Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology (Advanced Structured Materials, 174) [1st ed. 2022] 3031014871, 9783031014871

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Advanced Structured Materials

Azman Ismail Mohd Amran Mohd Daril Andreas Öchsner   Editors

Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology

Advanced Structured Materials Volume 174

Series Editors Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany

Common engineering materials are reaching their limits in many applications, and new developments are required to meet the increasing demands on engineering materials. The performance of materials can be improved by combining different materials to achieve better properties than with a single constituent, or by shaping the material or constituents into a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure can occur at different length scales, such as the micro, meso, or macro scale, and offers potential applications in very different fields. This book series addresses the fundamental relationships between materials and their structure on overall properties (e.g., mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, or magnetic properties, etc.). Experimental data and procedures are presented, as well as methods for modeling structures and materials using numerical and analytical approaches. In addition, the series shows how these materials engineering and design processes are implemented and how new technologies can be used to optimize materials and processes. Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8611

Azman Ismail · Mohd Amran Mohd Daril · Andreas Öchsner Editors

Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology

Editors Azman Ismail Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology Lumut, Perak, Malaysia

Mohd Amran Mohd Daril Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology Masai, Johor, Malaysia

Andreas Öchsner Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Esslingen University of Applied Sciences Esslingen am Neckar, Germany

ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic) Advanced Structured Materials ISBN 978-3-031-01487-1 ISBN 978-3-031-01488-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

This book is a prestigious platform for sharing and writing the research findings from various engineering and technological disciplines related to quality engineering, sustainable green energy, sustainable nanomaterials, instrumentation and control, facilities maintenance, industrial logistic technology, and application of Internet of things. The aim of the discussion in the chapters is to give the opportunity to explore new conceptual, theoretical, methodological, translational innovations, and novel knowledges in order to respond to the rapid changes in the lifeworld requests and demands that require more responsive knowledges and findings. These chapters were written and compiled from numerous researchers, practitioners, and academician from Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as part of the effort to promote the research activities and to contribute the knowledge sharing for better research world. Lumut, Malaysia Masai, Malaysia Esslingen am Neckar, Germany

Azman Ismail Mohd Amran Mohd Daril Andreas Öchsner

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Contents

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A Review on Critical Success Factors for Maintenance Management of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adnan Bakri, Munir Faraj Almbrouk Alkbir, Nuha Awang, Mohd Zul Waqar Mohd Tohid, Fatihhi Januddi, Mohd Anuar Ismail, Ahmad Nur Aizat Ahmad, and Izatul Husna Zakaria 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 The Importance of TVET Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Core Components in TVET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 The Importance of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Maintenance Management of TVET Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Issues of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Critical Success Factors to Improve Maintenance Management for Laboratory and Workshop Facilities . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 Determine the Maintenance Management Policy . . . . . 1.5.2 Financial and Resources Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.3 Strategic Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.4 Education and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.5 Equipment and Facility Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.7 Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Development of the Research Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Sensing Coil Development in Measuring Magnetic Properties Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ashraf Rohanim Asari, Nurul Syafizha Mohd Kamar Arpin, and Mohd Ismail Yusof 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Sensing Coil Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Research Methodology Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Prototype Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Schematic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Magnetic Field of Solenoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Sensing Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Induced Voltage in Coil B and Coil H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Box Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automated Chicken Coop Management System to Improve the Quality of Chicken Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ernie Mazuin Mohd Yusof, Mohamad Faridzul Hakim Noor Sarkawi, and Norziana Yahya 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applying Lean Technique in Medical Records Management at Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fairul Anwar Abu Bakar, Marzilawati Abd-Rahman, Zaiton Kamarruddin, Mohd Amran Mohd Daril, Ishamuddin Mustpha, Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab, Mazlan Awang, and Khairanum Subari 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Result of Lean Healthcare Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Domain-Driven Data Mining Framework for Effective Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fauziah Abdul Rahman, Norhaidah Abu Haris, Rahimah Kassim, Zirawani Baharum, Helmi Adly Mohd Noor, and Faradina Ahmad 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Framework for Data Mining Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensor Application in the Logistics Integration Process in the Manufacturing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hairul Rizad Md. Sapry, Nur Aniza Mohamad Zaki, and Abd Rahman Ahmad 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery Effectiveness Assessment Study in Warehouse Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helmi Adly Mohd Noor, Nurfarahin Zulkifli, Rahimah Kassim, Fauziah Abdul Rahman, and Zirawani Baharum 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Research Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Warehouse Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2 Design in Warehouse Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.3 Factors Affecting Automatic in Warehouse Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.4 Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Findings and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1 Research Objective 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.2 Research Objective 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.3 Comparison of Current Design and Proposed Design for One Until Four Forklifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.1 Initial Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.2 Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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62 62 63 63 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 66 68 68 68 69 70 70

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Is Technology Affecting the Way Our Minds Operate? Digital Psychology of Users in the Era of Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ishamuddin Mustapha, Nohman Khan, and Muhammad Imran Qureshi 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Literature Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1 Quality Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.2 Eligibility and Inclusion Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.3 Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Psychological Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Digital Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Behavioural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 Collaborative Research on Digital Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Conclusion and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Temperature- and Strain Rate-Dependent Damage Mechanics of Solder/IMC Interface Fracture in a Ball Grid Array Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Siti Faizah Mad Asasaari, Mohd Nasir Tamin, Mahzan Johar, Mohd Al Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, and Mohamad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 9.2 Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 9.2.1 Model Geometry, Loading, and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 9.2.2 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 9.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.3.1 Distribution of Stress and Inelastic Strain During Reflow Cooling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.3.2 Evolution of Accumulation Inelastic Strain in the Critical Solder Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

10 Effect of Welding Parameters on Bead Dimension Using MIG Welding of EN 10025 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhammad Awwab Solahudin, Munir Faraj Alkbir, Adnan Bakri, Mohammad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan, Mohd Anuar Ismail, Ab Aziz Mohd Yusof, and Fatihhi Szali Januddi 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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10.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 11 Development of a Fire Retardant Door Made of Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Nur Lukman Mansor, Munir Faraj Mabrouk Alkbir, Adnan Bakri, Mohd Anuar Ismail, Mohammad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan, Ab Aziz Mohd Yusof, and Fatihhi Szali Januddi 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Development of a Low-Cost Hydroelectric Generation System for Application on Water Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Aliff Afira Sani, Muhammad Daniel Asyraf Azharshah, Mohd Ismail Yusof, Mohd Usairy Syafiq Sama’in, and Nor Samsiah Sani 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Development of a Speed Control System Using Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Aliff Afira Sani, Mohamaad Amirullah Rozidi, Mohd Usairy Syafiq Sama’in, and Nor Samsiah Sani 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Development of Attributes of Quality Tools and Techniques for Quality Engineering Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siti Zawani Ibrahim, Mohd Amran Mohd Daril, Khairanum Subari, Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab, and Khairul Anuar Mohd Ali 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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15 A Comparative Studies of Ten Ergonomics Risk Assessment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohamad Rashid Mohamad Rawan, Mohd Amran Mohd Daril, Khairanum Subari, and Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 Ergonomics Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1 Subjective Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.2 Systematic Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.3 Direct Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 Evolution of Ergonomics Risk Assessment (ERA) Methods . . . . 15.5 Methods Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.1 Selection from Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2 Developing the Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.1 Quick Exposure Check (QEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.2 Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.3 Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaires (CHDQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.4 Job Strain Index (JSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.5 OCRA Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.6 Workplace Ergonomics Risk Assessment (WERA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.7 The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) . . . . . . . . 15.6.8 The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) . . . . . . . . . 15.6.9 Vision-Based Motion Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.10 OpenSim: Movement Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.1 Strengths and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.2 Main Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.3 Physical Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Sustainable IoT-Based Environmental and Industrial Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mazwani Abdullah, Ahmad Zulhelmi Jamari, Mohd Amran Mohd Daril, Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab, Khairanum Subari, and Shahino Mah Abdullah 16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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154 154 155 155 156 156 156 158 158 158 158 159 159 159 159 160 160 160 161 161 161 162 162 164 166 166 168 171

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17 Impact of Infill Design on Strength for ABS Material Samples Using Fused Deposition Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amirul Shahmie and Mohd Haziq Zakaria 17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.1 Signal to Noise Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.2 Main Effects Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.3 ANOVA Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.4 Validation of the Best Combination of Parameters . . . . 17.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A Novel Approach of Estimating the Kinematics for a Manta Ray Inspired Swimming Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Ismail Yusof, Mohd Aliff Afira, and Tony Dodd 18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 Forward Kinematic Formulation for Underwater Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 Simulation Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 Conclusion and Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Compressed Air (CdA) System Energy Audit: A Case Study on Quantifying the CdA Leak with the SONAPHONE UT Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Azhar Ismail, Mohd Zul Waqar Mohd Tohid, Adnan Bakri, Fatihhi Szali Januddi, Narendran Narasiah, and Mohd Ismail Yusof 19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1.1 Compressed Air Leakage Detection Method . . . . . . . . . 19.1.2 Air Leakage Level and Artificial Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.1 Determine the Cost of Compressed Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.2 Calculating the Cost of Air Per Thousand Cubic Feet (MCF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Development and Performance Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Instructional System (Easy-AR) for Assembly Support . . . . . Muhd Syahir Md Said, Muhammad Azmi, Fatihhi Szali Januddi, Sarisam Mamat, and Al Amin Mohamed Sultan 20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1 Phase 1—Development of Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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213

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20.2.2

Phase 2—Evaluation of AR Assistance on Performance and Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Waste Red-Gypsum Based Concrete Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohd Amirul Hakim Sidek, Rosli Mohd Yunus, Muhammad Remanul Islam, and Amin Firouzi 21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2 Characterizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.1 Compressive Strength Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.2 Particle Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.3 Physical Characteristic of Fine Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.4 Pore Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.5 Homogeneity of Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.6 Flexural Strength Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.7 Water Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.8 Capillary Adsorption Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.9 Cross-Sectional Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Performance of Graphene Oxide Doped Polyaniline Composite Electrodes for Energy Storage: Effects of In-Situ Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muazzin Bin Mupit, Muhammad Remanul Islam, Mohd Asyadi Azam, Md Gulam Smdani, Rosli Mohd Yunus, Amin Firouzi, and Ong Siew Kooi 22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.2 Preparation of PANi/GO Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization of Graphene Oxide and Polyaniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.4 Characterization and Analysis of PANi/GO Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.5 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.7 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.8 Cyclic Voltammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.9 Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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236 237 237 237 238 238 239 241 243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251

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22.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3.1 Ftir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3.3 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3.4 Cyclic Voltammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3.5 Galvan Static Charge/Discharge (GCD) Analysis . . . . . 22.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polyisobutylene Filled with Nanosilica, Zinc Oxide and Titanium Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . Siti Irdina, Amin Firouzi, Muhammad Remanul Islam, Md Gulam Sumdani, and Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya 23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.1 Mooney Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.2 Storage Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.3 Loss Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.4 Viscosity Versus Shear Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.5 Viscosity Versus Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.6 Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.7 Young’s Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.8 Elongation at Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.9 FTIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.10 SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Comparative Study on the Energy Absorption Capability of Natural Kenaf/Epoxy Reinforced Composite Tubes with Different Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Munir Faraj Almabrouk Alkbir, Mohamad Asraf Bin Ariffin, Adnan Bakri, Fatihhi Januddi, Mod Zul-Waqar Mohd Tohid, Alhadi Amar Abosbaia, and Mussa Mohmed Bahour 24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.1 Fabrication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.2 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.3 Specifications of Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3.1 Specific Energy Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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272 274 274 276 276 277 277 279 279 280 281 282 283 283 284 285

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25 Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Process Parameters of As-Sprayed Aerogel-Soda Lime Glass/NiCoCrAlYTa Coating with Historical Data Design Response Surface Methodology (RSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuha Awang, Mohd Al-Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, Muhamad Azizi Mat Yajid, Intan Syaqirah Zulkifli, Azrina Arshad, and Mohammadreza Daroonparvar 25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 Materials and Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.1 Synthesis of Aerogel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.2 Aerogel Agglomeration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.3 Aerogel-Soda Lime Glass Slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.4 Spray Drying Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.5 Substrate Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.6 Air Plasma Spray (APS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2.7 Experimental Design and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 Result and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3.1 Chemical Composition and Morphology of Aerogel and Soda Lime Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3.2 Optimization of Process Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A Review on 3D Nanomaterial: Aerogel-Derived Nanocellulose for Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuha Awang, Azyyati Johari, Aliff Radzuan Mohamad Radzi, and Muhamad Azizi Mat Yajid 26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 Aerogels Made of 1D Nanocellulose and Nanochitin Fibers . . . . 26.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Understanding Critical Success Factors of Cloud Computing Implementation in Higher Education Institutions: Consensus Evaluation in Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rahimah Kassim and Nor Aziati Abdul Hamid 27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2.1 The Delphi Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2.2 Questionnaire Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2.3 Sampling Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2.4 Expert Panels Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2.5 Consensus Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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298 299 299 299 300 300 300 301 302 304 304 306 306 308 309

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27.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3.1 Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3.2 Delphi Round 1 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3.3 Delphi Round 2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3.4 The Proposed CC-LMS Implementation Model . . . . . . 27.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Internet of Things Adoption in Manufacturing: An Exploratory of Organizational Antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hasnah Mustapha, Rahimah Kassim, and Azizah Rahmat 28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1.1 Research Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1.2 Internet of Things in Value Chain Manufacturing . . . . . 28.1.3 Determine Factors of IoT Implementation in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1.4 Grounded Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 Conclusion and Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convection of Cu/Al2 O3 —Sodium CMC Nanofluids Past a Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rahimah Mahat, Sharidan Shafie, and Noraihan Afiqah Rawi 29.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Immobilization Efficiency of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 on Palm Kernel Cake Toward Different Microbial Volume and Fiber Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anis Alysha Mat Ropi and Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin 30.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.1 Preparation of Palm Kernel Cake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.2 Determination of Lactobacillus Plantarum ATCC8014 Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.3 Determination of Immobilization Efficiency on Different Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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330 330 332 334 336 337 338 339 339 340 341 342 344 345 346 349 350

353 353 354 354 359 360

361 362 363 363 363 363

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30.2.4

Determination of Immobilization Efficiency on Different Cells Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.5 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3.1 Growth Trend of Lactobacillus Plantarum ATCC8014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3.2 Immobilization Efficiency on Different Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3.3 Immobilization Efficiency on Different Microbial Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Maize Plant Monitoring System Based on IoT Application . . . . . . . . Siti Nor Zawani Ahmmad, Wan Muhammad Hafiz Wan Zubaidi, Fatimah Khairiah Abd Hamid, and Nur Syarafina Mohamed 31.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.1 Overview and Its Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.2 Hardware Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.3 Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.1 Hardware and Software Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Designation of Smart-Energy Save Light Systems Via Mobile-Based Applications and Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zirawani Baharum, Azim Saiful Sabudin, Ernie Mazuin Mohd Yusof, and Nahdatul Akma Ahmad 32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Electroless Deposition Nickel-Phosphorus on Carbon Steel . . . . . Nur Haznieda Hazali, Azrina Arshad, Nur Aqilah Jailani, and Azzafeerah Mahyuddin 33.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3.1 Surface Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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370 371 371 373 374 374 374 374 377 377 379

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33.3.2 Effect of Parameters on Thickness and Porosity . . . . . . 33.3.3 Mechanical Performance and Corrosion Behavior . . . . 33.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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About the Editors

Azman Ismail is a senior lecturer at Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, and Master of Engineering in Mechanical-Marine Technology from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Prior to that, he was awarded a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electrical, Electronics and System from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Graduate Diploma in Industrial Education and Training from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia. He grooms his technical skill at Victoria University of Technology, Australia, for Advanced Diploma in Construction and Repair Technology (Marine Vessels). He is also active in research and development for welding and joining technologies especially for friction stir welding on tubular sections and flat panels. This also includes green technologies for sustainable marine and coastal development. He is currently leading a research cluster of Advanced Maritime Industries Sustainability at his university. He has published his research findings in indexed journals and chapters and actively competes at international and national-level innovation competitions. In addition to his achievements, he has been a reviewer and an editor for some international journals including Springer. Besides that, he is also active in conservation works as a committee member for the National Eco-Campus Program with the World Wide Fund for Nature of Malaysia (WWF-Malaysia).

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Mohd Amran Mohd Daril received a Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical (Hons) and Master of Management in Technology from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 1999 and 2008, respectively. He obtained his PhD in Manufacturing from Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2019. He is currently working as a senior lecturer at the Quality Engineering Section and appointed as the head of Research and Innovation at Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology. His research interest includes the decision support system, lean six sigma, lean health care and semiindustrial plant and process design. He has 21 years combined working experiences in international manufacturing industry and in the service sector including academic work related. The scope of working experiences includes the quality improvement activities, project management, new product introduction (NPI) from design concept to product realization, production assembly, plant maintenance, and new academic program development. Since 2012, he has conducted 43 professional trainings and consultancies which accumulated worth about RM1.8 million. He has been awarded with eight research grants worth about RM296K and 13 innovation awards from international innovation competition. He is a registered professional technologist with the Malaysia Board of Technologist, Malaysia (PT19110050), and a registered chartered quality professional with Chartered Quality Institute, CQI, UK (MCQI, 6000665). He is also registered as a graduate engineer by Board of Engineer Malaysia (GE143480A). Andreas Öchsner is a full professor of Lightweight Design and Structural Simulation at Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Germany. Having obtained his Dipl.-Ing. degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he subsequently served as a research and teaching assistant at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from 1997 to 2003 while working to complete his Doctor of Engineering Sciences (Dr.-Ing.) degree. From 2003 to 2006, he was an assistant professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He

About the Editors

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spent seven years (2007–2013) as a full professor at the Department of Applied Mechanics, Technical University of Malaysia, where he was also the head of the Advanced Materials and Structure Lab. From 2014 to 2017, he was a full professor at the School of Engineering, Griffith University, Australia, and the leader of the Mechanical Engineering Program (the head of Discipline and the program director).

Chapter 1

A Review on Critical Success Factors for Maintenance Management of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET Institution Adnan Bakri, Munir Faraj Almbrouk Alkbir, Nuha Awang, Mohd Zul Waqar Mohd Tohid, Fatihhi Januddi, Mohd Anuar Ismail, Ahmad Nur Aizat Ahmad, and Izatul Husna Zakaria Abstract Strengthening of TVET institutions is vital toward producing a knowledgeable, skilled and competence workforce for the industry. The heart of TVET education is about practicing psychomotor skills through a direct engagement with the laboratory and workshop facilities. Therefore, it demands an effective maintenance management toward ensuring a 100% availability of those facilities. Nevertheless, the literature portrays that many of TVET institutions worldwide are struggling to maintain their laboratory and workshop facilities. Thus, this review study aimed A. Bakri (B) · M. F. Almbrouk Alkbir · N. Awang · M. Z. W. M. Tohid · F. Januddi · M. A. Ismail Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology Research Cluster (AFET), Plant Engineering Technology Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, 81750 Masai, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] M. F. Almbrouk Alkbir e-mail: [email protected] N. Awang e-mail: [email protected] M. Z. W. M. Tohid e-mail: [email protected] F. Januddi e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Ismail e-mail: [email protected] A. N. A. Ahmad Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] I. H. Zakaria School of Technology and Logistics Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology, Advanced Structured Materials 174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8_1

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at revealing the uncovered issue related to maintenance management of laboratory and workshop facilities at technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institution. Secondary data based on previous research was gathered and scrutinized to extract a key critical success factors (CSFs) for managing the maintenance activities of laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET institution. Based on analysis, it was summarized that there are seven CSFs having the most significant impact toward improving the maintenance activities for TVET institution. All those CSFs constructs were then integrated in a simple yet self-explanatory framework to convey the conceptual idea to all stakeholders involved in managing the maintenance activities within TVET institutions. It is believed that the framework developed would benefit as an indicator and guideline in improving the maintenance activities for laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET institution. Keywords TVET · Maintenance management · Laboratory and workshop facilities · Critical success factors

1.1 Introduction The technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Malaysia is growing rapidly. It is becoming important educational tools to support the national education toward a developed nation, shift from commodities-based to industry-based [1, 2]. The industry-based country would attract an immense foreign investment which will generate lots of jobs opportunity for the locals. The industry-based jobs necessitate a high knowledge, competency and relevant skills. Therefore, the existence of TVET institution is crucial as it provides a fundamental industry-based training. The main operational approach of TVET focuses on providing a fundamental knowledge and hands on skills for the learners. The attainment of those objectives can only be acquired with a functional laboratory and workshop facilities [1–6]. Ironically, literature has highlighted some risen issues associated with an inappropriate maintenance management of TVET laboratory and workshop facilities [7–9]. Therefore, the main objective of this review study is to reveal the uncovered issue related to maintenance management of laboratory and workshop facilities of TVET institution.

1.2 Literature 1.2.1 The Importance of TVET Institution Technical and vocational education and training’s (TVET) main objective is to provide a fundamental knowledge and hands on skills for the learners. Its curriculum comprising of all-inclusive education oriented to the real working environment

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Fig. 1.1 Relationship between TVET institution and industry

(world of work). TVET emphasizes on intensive psychomotor skills aimed at developing practical skill and competency of learners [10, 11].

1.2.2 Core Components in TVET The integration between educational institution and industrial needs is a core aspect in TVET. Academia and practitioner expert from respective TVET institutions and industry are responsible to tailor the output from TVET toward meeting the need and demand of the industry. Figure 1.1 shows the relationship between the TVET institution and the industry toward producing graduates as required by industry [1, 12].

1.2.3 The Importance of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET The curriculum in TVET focuses to provide intensive psychomotor skills for the learners. The psychomotor domain relates with the physical training with direct

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Fig. 1.2 Research process

utilization of specific laboratory and workshop facilities. Of significance, the laboratory and workshop facilities play a vital function to the success of the TVET program [1, 3]. Laboratory and workshop facilities must be well maintained. It is required to be in 100% operable and functional [7, 9].

1.3 Methodology Figure 1.2 shows the five stages involved in this study. It starts with preliminary study with a define keywords. A numbers of relevant literature then were reviewed. Seven critical success factors (CSFs) were then extracted and classified based on the literature review [13–15].

1.4 Maintenance Management of TVET Facilities The successful of TVET educational and training program is subjected to the functionality of laboratory and workshop facilities. Poorly maintained facilities susceptible to various failures and malfunctions thus may jeopardize the teaching and learning process in TVET [1, 3, 8]. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that the laboratory and workshop facilities in TVET are well maintained. By implementing a systematic maintenance management such unfavorable impacts could be avoided [7].

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1.4.1 Issues of Laboratory and Workshop Facilities in TVET Although a systematic maintenance management program is recognized as part of important elements for the smooth and efficient working of the facilities, ironically literature stressed on the risen issues associated with poor maintenance of laboratory and workshop facilities in TVET institution. It was reported that many TVET institutions have failed to implement a systematic maintenance management for laboratory and workshop facilities. The reasons can be classified into two main categories, which are management and operational issues, as tabulated in Table 1.1. Therefore, it is essential for the TVET management to have a knowledge and recognize about those issues while managing the laboratory and workshop facilities. With a well maintained laboratory and workshop facilities, the TVET institution could gain benefits particularly in attaining the programme learning outcome (PLO) and programme educational outcome (PEO) of TVET [7, 11, 12]. Notably, there is lack of comprehensive study done to further investigate, review and analyze the current practice of maintenance management of laboratory and workshop facilities in TVET institution.

1.5 Critical Success Factors to Improve Maintenance Management for Laboratory and Workshop Facilities The critical success factors (CSFs) is a management term for an element that must be addressed by an organization or project to achieve its mission. The key concept of CSFs requires a solid involvement of top management team in driving the organization toward competitive performance. Therefore, the management of TVET institutions needs to really understand and grasp the knowledge about the CSFs. This would benefit as a benchmark or guideline toward successful implementation of systematic maintenance management of the laboratory and workshop facilities in TVET institution [16–18]. From the maintenance management perspective, the relevant CSFs for Table 1.1 Maintenance management issues in laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET institutions Classification

Issues highlighted

Authors

Management issues • Unsupportive management team • Unclear mission and vision for maintenance management • Absence of relevant policy • Insufficient resources allocation Operational issues

• • • • •

Uncooperative stakeholders Improper monitoring Unskilled staff Out dated facilities Lack of strategy

[1, 4–6, 8, 15, 17, 18]

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Table 1.2 Main CSFs for managing maintenance activities in laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET Institution CSFs

Elements

Authors

1. Policy on maintenance management

• Clear policy on maintenance management for laboratory and workshop facilities

[1, 12, 17, 20]

2. Financial and resources support

• Appropriate resources provided (financial, staff, time, tools)

[3, 12, 17, 20]

3. Strategic Planning

• Recognition of maintenance management as vital constituent in management • Staff involvement

[5, 8, 12, 17, 21]

4. Education and training

• Knowledge and competencies • Development on employee competency

[4, 7, 13, 18, 20]

5. Equipment and facility upgrading

• Inculcate Kaizen culture—for improvement on the existing laboratory and workshop facilities

[3, 8, 18, 19, 21]

6. Communication

• Provide a proper communication channel

[1, 12, 20]

7. Performance measurement • Planned monitoring and follow-up • Follow PDCA framework

[6, 8, 16, 17, 21]

managing the maintenance activities for laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET institution can be summarized as shown in Table 1.2.

1.5.1 Determine the Maintenance Management Policy The TVET top management team is responsible to draft the institution policies, strategies and allocate an appropriate resources to support the various maintenance activities for laboratory and workshop facilities. Maintenance of those facilities should be addressed as a critical factor to the organizational success [1, 12]. Maintenance management policy is a written statement or affirmation from top management to pledge and support on the maintenance activities within the institution [22]. The TVET maintenance management policy should be incorporated as part of important component of the overall management activities [17, 20].

1.5.2 Financial and Resources Support Maintaining the laboratory and workshop facilities in TVET would require a substantial amount of investment and resources particularly related to financial allocation, sufficient number of staff, training for staff competency and etc. [17, 20]. Many

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TVET institutions do not have such appropriate resources to support maintenance activities. Those essential vital investment and resources are typically a decisive role of the top level of management [3, 12].

1.5.3 Strategic Planning Implementing a systematic maintenance management program at laboratory and workshop facilities would also require an appropriate planning strategy. The planning strategy should be realistic with all-inclusive set of activities including instating the institution’s vision and mission toward implementation of systematic maintenance management at laboratory and workshop facilities. The planning strategy would include a few phases of implementation steps based on Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle [21]. It would require a total involvement of the institution stakeholders. The first phase is about “PLAN”, this would include evaluation of the institution’s strengths and limitations. Benchmarking with recognized maintenance management standard is part of essential activity during the planning phase. A benchmarking visit to other TVET institutions which is successful in implementing systematic maintenance management at their laboratory and workshop facilities would benefit a lot. Benchmarking activities would help TVET institution to plan a clear and realizable implementation plan [5, 12, 17]. The second phase is about “DO”, which is about planning for implementation steps. Implementing a systematic maintenance management program is not an overnight effort. Literature highlighted that the normal maturity state for implementation program is from three to five years. In principal, there is no single framework or “one size fits all” approach for implementing the systematic maintenance management at laboratory and workshop facilities. There has been a variance of approaches adopted. However, it is essential to look for a practical way for a trouble-free implementation with a good impact [12, 24]. The implementation of systematic maintenance management at laboratory and workshop facilities should be customized to the setting of TVET institution. The third and fourth phase is about “CHECK” and “ACT”. It is all about measuring results and monitoring progress [5, 8, 23]. It is advisable to start the maintenance management program with a small-scale pilot project. The pilot project is beneficial to deal with the uncertainty during initial stage before been improvised for full-scale implementation [12, 24].

1.5.4 Education and Training Maintenance key staff could participate more effectively in the program if they are provided with appropriate education and training related to the concept emphasizes in systematic maintenance management. Effective education and training programs would develop staff knowledge, skills and competency to maintain the laboratory

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and workshop facilities [4]. The good performance of those maintenance key staff would benefit TVET institutions particularly in optimizing the maintenance costs while improving the availability and productivity of the institution’s laboratory and workshop facilities. Thus the education and training is regards as one of the vital aspects that needs to be addressed while implementing the systematic maintenance management at laboratory and workshop facilities [4, 7, 13].

1.5.5 Equipment and Facility Upgrading Kaizen or continuous improvement culture would encourage creativity and innovation in maintaining the laboratory and workshop equipment in TVET institution [8, 19]. There are various types of laboratory and workshop facilities to be managed under authority of maintenance department. In order to ensure the functionality from those key assets, it is vital to maintain and upgrading it [3, 18]. Upgrading of laboratory and workshop facilities would prolong its lifetime and ensure the functionality [8].

1.5.6 Communication It is vital for top management of TVET institutions to conduct a regular meeting and discussion with each of the maintenance staff. Such platform would provide a good occasion for the staff to communicate and highlight difficulties and issues while taking care the laboratory and workshop facilities. It brings stakeholders together and creates a healthy communication flow within the TVET institution [1, 12, 20].

1.5.7 Performance Measurement The top management team is responsible to review and analyze the results, and then thinking of the best possible solution to further improve the implementation of systematic maintenance management program at laboratory and workshop facilities. The program can only be successful in TVET institution that is dedicated to spend time for performance measurement [6, 8]. Appropriate performance measurement activities would ensure the program move on the correct track. If the results are not met the expectation, an instant analysis needs to be carried out to rectify the root causes [17, 21].

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1.6 Development of the Research Framework The main focus of this review study is to establish a set of CSFs to be used as guideline in the implementation of systematic maintenance management of TVET laboratory and workshop facilities. Based on the thorough review of the literature as discussed in the previous section, seven CSFs constructs were identified as having the most substantial influence to maintenance management of TVET laboratory and workshop facilities as illustrated in Fig. 1.3. The conceptual CSFs framework outlines seven CSFs to support achieving the objective of maintenance management of TVET laboratory and workshop facilities. It was designed based on PDCA cycle [21] and divided into three phases. The top most CSFs in the first phase is about the role of top management of TVET in leading the program. The top management of TVET needs to decide on the policy related to maintenance management, allocate an appropriate amount of financial and resources. It is all about strategic planning to ensure the goal and objectives of the program are achievable. In the second phase the top management needs to share and communicate their aspiration, mission and vision of maintenance management program with staff and stakeholders. Staff involvement and participation in the program could be improved through education and training related activities. Staff involvement are key elements to ensure maintenance management program moving in the right way. A proper training and education would increase the staff knowledge, skills and competency.

Fig. 1.3 Conceptual CSFs framework for maintenance management of laboratory and workshop facilities at TVET institutions

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The third phase is about performance measurement and continuous improvement in terms of upgrading works for laboratory and workshop facilities. Performance measurement is vital to ensure the program’s objectives are being met. A comprehensive review of the implementation program should be carried out to address all the successes and failures so that corrective action can be made. The PDCA Cycle is repeated and can be redefined perhaps to better results under new guidelines.

1.7 Conclusion This review study presented the overview of the CSFs for the effective maintenance management of the TVET laboratory and workshop facilities. Maintenance management is an essential part of the whole management constituent of the TVET institution. It is believed that the proposed framework would provide a fundamental guideline on how the maintenance management of TVET laboratory and workshop facilities should be incorporated with other management activities in TVET institution. Nevertheless, there are a few deficiencies to this proposed framework since it was based on secondary data (literature only). Those highlighted CSFs need to be further validated through an empirical study.

References 1. Bakri A, Zakaria I (2018) Uplifting the function of maintenance management towards sustainable performance of laboratory and workshop in TVET institutions. Int J Soc Sci Res 1:153–160 2. Rajadurai J, Sapuan N, Daud S, Abidin N (2018) The marketability of technical graduates from higher educational institutions (HEIs) offering technical and vocational education and training (TVET): a case from Malaysia. Asia-Pac Educ Res 2:137–144 3. Idjawe E (2020) Critical issues that impedes the quality of learning outcomes in technical vocational education and training (TVET) in Nigeria. J Vocat Educ Train 1:130–138 4. Danladi J, Adamu A, Usman A, Doma S (2020) Challenges and opportunities in technical and vocational education (TVET) in Nigeria. J Educ Stud 1:71–82 5. Hamdan N, Yunos J, Sern L (2019) Criteria for sustainable curriculum of TVET teacher education programme in Malaysia. J Tech Educ Train 3:049–054 6. Wandolo A, Ndiritu D, Khayiya R, Mugendi B (2018) Assessment of the capacity of TVET and university hospitality schools in offering food safety and hygiene training in Kenya. Int J Sci Res Manag 6:467–480 7. Ridzwan R, Husain A, Hanapi Z, Mamat A (2020) TVETagogy: teaching and facilitating framework (PDPC) for technical and vocational education and training (TVET). Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci 3:679–687 8. Badenhorst JW, Radile RS (2018) Poor performance at TVET colleges: conceptualizing a distributed instructional leadership approach as a solution. Afr Educ Rev 15:91–112 9. Haolader A, Khan F, Che KC (2017) Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Bangladesh-systems, curricula, and transition pathways. Springer, Cham, pp 201–227

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10. Zite BN, Deebom MT (2017) Enhancing technical vocational education and training (TVET) as a tool for national development in Nigeria: issues, challenges and strategies. J Educ Behav Stat 1–9 11. Nadine H, Reinhardt R, Gurtner S (2014) Measuring critical success factors of TQM implementation successfully—a systematic literature review. Int J Prod Res 21:6254–6272 12. Kanwal N, Sikander A, Tian X (2020) Twenty years of research on total quality management in Higher Education: a systematic literature review. High Educ Q 1:75–97 13. Rana H, Hassan M, Naseer S, Khan Z, Jeon M (2021) ICT enabled TVET education: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access 9:81624–81650 14. Murugan S, Loganathan N, Noordin M (2020) TVET education for students in Malaysia: a systematic literature review. J Transform Educ 1:63–74 15. Saša B, Koronios A (2014) A critical success factor framework for information quality management. Inf Syst Manag 4:276–295 16. Kam-Choi N, Goh G, Eze U (2011) Critical success factors of total productive maintenance implementation: a review. IEEE Int Conf Ind Eng Eng Manag 9:269–273 17. Ahmad A, Latib N (2015) Teaching in automotive practical task: practices in vocational colleges. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 3:290–299 18. Fernando G, Aken E, Cross W (2018) Continuous improvement project within Kaizen: critical success factors in hospitals. Total Qual Manag 4:335–355 19. Tariq M, Egger J (2019) Augmented reality in support of Industry 4.0—implementation challenges and success factors. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 58:181–195 20. Okolie C, Elom U, Osuji C, Igwe P (2019) Improvement needs of Nigerian technical college teachers in teaching vocational and technical subjects. Int J Train Res 1:21–34 21. Bakri A, Alkbir M, Awang N, Januddi F, Ismail A, Ahmad A, Zakaria I (2021) Addressing the issues of maintenance management in SMEs: towards sustainable and lean maintenance approach. Emerg Sci J 3:367–379 22. Namugenyia C, Nimmagadda S, Reiners T (2019) Design of SWOT analysis model and its evaluation in diverse digital business ecosystem contexts. Procedia Comput Sci 159:1145–1154 23. Bakri A, Alkbir M, Januddi F, Tohid M, Ismail A, Ahmad A, Zakaria I (2020) Analysis of top management support and its impact towards successful of maintenance management task in manufacturing plant. Test Eng Manag 83:12794–12805

Chapter 2

Sensing Coil Development in Measuring Magnetic Properties Material Ashraf Rohanim Asari, Nurul Syafizha Mohd Kamar Arpin, and Mohd Ismail Yusof

Abstract Magnetic materials are main components of complex technology in fulfilling the industry’s basic demands. However, there are no effective instruments developed to determine the magnetic property of the material. Hence, this study aimed to develop sensing coils which are used for measuring the magnetic properties of materials. The developed sensing coils are calibrated, and the data is collected by LabVIEW before being used in analyzing the value of box coefficients. The calculated box coefficients, K B and K H , are 0.093314 and 0.005925, respectively. These box coefficients are important to ensure the accuracy of the magnetic properties measurement. To increase the reading accuracy in the future, it is recommended to justify the accuracy and precision of the coils, to increase the magnetic field produced by the solenoid by using the proper solenoid or using an AC converter, and amplify the induced voltage reading. As the conclusion, this study provided the precision measurement of magnetic properties which affects the total core loss. This is an important variable to consider when designing magnetic devices for optimum performance. Keywords Magnetic material · Sensing coils · Calibration · Magnetic field · Magnetic properties

2.1 Introduction Magnetic materials can be divided into two main types, which are called soft magnetic materials or temporary magnets and hard magnetic material or permanent magnets. A. R. Asari (B) · N. S. M. K. Arpin · M. I. Yusof Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, 81750 Masai, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] N. S. M. K. Arpin e-mail: [email protected] M. I. Yusof e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology, Advanced Structured Materials 174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8_2

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They are being characterized by its capability to create the magnetic field around itself [1]. Magnetic materials can be regarded now as indispensable in this modernization era. They are components of many electrochemical and electronic devices. Magnetic materials are used widely in all applications and industries. They are utilized in the creation and distribution of electricity and are mostly used in instruments and devices that consume electricity [2]. Thus, it would bring a great benefit to the industry if the magnetic properties of the material can be measured precisely.

2.2 Methodology This research is conducted to develop a sensing coil that is used in a magnetic property tester to measure the magnetic properties of the magnetic material. There are three major components in this project, which are the prototype development, software development, and calculating the calibration value. For this research, each of these components played a significant role in completing the framework. The prototype of this research consists of the sensing coils to measure the V B and V H , while the software development is the process of programming the LabVIEW environment to ensure the data collected from the prototype would be displayed and stored in an Excel file for analysis purposes. Lastly, the calculation of the calibration coefficient is done which is the process of obtaining the value of K B and K H .

2.2.1 Sensing Coil Development There are two sensing coils developed in this research. Both of the sensing coils are made up of embedded B- and H-coils. The sensing coils are glued onto the surface of a PVC plastic cubic box with dimension of 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm. The development processes are shown as below. 1.

2. 3.

4.

The B-coil with 60 turns is developed by winding them on the tip of a pen with a diameter of 0.5 cm. This process needs to be done carefully as the wire might be broken due to excessive tension in the wire, and the wire is very thin. This process is done repeatedly as it is a difficult task and requires a skill to remove the coil from the tip of the pen without losing the shape. The B-coil is then placed and glued in the middle of the PVC plastic that has been cut after the connectivity test has be done. The 200 windings of H-coil are developed as displayed in Fig. 2.1. While winding, it must be ensured that the windings are even on the plastics and the windings need to be done carefully as the edges of plastic are very thin, and there is a high possibility for the wire to break. After the connectivity test on the H-coil, the epoxy glue is then put on top the coil to protect the sensing coil and to lower the risk of the wire to break.

2 Sensing Coil Development in Measuring Magnetic …

15

Fig. 2.1 Development of Band H-coils

Fig. 2.2 Sensing coils on the box

5.

6.

7.

The plastic cube size 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm is developed. The sensing coils are glued on the center of one side of the cube as shown in Fig. 2.2. The other sensing coils are glued on the opposite sides of the other sensing coil. The end of each wire B and H is soldered to the SOT 233 adapter plate before the 0.5 mm diameter, and one core cable is soldered onto the other side of the adapter plate. These processes are also done for the other sensing coil. The B and H wires for both sensing coils are soldered together. Thus, from eight wires, there would be only four wires that are connected to the DAQ USB card.

2.2.2 Research Methodology Structure After the circuit is set up, the AC voltage is regulated to 5 V. Then, the resistance (R) of the solenoid is measured using the multimeter, while the magnetic flux density (B) and the current (I) passing through the solenoid are calculated by using the following formulae.

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V R

(2.1)

μ0 Ns I L

(2.2)

I = B=

where V and R are the voltage and resistance of the solenoid, respectively. Meanwhile, μ0 is the permeability of free space, N S is the number of turns, L is the total length of the solenoid, and I is the value of current passing through the solenoid. After that, the LabVIEW front panel is executed, and the output graph for the induced voltage V B and V H can be observed in LabVIEW. Then, using the function in LabVIEW, data points of the waveform are saved into an Excel file. In the Excel file, the peak voltages (V P ) of V B and V H are analyzed for five periods, and the average of the peak voltage is calculated. These steps are then repeated for the AC Voltage of 10 V, 15 V, and 20 V. Lastly, the values of V RMS of V B and V H are calculated using VRMS = √12 VP before they are used for the calculation of box coefficients constant which are K B and K H .

2.2.3 Prototype Design The 200 turns of the H sensing coil are wound around the PVC plastic, and the 60 turns of the B sensing coil are embedded at the center of the H-coil. The measurement of the PVC plastic is as follows. Two embedded sensing coils would be attached at the center surface of the 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm cubic epoxy resin board. The illustration of the three-dimensional view and the position of two embedded sensing coils is shown in Figs. 2.3 and 2.4, respectively. Fig. 2.3 Three-dimensional view

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Fig. 2.4 Position of one set of sensing coils

The box of sensing coils, as shown in Fig. 2.5, will be positioned in the middle of the solenoid. The magnetic field would be stronger, and the magnetic flux density value would be more consistent. Fig. 2.5 Box sensing coil position in the long solenoid

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Fig. 2.6 Schematic diagram of calibration process

2.2.4 Schematic Design Figure 2.6 shows the schematic design of the circuit for calibrating purposes. The box sensing coil is positioned in the middle of the solenoid by using a box. The solenoid would be supplied with AC voltage and connected with a voltmeter for measurement purposes. The sensing coils are connected to the National Instrument Data Acquisition (NI DAQ) system. NI DAQ acts as a controller and is connected to a laptop that has been installed with the LabVIEW software.

2.2.5 Software Development On the front panel, there are a waveform graph, two meters, a stop push button, an enable push button, and light indicator for data saving. The waveform charts will display the sine waveform of voltage at the sensing coils B and H. The two meters named V B and V H are both for displaying the value of voltage at the B-coil and H-coil, respectively. A stop push button is used to stop the process, an enable push button is pushed to allow the data saving into the Excel file; meanwhile, the light indicator would be activated as long as the data saving process is carried out. Figure 2.7 shows the block diagram of the LabVIEW code. Generally, there are only two VI that are used in this program. They are DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File Express VI. DAQ Assistant Express VI allows the VI to automatically read the value of input in the assigned channel meanwhile Write to Measurement File Express VI allows the data to be automatically saved in the assigned type of file.

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Fig. 2.7 Block diagram of LabVIEW for generating the induced voltages V H and V B

2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Magnetic Field of Solenoid Solenoid is one of the fundamental components for the calibration of the sensing coils. It provides the external magnetic field to yield the induced voltage. Developing a solenoid that can produce a large and uniform magnetic field is important to ensure the accuracy and precision of the sensing coils. In this study, the solenoid is developed using 1 mm diameter of enameled copper wire. The length of the solenoid is 0.7 m, and the copper wire is wound up to 607 turns. The total resistance of the solenoid is 3.40 , and the cross-sectional area is 0.0016 m2 . Table 2.1 shows the characteristics of the developed solenoid. Table 2.1 Characteristic of the developed solenoid

No.

Parameter

Value

1

Length

0.70 m

2

Resistance

3.40 

3

Diameter of wire

1.00 mm

4

Number of turns

607

5

Cross-section area

0.0016 m2

20 Table 2.2 Characteristics of the sensing coil

A. R. Asari et al. Type of coil

B sensing coil

H sensing coil

Number of turns

60

200

Resistance

10.90 

34.10 

Diameter of wire

0.05 mm

0.05 mm

2.3.2 Sensing Coil In this study, two sensing coils are developed and attached on the cubic box with dimensions of 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm. The two sensing coils are glued on the middle of the cubic surface, opposite to each other. The number of turns for sensing coils B and H is 60 and 200, while their resistance is 10.90  and 34.10 , respectively. Table 2.2 summarizes the characteristics of the sensing coils. The sensing coils are developed by using the 0.05 mm diameter of enameled copper wire. The wires then are soldered onto the SOT 233 adapter plate then being connected to the 0.5 mm diameter of single core copper cable. The wires are replaced with the larger diameter wire to reduce the risk of the sensing coil wire from being broken or damaged. This is because the small diameter wire might become unnoticeable or undetectable once they are broken or damaged.

2.3.3 Induced Voltage in Coil B and Coil H Satisfying the first Faraday’s law, the induced voltages would be produced by sensing coil B and coil H if there are any changes in the magnetic field of a coil of wire. Thus, the AC voltage is regulated from 5, 10, 15, and 20 V. Figure 2.8 shows the graph of induced voltage in coil B for the voltages of 5, 10, 15, and 20 V.

Fig. 2.8 Induced V B versus AC voltage

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Fig. 2.9 Induced V H versus AC voltage

Table 2.2 shows the peak voltage of V B . In this table, V P of five chosen periods for AC voltages is of 5, 10, 15, and 20 V. The average of each V P is calculated before the V RMS values are verified. However, Fig. 2.9 shows the graph of induced voltage in coil B for the voltages of 5, 10, 15, and 20 V.

2.3.4 Box Coefficient The box coefficients of the developed sensing coils are calculated using the value of induced voltage and magnetic flux density of the solenoid at an AC voltage of 20 V. The excitation frequency is 50 Hz due to standard frequency of current in Malaysia [3]. VB KB = √ 2π f Bm

(2.3)

VH KH = √ 2π f Bm

(2.4)

Therefore, the box coefficient value K B is 0.093314 while K H is 0.005925. These two values will be considered for future magnetic properties measurement.

2.4 Conclusion The sensing coils development for the measuring of the magnetic properties of material is a success, and all the objectives are achieved. The sensing coils are developed using the 0.05 mm diameter of enameled copper wire, the calibration of the sensing

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coils is done by considering LabVIEW, and the box coefficient values (K B and K H ) for the developed sensing coils are calculated. Thus, it is encouraged for more research regarding this field to be done as it is important to verify the core loss so that the optimum design for the magnetic component can be made to ensure its efficiency.

References 1. Asari AR, Guo YG, Zhu JG (2017) Magnetic properties measurement of soft magnetic composite material (SOMALOY 700) by using 3-D tester. AIP Conf Proc. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.499 8386 2. Harris IR, William AJ (2021) Magnetic materials. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems Publication. https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/C05/E6-36-02-01.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2021 3. WorldStandards (2020) Country-by-country list of plugs, sockets and voltages. https://www.wor ldstandards.eu/electricity/plug-voltage-by-country/. Accessed 6 Nov 2020

Chapter 3

Automated Chicken Coop Management System to Improve the Quality of Chicken Production Ernie Mazuin Mohd Yusof, Mohamad Faridzul Hakim Noor Sarkawi, and Norziana Yahya Abstract Chicken poultry is one of the important economic segments in the agricultural sector in Malaysia today. Chicken production in Malaysia has been increased gradually due to the standardized farming management and good manufacturing practices. There are few parameters that affect the health of a chicken such as temperature, water, and food supplies. These parameters need to be controlled in order to maintain the production and quality of chicken. With the advent of automation, a traditional chicken coop management system can be improved. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of an automated chicken coop management system prototype. Among the main hardware used for the project is the Arduino Mega board and sensors to control and monitor the parameters like temperature, water, and food level in the chicken coop. The parameters can also be monitored through a mobile Blynk application. The results indicate that with a more systematic control of the environmental factors that affect the health of a chicken, an ideal environmental condition can be achieved and maintained in the chicken coop. Keywords Chicken coop management · Automation · Productivity · Chicken quality

3.1 Introduction Globally, the poultry industry is among the fastest-growing agricultural subsectors [1]. The growth of the poultry industry is stimulated by the improvement in E. M. M. Yusof (B) · M. F. H. N. Sarkawi Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, 81750 Bandar Seri Alam, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] M. F. H. N. Sarkawi e-mail: [email protected] N. Yahya Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology, Advanced Structured Materials 174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8_3

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breeding method, nutrition, production, and processing technologies, which eventually increased the efficiency of farm animal production, especially the chicken production [2]. The chicken production is forecasted to grow to more than 57% between the year of 2010 and 2030, making it the dominant meat source at the present time [3]. This circumstance can also provide market opportunity for the nation’s economy improvement, by offering job opportunities. Due to the increasing growth of population and urbanization, the need on chicken meat supply system that maintains the nutrition of the meat is also increasing. The system must include the constant monitoring of optimal temperature, water, and food supply in a chicken coop. The custom method of chicken coop management is done manually. In other words, the monitoring of the optimal temperature, water, and food supply in the chicken coop is not done automatically and still relies on humans. Therefore, constant monitoring of the optimal temperature, water, and food supply cannot be met. If one of the parameters is absent, or in a poor condition, it will result to unhealthy chicken, which consequently holds back the chicken production. According to Lara and Rostagno (2013), high temperature in the chicken coop is dangerous for chicken and measures should be taken by their caretakers immediately [4]. The perfect temperature should be between 28 and 30 °C, and the food and water supply must be sufficient [5]. The present work is therefore carried out to automate the chicken coop management, particularly in monitoring and controlling the optimal temperature, water, and food level. The experimental data in this study is useful to achieve an ideal environmental condition in a chicken coop. The next section will outline the methodology for the study.

3.2 Methodology The main hardware used in this study is the Arduino Mega board, LM35 temperature sensor, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, 18 W warmer bulb, 12 VDC mini exhaust fan, 12 VDC solenoid valve, 5 V servo motor, water level sensor, and structure of the chicken coop. Other hardware used was related to the structure of the chicken coop prototype such as the PVC pipe, plastic cardboard, polystyrene board, and plastic roof. Meanwhile, the software used in this study includes the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the Blynk app. A prototype of a chicken coop was built by integrating the hardware and software. Before developing the prototype, the circuit diagram was designed as guidance. Figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of the prototype. The prototype development involved placing the main components in the chicken coop such as the temperature sensor to detect the whole temperature in it, the ultrasonic sensor which was put inside the food container, and the water level sensor inside the water container. There was also another ultrasonic sensor that was put inside the food container to alert users if the food level is low. The process flow of the project starts with all parameters being sensed by the sensors and sent to the Arduino Mega board that acts as a microcontroller. The

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25

Fig. 3.1 Circuit diagram for the prototype design

exhaust fan is then switched on when the temperature is above 30 °C, and the heat bulb will light when the temperature is below 28 °C. This is to control the temperature of the coop. As for the food level and water level, they are sensed by the ultrasonic sensor and water level sensor, respectively. When the food level is low, the servo motor opens the food container’s gate and closes it when the food level is high. The same mechanism is utilized to control the water level in the coop, but the solenoid valve is used to open the valve if the water level is low and close it when the water level is high. Finally, all data will be sent to the Blynk app that is installed in a smartphone via the Wi-Fi module. All the processes can be monitored in the smartphone.

3.3 Results and Discussion The circuit design has resulted to the electrical wiring of the prototype, where the connected wires were placed in the junction box, as shown in Fig. 3.2. In order to display the parameters’ condition in the Blynk app, the declaration of the parameters must be made in the Blynk app code, as shown in Fig. 3.3 on the example of it. Subsequently, the declaration resulted to how the parameters condition would be displayed in the apps, which is shown in Fig. 3.4. Meanwhile, Figs. 3.5a–c show the display of the Blynk app under different conditions. The structure of the chicken coop prototype is shown in Fig. 3.6.

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Fig. 3.2 Electrical wiring of the prototype

Fig. 3.3 Example of a temperature (T) parameter declaration in Blynk code

Fig. 3.4 Display of parameters condition in Blynk app

Figure 3.7 illustrates the temperature against time in a day. The results show that when the temperature was below 28 °C, the lamp turned ON and the exhaust fan turned OFF. When the temperature is between 28 and 30 °C, both the exhaust fan and the light turned OFF. Lastly, when the temperature exceeded 30 °C, the exhaust fan turned ON. The details of the collected data in a day are portrayed in Table 3.1.

3 Automated Chicken Coop Management System …

(a)

When T < 28°C; light is ON and exhaust fan is OFF.

(b)

27

(c)

When T ≥ 28°C and ≤ When T ≥ 30°C; light is 30°C; light is OFF and OFF and exhaust fan is exhaust fan is OFF. ON.

Fig. 3.5 Display of different parameters condition in Blynk app

Fig. 3.6 Structure of prototype

3.4 Conclusion The automated chicken coop management system has been successfully developed. The initial stage which was the design of the circuit diagram has brought to the development of the electrical wiring of the prototype. This is followed by the creation of the prototype structure and the hardware and software integration. The data analysis has proven that the important parameters needed to maintain the health of a chicken such as temperature, water, and food supply were able to be controlled. It is also suggested for other parameters to be added in the future prototype, such as chicken

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Fig. 3.7 Relationship between temperature and time in the prototype

Table 3.1 Temperature data collected in a day

Time

Temperature (°C)

Time

Temperature (°C)

12:00:00 AM

27.54

12:00:00 PM

30.72

1:00:00 AM

27.37

1:00:00 PM

31.14

2:00:00 AM

27.23

2:00:00 PM

31.21

3:00:00 AM

26.96

3:00:00 PM

30.62

4:00:00 AM

26.78

4:00:00 PM

30.22

5:00:00 AM

26.54

5:00:00 PM

30.12

6:00:00 AM

26.95

6:00:00 PM

29.62

7:00:00 AM

27.52

7:00:00 PM

29.57

8:00:00 AM

27.83

8:00:00 PM

28.34

9:00:00 AM

28.06

9:00:00 PM

27.86

10:00:00 AM

28.59

10:00:00 PM

27.75

11:00:00 AM

29.48

11:00:00 PM

27.62

coop humidity, chicken weight, and chicken’s secretion level. Other than that, solar power is also suggested to be utilized as compared to the current prototype’s power supply which was using electricity. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (UniKL MITEC), for providing conducive environment and technical support for this project.

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References 1. Thornton PK (2010) Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 365(1554):2853–2867 2. Denes A, Lal R (2019) Urban farming: the new green revolution? In field to palette: dialogues on soil and art in the Anthropocene. CRC Press 3. Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli, C (2010) Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 365(1554):2809–2820 4. Lara LJ, Rostagno MH (2013) Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals 3(2):356–369 5. Veterinar JP (2006) Panduan Penternakan Ayam Pedaging. Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Veterinari, Putrajaya. http://www.dvs.gov.my/dvs/resources/auto%20download%20images/56319a 6506a8f.pdf. Accessed on 19 Aug 2021

Chapter 4

Applying Lean Technique in Medical Records Management at Hospitals Fairul Anwar Abu Bakar, Marzilawati Abd-Rahman, Zaiton Kamarruddin, Mohd Amran Mohd Daril, Ishamuddin Mustpha, Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab, Mazlan Awang, and Khairanum Subari Abstract Handling manual medical records (MR) in tertiary hospitals can be inefficient, hence may affect patient’s care. At present, patient waiting times at specialized clinics were affected due to the inability of preparing medical records on time. Our study applies the lean technique to examine issues and produce measurement performance indicator metrics in manual record management. This action research was carried out in the Medical Record Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. It was conducted over a year-period in 2017 in two main phases which were awareness and coaching of lean thinking and its application. Lean tools that have been F. A. A. Bakar (B) · M. A. M. Daril · I. Mustpha · M. I. A. Wahab · M. Awang Quality Engineering, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, 81750 Bandar Seri Alam, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] M. A. M. Daril e-mail: [email protected] I. Mustpha e-mail: [email protected] M. I. A. Wahab e-mail: [email protected] M. Awang e-mail: [email protected] M. Abd-Rahman Lean Office & Department of Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] Z. Kamarruddin Centre for Strategic Organizational Excellence Development, Institute for Health Management, Blok B1, Kompleks NIH, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] K. Subari President’s Office, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 1016, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Transdisciplinary Engineering and Technology, Advanced Structured Materials 174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01488-8_4

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utilized were value stream mapping (VSM), affinity diagram, 5S (i.e. sort, set in order, shine, standardize, sustain/self-discipline), Kanban, Kaizen, Heijunka and Poka-yoke. Specific performance project measurement metrics were established to determine the successful application of lean. Based on our case study, four specific performance project measurement metrics were achieved; (1) number of MR available 2 days before clinic appointment improved from 72 to 74%, (2) number of temporary MR made due to unavailable MR on clinic day reduced significantly (mean 8.43 vs. 2.53, p < 0.01), (3) number of MR to be traced on the clinic day for walk in patient and MR available improved significantly (mean 4.19 vs. 0.58, p < 0.01), (4) number of MR to be traced on the clinic day for walk in patient and MR not available reduced significantly (mean 4.24 vs. 1.69, p < 0.01). This study has shown the successful and positive feedback of lean technique application in manual medical record management at a tertiary hospital. Moreover, lean technique also produced the relevant and appropriate performance measurement metrics/indicators in monitoring the competency of medical record processes. Keywords Medical records · Lean technique · Performance measurement metrics

4.1 Introduction Management of medical records (MR) is important. It is source of information for patient’s care. Worldwide, electronic medical records (EMR) are being used in developed countries. However, in developing countries, medical record management is still manually operated. Numbers of action research in improving EMR had been documented extensively in the literature using different approaches and methodologies in different settings with varied scale from individual departmental level to hospital wide. There are several cases that have studied the manual medical record management at hospitals particularly in India [1]. This case study had deployed the Lean Six Sigma (LSS) in improving the medical record preparation processes which resulted in reduction of turnaround time (TAT), work in process inventory and staffing. They accomplished the LSS methodology, by applying step by step application of LSS which started with define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) phases. There was also an empirical study conducted pertaining on application of total quality management (TQM) in handling and managing the medical records at a hospital in Ghana [2]. However, there is no literature mentioned about using the lean healthcare methodology only, in improving manual medical record management. A study found that the highest waste found in lean healthcare was waiting which significantly reflects this action research improvement goal [3]. On the other hand, there is a study documented on deploying the lean technique to improve patient scheduling process at an orthopedic clinic [4]. This action research had used the lean thinking tools to remove unnecessary delays in their scheduling system, process and procedure and manage to developed efficient and effective

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system. Another recent case study about reduction of turnaround time at a hospital laboratory using the lean methodology revealed a positive and outstanding achievement of results [5]. Nevertheless, usage of lean thinking and application in operational improvement of manual medical record management has not been explored. Basically, there are five core lean principles in lean healthcare [6]. The fundamental of it is ‘value’ which is defined according to customer’s view and waste identification. In MR management, customer value of having the MR ready on appointment time is the priority which is aligned with our case study objective. Wastes can be recognized and eliminated using lean principles and tools. Several case stories in various fields showed positive impact throughout various level and area of organization. In a recent study, work force engagement and interdepartmental cooperation are among the ten key factors that influence healthcare implementation for lean application [7]. Managing manual MR in the Hospital Kuala Lumpur requires huge engagement and cooperation between several departments. For instances, in our action research we look at the management of patients’ manual MR between the Orthopedic Clinic and Medical Record Department. Thus, this action research discovers lean healthcare methodology application in manual medical record management in the Orthopedic Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. There are structured guideline list of patient records to be included and excluded in a recent procedure by the National Health System, NHS [8]. Besides, NHS [9] also constructs the records management policy which also consist of the patient records retrieval procedure which can be as reference. According to a recent study, there are four steps in handling record managements [10]: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Creation of records; Imaging, automation and capturing of records; Organizing and storage of records; and Pluralization, preservation and access to records.

Nevertheless, another study also found that lean healthcare sustainability as one of good point to be focused on and correlation between hospital patients’ care perception versus medical records-keeping [3, 11]. This statement is aligned with our action research objectives which attempt to enhance manual medical records management processes.

4.2 Methodology We divided our action research into six main phases which were; (1) awareness and improvement opportunities analysis; (2) explore potential solutions and implementation strategy; (3) implementation period/pilot test; (4) evaluate alternative solutions prior to the final selection; (5) assess final solution against targeted objectives; (6) standardization of policies and instruction (see Fig. 4.1).

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Fig. 4.1 Phases of lean application in medical record

We adopt and adapt lean thinking philosophies and fundamentals in providing basic knowledge for the whole hospital organization including top managers, middle managers and executers (see Fig. 4.2). We used the ‘sharing session learning’ technique to show the effectiveness of lean thinking from other countries and fields of business. In order to identify the significant project selection, we utilized a quality tool called affinity diagram to brainstorm and construct the improvement opportunities analysis. The brainstorming session was structured to collect ideas and specific issues pertaining process of obtaining MR from outpatient orthopedics clinic. Several

Fig. 4.2 Hospital organizations

4 Applying Lean Technique in Medical Records … Table 4.1 Relevant MR activities measured

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Parameters 1. Total MR requested 2. Total MR available 2 days before clinic appointment 3. Total unavailable MR being traced on clinic day 4. Total temporary MR made due to unavailable MR on clinic day 5. Total number of MR to be traced on the clinic day (walk in patient) and MR available 6. Total number of MR to be traced on the clinic day (walk in patient) and MR not available

sessions were held at different level of healthcare workers to produce all ideas. These ideas and issues were utilized classified according to its own cluster. In pursuance of real current state of retrieving medical record from orthopedic clinic, we applied GEMBA walk to develop the value stream mapping of the current state (CS-VSM). We analyzed CS-VSM using the value analysis approach, which covered activities of value added, non-value added and value enablers identification. Exploration of potential solutions were done among the executers through brainstorming and discussion sessions. We developed numbers of ideal Kaizens from consensus on potential solutions for implementation strategy. Genchi Genbutsu was performed from end to end process prior to develop the future state value stream mapping (FS-VSM). Multimodalities of lean tools activities were applied in the Kaizen events such as 5 s, Kanban, Heijunka and Poka Yoke. Implementation of pilot test took place for about two to four weeks in our action research. Multiple adjustment of improvement activities were carried out before finalizing the FS-VSM. Data on relevant MR activities were collected before and after implementation of lean initiatives as shown in Table 4.1. All relevant data were collected randomly for day of orthopedic clinic before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test for statistical analysis.

4.3 Result of Lean Healthcare Application Our case study was focusing on retrieving medical records (MR) at an Orthopedic Outpatient Clinic in the Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Value stream mapping of current state (CS-VSM) was outlined (see Fig. 4.3) to visualize the process for retrieving MR in detail. There were 14 steps in retrieving MR at the orthopedic outpatient clinic. It entailed 537.3 h of process lead time, 78.9 h of non-value added time and 458.41 h of value added time. Two issues were highlighted after analysis of CS-VSM (Table 4.2). Five Kaizens strategies as shown in Table 4.3, were identified and discussed through a brain storming session with orthopedic team, medical record team, Lean

Fig. 4.3 Current state value stream mapping (CS-VSM)

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4 Applying Lean Technique in Medical Records …

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Table 4.2 Issues related to medical record at Orthopedic Outpatient Clinic Issues in retrieving MR at Orthopedic Outpatient Clinic in Hospital Kuala Lumpur 1. Average of 25 MR (30%) per day were not available on the scheduled clinic day after first search process. However, some of it were able to be retrieved after second search process on the day of clinic itself due to several reasons (a) These MR were kept by the department for doctors to prepare medical report for patients (b) MRs were being used for research references (c) MRs were not returned and kept in the clinic due to very short future appointment date given to patient e.g. cases to be seen back in clinic in 7 days’ time (d) All staffs holding the MRs were unaware of the consequence of holding medical record 2. Average of 8 patients (10%) per day walk in to orthopedic clinic. Majority were orthopedic cases being first seen in the emergency department with no MR available on the scheduled clinic

Table 4.3 Kaizen strategies Kaizen strategies for improving process of retrieving medical record at Orthopedic Outpatient Clinic in Hospital Kuala Lumpur 1. Performing housekeeping in medical record office utilizing ‘5 S (i.e. sort, set in order, shine, standardize, sustain/self-discipline)’ technique to optimize usage of available space (a) Rearrangement of medical records with addition of appropriate medical record racks were made (b) Rearrangement of type of in active medical records to other space 2. Sharing of manpower between both departments were arranged to improve and simplify the process 3. Utilizing ‘heijunka’ concept, we leveled the process by (a) Reducing retrieval lead time of medical records from 14 days cycle to 3 days cycle (b) Reducing backlog clearance of medical records after every clinic from 14 days cycle to 3 days cycle 4. Using Kanban board concept, Andon visual display were made in record office and clinic to for effective, time saving communication and time tracker for the process 5. We adapt ‘poke-yoke’ concept by developing and using barcode scanner for medical record registration process for fast and human free typing error

Office Hospital Kuala Lumpur team, Ministry of Health (Medical Development Division) team, and lean experts from University of Kuala Lumpur MITEC which consists of multi-level of professions and professionals; Hospital Directors and Deputy Directors, Head of Departments, Consultants, Medical Officers, Staff Nurses, Medical Assistants and Hospital Attendants, and Champions, Experts and Consultants of Lean Healthcare. Future state value stream mapping (FS-VSM) was created to visualize the improved process for retrieving medical record (see Fig. 4.4). In FS-VSM there were 13 steps with 368.92 h of process lead time, 78.75 h of non-value added time and 290.17 h of value added time. Our results showed 31.3% reduction in process lead time, 0.22% reduction in non-value added time and 36.7% reduction in value added time. A total of 61 samples of orthopedic clinic days were analyzed. There were 21 samples from ‘before intervention’ and 40 samples from ‘after intervention’. Mean total MR requested ‘before after intervention’ were 114.57 and 204.60 respectively,

Fig. 4.4 Future state value stream mapping (FS-VSM)

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Table 4.4 Analysis of performance before and after improvement of process using lean healthcare method Performance parameter

Before intervention

After intervention

Mean (SD)

%

Mean (SD)

%

p Value

Total MR requested

114.57(70.05)

100

204.60 (56.86)

100