol ' 7 ' :1 ' no 44 9 . 9 • T .A• • •T.A• • 518. 5 • T .A • • 5 28 . 8 • T .A• • 5 35 . 3 • T:A-.. 5 38 . 5 v a r i a n t to ' n :J Ol ' • T .A • • 5 43 . 6

• •

• •

• •

•

•

• • • • • • •

•

•

51

Fo rm s o f

B.

the v e rb

Al l s cri be s

30 u s e regu l a r l y

i n Vat .

d e c l i n e d forms o f

r e t a i n i n g the a l e! .

i� K

f o l l owi n g

eve r , the

w i t h th e a l e f qU i e s c en t .

i�K

forms

wi th the a l e f

of i� K

qu i e s c en t a r e v e ry common i n

the

" g roup , " A , e ,

i� ' J

form i � '

I n Scribe B , the th e

oth e r

f o rm s

t o ta l ly ab s e n t . B.

wi th

50

•

a ppe a r s on ce ,

a nd

� qu i e s c e n t a r e

51

Te ch n i ca l t e rmi n o l ogy a n d abbrevi a t i on s .

con c l u s i o n t o

A s t an d a rd

i� ' n '

th e

ph r a s e ;-J 1J :l 1

syl l og i s m i s the

165, 5 .

Ho�

;-J i') :l

nnK

Th e on l y e x c e p t i on i n B i s 1 ' � ' n ;-J f . 1 2 , 3 , In Scrib e s e , D , a n d A2 the s p e l l i n g 1 1 � ' n ;-J

f . 9 4v , S • • . f . 1 1 5 , 24 • • f . 1 2 1v , 6 . • f . 1 2 6v , 9 • • f . l 5 7v , 1 8 •


' "

.,

, �J ln

.,

7 1 >' 1.l l7J

I

o n J ' !)

-,

•

7 J :1 1

•

�J l�

•

•

ff .

ff .

Thi s l i s t reve a l s The

a

s pe l l i n g

n umb e r o f 1 ' :1 i s

in

wi t h

B . 61

a n ame ,

6l

a

he ,

�D l '

-,

7 DI

l Ov - 2 3

, i l :1 .,

3 6v - 8 Ov

7 ' J :1 1

s i g n i f i ca n t

u s e d o f t e n b y the

appeari n g

at th e

th e " g rou p " p r e f e r s h e , whi l e

Fo r exampl e : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

58

o n J !)

•

i n th e " g roup , " b u t n ev e r

Fo r the s oun d a

f . 4• • • • f . 1 1 6v • f . 8 8v • •

I

Th e n ame Yos e i s o f t e n

" g rou p , " but n ev e r by B . f ou n d

•

, �J ln

7 ' DI

2 3v - 2 7 ff.

patt e rn s .

-,

T .A . ,

30 , 8

T:A7, 7 8 5 , 4 T.A. , 612, 1

in

e nd

B the

of

h e an d a l e f a r e uses

" g roup "

;-"

mixe d . 1 ;-"

62

an d ;-"

th e n a m e Yehu d a h the

Fo r l '

i s o f t e n fou n d i n B al ong wi th In th e

" g rou p "

o th e r

the

in B

'Ty '7K.

64

the

an d he

and

' T Y7 ; ' T Y7K ,

Th e h e t i s u s u a l l y r e t a i n e d by the

i n th e

" g roup "

'TY '7,

a l e f i s u s ua l l y foun d ,

63

n ame s .

the a l e f in the n ames El a za r

El i e za r i s a l m o s t always qUi e s c e n t , howev e r ,

7 ' 1 ' , whi ch

but n ev e r

ap p e a r

of ;-, J , n ,

spe l l ing

equa l l y ,

K J 1 ;-] ,

KJ ,n ;

Kl ln .

i n B th e het

F i n a l l y , the

n ame Simon ben Laki sh i s n ever abbrev i a t e d by the "g rou p " ; !J7 ' P '?

"

'

:l

76

74

th e spe l l in g

., ' � ,

75

and

the pre f e r en ce for the he a s t h e Aramai c de f i n i t e

a, arti cl e a n d a s a mat e r l ection e s for 1\ 78

7 'X

the n am e s ., Tll' ':> ,

., T 17 ':> ,

;' 0 ' '' ,

79

77

the s pe l l i n g

the forms of

., Zl X

71 Lou i s G i n zbe rg , A Commentary , Hebrew I n t roduction , pp . 3 9 -40 . 72 Ye ru sha lmi Fragme n t s . e d . Lou i s Gin zbe rg ( New York , 1909 ) . Dr . Ku t s ch e r ha s a rgued conv i n c i n g l y tha t the s e f ra g ­ me n t s cou l d n o t have be e n a l te re d by Eu rop e a n s cribe s an d that the y repre s e n t mos t f a i th fu l l y the ori g i n a l H e brew and Arama i c of the P a l e s t i n i a n Academi e s . " Studi e s , " 2 . Oth e r Ge n i za f ragme n t s of t h e Pa l e s t i n i a n Ta lmu d whi ch have b e en publ i shed a r e men t i on e d by Ku t s ch e r ( ibid . , n o t e 2 ) .

73

Soko lo ff h a s u s e d the same proc e du re exc e p t that h e h a s cho s e n f o r compari son th e Ge n i z a fragme n ts publ i sh e d by D . S . Levin g e r i n the Al exan d e r Marx Jubi l e e Vol ume ( N ew York. 1 95 0 ) , Hebrew S e ction . p p . 2 3 7 - 2 86 . 74 Y • F • • pp . 2 : 1 5 , 1 S . 2 3 . 2 5 ; 3 : 1 , 5 ; 9 : 2 5 . 75 Y .F . , p. 5 : 17 , 18. 76 Y.:X...:.. , p . 3 1 9 . 77 Y . F . , pp . 1 : 6 . 1 1 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 : 2 1 6 , 9 . 1 2 : 3 : 2 3 ; 9 : 1 . 9 . etc. 78 79

Y.F. ,

pp . 1 1 1 9 , 2 7 : 8 1 1 5 , and o th e r � .

Y.F•

pp . 1 1 5 , 1 9 . 2 7 ;

•

3 I 7; 63

& : 2, 3 , 9 . 1 5 .

wi th the al e f qu i e s ce n t :

'�n l ,

e n d i n g o f th e l "'7 .

Wh i l e i t i s a g e n e ra l l y accepted cri t i ca l principle that a bri e f e r v e rsion i s earl i er and a mor e e l aborate text late r , thi s principl e doe s not apply h e re .

In

narra tive pas s ag e s , comp l e t e repeti tion i s s tyl i sti cal l y

106

typi ca l of the orig inal B e r e sh i t Rabba .

61

Furth e r , the

s c ribe s of a l l manuscripts of Be r e sh i t Rabba do abbreviate and abri dg e .

The fact that the o the r manuscripts tran smi t

an abri dg eme n t of our pas s age sugg e s ts tha t a more compl e te ve rsion mus t hav e once exi s t e d .

Th i s comp l e t e and e a rl i e r

ve r sion i s r epre s e nt e d i n Vat . 3 0 . Pos s ibl e unique readings . - - In a ddi tion to the four pa s sag e s atte s te d i n n ew manuscript ma t e r i a l , Vat . 30 con ta i n s po s s ibl e uniqu e readi n g s whi ch have no suppo rt i n any oth e r wi tne s s .

Th e compatibi l i ty of s uch reading s

wi th the me an i n g and ima g e ry of th e pas sag e s i n whi ch the y app ear w i l l d e t e rmi n e the i r acceptabi l ity .

Thre e of the s e

r ead i ng s a r e pre s en te d he r e ; non e o f them i s to b e found i n The odor ' s vari a n t s .

1 i, ' Ig1 0

iY 1

1.

Vat . 3 0 , f . 1 6 , 1 9 -2 1 to T . A . , 1 86 , 4-6 .

17n

1l 1nl

o? 1 yn

17 '

wn l �

7Y

� 1 DQ n7 1 p

n� pn

17 1n n J �D

1 ? 1 7 1 P

iO?

'

O K ID n y � � n'n1 K�O J 1

l?n

1 '7)'1 7 � � ? ID

lJn) 1 'i' nn7 ' n

?y

1 ��P1 7Y

n ,w

' � K7 0

iD?7 wn J

K�

Thi s pa s s a g e i s th e openi ng comment i n a s e r i e s of i nt e rp r e tation s ( quot e d above , exampl e #3 ) on Gen . 3 , 1 4 . I t p i ctur e s the di smembe rme n t of the Serpe nt by th e mi ni ste ri n g ang e l s and the powe r of hi s angui sh ed cry . Theodo r indi cate s the p ro bl ems eme rg i ng from di f f e r e n t 61

S e e for exampl e Vat . 3 0 , f. 4v- S to T . A . , 3 2 , 1 -1 1 a nd the r epeti ti on o f the pas sag e , Vat . 30 , �4v to T . A . , 2 6 0 , 2 -1 2 , i n Appe ndix I I , Sampl e 1 .

1 07

re adi n g s of thi s p a s s a g e i n var i o u s rabbi n i c sourc e s . Accordi n g to h i m a l l th e manus cripts o f B e r e sh i t Rabba s ta t e that the cry of th e S e rp e n t came to throw l i g ht o n ;-, n 7 !l IJ ,

7 :l :l 7 lD

th e Yal ku t , D "

:i1.l 7 W ,

" th e down f a l l o f Babyl on , " whi l e t h e e d i t i o n s , a n d th e Ba ra i tha of the 3 2 Mi d dot r e ads ,

" th e down fa l l o f Egypt

;-, n 7 !l 1.l

. ,, 6 2

Th e bi bl i c a l chapt e r , Jer . 4 6 ,

f rom whi ch ve r s e 2 2 i s

quo t e d i n thi s pa s sa g e d ea l s with the d e f e a t o f Pharoah Ne co a t Carchemi sh by Nebuchad r e z za r of Babylon 1.n 6 0 5 B . C .

The

s e rp e n t men t i o n e d i n the Je r e mi ah ve rs e cl e a rly r e f e rs to Eg yp t .

Co n s e qu e n t l y ,

th e r e a di n g ,

O "

� 1.l 7 W

th e proo f - t ext wou l d s e em to s upport ;-, n 7 !l 1.) ,

foun d i n the e di tion s ,

the

Ya l k u t , a n d the Bara i tha o f the 3 2 Mi ddot . Un n ot i c e d by The o do r , howev e r , wa s the u n i qu e r eadi n g 3D,

i n Vat .

7 :l :l 7 W

As previ o u s l y me nt ion e d , the

;-, n 7 ' n .

fol i o on whi ch thi s pa s s ag e app e a r s con tai n s n ume rou s omi s s i o n s a n d e r r o r s .

Nev e r th e l e s s ,

;-, n 7 ' n

cannot be

exp l a i n e d away o n the ba s i s o f any o f the mor e we l l known s c r i ba l e r ror s .

The wo rd app e a r s to be a f e mi n i n e n o un

with a th i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r f emi n i n e s u f f ix s e rvi ng a s a n a n t i c i patory pron o un ; 7 'n ,

i t i s r e lat e d to t h e ma scul i n e

a n d me an s " st r e n g th , " " powe r , " o r " a rmy . ,,

7 :l :l ' 'iZ1

i s probabl y to be t ran s l at e d ,

63

Thus , ;, n 7 ' n

" the powe r o f Babylon . "

62 � , 186 , note 4 . 63 p.

0n l y the ma sc u l i n e form i s a t t e s t e d ; ' s e e Ja s t row ,

45 5-456 .

108

The source of thi s reading may be the conti nuation of Je r . 4 6 , 2 2 , 1 :J " to

, ' n :l

' :J ,

" for the y march i n force , " a r e f e r e nc e

t h e Baby l on i a n s comi n g agai n s t t h e Eg yp ti a n s .

64

Such an a s sociation wou l d be appropriate to th e mi dra s h i c i n t e rpr e ta t i on a s a whol e .

The pas sage s ta t e s

th a t when the mi n i s te ring ang e l s c ut o f f the Serpe n t ' s han d s and f e e t , hi s voi c e reverb e rat e d f rom on e end of th e

worl d to the o th e r .

Th e i n te n s i ty of that sound come s to

" throw l i ght " on the soun d made by the ma rchi ng Babylonian a rmy .

Taki n g the enti r e Je remiah v e r s e a s r e f e rri ng to

Babylon , the midrash pi ctu r e s the Babylonian army as a noi sy s e rp e nt , the sound of who s e s l i th e r i ng moveme nt fi l l s th e who l e worl d , a nd the s o und o f the di smembe red S e rp e n t ' s

voic e b e i n g a s l oud a s th e a rmy of Babylon on the march .

65

I f thi s i n t e rpre t a t i on i s co rr ect , the n th e pas sag e empha s i z e s the powe r of the S e rpent ' s voi c e ra th e r tha n hi s angui sh o r Eg yp t ' s mi s e ry a t he r own downfal l .

The

r e adi ng in al l other B e r e sh i t Rabba ma nuscripts r e t a i n s a t l e a s t on e par t o f th e o ri g i nal phra s e ,

, :l :l ' 127 .

66

The phra s e,

64

Th i s i s preci s e ly the imag e wh i ch eme rg es f rom th e Ta rgum Jonathan to th i s vers e : 7 ' l ' n :J 1 1 � J ' 1 127 1 p ' J ' p S e e Al exander Spe rbe r , The Bibl e i n Aramaic 1 " nT . ( Le i den , 1 9 6 2 ) , I I I , p . 2 40 . 65 S e e previ ou s not e . •

•

•

66

The wo rd � n ' !l IJ , " down fa ll , " may have replaced � n " n whe n th e me a n i ng o f the ori g i nal i nterpre tati on was l o s t . Sub s equently , th e readi n g was changed to O ' , l IJ ' 127 � n ' !l 7J t o bri ng i t i n l in e w i th the p l a i n me ani ng o f the Je remi ah p a s s ag e .

1 09

of the e d i ti on s , of the 3 2 Mi dd o t i s l a t e .

the Yalkut ,

and th e Bara itha

Albeck a n d oth e r s hav e a l r e ady

s hown th a t the Ba ra i tha of the 3 2 Mi ddot c o u l d not have b e en Thi s pa s sag e off e r s a dd i t i o n a l

a s ou rc e for B e r e shi t Rabba .

c o n f i rma t i o n o f tha t j udg ement a n d i n d i ca t e s t h a t Th e odo r ' s v i ew , that the s ource of thi s pa s sag e wa s the B a r a i th a o f t h e 3 2 Mi ddot , 2.

i s i nco r r e c t .

Vat .

30 ,

67

f . 1 0 , 1 0- 1 1 to T . A . , 1 5 2 , 5 .

Th i s r e a d i n g occurs i n a pa s s ag e comme n ti ng on the wo rds

� 10

K7

i n Ge n .

2 , 18 ( T .A . ,

l 5 l , 4 -l 5 2 , 6 ) .

The

various i n t e rp r e tation s o f f e r e d to the ve r s e empha s i z e that i t is " no t good for ma n to b e a l o n e , " and that h e shou l d ma rry .

The con c l uding i n t e rp r e ta t i o n , a s i t app e a r s i n a l l

o th e r wi tne s s e s ,

sugg e s t s tha t i f a man doe s not ma rry a n d

r e p roduce , h e " di mi n i sh e s the imag e o f Go d " ( P roof for thi s a s s e rt i o n i s deriv e d f rom Ge n for i n th e i ma g e of God wa s man c r e at e d . a nd i nc r e a s e . p roof -texts ,

•

,, 6 8

.

n 1 IJ , ;'

nK

9 , 6b - 7 ,

B e f r u itful ,

O Y IJ IJ "

•

•

the n ,

Al though Va t . 3 0 r e tai n s th e s ame

it offers a di f f e r e n t r eadi ng ,

Th e phra s e f rom Va t .

O ' K ;'

nK

O Y IJ IJ .

30 i s l i ngui sti c a l l y p l a u s ibl e

a n d ma y be tran s l a t e d "dimi n i sh e s man " ; howeve r , i t i s not 67

p.

Th e o do r , T . A . , 1 86 , note 4 ; Al beck , 66 a n d Hadrash�p . 2 6 8 , n o t e 1 1 . 68

In t roduct i o n ,

Th e noti on tha t ma n wa s c r e a t e d i n God ' s i ma g e i s a l so f ound i n Gen . 1 , 2 7 ; 5 . 1 , 2 . In th e l a t te r , O ? � a nd n 1 1J ' a r e u s e d i n t e rcha n c; e abl y . 110

•

acceptabl e .

Th e e x e g e s i s of Ge n . 9 , 6b- 7 s t re s s e s tha t man

was crea t e d i n the imag e of God a n d tha t by r e f u s in g to r e p roduc e h e d i mi n i sh e s th e imag e .

Thi s i s appa r e n t from

th e repeti ti o n o f o u r comme n t i n a l a t e r p a s s ag e d e a l i n g d i r e c t l y wi th G e n . 9 , 6 ( T . A . ,

325 , 3-327 , 2 ) .

I n th i s r e p e t i -

tion , o u r comme n t fol l ows a s tateme n t b y R . Akiba that one who sh e d s b lood " dimi n i she s the imag e . " howev e r , Vat .

I n the r e p e t i t i on ,

3 0 al ong wi th a l l other wi tn e s s e s r e a d s

t h e wo rd

O ' K�

doe s not appe a r .

From the

e x e g e s i s of the proof -text and f rom the abs e n c e of i n a repe t i t i on o f the s ame pa s s a g e i n Vat . that

O ' K�

30 ,

O ' K�

i t i s c l ear

mus t b e r e j e c t e d .

What wa s the sou rc e o f th i s r e a d i n g i n Va t .

30?

Its

o r i g i n i n the ma n u s c r i p t can b e trac e d t o a s c r ibal e rro r . The s c ribe may hav e c a rr i e d ov e r the word immedia t e l y pr e c e d i ng i n t e rpr e ta t i o n ( Va t .

O'K

O Ll ,",

K'P ' 1

onK

l ' ::: ' 1

,j

D 7 'X'

D'K .

30 , f . 1 0 , 9-1 0 ;

It i s a l so pos s i bl e

that h e l ook e d ahead to the proof-text wh e r e th e bibl i c a l d e s i g n a t i o n e l ohim may have be e n abbr ev i a t e d i n th e exemp l a r o ' ,K .

69

H e may hav e mi s re a d thi s abbr evi at i o n a n d i n -

se r t e d i t i n t h e i n t e rpre tati on . f i r s t copi e d down

O'K

I n e i th e r ca s e , th e s c r i b e

i n an und e t e rmi n e d form a n d l a t e r

69 I n Vat . 3 0 , the abbrev i a t i o n O " K i s found thro ugJr In out the wo rk of th e " g roup " ; for exampl e , f f . 2v a n d 4v . al l l ik e l i hood , i t wa s o n e o f the s tan dard abbre v i a t i o n s i n the exe mpl a r . S c r i b e B , howev e r , p r e f e r r e d O ' K . 111

a dd e d the de f i n i t e a r t i cl e .

Thi s i s c l e a r f r om the ma n u -

s c r i p t beca u s e th e h e i s i n s er t e d c a r e f u l l y i nto the spa c e be twe e n

il l(

and

D'� ,

a n d th e t wo words app e a r tog e th e r ,

The s c ri b a l e rror re spo n s i bl e for th i s r e a d i ng , con tami n a t i o n f rom a n e a rby wo rd , wo rk of Sc r i be B . 3.

Va t .

i s no t un common i n the

70

30,

f.

2 5v , 2 3 - 2 4 to T . A . ,

I n co n t ra s t to Va t .

30 ,

266 , 5-6 .

th e o th e r wi tn e s s e s re a d :

By compa ri n g bo th ve r s i o n s o f th i s Aramai c p rov e rb , i t i s po s s ibl e to d e l i n ea t e th e di f f e r e n c e s b e twe e n th em a nd d e t e rmi n e whe th e r on e o r the o th e r is mor e s u i tabl e to the pa s s ag e in wh ich i t appe a r s . p robably i thp ' el , j u s sive ) ,

f rom

the

In Vat . 3 0 ,

thi r d ma scul i n e s i n g u l a r , root mhg ,

ha s b e e n a s s imi l a t e d , a n d th e � doubl e d .

71

p ' n 7) ' K

is

i mp e r f e c t ( or

" to be bl ott e d o u t " ;

the taw

the yod s tr e n g the n e d wi th a n a l e f , Th i s a na l ys i s o f t h e v e rb i s

suppo rt e d b y the r e a d i n g o f the e d i ti on s ,

r ' n � il ' ,

again s t

t he o th e r wi tn e s s e s , th ird mascul i n e s i n g ul a r , p e rf e ct ,

f rom nfl ,

" to caus e to

70

S e e , for exampl e , the pa s sa g e Va t . 3 0 , f . 2 8v , 1 6 - 2 4 t o T . A . , 2 7 2 , 5 - 2 7 3 , 4 quot e d be l ow i n the s e cti on dea l i n g w i th obvious e rro rs an d i naccurac i e s . 71

For the u s e of the al e f wi th o r Ja s t row , p . 7 64 . wi tho u t the yod i n thi s imp e rf e c t/j u s sive form , s e e T . A . , 2 , 6 - 7 a n d va r i a n t s a n d note to the e n d of l i n e 6 , l : n D il � . 112

fa l l . ,,

72

The pr epos i t i on

mea n i n g " i n " or " i n to . ,, i s f e mi n i n e ab s o l ut e . i s to b e tra n s l a te d ,

73

n

i s v e ry common i n Arama i c ,

The

noun

74 " f i r e . ,,

K i1l K ,

Thus ,

vocal i z e d K \f � ,

th e Va t .

" Like a man who says ,

3 0 version

' May t h e n ame o f

So-a n d - So , who c a u s e d m y s o n to fal l i n to a fi r e , b e bl otte d out . . .. Exc ept for the e di ti on s , pln�'K,

� , f i r s t pe r s o n si n g u l a r , impe r f e c t .

The v e rb

i s a tt e s t e d i n a l l ma n u s c r i p t s a n d e d i ti on s exc e pt

P ' SK

Vat .

th e o th e r w i tn e s s e s re ad

3 0 ; i t i s aph ' e l , th i rd ma scul i n e s i n g u l ar , from n fQ .

" to bri ng out " or " to l e ad . ,,

75

The c on c l u d i n g wo rd s of the

l i n e accord i n g to the b e tte r r e a d i n g o f Va t . 6 0 and the Stuttg a r t man us c r i pt a r e

;-; : " :'

1 :: " , '7 ,

t he f e mi n i n e noun

absol ute w i th the a d j e c t i ve a l so in the ab sol ute s ta t e : " a bad l i f e , " " Un zucht v e r t'Uhrte . ,,

76

tran s l ate d ,

' I wi l l bl ot o u t the n ame

" Li k e a man who says ,

Th i s v e r s i on may b e

of So-an d - So who l e d my son i n to a bad l i f e . ' " S i n c e both v e r s i o n s a r e l i ng u i s t i ca l l y pl a u s i b l e .

is

one mo r e sui tab l e than th e oth e r for the context i n wh ich 72 73 I/2 , p . 74 I/2 . p . 75 76

Ja s t row , p . 9 2 4 . Ja s t row . p . 2 1 6 ; 56 .

Ro s e n thal , An Arama i c Ha n dbook .

Ja s t row , p . 1 2 6 ; 55 .

Ro s e n thal . An Arama i c Han dbook .

Ja s t r ow .

p. 926 .

Ja s t row . p . 1 69 5 : Levy , 1 13

IV ,

667 .

i t occ u r s ?

Th e p rove rb appe ar s i n o n e of the i n t e rp r e t a t i ons

bro ught to exp l a i n the wo rd s Va t .

30 ,

2 5v , l 9 - 2 4 to T . A . , 1l 'n

D'l 'D�

1KJC D ' J3Y l YD�

D��

l WY

n1J '

�J�

l K1�

� ,�

DJ�l l

226 , 3-7 : 1

1 T Y�K

l�DJ

D �CJ

i n Ge n . 6 , 7 ;

D ' 130�

7YJ�

l YD7

pn3 '

J1

l ��'

� ' DW

p'nC ' K

1J

�M l �Y

K l 0�

1

D

�DY

J�T l �J

l M3 'W 17

� ' �1 '

J�I �

'n'J1�

1

�Y l

�DJ�

�DJ '

KJ 1�

�Y

7 ' ��

1 n1J '

l Y��

l n1J ' I lJ

�J

��K1

�K'

� J MJ n1J

'

l YD7

K�K

lJ

PnJ

l 'K KWK

Th e p robl em whi ch the mi d ra s h tre a t s i n G e n . 6 , 7 i s why God d e t e rmi n e d to bl o t ou t the b e a s t s a l ong wi th man i n the G e n e r a t ion of the Flood .

In the i n t roducto ry comme nt s ,

the

a n sw e r is g iv e n that th e b e a s t s we r e part i a l ly r e spon s i b l e for ma n ' s s i n fu l n e s s a n d s hou l d b e pun i sh e d ( T . A . , 266 , 1 ) .

265 , 2-

Th e und e r l y i n g i d e a , that wha t e v e r b r i n g s man to sin

shou l d be d e s t roye d , l e a d s to an a n a l ogous i n t e rp r e t a t i o n co nc e rn i ng t h e we a l th o f th e Ge n e ra t i on o f t h e F l o o d wh ich God cau s e d to pe r i sh ( T . A . ,

266 , 1 -266 , 3 ) .

ward , o u r p a s s a g e ( wrong l y a t t r ibut e d to R . i s quot e d .

Immedi a t e l y a f t e r ­ El a zar i n Va t . 30 )

I t i s conc e r n e d w i th th e g ol d a n d s i l v e r whi ch �

I s ra e l i t e s brought f rom Egypt a n d ma d e i n to i d o l s . t h e e x e g e s i s of Ho s e a 8 , 4 , ve rb n 1 J '

i s empha s i z e d ,

Through

in wh i ch th e s i n g ul ar f o rm of the i t i s s ug g e s t e d tha t th i s s il v e r

a n d g o l d wa s t o be de s t roye d .

Our prove rb i s ci t e d t o

r e i n fo r c e t h e n ot i on that wha t e v e r pu n i sh e d . 1 14

l ea d s ma n a s tray i s

From th i s a n a l y s i s ,

i t appe a r s tha t both v e r s i on s o f

t he p rov e rb a r e s ui tabl e t o the context .

It may be a rg u e d

tha t the phra s e " i n to a ba d l i f e " o f th e oth e r wi tne s s e s i s mo re approp r i a t e to the s i n of i do l a try tha n " i n to a f i r e " ; how ev e r , th e d i f f e r e nc e i s not s i g n i f i c a n t .

Th e

form� r expr e s s e s i n a g e n e r a l way th e evi l i n to whi ch th e son wa s l e d , wh i l e the l a t t e r s p e a k s of th e f a t e wh ich h e Mo re important ,

u l t ima t e ly me t .

i n bo th v e r s i o n s th e ma n

r e spon sibl e for the son ' s down f a l l i s th e prime con c e rn o f t h e prov e rb . To the two v e r s i o n s i n Vat . 3 0 and the o th e r wi tn e s s e s , a th i rd ma y b e a d d e d .

It i s found i n the Pal e s ti n i a n Tal mud,

Sanh e d r i n 2 Sa , and is as s u i tabl e to the cont ext a s tho s e of Be r e shi t Rabba :

77

I t i s i mpo s s i b l e to de t e rmi n e p r e c i s e l y how the s e d i f f e ri n g ve r s i on s came i n to b e i ng . Obvious e rrors and i naccurac i e s . - -Vat .

30 a l s o con-

tai n s textual ma t e ri al wh ich reve a l s s c ribal e r rors o r i n accurac i e s a n d i s l a cki n g i n s ome d e ta i l .

Two typ i c a l

exampl e s a r e of f e r e d he r e o f d e f e ctive pa s s ag e s , both tak e n f r om Scribe B .

77

" L i k e a ma n who say s , I ' m g o i n g to c ru s h the bon e s of So-an d - So who l ed h i s ( my ? ) s on t o a bad d e e d . · . . Fo r the form K , ) y , s e e Payn e - Smi th , p . 3 9 7 . �� and Ii;'", . •

1 15

1.

Va t .

2 8v . 1 6 - 2 4 to � .

30 .

272 . 5-273 . 4 . p , , ;,: I!" K

Th i s pa s s a g e i s a comme n t on th: word s

in

Gen . 6 . 9 . � �m

7 '� K

�K

K l � � n � D P " ;': � ' K J m D 1 P �

���

1 "

D ' I ,K

l 'K �,�

� ��� �,�

l l 'CR

l l ,�K

KD�Y

�y

1 ;': ;': 1 P l K� l � C

'n"

D

p ' , ;,:

� ' K

�JO D "

Y01 J

Kl�,

KC�Y'

�Y l � K C

� ' ,D DK ,

i�

The f irs t pa r t o f the pa s s a g e s t a t e s tha t Noah i s a righteous ma n wa rn i ng a g e n e rati on wh ich r e j e c t s and d e spi s e s him . the s e c on d pa r t . the v e r s e Job 1 2 . 5 is appl i e d by R . Abba to Noah .

Aga in .

th i s b i bl i ca l cha rac t e r i s picture d a s a

p r e ache r cha s ti s in g hi s f e l l ow me n but re j e c t e d by them . Th i s s e co n d pa r t i n Vat .

3 0 con tai n s e rrors .

The

notabl e d e pa rtu r e s f rom the oth e r ma n u s c r i p t s a r e Va t .

DK

Othe r s

30

1 "

7

' �K

l 1 J 'K l

;, , �

;"

�

�

1

iJ ll

l ,�

The s e devi a t i o n s d e rive f r om s i mi l a r i ty of l e t t e r s a n d con tami n a t i o n o f o n e phra s e by a nothe r .

Noah ' s con t e mpo-

raries f i r s t r e s po n d to hi s p l a n t i n g and c u t t i n g of c e d a r s 1 16

In

l '

by a sk i n g .

, :l

;-]

'J ': ,

"Why

wri t i n g the s e c o n d part . 1 1 l ;) .

r e a d s i n s t e a d of

[a r e

you a c t i ng]

Sc r i b e B r e c a l l s

"i n

1 1 l :l

I'

l ' , :l

In

wh i ch h e

He p l ac e s thi s n ew read i n g a g a in ;-] ' 7

i n th e mouth of Noa h ' s a n ta g on i s t s . Th e words

l ik e thi s ? "

,n

are corrupte d to

the s imi l a r i ty of � and kaph .

7 ' , :l

7 1 J '�1 .

'OK

I' n l �

b e c a u s e of

the ext e n s i o n of th e roof o f

the zayi n to touch th e top of the � formi n g a h e t . a n d the mi spl a c eme n t of the a l e f .

Con s eque n tl y . the s c r i b e d o e s not

re a l i ze th e ext e n t o f his r ev i s ion .

The me a ni n g o f the

who l e pa s s a g e d e p e n d s on l i n k i n g the wo r d s

"

;-] n 'J D ,

to convey th e i d e a o f a cha s ti s ing p r e ach e r ; thu s . i ng i n Va t .

3 0 l e ads to con f us i on .

18

Vat .

30.

f . 1 0 . 1 2 - 1 6 to T . A

• •

79

1 52 . 7-1 55 . 5 .

Thi s p a s s a g e i s a n i n t e rp r e ta t i on o f G e n . a pp e a r s i n Vat .

2 . 18 ;

' n � K :l

3 0 i n a n abbr evia t e d form .

;, ' n n K ,

1' 7

O K 1

Kn ' �7

' K J ' :l n

O '�J

7 :1

� 1 ;-]

;"

l Jn

' 7 ' 7 1 ;'

l 7 117

1 n � K :l

'01 '

l

'

7

'

T.A

•

•

2 7 3 . v a r i a n t s to l i n e 1 . K l l l . 1 17

;, ' o n J

;-] :l 1

0 1'

7 1 ;'

'01 '

78 Fo r Theodor ' s exp l a n a t i on o f thi s pa s sage . 2 7 2 . n o t e s 5-6 , a n d 2 1 3 , not e s 2- 4 .

19

it

l

)1 117 1 ;"

n1�1

the r e a d ­

In s pi t e of the s e

pa s s a g e fou n d i n ma ny of the oth e r ma n u sc r i pt s .

II

1 1 l :l ,

3 0 doe s n o t con t a i n t h e l a t e r a dd i ti on t o thi s

e rro r s . Vat .

2.

�7 ,

l7W

see T ,A . ,

Th e pa s sa g e i s compo s e d of thr e e pa rt s : a.

an a n on ymous i n t e rpre tati on of the wo rds

b.

a comme n t by R . Joshua b . Neh e mi ah .

c.

a s to ry con c e rn i ng R . Jos e th e Gal i l e a n .

l ' ) J �

i T Y .

A l on g e r and a short e r v e r s i on of th e R . Jos e s t ory app e a r i n the man u s c r i p t s of B e r e shit Rabba . c l ud e wi t h I s .

58 . 7 .

80

Bo th v e r s i o n s con -

i n t e rp r e t e d to me an "do not h i d e yo ur-

s e l f f rom showi ng me rcy to yo ur d i vo r c e d wi f e in her dis tr e ss . " In

Be r e sh it Rabba .

the s to ry i s quote d me r e l y becau s e o f

i ts re f er e n c e t o t h e na s ty wi f e o f R . Jos e the Gal i l e a n . Vat .

3 0 con ta i n s th e sh ort ve r s i on . a n d th i s v e rs i on

i s i t s e l f abb r ev i a t e d .

Ros e n thal poi n ts o u t that the s c r i ba l

notati o n i n Vat . 3 0 r e f e r s to Levi ti c u s Rabba ; yet Levi t i cu s Rabba conta i n s th e long e r and n o t the sho rte r v e r s i o n .

8l

Thi s re f e r e nc e i s n o t surpri s i n g becau s e th e sh orte r v e r s i on i s a t t e s t e d o n l y i n s ome B e r e sh i t Rabba man u s cri pt s ; n o t app e a r i n a n y oth e r e a r l y mi d ra shi c wo rk .

82

i t doe s

Mo r e i mpo r-

tan t , the sma l l portion of the text g iv e n i n Va t . 3 0 c on t a i n s the ph ra s e sense .

;; ' n mn

� '-"

:7

O ' 117 J

;; l :l ,

wh i ch doe s no t ma k e

Othe r man u s c r i p t s tran smi t t i n g th i s ve r s i on sugg e s t 80

T .A

•

•

th e l ong e r , The Lon do n ma n u s c ri pt con ta i n s both : 1 5 2 . 8 - 1 5 4 , 7 ; and the s ho r t e r . �. 1 5 4 . 7 - 1 5 5 . 5 . 8l

Ros e n t ha l . p . 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 , a n d n ote 9 6 ; th e pa s s a g e i s foun d i n L ev i t i c u s Rabba 3 4 , 1 4 ; Ma rg u l i e s e d i ti on . pp . 8 0 2 f f . 82 I t i s . howev e r . found i n th e Yalkut a n d the Aruch ; s e e T . A . , 1 52 . note 8 . The pa ra l l e l i n the Pal e s t i n i an Tal m�Ke thubot 3 4b . r e pr e s e n t s a thi rd v e r s i on wh i ch i s c l o s e r to th e sho r t v e r s i on of Va t . 3 0 . 118

that th e l i n e shou l d be r e ad � ' n n � ' � n l J 7

J ' ID J

�1�.

S i n c e s i n and s amekh a r e i n t e rcha n g eabl e i n the P a l e s ti n i a n di a l e c t .

J ' '1) J

r e n de r e d ,

i s the s ame a s

::l ' 0 J ;

the text i s to b e

"wa s ma r ri e d to hi s s i s te r ' s daug h te r . u

83

Scribe

B wro t e the p a s s a g e and we may a s sume that the ori g i nal s p e l l i ng of � n l ::l 7

wa s

� n l ::l "

man u s c r i pt s a n d the Ya l ku t .

a s i n the Lo ndon and P a r i s

84

Con c l u s i on No au tog raph ma n u s c ri pt wri t t e n by the auth o r o r

compi l e r o f B e r e shi t Rabba ha s s u rv i v e d from a n t iq u i ty .

Th e

ma nu s c r i pt s i n our po s s e s s i on a r e ba s e d on a n unknown numb e r o f exemp l a rs u l t i ma t e l y d e s c e n d e d f rom th e o r i g i n a l .

Com-

pari son of th e v a r i ou s s u rvivi n g w i tn e s s e s i n d i cate s tha t Va t .

3 0 a s a whol e mo s t c l os e l y re pr e s e n t s thi s o r i g i n a l .

I t wa s cop i e d by four to s i x s c r i b e s from the s ame exemp l a r , probabl y i n Egypt in the t e n th o r e l ev e n th c e n tu ry .

On e o f

the s c r ib e s ma d e s i g n i f i ca n t orthog raph i c a n d l i n g u i s t i c chan g e s i n the t ext . C l o s e an a l y s i s of the r e a d i n g s in Va t . 3 0 s ug g e s t s that thi s ma nu s c r i pt con ta i n s f ew if a n y l a t e r a dd i t i on s .

Th e

four pa s s a g e s s u s p e c t e d b y Albeck a r e p robably f rom th e o r i g i n a l B e r e s h it Rabba . are typ i ca l . 83 84

This

of who s e l a ng u a g e a n d s ty l e they

j udg e me n t i s con f i rme d e v e n i n tho s e

Soko l off , p . 8 . S e e �.

1 5 4 . 8 a n d var i a n t s . 1 19

r e a d i n g s wh e r e th e text of Va t .

3 0 i s faul ty an d n e e ds

c o r r e c t i o n f rom oth e r man u s cript s . In a d d i t i on , Vat .

3 0 conta i n s u n i qu e re adi n g s u n a t -

t e s t e d i n a n y o th e r w i tn e s s .

The f ew exampl e s s u rvey e d

h e r e i n d i c a t e tha t e ach ca s e mu s t be exami n e d s epara t e l y t o Some re a di n g s wh ich appear to

de t e rmi n e i t s acc eptabi l i ty .

be u n i q u e can be t rac e d to s cr i ba l e r ror a n d mu st be r e j e c te d . Th e fact tha t Vat .

3 0 repre s e n t s the ori g i na l B e r e shi t

Rabba doe s n o t me a n that i ts text i s a d equate i n eve ry d e tai l .

Sc r i bal e r ror s ,

d e f e c t s in th e exempl a r , an d

m i s s i n g s e c t i on s requ i r e th e con s ta n t compa r i son o f Vat . 3 0 wi th o th e r man u s c ri pt s o f Be re sh i t Rabba .

On ly by such

compa ri son can the or i g i nal be adequa t e l y r e con structe d . Neve rth e l e s s , o n l i t e ra ry an d l i ng u i s t i c g r oun d s , Va t . 3 0 shou l d b e u s e d a s th e ba s i c ma n u s c ri p t for a n ew e d i ti on o f Be r e shi t Rabba .

85

85 S0kO l o f f h a s prepa r e d the e n t i r e text o f Va t . 3 0 on I BM cards a n d a type �out has b e e n made . As far a s I know , i t i s no t y e t ava i l abl e for publ i c d i s t ribution . For the de ta i l s , s e e Sokol o ff , p . 5 . 1 20

CHAPTER V I SAMP LE CHAP TERS FROM VAT .

30

The samp l e chapt e r s pre s e n t e d h e r e r epre s e n t t h e work of four s c r i b e s in Va t . 3 0 : Cha pt e r 4 6 :

Scribe A,

S c r i be C . Chapt e r

Chap t e r 4 ;

a n d Scribe

67 ;

D.

Scribe B .

Chapt e r 81 .

Each s el e c ti on h a s be e n tran s c r i b e d wi th t h e a i m of pre s e rv­ No a t t empt h a s b e e n made

i n g the scribe ' s o r ig i n a l l ayou t .

to cor r e ct e rrors or to in d i c a t e the s ource of bibl i c a l ve rs e s .

Ma rg i n a l n ot e s a n d g l os s e s a r e pl a c e d i n approxi ­

mat e l y the same po s i t i o n a s i n

A pe n ci l ma rk above a l e tt e r

a ppe a r i n g be twe en th e l i n e s . (

'

) or a typ e d apos t rophe

a t i on

(

.

t h e ma n u s cr ip t , a s a r e word s

) r e p r e s e n t t h e o ri g i n al abbrev i ­

or cor r e c t i on s i gn of the s cr i b e .

A s i n g l e al e f at

th e e n d of a l i n e symbol i z e s t h e a l e f - l i k e s i g n u s e d b y s c r i b e s to mark th e le f t h an d marg i n . a

word a d d e d b y a l a t e r s cr i b e .

an u n c l e a r but p robab l e r e a d i n g ;

Brack e t s

[

J i n d i ca t e

Dot s bel ow l e tt e r s s ig n i fy a dot above a l e tt e r i n d i ­

cate s that i t wa s a d d e d b y a l a t e r scribe .

An att empt h a s

a l so b e e n m a d e to t ra n s cr ibe t h e n a me s of G o d j u s t a s th e y appe a r i n the ma n u s cr ip t .

Howeve r , the a l e f a n d l amed o f

e l ohim a r e o f t en wri tt e n a s on e l e t t e r by the s c r i be s ; addit ion , t h e h e i s o f t e n de l e te d .

121

In the abbr evi a t i on

in C ' K

the a l e f r e p r e s en t s the comb i n a t i o n o f a l e f an d l ame d . Finally ,

e a ch l i n e o f the t ext h a s be e n n umbe r e d .

Va ri a n t s to the f o u r cha pt e r s have be e n add e d f rom

e i ght man u s c r i p t s a n d p r in t e d e di t i on s .

Th e y a r e i n d i ca t e d

b y the s i g n s u s e d i n t h e Theodor-Al b e ck e d i t i o n .

Instead

o f pl a c i n g t h e va r i a n t s a t t h e bot tom o f e a ch pa g e ,

the y

a pp e a r h e r e a f t e r e a ch f ol i o an d a r e n umbe r e d acco rd i n g to t h e l i n e n umbe r s o f the fol i o . the n the word f rom Va t .

(I):

30,

Th e l i n e n umbe r appe a r s first ,

fol l owe d by a pe rpe n d i cu l a r l i n e

va r i a n t s fol l ow thi s l i n e , wi t h the s i g n o f th e ma n u ­

s c r i pt from whi ch e a ch i s take n .

A comma

s e p a ra te s va r i a n t s

to t h e s a m e word an d a p e r i od i n d i ca t e s th e e n d o f a l l t h e

v a r i a n t s t o that word .

Whe r e oth e r man u s cript s con t a i n

a ddi t i o n a l wo rds o r phra s e s , the s e a pp e a r wi th a plu s s i g n

(+ ) .

Th e pos i t i on of t h e p l u s s i g n s u gg e s t s whe re the

r e a di n g fr om Va t .

30 is to be placed i n r e l at i on to the

a d d i t i on f r om the oth e r ma n u s c r i p t :

+ be fore the a d di t i on a l

word wh en th e r e a d i n g f rom Vat . 3 0 pre c e d e s tha t wor d , a f t e r the a d d i t i on a l wor d wh e n the r e a d i n g from Vat . fol l ows tha t word .

30

Th e H e b r ew l e tt e r h e t s i g n i f i e s tha t a

man u s cript l ack s the wor d c i t e d : e n t i r e pa s s ag e ,

+

i f a man u s cr i p t l ack s a n

i t wi l l be m e n t i on e d i n pa r e n th e s e s .

the va rian t s a r e a rran g e d on a word by wor d ba s i s ,

S i n ce

it is

o f t e n n e ce s s a ry t o s ca n the s t u'rou n d i n g word s a n d va r i a n t s t o obta i n a compl e t e pi c t u r e o f the way a n othe r manu s c r i pt c on v e ys a phra s e or pa s sag e . 122

‫‪CHAPTER 4‬‬

‫‪BERESHIT RABBA,‬‬

‫‪SCRIBE A‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫� ‪1‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫‪1 7‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ד‬ ‫פ ר שת ה‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫י י א מ ר א י ם י ה י ר ק י ע בת י ך ה מ י ם י ג ו‬ ‫ה מ ק ר ה במ י ם‬ ‫א‬ ‫ע ל י ו ת י י י ג י ב נ ו ה ג שב ע ו ל ם מל ך בש ר ו ד ם ב י נ ה פ ל ט י ן‬ ‫ו מק‬ ‫ע ו למ ו כ ו ר ו א ל א במ י ם ה מ ק ר ה במ י ם ע ל י ו ת י ו ו ג ו ו י א מ ר‬ ‫א ד י ם י ה י ר ק י ע בת י ך המ י ם‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫כל רב נ ן אמר י ן‬ ‫לה ב ש ם ר ח נ נ י ה ר פ י נ ח ם ד י ע ‪ P‬ב ב ר ב ו ן ב ש ם ר ש מ י א ל‬ ‫ב ר נ ח מ ן ב ש ע ה שא מ ר ה ק ב ה י ה י ר ק י ע ב ת י ך המ י ם ג ל ד ה‬ ‫ט י פ ה ה א מ צ ע י ת ו נ ע ש ו ש מ י ם ה ת ח ח ו נ י ם ו שמ י ש מ י ם‬ ‫ה ע ל י ו נ י ם ר ב א מ ל ח י ם ה י י ש מ י ם ב י ו ם ה ר א ש ו ן ו בש נ י ק ר ש ו‬ ‫ר ב א מ י ה י ר ק י ע י ח ז ק הר ק י ע ר י ו ר ה ב י ר ם י מ ו ן א מ י עשה‬ ‫מ ט ל ת ה ק ר י ע הכ‬ ‫א ש מ ל מ ע ל ן י ל י ח כ ה א ח פ נ י ה ר ק י ע ר י ו ח נ ן כ ש ה י ה ��?ץ‬ ‫ל פ ם ו ק ה ז ה ב ר ו ח י שמ י ם שפ רה‬ ‫ח נ נ י ה א מ ר י י ד ן ב ר ש מ ע ו ן י צ א ה ה א ש מ ל מ ע ל ן כ ‪�; :‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪123‬‬

‫‪2v‬‬

‫‪.‬וו ‪ :‬פ ר ש ח‬ ‫‪ 2‬ו‪:‬‬

‫ר ק י ע ו רק‬ ‫ח' ל‬ ‫כח‬

‫ו‬

‫ו‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ל‬

‫‪ : 13‬ע ל י ו ח י ו ו ע ל י ו ח '‬ ‫ח‪.‬‬ ‫ב נ ו הג ו מ נ הג‬ ‫בשר‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫פ לס ר‬

‫‪ : 14‬ב ע צ י ם ן ב א ב נ י ם‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ו ב ע פ רו ו ב ע צ י ם‬ ‫ח‪.‬‬ ‫ו בעפר‬ ‫ל‬ ‫אח ו ח '‬ ‫ק י ר הו ק ר ה‬ ‫ל‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ו‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫ו בא ב נ י ם ו ו בעצ י ם ל ‪ ,‬ו בעצ י '‬ ‫ה ק בה ו הק ' ל הק ב ' ‪ , 2 ,‬ה בה‬ ‫ל‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ד‬

‫א‬

‫‪ 1‬ד ‪21‬‬ ‫המ ' ‪,‬‬ ‫א ל א ו א ל ' ‪ . 2 ,‬ה מק ר‬ ‫ח‬ ‫‪ :1 5‬כ ו ל ו ו‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ח‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫במ י ם ו במ ' ‪2 ,‬‬ ‫עלי וחי ו ו ר ג ו ‪,‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫שנ א ' ‪ +‬א ‪ ,‬שנ אמר‬ ‫ל‪,‬‬ ‫ד‬ ‫וגו‪ ,‬ו‬ ‫על י ' ‪2 ,‬‬ ‫ו ג‪ ,2, ,‬ח' א‬ ‫ל‬ ‫) ר א ה ה מ י ל ה ה ק ו ד מ ח ל(‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ו י א מ ר ‪ -‬ה מ י ם ו ) ה פ ם ו ק ה ז ה מ ו פ י ע כ א ז ב‪,‬‬ ‫בהחח לח המאמר הבא‬ ‫ו י א מ רו ו י א' ל‬ ‫בלא‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫;‬

‫שב‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪ : 1 6‬אד י ם ו‬ ‫המ י ם ו ח '‬ ‫א מר י זו א מ‬

‫אים ל א‬

‫לח ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 1 7‬ל ה ו )ח‬ ‫ח ג נ י הו ח נ י ג א‬ ‫ו רב י ד ‪ .2‬פ‬ ‫ח‬ ‫‪ , 2 ,‬בר ו‬

‫כ לו‬

‫ו‬

‫בח ור‬ ‫רב נ ז ו ר ב נ י ך‬

‫ל‬

‫בשר ‪,‬‬ ‫ור'‬ ‫י עקב‬

‫ל‬

‫א‬

‫ו‬

‫‪124‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ו‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫ד‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫בשם‬

‫שמ ר‬

‫ר'‬

‫שמ ר‬ ‫‪: 18‬‬

‫בר‬

‫‪: 19‬‬

‫שמ‬

‫א ‪1‬‬

‫בח‬

‫ה‪ P‬בה ו ה‪P‬‬ ‫ג לד ה ו ג לה‬

‫‪21 ,‬‬

‫' לן‬

‫‪,V‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫הבה‬

‫בשע"‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫רק י‬

‫יהי‬

‫•‬

‫רש‬

‫שמ‬

‫‪: 20‬‬

‫העל י ר‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫אמר ‪,‬‬ ‫‪21 ,‬‬ ‫ח‬

‫אמ‬ ‫מע‬

‫‪: 21‬‬

‫יהר‬ ‫ח'‬

‫ר ב אמ '‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫דה י ‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫העל י ר ב ן ‪ 2‬ע ל י ר‬ ‫לח י ם ו ל ח י י ם ל ‪ ,‬לח י ן א‬ ‫ב י ר ם ה ר אש ר‬ ‫ל ‪,‬‬ ‫ח' א ‪.1‬‬ ‫א‬

‫•‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ח‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 22‬מ ט ל ת ו‬ ‫ל‪ , 21 ,‬ה ר א כ '‬

‫ביר ו‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫ד א ת אמ‬ ‫אמ‬

‫חב‬

‫לן‬

‫א'‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫י' ן‬

‫י צ אתה‬

‫‪ : 23‬א ש ו‬

‫•‬

‫חב‬

‫ח‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ : 24‬ה ז ה ו‬ ‫‪ 2,‬ח ‪ .‬ל י ס‬

‫•‬

‫י ‪ ,‬כמה‬ ‫ה ז ' ו ה זהב‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫אמר ‪ , ,‬ח‬ ‫‪, 1,‬‬

‫•‬

‫ח‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫דת‬

‫'ו‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫מ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫י רדה ו‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ם י מ ר ן ו ל;‬

‫י ה ר ד ' ל‪1,‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫לן‬

‫ל רק י‬

‫דאת א ' ל ‪,‬‬

‫רגר‪ ,‬ל‪ ,‬ה‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫ל' ‪,‬‬

‫ר'‬

‫ז‪,‬‬

‫ו‬

‫ר‪'P‬‬ ‫רב י‬

‫‪ + ,‬אמ ' א‬

‫מלמעל ן ו מלמעלה‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ח‪.‬‬

‫ד'‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫הכ'‬

‫ן ‪2‬‬

‫א'‬

‫פת ' ן‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ו ה י ך מה‬

‫ה ז הב‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫אמ‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫חב ב יה ו‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫י צ את ו י צ אה ‪,‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ח‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫לן‬

‫רבי‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪ ,‬ח‪,‬‬

‫ח ‪.‬‬

‫ל ‪1‬‬

‫ר ל י חכה ו ר ל חכה‬

‫א רס '‬ ‫ר' ו‬

‫זה ן‬

‫לן‬

‫לי‬

‫ח‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫ה רק י‬ ‫ח‬

‫ל ‪21‬‬ ‫ה אש ‪,‬‬

‫א‬

‫ב ר לן‬

‫‪ 21 ,‬ח ‪.‬‬

‫מטל י ת‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫רב ו‬ ‫שמ י ם ו‬

‫רבב ' ן‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ , ,‬חב י בה ‪1‬‬ ‫‪ : 25‬ח ב ב י ה ו ח ב י ב א ל ‪ , n‬ח ב י‬ ‫א מ 'ו א ' ל‪ ,‬ן א '‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫י צאח ו י צאה ‪1‬‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ר‬ ‫האש ו אש‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ש מ ע י ן ו שמ‬ ‫‪21 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ך‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ע‬ ‫מ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫מ‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ע‬ ‫מ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫מ‬ ‫ן ל י הטה ‪1 ,‬‬ ‫ל‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ו‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪126 .‬‬

‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪2,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫א ת פ נ י ה רק י‬ ‫כ ה נ א ב א מ עש ה‬ ‫ממ נ ה כק ד ות‬ ‫ת צ ה א ש ב י ן ה ע ל י ו נ י ן ל ת ח ת ו נ י ם לא ב מ ת ן ת ו ר ה א ת מ ה א כ ך‬ ‫ה י ה ב ב ר י י ת ו ש ל ע ו ל ם ; פ י נ ת ס ב ש ם ר ה ו ש ע י ה כ ח ל ל ש� י ן‬ ‫ה אר ץ‬ ‫ה מ י ם ב י נ י י ם ו ב י נ ח י י ם אמ‬ ‫נ א מ ר ו י עש‬ ‫ה י י ת י א ו מ ע ל ג ו פ ו ש ל ר ק י ע המ י ם נ ת ו נ י ם כש ה ו א א ו מ ר ב י ן‬ ‫המ י ם א ש ר מ ע ל ל ר ק י ע ה ו י המ י ם ה ע ל י ו נ י ם ת ל ו י ז ב מ א מ ר‬ ‫א מ ר א ח א כ ה ד ז ק נ ד י ל ה ו פ י ר ו ת י הן‬ ‫כ ו ח י א ח ד ש א ל א ת ך מ א י ר אם‬ ‫"‬ ‫ה ע ל י ו ב י ז ח ל ו י יך‬ ‫*'‬ ‫ה ב י א ל ו א פ ר כ ם נ ח ז ע ל י ה ס ם ש לז ה‬ ‫של כ ס ף ו ל א ע מ ד ו מ י ם ו כ י וך‬ ‫א צ ב ע ך א ח ה נ ו חן‬ ‫מ ע מ ד ת מ י ם א צ ב ע ו ש ל הק‬ ‫ה מ י ם ה ע ל י ו נ י ם ח ל ו י ם ב מ א מר‬ ‫ב ו ה ל ו א אח השמ י ם ו א ת ה א ר ץ ו ג ו ה י ה מ ד ב ר ע ם מ ש ה מ ב י ן‬ ‫ש ב י בד י הא ר ו ז א מ ל ו הב א ל י מרא ו ח ג ד ו ל ו ח ה ב י א ל ו מ ר א ו ח‬ ‫ג ד ו ל ו ח א מ ל ו ר א ה ב ו ב י י ה ש ל ך ב הן‬ ‫ל ו הב‬ ‫ה ב ו ב י י ה ש לך‬ ‫שא‬ ‫מ י שא מ ר ו ה י ה ה ע ו ל ם ע ל א ח ח כ מ ה ו א ח ת כ מ ה א ח מ ה א‬

‫'!' ה‬

‫ך ‪12‬‬

‫‪:1‬‬

‫את ו‬

‫ר'‬ ‫ח'‬

‫ל‪,‬‬

‫ח‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬א‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ן ר'‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ל‪,‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫נה ו‬ ‫אבא ו‬

‫אב ן‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬

‫בש‬

‫ח‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫הר‬

‫ה רק י‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫•‬

‫ל‬

‫אבי בא‬

‫‪ : 2‬כ ה נא ‪I‬‬ ‫ת ן רה ו‬ ‫‪:3‬‬ ‫ח‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪21 ,‬‬

‫‪:4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬

‫ח מס‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫העלי ן נ י '‬

‫חנ‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫אב'‬

‫•‬

‫' ‪,‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ח‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪21 ,‬‬

‫ח‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫‪,‬‬ ‫ר‪,‬‬

‫ל‪,‬‬

‫בש ם ר '‬

‫בש‬

‫לל מ‬

‫ב ראש‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫•‬

‫שנ‬

‫כ‪P‬ד ןח‬ ‫•‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,2,‬‬

‫א מ‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫אי מ‬

‫העל י ן נ י ם‬

‫ל תח‬

‫המ‬

‫ת ן רה ו‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬

‫לא‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫הי מיסר ל ‪,‬‬

‫ה מ‬

‫ל‪,‬‬

‫אי מ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ל‬

‫ח‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫א מ‬

‫אש‬

‫י ע‪' P‬‬

‫ר‬

‫בר‬

‫ן נ י מ‬

‫כ‪ P‬ד ן ח ה מ‬ ‫ה מ‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ל‬

‫‪21 1‬‬

‫•‬

‫י ע‪ P‬ב ו‬

‫אבה‬

‫תן ' ‪,‬‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫'‬

‫ו‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫רבי ‪. ,‬‬

‫ברכ י ה ו‬ ‫ר ' ו בר‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫ח מס‬

‫ח מ‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ ,‬המ י ס ה א ‪,‬‬

‫‪2 1‬‬

‫העל י ן '‬

‫תן ר‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫את מ‬ ‫‪:5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫היה‬

‫ע ן לם‬

‫א‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫של‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫רק י ע‬

‫הר‪ P‬י ע‬

‫ו‬

‫דק י ע‬

‫‪:7‬‬ ‫א מ‬

‫'ו‬

‫ד‬

‫א‬

‫א ‪ 21, l‬ח ‪.‬‬

‫אר‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫י‬

‫ו‬

‫בי נם‬

‫א‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‪1‬‬

‫א מ‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫א מ‬ ‫אילן‬

‫‪21 , 1‬‬

‫ה מ‬

‫בת ן ך‬

‫בי נ י ים‬

‫א מ‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ל‬

‫‪··.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫א מ‬

‫יהי‬

‫' ‪, 21‬‬

‫ה י י תה‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ה ןש‬

‫‪:6‬‬

‫ו‬

‫א ‪21,1‬‬ ‫'‬

‫ח‪,‬‬

‫א‬

‫ו‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ל‬

‫ו‬

‫ל‬

‫ו‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫אל ן‬

‫•‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫הע ל י ן נ י ם‬ ‫רק '‬

‫יהי‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫בת ן '‬

‫ן ב י נתי י ם‬ ‫רב י‬ ‫אי מ‬

‫א‬

‫‪21 1‬‬

‫•‬

‫ח‪.‬‬

‫ו‬

‫הע ל י ן '‬

‫‪2,‬‬

‫•‬

‫ה מ‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ן ב י נתי ם ‪ ,‬ח ‪,‬‬

‫ו‬

‫תנחן‬

‫ת נחן‬

‫םע‬

‫םע‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪128‬‬

‫ל‬

‫א‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ח‪.‬‬

‫ן ב נת‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫םעמ'‬

‫‪, 2,‬‬

‫א מ‬

‫א‬

‫א מ‬ ‫םע‬

‫ל‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫נא מ‬

‫‪:8‬‬

‫ה רק י‬

‫עלן‬ ‫‪:9‬‬

‫ו ‪ 2‬ח ‪ ,‬בא‬

‫ב‬ ‫הר‪P‬‬

‫‪-‬כד‪ ,‬ע ל‬

‫א‬

‫'‬

‫‪01‬‬

‫•‬

‫א רמ'‬

‫א ר מר‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ן‬

‫הר י‬

‫ו‬ ‫ר י בדל ן‬ ‫ה ר ק י ע ן ה רק '‬

‫הא ר י‬

‫ו‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ו‬

‫ו י ב ך�‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ו ‪, 2‬‬

‫אד י ם‬ ‫ה מ‬ ‫א‬

‫ה מ'‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫לד‬

‫ר כש‬ ‫רבי ן‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ו‬

‫;‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫לר‪ P‬י ע‬

‫‪1 1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫המים‬

‫ל ד‬

‫‪1 1‬‬

‫אים ן‬

‫‪ +‬א ר מ'‬

‫חל ר י ן‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫ו‬

‫אח ן‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ו‬

‫אש ר‬

‫אש '‬

‫ו‬ ‫ל ר ‪ P‬י ען‬

‫מע‬ ‫לא ‪,1‬‬

‫חל ר י ם‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫•‬

‫א‪,‬‬

‫ו‬

‫ו‬

‫חל ר א י ם‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫חל ר י ים‬ ‫‪: 11‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ P‬נ ד י לה ‪I‬‬

‫‪ P‬נ ד י לא‬

‫לו‬

‫‪01‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫רבי‬ ‫אילר‬

‫ה ג שמ‬ ‫‪:1 2‬‬

‫לר‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ל‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫אחד ‪I‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ס‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪01‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ה על י ר נ י ן‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫חל ר אי ם‬ ‫‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫אל‬

‫לר‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ו‪2‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫חל ר י י ם‬

‫אמר‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ד ‪,1‬‬

‫ד‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫ל‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫סם‬ ‫‪: 15‬‬

‫‬‫אל‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫סיםן‬

‫א‬

‫לד‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫רב י‬ ‫א פשר‬

‫חל ר י י ן‬

‫ארפ כ‬ ‫‪:14‬‬

‫מי‬

‫א י פשר‬

‫לא‬

‫אפ‬

‫אל ר‬

‫ר'מ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫העל י ר נ י ם‬

‫ד‪2‬‬

‫כהד ן‬

‫ן‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪129‬‬

‫כה‬

‫לא‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪c‬‬

‫ד‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫מא‬

‫לד‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫חל ר י ם‬

‫א‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ח‪,‬‬

‫ו‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ : 1 6‬אחה ! אח‬ ‫אל א ‪ , 1‬א מ ר ל ר‬ ‫א נ י ! ח ' לא‬ ‫ר‬

‫ר‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫ר‬

‫>‬

‫ב רחן !‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫מ ח ח י ל כא ן( ‪.‬‬ ‫א ם ! ח'‬ ‫בש‬

‫) כ" י‬

‫ח‬

‫‪ : 1 7‬מ י ם ! ה מ י ם לא‬ ‫ע ל א ח ח כ מ ה ר כ מ ה ! ע ל א ' כ ' ר כ'‬ ‫!‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪21 2‬‬ ‫ח‬ ‫א ר‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ל ר ‪ 2‬ש ל ההב‬ ‫הר ר י ! הר י‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪ : 1 8‬העל י ר נ י ם ! העלי ר '‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪21 1‬‬ ‫‪ + ,‬הם א‬ ‫א ר‬ ‫אמ ל ר ו א ' ל ר'‬ ‫שכ ח ר ב ו ש כ‬ ‫א יפש‬ ‫י לג ה וגר הי א גם‬ ‫ה י א כי ד‪ j‬ז ן בב� גג;י רוו שכי ו גה וב‪ '!,t‬פ! יג‪.‬ש �נד ‪W‬יכע‪.‬‬ ‫ה א \‪ f‬ז ו גני �‬ ‫‪ :;U‬י י ןן ש ס ר גה זב גי � לגש ים א ת;שד ר א נתיי רא מי ח י י ס ו ר "ס'‬ ‫ן‪',‬כ ‪\,‬ו ה לגה ‪ 1"t‬י ו א ה‪- .‬נר י ך ככר עדר כי י ש י י יןבלנ‪� t‬ו‪j‬ש ז גנו ן‬ ‫� רנ ענז ככו יו ן‪ N'U‬ו רנ‪ .‬איטו;י" ה"ה ר שמ ע‪r‬כן ‪ r'\,‬י ש‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ד גן '‬ ‫כש ‪ Q‬בוי יז ‪.D‬ר ‪t‬ין גי כי י 'י!כר הב‪ -‬יי י ה אונ ענ ז ‪.‬ככורן ן ננק ר ש � ו ש לא י רב לא ה י ו � \א‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫כו � ו;ינד ועש ר ש נים' ‪ 1‬עש ו‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ש ר א;\‬

‫כי ‪Y‬ו י ס‬

‫‪,‬מ‪y‬ר ינז � א וו‪.‬יס ו עשי ש ביס‬

‫ר נא ש ט ן '\‪ r‬ט " ג ו גיר ה יח ותי כ‪.‬א י וג‪ :‬ר " נכ('! ג;ר י ון ר ר � ‪ M‬א ר ר‬ ‫‪234‬‬

‫‪S c ri be C‬‬

‫�‬

‫" � ‪J‬י‪'ot i‬כ‪\, -‬ו רן \‪,:‬וג‪.‬ע‪L‬ן ש א י ז " נסזז � ךרני עבדי כיעבניז לכי ל‪,‬‬ ‫שה י ה �' א ו י ‪\,‬כי ט ר ן נד;' ' י לדי זך מ פי נד גז ש י � ו גו ש ה ש י � ‪;:‬‬ ‫כי� נו � עש י ר י נת‪..‬מ‪ t‬ן‬

‫ו � ש רז ש י'‪ ,,‬ש י ן גד‪ 1t‬ר‪ i‬וכי ו ו ש ד רו ור‬ ‫גדלס ו אמ ר ו לן ה שבעיגן שאי ן א ת מ גר ש א ת‪ .‬אימי נן ענו‬ ‫מ ער;ה כך כ‪"I‬ו ז ש נתנס ה אב‪.‬ר הים עס י ן ן עשיר " �‪ ,,‬יו השבע‬ ‫‪\,‬ו ש א י ו א ת‪.‬כ‪.‬ו נס ה‪- -‬יו � ‪.‬ש ד ניעת‪iT‬‬ ‫עש ית א ר) ידיכר זד ז‪ ';T‬א ג; י ה גס י‪ i‬א חר ‪1‬ז ש הו א ש'‪i‬י כ‪.u‬ד‬ ‫גס ה ז ה ה אה ר ו ‪ ,‬איב‪.:‬ד א ר) כיש‪i‬‬ ‫ה כל שא ו ר' ן י‪"I‬‬ ‫בי גרך א כ ר כר ו גד כרכ‪:‬ור לאג ב‪ .‬ר כה יכן �‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ש ע‪.‬ש ה '‬ ‫רבו ינ "\אג‪ .‬רג‪ 1.‬ת ל‪.‬ג‪ :‬ן ן יר ש ‪ t‬רען א‪j1‬ש ‪ 1V‬א י ג‪ '''I :‬ר א' ‪ t 1‬ה ר‪j‬ר'יו ר‬ ‫א ש י י ר גי מי ' ש ה ‪1‬א י ו (‪o‬ן ון בגיפ‪.‬ליט‪ i‬ש ייבו מ ן ר ש ה י דנה �‪:‬‬ ‫ש ןתפה ‪.‬נשני ווןרג‪ :‬נו ת ר יז ר� ו ר ח ן נ‪ \"t‬ח ר מ ו נח ר' (י� ח רב ז‬ ‫ר א�· ן ' דן עט יר ה שכי ו כם אלף כש טונן וםז ן ר‪.‬בד הש ני העניי 'ו\‪'i‬‬ ‫שכ‪.‬יז טנ א לן‪ J‬כשט יב ן חרנזז א בח ו רבן ה רא ש ן‪ ,‬ה‪y‬כויד ה ת‪.‬דניו ה‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬ ‫?‬ ‫י'ד‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫\'‬ ‫ביעי זיכרק‪n‬י ' ‪u ':',‬זונ'יז �� יישו ו יו� ‪ K‬י'י' עבי שה''� מ""י‪-‬י ‪.‬‬ ‫‪'", rl‬‬ ‫�‪.‬‬ ‫ש�ני ' יגן ן(וו י' יי כנ' ויד� ‪ ,.,,‬בז ‪ tol‬ו‬ ‫דג\ ‪.‬בבו א ן ‪,‬וס ת‪ ..‬זז � ‪j ' 4‬ט י‪-''::' \\.‬כרוכ ככי � ו ('‪ \l‬נירנ ן‪ r‬גדז נטו‪2: ' ·p‬‬ ‫ברכו ת ‪ :.‬ך א '\� " ‪-"':‬י (‪o‬י‪ t‬ןתך ז גז ‪1‬נצה תו כיכ � "י"" ‪1S‬ט ע‪t‬‬ ‫די נרסיר פתוז ן ת‪ tt‬ר ‪ 1‬ב�‬ ‫פ(‬ ‫גוכ רין‪ .‬ך‪ t . :.. ,,"''I‬א ‪ · �"\,‬ו‪· u‬‬

‫ב‪.‬ט‪-‬כ‪w.:‬ינ‪ '.‬ע!ר תם רס ענ � ס תינ '� ךפחמ ת)' ב‪.‬כרם'‪ J‬ויר‪..‬ו‪.‬ן‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪.J‬‬

‫��'זו ו וד יי שךיב�וץ � �‬ ‫י 'ידס ייר ' דג יחגור ‪c‬ד\ ו‪-‬ן�‬ ‫יר� ‪\-'3‬ז \

f1 J' :4

J'

r:

f>

n

r r:

Q r:

.--

r:

r

J' :>\ r 0 c

f1 r

�

0 P-

Eo O

:>\

r:

C :>\

r:

0

f1 :>\

r

r

Eo

c

,..,

r-

r:

Eo

r:

r

r:

'"

Eo

r:

!G

r: !G

Q J' n r:

C r: !G

rI

C 0

r:

:.I f1

r

Eo :>\ J' Q C

r: ,lG

:>\

f1 r: r r: 0

r:

T J'

C

f1

,lG

Eo

Q

� 0

f1

'" .-P-

f1

J'

.....

c

c

-r

r:

Q

0 .--

Q -0

0

r:

J-

,�

f1 r n

Q r:

'"

J' n

r:

r:

!G

r: Q

0

C P-

:r.:

Eo :>\

r

:.I 0

Q

'"

:>\

'"

C

f1

Eo J' f1

c

J'

0 f1

f1 EI

r:

�

C

f1 r:

Q

r: J' n

J' f1

n

r: :.I C

P-

Ir

:>\ J'

:>\

0 ""

.--

c

r:

Eo r r

C rl

Eo

r

�

0

:>\

P-

r:

'"

Eo J' r-

r

.--

f1

.--

0

�

n

f1 r: r

:>\ J'

r:

Q

f1 Eo

p

r

:>\

r: Q p

f1 r

Q

J' r

r:

Q

.-

\lG

'" C P-

\r

334

VARIANTS

TO PLATE III,

30

FRAGMENT III FROM VAT.

,D'lK ,lnK7

'DlI

1'�'i!7

, 'DK

, D1Z7:l

:J

(4

, 1 '�1!1

(5

, '7.:lK

(6

'7.:lK

(7

1'1'1:7

l

( 12

:1ln

( 13

010:1

( 16

;-)l,n

( 17

., D' .,

( 18

7�",'7.:l

( 19

,1:J'K7

(20

'7.:lK

( 21

'n

(22

,D1J7:1

(23

0'27:1

(25

.:J;-J

(26

Dtv:

(27

, I

ell'

,

' 1' ;:)

KJ ;-)'lT lI '

,

:':1

7 1''27 '7.:l

;-;"""

31'i

( 11

7.:lK D'�1:7:1

1 '1I:1

(2

':J,

l' 1"

(1

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

NOTE

A Partial List of Works Cited by Theodor and Albeck Theodor utilized all extant published medieval commentators. On the unpublished commentaries see J. Theodor, " .c" ''- 7)7 "17.l,"T.l KJ"1 n'1!7K"1J," Festschrift zu Israel Lewy's siebzigsten Geburtstag (Breslau, 1911), Hebrew section, pp. 132-154. Reference is made to the Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Philo, Josephus and the Church Fathers Hieronymus, Ephrem, and Origen. For later aggadic development: manuscripts of Midrash Haggado� Midrash Aggadah, ed. Solomon Buber ( Wilna, 1894 ) ; Lekach-Tob, ed. Solomon Buber ( Wilna, 1884 ) ; Sechel Tob, ed. Solomon Buber ( Berlin, 1900 ) ; Raymudi Martini, Pugio fidei adversus Mauros et Judaeos ( Leipzig, 1687 ) . Dictionaries: Aruch Completum, ed. Alexander Kohut ( Vienna, 1878 ) ; Jacob Levy, NeuhebrAisches un Chal�isches W6rterbuch uber die Talmudim und Midraschim ( Leipzig, 1876); J. Levy, Chalc!aisches vt6rterbuch uber. die Targumim ( Leipzig, 1867 ) ; Gustaf H. Da lman, Aramaisch-NeuhebrAisches Han�6rterbuch ( Frankfurt a. M�. 1901) ; Samuel Krauss, Griechische und Lateinische Lehnw6rter ( Berlin 1895), with notes by Immanuel C6w. Modern works on Rabbinic exegesis and the aggadah: Wilhelm Bacher, Die Alteste Terminologie der �dischen Schriftauslegung Leipzig, 1899); and by the same author. Die Agada der babylonischen Amoraer ( Strassburg, 1878 ) : Die Agada der Tannaiten, ( Strassburg, 1890 ) , Die Agada der Pal­ astinensischein AmorAer ( Strassburg, 1892 ) ; Louis Ginzberg, Die Haggada bei den Kirchen�Atern (Amsterdam, 1899); Israel Shapiro, Die haggadischen Elemente im erzAhlenden Teil des Korans ( Leipzig, 1907 ) . Some other works: Adolphe Neubauer, 336

La G e ographie du Talmud (Paris, 1869); J. Freudenthal, Hellenistische Studien ( Breslau, 1874); M. Jd�l, Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte ( Breslau, 188Q); Michael Sachs. Beitrae qe zur Sprach-und Alterthumsforschung (Be rlin , 1852): Leopold tOw, G raphis che Requisiten und Erzeugnisse bei d en Juden ( Leipzig, 187C), as well as many other complete works and articles. parallels from the Pa les tin ian and Babylonian Talmuds, the other e a r ly collections of midrashim a nd the Yalkut Shimoni are found in Theodor's Mesoret Hamid­ rash; the complete text of the parallels are often quoted in the Minhat Yehudah. References

to

337

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albeck, Chanoch. Einleitunq und Register zum Bereschit Rabba. Berlin, 1931-1936. Albeck, Chanoch. Untersuchungen uber die pal. Midraschim. Berlin, 1927. Assemanus, Stephanus Evodius, and Assemanus, Joseph Simonius. �ibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae. Partis Primae, TOmus Primus, Codices Ebraicos et Samaritanos. Rome, 1756. Reprinted Paris, 1926. Babylonian Talmud.

( Standard edition)

Wilno, 1928.

Bacher, Wilhelm. Untitled review of the first fascicle of Midrash Bereshit Rabba, ed. J. Theodor. REJ, XLVI (1903), 301-3 10.

Ben David, Abba. Biblical Hebre w and Mishnaic Hebrew. Aviv, 1967. Ben Jacob, Buber,

I.

A.

Ozar Ha Sepharim.

(editor) .

S.

Tel

Wilna, 1880.

Midrash Tanhuma.

Wilno, 1885.

Cassuto, Humbertus. Bybliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae. Vatican, 1956. Epstein, J. N. Introduction to Amoraitic Literature. Jerusalem, 1962. Epstein,

J.

N.

Mavo L'nusah Ha-mishna.

Jerusalem, 1965.

Epstein, J. N. and Melamed, E. Z. (editors). Sim'on b. Jochai. Jerusalem, 1955. Finkelstein. Louis (editor) . York. 1956. Franke�

Mekhilta D'RilibL

Sifre or Torat Kohanim.

Introductio in Talmud Hierosolymitanum.

Z.

1870.

Freedman, H. Friedman,

M.

Midrash Rabba. (editor) .

Sifre.

10

vols.

London. 1939.

Vienna, 1864.

338

New Breslau.

Ginzberg, H. L. "Zu den Dialecten des Talmudisch-HebriUschen, MGWJ, LXXVII ( 1933) , 413-429.

Commen ta ry on the Palestinia n Talmud. New York, 1941-1961.

Ginzberg, Louis. 4 Vol s.

A

Louis. The L egends of Philadelphia, 1909-38.

Ginzberg,

Ginzberg,

( editor) .

Louis

1909. Goitein, S. D.

7

the J ews.

vols.

Yerushalmi Fragments.

A Mediterranean Society. Los Angeles, 1967.

Goldman,

'

New

York,

Berk eley and

Edward A. Parallel Texts in the Palestinian Talmud to Genesis Rabba. ( Unpublished rabbinic thesis, Hebrew Union College. ) Cincinnati, 1969.

Heller, Bernhard. Bereschit

"Der Abschluss von Theodor-Albecks MGWJ, LXXVIII (1934) , 609-615.

Rabba, "

Heller, Bernhard. "Theodor-Albecks LXXI ( 1927) , 466-472. Horovitz, H.

S.

D'Rabbi

Bereschit

I. A. ( edi tors ) . Jerusale m, 1960.

and Rabin, Ismael.

Jastrow, Barcus.

A

( editor) . Vienna, 1878.

Kohut, Alexander

Kutscher, Yehezkel.

( rep rint)

Dictionary. Aruch

Rabba, " �,

Mechilta New

C omple tum .

York, 1950.

8 vols.

"Articulation of the Vowels u, i in Mishnaic Hebrew Transcriptions Benjamin De Vries Memorial E. Z. Melamed. Jerusalem, 1968. 218-251.

Galilean Aramaic and of Biblical Hebrew,"

Volume, ed.

Kutscher, Ezekiel. Volume, ed.

246-280.

"LeXon Hazal, " Henoch Yalon Jubilee Lieberman. Jerusalem, 19 63.

Saul

"Studies in Galilean Aramaic, " Ta rbi z, ( 1949-50), 192-205; XXII ( 1950-51) , 53-63, 185-192; XXIII (1952), 35-60. � ffprint, Jerusalem, 19541

Kutscher, Ezekiel. XXI

Lauterbach, Jacob Z. phia, 1949.

(e ditor).

Me ki1ta.

3

vols.

Lerner, M. Anlage und Quel1en des Bereschit Rabba.

1882.

339

Philadel­ Be rlin,

Levine, Ephraim. XX

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