Allomorphy in inflexion 9780415825108, 0415825105

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OROO HELMLINGu1s·ncs :SEFH IE'S,

'l 1I hy • ,.Bl"U&omorp ,__m

Inflexion R

·. 11.0G Y

A - · r.AENCH

CROO'M 'HELM London• N~w Yort • ,Sydney

L

'·'1 ,8

CROOM Hill.Ml UN6 . liflCS ,. ER:IES

Chtd ' Ed" or

The ·Doom Htl .m Lmp1s11iesSerie$ dAle$not peciami , in .an. ,one ar · af l.upage stud,y. nor dw :tt limit ltwf to an.y · lb .o - lical pproo SyncllmmiemJd d'aehmnie desc.rip \re

,wdfcs.i.iiihtr -)'Il'ta,;ii

st,mlmli., pb - - .ogiw @r morphoarc weJ : med, : , more~] "ti'tClide l~bui ' ng• udi , . l!IJ:·, lld:i · in :sociolh1rgi i tics or ps_ycholingu.sli • The - · 11: • . - is • ii.. - - -· ..... J • . • m en.on,I,l!,'fil ,a. w- .._' ·".,..~s -·tct; _"__pc11nr;;'e __g~i::; qu~•~ .uJJ ns conlff-' 1

fo

~~i

-ti led

i lO, 11i'im IR

mB1J '' . .

rli...ai~ . G mdLtd ,, B •

•d lik:rundi1110:~1 Br~1a:ri

iliiml'll

- on - . i ~- W, 11ttSter .

• iE11 IKII

~

lbutl-oo ,,o llhe relew:mit reM. Alli ·rem. publ:i$bcd.m.ust ad~ our under.standingof the naw of I n,guagein areas. of ,htanlial"imt1¢:St w major~ o· tbe lirnpi ·;· researclloom.~· munim.. T-raditio.iltl sc-hQ 'l'M.~. ~ ~- -h as clarity ,iof'

1

.w

·c -

lflle

lll. bmit 'rnaJlU.'5CrqJIL'ior

'il'inv

m 'l"ll'IT

Pn -- un-~ t - :Edit • Q.. H~l'm p bU he H -.u e,, ·o neU 'Row, 'kkmham . Ken BR , 1A

I

,o J~re.my

Contents Pr,_&re :a.mil. Ad :iiOWredy:ment~ ·.hbre .l'iliiicr

E.

muooucuon l .t

A '1m and ,a,.,umpiioru

1.2 1.3

:M,et1too :

14

l I

n, , one:-to--oo_inll ·.on I . ttem · -d ~ - rrio:- from l1 :phoJ1gogjc-:.iiil!~ QOndili noda1!-0mooph _ and • ~• ness'

1,8 2J

.01

2.

12

The -t31UH,0£lnlll.Hli.onalPa,rad i,gms

24

.2.l

:P,aradp

and~tlomQrpb .·

24,

2..2 2. 3

RueiU .

.-(mf .the paint~

26 ZS,

ml' ,rodigalicy· nd pa, imony in infLe:xio, 2-S 1 M(: .farflcrlon · d: ' ••,u~d ~t'idcpc,t!ldenll .y?

2.3-.2. 'Jlw noo • · pa- lailJn

32

of •iS'_f.l'tta.clie

N-

3. TJ -P l .l

@

,igm

omy Principk; A fi , ·. fnrmU:llal.io1n1 1•

3. l . l

- ·

So ·· .l::h.mprian. ~ulu .and Dyif"ba:t evidence·

3. ] .2: De:finimiom 3. 1.3 Cociscqu.m~

3..2

3.S

R.,ev.isi w:.andrefinli!lmeri" J .2.1 Prima. !faci.-e c:oun1ue.videoce l'o·lbe IPr · tg,mEro.ru:imy :Prim:~~ J.2.2 1lbc ·rclcvaooe ol le~lca:Gydemermfned mot1P yotm and moq,box:mu 'cs ·.•2,3, - - C[ · p8ili · - WDqU ~ 3.2.4 Slabs~ - _·gm.mixture

42 42 ,42

47 S.2 ~6

5'6 S9

70 'Tl'

,&3,

1

l.

Wrlhin ·

4 ..

4.2

on ·

'7

s.v,

A~d pti ,b l.!1:1'1: pano · .n imMt t

87

S...l 8

Tb;e Pmph,:;r , llty · De ,i 'tio:n.m

[c

iad

Pmpher, my•nd other con I inls

S.2

o.n a'Uoml!'.lirpby. :5.2.1 .Adj~ ..

195,

S:.·,2 Th Elsew:t!Jre , · .··dimimi · .,2.3 · Mirrw Priru:ip~

] ·9 ·,

.2.3

ioo

,ft

malic 100

H4 n,ge

-

207

l?ri-;ei:ple:

221 2

~-0

.

y

I

]2'7

ns ,•.J . .

7

A

SG · ·

2·

]28 12

7.3

241

e:t1di .

··11

_¢ w

_:

ded _ ·· - ypes.

}

.-,

l ,1

]52

214

231 250

ext Step , No ·•

2

Bi io,gnph) l'ndc~es

]61 l -

.: _j

.z

25,1

l 7

.u 8

20

(ie!i'.mac.. ol[IJJU 7.l Th.e fatm afid the pro.blms. 7, · G~an ,n m· aa·~'rfl a:op · di,gms.

:B..

J

207

mil}': Paradigm E'conoffl()'~1:11

.l "J

s.

2CU

Two Ques1.iioru . Ct i:i~.ernin- S1.e,mAltomorp_hy ·. ..l lirnmduclion : ypes.of · tem 62 .i m altom rphy and th · P'4?riph CoiiS1mW • ,c,,3, :St,emallomorph . and 1h · :P.nad~ 1

. ·,2.7

l9S 20·

l

4.2.4

17

on trainil!lml

glc

Prefa,oeand Aclcnowl.ed,gem.ent

AJbbrevia.tions

Abbrevi1Uili'.1i~ :8if(: 1il!$Odl for rthe .namu ~f ijtnaiin mmphoymrta _lic:,c:ategorl· •e:cd, propcnii. as folfoM•s:

Gem ' ~

AlbG

Ablallive,

A.bl.

Abhnii.v.t

A(cc),

Ac usaii'II(:: Adi •

AGt DAb Da)

D.alive dedeosioo

Def

Dcl\inilt'

Ee

Ergatirve eminin

G(mi,) (il.

IDA-bi

Imp: lm,pf.

Furmure

Genilive ·· c:nhiVC1 . L®iti.,,,. .· ~nsirumcnma11 Dalive. Ab! live Imp: twe lmpo~ -

l J,)C:l'llivc

M{asc) MasculiJ:I ·.omiMliv;:.. ArG A ·OC;JJsa:tfVte -

1Gllffliuw

Diuive.A_huivc:

Deel F(,em) .Fm

L(oc),

m'oomive, V · ·1ive..

Pm ~srf Pf

Pl

P0$5 ,

Ao:usali'Y(l: :Passive :Pt:rf'ffl!i\\c Perfcdi,;e

,~11r~

Pre:

~ · ' e. !P,reseom .

Sg

Singuljr

lfidd ' .lnd(k)

Jndee _ mte ,lmlkalive

.·.U~j

Sol!,ject

~bjuac

.suti;uocmive

hdin l'l\'ni'i-A ~j

'lnilinitirv,e l'firttmf:J;c ,ni:aJ

Voe

Voeati~

1 Introduction

.~

Th

g

•

'IM ,

D . · . MPUO • ,

d

binal Jl!8_DL1{ly: what , ·lhe cmeria for. idenlify.ingIlle m ·rphos.yiUactlcprope:ii1ics ad ,c,a1t - _ ·e: :rele1-•,t11_Il'II :r,c,~ ,gi.vtD. langq ? My m'! . e m tlri qu · tion rese~es: ll!le nS\iii'cii' 1t.h:n I - 'J .I , e il.'(livari ,us oilierfuodamecttal,questiom·of ddmit" :m.. To am\\ · . a waterti,ghi of tti~ a. woll'ld m.vt1lve.d~ · too hm

·CJf,_nd d -ids" ll , 'oot. mul"lbe.rof problem quile far rel:t'i.O'lled .·ro.mdi aim of thi$ hfflLl.~,b · he handling,of s)III· . Uc ~l.lff.eJUiC ~ .. LOf!l!'in lhe WV , t , fiSC. imdudm,g concord a.md·'wqu~.c • of ·mm I/ . But here - r · 11ID1J1gb , cleu ' e. '.·-··r ·uttii'!ltm: of mfiexi ninvuMc m . -,:,~•~ ·· · · .-11If' ., - - - - ., - -- - --· rv~~g,JY'""''•" -. pr ,pG1 llh.atrare:fairty·trail -uan.ram1,_idcntii'ia~e, 1 ,Pl'(Mde US,'W'iliha Oln\'.of m:ntrial ·t br.:gi_n our inv~5llip·tion. Refmmgth crlt ri Ul cope wiih lit . fQClli"CIIXmll'O\'t: :!)iii~ pc:1!11.Unbra CM wait i!1Ianv.,t¢ .know ether O!Jl Uldy of lb.e core m telial loo li'ke ~1.din,g ,pm 11rab~ - ~••s i" th!- shapeor'l!llter- -ring,(L~. ~Y ~ - ·fi:11btelnrt neventt . -·· unf~fied) ,_ 1u:fillisaiiuM ; :a:a,d , .· t tl!riiim w eail'II le 'itim · J • trow ol!!r prov,· ion I :resuT· to infiuI

nccourd;~i5ion

.

Ther · :· , ltowe , o.D ,chamcteristi- of m~• yrn die properti,es w.mc.hwe can ·regaid definhiw . ·gh :way,.U l!r!01:Jlh · yrnacti. Pm'Oif;l«t[· :re-wha't ·i1t1fk::t ' n ricali!ie,llhcaa. · "ri.ctl n between . .pei'lies rueh .I :rmve m.Mlesied In $1 Hn,8,iJiist.s. ·W(llif agee f'amyreadily.abalil:t the wider8~~ of m . tiiMopamcul\ar ·1.a:... "no , acts'. So, drinking, ,abo.1JJ.,fOlomJt .~ · ?O} in f.1iro.1.1r of a. ~kxicallw:u - . UOi:i). l]j - a · I d ~~ oo 'Willby dcfini:· Ofl1bi;

1i~51t :·

""')-al - -

sc~

i.till)'

lli~c:vant~ - ·ontl ~

.

R!l~~

ffl l

1'104 ~JTK'd

'Wahliiat

ti.em..

2. ~-· · me. ·in oo.otrm •·o M'ait'b- , lite -

'apo11 rim ' m mete:· . sq,.·.

·

- ml - -'Ilion·and

Yili:arn .

l]

23

22 ·.:.U

gl

2 The '.·tatus. of lnflexional Paradigm 1

~

wiUd;p.lnd u h-0 · m~ of he ·u~

be a~ted

{or ph'O:no.log ,kalll. • l!:m .1:even

mare of tfue number. of di l:incl infle,xiom(that i , one whicih :ttnb.u.teSnJu:: lair -~:IJ?Ql~'5.ib ~ ·ro:1' · w p_honology). mil..~'lfGCOg!lt a.t l~l two c:cpo11:.1r1.ts CN ~ ('..asc 1 rfillli,gh' l} .a in T.· Me 2.2.

·~ . ,, ' ,!!!

,,n. , 0

-t . 1.1

' RA.DfGMS . - · D A.Ll!.n

J.1!:

QJWH\ '

i

•.

-

, i$,.,'bul; ,r llilNt

·m Yoe

-

'

G.a.n 0-,JJ · 10C dikTi~ •

Ace ,04,fj

Dtl/Ab'I

IXTlinOs

cl!!!iimii6nn 111'11 • - I

-i ·•· . -~llffi,. ·llffi

•QI

2.1

5U1

allorn rphy . . n oon.servab~. ,es-Li

balltl ~Ii!! liilnfi'I

b!!IIIJ

24

u

ALPAMDI

-

' xceptiorui' to, ' sound I wt/. Ihls : ·ttJirude began~ -him.8:.e in lht :ti ht . f the ~rt of fact· po.uned,cuitby WamJJ ( 197?.)aod J.W. Hartis ( l 973) i':m.wian and ~WI : l!he ·that £wmal complexity m the o , tio , of appar,enUy eU~m .olJi,vMod phoool'ogi~ ru- , (1m~~ ,ed o. .- . ' ~ fa.i.hm: of ppliwioo oollil..·, m be _-~ -todl wilh 1.m iformity ·Or absenceof all ·· . rph,y, mo 1h hlOClll.o.nal pat:adig,mlhereb ' produoed. Patt Sill _. - ,, us, led _:pa__~f (197 ] : 1972) 10 po tulatc ,a pn ·pi 0:1'e'limtiatiitiM of all ·iriOip.'li ini _paqd~tmi~ to be 'lb 'e.-va];· 1 :too1meawire' :for· gn.mma,saloo,gside princi_pk of fo:m1 · .'mpliat:, nd mHilnaf , Tl;~ , H ll,: :seemed to., ~ lh.is .. ew ·vri.tlt ,oqwmfun.it \\'b.e:ai.It_ ~tcd ( 1973: 9): •n well bo\li , ·lha.t paradigm ptcSS-Ur ,e pla.ys.· .~t role in 1bt, ¢1i-0luti.oo o · l!in,g,oo~. . lf paradigms,am mfi ~u: lhe ,~lilltion J• · 1ugu.age'then 11hr,c:·-~Cl'efYf,~n t tl! expect th paradigmsm~ ppur . , 1111.iliin I.heir wn1·ri¥'J!tt

met

mdudled m

oom~ w.hm

.m·megnmm:u.' TM d'di

-··, how v.u. laad oo:a.rii)'

.. of in1 _-in the: .ad:! cm lhe pan of m "in5U"~ Am ,· · geoer.ao.- , d tti!J 1·enn ' - 1 igm" n(li'Ie.ven appear mi ith.eincl ~ •c:if'~i$e '$ (1984) $Ult- ._ ihe-.an· rej?(ilrt on e:raro.i e rmorpll'lolo.. • llD.. lh.-e.r iiillfluem:tia.1 .lllDDOl.fflphOn the O:rgamzanon. of I~ Latco:11 (1981: 10). Ll•r FC\'t£1t.dto liilcview th1u: infk: 'omd :Jm digm h11 .ve no ~owti l ignifiCMte.e , allegiin;g_ lhat all in~al differ:efiOC!I wilhilll . · ·.ven word ·1 _ ue pre.di r b . ,on ·lhe. basis of tem alL·mO:fiP:h,Y ;"' and allh • Wilfilmm.5: (19 l : :166·73) offus r · of p . .digms,' h' mmm . i.ntemmtum O'llt U:llbe "'otin mftexi'onalconll'. • · '1/!,'lh:iJll , ,__ rd·c~ bum. tiler· ·n wa. of gwupin 111@1])l:to $JtU,i!,·'Ctio pro~ ·: . ,_ lo ifrf to CQOu_ntfo-1 sy,nuem · (whidl we ill d" . ~ss further iD -~ · ). 'Ibe imo l ptl'.SIWll\C :recer.Lt ooa.mpw . o:r1he 1th~ im~ of pa.mdli!iff-1 · ·· d t f!Hio.nd · is,·wu12e.t( 1984). wwkin-. wi.'tl!m~ - framewrrt of ~11.im ·orpboDd.cvel_(llpcd by Dr,essler (1977 ; 198.), ···a~ .e.r ( 19.Sl), and, olh ' - Yd 1h . mp , ' . . thal p~e.es IJ I b,,; f ~ -f inft _)ijr.;oclas$ ~ab. i.t · all'ldproouotiYi(Ysh~ than. C:bthim _ i · Halle, the m ·· · e ·denee for· lbe· ,em.tence of ~gms. u: 'eorilie.smth ii' ownright • ill~ ·cu, do with lmguage cllanp,. Bi.mtnms ptG ... . , a. fiid:nyobvi011l!!ii q,uestooo ~ asth.eff no, , nbs~u e.e ide , ce of a p-u.rely· :ync.hmmcli.od? bli other ~ if' die kin o · :prob- pcsul •yth~ ttalian and · ~ ve b pan di_ggis . di,d aot ~ •.r ·. ~e _it of m~ i.1·,o ~t . ~ ·gI'liCtcmllt inc

1

0

•

w~

•

11' J

gl ..

iE

A'Jl.lS. .

2.J PKOl[)J)· ·· UIY

.. ., .

'ii

re..... ""LIi

19

..•o

11

Si'ATUS Of! I fJ:.

{201) I fl!XIDNA

PARSI ··Ni

H

E'!fesfi 1Nht:n ~ . is lii10te 'than CID~ ~fifl.'exin i:ial :re.aitition a ilable. f r Ji"".n combin ·rm. ,of 1 iln1rpbi»'m.Ut11c·pn,putie. · e.ach5-t¢mmril$t5¢ ~ only. one of tti"lese: rea&ali . ilt!ii('tlmil · .liheret .·,or m.oreare se1'ea:ed the. overt oo:11trast is • · "atedl . "th s.am.e

5tnum.ti or !5itj'·- t" function,). Th : l lam .e- dr . DI:f r Uf hypodl - i iol:mded to biol: n ·~~pla _lllllliooJorim.( $fl.I~~ : duu:,~ ' at wor moimk1kmalffll · -e-lm : &ffi· ·t,Miarl , o:tptm ,log · t'ecoo'l,e,i!Jey to, p11tovertdiffer ,en .· to, use. to ·gn, tl'leml.some WilH:tion - noL to ~.et them ,go prodip illy to ~. · .i1Mr . Tho oxmcnoc:of Mith tl'l!nd1:mey ·m- .At.....::vB'ti -w !Ii!!!"' ,-.n-rnb.-.! 1-c.... . La ....... ... ,.edlhlj .A-n_ .ff, .• .A. 11,.W,!;IL ___ CL r ~ I......., · ,~ ~11!! 111 .... _ _ '"'l ~Ii,,! wnO uses. it 10, acamnt fmrlhe phenomenonof 'b ·.· mg, ' •( I t76 . 413~ s.60). m,deriY.alfooalmorphology, tte lll5e to hkh ove:l:il:dif~ ft,~~ ~ pum. i$ n-lll1i\-ly ,ob\iou,. mamd ~ di$tm~On of lex.i -~mea:mc. • Th • ·m English one sc'tdom•Or ' ne-Vttfmds tw,o oomiul . omtS idcm'ed from !lb ; · i:: verib 'Whie.hue ,u ctly synonymous. · , ~ of ~ · · d oi mean:mg , differ· ,enhadon lilldl ,can~r .tc:

(202)

u,:~r

·du~

111f ~c

of nibbish,

~

t>,oropo.sitor of type di~li(jD al troops

,il55Cts

31 r. ,

I

l'i.L P - A D · M

pr,cf~u: IJ

fl

nt:

. JtLVC ~,

iieqllirem

l '(hail

a.

oonwlion be , e1:

meani~gs.

w

prt:~t.nt ,(u lEy,

tu , ii

post

fi , r ,t)

mqii' 'Cecm .of pii pe11t~ for offi L!3IJl, rp!) .

Ii'

,),.

z. . l

. ·Pf!D -iU

32

•

33

.·~u .~ ...

GAi

i tl'tca_tiioo .•·11~ "ffl:di::pcttdcmhow 1ightlyIan ua es arc .a~u~ 00:l'lfflaffledi m tll ·. . ·.p«t .Before '!,l, 'e alil:~mpm. an. =n~r- 'l{!I d'ii.-, ,qiJ¢5tioo,it ·-. ·worth r,emindin,g Ollf;Seh';es wt one of ·1hemllinfeMOn;for me.~~edL rc-a.wal~ · o:· int-1:!r !'l . jn lru 1 no loo of the mor¢aologi\ pan:uli.gm- · lhc ooexptdcd . w,ay in whlch phonologie11I ~ks seemedto, apply or fail ·10,apply in ihe pneta ,ti'M · .f :ronns uch, as. those o:( the it 1'-r:llSll! o .regular Sparush\'eir llfi~tcd liin i! ~ ltlt p.Qint ,.r view ,O'( d~Ciil ~ _ct~ . liw o · logy . - expo!;J,!ldedb Chi'l.1'1111'1!¥'11' & Ha'lle ( 1·9,68. • !But$1,1di ~ ,as, wehtv~· 5(1 -~J' 1 J:1u.:~ in ,roa ·dnnoecl IQ be invest~ tcd funher. bowc,,cr, 26, One mighl a,auc tha1the ca1cgoryPcrsoa is simply ooc rclcvani to verbs in 1hc Pas1Tcn$C.ju:scas Gender is ntrckvant in the PrC$C.n l. If .so,this is:ncx.11morphok>gicalbomonymy. 29. Sccs«eio n4. ). I. 30. Tbcte is oo te ndency to remo,-c Ibis homonymy, in CQ'1t.l'as( wi1h example 29 - not $Urpn$ing,ly,sin« 1t can r~d lly be Classi(i«I a$ a

.systematic syncrctism. 3 1. PhonolOg.kally accoun,ablc. probably a«i den 1al. Altcmati,·cl)', perhaps, an indication 1hac 1hctc is no gcnuiDt morphOS'yn 1actk Number COntra.st in ~ modem Frent h ~ns (as opposed co dccermin«S): if so. n0t a morphological homon)-my. 32. The st,Hosof the PO$$CS.Si,·c market •'.sas a clitic rather than an affix (d . Janda 1980) may seem lO rule thi $ out as a mo~o 1,opce1 homon)'my, Dul if the POSSC5S ivc Plural •s• of regubr oouns ~ an it1fkrion (a.~argued by Car$~i11 J985). then this can be rcpnJaJ 3$ a ,yncrctism, 33. An ol't!i'!il!dnOun: (2, 1a/ ~

Jl .

0

SJ•

0 I liiu 1111 .

k

111!1

I!!

Cl , lill

.lid noon: U , I

.iii 5J(l

",r I !(I

1 I HI 14 Hi,

T 'bll! 5 .1'

1

1'4 1'5

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ch ·ice

1.m

Ll

u 8

UI

GAi

1-:5®'.

hill'!/01\l'e'G , is P,1lif1!'. Yif!lt , :sil!'l.C.e itht:teXpo:!!!mloI l g ·. m r, · peri~ p,ble:ra~ lhilo 'fh:u ,o:rFuwr · 1ch -ampl ~ ms: 1.0 00'.mtrHen 1ht::ptt1p0...:.edlPeriptter· Ii y Com_strail'il; •

· -· ptoloot.-m ta kC:$on

rn •~~ ~-.111:~••n

. diff-1,;:r ,r;rn,oompleliimJi,lb we,• r. if w

d ra umdcr m;it,_ idtrat' . ~cnve ubJ1. mcuve • .d,,P i'!i•e· .orm .

'1tnam mpG:.r -

Tra, .bl!i s~a1

.! . I.

('· ··-)

ln

tru· thud

md fourth coojug;nmn , ,Pr.eseot SU,_ •

ju ra(tivc iues. ~JirerFUt'l!rrC'hid"011 1ivt in 1hr, m rpho-ynt oti; c · me l . Sf!'iguJI· :lmp!,'rfectnve.

1 :10

gl

!i. l.4

0 ii iw.lud i!n8itn'i l) '

labl11 52 :11

u~ ~

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-.,

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J,64,

Ui-:S

o

k

Tabll!! 523

Pil-Hlii:i.Or

:

5"

'I 2 :J;

p;

'I

2

f • b - · 15 Z2.

Pl '1

!JI

Pl

U56 l

1

S_.7)

5,i..

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b. . )

(

!)

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h. t.u ·

(S 9

169 UI VE

J.LOl'i U l!ll'H'i'

5l0)

.a. Seq,uen .of 11: alisatl n ,of · · tegor'"i.es. : V rb t• m t- ~peel (+ Tons ,) b. B.Galisai~iom of ,pea : Jmperre~tmvc - a~in Tensed mnre:n$ hrf«U . ·la· iglscwhfi-:-e ,c Re.aM$a1ii n of Tcmi,e ~ :P.r~l!U ~Ii, Pasl. 0

Jh.ereare i o ·E)Oini:8 't · oor here. 1r:s1t ihc.re j !lJO i11di:: · ~mt oven :rea.fJ _.t ~n . of PMt Tense , oo ils .~ace res/C8 sol~ . on lib· syoracti ev:h:!lien~-.Se«m_dly,~h : p11open y Perf e-cli\' . smsiliY O t ~ but lhi.s. . ,$iliiViityL consiSlC'P!t: ·wi1btlru ioelUdGd ime.rp, t · o limef ·mplteraJity on~ . tta lntt ~~use il is tOJ · same fo.r:aUmembffsof itlte eateg,o:ry 1" 1'1 5e. Cffll - eii' it . hooi.iWer, , hypo1h 1i~I lainu ge L wh"® di _m from L uperlkb·Uy [fl, 0111~y one lil!t:ilUrespoot. mlamel· ·00111. ·the realisalli II f' 1h :Pe.rf1c.live· .~ is in (5 l 1) r. lher.th . (S 10):

1n

Th .t of Perl . live endm n,gsI.ti I.hetwo ~an - !rlii wjU iqi;:h1e lc ltbe:Jolto.win,g r,espect,,•ely: f 1hle5.24, - II

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. ~pt~v,e .111- m.~a / ~m _.~ or th p«uliarll' H\le A.orl" ~orm (( U a , in .·.haipl r ] ) fol!-1wl,lhe · ,af u.: ~tli 1~i re, ,~ , ~~. , ' i11 :ai-fo 5.2 . Bm whA-n die

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.27. Bu~ ·chiJ:I · oo so tmp ··. H tlte future Tieme -mtt- j!ffi, · .27 is xp~csM- _ derived room ·t:1 • Si!!.'bor ,din t • Mood, or if we $.el~ . iU 1h~ :rorm a.pm~-or tlp•rr,•t- rat'.h~mhan,r;rp~m~.·, · lh 11 t i ~ the It ciioo betw en -·e·- and - whi b i al i we cfo fodctd sc:.~ tow,,. - •iiJutward n:siriviliy, d imd:eed , of a. kind m0ornpatiblc w th ~ ~inciud . d in1cr.,, p:rtEaii.oo g ; ·mheP(mph ralrtyOm mint [IS t!u- d. C 09). in that • 1 differe1llt re.al'lsamron ooo . in th ~marted' Pr_sen1 T [!!Se from ihe otb r 'f.enses. .Bumllb.e ihemselres ar:c. e

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somc.wlmli mlfJ'l'G oornpl ~ lhtm so fu_rd cr:ib.:d,iln thin fonn ri"nt/Mk·you ,Spok. , and apm ndM · . 'you Willi ~k . pp;u omlyOiXll!lr·imisom ~.diol:ect:s "ns1ead , of undmk and apmtmkak .Smail':$, &. Hollen - .ch l9tiSI~ 441 . no IE: 1 :I)- Siam & Holl'etlb ch do ·!Wt . wm -b, if ,eilh~r', of lh tvro, alh:t.'fij;ah ·. t ~ -· diog ~t ·, _·ex~ o 1w:otibff, oor who: lwi · i!.!!b• ,ominat- 2nill Per:s !!Iimtmlt..:tikhii5 a :sfmiwva.1J iiiii!lt wirh i- ; bimt!, gi 1h · a,ruilJrfilm l'I, "l'I . ' vt .t' , far pro~. it i it· ffiiP (,ng ,o, s.rt du::-i- Mm/11~ a.\i pal1 £ · r ~ll!!:risi g ~on • 'V, Ii ..i'.I, t :remove potentialJy •illegal'i:nstam ca · o,nward :stn1

·with ~ii~ ucb.·

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n m 2nd f'.ei'$(1n ( rm of 'tire1- El( CQnj~•forii1mTub__.S.17, rtl!iy. c.tl'l hil , no ·ng ori. ·he · J q , - miooof: hir · a.~ · _r.:!!ii:i · n Q11J, twa;rd. :wn•.· · 't,• o,pe,ra ;te ~•hen b o:rd . of ri-e 1·seitonot · re .· r ' ··· i · n t consmn1. DL'l i, d.iscussio ,of the H11ave,eump~ ha been incoa -I rv.e. ·1n .,..· . of he compa:ra:,.,.· ilrant)'of U1.:is kind .or V"Mi ion im 011d r and it:hedilffkui~y of findingdail wh1c,h ll\rihl un~qui¥~ij' in fa'"'ow ,or one '\'Cr:&to11.o mwthet' of ih. · .Peri,p'he.m.'lit . Con: Sl!rnint.I wiUl1lotoonlnme1h ~· rch for any mo:red:e:finheo: d ~ ii h. tt:. Bm I h vc ,, ] ho-~; :ti.ID~ [Iii. illlillStrarin tih~ so:n;,ohio id . ms ·ctti1wtll lbe relevani.Langua,g.csrhi -h il WliHooiinwrie:stirn(8 ,to x:wmrnein fu1ur . from bispo·nm,of ·ew, J s.u,gges'I\ ri (or Chere - ' Md lh~ othcli ~ ~amt:cd' :~rd :ffi'e1· · di iribmEQflwill no! 0 . end apins.l par. dig• e rn.omy , So ltc ra toot u'dri . a ype ~s - 1U11 ~mt~d by .rub) · :'i:n .· mb!I!:·,. . .mHr. Cl'.cali' I,. m. re 'tltillrni one.•pnnclpal pai:11:' wil ofu:n 1be net-dtd. il'Io.rd;:rto.pin down lhe·inflclional beb iour of 'Y!i'ru'ds belo~

23'l

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fiooil:l II:"

u:~t . ~· UOi'I \\IJL'h ' ,..-diH ~hifi •,'li_i'l\ll!e ; r ,h ~ woo]dIC nON:m w.ith some:,of what ~ said a:bot11 . 's bs" in l'mptc-r ir (:115: ~foo Jt'.i~P'I 4!) N11mhcr : - - re.•re·-v,1111r • rurtda.m• H _-,egffll' ~

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section.

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A -· -~ Study: Paradigm Eoon ·m.y in.

. ermn .··ou s

imtun~five.. Aoou___ ti . _. Gen1itw:i.= _,__ d Dauvt).'Thereare 1hw i.gl!!rt .morp~.t.a ii · prope~nt'trn robe realfsed,,· llhough ·m.h :i ' 'ffective~y redu.cedID .·. by -hi ·f cm1>1'1 lh.- mi-m;·¥e, A¢:ti.Wil1iv . :flindi Gi:!:m 'ri;,o,c Plural are .al"1t$~ ·.·· h.'Omon)'ni.Mi.$'Wi1hiii1 ;an, . pararl]· 1. [f ai.1he iou ·· i we ignore H but ih m-os.t ob- ·ou.--s ·lhlfphorn.ofo1 . 'eail·r ct whichIDB!)' poinl towud combining, :p.i.rad~p intu milCliOpa.ira.(iJ · i · lhc roml ,aJi!lmber o1 par~digm,. ·tooil wilJ n ed ~o ~i · oo: es to at least · · • 1

pondingcl · · ly to,llb total of ·•wm-· ' s•ioJile·on-cl ~w.m Wum":4( 1984,. 2 lO .. In T bfe 7 I. 1 li!;t ~ rnpl I« c--adm , in , hi usual orthograph . e,e. iJ!, repre.senl , '111iml1.ed' o :rornt r,ound~ '!rl"O!We!). "11. I TIIE

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pa_uilig rm~X·Xt[ I · .k lib by cxmraciiqmhe -~w.vam cli Tilmr i.$1i~f-ro:iii Mc 1'.l. 11.w.ill be ~ul im~r -oparadiigm XJv··."fo:r Jreaso:l'I·

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Tile Let lhtU m!!Iliy nou:n (1:ltO'.S'ei or our ~ IU· V'H) d" iiri,. uish · Plut:alste rn 1Ni1humtam f1tt1m . Sin ullarstem \ithoot slww:slhat t m.11a'nomorp·~. is 1tot f orewi, to G mum 1m.om -n m decl'ffl·on. The . aoom;t ,of ··"«.me just nted iD¥ol'i.les reco-g-

rmm ..a. ·fur1hll:1" j~n,~

nf i!'iCl;Jll :aBll()mI!DT)lh)' . this. 11il'm between ilhestern.I r the Norn S nd ihe . ·ern :fo.r atl 0th · Cases. Now, ii h ofl n bee:ri , ,em11rbdl tlh !1: · · m -lornorph)' wi1hin p;m_digj ms - at ~ E. dmc whlcli hu no, pboi:i o.G,ictdm0tim d .. - CUI ffloip'bO YfiUt.d:[c: ~ ft U ·rn, - t,•ru;:ls to be redrn:edlo,. · Ii · • .all!!eitul!lde· oom wn1t t azJ 1condili Iii • H, ·' ~ w · md tv.idcm;i · W'mt diac:l:tron ic ,dba'llg.C:dfie,ec iD,fll now , r mhc ·.i!J'mt type wMth ~ . be w:n __I v ll i_n_or -c m au morphy, 1then otu new . · I. - , under v.1h~ . :am!!! I Dg"' ,0 ttite. me '?3:radtgm , J.1 agm · !ijupport£d. A dia.chronm ban f tire: · . ,pn:. ,a:te , mndw u~. be encroammeniof ,on.e of the altem:mh · .a -~ ·fld Na·ttun.mon 11.~ _ spht:rif,ll o,_ ·~

otb,c,r , An:dit.u~I! di1ch nic chan:ge.llc!l: in

fu . £ sre.mro be . · .-umng. Ap.an Crom .·,a~ tb rommo: ·.· .t n 11!i whidh. generally or o.a tsio 1lcy'f oltow lype: Xl'H ar, Bu.rah '•_ ll'e.li of i!!hia: alph bc---t '., Friedt•p.e:act,'- F-u"1ce •~pa.d1: Gtdankt! '1hou:g h11 , Glttribt: 'b,t;.ilii!f' · ·QJJN! "5l.l!ld" , . rit,a-de 1

1

"harm:' and -Villf: \llilJ' Yet concerning; H ltiese:. I ndud p¢d1;11 _· '.r.;:-ill ·wotk rt Genn:,n grammar Schult & ' -unde:ntttf .I

l964 ~ lOJ, • .st:a:tes ~ • · di:: St1b$tat1:i'i. arm --.elb.aben iim, NomimmivS~ngu l r: wi. iiing,:r~ :dlln/orm· ,au{ ~m [my miplui!s' I;' :amd, . as m , ¥.'Oros 'p1:u:n!!II,or oc~ioEI!ily" rmply usage i b)•no fflil:4 · - oo ist,ent The Aipp:aridix.to •th ' ch11p1e 5'.lm ·that lhree , pu.mbte d.. •.n · ."e agree mrnp etely ,ol!IJ1h bchavioruof Ql'lly mhr« arth• run~ ll-01,!10 $, rnt11!.~~:,' Chdar!lr. "'t (wh[di 'f II.ow~·type x:11 ,omit). Fr-it.tit (whii¢h !has;a . ariant Ft tdt.n ar type ·1 ) · nd Namt1·itseH (w :nosel)'.P'Cn '-'ri nt ·. om,:n i vutou~ly ..'e:s.aibi::d "wmign gu.t , Aw ri n ox •mr1:; - .F,mk '" . . ·."' a-:11-.iu · , . . ~,- ,JU[~; ,;• nd _ W'llr J ••w alMii _ . _ sa"d _ 1 u:, J _ 1hr.oe _ _ d:..0:ro;n_ •¥•

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1he ~ 1Jin h~i;,s between 1h'. p~e.s

whfoh lhty. «mLm.

i11vohrins the di1ninc1io.n between more a:n.d1'.ess'ii'llEirli'.koo" properli · · \l'Llhin _ siven e&teg,oryand ~ .bly rn,vol"Wngd!le, dccomposiitiono· pwpcni~ inl. I ' stitue:in 'walum,' w oom· pcmenu. Tif nqlet:t m . den M.ihle::i!I, lb oont 11 of am1.iRqflli•_ ·nto e:KliJOHnee re~o.llS ' "ps: specificalL'y ; but th fae:I lb l 80 import 1u .iin aspoci: a. ·rnmph(, · ',c_J or -·· n~io ni is- kb ·utouclted by u h - l.'11inqu~"l'Jhows, idc&li'~ 1 ,hal ai. lihe.ory, .f

prop:n - ~nsnE rel.:nionsh.t _ps 'WiUru:;t c nsrinne: :fulllilleor.y of mnlll~op. · nd i1· is ir~ - ~ -. e~ ,at this, :s1ap. to ~i!:M al. · in which ii1ricorof ih rinooma'I' . ltucUnc of catcg,ori mighl imp.ing,e: on ii '1he•ry ooI ,oori ra·rus on ilhe fo!il.l:'d ,i~1ions, - r pt r t or ,s;g,ampl;, wt migln · r-ic: -~tbnsei'I -~~ i:ty, e, en o:r lhe _. fAii nnicon , 1,ained '!inward' kind i . ,equ ' ly (i • mm.on m ~ I - ' ;utoo• an · m 11_ 'm1utedt propcruts · for cttmple , is.fht fC'.at isa:tio.of h:1 tromern· Ph.1n1.1 . il'.I RJUUian1m. um j t Ii kel to be n$.i11ve,· n iFf.l · 11, gr-mmds,,· lh · t of /lee live Sin~ 011 lbe ra.c _orii, l!llle: airusiilter :ge-elil:J ti1€ cly 'to be 1Cu).: ll!hSliU~•,tal !Pttiral111R'l!i~M in ·racl .h -iill.y or1 -rear .·1io.mi ~~m ) wh r -· Ac . . live: ·-·n ulu bJ sev-e 1, a.irnd. lih · -me.- n ,of -ymm lry is ~r- · ·abt' in a.II1ftooe tur11g~1,e.5.;·wh~ irdl~ llil p.aradvg rn ·diSpl11y .more a1tl.omo:r.r¢qr irf1110,. ut il o.rude:1 .Y)rthei:oph::ft-bain- com.e 1haolb :lboltomir.ig:lllt& :tmnd cam.er. ldea of lih.i. !kindabout ,tie -~Wi,JI!'.J ~ iof1i1u1~~n _ 10 mo-,1:m" lnoh.~,giad ~por:icn~ hfl\lC'-(!if ~ur:sc~ been pul. rorwa-td ht!:rtite.,rn.ost famously perhaps, b_ Kurylowlcz ( 19-4'9) as. pan of · ac00 t 0.f ' aiJogiea~pro-· ~ mlin uislic thiLl'II.P; lht ~ · luc of lt urylowicz - pr,oposa,!s ' wcakluool. :h.v.1e.-·er. 1b)' mela.ct of any ~l }'ffl) · _ ni:c: ~ of · oq,hol'ogy i:mbracinglt m , ID},' it:cm,s.an iilQQO. ri or howpro.pi:ny-~po:racntfi::hu.io.nt5fuiP5, ~Jo- w ra ~i ncdlI Cl"rly. dev,el:opin-, · , oo.mplc1e ·th · oi· 6f il'lrlle:rii'l1 . ]I require w. to ~1p - : prof!i!my--xpooeiolrelati!.On h___lps l!/l'!d . whi!n-o~ might ~ I "pr -_ peny-pl'OJ?tf1.)' ' rcl11i-~Psrups• -'de-by $id~. Th . wk of ii! Ii " , nt-: ' " - ,Ibo I rinflt · to 0-1 . o · r1 m · r lls na l}' initol:W-0,rn.voh.ring rphoool •r; on, 11t"_ifflC'. haind ·iil.d, _ nmx ..and ~mlH'li~k:!:. o:n llhe ,lh~r. 1:lb_v-e:sa-id , somem.n about Ute:f Offt'i.ef in seem km 1.4 am.di •I .l, , and bout 1h · Ue1dn se.c:f ons ] •l,A .2. di.S.l,.:S.1 h, v.enod-1.ing furth-e:r 1

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