A typological study of Egyptian wooden statues of the Old Kingdom

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1, -,

A TYPOLOGICAL

STUDY OF EGYPTIAN WOODEN STATUES OF THE OLD KINGDOM

by Julia Carol Harvey

Ph. D. University College London

IBIBL LUNIV IV

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IN

ORIGINAL

Abstract: A corpusof 217 woodenstatuesdating from the Egyptian Old Kingdom is examined and discussedin detail. 127statueshavebeendatedto individual reignswithin the Old Kingdomand are placedin chronologicalorder(CatalogueA). They form the basisof a chronologicalfeaturelist. Using the datingcriteria from the featurelist, and by drawing parallels with CatalogueA, a further 75 statues(CatalogueB) have beenassignedto individual reigns within the Old Kingdom. New features from CatalogueB are then addedto the chronologicalfeaturelist. CatalogueC comprisesstatueswhich have no parallelsin CatalogueA, but do sometimeshavea parallelin CatalogueB, andwhich, in the absenceso far of evidenceto the contrary,may be assignedto the Old Kingdom. Appendix I discussesthe texts inscribed on 51 of the statues.These consist of the names and titles of the tomb owner. The texts are usually inscribed on the bases, but in two instancesthey are on the skirt, and once on the sceptre.The titles are examinedin detail to see whether their date range is consistent with the dates suggested in the text. Unfortunately the inscriptions give no further dating assistance.The phrase un3hVI,hr is examined in detail and it emergesthat its use changedover time. Appendix 2 is a discussion of the material of the statues,as far as this is known. Only 8 statueshave been scientifically analysed, a further 4 have been identified visually, and another 2 have unconfirmed analyses. From this meagre information it emerges that indigenous woods were preferred to imported woods. The most popular indiginous woods are sycamore and acacia.

Appendix3 is a tableof the datingfeaturesbasedon CatalogueA which, whenappliedto statuesnot in the corpus,canassistin assigninga dateto them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 3

Abstract

........................... Table of Contents ........................ Acknowledgments .......................

5 7

Chapter1: Introduction

.....

................ Chapter2: The FeatureList ............... Introduction ................ Glossary .................. Coiffures andWigs ..............

..... ..... ..... .....

Male

.....

................. Female ................

.....

Dress

................... Male ................. Female ................

.....

................... Male ................. Female ................ Accessories ................. Jewellery ................ Stance .................. Male ................ Female ............... Chapter 3: The Dating of the Statuesin CatalogueA.....

.....

..... .....

Arms

Chapter4: The Dating of the Statuesin CatalogueB..... Chapter 5: The Dating of the Statuesin CatalogueC..... Chapter 6: The Catalogues

..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... .....

.............. CatalogueA.............

.....

CatalogueB..;..........

.....

CatalogueC............. Chapter 7: Conclusions

.....

..... .....

...............

5

9 15 15 17 20 20 27 32 32 41 44 44 56 59 66 71 71 75 78 114 136 141 143 271 347 363

Appendix 1: The Inscriptions .............. hi h0hu, ............... Titles ................ Appendix2: Wood Types ............... Indigenous .............. Foreign ............... Appendix3: FeatureCross-References ........... Male ................ Female ............... Appendix4. Concordanceof MuseumandCatalogueNos ..... Indices

.. ..................... 1. PersonalNames ................. 2. Titles ..................... 3. Sites ..................... Concordance of the Platesandthe CatalogueNos........ List of the Sourcesof the Plates .............. Abbreviations .................... Bibliography ..................... Figures .. ..................... Fig. la CoiffuresandWigs, Male ....... Fig. lb CoiffuresandWigs, Male (cont.) ..... Fig. Ic CoiffuresandWigs, Male (cont.) ..... Fig. 2a Coiffures andWigs, Female ....... ) (cont. Female Wigs, Coiffures and Fig. 2b .... Dress,Male ............ Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Dress,Female ............

Fig. 5

Stance,Male

Fig. 6a

............ Arms, StandingMale .........

Fig. 6b

Arrns, StandingMale (cont.)

Fig. 7

Arms, SeatedMale

.....

Plates

6

....

367

....

369

....

383

....

383

....

385

....

386

....

386

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

...... . .....

365

.... ....

.

393 395 400 400 402 403 405 412 419 421 430 430 431 432 432 433 434 435 435 436 437 437

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The compilation of the data for this study was only possible thanks to the help and assistanceof many museum curators, too numerous to mention individually, but none the less warmly appreciated.As far as possible, the statuesin this study were viewed by in Cairo Museum 1986-7 thanks to a Petrie I to the was able visit me personally. Fellowship, and I was able to visit twenty-three museums in the United States in two months in 1988 thanks to the EES Centenary Studentship. Most of the European institutions were visited individually by me over a period of five years. The few institutions I was unable to visit were most kind in supplying information about, and in the pieces their possession.I wish to extend my thanks to sometimes photographs of, did best facilitate their to the who welcomed and assistants me and museum curators all my researches,and who without exception permitted me to take study photographs.This was not always easy for them. Several museumswere unable to open their display cases, and the subsequent photographs are not always top quality,, lighting conditions varied dramatically, as did the locations of the statueswithin the cases.The responsibility for the quality of the illustrations is mine alone, and I am deeply grateful to Erik Tack who in best into his the thus computer me attaining and assisted scanned my photographs quality possible. Of the many people who have encouraged me in my work, two in particular deserve my heartfelt thanks: Dr David Dixon, my supervisor, for many hours of discussion, and my husband, Dr Jacobus van Dijk, who offered constant support and encouragement.The beautiful handcopiesof the texts and the figures are drawn by him the natural reaction of an artist to the spider and inkpot daubs which were my own attempts - and which took up valuable time he could ill sparefrom his own researches.

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CHAPTER1. Introduction The aim of this study of private wooden statuaryl of the Old Kingdom is to establish criteria for dating statueswhich have no external dating criteria or provenance. The basis of the study is a catalogue of one hundred and twenty-seven statueswhich can be dated by external dating criteria (Catalogue A). A chronological feature list, i. e. a list of the features present on the statues, has been drawn up from from Catalogue A, and C, this is used as the basis for dating statues with no external dating criteria (Catalogue B). 2 It is of course obvious that Catalogue A, and therefore the feature list, cannot be

comprehensive for the period. The nature of wood makes it susceptible to destruction and many of the statuesfrom the period have not survived. It may, however, be regarded 3 basis On the of a comparison of three mainfeatures, as reasonably representative. Coiffure, Dress, and Arms, the seventy-five statues of Catalogue B are placed in a relative chronological order, enabling the additional featuresto be relatively dated as well. Where there is no match for three features, two are used. It has not proved possible to date on the basis of one feature only. A third catalogue, Catalogue C, comprises fifteen Catalogue be A, but in have no parallels with which can, some cases, statues which paralleled by statuesin Catalogue B. Statueswhich must be supposedto date to the Old Kingdom but do not parallel any statue from either Catalogue A or Catalogue B are also in CatalogueC. The chronology followed throughout the study is that given by Baines and Malek in The Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36-37. More precise divisions in time, that is, within Old follow Harpur, Decoration, 'the End 34. The the of specific reigns, p. phrase 1 Under

private wooden statuary is understood any statue of the tomb owner, male or female, and

the wife or husbandof the same.It doesnot include royal statuesof wood from this period, statues of gods, or statuesof domestic servantswhich began to accompanythe burials towards the end of DynastyVI. 2 This has been achieved by comparing the results of a number of studies of Old Kingdom material: Eaton-Krauss, Representations; Harpur, Decoration; Seidlmayer, Graberfelder; Strudwick, Administration; Vandier, Manuel; and Wood, Sculpture are the most frequently cited. Cherpion, Mastabas, has beenusedwith caution as it has emergedthat ordinary representationsof the tomb owner follow a different progressionof featuresto statuesor representations of statues(see below, p. ý). 3 The feature sequenceis supported by examples from the repertory of representationsof statues as listed by Eaton-Krauss, Representations,and by examplesfrom the repertoryof stonestatues.

9

Kingdom' is usedto describethe period after the deathof Pepi11,Bainesand Malek's 7th/8thDynasty. It has not beenthe intention of this study to examine the questionof the actual function of the statuesin the tomb. This hasbeendiscussedby others.4 JamesP. Allen in his article 'Funerarytexts and their meaning'in Mummies & Magic The Funerary Arts ofAncient Egypt, 38-49, especially43-44, gives a very succinctdiscussionof the nature of the ka and the ba, and the function of statues in the tomb. The ka is an individual'slife-force, the ba an individual's personalityor character.The ka belongsto the body during the life-time of the individual, andafter deathit goesto the next world. The deceasedthen travelsto join his ka, but what actuallytravelsis his ba. The body is part of the entirehumanbeing, so thereis a needto preserveit. "The body servesas an 'anchor'for the ba in this world, andcan be revisitedby it in the tomb. So essentialwas this 'anchor'that, in the Old Kingdom, 'spare'bodiesin the form of statueswere often placedin the tombalongwith the mummy.-5 In the Old Kingdom, the inscriptions on the woodenstatuesin CatalogueA are exclusively the namesand titles of the deceased,and not the offering formula which becamepopularin the Middle Kingdom (SeeAppendix 1).Until evidenceto the contrary appears,it mustbe assumedthat in the Old Kingdoin woodenstatueswere not designed to receiveofferings (n A3n) and are thereforenot ka statues.They are,in the words of Wood, "potential substitutes for the physical body in two aspects of its eternal existence."6 The two aspectsare passive and active, representedby a seatedand a striding figure respectively.The natureof "stone,being more impervious than wood, was better suited to the function of tomb statuesas enduring substitutesfor physical bodies", but a tomb statue had not only to be capable of "enduring forever, which required impervious and inanimate form, but it also had to be capableof life which requiredanimatefon-n.... Sculptors,realizingthat wood could not competewith stonein durability, choseto emphasizeby meansof naturalistic,lifelike effectsthe animateform thata tomb statuealsorequired." 7 The seatedfigure representsa passivestatein the afterlife. Wood drawsa contrast between wood and stone for seatedstatues: "Among the wooden statues that have 4

SASAE 15; Vandier, Manuel; For example, Scharff, JEA 26 (1941), 41-50; Shoukhry, Hornemann, 7:ypes; Eaton-Krauss, Representations; LA IV, Privatplastik, 1112-1119; etc. 5 p. 44. 6 Wood, Sculpture, 65. 7 op cit., 14,17.

10

This from Fifth is Sixth Dynasties, the the seatedpose extremely rare. survived and might be due to the compatibility of the type with stone,however,for stoneis the ideal materialin which to renderthe compactcubical form of a seatand the static form of a seatedfigure.,'8 This statementis borne out by the evidence.Seatedstatuesare very rare, and in some cases, for example in the tomb of Tjeteti, a seatedstone statue the stridingwoodenones. accompanies The striding figure9 represents an active state in the afterlife in which the deceasedcontinues to exercise the offices he attained in life. This is supported by the bases Appendix 1). (See the titles the on and sometimes present names evidenceof The provision of several statuesfor the burial, something particularly common in the reigns of Unas and Pepi 11,appearsto be linked to the several offices performed by the deceasedduring his lifetime. More elaborateburials have inscriptions on the basesof the statues, and these often list separatetitles, although the present evidence does not 10 confine particular titles to particular costumes. The ba is therefore able to choose its to on return visits to the tomb. which persona occupy The location of the statues in the tomb appears to be more closely related to the accident of survival than to any religious purpose. In the early Old Kingdom, statues V in IV), in first (Dynasty (Dynasty the then chapels and serdabs were placed II began in They be the main chambers, too, and by the end to slowly placed onwards). in burial itself. Kingdom Throughout Old the this period, the were even chamber of however, statuescontinued to be found in all the various possible locations. The priority must have been to preserve the statuesas a base to which the ba could return. Most of the statuesin the corpus were excavated without an accurate record being made of their location location in The had have the tomb. the their majority of statues which exact recorded were found in serdabsif they are from the first part of the Old Kingdom, and in the burial chambersor shafts if they date to the end of the Old Kingdom. In most cases the exact material of the statues is not known (see Appendix 2). 8

op.cit., 22.

Y op.cit., 13: 'The description of the conventional male stanceas "striding" is itself a convention. A figure in this stancedoesnot actually appearto stride, for his weight is equally distributed on his feet. "Striding" is a convenient term, however, to distinguish the stance from that of "standing" figures with straight legs and parallel feet. The pose is static, yet the power to move is conveyed ... by the extensionof the left leg. The stanceis both active and immobile, temporal and eternal.' 10Seefor examplethe statuesfrom the tomb of Tjeteti, Catalo(-, ue Nos. A83 -A 102 II For detailed discussion a of the serdab see Shoukhry, SASAE 15,19 1ff. II

Eaton-Krauss,12lists five representations of woodenstatueswhosematerialis known: No. 99 is ebony,13No. 98 is acacia (Ind), No. 43 is §pnn-wood,14No. 44 is ksbt15 is imported h3s(vv)), It No. 83 (ht yet unidentified. as an wood seems wood, and likely that the majority of the statueswere madeof nativetimbers16andnot of imported 17 l 8 Five fig, three of acacia, and one of statues are made of sycomore woods. 19 20 Four be tamarisk. are said to ebony, an identification which, although not supported by any analysis, may be provisionally acceptedsince "on account of its it canbe "recognizedreadily without microscopical characteristiccolourandappearance" 22 i -21 One is exam nation. statue supposedlycedar. Where possible the statueswere madefrom one single piece,but if necessaryseveralpiecesweredowelledtogether,or the limbs attachedwith mortiseand tenonjoints. Thejoins areusually at the shoulders, the frontsof the feet,andsometimesthe left forearm.The statueswerethencoveredwith a layerof paintor of paintedplaster,which concealedthejoins, and occasionallyby linen garmentsas well. The paintedlayer wasthe medium on which much additional detail The deteriorationanddisappearance was added,for example,sporransand neck-laces. of this layer due to the ravagesof time has meantthe loss of much information about the ongin

ecorationof mostof the statues.This is particularlyinconvenientwhentrying to

establishthe varietyof a skirt suchasthe half-gofferedkilt. Discussionof the techniquesinvolved in the making of thesestatueslies outside the scopeof this study.23Although the style of severalstatuesfrom one tomb can vary 12 op.cit.,55-56. 13SeeWood,Sculpture, 10for a discussion of theproperties of ebony. 14 Kcimer, Gartenpflanzen11,31-32 suggeststhat 1pnnis poppy,but as Eaton-Krauss. Representations, 133n. 701,pointsout,it mustbethematerialof thestatuewhichis meant,not thepigmentusedto paintit. Thatis, a typeof treeandnota flower. 15Posener-Kri6ger, 1,166-7(A 11). LesArchives duTemple FunirairedeNiferirkar;-Kak-aY 16Wood,Sculpture, its fig because of sycamore saysthat the mostcommonwoodusedwas associations with thecult of Hathor(pp.25-7).Onpp.73-4shestatesthatthestatueHildesheim, is but fig, Roemerthere Pelizaeus-Museum noconfirmation is Inv. Nr. 1572 und madeof sycamore is. for this her know I do statement of thisin therecentCAApublication source what not and 17Catalogue Nos.A3,B13,B54,B59andA78. 18Catalogue Nos.A126,BIOandB33. 19Catalogue No.A103. 20Catalogue Nos.A43,A46-48. 21Lucas,Materials,434. 22Catalogue No.B75. 23 For discussion Sliwa, Studies in Ancient Egyptian see techniques the wood-working of of a DieHandwerker HandicraftWood-working, (Krakow,1975),andDrenkhahn, undih" Tdtigkeitim 12

considerably, as for examplewith the statuesfrom the tomb of Tjeteti, thereare not enough tomb groups from one area or time range to be able to identify individual sculptors.Statuesfrom one areavary so much in datethat it hasproved impossibleto identify workshops.Severalstatues,for examplethosefrom Saqqara,could comefrom but the fact thattheycanbe severaldecadesapartin time impliesthatthey onework-shop, were made by different hands. The actual carving techniques do not supply any informationwhich would assistin the acquisitionof datingcriteria,andarethereforenot discussed. The coloursof the painteddecorationconformin generalto the usualpalette,but it was not possible to compare them to a colour chart due to the many and varied situations under which I was allowed accessto the statues. Red, black, white, yellow, green and blue are the main colours. The skin of male statuesis usually a dark red, with the details of the eyes and eyebrows outlined in black. The whites of the eyes and the finger and toenails are white, as is the skirt. The skin colour of the female statuesis usually yellow, but sometimes red has been used.24 The details of the navel and the pubic hair, when the figure is nude, are shown in black. The dressesand skirts are white, and jewellery for both sexesis red, blue and green. The geographicaldistribution of the statuesis interesting. The earliest extant statues tend to come from Saqqara, and in fact only one or two statues come from other sites, including Giza, before the reign of Pepi 1. During the reign of Pepi 11and later the distribution is much more widespread.Many remains of statueswere found by Junker at Giza, but they seem to come from late Dynasty V or Dynasty VI mastabasinserted into 25 between the gaps earlier ones. The earliest evidence for statuary in wood at Giza are a number of inlaid eyes, all that remain of four royal statues from the mortuary temple of Menkaure.26 "The loss of most of the wooden sculpture at Giza can be attributed to the voracity of the white ants in the area.,'27 The existence of wooden statues prior to the AA Agypten, 31 (Wiesbaden, 1976). alten 24 See the statues from tomb N43 at Naga ed-Mr, Catalogue Nos. A] 08 -A 124. 25 For example, the mastabas of Khufuseneb i, Junker, Giza VII, 86,125-6, (PM 111,152); Tjena. VII, 87, (PM 111,149); Rawer ii, VII, 125, (PM 111,162); Meryib ii, VII, 125; VIII, 140-15 1, (PM 167); Idu ii, VIII, 90-107, (PM 111,165-6); Khesef i, IX, 192-8, (PM 111,106); Menibi, IX, 216-18, (PM 111,104); ItjJef, X, 92-105, (PM 111,216-7); Hetepheres, X, 94, (PM 111,227-28); and Nyankhre, XI, 79-91, (PM 111,223). 26 Wood, JEA 60 (1974), 82-93. 27 Idem, Sculpture, 26-7. It is not possible to ascertain whether the white ants in Giza really were more voracious than in other areas.

13

FourthDynastyis the subjectof Wood'sdissertation. The number of statues provided for a burial appears to be linked to the time at which the burial took place. Early in the Old Kingdom, only one or two statues were supplied, with occasionally one of the wife. During the reign of Unas, however, up to ten have been found in a single burial, with as many as three being of the wife. 28 After this reign the number appearsto have decreasedagain, with most burials containing three or four statues,but interestingly none of the wife. During the reign of Pepi II the number increasesagain, and the range of officials who provided themselveswith such equipment 29 in The also expands. statues decrease size and quality towards the end of the reign, and those from the period just after the death of Pepi 11are relatively crude. Statuesof the wife once again appear,and independent burials of women have severalstatuestoo, both 10 female., male and

When the terms left'and 'right'are used in the descriptionsof the statues,this always refers to the STATUE's left and right, and not the left and right as seenby the

viewer.

28 For

example the burials of Akhtihotep, Catalogue Nos. A14 - A22 and Metri, Catalogue Nos. A23 - A32. 29 There are still burials with statuesof very high quality, for example, the burial of Istji Tjetji, CatalogueNos. A59 - A63. 30 For example,tomb N43 at Nagaed-Mr.

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CHAPTER 2. THE FEATURE LIST

Introduction The list of featureswhich follows is assembledfrom dataderivedfrom Catalogue 31 Kingdom, firmly dated Old A, that is, from those statueswhich can be to the and 32 been Statues have his the tomb not of servants owner or wife. which represent includedin this survey.They areincidentalto themaintheme,their featuresareoriginally derivativeof thoseof the major figures, and they developalong independentlines from the end of Dynasty VI through to the end of the Middle Kingdom. They will be dealt First Kingdom Intermediate Period Middle in future along with and volume with a for In listed in features The chronological order. some cases, examplethe are statues. locks have been Thus, broad the the not sub-divided. styleof categories echelon-curlwig, is not differentiated,althoughthe fact of whetheror not the wig coversall or part of the in lock by differentiation is A type would result as many categoriesasthere ears noted. features do include The lists thus which purpose. not serves no practical are statuesand appearonly on stonestatuesor in reliefs of the tomb owneror his wife. Severalinterestingconclusionscan be drawn. The first is that representationsof in features before they the repertoryof actualstatues, appear show certain statuesoften do. is An discontinue before the mid-calf them the this statues example of and often lengthprojecting-panelkilt. It appearson statuesfrom the reign of Teti to the endof the Old Kingdom, and on representations of statuesfrom the reign of Unas to the reign of Pepi 1. Stonestatues,too, show somefeaturesin advanceof woodenones,for example the flared, smoothwig, coveringthe ears,which first appearsin the early Old Kingdom do features Pepi 11 but Other the not reign of on woodenones. on stonestatues, not until Some for bagwig female the example, statues. on stone appearon stonestatuesat all, in the tombsappearto post-date featureswhich are presenton ordinary representations 31 The dating of these statues has been achieved on the basis of re-examination and reassessment of the original publications, where available, and with the help of several admirable studies of the period, in particular Strudwick, Administration, Harpur, Decoration, Kanawati, Administration, id, Refornis, and Baer, Rank and Title. In dating the representations of statues I have in the main followed Eaton-Krauss, Representations. 32 Unless

otherwise indicated, all statues are of wood.

15

their appearanceon the statuesby quite some time, and vice versa. The so-called localotte-33is presenton representationsup to the reign of Menkaure, but does not does Merenre; the the the wig echelon-curl revealing ears until reign of appearon statues Pepi's, but is the the of one of reign presenton statues until on representations not appear from the reign of Teti. Eaton-Kraussdiscussesthe relationshipbetweenrepresentations of statuesof the tomb owner on pp. 4-5. of the "living" tomb owner,andrepresentations Sheemphasizesthat the representationsof statuesare depictionsof the "living" tomb owner and not depictions of (extant) statuesof him. Statueswere made by different craftsmento thosewho carvedreliefs. The latter would be involved with the carvingof both the representations him the tomb and of of ownerand of representations of statues thususedthe sameconventionsfor both.The evidenceof the woodenstatuesthemselves suggeststhat their makersuseddifferentconventionsat different times. Femalestatuesappearin two time sections,one rangingin dateup to the reign of Unas,the otherdatingfrom the endof the reign of Pepi11onwards.This is in spiteof the fact that stonestatuesandrepresentations Dynasty female throughout of statuescontinue VI. This may be an accidentof preservation,but severaltombs from this female-free periodhaveseveralstatuesfoundin goodcondition,andthe chancesthe femalestatuesin eachcasewerethe only onesto sufferdestructionandto leaveno traceare not very high. Most of the early femalestatuesare of the tomb owner's wife; the later statuescan also come from tombs where the owner is a female. The range of wigs on femalestatues This differs to a greatextentto the rangedepictedon representations female statues. of may be dueto the absenceof statuesfrom the greaterpartof DynastyVI. Examples for comparativematerial have beendrawn almost exclusively from from Examples both stone. and stonestatuesand representationsof statues, wooden in been to the "living" have addition used the representations tomb occasionally of owner representations of statues.

33 Vandicr. Manuel, 102; Cherpion, Mastabas,

55. A calorie is a sort of skullcap of different,

head. the of locks the crown shaped on

16

Glossary of terms used in describing statuesin the feature list and the catalogue. Bagwig

A short, smooth, full wig, covering the ears. The wig stands out from the head and thus cannot be confused with a shaven head or a skullcap.

Calotte

'A plain skull-cap. Any thing having the form of a small 34 cap., Used here to describe a circle of differently patterned echelon-curls on the crown of the head.

Echelon

'A formation of troops in which the successivedivisions are placed parallel to one another, but no two on the same 35 To in (troops) form ' the alignement. arrange of an echelon.

Echelon-curl wig

A wig madeup of a numberof layersof locks arrangedin an echelon.The locks canbe square,rectangular,or triangularin shape.The layers can succeedeachother, or overlap each other. Often they increase in size as they progress downwardsfrom the crown of the head.

Goffer

'To make wavy by means of heated goffering-irons; to flute 36 or crimp.,

Half-goffered kilt

A kilt with one side goffered. It appearsto be always the right side. The goffers usually reach to half way around the back, and fall in front in a curve from the belt to the hem.

Natural fist

The handis clenchedandthe fingersareheld flush againstthe palm. The thumbrunsoutsidethe index finger.

Pierced fist

The handis fisted but the fingers are held loosely so that an

34 Oxford English Dictionary.

35Idern. 36Idern. 17

is aperture created. Projecti ng-panel kilt

A kilt with the materialstiffenedin front in sucha way thatit extends in a trapeziform (q. v. ). The short end of the trapezium is at the waist, the long end is at the hem. Sometimesthe sidesof the trapeziumare folded back along the sidesof the figure.

Sheath dress

A close-fitting garment worn by women, stretching from shoulderto ankle.It is usuallysuspendedby shoulderstraps. Often the only indicationof its presenceis the existenceof a hen-dine.

Sporran

'A pouch or large pursemadeof skin, usually with the hair left on andwith ornamentaltassels,etc. Worn in front of the kilt by Scottish highlanders.'37 Used here to describethe wide varietyof beaddecorationsand tasselswhich hangfrom the belt down the front of the kilt.

Steinkent(e)

A short cylindrical object held in the aperturecausedwhen the hand is loosely fisted. Both ends are rounded, and the been Steinkern has 'The is term object often paintedwhite. despiteits inappropriateapplicationto examples

employed... in wooden statuary.'38Fischer39arguesthat the object is a

bolt of cloth, GardinerSign List N 18 (after S 26), akin to the handkerchiefcarried by someseatedstonestatues,Gardiner Sign List S 29. With referenceto standingstonestatues,he S 29. He implies N 18 than to that carve was easier argues that wooden statuesdid have handkerchiefswith extended did have S 29)40 (i. the samerisk this not as material e. ends 37 Idem. 38 Eaton-Krauss,Representations,8 35. n. 39 MAfj 10 (1975), 9-21. 40 op. cit., 14-15.

18

of breakage,but not a single statue in the corpus actually does. Rather, they seem to follow the stone statue conventions.Another puzzle is the fact that there are often two of the objects, one in each hand. If they are handkerchiefs, folded in such a way that the ends do not protrude, why are two necessary? Perhaps one is a handkerchiefandthe othera cloth for moppingthe brow. Trapeziform

'Having the form of a trapezium.,41

Trapezium

'A quadrilateral having only one pair of its opposite sides parallel.'42The American English terrn is trapezoid.

Trapezoid

'A quadrilateral figure no two of whose sides are parallel. ,43 The American English term is trapezium.

Tripartite wig

Wig in which two bunches of hair are wom forward over the shoulders, with the remainder of the hair falling down the back.

41 Oxford English Dictionary 42 Idem. 43 Idem.

19

COIFFURES AND WIGS Male W. 1

Short echelon-curlwig, covering the ears.The locks may be rectangular, 44 square,triangular,or a combinationof any or all of theseshapes. (Fig. I a) Twenty-nine statuesfrom CatalogueA, dating from the reign of Snefru 45 Old Kingdom, throughto the endof the wear this wig. Onefurther statue, No. A 103,is wearing an echelon-curlwig, but is too damagedto seewhich varietyit is. 46 Elevenrepresentations of statueswear this wig. They datefrom the reign of Nyuserre up to the beginning of the reign of Pepi 11.This is the most popular wig worn by stonestatuesand two-dimensionalrepresentationsof 47 in Old Kingdom. the tombowner the Seventeenstatuesfrom CatalogueB and one from CatalogueC wear this 48 wig. They range in date from the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom.

W. Ia

Shortechelon-curlwig, revealingthe ears.(Fig. 1a) One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Teti. 49 This style is very rare on stone statues and representations of the tomb 50 owner, and does not appear on representations of statues at all. According

44 Vandier, Manuel, 101-102; Shoukhry, SASAE 15,78; Staehelin, Tracht, 86-88; Cherpion, Mastabas, 55-56. The calotte discussedby Cherpion as a criterion is not applicable to statues.It is absentin the earlier dynasties, and only appearsin the reign of Merenre (W. 5). See also Fischer, JNES 18 (1959), 238-9,especiallyn. 16. 45 CatalogueNos. A 1,5,9-10,13-18,23,38,40-42,45,47,52-3,58,73,77,81,97-100,106, 115. 46 Eaton-KraussNos. 27,43,68,75,78,102,104-105,108,110,

and

and 126.

47 E. Cairo, CG 24: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXV, 3; Louvre, E. 25368: op. cit., XXVII, 5; g. Nationalmuseet,CopenhagenA. A. b. 27: op. cit., XXXIV, 2, etc. 48 CatalogueNos. 136-8,13-16,29-31,44-45,47-50,66 and C8. 49 CatalogueNo. A36. 50 Stachelin,Tracht, 86; Vandier,Manuel, 102. E. Cairo JE 35565: g. op. cit., Pl. XLI, 4.

20

52 Kar, to Cherpion5l this wig appears for the first time in the tomb of he lived indicate Meryrenefer "beautiful Pepinefer that whose names" and any time from the reign of Pepi I onwards. Five statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this wig. 53 They range in date from the 11. Pepi Teti to the the of of end reign reign of Short echelon-curl wig, revealing the earlobes.(Fig. 1a)

W. 1b

Four statuesfrom Catalogue A wear this wig, dating from the reign of Pepi I 54 VI. Dynasty to the end of This wig does not appear on representationsof statuesor on stone statuesat all. 55 from B They date to the period Catalogue Two statues wear this wig. from the end of the reign of Pepi I into the reign of Merenre.

W. 1C

Only the fringe of an echelon-curlwig is extant. This version of the echelon-curl wig is only present on one statue fragment from Catalogue C, No. C 13. It cannot be precisely dated.

W. 2

Close-fitting coiffure, decoratedwith carved horizontal lines. (Fig. lb) This is present on ten statues from Catalogue A dating from the reign of Snefru up to the transition period between Dynasties V and VI, that is, the 56 reigns of Unas and Teti. 57 Stone No representationsof statueswear this wig. statueswear this type. No statuesfrom CataloguesB and C wear this wig.

51

op cit., 58.

52 PNI111/2,301-2. 53 CatalogueNos. B 12,22,56-57,64. 54 CatalogueNos. A46,48,90,

and 9 1.

55 CatalogueNos. B 18-19. 56 CatalogueNos. A2,6,19-21,25-27,33,

and 34.

57 Cf. Vandier, Manuel, 101. E. Boston MFA 09.203: op.cit., Pl. V, 4-5; NYMMA 53.19: op. g. cit., Pl. XXIX, 4; Louvre, A. 40: op. cit., Pl. XLI, 5.

21

W.2a

Close-fittingcoiffure, decoratedwith carvedlines,andwith a slight widow's peak,indicated by a recedinghairline at the temples.This implies that the coiffure is the naturalhair, andnot a wig. (Fig. lb) One statuefrom CatalogueA, dating to Dynasty IV, has this coiffure. 58 No representationsof statuesor stone statueswear this coiffure.

No statuesfrom CataloguesB andC wearthis wig. W. 3

Short, close-fitting natural coiffure, either painted,and/or carved.59(Fig. I b)

Twenty-onestatuesfrom CatalogueA wear this style, rangingin datefrom 60 Kingdom. Isesi Old the reignof to the endof the Twenty-onerepresentations of statueswearthis style, dating from the reign It is usually stonestatuesand of Nyuserrethrough to the reign of Pepi 11.61 representations of the tomb owner from DynastyIV which wearthis style.It is rarerin the laterOld Kingdom,althoughnudefiguresalwayswearit. 62 Ten statues from Catalogue B and three from Catalogue C have this 63 coiffure. They rangein datefrom the reignof Unasto the endof the reign of Pepi11. W.3a

Shavenheaded.It is possiblethat this was originally a painted,short,closefitting naturalcoiffure,but no tracesof paintremain. One statue from Catalogue A dating to the end of the reign of Pepi 11is 64 headed. shaven

busts No representations few A this stone andheads of statueswear coiffure. 58 CatalogueNo. A3. 59 Stachelin,Tracht, 84-5, EI (a); Vandier, Manuel, 101. 60 CatalogueNos. A8,28-29,37,39,43-44,56-57,61-62,64-66,68,76,78,83-85,87,

and 105.

61 Eaton-KraussNos. 20-21,44,48,52,55-57,80,84-85,96,111,134-135,144,148,153-156. 62 E. Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 1962: Eggebrecht,AR No. 3; Louvre N. 2290: Vandier, Manuel, Pls. g. XVIII, 4.5; Cairo CG 3: Saleh/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,No. 27. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches MuseumInv. No. 7506 is nude,cL Seipel,Bilder, No. 34. 63 CatalogueNos. B 11.17,26,28,38-40,53,59-60 and C2-3, and 9. 64 CatalogueNo. A86.

22

appearto be shavenheaded,althoughI havebeenunableto find a complete 65 head. statuewith a shaven Two statuesfrom Catalogue B are shavenheaded.They both date to the reign of Pepi 11.66 W. 3b

As W. 3, but once had a sidelock on the right side of the head. (Fig. I c) Three statuesfrom Catalogue C wear this wig. 67 No representation of a statue wears this wig. It is often worn by the son of 68 in the tomb owner stone statuegroups.

WA

Flared, striated wig, with parting, partly revealing the ears. (Fig. lb)

Two statuesfrom CatalogueA, No. AII andA24, both datingto the reign of Unas,wearthis wig. Three representationsof statueswear this wig, dating from the reign of 70 Nyuserreto the reignof Unas.69It is a commonwig on stonestatues. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB wear this wig.71They dateto the period of the transitionfrom the reign of Isesito that of Unas,andto the middle or end Pepi 11,respectively. the of reign of W. 4a

Flared, smooth wig, partly revealing the ears.(Fig. 1b) One statuefrom CatalogueA has this wig, dating to the reign of Pepi 11.72

65 E. Smith, HESPOK, Pls. 14 & 15. Some reserve headsalso appearto be bald: op. cit., Pls. 7 g. -9. 66 CatalogueNos. B33

and 5 1.

67 CatalogueNos. CIO-12. 68 For

example,Brooklyn Museum37.17 E: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXV, 5; Cairo JE 51280: Saleh/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,No. 39; etc. 69 Eaton-KraussNos. 34,35, and 97. 70 For example,Cairo JE 10063:Saleli/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,Nos. 45; Cairo CG 119: op. cit., No. 47; Cairo CG 133:op. cit., No. 48; Cairo CG 120: Vandier,Manuel, Pl. XXI, 3; Cairo JE 41978:op. cit., Pl. Y-Xl, 5; Louvre A. 43: op. cit.. Pl. XXXIII, 2; etc. 71 CatalogueNos. B2 and 46. 72 CatalogueNo. A59.

23

This wig type is known from five representations of statuesdatingfrom the reign of Nyuserreto the reign of Pepi 11.73It is possiblethat someor all of themoncehadpaintedstriations.This wig is also known on stonestatues.74 One statuefrom CatalogueB wearsthis wig, No. B 10, the male in a pair statue.It datesto the reignof Unas. WAb

Flared,smoothwig, coveringthe ears.(Fig. lb) One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Pepi 11wears this wig. 75 There are twenty-three representationsof statuesin this wig, dating from the reign of Menkaure to the middle of the reign of Pepi 11.76It is possible that some or all of them would have had painted striations. Stone statuesfrom the 77 Old Kingdom early sometimes wear this wig.

No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or C wearthis wig. WAc

Flared,striatedwig, with parting,coveringthe earsandreachingto just above 78 the shoulders. (Fig. I b) Four statuesfrom CatalogueA datingfrom the reign of Unasthroughto the 79 Dynasty VI endof wearthis wig. This wig can be seen on twelve representationsof statues, dating from the 80 Nyuserre late Teti. The parting is not shown. There appear to to reign of be only a few examplesof tWs in the stone statuerepertory.81 No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or C wear this wig.

73 Eaton-KraussNos. 25,38,54,86, 74 For

and 157.

example,Cairo CG 80: Vandier,Manuel, Pl. XXIII, 4.

75 CatalogueNo. A 101. 76 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 5,7,15,17,23,63-67,98-99,107,112-114,116,120,123,142-143,145, and 146. 77 E. BostonMFA 13.3140:Vandier, Manuel, Pl. IX, 3. g. 78 Vandier, Manuel, 103; Shoukhry, SASAE 15,78-79; *Staehelin,Tracht, 88-89, E2; Cherpion, Mastabas,57. 79 CatalogueNos. A51,67,74-75. 80 Eaton-KraussNos. 26,28,76,79,83,100,106,117-118,132-133,

and 139.

81 E. Hildesheirn Inv. Nr. 2144, which may havecarsin relief, Eggebrecht,AR, No. 26. g.

24

WAd

Smooth,flaring wig, coveringthe ears.Different to W.4a. (Fig. I b) One statuefrom CatalogueC wearsthis wig, No. C14. It cannotbe reliably dated. This wig is not known on representationsof statues, nor does it appearto be on any stone statueof the period.

WS

Echelon-curlwig with onelong layerto the level of the forehead,thenseveral 82 layers. The earsarecovered. (Fig. I a) shorter Twenty-five statuesfrom CatalogueA wear this wig, dating from the reign 83 Kingdom. Old of Merenreto the endof the No representationsof statueswear this wig, nor do there appearto be any examplesof it in the repertoryof stonestatues. 84 B from Catalogue Ten statues wear this wig. They rangein datefrom the Old Kingdom. Merenre the to the of end reign of

W. 6

Echelon-curl wig in vertical rows, revealing the ears. (Fig. la) 85 One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Pepi 11wears this wig. No representations of statues wear this wig, nor do there appear to be any examplesof it in the repertory of stone statues.

W. 6a

As W.6, but revealingthe earlobes.(Fig. la) One statuefrom CatalogueB wearsthis wig.86It datesto early in the reign 87 it dates from Catalogue C One Pepi 11. to the end this wears statue wig, of of the Old Kingdom.

82

op. cit., 102; Staehelin, Tracht, 87, EI (c).

83 CatalogueNos. A50,54,60,69-72,82,88-89,92-96,104,107-114, and 116. 84 CatalogueNos. B20-21,32,41-43,54-55,58,65. 85 CatalogueNo. A55. OP 86 CatalogueNo. B25. 87 CatalogueNo. C4.

25

in Thereareno representations this wig. statues of statuesor stone W. 6b,

As W. 6, but covering the ears. (Fig. I a) Two statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this wig. 88 They date to the first half of the reign of Pepi 11. No representations of statues wear this wig, nor do there appear to be any

it in the repertoryof stonestatues. examplesof W.7

The so-calledbagwig-a short,smooth,full wig, coveringthe ears.(Fig. I b) Thereare threestatuesfrom CatalogueA wearingthis wig, all datingto the reignof Pepi11.89 Eighteen representations of statues wear this wig, ranging in date from the 11.90 is Pepi It Menkaure that to of of possible that echelon-curls were reign 91 few in There are a examples stone. once painted on. Four statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this wig. 92 They all date to the reign of Pepi 11.

W.7a

Bagwig,revealingthe earlobes.(Fig. I b) One statuefrom CatalogueB wearsthis wig, No. B52, which datesto the endof the reign of Pepi11or slightly later. Thereareno examplesof representations of statuesor of actualstonestatues in this wig.

W. 8.

Vertically layeredechelon-curlwig, with a straight frin'e 9, and revealingthe earlobcs.(Fig. la) Thereis onestatuefrom CatalogueA in this wig, datingto the endof the Old

88 CatalogueNos. B23-24. 89 CatalogueNo. A63,79-80. 90 Eaton-KraussNos. 4,9,11,13-14,19,24,36-37,42,47,61,121-122,124,141,147, 91 E. HildeshcimInv. Nr. 2973: Eggebrccht,AR, No. 4 1. g. 92 CatalogueNos. B34-37.

26

and 152.

Kingdom. 93 There are no representations of statues wearing this wig, nor do any stone statueswear it. Four statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this wig. 94 They range in date from the last years of the reign of Pepi 11at the earliest up to the end of the Old Kingdom.

W. 8a

As W.8, but coveringthe ears.(Fig. I a) One statue from Catalogue B wears this wig, No. B62, which dates to the last years of the reign of Pepi II at the earliest. No representationsof statueswear this wig, nor do any stone statues.

W.9

Echelon-curl wig in vertical rows. One long row to forehead,then several shorter.Coveringthe ears.(Fig. I a) One statue from Catalogue C wears this wig, No. C 15. It cannot be securely dated. There are no represeniationsof statuesor stone statuesin this wig.

W. 10

Echelon-curl wig in vertical rows with the fringe divided from the rest of the hair, and covering the ears.(Fig. I c)

One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B27, wearsthis wig. No representationsof statueswear this wig, nor do there appearto be any examplesof it in the repertoryof stonestatues.

Female

Wf. 1

Shoulder-length wig, striated and flared, with a parting and covering the

95 ears. (Fig.2a) 93 CataloaueNo. A126. c 94 CataloaueNos. B61,63,74-75. Cý

27

Four statuesfrom CatalogueA wearthis wig, rangingin datefrom Dynasty IV to the reign of Unas.96 Most Old Kingdom stone statueswear this type of wig. 97On the oldest examplesit reachesthe level of the breasts.Apparently no two-dimensional representationswear it, althougha smoothvariant revealing the ears does appear. Six representations of statues wear the smooth wig revealing the 98 ears. it is possible that they once had painted striations. Five statues from Catalogue B wear this wig. 99 They all date to the reign of Unas.

Wf. la

As WEI, but not flared. (Fig. 2a) One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Unas wears this wig. 100 No representations of statues wear this wig. It is known on stone statues from the Old Kingdom. 101

No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or C wearUs wig. Wf. 2

Tripartite wig, that is, a wig which has two bunches forward over the shoulders,andthe remainderof the hair hangingdown the back.It is striated, hasa parting,andcoversthe ears.102(Fig. 2b) One statuefrom CatalogueA wears this wig, dating to the reign of Unas. 103 Stone statuesand reliefs of queensand goddessesusually wear this wig. It is 104 high-bom ladies. No representationsof statueswear it. rare on statuesof

95 Vandier,. 41anuel, 104-105, Shoukhry, SASAE 15,85; Staehelin, Tracht, 180, F2. 96 CaWoSue Nos. A4,7,22, and 30. 97 E. Cairo CG 4: Salch/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 27; Vandier, Manuel, PI. XIV, I g. (from the tomb of Queen Meresankh 111);Louvre A. 109: op. cit., PI. XV, 5; Cairo JE 72214 & CG 50: op. cit., P). XIX, 2,3; Leiden D. 125: op. cit., PI. XXXIV, 1; etc.

98 Eaton-KraussNos. 1.3,30,40,58,

and 59.

99 CatalogueNos. B 1,3-4,9-10. B 10 is the female figure*in a pair statue. 100CatalogueNo. A3 1. 101E. Louvre E 25368.,Vandier, g. op. cit., Pl. XXVII, 5; Giza 48: op. cit., Pl. XXVIII, 4, etc. 102 op. cit., 104-105;Staehelin,Tracht, 180-181, F3(b). 103CatalogueNo. A32.

28

No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or C wearthis wig. Wf. 2a

A smooth tripartite wig, revealing the ears. (Fig. 2b)

Two statuesfrom CatalogueA dating to the end of the Old Kingdom wear 105 this wig. 106 does. One No representations stonestatue of statuesweart1fiswig. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB 107andone from CatalogueC 108wear this wig. They all date to the end of the Old Kingdom. Wf. 2b

Striated tripartite wig, revealing the ears.(Fig. 2b)

One statuefrom CatalogueC, No. C5, wearsthis wig. It datesto the endof the Old Kingdom. No representations of statueswear this wig. This wig is wom by queensand 109 Kingdom, Old and occasionally appearson goddessesthroughout the I 10 stonestatuesof women. WU

Bagwig, covering the ears. (Fig. 2a) One statue from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Merenre wears this 111 wig. No representations of statues wear this wig, nor do there appear to be any stone statuesor two-dimensional representationswearing it. No statuesfrom either Catalogue B or C wear this wig.

104

24619: 2. EA Vandier, Manuel, PI. XV, British Museum 181; e. g. cit., op.

105 Catalogue Nos. A 102 and 117. 106 Cairo CG 135:Borchardt, Statuen 1,10 1, Pl. 30. 107 Catalogue Nos. B67-68. 108 Catalogue No. C7. Cý 109 For example, Cairo JE 40679: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 33. 110 For

example, Berlin 14108: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXV, 6.

111 Catalogue No. A49.

29

Wf3a

Bagwig,revealingthe ears.(Fig. 2a) One statuefrom CatalogueB wears this wig, No. B73, which datesto the Kingdom. Old the endof No representations of statues or stone statues wear this wig. Twodimensionalrepresentations often wearthe close-fitting naturalcoiffure, but that is muchlessfull thanthe bagwig,andshouldnot be confusedwith it.

Wf. 3b

Bagwigrevealingthe earlobes.(Fig. 2a) One statuefrom CatalogueA, datingto the end of the Old Kingdom, wears 112 this wig. There are no representationsof statues, or stone statues or two-dimensional

representations of womenwearingthis wig. No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or C wearthis wig. WfA

Short,echelon-curlwig, revealingthe ears.(Fig. 2b) Five statues from Catalogue A dating to the end of the Old Kingdom wear 113 this wig. There are no stone or two-dimensional representations of women or of statuesin this wig. 114 It dates to the end of the Old One statuefrom CatalogueB wears this wig. Kingdom.

WfAa

As WL4, but revealingthe earlobes.(Fig. 2b) 15 One statuefrom Catalogue B wears this wig-' It datesto the end of the Old

Kingdom. in this wig. Thereareno representations statues of statuesor stone 112Catal ogueNo. A 127. 113CatalogueNos. A 118-20,122,

and 125.

114CatalogueNo. B69. 115CatalogueNo. B72.

30

WfAb

As WL4, coveringthe ears.(Fig. 2a) One statue from Catalogue B wears this wig, No. B71, which dates to the end of the Old Kingdom. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin this wig.

Wf. 5

Short,close-fittingnaturalcoiffure.Revealingthe ears.(Fig. 2b) 116 from Catalogue They all date to the end of A Three statues wear this wig. the Old Kingdom. Four representationsof statueswear this coiffure. 117Three of them date to the period between the reign of Menkaure and the reign of Userkaf, and one (No. 53) to the first half of the reign of Pepi H. I have bo unable to find any stone statuesin this wig. One statue from Catalogue B wears this wig, No. B5, which dates to the reign of Unas.

Wf. 6

Tripartite type of wig made up of echelon-curls. It is very short behind and 2b) (Fig. the ears. reveals One statue from Catalogue C wears this wig, No. C6, which is dated to the end of the Old Kingdom. No representation of a statue wears this wig. There appear to be no stone statuesin this wig.

WV

Shon, flared, echelon-curl wig, vertical layers, revealing the earlobes. (Fig. 2b)

One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B70, wearsthis wig. No representations of statues, or stone statues, or two-dimensional of women,appearto be wearingthis wig. representations 116CatalogueNos. A 121,123, and 124. 117Eaton-KraussNos. 2,6,53, and 62.

31

DRESS Malc D.1

Knee-length, wrap-over kilt, with a rolled belt and a double hem on the crossflap.(Fig. 3) Threestatuesfrom CatalogueA, datingfrom the reign of Snefruto the reign CatalogueNo. A 19is longerthanthe other of Unas,havethis type of kilt. two. Thereareno representations of statueswearingthis kilt, andit is very rareon 119 stonestatues. It is perhapsa forerunnerof the projecting-panelkilt (D.3 below). No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or C wearthis kilt.

D.2

The half-goffered kilt, the so-cafledGalaschurz.120(Fig. 3)

Staehelinand Eaton-Kraussdiscussthis kilt in somedetail andconsiderthat any skirt which has either of two definitive features, namely, the curved cross-flapand the protruding tab, is to be consideredto be this type. Thus, Eaton-Krausslists twenty-ninerepresentationsof statuesin this kilt, dating from the reign of Nyuserre into that of Pepi 11.121This type is the most in for Dynasties tomb the owner popular representations andstonestatuesof V and VI'122 but towards the end of Dynasty VI the projecting-panelkilt (D.3 below) slowly beginsto replaceit on therepresentations. Staehelin suggests that the half-goffered kilt has a religious 123 significance. It appearsmost frequently in scenesof the deceasedentering 118CatalogueNos. A 1,3, and 19. 119 Shoukhry, SASAE 15,82,11,1 (b). Examples include Cairo JE 10064 and JE 66919: Saleh/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,Nos. 46 and 50 respectively. 120 Vandier, Manuel, 108-109; Staehelin, Tracht, 11-30,1 A 11(b); Eaton-Krauss, Representations,30, §34 and 118n. 635. 121Eaton-KraussNos. 15,19,42,54-55,65-66,68,76,82,87,93-96,102,104-105,106,108,112114,117,139,146-147,156-157. 122 E. Cairo JE 44174: Salch/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,No. 54 Hildesheirn Inv. Nr. 42: and g. Eggebrecht,AR, No. 15.

32

or leaving the tomb, inspectingthe offerings, and in the offering tableand false door scenes.In addition, it is often worn under the panther skin, a priestly robe.As suchit would be the idealcostumefor a statuedesignedasa sparebody for the ba. According to Staehelin,the belt appearsto havehad 124 in from boyhood to manhood. It is only somesignificance the change worn with this kilt, and may be a symbol of manhood. The close links betweendeathandinitiation,involving the deathof the old self andthe rebirth of the new,canaccountfor the markedpreferencefor this kilt throughoutthe Old Kingdom. It is never worn for inspectingthe activities of daily life, or for scenesof huntingor fishing. Thirty-onestatuesfrom CatalogueA havekilts which can be described based on the above criteria. However, as they differ considerably from each other they have been divided into several subas half-goffered

All have them of categories. a belt. It is possible that the more elaborate decorative elements were once present in either paint or painted plaster and that this is no longer extant on some statues. Some of the older examples show that a thick layer of plaster carried all the features, rather than the 125 underlying wooden surface.

Fourteenstatuesfrom CatalogueA wear the classichalf-gofferedkilt, with the roundedcross-flap,the protrudingtab on the left handside of the navel, and an elaborateknot. They range in date from the reign of Snefru to the Pepi 1.126 reign of One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B2, wearsthis kilt. The figure datesto the transitionperiodof the reign of Isesito the reign of Unas. D.2a

Half-gofferedkilt, roundedcross-flap,protrudingtab,but no knot. (Fig. 3) Eight statuesfrom CatalogueA wearthis type,datingfrom the reign of Unas up to the endof DynastyV1.127

123 Staehelin,Tracht, 20-28. 124

28. cit., op.

125E. CatalogueNo. A 14. g., 126CatalogueNos. A2,5,9-11,14-15,18,24,33,35,40-42.

33

No representations of statues wear this kilt, but it is known on stone 128 statues. Five statuesfrom CatalogueB wear this kilt, 129ranging in date from the rcign of Unasto the endof the Old Kingdom. D.2b

Kilt with protrudingtab,no knot, no goffersand no roundedcrossflap. (Fig. 3)

Six statuesfrom Catalogue A dating from the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom wear this kilt. 130 Five representationsof statueswear this version. 131They range in date from 132 Isesi Pepi 11. It is known the reign of to the reign of also on stone statues. One statue from Catalogue B wears this kilt, 133dating to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11.

D.2c

Half-gofferedkilt, roundedcross-flap,no knot, no protrudingtab. (Fig. 3) Three statues from Catalogue A wear this kilt, one dating to the period 134 Pepi I Merenre, covering the reigns of and the othersto the end of and DynastyV1.135 136 former dating Two representations to the the this of statueswear version, reign of Nyuserre, and the latter to the reign of Isesi. It is also known on ] 37 stone statues.

127 Catalogue Nos. A 16-17,82,92-96. 128 E.

g. Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 12: Eggebrecht, AR, No. 11; Inv. Nr. 2144: op. cit., No. 26.

129 Catalogue Nos. B 10,14-15,63, in is B 10 No. 75. Catalogue the male a pair statue. and 130 Catalogue Nos. A27-28,55,74-75, and 106. 131 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 19,113-114,146-147. 132 Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 2141: Seipel, Agypten, No. 35; Cairo JE 87804: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 56. 133 Catalogue No. B45. 134 Catalogue No. A45. 135 Catalogue Nos. A99 and 100. 136 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 68 and 82. 137 E.g. Cairo CG 151: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXVII, 2.

34

138 from Catalogue kilt, Three statues B wear this all dating to the last years of the reign of Pepi 11at the earliest.

D.2d

Half-gofferedkilt, roundedcross-flap,elaborateknot andno protrudingtab. (Fig. 3) Three statues from Catalogue A wear this kilt, dating to the reigns of Merenre and Pepi 11.139 No representations of statues wear this kilt, but it is known on stone 140 statues. One statuefrom Catalogue B wears this kilt, No. B8, which datesto the reign of Unas.

D.2e

Kilt with rounded cross-flap and protruding tab, no goffers and no knot. (Fig. 3) Threestatuesfrom CatalogueA dating from the middle and endof the reign 141 11 kilt. Pepi wearthis of 142 Four representations of statueswear this version, rangingin datefrom the 143 Isesi Pepi 11. It is known to the reign of also on stonestatues. reign of One statue from Catalogue B wears this kilt, No. B44, which dates to the

middle or the endof the reign of Pepi 11. D. 2f

Kilt with rounded cross-flap, no protruding tab, no goffers, and no knot.

(Fig. 3) Two statuesfrom CatalogueA, onedatingto the secondhalf of the reign of Pepi11,andthe otherto the endof the Old Kingdom,wearthis kilt. 144 138CatalogueNos. B58,61-62. 139CatalogueNos.A51-53. 140E. HildesheimInv. Nr. 2: Eggebrecht,AR, No. 25. g. 141CatalogueNos. A69-70 and72. 142Eaton-KraussNos. 42,55,108, and 139. 143 E. Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 417: Eggebrecht,AR, No. 27; Cairo CG 172: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. g. XIX, 4.

35

145 They range in date from Ten representationsof statueswear this version. the reign of Nyuserre to the reign of Pepi 11.1 have been unable to find a stone statue with this version. Four statues from Catalogue B wear this kilt, 146ranging from the reign of Pepi I to the end of the Old Kingdom. One statue from Catalogue C, No. C8, wears this version. It dates to the end of the Old Kingdom.

D.2g

Kilt with protruding tab on the right hand side of the navel, no knot, no goffers,and no roundedcross-flap.(Fig. 3) Two statuesfrom Catalogue A wear this kilt, dating to the end of the reign of Pepi 11or later.147 No representationsof statueswear this kilt but at least one representation of 148 does. 1have not found any stone statueswith this variant. the tomb owner No statuesfrom either Catalogue B or C wear this kilt.

D.2h

Kilt with protrudingtab on the right handsideof the navel,a roundedcrossflap, and perhapsa secondcross-flaprunning to the left thigh, no knot, no goffers.(Fig. 3) One statue from Catalogue A, No. A97, has this kilt. It datesto the end of the reign of Pepi 11at the earliest. No representations of statues wear this kilt and I have not found any stone statueswith this variant either. No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or C wear this kilt.

D.2i

Kilt with elaborateknot andcross-flap,no goffers or protrudingtab. (Fig. 3) One statuefrom CatalogueB wearsthis kilt. No. B7 datesto the reign of

144Catalogue Nos.A71and104. 145Eaton-Krauss Nos.15,54,65-66,87,93,95-96,156-157. 146Catalogue Nos.B16,43,46,64. 147CatalogueNos.A77 and98. 148Stachelin, Tracht,Abb. 13.

36

Unas. Two representationsof statueswear this kilt. 149They date to the reign of Nyuserre and to the reign of Teti. I have beenunable to find any stone statues in this variant. D. 2j

Upper part of kilt with plain belt and protruding tab.

One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B 11,wearsthis kilt. It datesto the reignof Unas. D. 2k

Kilt with elaborateknot, cross-flap, and protruding tab, no goffers. (Fig. 3)

One statuefrom CatalogueB and one from CatalogueC wear this kilt. No. B41, dates to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11.No. CI dates to DynastyV. 150 Threerepresentations kilt. They dateto the Nyuserreof statueswear this Isesitransitionperiod.It is alsoknown on stonestatues.151 D. 3

Projecting-panelkilt, knee-length.152(Fig. 3)

Four statues from Catalogue A wear a knee-length, orjust below the knee, projecting-panel kilt. They range in date from the reign of Nyuserre to that of pepi 1.153 Thirty-six representations of statues wear this kilt, ranging in date from the reign of Nyuserre to that of Pepi 11.154 149Eaton-KraussNos. 94 and 112. 150Eaton-KraussNos. 102,105-106. 151 Eg. Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 419: Seipel, Agypten, No. 33; Boston MFA 12.504: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XLIV, 6. 152 Vandier, Manuel, 109-110; Staehelin, Tracht, 9-11. Staehelin does not differentiate according to length and says that this kilt was exceedingly popular in Dynasties V and VI. This appears to be true for relief representations rather than for statues. The latter are very rare. Examples are Hildesheirn

Inv. Nr. 3190: Eggebrecht,

Manuel, Pl. XXXIII,

AR, No. 20, in relief; and Cairo JE 66620: Vandier,

1, a statue group.

153 Catalogue Nos. A6,20,25,

and 39.

154 Eaton Krauss Catalogue Nos. 36-37,39,41,44,63-64,67,75,78-81,83,90,92,99-100,107,

37

Two statues from Catalogue B wear this kilt. 155One dates to the reign of Pepi 11and the other to the end of the Old Kingdom. Two statues from 156 C kilt. Both statuesdate to late in the reign of Pepi 11 Catalogue wear this or later.

D.3a

Projecting-panel kilt, mid-calf length.(Fig. 3) Twenty-four statuesfrom CatalogueA wear this kilt, ranging in datefrom 157 Old Kingdom. It initially the reign of Teti, through to the end of the replacesthe shorter version, but late in the reign of Pepi 11the two appear alongsideeachother. length Only four representations the wear mid-calf projecting-panel of statues kilt, ranging in date from the reign of Unas to the reign of Pepi 1.158No stonestatuesappearto wearthis kilt. Thirteenstatuesfrom CatalogueB wearthis kilt. 159They rangein datefrom thereignof Teti to the lastyearsof Pepi11or slightly later.

DA

Nude,circumcisedmale. There appear to be only circumcised statues from the Old Kingdom in Catalogue A, although one example, Catalogue No. A 12, is too damaged to determine. When nude statues from the Old and the Middle Kingdom are examined, they show that statues from the same tomb are consistent with from That is, if is the the same all others each other. one statue circumcised, tomb are also circumcised; if one is uncircumcised, the others are consistent with that. CatalogueNo. A 12 comes from a tomb from which the other nude statue is a circumcised one, and thus it also is probably circumcised. There are twelve statueswhich are nude, ranging in date from the reign of Unas to that of Pepi 11.160The ratio of nude to clothed statues is between one in ten

109-111,116,118,123,125-126,132-133,135,138,141,143,145,150, and 153. 155CatalogueNos. B56 and 74. 156CatalogueNos. C2 and 3. 157CatalogueNos. A38,43-44,50,56-57,61-62,64-66,76,83-91,105,108-109. 158Eaton-KraussNos. 135,142,144, and 152. 159CatalogueNos. B 13,17,26,28,33,38-39,53-55,57,59-60.

38

andonein eleven. There are five representations of statues which are circumcised, 161 Teti, in date from Nyuserre the reign of to the reign of andtwo ranging which are uncircumcised, dating to the reign of Pepi 11.162One is indeterminate,and as it is the only one from its tomb it cannotbe deduced 163 either. Nude stone statues from the Old Kingdom also appearto be 164 circumcised. It is possiblethat the nudestatueswereoriginally suppliedwith linen garments.However,wheneverlinen garmentshavesurvivedon a statue,that statuehashada short,plain, white, paintedskirt on underneath. Three statuesfrom Catalogue B are nude and circumcised.165They date from the reign of Teti andthe reign of PepiIl. D.4a

Nude male, missing the phallus.

Three statuesfrom CatalogueB cannotbe classifiedbecausethe phallus is 166 broken. The first datesto the reign of Teti, the secondto the missing or transitionperiodbetweenMerenreand Pepi II, and the third to the reign of Pepi 11.A fourth statuefrom CatalogueB was not seenby me so could not 167 be classified. Onerepresentation of a nudestatueis missingthe phallus,Eaton-KraussNo. 46, datingto the transitionperiodfrom the reign of Teti to that of Pepi1. DAb

Nude,uncircumcisedmale,probablyboy. One statue from Catalogue B and four from Catalogue C are nude and

160 Catalogue Nos. A12-13,21,26,29,36,46-48,54,67, 161 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 27-28,34-35,

and 68.

and 43.

162 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 154 and 155. 163 Eaton-Krauss No. 46, temp. Teti - Pepi L 164 E. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Inv. Nr. 7506:, Seipel, Bilder, No. 34. g. 165 Catalogue Nos. B 12,34, and 40. 166 Catalogue Nos. B6,2 1, and 23. 167 Catalogue No. B50.

39

168 dated Pepi 11.169 be B37 to the of can reign uncircumcised. Two representations of statues are nude and uncircumcised. 170They both date to the first half of the reign of Pepi H. Sons accompanying their parents

in groupstatuesareuncircumcised. D.5

A plain, abovethe kneeskirt, with a simplebelt. (Fig. 3) One statuefrom Catalogue A wears this skirt, dating to the reign of Unas.171 It is possible that it once had the painted decoration of a half-goffered kilt with no protruding tab. This skirt is not worn by any of the representations of statues, but some 172 it. do stone statues wear 173 174 B from from Catalogue C Two statues Catalogue and one wear this skirt. B 19 dates to the reign of Pepi I- Merenre, B42 to the end of the reign of Pepi 11.No date can be assignedto C15.

D.5a

As D.5, but with an invertedV-shapein front. (Fig. 3) One statue from Catalogue B wears this skirt, No. B22, which dates to the

transitionperiodof the reignMerenreto that of Pepi11. No representations of statuesor stonestatueswearthis type. D. 6

A plain, above the knee skirt with no decorative elementsat all. (Fig. 3)

Seventeenstatuesfrom CatalogueA wearthis skirt, ranging in datefrom the 175 Teti Old Kingdom. to the endof the reignof 168CatalogueNos. B37, C9-12. 169 B37 is unusualin that it showsnone of the other characteristicsof a boy, finger to mouth or side-lock, being very adult in form. 170 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 154-155.

171CatalogueNo. A23. 172E. flildesheirn Inv. Nr. 13: Eggebrecht,AR, No. 14. g. 173CatalogueNos. B 19 and 42. 174CatalogueNo. C15. 175CatalogueNos. A37,58-60,63,73,79-81,101,110-116.

40

Thirty representationsof statueswear this skirt, ranging in date from the 177 known It is also on stonestatues. reignof Menkaureto that of pepi 11.176 178 They rangein datefrom from Catalogue kilt. Fifteen statues B wear this the reign of Pepi I to the end of the Old Kingdom. One statue from CataloaueC, C4, datingto the endof the Old Kingdom, wearsthis skirt. C)

Female

Df. 1

Sheathdresswith a V-shaped bodice, covering the breasts.179(Fig. 5) One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to late Dynasty IV wears this dress.18() Two representationsof statueswear it, one dating to the reign of Menkaure 181 Teti-Pepi It is I the most common costume on to the the period. other and 182 Old Kingdom. stone statuesand reliefs of women throughout the No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or Catalogue C wear this dress.

Df. 2

183 bodice. (Fig. 5) Sheathdresswith no visible

Sevenstatuesfrom CatalogueA wear this dress,ranging in date from the 184 Nyuserre Old Kingdom. Some or all of them to the end of the reign of have had originally paintedshoulderstrapswhich havenot survivedthe may passageof time. Unas dress, dating from Threestatuerepresentations this the of wear reign through to the reign of Pepi 1.185It is a type also frequently wom by stone 176Eaton-KraussNos. 4-5,7,11-14,17,20-21,23-26,33,38,45,47,85-86,89,91,97-98,121-122, 124,131,137, and 148. 177E. Louvre N. 2290:Vandier,Manuel,Pl. XVIII, 4-5. g. 178CatalogueNos. B24,27,29-32,35-36,47-49,51-52,65-66. 179 Staehelin, 166-169, IIA. 110111; Tracht, op. cit., 180CatalogueNo. A4. 181Eaton-KraussNos. 6 and 128. 182 E. Cairo JE 66619: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum 50; JE 66617: op. cit., 51; g. HildesheimInv. Nr. 418: Eggebrecht,AR, No. 27; etc. 183 Vandier,Manuel, 110-111;Staehelin,Tracht, 167. 184CatalogueNos. A7,22,30-32,102, and 117.

41

186 In all of these casesthere is the possibility statuesand reliefs of women. that the strapswere originally painted on. Two statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this dress.187B 10 dates to the reign of Unas, B68 to the end of the Old Kingdom.

DU

Nudefemale,legstogether. There are eight statuesfrom CatalogueA in this category, one of which dates 188 Merenre, to the reign of and all the others to the end of the Old Kingdom. 189All of the statuesexcept the first come from tombs where the owner is a female. The statuesare presumedto be statuesof the tomb owner. Catalogue No. A49, however, comes from the tomb of a male, and it is possible that she is a figure of a concubine or a servant, rather than necessarily being the tomb owner's wife. There are unfortunately

no

examples of nude females from tombs of males inscribed with names and titles confirming their exact status. The problem is compounded by the fact that nude female figures in stoneare confined to children. Representationsof nude statuesdo exist, but this could easily be due to the disappearanceor lack of painted garments. It is possible that the nude statueswere once clothed in actual linen garments, but no traces of them have ever been found dating to the Old Kingdom, although they are known in the Middle Kingdom. 190 There are six representationsof statues in this group, ranging in date from the reign of Shepseskafto that of Pepi 11.191None of them show any trace of garments. I have been unable to find any examples of nude stone female statues,besideschildren as part of family groups. 192 Seven statuesfrom Catalogue B193and three from CatalogueC194are nude. 185Eaton-Krauss Nos.30,40,and129. 186 E. Cairo JE 40679: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 33; Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 1: g. Eggebrecht,AR, No. 13; etc. 187 CatalogueNos. BIO and 68. BIO is the femalein a pa.ir statue. 188CatalogueNo. A49. 189CatalogueNos. A 119-125. 190E. Louvre E 20576:Delange,Catalogue,188-189. g. 191Eaton-KraussNos. 1-3,50,58, and 59. 192E. Cairo JE 51820: Saleh/Sourouzian, EgyptianMuseunz,No. 39. g.

42

B9 datesto the reign of Unas, all of the others date to the end of the Old Kingdom.

DfA

Sheathdress,no bodice, left leg advanced. One statue from Catalogue A dating to the end of the Old Kingdom has her 195 left leg advanced. There are no representations of statues with this posture, but stone statues 196 leg have left their advanced. often Two statuesfrom Catalogue B wear this dress.197They both date to the reign

of Unas. Df. 5

Nude female, left leg advanced.

Thereis onestatuefrom CatalogueA in this category,datingto the endof the 198 Old Kingdom. Thereareno 2-dimensionalrepresentations of statuesor of women,or stone statuesof womenin this category. No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or CatalogueC arenudewith the left leg advanced. Df. 6

Too dama(yed to determinedress. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB are in this category,Nos. B4 and B5. They both dateto the reign of Unas.

193CatalogueNos. B9,67,69-73. 194CatalogueNos. C5-7. 195CatalogueNo. A 118. 196 E. Boston MFA 11.738: Vandier, Manuel, PI. V, 3; Worcester 1934.48: op. cit., Pl. XVIL 2; g. Cairo JE 72214: op. cit., Pl. XIX, 2; etc. 197CatalogueNos. BI and 3. 198CatalogueNo. A127.

43

ARMS Male A. 1

Arms pendant,each hand clasping a Steinkem.199(Fig. 6a)

Fourteenstatuesfrom CatalogueA hold their armsin this way, datingfrom the reignof Snefruup to the endof DynastyV1.200 No representations of statues hold their arms like this. Most stone statues claspSteinkenteý01 Six statuesfrom Catalogue B hold their arms in this manner.202They range in date from the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom.

A. la

As A. 1, but missing one arm or hand. Four statuesfrom Catalogue B fall into this category.203B43 is missing his left arm, so the arms could also be originally type A. 3a. The other three must belong to this category becauseeven though they miss a right arm or one or other hand, there is no other category which would match their extant positioning. They range in date from the middle of the reign of Pepi 11to just after the end of that reign.

A. 2

The right ann is parallel to the right side, the left arm is bent across the chest with the lower arm angled up towards the right shoulder. The left hand is a

naturalfist, the tight is holdinga Steinkem.(Fig. 6a) One statuefrom CatalogueA datingto the reign of Snefruholds his armsin 199 Spiegelberg,RT 28 (1906), 174-176; Shoukhry, SASAE 15,127-8; Vandier, Manuel,

62, I(c);

Staehelin, Tracht, 161; Fischer, MMJ 10 (1975), 9-21; Hassan Stdcke; Eaton-Krauss, Representations,8-9, esp. notes35 and 40. 200 CatalogueNos. A 1.18-19,26,40-41,47,62,93-95,97-98, and 106. 201 E. Cairo JE 10063 Egyptian Museum,Nos. 45-46; JE 87804: and JE 10064: Saleh/Sourouzian, g. op. cit., No. 56; etc. 202 CatalogueNos. B7-8,12,15,54,75. 203CatalogueNos. B46,48,59,63.

44

this manner.

204

No representations 205 statues.

of statues but there are some examples

of stone

One statue from Catalogue B is in this category. It is the male in a pair statue, No. B 10. It dates to the reign of Unas.

A. 2a

Right ann parallel with a pierced fist, the left is held up across the chest with the hand open. (Fig. 6a)

One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Unas holds his armsin 206 this manner. No representations of statuesor stonestatueshold their arrnsin this manner. No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC belongto this category. A. 2c

Only the upper part of the left arm is extant, but the slot in the elbow implies that the forearm was held acrossthe chest.

Onestatuefrom CatalogueB belongsto this category,No. B 11,which dates to the reign of Unas. A. 3

The tight ann is pendant,the left is bentforwardat the elbow. Both handsare piercedfists. (Fig. 6a) This is the manner of holding the arms when a walking staff and sceptreare the attributes. It is a posture confined to wooden statuesand two-dimensional 207 his representationsof the tomb owner and statues. Twenty-four statues from Catalogue A hold their arms in this way, and although most are now missing their attributes, these are generally consideredto have been the walking staff and the sceptre.However, there are significantly more extant staffs than sceptres, so we should be careful when assuming that the second attribute was always the sceptre, even though the

204Catalogue No. A2. 205Eg.CairoCG 176:Vandier,Manuel,Pl. XXVI, 3. 206Catalogue No. A29. 207 op.cit.,90,XVI D.

45

representationsshow that the sceptrewas the usual accompaniment.The from in date late Dynasty IV through to the end of Dynasty statuesrange V1.208 Therearethirty-ninerepresentations of statueswith the staff andsceptre,both seatedand striding, or with their arms in this posture but missing one or 209 in otherattributeto show that they are an unfinishedstate. They rangein datefrom the reign of Menkaureto that of Pepi11. Five statuesfrom CatalogueB210and one from CatalogueC211hold their arms in this manner. They range in date from the reign of Teti to the last yearsof Pepi11or slightly later. A. 3a

As A. 3, but with the right handclaspingtheSteink-em. (Fig. 6a) Four statuesfrom CatalogueA hold their armsin this manner,dating from the reignof PepiI to thatof Pepi11.212 Two representations of statueshavetheir right handsclosed,but they do not 13 Steinkeniý be appearto closedarounda One statuefrom CatalogueB is in this category.214It datesto the reign of Pepi 11.

A. 3b

As A. 3, but the right handis a naturalfist. (Fig. 6a) Two statuesfrom Catalogue B fall into this category.215The first datesto the reign of Pepi I, the secondto the last years of Pepi 11at the earliest. Two representations of statues appear to hold their right hand as a natural

208Catalogue Nos.A3,5-6,10,13-17,20-21,24-25,35-36,38,45-46,54,59-60,77,92, and103. 209 Eaton-Krauss Nos.7,37,44-45,55-56,68,75,78,87-91,98,100,105-108,117-118,121-124, 126,132-133,138,141,143,145-148,150,154, and 155.The statuesmissingtheir staff areall 16-17§14. by Eaton-Krauss, seated(Nos.56,117,and122)andarediscussed 210CatalogueNos.B13,19,33,58, and62. 211Catalogue No.C3. 212CatalogueNos.A42,48,55, and58. 213Eaton-Krauss Nos.4 and25. 214Catalogue No. B29. 215Catalogue Nos.B 14and61.

46

f1st.216The former datesto the reign of Menkaure,the latter to thetransition period of the reigns of Unas and Teti.

A3c

As A. 3, but missingthe left forearm. One statuefrom Catalogue B is in this situation. No. B24 datesto early in the reign of Pepi 11.

A. 3d

As A. 3, with the right hand as a natural fist and the left clasping a removable plug of wood.

One statuefrom CatalogueB is in this situation,No. B27, which datesto the H. The be Pepi plug could easily the remainsof a staff. reign of A3c

As. A. 3a, but missing the left forearm. 217 in B One dates to the reign from Catalogue Two statues are tWs situation. of Pepi 1, the other to the reign of Pepi 11.

AA

The arms are placed on the knees of a seated figure. The right hand is a

The fist left hand is held the thumb with uppermost. open and palm natural downwardson the knee.(Fig. 7) Three statuesfrom CatalogueA hold their arms and handsin this fashion, datingfrom the reignof Unasto that of Pepi11.218 One representationof a statueholds its arms in this manner,dating to the 219 Stone from VI hold Menkaure. Dynasties V their statues of and reign 220 in arms this way. One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B2, has its arms in this position.It dates 216 Eaton-KraussNos. 4

and 25.

217 CatalogueNos. B 16 and 37. 218 CatalogueNos. A 11,5 1, and 73. 219 Eaton-KraussNo. 5. It is a stonestatue. 220 They also hold the Steinkern,e.g. Cairo JE 30273: Saleh/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum, No. 44; JE 87805:op. cit., No. 56; etc.

47

to the transitionperiodof the reignsof IsesiandUnas. A. 4a

As A. 4, but with the fingers of the right fist downwards on the knee. (Fig. 7)

Thereis one statuefrom CatalogueA with this mannerof holding the arms 221 Unas. hands, dating to the reignof and There are no examples of representations of statues with this pose, but 222 have it. severalseatedstone statues

No statuefrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC fas into this category., A. 4b

The arms are on the knees of a seatedfigure, but the hands are too damaged to seewhat position they have. One statue from Catalogue A dating to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi Il is in this category.223

Onestatuefrom CatalogueB is in this situation,No. B45, which datesto the middle or endof the reign of Pepi11. A. 4c

The arms are placed along the knees of a seatedfigure, with the right hand open and with the palm downwards. The left hand is a natural fist with the

thumbuppermost.(Fig. 7) One statue from Catalogue A dating to late in the reign of Pepi 11has this 224 pose. There are five representationsof seatedstatues which have both hands open 225 They range in date from the with the palms downwards on the knees.

reign of Menkaureto that of Pepi 11.Thereareno extantstatuesin stoneor 221Catalogue No.A23. 222Cf. Shoukhry, SASAE15,56.His comment aboutthereonlybeing"archaic"statues withthis Museum Inv. Nr. 8019: manner of holdingtheirhandsis not true.E.g. ViennaKunsthistorisches Vandier, Manuel,Pl.XXVII, 3; CairoCG 123:op.cit., Pl.XXIX, 5; CG21:op.cit.,Pl. XXXII, 5; JE 66618:op. cit., Pl. XXXIV, 3; etc. 223 Catalogue No. A74. 224 Catalogue No. A 101. 225 Eaton-KraussNos. 48,52,54,96,

and 157.They all depict stonestatues.

48

between for DynastyIV andlate hands this the position andarms wood with Pepi 11in Dynasty VI. This is a position popular in the repertory for Dynasty IV stone statues.226 No statuefrom either Catalogue B or CatalogueC falls into this category. AM

As A. 4, with the right fist clasping the Steinkem. (Fig. 7)

One statue from Catalogue B holds the hands in this manner, No. B44, which dates to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11. No representationsof statuesfall into this category. It is a common position for stone statuesof the Old Kingdom. 227

A. 5

Both handsholding a papyrusroll in the lap. The handshold the roll open and are resting on the thighs with the thumbs uppermost. This is the position

for readingratherthanwriting. Two figures of scribes from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Unas hold 228 in their arms this way. Several Old Kingdom scribe statueshold their arms in this way. 229 There are no statuesin either CatalogueB or CatalogueC in this category.

A. 6

Anns held pendant,both handsarepiercedfists. (Fig. 6a) Four statuesfrom Catalogue A ranging in date from the reign of Unas to the 230 Il hold Pepi in They may all have their arms this way. end of the reign of once held an attribute which is now missing in every case.

in this Thereareno representations their arms of statuesor stonestatueswith 226 Cf. Shoukhry, SASAE 15,56. E. Cairo CG 650: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XV, 6. g. 227 For example, Cairo JE 30273: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 44; JE 8780: op. cit., No. 56; CG 190: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXXI, 4; Louvre A 43: op. cit., Pl. XXXIII, 2; Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 1962: Eggebrecht, AR, No. 3; etc. 228 Catalogue Nos. A27 and 28. 229 E. Cairo CG 56, CG 83 Cf. Vandier, 38. & CG Statuen I, Pls. 14,19 171, Borchardt, and g. Manuel, 66 E. 230 Catalogue Nos. A33,37,70,

and 7 1.

nLON'

IýBL 1ý MON UNIV IV

49

posture. One statue from Catalogue B, No. B41, belongs to this category. It dates to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11.

A. 6a

As A. 6, but with one arm missing. There are two statuesfrom CatalogueA in this situation,one dating to the periodfrom Merenreto PepiII, andtheotherto the latteryearsof Pepi11.231 Five statuesfrom CatalogueB belongto this category,232andthey could all havebelongedoriginally to categoryA. 3. Unfortunately,without the bentleft arm or a hole on the basefor a staff it is not possibleto allocatethemthere with certainty.The statuesrangein datefrom the transition period from the reign of Merenreto the reign of Pepi 11up to the end of the Old Kingdom. One statuefrom CatalogueC, No. C2, is in this category.It datesto the end of the reign of Pepi11or later.

A. 7

The armsare pendantwith the left handopen.The fingers of the right hand are on the front surfaceof the projecting-panelkilt, with the thumb behind. (Fig. 6b) Seven statues from Catalogue A have their arms in this position, ranging in date from the reign of Teti to the end of the Old Kingdom. 233 Four representations of statues have their arms in this position, ranging in date from the reign of Nyuserre to that of Pepi 11.234No stone statues fall into this category. One statuefrom Catalogue B is in this category, No. B 17, which datesto the reign of Pepi 1.

231Catalogue Nos. A52 and 72. 232CatalogueNos. B22,32,42,60,65. 233 Catalogue Nos. A39,43-44,61.66,83, and 105. 234 Eaton-KraussNos. 57,80,135, and 153.

50

A. 7a

Right handon front flap, left arm missing. One statue from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Pepi 11has his arms in 235 this position. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin Us category. No statuefrom either Catalogue B or CatalogueC falls into this category.

A. 7b

Right handon front flap, left handasa naturalfist. (Fig. 6b) Five statuesfrom Catalogue A dating to the reign of Pepi 11or later have their 236 in arms this position. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin this category. One statuefrom Catalogue B is in this category, No. B39, which datesto the reign of Pepi 11.

A. 7c

Right hand on front flap, left arm crossedonto the chestand the left hand 6b) hand (Fig. the the side chest. right of on open One statuefrom Catalogue A dating to the end of the reign of Pepi 11has this 237 pose. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin this category.

No statuefrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC falls into this category. A. 7d

As A. 7, with the left hand clasping the Steinkem. (Fig. 6b)

Onestatuefrom CatalogueB falls into this category,No. B38, which datesto the reign of Pepi II.

Thereareno representations of statuesor stonestatuesin this category.

235 Catalogue No. A64.

236 CatalogueNos. A65,84,86,88-89. 237 CatalogueNo. A87.

51

A.7e

As A.7, but with the left handclaspedandpierced.(Fig. 6b) One statuefrom CatalogueB is in this category,No. B53, which datesto the last years of Pepi 11at the earliest.

No representations of statuesor stonestatuesfall into this category. AX

As A. 7, but missing the left arm.

Onestatuefrom CatalogueB is in this category,No. B55, which datesto the last yearsof Pepi11at the earliest. A. 8

The armsarependant,the left handis openand the right is holding a tubeof 238 kflt. (Fig. 6b) the cloth at sideof the projecting-panel One statue from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Merenre, 239 and three 240 dating Pepi 11 hold in this to the their statues of

reign

arms

position.

There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin this category. Two statuesfrom Catalogue B are in this category.241They date to the reign of Pepi 11.

A. 8a

The armsareparallelto the sides,the left handis a natumlfist andthe right is holdinga tubeof cloth at thesideof the projecting-panelkilt. (Fig. 6b) Five statues from Catalogue A from the reign of Pepi II and later have their 242 in an-ns this position. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin tWs category.

Thereareno statuesin eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC in this category.

238 Vandier,Manuel, 91, XVI E. 239 CatalogueNo. A50. 240 CatalogueNos. A56-57, 241 CatalogueNos. B26

and 76.

and 28.

242 CatalogueNos. A85,90-91,108-109.

52

AM

As A.8, with the left handclaspingthe Steink-em. (Fig. 6b) Onestatuefrom CatalogueB falls into this category,No. B57, which datesto the last yearsof PepiH at theearliest. Thereareno representations of statuesor stonestatuesin this category.

AS

Arms are pendant,both handsarenaturalfists. (Fig. 6a) The seventeenstatuesfrom Catalogue A in this category range in date from 243 Old Kingdom. the reign of Merenre to the end of the Five representationsof statueshave this posture for their arms, and range in date from the reign of Menkauhor to that of Pepi 1.244A further eleven statueshave only one of their arms visible, with the hand a natural fist. It is 245 invisible, in hand held the samemanner. They was probable that the other, range in date from the reign of Nyuserre to year 15 of Pepi 11.There is 246 fist, depicting Nyuserre. apparentlyonly one stone statuewith an empty Five statuesfrom Catalogue B fall into this category.247They all date to the further Pepi 11. One from Catalogue B, No. B47, has a statue of reign damaged right hand. There is no doubt that the hand was once a natural fist, however. The statuedatesto the end of the reign of Pepi 11or slightly later.

A. 9a

As A. 9, but with one arm missing. One statue from Catalogue A is in this category. No. A68 datesto the reign of Pepi H. Four statuesfrom Catalogue B belong to this category.248Three of them are missing their right arms, and could also, therefore, have once belonged to date B66 have been in in AA They this only category. can range category

243 CatalogueNos. A53,67,69,75,79-81,96,99-100,104,110-115. 244 Eaton-KraussNos. 19,47,79,85, and 8& 245 Eaton-KraussNos. I 1-14,23,27-28,34-35,46,

and 82.

246 Bothmer,MDAIK 30 (1974), 167. 247 CatalogueNos. B21,49-52. 248 CatalogueNos. B6,40,64,66.

53

from the reign of Unasto the endof the Old Kingdom. A. 9b,

As A. 9, but with a hole bored through the statuenear the right hand. One statue from Catalogue B belongs to this category. Nos. B36 dates to the

reign of Pepi 11. A. 10

The left arm is pendantwith the handa piercedfist. The right arm is crossed up onto the chestwith thehandopenon the left handsideof the chest. (Fig. 6a) One statuefrom CatalogueA dating to the reign of Pepi 11has its arms in 249 this position. 250 7'hispositionis rarein the repertoryof stonestatues. There are no statuesin either CatalogueB or CatalogueC in this category. C

A. 1I

Arms werependantbut arenow missing. S One statue from Catalogue A is in this situation, dating to the reign of Pepi 11.251 One statuefrom Catalogue C falls into this category, No. CK which cannot

be reliably dated. A. 12

Arms pendant with the left hand as a natural fist and the right hand open. (Fig. 6a)

Only one statue from Catalogue A holds his arms in this way, dating to the 252 the Old Kingdom.

endof

No representationsof statuesor stone statueshold their arms in this way.

No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC belongto this category. 249 CatalogueNo. A63. a 250 E. Cairo JE 66620: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXXIII, 1, in a statue mirror image of each pair g. other. The pendanthand claspsthe Steinkern. 251 CatalogueNo. A82. 252 CatalogueNo. A 116.

54

A. 12a

Arms parallelwith the left handopenandthe right claspedandpierced. (Fig. 6a)

Onestatuefrom CatalogueC falls into this category,No. C12. It is not possible to discern this manner of holding the arms on representationsof statues.Often only one hand is visible. No stonestatues havea piercedfist. A. 13

Left arm pendant with a pierced fist. The right ann is pendent to the elbow and was then held forward. The forearm is now missing. (Fig. 6a)

Onestatuefrom CatalogueB falls into this category,No. B30, which datesto the reign of Pepi 11.

Thereareno representations of statuesor stonestatuesin this category. A. 14

Arms pendant,with the left handclaspedarounda removableplug of wood. This is not the Steinkern which is a finished part of the carving, but is probably the remains of the shaft of anotherattribute. What that attribute is be listed in held the to a puzzle, none of attributes up a could now are hand. left The right handis openandis held forward.The thumband pendant index finger arenow broken,but wereinclined towardseachotherto form a ring. (Fig. 6a) One statuefrom Catalogue B falls into this category, No. B43, wWch datesto

the middle or endof the reign of PepiII. Thereareno representations of statuesor stonestatuesin this category. A. 15

Arms pendant,both handsare open.(Fig. 6a) Two statuesfrom CatalogueC have their arms in this position. 253 Six representations of statues have their arms with open hands by t eir 254 sides. They range in date from the reign of Isesi to the middle of the reign

253 CatalogueNos. C4 and C 11. 254 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 20-21,42-43,120,

and 142.

55

find hold 1.1 have been Pepi to that their hands any statues unable stone of openby their sides. Arms pendant,the right handis holding the front edgeof a projecting-panel kalt,while the left handis holdinga tubeof materialat the left side.(Fig. 6b)

A. 16

One statuefrom Catalogue B falls into this category, No. B74, which datesto

the endof the Old Kingdom. There are no representationsof statuesor stone statuesin this category. The left ann is pendant with an open hand. The right arm is bent up at the

A. 17

index finger is restingon the lower lip. The restof the handis the elbow and fisted.(Fig. 6a) Onestatuefrom CatalogueC falls into this category,No. CIO. C, No representationsof statueshold their arms in this way, but sonsin stone 255 do. groupstatuesoften A. 17a

As A. 17,but the left an-nis broken. Onestatuefrom CatalogueC is in this category,No. C9.

Female AM

Both armsmissing. 256 Only one statuefrom CatalogueA has both arms missing. Four statues, two from Catalogue B257 and two from Catalogue C'258 are

255 For

39; Museum, No. CG 202: Egyptian Vandier, Cairo 51280: Saleh/Sourouzian, JE example,

Manuel, Pl. XXX, 5; CG 55:ýBorchardt, Statuen,Pl. 14; etc. 256 CatalogueNo. A4. 257 CatalogueNos. B5

and 70.

258 CatalogueNos. C6-7.

56

missing one arm. No. B5 datesto the reign of Unas,the othersto the endof the Old Kingdom. Af. 2

Onearm is pendantwith an openhand,the otherarm is missing. Two statues from Catalogue A, 259 one from the reign of Nyuserre and the other from the end of the Old Kingdom, fall into this category. It is likely that the missing arm in both cases matched the extant one. Three statues from Catalogue B260 and one from Catalogue C261 are in this date B4 Nos. B3 to the reign of Unas, the other two to the end and category. of the Old Kingdom.

AU

Arms pendant,both handsopen.This is the mostcommonmeansof holding the arms on all statues and representations of women in the Old Kingdom.262 Fifteenstatuesfrom CatalogueA hold their armsin this way, datingfrom the 263 Old Kingdom. Nyuserre to the endof the reignof Threerepresentations of statues,dating from the reign of Shepseskafto the 264 hold 11 in Pepi their arms this way. reignof Sevenstatuesfrom CatalogueB hold their armsin this manner.265The first two dateto the reigns of Nyuserreand Unas,respectively,the othersto the Old Kingdom. the endof

259 CatalogueNos. A7

and 127.

260CatalogueNos. B34 and 68. 261 CatalogueNo. C5. 262 E. Cairo JE 87806: Saleh/Sourouzian,Egyptian Museum,No. 56; Hildesheirn Inv. Nr. 418: g. Eggebrecht,AR, No. 27; Boston MFA 30.1456: Vandier, Manuel, P1.XIII, 2; British Museum EA 24619: op. cit., Pl. XV, 2; Cairo JE 72214: op. cit., Pl. XIX, 2; Leiden RMO AST 9 (D 125): op. 1; XXXIV, Pl. etc. cit., 263 CatalogueNos. A22,30-32,49,102,117-125. 264 Eaton-KraussNos. 2,6, and 50. 265 CatalogueNos. B 1,9,67,69,71-73.

57

AfA

Missing the right arm, which was probably parallel. The left arm is held aroundthe husband. One statuefrom CatalogueB, No. B 10, the femalein a pair statue,is in'this category. She datesto the reign of Unas. There are no representations of pair statues. Stone pair statues have the 266 holding her husband hand. woman with the right arm paraHeland an open

266 For

example: Berkeley, Lowic Museum of Anthropology 6-19775: op. cit., Pl. XXV, 4; Cairo JE 35565: op. cit., Pl. XLL 4.

58

ACCESSORIES (both sexes) Ac. 1

The Steinkemin both fists (males).267

Fifteen statuesfrom CatalogueA hold the Steinkemin their hands,ranging in datefrom thereign of Snefruto the endof DynastyVI. 268 No representations of statues appearto belong to this group, but it is 269 Kingdom. Old for common stonestatuesthroughoutthe 270 in f1sts. Steinkem both They range Six statuesfrom CatalogueB hold the in datefrom the reign of Unasto the endof the Old Kingdom. Ac. 2

Inserted nipples (males).

Twenty-two statuesfrom CatalogueA have inserted nipples, usually of a 271 It may be a different type of wood, but no tests different colour wood. haveeverbeencarriedout. They rangein datefrom the reign of Snefru to the end of DynastyVI. This is not identifiable on representationsof statues,nor does it occur on stonestatues. 272 inserted from Catalogue B have Nineteenstatues nipples. They rangein datefrom the reign of Isesito the endof the Old Kingdom. Ac.3

Walking staff (males). Fifteen statuesfrom CatalogueA still have their walking staff, or have a 273 in destroyed They their staff. range original, very modemcopy replacing datefrom the endof DynastyIV to the endof the reign of Pepi11.

267 See the discussions by Fischer, MMJ 10 (1975), 9-21; and Eaton-Krauss, Representations, 8

n. 35. 268 CatalogueNos. AI-2,18-19,26,40-41,47,62,93-95,97-98,

and 106.

269 E. Cairo JE 10063and JE 10064:Saleh/Sourouzian, EgyptianMuseum,Nos. 45-46. g. 270 CatalogueNos. B7-8,12,15,54,75. 271 CatalogueNos. A 1,9-10,16-18,20-21,23,28,36,40-42,44-46,54,82,109,111-112. 272 CatalooueNos. B2,6-8,12,24,28,33,38-39,48,57-63,75. 273 CatalogueNos. A3,14-16,20,24-25,42,46,48,54-55,59-60,

59

and 77.

Seventyrepresentations of statueshavea walking staff in their hand,ranging in date from the reign of Menkaure to that of Pepi 11.274They are all both statues275 and are seatedand striding. The of wooden representations have known to a walking staff are those of Sepain the only stone statues Louvre,276which hold the staff againstthebody. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB and one from CatalogueC have a walking 277 staff. They rangein datefrom the reignof Teti to the last yearsof PepiH or slightly later. AcA

Waid eyes. Eight male statues from Catalogue A have or once had inlaid eyes.278They range in date from the end of Dynasty IV to early in the reign of Pepi 11. They are usually of quartz and rock crystal, and the more elaborate ones are set into copper sockets. It is not possible to tell whether any of the representations of statues have inlaid eyes.Many stone statues,both male and female, have inlaid eyes.279 Although in Catalogue A this was confined to male statues, two female 280 C have from Catalogue inlaid eyes. Four male statues,three from statues Catalogue B and one from Catalogue C, also have them. 281They range in date from the reign of Teti to the reign of Pepi 11.Catalogue No. C13 cannot be reliably dated.

274 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 4,7,9-10,15,25,36-37,39,41,44-45,55,61,63,67-68,75,78,81,83-84, 87-92,94-95,98-100,105-114,117-118,121-126,131-134,138-141,143-148,150,152,154-156. 275 Eaton-Krauss, Representations, 57 §65. 276 Louvre A 37 and A 38: Ziegler, The Louvre, 24. 277 Catalogue Nos. B 13,19, and Catalogue C3. 278 Catalogue Nos. A5-6,13,27,37,43-44, and 54. 279 E. g. Louvre E 3023: Ziegler, The Louvre, 26 top; Cairo CG 3 and CG 4: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 27. 280 Catalogue Nos. C5 and C6, both of which date to the end of the Old Kingdom. 281 Catalogue Nos. B18,20,33 and C13.

60

AcS

Sporranof tassels(males). Four statues from Catalogue A have this elaborate decoration on their kilts.282They date to the end of the reign of Nyuserre,the reign of Pepi 1, it decoration had Pepi 11. Many have the may as a painted of more reign and which no longersurvives. No representationsof statueswear a sporran,although it may have been 283 is known decoration. It in on severalstonestatues. present the painted No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC arein this category.

Ac. 6

Black painted moustache (males). This is perhaps a strange feature to list However, false be hair they to appear natural growth. as as accessories under beards are definitely to be considered accessories,there is no other category for them. 284 have Catalogue A Five statuesfrom a painted moustache. They range in date from the reign of Isesi to that of Pepi II. No representation of a statue appears to have a moustache. It is a common 285 feature of stone statues. No statuesfrom either Catalogue B or CatalogueC are in this category.

Ac.7

Naturalhair visible underwig (females). Two statues from Catalogue A have their natural hair visible under their 286 wigs. They both date to the reign of Unas. This feature is not visible on the representationsof statues,but is common on 287 stone statues.

282 Catalogue Nos. A6,42,55,

and 77.

283 CL Staehelin, Tracht, 30-3 1; E. Cairo CG 47 g. and CG 119: Borchardt, Statuen 1.43 & 91, Pis. 12 & 26. 284 Catalogue Nos. A8,15,27,41,

and 77.

285 E. Cairo CG 3: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 27; CG 133: 48; JE No. op. cit., g. 66617: op. cit., No. 51; etc. 286 Catalogue Nos. A22 30. and Cý 287 E. Cairo CG 4: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 27; JE 51280: JE 39; No. cit., op. g.

61

Two statuesfrom Catalogue B have their natural hair visible undertheir 288 Una. Nyuserre, One dates the to the to the other reign of s. of reign wigs. Ac. 8

Steinkent in left hand only (males). Five statues from Catalogue A have this feature, one dating to the reign of Unas and the others to the end of the reign of Pepi 11.289 It is not possible to determine whether any representations of statueshave this feature. When only the profile is on view, it is generally assumedthat the other hand is identical to the visible one. Seated stone statues have this feature.290 Tbree statuesfrom CatalogueB are in this category.291They date to the reign of Pepi 11(Nos. B38, B48) or slightly later (No. B57).

Ac.8a

Removable"plug" of wood in left handonly (males). 292 B have "plug" Catalogue in from left Two statues hand. their a removable They both date to the reign of Pepi 11. No representationsof statuesor stone statuesfall into this category.

Ac.9

Sceptre(males). 293 hands, in Five statuesfrom Catalogue A have a sceptre their right and one has an extant sceptre but no arms.294They range in date from the reign of Unas to the reign of Pepi 11. Thirty-eight representationsof statues have a sceptre in one of their hands,

66617:op. cit., No. 51; etc. 288 CatalogueNos. BI and 9. 289 Catalogue Nos. A23,88-90,

and 101. Nos. A23 and 101 are seatedstatues,the other three are claspingtheir projecting-panelkilts with their other hand. 290 E. Cairo CG 650: Vandier,Manuel, Pl. XV, 6; Louvre A. 44: op. cit., Pl. XXVIII, 3; etc. g. 291 CatalogueNos. B38,48,57. 292 CatalogueNos. B 27,43. 293 CatalogueNos. A24-25,46,59-60. 294 CataloaueNo. A35. 4ý

62

95 All of thesehave a staff in direction in face. depending on the which they the other hand. They range in date from the reign of Menkaure to that of Pepi IL Stone statuesdo not carry sceptres. One statuefrom Catalogue C is in this category. No. C2 datesto the reign of Pepi 11or slightly later. Ac. 10

Bookroll (males).

Two scribe statuesfrom Catalogue A, dating to the reign of Unas, and from 296 laps. The posture is that Metri, hold bookrolls the tomb of open on their of a readerrather than a writer. No representationsof statuesdepict a scribe. Several stone scribeshold their bookrolls in this fashion.297 No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or CatalogueC are in this category.

Ac. 1I

Headclothvisible underwig (females). 298 Unas dating has feature. Onestatuefrom CatalogueA to the reign of this No representations of femalestatuesshow this feature.Femalestonestatues hair have their to own showing under their wigs, rather than a appear headcloth(seen. 287 for examples). No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC arein this category.

Ac. 12

Steinkemin right handonly (males). Four statuesfrom CatalogueA claspa Steinkemin their right handonly, the 299 hand claspsor claspeda staff. They dateto the reignsof PepiI and other Pepi11.

295 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 7,37,44-45,55,68,75,78,87-91,98,100,105-108,117-118,121-124,126, 132-133,138,141,143,145-148,150,154, 296 Catalogue Nos. A27

and 155.

and 28.

297 E. Cairo CG 56, CG 83 and CG 17 1, Borchardt, Statuen L Pis. 14,19 & 38. CL Vandier, g. Manuel, 66 E. 298 Catalogue No. A32. 299 Catalogue Nos. A42,48,55, C

and 58.

63

No representationsof statuesor stone statueshave this combination of accessories. Six statuesfrom CatalogueB fall into this category.300They rangein date from the reign of Unasto the middle or endof the reign of Pepi11. Ac. 13

Black paintedsandals(males). Only one statue from Catalogue A wears sandals, dating to the reign of Pepi 1.301

302 Fourrepresentations of statueswearsandals. They dateto DynastyHI, the reign of Menkauhor,and the reign of Teti. Thereare no actualstonestatues wearing sandals known from the Old KingdoM303 but they are often 304 depictedon or nearthe tomb ownerin two-dimensionalrepresentations. Although no femalesfrom CatalogueA wear black sandals,no malesfrom CataloguesB and C do either.One femalefrom CatalogueB, No. B70, and one from CatalogueC, No. C5, wear black sandals.They dateto the endof the Old Kingdom. Ac. 14

Falsebeard(males). Two statues from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Pepi 11have false 305 beards. in date from false beards, Thirty representations the ranging of statueswear reign of Menkauhor to the end of the reign of Pepi 11.306It appearsto be confined to relief depictionsratherthan stonestatuesof the tomb owner in the Old Kingdom. No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC arein this category.

300 CatalogueNos. B 10,16,29,37,45-46. No. B 10 is the male in a pair statue. 301 CatalogueNo. A44. 302 Eaton-KraussNos. 132-133,136, and 149. 303 Staehelin,Tracht, 98. 304 SeeHarpur,Decoration,323-7,369-76 [25]. 305CatalogueNos. A59

and 74.

306 Eaton-KraussNos. 26-28,63-68,75-76,79,96-98,100,102,105-107,113-114,117,118,123, 141,146-148,and 157.

64

Ac. 15

Linen wrappedaroundthe waist (male-sandfernýles). '"" One statue from Catalogue C is in this category, No. C4, which dates to the end of the Old Kingdom. It is possible that many more statues once had linen wrapped around them, but that this has not survived. No representations of statues fall into this category. I have been unable to find any stone statueswith linen wrapped around them.

65

JEWELLERY (both sexes) J. 1

Broad collar.307

This is worn by nineteenstatuesfrom CatalogueA of both sexesdatingfrom 308 Old Kingdom. It is slightly more Snefru to the end of the the reign of common in Dynasty V and early Dynasty VI, than in the secondhalf of DynastyVI. Thereis a largegapin its occurrencebetweenthe early yearsof Pepi 11,with the last occurrenceon a male,309and a solitary exampleon a female dating to the end of the Old Kingdom. 310The previous female 311 Unas. It is usually fastenedwith a simple exampledatesto the reign of bow behindthe neck,which is oftenno longerextant. Forty-six representationsof statueswear broad collars, two of which are female.312They rangein datefrom the reign of Menkaureto that of Pepi 11. It is alsoa commondecorationon stonestatues,both maleandfemale.313 One statuefrom CatalogueB andtwo from CatalogueC wearthis collar.314 B37 datesto the reign of Pepi11. J. 2

315 Amulet suspendedon beadsor string. Six statuesfrom CatalocrueA wear this amulet around their neck, ranging in 316 date from the reign of Snefru to the end of the Old Kingdom. It is shown in two representations of statues, one dating to the period of

307 Stachelin, Tracht, 113-120; Wilkinson, Jewellery, 30-33; Aldred, Jewels, 144 ff. 308 Catalogue Nos. A 1,4,5,9-10,14,16-17,20,22-23,27-28,40,42,45,55,106, and 117. 309 Catalogue No. A55. 3 10 Catalogue No. A 117. 311 Catalogue No. A22. 312 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 3-5,7,17,25,42,44,63-68,75-76,78-81,83-84,87,98,102,105-108,110111.113-114,116-118,121,123,125,128,132,139,141,144-145,

and 148. The females are Nos. 3

and 128, dating to the reigns of Shepseskaf and Pepi I respectively.

313 SeeStachelin,Tracht, 113-122. 314 CatalogueNos. B37, C3 and Cl 1. 315 op. cit., 100-103, HI (a); Wilkinson, Jewellery,26-28; Aldred, Jewels, 146. 316 CatalogueNos. A 1,6,26,42,77 and 106.

66

317 Unas-Teti. Staehelin saysthat Nyuserre tO'Isesi, the other to the period of 318 from Saqqara This is only statuesand representations wear this amulet. supported by the statues listed above, and by one of the representations of from Eaton-Krauss No. 36, The the tomb of comes statues. second, Ptahshepsesat Abusir. One statuefrom CatalogueC has an amulet around his neck.319

J3

Broadcollar with simplecounterpoise. Ten statuesfrom CatalogueA wearthe broadcollar with counterpoise,three 320 They rangein datefrom the reign of Nyuserreto the end female. of them of the reign of Pepi11. Two representationsof statuesdisplay a collar with a counterpoise,one This is datingto the Unas-Tetiperiod,andthe otherto the reign of Pepi J1.321 322 the mostcommontype of collar on stonestatues. Threestatuesfrom CatalogueB wearthe broadcollar with counterpoise,two 323 Nyuseff date female. They to the them of reigns e (B 1), Isesi (B2), and of Unas(139).

JA

Pectoral,painted and trapezium-shaped.324

This is apparentlyonly worn by womenin the Old Kingdom.Thereare two examples from Catalogue A, one dating to the end of the reign of Nyuserre,325andonedatingto the reignof UnaS.326 317Eaton-Krauss Nos.36and100. 318 Staebelin,Tracht, 103; E. Cairo CG 83; CG 98: Borchardt,Statuen1., 66-67,77, Pl. 19. g. 319 CatalogueNo. C 11. 320 CatalogueNos. A6-7,15,19,24,26,30,32,4

1, and 77. The femalesare CatalogueNos. A7,30

and 32. 321 Eaton-KraussNos. 100 and 147. 322 Examples are hard to list as the rear view is not usually shown in illustrations. 323 CatalogueNos. B 1,2 and 9. B2 is male. 324 Wilkinson, Jewellery,47; Staehelin,Tracht, 123-124. 325 CatalogueNo. A7. 326 CatalogueNo. A32.

67

No representation female of a statuewearsthis pectoral,nor haveI beenable to find it on stonestatuesof females. One female statuefrom CatalogueB wears this pectoral'327dating to the Nyuseffe. reign of 3.5

Braceletswith a horizontal and vertical pattem.328 One female statue from Catalogue A has bracelets of this type, dating to the 329 Unas. reign of No representations of statueswear this type of bracelet, although this could be a result of the original painting no longer being present. Staehelin in her discussion of arm and leg decorations mentions two types of bracelets, the single broad band and the several thin bangles. This type is neither of those, although it could possibly be a very decorative type of broad band. Both Wilkinson and Aldred discuss braceletsmade up of horizontal rows of beads 330 is bars, likely depiction this with vertical spacer and very a of that type. No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or CatalogueC are in this category. t:l C!

J. 6

Plain wristbands.331

Threestatuesfrom CatalogueA havethis type of bracelet,two maleandone female.332Two dateto the reignof Unasandoneto the Unas-Tetiperiod. One representationof a male statuewearsthis type of bracelet,datingto the period Unas-Teti.-333This type is common on male and female stone 334 statues. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB wear plain wristbands,one female (No. 139) Cý 327 CatalogueNo. B 1. 328 op. cil., 140-144;Wilkinson, Jewellety,28-30;Aldred, Jewels,157ff. 329 CatalogueNo. A22. 330 See 328. n. 331 Iden-L 332 CatalogueNos. A23,32,

and 33. The female is No. A32.

333Eaton-KraussNo. 100. 334 E. Hildesheim Inv. Nrs. 147 and 148: Eggebrecht, AR, No. 27; Cairo JE 51280: g. Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum,No. 39; JE 38670: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXXVII, 6; etc.

68

and one male (No. B37). The former datesto the reign of Unas,the latterto the reign of Pepi11. J. 7

Matching braceletsand anklets (females). One female statue from Catalogue A dating to the reign of Unas has this 335 Catalogue No. A7, another female, dating to the reign of combination. Nyuserre, may also have matching braceletsand anklets. No representationsof statueswear this combination. Anklets were only worn by female statues in the Old Kingdom'336 but it is not clear whether they 337 bracelets. always match the Two female statues, one from Catalogue B and one from Catalogue C'338 No. BI datesto the reign of Nyuserre. bracelets anklets. and wear matching

J. 8

Line of beadsat throat. One female statuefrom Catalogue A wears a line of beads around her 339 broad She dates be It trace to the of a collar. only remaining could neck. the reign of Unas. No representationsof statueswear this necklace,nor do thereappearto be any examplesamongthe stonestatuerepertory. No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC arein this category.

J. 9

'Dog-collae.34()This is a choker of beadswom around the throat.

Onefemalestatuefrom CatalogueA, No. A32, wearsa dog-collar.Shedates to the reign of Unas. No representationsof statueswear this necklace,althoughit is known on 341 stonestatues. 335Catalogue No.A30. 336Staehelin, 28;Aldred,Jewels,159-160. Tracht,143;Wilkinson,Jewellery, 337E.g. CairoCG55;CG101;CG151:Borchardt, Statuen L Pls.14,23& 34. 338Catalogue Nos.BI andC5. 339Catalogue No.A31. 340Staehelin, 32. Tracht,127;Wilkinson,Jewellery, 69

No statuesfrom eitherCatalo(yuc B or CatalogueC arein this category. cý I- . J. 10

Length of beadwork wom around the shoulders.342

Staehelindescribesthis item asa long collar madeup of severalparallelrows of differently coloured beadswhich is wrappedaround the shouldersand neck. It can apparently also be made of material and is often worn under other items of jewellery. It appearsto be part of rewardsgiven by the king, 343 is favour. In anothervariantit canbe two len"ths and worn to show royal of beadworkjoined at the back.Two statuesfrom CataloOueA datingto the 344 it. Pepi I reignof wear It is not worn by any representationsof statues,nor by any stone statues, 345 it is known from although representations. Two statuesfrom CatalogueB havethis item of jewellery.346They both date to the secondhalf of the reignof Pepi11. Long beadnecklacewrappedtwice around the neck and then hangingin a long loop down to die right hip.347 One statue from Catalogue B wears this necklace, No. B70, which dates to

the endof the Old Kingdom. J. 12

Several lines of beads around the neck. then one wide ribbon %%, hich tapers down between the breasts.348

One statuefrom CatalooueC, No. C5, wearsthis necklace. C 341

Eg. Cairo JE 87806: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 56.

342 Stachelin, Tracht, 109-113.

343

017.cit, I 11.

344 Catalogue Nos. 345 E.

A41 and 44.

g. Blackman, Meir V, Pl. 14; Capart, Rue. Pl. 49.

346 Catalogue Nos.

B54-55.

347

This is not discussed in any of the literature. It may be related to the next necklace, but only wrapped around the body once rather than several times. 348 This is not discussed in any of the literature on jewellery.

70

STANCE

The following survey of stance is necessarily subjective, especially in those sections left is distance foot the the made of advanced. The survey is where estimates are chronological. Eaton-Krauss in her survey of representations of statues does not differentiate betweenthe degreesthat the left leg is advanced,describing all as "striding" illustrations. be judged from her Stone statuesare restricted S. 3, far as can as probably by their material, and tend to have their left legs less far advancedthan representationsor S. I. usually statues wooden -

Male S.1

Left foot advancedto endof right foot. (Fig. 5) Twelve statuesdatingfrom CatalogueA dating from the reign of Snefru to 349 Old Kingdom have this stance. the endof the 350 This is the mostcommonstancefor stonestatues. Nine statuesfrom CatalogueB351and one from CatalogueC352are in this category.They rangein datefrom the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom.

S.2

Left foot advancedalmostto endof right foot. (Fig. 5) Five statuesfrom CatalogueA have this stance,dating from the reign of Snefruto the endof the reignof Pepi11.353 Five statuesfrom CatalogueB are in this category.354They rangein date

349 Catalogue Nos. A 1,6,20,29,61,76,83-85,111-113. 350 E. Cairo JE 10063 '45-46; 133: Saleh/Sourouzian, CG JE 10064: Egyptian Museum, Nos. and g. No. 51; JE 66617: 48; No. etc. op. cit., op. cit., 351 Catalogue Nos. B 12,22,27,33-34,37,39,4

1, and 57.

352 Catalogue No. C12. 353 Catalogue Nos. A2,53,56,66, 354 Catalogue Nos. B6-7,38,47,

and 106. and 74.

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from the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom. Two statuesfrom 355 CatalogueC arein this category. L, S.3

Left foot advanced,well in front of right foot. (Fig. 5) This is the most common stance, fifty-three statuesfrom Catalogue A have it,356and another one possibly has it. 357They range in date from the end of Dynasty IV to the end of the Old Kingdom. This is the stancefavoured by representationsof statues.358 Seventeen statues from Catalogue B are in this category.359They range in date from the reign of Unas to the end of the Old Kingdom. Two statues from Catalogue C are in this category, No. Cl dates to Dynasty V, and No. C4 datesto the end of the Old King:doni.

SA

Left leg well advanced,feet missing.This is not a properindividual stance but rathera groupof "defective"stanceswhich could be any of S.I-S. 3. Elevenstatuesfrom CatalogueA are in this situation,dating from Dynasty 001 IV to the end of the reign of pepi 11.360 Fourteen statuesfrom Catalogue 13,361and three from Catalogue C'362are in The Catalogue B statuesrange in date from the reign of Un-as this category. Lc -to the end of the Old Kingdom.

355 CatalogueNos. C2-3. 356 CatalogueNos. A3,10,14-16,18-19,24,33,35,39-48,54-55,57-60,62,65,70-71,77,79-90, 86-93,95-99,105.108-110.114-116. 357 CatalogueNo. AlOO. 358 Eaton-KraussNos. 4,7-8,11-15,17,19-23,25,27-28,31-32,34-37,39,41-47,49,55,57,61, 63-64,67-68,75,78-81,83,85-91,94-95,98-114,116,1-18,120-121,123-126,131-133,135-148, 150,152-155. 359 CatalogueNos. BS, 14-15,17,19,24,26,28,30,32,40,42,5.1,54,58,61, 360 CatalogueNos. A5,9,12-13,17,21,25-26,52,8

1, and 94.

361CatalogueNos. B 10,13,16,21,35-36,53.55-56,59-60,62-63, 362 CatalogueNos. C8,9

and 15.

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and 65.

and 75.

SAa

Legsmissing,but left was advanced. This wasprobablyoriginally S.3. Four statuesfrom CatalogueA are in this situation,threedating to the reign of Teti, and the otherdatingto the endof the reignof Pepi11.363 Four statuesfrom CatalogueB are in this category.364They rangein date from the transitionperiodof the reignsof Merenreto Pepi11to the endof the Old Kingdom.

SAb

Left advanced,missing, right straight.

This was probably originally S.3. One statuefrom CatalogueA is in this situation,datingto the middleof the reign of Pepi11.365 Four statuesfrom CatalogueB are in this category.366They rangein date from the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11to the end of the Old Kingdom. SAc

Left advanced,right missing. One statuefrom Catalogue B, No. B49, is in this category. It datesto the end of the reign of Pepi 11or slightly later.

S.5

Seated. Six statuesfrom CatalogueA are seated,rangingin datefrom the reign of Isesito the endof the reignof PepiJ1.367 Twenty-five representationsof statuesare seated,ranging in datefrom the reign of Menkaure to that of Pepi 11.368This is also a popular position for

363 CatalogueNo. A36-38 and 82. 364 CatalogueNos. B23,29,3 1, and 48. 365 CatalogueNo. A69. 366 CatalogueNos. B43,51,64,66. 367 CatalogueNos. All, 23,51,73-74,

and 101.

368 Eaton-KraussCatalogueNos. 5,9-10,18,24,26,29,33,38,48,52,54,56,65-66,76,82,84,

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369 stone statues.

Three statues from Cataloaue B are in this category. 3M They range in date Lý r:I from the reign of Isesi (B2) to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11(1344

and B45). S.6

Scribe, seatedwith crossedlegs. Two statuesfrom Catalogue A are of scribes, one is missing its legs, but it is 371 They both date to the very unlikely that the), were other than crossed. reign of Unas. There are no representationsof statuesof scribes. Stone statuesof scribes are 372 common. No statuesfrom either CatalogueB or CatalogueC are in this category.

S.7

Legstogether. Eight statuesfrom CatalogueA havetheir legstogether,rangingin datefrom cc-c --

373 Pepi 11 Old Kingdoni. the reign of to the end of the

'Ibis is unknown in the repertory of representationsof statues. It is known in 374 the repertory of stone statues. One statue from Catalogue B and one from Catalogue C are in this 37 B46 dates H. Pepi to the category. of -5 reign L--

92-93,96-97,117,122, and 156. 369 E.,,. Cairo JE 87805: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 56; Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 12: _ Eggcbrecht, AR No. 11, Inv. Nr. 2974: Eggebrecht, AR, No. 42; etc. , 370Cataloaue Nos. B2,44-45. 371 Catalogue Nos. A27 and 28. No. A28 is missing its legs. 372 E. Cairo JE 30272: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 43, Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 2407: g. Eggebrecht, AR, No. 19; and Louvre E. 3023: Ziegler, Vie Louvre, 26 (top). Zý 373 Catalo,, and 104. ue Nos. A50,63-64,67-68,72,75, 374 E.g. Cairo JE 66619: Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 50; New York MMA 48.111: Vandier, Manuel, Pl. XXVI, 1; Boston NIFA 06.1882: op. cit., Pl. XXVI, 2; etc. 375 Catalooue Nos. B46 and C 11. C

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S.8

Right leg slightly advanced,left straight. One statuefrom Catalogue C is in this category, No. C 10. Representations of statues, whichever way they face, always have their far leg advanced. Therefore statue representations drawn facing left have their have left leg facing leg their right advanced, and statue representations right 376 is This a convention of two-dimensional art. advanced.

Female

Sf.1

Damagedtoo muchto tell. The legs of two statuesfrom Catalogue A are too damagedfor their stanceto be determined.377

No statuesfrom eitherCatalogueB or CatalogueC arein this category. Sf. la

Missing, but left was advanced. One statue from Catalogue B is in this category. No. B3 dates to the reign of Unas.

Sf. 1b

Missing, but were together.

One statuefrom CatalogueB is in this category.No. B5 datesto the reign of Unas. Sf.2

Legstogether. Fourteenstatuesfrom CatalogueA havethis stance,rangingin datefrom the 378 Interestingly, Nyuserre Old Kingdom. to the end of the endof the reign of

376 Eaton-Krauss,Representations,4-5, plus references. 377 CatalogueNos. A4 and 31. 378 CatalogueNos. A7,22,30,32,49,102,117,119-125.

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statueswith this stanceandwearinga sheathdressrancein datefrom the end of the reign of Nyuserreto the endof the reign of Pepi11,while nudestatues 179 legs together. all date to the end of the Old Kingdom, except with their A49 wWchdatesto the reign of Merenre. Nine representationsof female statuesshow this stance.Six wear sheath dressesand rangein date from the reign of Menkaureto the reign of Pepi 1.38() Threerepresentationsof statuesare probably nude, and datefrom the reigns of Shepseskafand Pepi 11.381This stancein combination with a 382 dress is Old Kingdom. I sheath commonon stonestatuesthroughoutthe have beenunable to locate any nude stone statuesof adult females,only childrenin groupstatues. Nine statuesfrom CatalogueB arein this category.Two wearsheathdresses. B 10,the femalein a pair statue,which datesto the reign of Unas.and B68, 383 Kingdom. Old The dates to the endof the othersevenare nude. B9 wffich datesto the reign of Unas,the othersto the endof the Old Kingdom. Three 384 from C Catalogue have this stance. nudestatues C) SO

Left leg,advancedto endof fight foot andslightly beyond. One statue from Catalogue A has this stance, dating to the end of the Old Kingdom. 385 No representations of statues have this stance. It is uncommon in the 386 repertory of stone statues. No statues from either Catalo-ue C,

C in B or Catalo-Ue this cateare C

ýory-

379 Catalogue Nos. A49,117,119-125. 380 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 6,30,40,53,62, and 128. 381 Eaton-Krauss Nos. 2,3, and 50. 382 E. Cairo JE 66619; Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 50; JE 66617: op. cit., No. 51; g. JE 87806: op. cit., No. 56; etc. 383 Catalo-ue Nos. B9,67,69-73. C 384 Catalogue Nos. C5-7. 385 Catalogue No. A 118. 396 E. g. Berlin 14108: Vandier, Manuel, PI. XXV, 6.

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SUa

Left leg advancedalmostto endof right foot. One statue from Catalogue A has this stance, dating to the end of the Old Kingdom. 387 No representationsof statueshave this stance.It is known in the repertory of 388 stone statues. One statue from Catalogue B, No. B 1, is in this category. It dates to the end of the reign of Nyuserre or slightly later.

387 CatalogueNo. A 127. 388 E. Hildesheim Inv. Nr. 17: Eggebrecht,AR, No. 16; Cairo JE 72214: Vandier, Manuel, P1. g. XIX, 2; Giza 36: op. cit., P1.XXV, 2; etc.

77

CHAPTER 3. The dating of the statues in Catalogue A

Catalogue Nos. Al and A2, Pis. I&2, JE 87698 and JE 87699 respectively,both come from SaqqaraMastaba S3079, which was excavatedby C. M. Firth between Januaryand April 1931. Unfortunately, apart from a preliminary report in ASAE 31 (1931), theseexcavationshave remainedunpublished.From Firth's notebook,now in University College London, Departmentof Egyptology, we learn that Cemetery3000 lies immediatelyto the westof the tomb of Hesy,Dynasty 111,389 andappearsto consist of burials from DynastiesIII and IV. The excavationphotographonly tells us that the statueswere found side by side in what appearsto be an enclosedserdab.Where this 390 serdabwas located in the mastabais not clear. Reisner391discussesthe group of mastabasto which S3079belongs,S3077-3081.S3077 and 3078 arethe oldestin the group and he datesthem to the period covering the reigns of Snefru and Cheops.The becausetheir other three mastabas,S3079-81, which he calls irregular mastabaS392 orientationis differentto the precedingones,areof type VI, which datesto DynastiesIII and IV. He considersthem to be later than S3078becausethey are further to the southwest,that is, closerto the edgeof the Archaic Cemetery,and to the beginningof the Old Kingdom Cemetery,and suggestsa date towards the end of Dynasty IV, that is, later thanthe reign of Cheops. The statuesshowthe tomb ownerin two separateguises.JE 87698,CatalogueNo. A 1, is a striding male (S.1), wearingan echelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W. 1), in fold down kilt knee-length the side which extends a tab right wrap-around with a anda left is The 1). just left (D. the to the arm pendantwith the the of navel above waistband fist claspedaround a Steinkern,and although the right is not presenton the original been it have found has been to restoredto the statue.It, nearby,and photograph, appears too, is pendantwith the fist claspedarounda Steinkern(A. 1). The lower parts of the legsarein a poor condition,but the baseis extant,andthe left leg is clearly advancedin a stride. JE 87699, CatalogueNo. A2, is also a striding male (S.2), but this time wearing 389 That is,

the tomb of Hesyre,S2405[A31.

390 For discussion of the importanceof the location of the serdabseeShoukry, SASAE15,191 ff. a 391 TombDevelopment169,205,385, and 388. 392 q17.cit., 385.

78

the close-fittingcoiffure with carvedhorizontallines (W.2), anda half-gofferedkilt with an elaborateknot, a comerof the cloth protrudingabovethe waistbandas a tabto the left of the navel,andpleatson the right handside,which continueto halfway aroundthe back (D.2). His right arrn is pendantwith the fist clasping a Steinkeni,the left is pendantto the elbow and is then bent up acrossthe chestwith the hand clenchedas a naturalfist (A.2).393The left leg is advancedin a stride althoughthe foot is missing.The right foot is securedinto the original base.Both basesappearto havebeenuninscribed. Of all the featuresof thesetwo statues,the most interestingone is the positionof the left hand of JE 87699. Shoukry, in his discussionof the developmentof stancein 394 Old Kingdom statues, suggeststhat armswere placedcloseto the body becauseof the restrictionsof the materialused,which was usually stone.The statueof Sepain the Louvre is the oldest known private stonestatue,and it has its left arm held acrossthe chest,and is also holding a staff. The pose is very stiff. Wood395views the problem from the other side.Shebelievesthat the statueof Sepais evidencefor the existenceof Fourth late Third Dynasty', 'from the early or and that the stone wooden statuary limitations than to the trying stance rather copy a wooden of stone sculptors were encouraginga changeto wood. Reliefs in tombs of the sameperiod show that the striding figure of the tomb favoured depiction and, right from the holding the the sceptre was and most staff owner its instances use the stance of wooden statues was in line with the of earliest is, left bent forward the that arm was usually at the elbow and clasped representations, be 87699 JE may a preliminary step, an intermediate stagebetween the around a staff. more static stone statuesand the later more active wooden ones. In other words, although the material allowed more flexibility in the positioning of the arms, the sculptor seemsto have preferred to keep to a stance more in line with the stone statuesbeing produced at that time. Another interesting feature is the kilt worn by JE 87698. This is a style restricted to Dynasties IV and V, and in fact I know of only two other examples'396both of which 393 1 know

of only two other examplesof the left fist claspedon the right breastof a woodenstatue, in VI 74d-f), Louvre N 2293, Dyn. (Catalogue B 10, Pl. is the the the statue pair male probably one other is the Dyn. XII statueLiverpool 1.9.14.1from Harageh(Pl. 3a). 394Shoukhry,SASAE15,55ff. 395

op. cit., 2 1. 396 CG 34, Cat. No. A3; JE 93169,Cat. No. A 19.

79

reachbelow the knee.The knee-lengthexampleappearsto be the earliertype. Catalogue Nos. A3 and A4 are two statuesfound in 1860 by Mariette in SaqqaraTomb 36 [C8], belonging to the Chief Lector Priest, Ka-aper. 397 There has been much discussion about the dating of these statues398and current opinion seems to incline towards a date in late Dynasty IV, based on the style of the mastaba, the presenceof inlaid eyes'399and the style of the Sheikh el-Beled himself (Pl. 3b). Ka-aper was buried in a'gigantic mastaba"400similar in size and plan to that of Ranofer, of a typical Dynasty IV type with outside chapel and only the shaft inside. 401 Smith, in Appendix C of Reisner's Tomb Development, discussesthe mastaba and statesthat the burial chamber was not finished. This may explain why the highest title found in the tomb was only'thai of a lector priest. He suggests a date of late Dynasty IV for the tomb, adding that the burial is close to the group of mastabas to which S3079 belongs, but is probably later than them as it is in the Old Kingdom Cemetery and not the Archaic Cemetery. In HESPOK he adjusts this estimate to the beginning of Dynasty V'402 but basesthat on the style of the statue and not that of the tomb. I prefer the slightly earlier date as this is more securely supported by the known facts. The style of the coiffure and of the kilt are both interesting. The former is a variant in the of close-fitting coiffure with natural waves, with a slight curve the hairline visible 403 forehead (W. 2a). The kilt on CG 34 is the same style as JE 87699, discussed on the above (DA), but in this case it is longer than knee-length. The left arm is held forward from the elbow and is clasping a staff, although this is a modem copy of the original is fist is in bored The the too to and pendant a arm which was poor state preserve. right through to hold a sceptre (A. 3). There were apparently colour traces on the head when found, but these were lost when a plaster mould was taken of the head dunng the Paris exhibition of 1889.404 397 CG 34,

the Sheikhel-Beled, Cat. No. A3; CG 33, his wife, Cat. No. A4.

398 See list the given by Vandersleyen,JEA 69 (1983), 61-65. 399 First known from the mortuary temple of Menkaure,cf. Wood, JEA 60 (1974), 82-93. 400 Capart, JEA 6 (1920), 227. 401 For

a plan of a typical Dynasty IV mastabaseeSpencer,Death, 223, fig. 98.

402 48. p. 403 Catalogue No. A44, a statue from the tomb of Metjetji now in the Nelson Atkins Museum, KansasCity, NA 51-1, also has a very slight peak in the centre of the forehead,but the coiffure is smooth.

80

CG 33, CatalogueNo. A4, Pl. 3c, is the earliestextantfemalestatuein the corpus. Shewearsa striated,flared andpartedwig, covering her ears(Wf. 1), anda sheathdress indicated only by its shoulder strapsas the lower part of the statue is missing (Df. 1).

It hasbeensuggestedthat the statueJE 10177,Catalogue No. A5, Pl. 4, wasalso part of the burial equipmentof Ka-aper'405but this remainswithout a firm archaeological foundation.406What seemsto be beyond doubt is that the statueis contemporarywith that of Ka-aper.It was found by Mariette in the sameyear as Ka-aper,1860,andin the samecemeteryarea.The statueis wearing a short echelon-curlwig coveringthe ears (W. 1), similar to JE 87698,CatalogueNo. A 1, anda decorativehalf-gofferedkilt with an elaborateknot anda tab up onto the belly to the left of the navel (D.2). His left arm is held forward at the elbow andthe handis a piercedfist, readyto hold a staff (A.3). , Catalogue Nos. A6, Cairo JE 26645,andA7, JE 22073,can be assignedto the endof the reign of Nyuserreor slightly later.They wereexcavatedat Saqqaraon the sameday in May 1873.They are of the samedate,andmay evenhave comefrom the sametomb, does the not statethis. record although archaeological Catalogue No. A6, Pl. 5, is a statue of Kahif, 407overseer of the prophets of the pyramid complex of Nyuseffe. Its surface condition is rather rough, but the lined coiffure IV V is is Dynasties 2). (W. The statue is wearing a typical and clearly of visible which knee-length projecting-panel kilt with an elaborate sporran (D. 3). The right arm is left bent fist forward at the elbow, but the forearm the the and pierced, was pendantwith is now missing (A. 3). The statue is standing on an inscribed base, and a further line of inscription runs up the side seamof the kilt. Catalogue No. A7, Pl. 6, is a female statue with the typical Dynasty V wig type -

the flared, parted,striatedwig, coveringthe earsM. 1). Only tracesremainof the thick paintedplasterlayer which coveredthe entirestatue,andtheseshow that it wore a broad 3) (J. counterpoise and a necklacesuspendinga pectoralor heavypendant a collar with (J.4) over the sheathdress(Df. 2). Only one of the arms is extant(Af. 2) and that hangs hand. an open pendantwith 404 Cf. Murray, Saqqara Mastabas 1,4. 405 Capart, JEA 6 (1920), 225-233. 406 Saleh/Sourouzian, Egyptian Museum, No. 42. 407 Ranke, Personennamen, 340,15.

81

Catalogue No. A8, Cairo JE 40037, PI. 7 c-d, is the head of a statueof the Vizier Rashepses. It was excavatedin Quibell's 1907-8seasonat Saqqaraand comesfrom the serdabof MastabaLS 16 [S902],just north of the StepPyramid.It canbe datedwith an unusualdegreeof accuracythanksto the preservationon the walls of the tomb of a letter 408 Rashepses Vizier by Djedkare Isesi. The headhasthe closely shaven to addressed as coiffure which becomesparticularlypopularin DynastyVI (W.3). Woodenstatuesof privateindividualsfrom cemeteriesotherthanSaqqaraappearfor the first time in the reignof DjedkareIsesi. Catalogue No. A9, Cairo JE 28816, Pl. 7 a-b, comes from Akhmim, but unfortunately was discovered during a period of random plundering rather than of systematic 409 excavation. It is a life-size statue of a male, missing below the knees and lacking the arms. The statue is wearing a short echelon-curl wig which covers the ears (W. 1), and the decorative half-goffered kilt (D. 2), just as JE 10177, Catalogue No. A5. The recent

excavationsof Kanawatiat EI-Hawawishhaveled him to concludeon stylistic grounds thatthis statuemay be part of the burial equipmentof Memi, tomb M23,410or elsevery 411 it in date. He Memi Djedkare Isesi. to the reignof closeto ascribes Catalogue No. A10, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, MMA 26.9.2, P1.8, and

Catalogue No. A 11, MMA 26.9.3, Pl. 9, are two statuesof Kaemsenufrom his mastabain the western part of the Teti pyramid cemetery at Saqqara.He has been dated 412 Dynasty V1.413 discovery V, The Dynasty to variously to the end of and early of a 408 Sethe, Urk. 1,179-180.

For a discussion of the dating of this tomb see Strudwick, Administration, 116-7. See also Harpur, Decoration, 275 [4561. 409 Several statues said to be from Akhmim (Cat. Nos. A9, B6, B26, B29, B72) arrived in the Cairo Museum in this year. The site was not properly excavated until the 1980's when a team from Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, under the direction of Naguib Kanawati began work there. Their results are published in a series of ten volumes: The Rock Tombs of El-Ha%, awish: The Cemetejy of Akhmim. A brief visit by Newberry in 1912 to record the tombs (LAAA 4 [1912], 99120), and a publication of one of those tombs by Vandier in 1936 (ASAE 36 [1936], 33-44) are the only previous recorded actions taken by Egyptologists. All artifacts from this area which predate the Australian excavations, therefore, are the result of unrecorded and illicit plundering. 410 Kanawati, EI-Ha%, awish VII, 57, Pl. 18a.

411

01_7. cil'. V, 37 ff.

412 Strudwick,

Administration,

150-151; Baer, Rank and Title, [528] 143-144; Harpur,

82

bundle of reeds sealed with the seal of Isesi at the bottom of the pit leading to an undisturbedburial chamberof a woman414forms a tenninusante quent.The statuesof Kaemsenuboth wear the half-gofferedkilt (D.2) and MMA 26.9.2hasthe echelon-curl wig which covers the ears (W. 1). MMA 26.9.3 wears a striatedwig reachingto just Staehelin415 4). length According (W. the to this and reveals ears which aboveshoulder wig first appearsin DynastyIV, but only becomespopularduring DynastyV on statues from Saqqara,alongsidethe echelon-curlwig. Later in the Old Kingdom it supersedes the echelon-curlwig, but this appearsto hold true only for stonestatues.MMA 26.9.2 hasa pendantright arm and the left is bent forward at the elbow. Both of the handsare piercedfists (A. 3). MMA 26.9.3 is the first known exampleof a seatedwoodenstatue (S.5). The statue'sarmsareplacedon the thighs,with the right handheld asa naturalfist left is The hand the thumb openandheld palm downwardson the left uppermost. with knee(A.4). The earliestdatablestatuesfrom the Giza necropoliscan be attributed to the reign of Unas.Statuesexcavatedat Giza areusuallyin a very poor stateof preservationandthere 416 dated have have been to earlier periodswhich otherswhich not survived. may well 417

However,the style of burialsat Giza aregenerallymoreconservativethanat Saqqara'

and greatcare shouldthereforebe employedwhen assigninga statuefrom Giza to an by data. date, other unless supported early Catalogue No. A12, Boston MFA 13.3465,Pl. 10a,and Catalogue No. A13, MFA 13.3466, Pl. 10 b-c, come from the tomb of SenedjernibMehi, G 2378 at Giza. In addition to the two figures of the tomb owner, five figures of bound captives were 418 In both his 419 father his Senedjemib G 2370, Inty, own tomb and that of present.

Decoration, 276 [526]. Cherpion, Mastabas, 136-7 dates this mastaba to the reign of Nyuserre on the basis of the presence of that king's name in the tomb. However, all the other indications point to the reign of Isesi, and this date is preferred here. 413 Kees, WZKM 54 (1954), 91 100; Firth Gunn, Cemeteries Teti Pyramid 1,3 1. and 414 Firth

and Gunn, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries.1,32-33,36; Kanawati, Saqqara 1,8.

415 Staehelin, Tracht, 88 E2.

416 E. the 82-93. from Menkaure, Wood, JEA 60 (1974), the temple cf. statues mortuary of royal g. Seethe discussionin the introduction, p. 13. 417 Cf. the discussionson the placement the serdaband the of presenceof statuesin shafts and in the burial chambersin Junker,GizzaV11,86-7,125-6;V111,140;Shoukry,SASAE15,191 ff.

83

SenedjemibMehi relatesthe namesof the kings underwhom he served,DjedkareIsesi 420 Unas, he died Unas. and and probably somewherearoundthe middle of the reign of MFA 13.3465is in very poor condition,andit is only possibleto makeout that it is the 421 4), (D. remains of a statue of a nude male with the left leg advanced(S.4). MFA 13.3466is in better condition, but missesmost of the legs below the knees,and the surface of the statue is in a poor state. It is a statue of a nude striding male (DA), circumcised,wearingan echelon-curlwig coveringthe ears(W. 1). The left arm is held forward at the elbow to hold a staff while the right arm is pendant.Both fists arepierced (A. 3). The eyes were originally inlaid, but are now missing (Ac. 4). The quality of carvingon the faceis very high. A feature of the period from late Dynasty V into early Dynasty VI, that is, from the reign of Unas through into the reign of Teti, is the growing number of statuessupplied for one tomb. There are two tomb groups belonging to officials of Unas which can be dated to this period. Catalogue

Nos. A 14-22, Cairo JE 93167-93175, are nine statues from a group

belonging to Akhtihotep, Director of wab-priests of Sekhmet of the Great House,

Prophetof Buto, from his mastabanearthe boat pits of Unas, discoveredin 1940by AbdessalarnMohamedHussein(Pl. I la). All are now in the Cairo Museum.422They can be divided into three groups, two for Akhtihotep himself, and a third for the single statue of his wife. Five of the statuesshow Akhtihotep in the half-goffered kilt (D. 2 and 418 The five captives, two in Boston, MFA 13.3458-9 and three in Cairo, accession numbers d'envofitement, Cinqfigurines fall do Posener, the this not study; cf. unknown, within scope of (Cairo, 1987), 2. 419 Dated to the middle or end of the reign of Isesi, see Harpur, Decoration, 269 [219]. 420 Strudwick, Administration, 133-4; Harpur, Decoration, 269 [2201; Cherpion, Mastabas, 229. 421 It has emerged in the course of my research that nude statues from the same tomb are all either circumcised or uncircumcised. No tomb has a circumcised and an uncircumcised statue in it. Therefore MFA 13.3465 can be assumed to be circumcised as its partner, MFA 13.3466 is. 422 Zayed, ASAE 55 (1955), 127-137, refers to ten statues, but nowhere in his illustrations can I count more than nine. He relies for this figure on some handwritten notes by Drioton, the Director of the Antiquities Service at the time. Batrawi, ASAE 48 (1948), 487-497, refers to only nine statues, and I have only been able to locate nine in the Cairo Museum. It is possible that the elusive tenth statue was in such a poor state of preservation that it has not survived, but there is no trace of any such statue remains in the photographs taken of the serdab at the time of discovery and excavation.

84

D.2a) and the short echelon-curlwig co ering the ears(W. 1). Four havethe left arms TY 423 3), for (A. held forward while the fifth has both arms a staff and the right pendant 424 Steink-enie 1). The hands (A. threeremainingstatuesof the the clasping pendantand tomb owner all wear the lined DynastyV coiffure (W.2) but in combinationwith three different costumes.JE 93169, Catalogue No. A19, Pl. 15a,is wearing a kneelength 1); Catalogue No. A20, Pl. (A. JE 9317 1, 1) kilt (D. the with arms pendant wrap-over 15b,is wearing a long projecting-panelkilt with an elaboratelypaintedbelt (D.3), and forward is largest 3). This held (A. left the the of the staff statue clasping a arm with is Catalogue No. A21, Pl. 14c, JE 93172, 175 a nude, cm. measuring group, is Dynasty The (DA). Akhtihotep the the statue of wife425 normal circumcisedstatueof V type,wearingthe shortstriatedDynastyV wig (WL I), a long sheathdress(Df.2), and haswith the armspendantwith openhands(AQ). Catalogue Nos. A23-32, a group of ten statues426from the tomb of Metri, Boundary Unas located Saqqara, Maat, Prophet the causeway near at of also were official, discovered by Firth in 1926.427

Catalogue No. A23, MMA 26.2.6, PI. 17, is a seatedstatuewearingthe echelonkilt 5). The 1) (W. (D. the and a plain white arms are resting on the ears covering curl wig thighs in position A-4a. Catalogue No. A24, MMA 26.2.2, PI. 18, is a standing statue wearing the halfgoffered kilt (D. 2) and a shoulder-length striated wig revealing the ears (W. 4) with the 3. A. in position arms Catalogue No. A25, MMA 26.2.4, Pl. 19a, wears the lined Dynasty V wig (W. 2) left kilt 3) (D. the with arm holding a staff (A. 3). and a projecting-panel

Catalogue No. A26, Medelhavsmuseet MM 11410, P1.19b, is a nude, W. 2. in The hands (DA), the arms are statue wig pendant with clasping circumcised Steinkeme(A. I). The next two statues are cross-legged scribe statues, the first of their kind in wood. 423 JE 93168, Cat. No. A14, Pl. I lb; 93170, Cat. No. A15, Pl. 12; 93173, Cat. No. A16, Pl. 13b; 93175,Cat. No. A 17,Pl. IIc. 424 JE 93167,Cat. No. A 18,Pl. 14 a-b. 425 JE 93174,Cat. No. A22, P1.13a. 426 pl. 16. There were originally eleven statuesin this group but according to Hayes, Scepter 1, 110, one was in such bad condition that it was discarded. Of the remaining ten, five went to the Cairo Museum,and five to the Metropolitan Museumin New York. 427 C. M. Firth, ASAE26 (1926), 101.

85

Catalogue No. A27, JE 93165,Pl. 20 a, c-d, the larger,is wearingthe lined DynastyV wig (W.2), a half-gofferedkilt only indicatedby the presenceof a protrudingtab (D.2b) andholdsa bookroll in front of him in his lap (A.5). The remainsof a pair of tiny feet on the basebesidehim are an interestingfeature.This is, then, the earliestdatablewooden pair statueand it is unfortunatethat we have no meansof knowing whetherthe second statuewasthe wife, a child, or maybeevena different relative.It is evenpossiblethat it could havebeena favouredassistant. Catalogue No. A28, JE 93166, Pl. 20b, has a dimpled skullcap428 or close'cropped natural hair (W. 3). The statue wears the same kilt as the previous one (D. 2b) and is also holding a bookroll on the knees (A. 5). The legs of this statueare now missing but are visible on an early excavation photograph.429 This shows them to have been crossedunderneaththe bookroll. Catalogue No. A29, JE 5208 1, PI. 21 is nude and circumcised (DA), with a black 430 left is The held (W. 3) hunch his back. skullcap ann acrossthe chest with the and a on open hand resting on the right shoulder. The right arm is pendant with a clasped fist (A. 2a).

Catalogue Nos. A30-32, the female statuesfrom this tomb, show some new To startwith, it is the first time that morethanonefemalestatueis present characteristics. in a tomb group.Then, althoughall threeare wearingthe sheathdress(Df.2), thereare threedifferentcoiffures.MMA 26.2.3,CatalogueNo. A30, Pl. 22, is wearingthe normal flared and striatedwig which reachesjust abovethe shoulders(Wf. 1). MMA 26.2.5, CatalogueNo. A3 1, PI. 23 a-c, has a similar wig, but it is not flared (Wf. I a). Cairo JE 51738, CatalogueNo. A32, Pl. 23d, is wearingthe earliestexampleof a tripartite wig, in front bunches breasts (WL2). All of the the to the top two of with rounded reaching hands 3). All (Af. three the and open arms ears. are standing pendant with wigs cover Ile next threestatues,Catalogue Nos. A33-35, come from the mastabaof Kapunesut and Kaemhesit at Saqqara.Strudwick431discussesthe dating of this mastabaand anothernear it, that of Kaemsenuatsomelength, seeabovepp. 82-83, and concludes 428 This is

possibly an undersurfacepreparedfor a plaster'coating. 429 Zayed,Trois trudes, 19,fig. 15. 430 This

statuehas beenthe subject of a large number of articles. Seethe bibliography listed on p.

172. 431 Strudwick, Administration, 150.

86

432 is by late V. Baer, date Dynasty This to that they probably supported while HarpUr433 from down further the the transition time-scale to the even period encompassing narrows 434 Teti. Cherpion, Unas to that of the reign of on the other hand, prefers a date in Dynasty IV, based on six points which she discusses in detail on pp. 114-115. They The first indicative however. be terminus three points are to of a quem, post more seem only indicators of the last occurrence associatedwith a king's name and are no proof that the style was never encounteredlater. The fourth point only refers to stone statues,and the fact that the other burials had no wooden statuesis not mentioned. The last two points be impressionistic considered to support the theory of such an and cannot are purely The date by Harpur is date their the one preferred proposed on own. satisfactorily early here.

Catalogue No. A33, Metropolitan Museumof Art, MMA 26.2.7, Pl. 24 a-b, is a in is his It from Kapunesut the mastaba. a stridingmale (S.3), wearinga serdab statueof 2), half-goffered kilt inscription belt lined (W. the with a an coiffure on close-fitting (D.2), and has the right arm pendantwith the fist claspinga Steinkern.The left arm is held forward for it know was a staff, or also pendant whether we cannot missing so (A.6). ýo.

A34, Bosto MFA 24.604,Pl. 24 c-d, is the faceof a malestatue, ,n described be 'the Kapunesut's from the one which may as serdab, motheror wife of also 435 It is wearing the lined coiffure (W. 2) and thus, despitethe by Kapunesut' Firth. Catalogue

female, be asthis type of coiffure only appearson malestatues. a yellow colour, cannot In addition, it is 9 style that appearsto be confined to DynastiesIV and V, and to the , Saqqara necropolis. Its presence in this tomb is its latest known occurrence. Unfortunately we are not able to discern whether it is styled in the natural hair, or whetherit is a wig. Catalogue No. A35, Cairo JE 67369,also comesfrom the serdabof Kapunesut, in in Museum in Cairo. It is in is the too precariousa stored a magazine present at and information be to examined and all recordedhere comes from Zayed, Trois state ttudes, 1-13. The statueis striding (S.3), and is missing the head and the arms. A belongs base in debris is found hole this to the the there statue, and probably on a sceptre 432 Rank

and Title, [528] 143-144.

433 Harpur, Decoration,

276 [526]. See further Quibell,

Kanawati, Saqqara 1,7-8. 434Cherpion, Mastabas, 112-115. 435 Quibell

and Hayter, Teti Pyramid North Side, 20.

87

Teti Pyramid. North Side., 16 and

for the point of a staff, so the armswereheld in the position for staff andsceptre(A. 3). The statueis wearing a half-goffered kilt with an elaborateknot and a tab up onto the belly (D.2). The belt and the sceptreareinscribed.The baseis inscribedwith a long text, and the remainsof a smaller statuecan clearly be seenbesidethe larger one.This wasa figure of Sekhemka,the sonof Kapunesut. Among the statueswWchcan be datedwith a reasonabledegreeof certaintyto the reign of Teti arean unpublishedgroupof six found in 1983by MahmoudAbd el-Razikin the 436 Ny-kau-Isesi Saqqara. Threeare 3/4 lifesize, (Catalogue Nos. A36-38), tomb of at while the remainingthreeare small. All of them are in the magazinesat Saqqara.I was permittedto view the threelargerstatuesbriefly while they wereundergoingpreservation treatment,but haveneverbeenableto checkthe few notesI wasableto makeat the time. Catalogue No. A36 is a nudestatue,circumcised(DA), wearingan echelon-curl wig which revealsthe ears(W. 1a), the only exampleof this. The right arm is pendant with the fist pierced,the left is bentforward at the elbowandalsohasa piercedfist (A.3). The statueis striding, and the left leg was a separatepiece,attachedat the thigh (S.4a), althoughthe legsarenow missing. Catalogue No. A37 is a striding male but is now missing the legs (S.4a). It is wearinga paintedskullcap(W.3) anda shortplain kilt (D.6). The armsarependantand the fists are pierced(A.6). The earsare separatelycarvedandattachedto the headwith 437 pins. 7be originalinlaid eyesarenow missing(Ac.4). Catalogue No. A38 is striding but is missing the legs (S.4a). It is wearing an echelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W. 1) and a long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). The right ann is pendantwith a piercedfist, the left is bentforward at the elbow (A.3). Catalogue No. A39, Cairo JE 47775, Pl. 25 a-c, is a striding statue of a man called Khenu. It comes from his tomb which is situated alongside that of Mereruka in the Teti Pyramid Cemetery at Saqqara.438 It post-dates Mereruka as the connecting wall has 439 decoration Mereruka. It is possible of the tomb of erased some of the original outer that Khenu was a son of Mereruka, or a son of Khenu 1, who may have been a son of 436Strudwick,Administration,105;id. GM 43 (1981),69-71; Kanawati,Saqqara1,9. 437 This is

the only instanceof this in the whole corpus.

438 PM 111/2,537,Khenu [111Themi. 439 Firth & Gunn,42.

88

440The statueshowsKhenu striding Mereruka,and a dateof Teti - Pepi I is suggested. (S.3) in a paintedskull cap (W.3) and a long patternedprojecting-panelkilt (D.3). The left arm is pendantwith an open hand.The right hand is claspingthe edgeof the kilt, with the fingers on the front surface,and the thumb behind (A. 7). This is the earliest instanceof this way of holding the hands.Another interestingdetail is that the face is madeasa separatepieceto therestof the statueandis dowelledon. 441 five from Nos. A40-44 Metjetji. They are all in a Catalogue the tomb of are statues quite magnificent state of preservation, and despite the fact that he is 'revered before Unas', can be dated to the reign of Pepi I with some certainty, thanks to the scenesin his 442 The five statues can be divided into two groups: Brooklyn 5 1.1 and tomb chapel. Nelson Atkins 5 1-1 both have close cropped hair (W. 3) and long projecting-panel kilts (D. 3a), held in the right hand, while the left is pendant and open, a gesture (A. 8) which becamevery popular later on in Dynasty VI, and continued in popularity throughout the Middle Kingdom. The other three are all in variously decoratedwhite half-goffered kilts (D. 2), and all wear the echelon-curl wig covering their ears (W. 1). MFA 14.1455 and Brooklyn 53.222 have pendant arms with the hands clasping Steinkerne (A. 1). Brooklyn 50.77 has the left ann bent forward at the elbow with the hand clasping a staff; the right arm is pendant and the hand is clasping a Steinkern (A. 3a).

Catalogue No. A45, Cairo CG 267, Pl. 29a, is from the tomb of Kaiher-PtahFetekty, G5560,anddatesto the periodcoveringthe reignsof Teti, PepiI andMerenre.443Junker 444

datesit to the endof DynastyVI becausethe statuewasfound in the burial chamber, 445 It may have been one of the first and others date it to the middle of Dynasty VI.

burial have been in The is the to chamber. placed statue wearing an echelon-curl statues 440 Idem. 441 Cat. No. A40, Boston MFA 47.1455, Pl. 25e; Cat. No. A41, Brooklyn 53.222, Pl. 26; Cat. No. A42, Brooklyn 50.77, Pl. 27; Cat. No. A43, Brooklyn 5 1.1, Pl. 28; Cat. No. A44, Kansas City, Nelson Atkins Museum 51-1, Pl. 25d, f. 442 See Harpur, Decoration, 274 [426]. 443

op. cit., 271 [279]; PM 111/2,166.

444 Junker, Giza VIII, 3-4. 445 Baer, Rank and Title, dates it to Dynasty VI: 148 [5441, and is followed by Strudwick, Administration, 154. Cherpion, Mastabas, 229, places this tomb into the reign of Menkauhor, which is not consistent with any of the other dating criteria. The man is the Overseer of the new Pyramid Isesi, the of so cannot predate that reign. of settlements

89

wig coveringthe ears(W. 1), a half-gofferedkilt with an elaborateknot but no belly tab (D.2c), andis striding (S.3). The right arin is pendantwith the fist pierced;the left is held forward at the elbow andis piercedtoo (A.3). The baseis inscribed.All of thesefeatures areconsistentwith a datein the first half of DynastyVI. The necropolis of Sedment is the provenance of a small number of statues dating to the Old Kingdom,

the First Intermediate Period, and the Middle Kingdom. The site was

excavated by Petrie and Brunton in 1921, and published by them in two volumes which appeared in 1924.446 A recent reassessment of the excavation447 has resulted in a number of disappointing

conclusions:

firstly,

the pottery

is nearly

introduced into the earlier burials during the First Intermediate

all intrusive,

Period and the early

Middle Kingdom; secondly, only one of the burials which had statues was undisturbed, that of Meryrehashtef, No. 274; thirdly, the inconsistencies and omissions apparent in the 448 be by Petrie the publication cannot resolved reference to original notes and records. and Brunton's relative order of the tombs containing statues is: 274 (Meryrehashtef), 613 (Nenni),

604 (Nebemhennenesu),

2106 (Wadjhotep),

2112 (Merytites),

and 2127

(Nakhtkawi).

The few scraps of archaeological information which can be gleaned from the excavation reports tell us that Cemetery A datesto the late Old Kingdom. Only tomb 274 comes from this cemetery, and it had no pottery in it. Some of the graves in Cemetery L have intrusive pottery from Seidlmayer's "SedmenterFormation Stufe IIA - IIB", that is, from early Dynasty XI up to the reign of Senwosret 1.449The original burials therefore predate this period. Tomb 604 is in this category and can be further narrowed down in date to the period at the very end of the Old Kingdom, see below pp. 101. Tomb 613 on the other hand, also from Cemetery L, contained no intrusive pottery, and the style of the burial appears to be later. The inscription on the base of the statue contains elements 450 date it Middle Kingdom. Cemetery L appearsto be generally of a slightly to the which 446Petrie,Sedment I& 11. 447Seidlmayer, Grdberfelder,247-341. 448 op.cit.,248. 449 op.cit.,395. 450 op. cit., 251. The writing of tpt-dwj with ap challengesan early date for this statue,see Schenkel,Frahmitteldgyptische Studien,38L The presenceof the stonedeterminativefor dw also pointsto a MiddleKingdomdate;seeWb.V, 541.

90

later datethan CemeteryA. Cemetery2 1, in which the other threetombs are situated, cannot be assignedany date range.Not only has it been successivelyreused,but the original plan of the distribution of the graves has disappeared rendering any reconstructionof the internalprogressionimpossible.The statuesfrom CemeteriesL and 21 canonly be datedon the evidenceof comparisonwith materialfrom CatalogueA, and are thereforeplacedinto CatalogueB, but the statueof Nakhtkawi has no satisfactory parallelsin CatalogueA and is thereforeplaced into CatalogueC. None of the statues from CemeteriesL and 21 show characteristicswhich would mark them as Middle Kingdom ratherthanOld Kingdom or First IntermediatePeriod,besidesthe statuefrom Tomb 613. Catalogue Nos. A46-49 are a group of statues from tomb 274, three statuesof 451andonefemalestatue,traditionallydatedto the reign of PepiI on the Meryrehashtef, basisof the presenceof that king's prenomenin the tomb owner'sname.On the basisof in in found date, but bearing tomb, the of approximately same a neighbouring pottery being intrusive, the the earliestpossible the about pottery commentsmadeabove mind datewould be the first half of DynastyV1,452so it seemslikely that Meryrehashtefwas born during the reign of Pepi I, and probably servedunder Merenreand perhapseven into the early yearsof Pepi11aswell. The statuesareall nudeandcircumcised(DA), and in depict different 3). They (S. to the tomb owner appear striding phasesof his life, all are in youth, in maturity, and in middle age. A47 is the youth. The statue is wearing an echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1b), and the arms are pendant. Although the handsare damaged,both handsare holding Steinkerne(A. 1). A46 is the maturemale, in tomb the owner a short, closer-fitting echelon-curlwig which revealsthe showing instance 1b), first The is (W. 3), (S. the this. of statue striding and hasthe right earlobes arm pendantandthehandclaspinga sceptre.The left is bentforward at the elbowandthe handis claspinga staff (A. 3). A48 is very similar in style to the previousone,wearing the samewig (W. I b) and with the arms in the sameposition. The major difference is that instead of a sceptrein the right hand, a white painted Steinkem is held instead (A.3a).This statueis consideredto be the tomb owner in middle age. Catalogue No. A49, Pl. 29b, is a female statuefrom the sametomb. I have not beenableto locateit. Mokhtar453saysthat it is in the Ny CarlsbergGlyptotek,but this is 451Cat.No.A46,CairoJE46992,PI.29c;Cat.No.A47,BritishMuseum EA 55722,PI.29d;Cat. GlyptotekEIN 1560,PI.29e. No.A48,Ny Carisberg 452 op.cit.,251. 91

454 It is fortunately illustrated in Petrie, Sedinent 1, Pl. xi, 3&7, not the case.

and the

following analysis is drawn from that source. The figure is very squareand is wearing a bagwig covering the ears (WL3). The statue is nude (DO), and is standing with the legs together (Sf.2). The arms are pendant with open hands (Af. 3). The statuedoes not appear to be wearing any jewellery. An interesting feature is the black line drawn down the front from the chin to the navel, which divides the statueinto two halves and may have been a guideline used by the sculptor. If this is the case, the statue must be regarded as unfinished, as the guidelines would have been removed from a finished object. Catalogue No. A50, Turin, Museo Egizio, Inv. Suppl. 13719-13842,455Pl. 30 a-b, is a 456 figure Iti, striding of excavated by Farina in 1935 at Gebelein, and associatedwith a bronze font inscribed im3ow tir nbf Ppi Mmrý The font is of particular interest as it is between Pepi I for coregency and Merenre, or between Merenre and a possible evidence Pepi 11.Mumane457concludes that a coregency between Merenre and Pepi II is "highly Merenre likelihood his younger brother The of associating on counts". all ... with him on the throne from the virtual moment of his succession is certainly not very doubtful

strong. Pepi II is a son of Pepi 1; he succeededto the throne at the age of six; he was precededon the throne by his brother who ruled for at least six years. Pepi 11must have been born very near to the end of his father's reign, but the only way to satisfactorily encompassa possible seventh regnal year for Merenre (attributed to him by Manetho) is for Pepi between I Merenre. The to only evidence up now such a a coregency and 458 hasbeen bearingboth kings' this font is

valuable names, so a gold pendant of the royal namesalso supportsthe view that PepiI is additionalevidence.The sequence is The figure date is Merenre. Thus, the this the wearing an of statue reign of meant. coregency

echelon-curlwig with one long layer to the level of the forehead,then severalshorter layersandcoveringthe ears(W.5), the first instanceof this style, anda long projectingpanelkilt (D.3). The armsarependantwith the left handopenandthe right handclasping 453 An6sya, 104. 454 Personal communicationfrom M. Jorgensen,Curator,Ny CarlsbergGlyptotek. 455 These are the inventory numbersgiven to the entire contentsof the tomb. No individual number appearsto be on any individual item. 456 This Iti is not to be confusedwith anotherIti from Gebelein,the owner of a paintedchapelalso in Turin. PM V, 62. Cf. Curto in Milanges GamalEddin Mokhtar 1,171.. 457Ancient Egyptian Coregencies,111-4,227. 458 SeeLA

IV, 76-77; Drioton, ASAE45 (1947),55-56.

92

is first instance 8). This (A. the the the tube of this mannerof side of skirt a of cloth at holding the anns.

Catalogue Nos. A51-53 are a group of statuesexcavatedfrom the mastabaof Hetepi, Royal w1bpriest, D 211 in the West Field at Giza, by Steindorff in 1903.The most recentestimationsof their dateplacetheminto the secondhalf of DynastyVI, the period Threequite small statueswerefound in from the reign of Merenreinto that of PepiJ1.459 the burial chamber.Two of these are now in the Roemer-und Pelizaeus-Museumin Hildesheim;the otherwas in Leipzig until it waslost during the SecondWorld War. A further, female,statueapparentlyalso belongsto this group, but I havebeenunableto 460 it. locate Catalogue No. A51, HildesheirnInv. Nr. 1572,Pl. 30 c-d, showsHetepi seated (S.5), leaningslightly forward, and wearinga half-length striatedwig which coversthe is half-goffered kilt The 4c). (W. a wearing with a carved knot and perhapsa statue ears

tab up onto the belly (D.2d), andthe arrnsarerestingon the thighs;the left handis flat on the left knee,palmdown,the right is a naturalfist with the thumbuppermost(A.4). Catalogue No. A52, Hildesheirn Inv. Nr- 1574, Pl. 31a, is a fragmentary striding statue of Hetepi (S.4). It is wearing an echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1), and a half-goffered kilt with a carved knot (D. 2d). The left leg is advanced (S.4). From what left have been fist (A. 6a). the the to appears pendant of arms, with a pierced remains Only a photograph remains of Catalogue No. A53, Leipzig University Museum Inv. Nr. 2688, with no indication of size, reproduced here as Pl. 3 1b. It shows a striding in 2), (S. an echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1). The statue is wearing a halfmale knot (D. 2d). The The kilt left leg is 2). (S. with an elaborate carved advanced goffered held fists. hands There does not appear to be any the with as natural pendant arms are trace of a Steinkem in either hand (A. 9).

Catalogue No. A54, British Museum EA 29594, PI. 31c-e,Tjeti, was purchasedby Moss in Egypt in 1898,andhasrecentlybeenattributedwith somedegreeof certaintyto 461 Kanawati suggeststhat this Tjeti is the sameas the one who owns tomb Akhmim. 459 CAA Hildesheim 4/11-18. Harpur, Decoration, 268 [1731, is unable to give a more precise datethan Dynasty VI. 460 pM 111/2,117.It is possible that one of the females in Catalogue B is this female, but as there is no photographavailable this cannot be checked.

93

M8, Tjeti Kai-hep, who dates to the period Merenre - early Pepi 11.462The titles are in agreement with this, as is the stylistic similarity to the statues of Meryrehashtef (Catalogue Nos. A46,47, and 48). The figure is nude, circumcised and striding (DA and S.3), and is wearing a short echelon-curl wig with one long layer to the forehead and several shorter ones behind, and which covers the ears (W. 5). The right arm is pendant with a pierced fist. The left arm is bent forward and is holding a staff (A. 3).

Catalogue No. A55, Cairo JE 30796,and Catalogue No. A56, JE 30797,come from the tomb of Niankhpepi Kern SobekhotepHepikem,Tomb AI at Meir. This tomb can be datedto early in the reign of Pepi 11.463 The tomb was discoveredin March 1894 during excavations conducted for the Department of Antiquities by Daressy and Barsanti.464It containedone large statueof the owner, JE 30796, Pls. 32 & 33, one medium sized one, JE 30797, Pl. 34, and severalsmaller statues,most of which are offering bearersor otherworkers.Among the latteris a standingstatueof a nudefemale, JE 30809.465Thereare threeholes on the back of her head,in one of which is a long plait of hair, on the end of which is a wooden plug. This is similar to those wom by dancerson tomb reliefs466and this is probably what the female is. As such,it is not a statueof the tomb owner'swife andtakesno furtherpart in this survey. Catalogue No. A55, JE 30796 shows the tomb owner striding (S.3), wearing a closefitting wig, with the locks in a verticalpattern,surroundingand disclosingthe ears (W.6). This is the only exampleof this type of wig. The statueis also wearing a short white kilt with an elaboratebelt and a tab up to the left handside of the navel, and an elaboratebeadapronhangsfrom the centralclaspof the belt (D.2b and Ac.5). The right left is hand The bent Steinkem. forward at is the arm with clasped around a arm pendant the elbow andis claspinga staff (A.3a).The baseis inscribed. Catalogue No. A56, JE 30797, shows an older, plumper figure wearing a skullcapor the naturalhair cut very short (W.3), and a long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). 461Kanawati, El Hawawish VIL 57,pl. 17;111,7 ff. 462HarpurdatestombM8to V1.4-5, 281[667]. thefirsthalfof thereignof Pepi11.Decoration, 463Strudwick,Administration,176,datesthetombto the middleof DynastyV1,asdoesBaer, Rankand Title,84 [2121;Cherpion,Mastabas,230,datesit to the reignof PepiI; Harpur, Decoration, 280,[652],datesit to VIA, thatis,earlyPepiH. 464Blackman, Meir1,14-15. 465CG248,Borchardt, Statuen 1,Pl.53. 466E. Davies, Deirel Gebrdwi 1,Pls.IX, X andfrontispiece. g. 94

There is a large fat fold at the breasts.The left arm is pendantwith an openhand, the right is clasping a tube of cloth at the side of the skirt, with the thumb on top (A. 8). The left leg is slightly advanced(S.2). Among the tombs of the officials of Pepi II buried at Saqqara South in the area surrounding his pyramid, and excavated by G. Jdquier from 1927 onwards, is tomb M XIII, which belongs to the Vizier Meryre-ima Pepi-ima. Jequier considered this tomb to be the oldest of the group, and dated it to the second quarter of the reign of Pepi Il. 467 Catalogue No. A57, Cairo JE 59631, Pl. 35, is a half life-size statue of the vizier, found wrapped in linen on the floor of the burial chamber. It shows a portly figure in a skullcap (W. 3) and long projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a). There is a large carved knot inserted into the waistband and which rises to the left of the navel, almost obscuring it. The arms are The is hand left the open. right clasping a tube of cloth at the side with the pendant, with thumb concealedbetween the hand and the body (A. 8). The left leg is advanced(S.3).

from his Catalogue No. A58, Cairo CG 154, Pl. 36, is a statueof Djadjaemankh468 tomb at Saqqara,No. A75 [1310].The dateis discussedby Strudwick, who tentatively 469 Dynasty VI, is, from late Pepi I Pepi H; by Baer, that to early suggeststhe middle of 470 it Pepi 11; by Harpur who dates the tomb to her period who dates to the reign of VIA-5, early to mid Pepi11;471andby Cherpion,who placesit into the reign of Unas.472 The titles in the tomb saythat the tomb owner was a memberof the priesthoodof Unas date The it therefore that predate reign. cannot rangeearly to mid Pepi 11is followed and here, after Strudwick, Baer and Harpur. The statue is of a striding male (S.3), in an echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1). It is wearing a short white kilt, but any decorationwhich may havebeenpresenton the original plastercoveringhasdisappeared The 6). is hand is The it (D. Steinkem. the right arm pendant and clasped around a with left arm is held forward at the elbow andthe hand is piercedfor a staff (A. 3a).The base is inscribedwith the namesand someof the titles of the tomb owner, and it was found 467 For references see Strudwick, Administration, half first it the to of the reign. allocates

95. Further: Harpur, Decoration,

468 Called Tepernankh in PM 111/2,483.Cf. Gardiner, Grammar, Sign List DI. 469 Administration, 156-7. 470 Rank

and Title, 151 [558].

471 Decoration, 277 [1301. 472 Cherpion, Mastabas, 229.

95

252, who

473 in Museum. with a granite scribe statuealso the Cairo The tomb of Ishtji Tjetji from Saqqara,excavatedby Lauer in 1948, is located among a group of tombs of officials of Pepi I and II, to the west of the Step Pyramid. Ishtji Tjetji is Chief of the Estatesof the Pyramids of Pepi I and 11,and therefore cannot predatethe 474 in is here. Pepi 11. date Pepi II Besides several models A taken the reign of reign of deceased found in four bearers, the serdab, (Catalogue the were and offering statuesof Nos. A59-62) as well as a further male statue which may be part of a model scene (Catalogue No. A63). The four statuesof the deceaseddivide neatly into two pairs, both in terms of scale and costume. Catalogue No. A59, JE 88575, Pl. 37, and Catalogue No. A60, JE 88576, Pl.

38, are statuesof the tomb owner striding (S.3) andbearingstaff and sceptre(A. 3). JE 88575is 72.5 cm and JE 88576is 72 cm tall. Both weara shortplain white kilt which is lower around the belly than around the back (D. 6). They each have a different wig, however. JE 88575 wears a short, smooth, flared wig which doesnot cover the ears (W.4a), and on the chin is a false beard(Ac. 14). JE 88576wearsa short echelon-curl wig, with one long layer to the forehead,and which coversthe ears(W.5). Thereis no trace of a beard. Both statueshave their right arm pendant and the hand clasping a 3). hand (A. The bent forward left is the the the a staff with clasping elbow sceptre, at thumbsof both statuesarevery elongated. Catalogue No. A61, Cairo JE 88578, Pl. 39 a-b, and Catalogue No. A62, JE 88577,Pl. 39 c-d, show the tomb owner in a black skull cap (W.3), andwearinga long JE 88578 40 52.5 3a). kilt (D. They tall cm respectively. are cm and projecting-panel depictsa young face, with the arms pendantand the left hand open.The right hand is claspingthe front edgeof the kilt with the fingers on the outer surfaceand the thumb behind(A. 7). JE 88577is of an older man,andthis time the armsareboth pendantwith It is Steinkeme. (A. 1). The back hands fists the possiblethat the clasped reveals view of but kilt, is from hand the the tube relevant part clasped now right originally of cloth a brokenaway. Both statuesare striding with the left foot advanced(S.1, JE 88578, and S.3, JE 88577). Catalogue No. A63, Cairo JE 88581(Pl. 40), showsa malein a standingposition (S.7), wearing a short smoothblack wig coveringthe ears(W.7) and a plain shortwhite 473 CG 162. 474 Following Harpur,Decoration,273, [3671.

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kilt (D.6). The left arm is pendantwith a crudepiercedfist, the right is held up acrossthe is This (A. 10). hand left the the restingon shoulder statue lessthanhalf open chestwith the size of the smallestof the four statuesdefinitely attributableto Ishtji Tjetji himself, measuringonly 19cm. The next six statues also come from the area surrounding the pyramid of Pepi 11at

SaqqaraSouth.Thosewith the letter M before the tomb numbercome from the areato the eastof the pyramid,thosewith the letter N, from the areato the north, andthosewith the letter 0 from the area to the west. Catalogue No. A64, NeuchAtel EG 400, Pl. 41 a, from tomb N VIII, belongs to the Overseerof Tenants of the Great House Raherka Ipi, and can be dated by its false door to the reign of Pepi 11.475The statue, found in the burial chamber with a seated stone in 7) is (S. It have to poor condition. standing male appears a statue476and a coffin'477 been wearing a skullcap (W. 3) and a long projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a). A large separately The left hand in hole is inserted knot to the the side of navel. arms were pendant a carved

7a). kilt (A. front hand holding the the the of right with Catalogue No. A65, JE 49119, Pl. 41 c-d, from tomb M II belongs to an unidentified Pepi 11.478 The is is dated by to the association of statue a striding male reign person and (S.3), wearing a skullcap (W. 3) and a long projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a). A large knot is

inserted to the left hand side of the navel. The arms are pendant,with the left hand is fist, holding front kilt, fingers the the the the right of on while with a natural claspedas the outersurfaceandthe thumbbehind(A.7b). Catalogue No. A66, Cairo JE 52565,Pl. 42 a-b, and Catalogue No. A67, JE 52564, Pl. 42 c-d, were found in tomb M XI. This tomb belongs to Mehi, overseerof the gsPepi 11.479 52565 is (S dated JE is to the of male reign a striding also pr, and -2), long kilt The 3), (13.3a). (W. arms are and wearing a projecting-panel skullcapped 475Strudwick, 17. Administration, 476 NeuchAtelEG 399. 477 Cairo JE 52012. This coffin originally belongedto Meryre-irna Pepi-irna,CatalogueNo. A57. The relative datesof thesestatuesis thereforesecure. 478 Mquier, Tombeaux,8-9. 479 pM 111/2,682saysend of DynastyVI.

97

pendantwith the left handopen,andthe right holdinga fold of the kilt with the fingerson the front surfaceandthe thumbbehind (A.7). A large,separatelycarvedknot is inserted into the kilt below the waistband.JE 52564 is a standing(S.7) nude,circumcisedmale (DA), wearinga flared striatedwig, coveringthe ears(W.4c). 7be armsarependantand thehandsareheld asnaturalfists (A. 9). Catalogue No. A68, Cairo JE 58375, Pl. 43 a-b, comesfrom the mastabaof Nipepi, No. 01. The standing(S.7) nudemalestatuewasfound in the secondburial chamber.It is wearinga skullcap(W.3) and haspendantarms.The lower part of the right arm was separatelyattachedandis now missing. The left handis claspedasa naturalfist (A.9a). The penisappearsto be circumcised(DA). This statue,too, is datedto the reign of Pepi 11ý80 Catalogue No. A69, Neuchatel EG 403, Pl. 41b, is a statue of the vizier and chief justice, Shenay,and was found in the chapel of tomb N V. Shenaycan be datedwith The statueis striding (S.4b), reasonable certaintyto the middle of the reign of Pepi11.481 andwearingan echelon-curlwig with one layer to the foreheadthenseveraloverlapping layers,coveringthe ears(W.5). The armsare pendantwith naturalfists (A.9). The statue is wearing a short white kilt with a carvedoverlapbut no pleating.There may be a tab carvedto the left handsideof the navel(D.2e). Catalogue Nos. A70-A76. Due to a misreading by De Morgan of one of the titles, sinr been No. 24 Dahshur, for has long time attributed to a man called tomb at a wrty, Sankhwati. This was basedon the inscription on a group of servants (CG 511) from the 9py. tm3ow To ftirther complicate matters, one of the statueshas tomb: sinr wely bry-ýb a very damaged inscription which clearly shows the outline of a cartouche. The traces would agree with the cartouche of Snefru, and other tombs in the vicinity

can be

attributed to men with names including the cartouche of Snefru, for example NiankhSnefru and Neferher-Snefru. 482The owner of Tomb 24 could be Shepy, or could be a man named something-Snefru. What is more likely, is that the tomb was no longer intact when discovered, and that statues from more than one burial were gathered in it, 480 Bacr, Rank

and Title, 95 [283].

481 Strudwick,Administration, 141; Harpur,Decoration, 252. 482 PM HI/2,892.

98

The belong indicates to the time that they their same style all period. uniform although tomb was excavatedby De Morgan in the early 1890'sandhe lists 30 woodenmodelsin his publication.483Of these,it is not clear how many are statuesof the tomb owner and how many are servantfigures.I havelocatedsevenfiguresof the tomb ownerandof the be The thirteen tomb was statues, could possibly also relevant. remaining unlocated discoveredin a groupof DynastyVI tombseastof the North Pyramid of Snefru,andis datedto the secondhalf of the reign of Pepi 11. Catalogue No. A70, CG 505, Pl. 46a-c,484Catalogue No. A71, CG 514, Pl. 486 485 A72, CG 516, Pl. 44a-b, Catalogue No. 43c-d, and show the tomb owner in the layer long to the forehead,then severaloverlappinglayers, one echelon-curlwig with fists CG 5). All have 6). (W. (A. three their the arms with pendant pierced ears covering 516 is missingthe left arm (A.6a). CG 514 wearsa short plain kilt with a carvedline for the overlap,anda carvedbelt (D.2f). CG 505 and CG 516 havea carvedtab up onto the belly to the left of the navel (D.2e). CG 505 and CG 514 have their left legs advanced (S.3), while CG 516 has its legs together (S.7). CG 505 is the statuewith tracesof a base, Snefru forming its damaged but is that possibly of part of name'487 on a cartouche 488 legible. longer no Catalogue No. A73, CG 513, Pl. 45a-b,489showsthe tomb owner seated(S.5), wearingan close-fittingechelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W. 1), and a shortwhite kilt which is higher aroundthe back (D.6). The armsare resting on the knees,with the left hand flat on the left knee, palm downwards, and the right a natural fist, with the thumb uppen-nost(A-4). Catalogue No. A74, CG 517, Pl. 45c-d,490also shows the tomb owner seated (S. 5), but the knees are too badly decayed to see what the hands are doing (A. 4b). This time, the wig is the striated, slightly flared wig parted in the centre and covering the ears (W. 4c). The statue is also wearing a small false beard on the chin (Ac. 14). The kilt is a 483 Dahchour, 18ff. 484

op. cit., 21 no. 17; Pl. IV.

485

IV. 21 19; Pl. no. op. cit.,

486

21 18; Pl. IV. no. cit., op.

487 As for the owners of tombs nos. 2,8, and II in the same group. See PM 11112,891-892.. 488 SeeBorchardt, Statuen 11,74. 489

height base 21 The for 11. height is listed, but the this the no. of statue not correctly cit., op. may not have been included. The total height of this statue is 31.2 cm. 490 op. cit., 20 no. 6, fig. 48.

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short white one, but there is a clear paintedtab on the belly to the left handside of the navel(D.2b). 491is alsowearinga striatedwig, Catalogue No. A75, CG 503, Pl. 44a-b,, with no partingandflaring widely over the shouldersandcoveringthe ears(W.4c). The armsare pendantwith the handsheld as natural fists (A. 9). The kilt is short and white, higher behind,andhasa paintedtab up onto the left hand sideof the navel (D.2b). The legsare together(S.7). Catalogue No. A76, CG 506, Pl. 47a-b,492showsthe tomb owner in a skullcap (W.3) and a long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a).The left leg is advanced(S.1). Thereis a carvedknot insertedinto the waistbandunderthe navel.The armsare pendant,with the left handopen,andthe right claspedarounda tubeof cloth at the side (A.8). The thumb is carvedin erroron the outersurfaceof the tube. Catalogue No. A77, Cairo JE 93164, Pl. 48, is a striding statue of Rekhuf which was excavatedat Saqqarain 1937-8 by Selim Hassan.The mastaba,S. 10694, is located near the south-west comer of the Step Pyramid enclosure. It is possible that this man is a son of Akhtihotep, the owner of tomb E 17 (Strudwick's No. A4), situated very close by. The tides are not the same as the ones given to the son Rekhuf in that tomb, "but this cannot be used as evidence against a connection since the information in their tombs is very 493 494 The Akhtihotep is dated by Baer half Dynasty VI, tomb to the second poor". of of which would imply that the tomb of his son is somewhat later. Harpur supports him in this, allocating a date of VI. 6 to Rekhuf, that is, years 55-85 of Pepi 11,and a date of VI. 5 495 is, 35-54 Pepi IT. Strudwick, however, inclines to an Akhtihotep, that to years of 496 for Akhtihotep, dynasty "end fifth date to early sixth', the of the and thus also earlier for an early date for Rekhuf "early to middle sixth dynasty,'. 497A female offering bearer 498 in found Initial researchinto female offering bearers499shows this tomb. was also 491 op.cit.,20 no.7, fig. 49. 492

20; 21 Pl. IV. no. cit., op.

493 Harpur, Decoration, 19-20. See also Strudwick, Administration, 116 (94). 494 Baer, Rank and Title, 53 [14]. 495 Decoration, 272 [3391 and 275 [455]. 496 Administration, 57-8 (4).

497

op. cit., 116.

498 Presentlocation

unknown. Cf. Breasted, Egyptian Servant Statues,61 [6]; ILN June 4,1938,

fig. 5. p. 1001. 100

that they beganto appearindependentlyof domesticscenestowardsthe end of Dynasty VI. This supportsthe later date suggestedby Baer and Harpur. The statueof the tomb 3), 1), (W. is (S. the and a short wearing an echelon-curl wig covering ears striding owner white kilt with a polychromewaistbandwhich showstracesof an elaboratebeadapron (D.2g and Ac.5). The right arm is pendantwith a piercedfist, the left is bent forward at the elbow andthe handis claspinga staff (A. 3). An unusualdetail is that the knot of the kilt risesto the right of the navelratherthanto theleft. Catalogue No. A78, Ashmolean Museum 1914.39,Pl. 46d-e, is the headof a statue from tomb D2 at Meir.500The tomb belongsto PepiankhHeryib and datesto the later This is J1.501 Nyankhpepi Kern, discussed Pepi the man a son of above of reign of part Il. The head is Pepi (W. 3). dates 94-95, the to early years of skullcapped who pp. Catalogue Nos. A79 and A80, Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1921.1418 and 1921.1419,Pls. 49 & 50, respectively,are two statuesof Nebemhennenesufrom his 502 They both wear the bagwig covering the ears (W.7), a Sedment. tomb No. 604 at have 6), hands held (D. their the arms and pendant with skirt asnatural white short,plain fists (A. 9). The inscriptions on the bases provide a date range for these statues. According to Fischer,503the title Ipsw nsw is confined to Dynasty VI, first coming into useat the beginningof the Dynasty,then going out of useat the end of it, or slightly later.The archaeological evidencepointsto the later endof this range,i.e. the very endof DynastyVI. N IV at SaqqaraSouthis a tomb with twin burial chambers,in eachof which wasfound 504 be dated Pepi The 11or slightly later. to the endof the reignof a malestatue. tombcan 499Originallyintended hasbeenpostponea to formapartof thisthesis,theirpublication alongwith PeriodandMiddleKingdomstatues. theFirstintermediate 500Blackman, MeirIV. 501Baer,RankandTitle,[ 133]70.Harpur,Decoration, 280[6501,datesit moreprecisely to VI.7, 231datesit to thereignof Pepi11. Mastabas, theyearsjustafterthereignof Pepi11.Cherpion, 502Seeabovepp.90-91.Petrie,Sedment 1,4,Pl.XVII, 1.Forthereadingof thenameseeFischer, Thisis theearliestknownmentionof thetownof Heracleopolis fromthe JAOS81(1961),423-425. regionitself. Seealso,Mokhtar,lhniisya,53.Petrie,op.cit. andPM IV, 116.readthenameas Griuberfelder, Theyhavebeenfollowedin thisby Seidlmayer, 252. Nebemsuhet. 503op.cit.,423. 101

Catalogue No. A81, NeuchAtelEG 401, Pl. 47c, is a statueof Biu. It is striding (S.4), andwearsa shortechelon-curlwig coveringthe ears(W. 1). The armsarependant is 6). kilt 9). The (D. fists (A. hands statue wearing a short the plain white are natural and Catalogue No. A82, NeuchatelEG 402, Pl. 47d, is a statueof Pepi.It is striding (S.4a), and wearsa short echelon-curlwig, with onelayer to the forehead,then several shorterlayers,coveringthe ears(W.5). The armsare now missing (A. 11).The statueis wearinga half-gofferedkilt with a tabup onto the left handsideof the navel(D.2a). Catalogue Nos. A83-102. The statuesfrom the tomb of Tjeteti, mostrecentlydatedto the end of the reign of Pepi II at the earliest'505havehad a long and chequeredcareer. Excavatedat Saqqaraby Firth in 1921-2, in the Teti Pyramid Cemetery,they have remainedlargely unpublishedup to this day. In the meantime,they havebeenscattered through the museums of the world. Recently, some attempts have been made to reassemblethe contents of this tomb, most notably by Peterson506and Malek and Magee.507Thereoriginally appearto havebeentwenty statuesin the tomb. In addition, 508 bearers, female individual therearethree severalmodelgroups, anda seated offering limestonemalestatue.509Of the twenty statues,oneis female510andnineteenaremale. Petersonlists a total of twenty male statuesbut the threestatueslisted by him as 18-20 on p. 22 of his article are the statuesJE 93161-3,511of which JE 93162 is the statue illustratedon the left in the photographon p. 21. This reduceshis total of malestatuesto therequisitenineteen. Fourteenof the statuescanbe locatedwithout difficulty, four are still missing,and the last, the one on the right in the photographon Peterson'sp. 20, is Cairo JE 64905, CatalogueNo. A87, Pl. 53. This statue is inscribed for a man called Shemi, but the distinctive keyhole shapeof the hole on the front of the kilt, clearly visible on the found in Teti is lists Porter-MOSS512 table the an offering unmistakable. photograph, 504Harpur,Decoration, 273[6501,datesit to VI.7,justaftertheendof thereignof PcpiIl. 505Strudwick, Administration, 277[551]. 160(159);Harpur, Decoration, 506Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin20(1985),3-24. 507Fortheirforthcoming Cemetýries 111. Pyramid Teti publication 508Peterson, Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin20 (1985),22-24. 509 op.cit.,7. 510 op.cit..23. 511Catalogue Nos.A90OE93161),A91(JE93163),andA95(JE93162). 512111/2,571. 102

Pyramidareabelongingto a man called Shemi,Inspectorof dancers,whosetitles match thoseof this statue.The presenceof the unusualgesticulatingfigure in the title makesit certainthat we aredealingherewith two objectsfrom the sameman (Seethe discussion in Appendix 1, p. 381). Thus the statueof Shemiis certainly intrusive in the burial of Tjeteti, if it did indeedform part of the group when discovered.This leadsus at onceto the question, how reliable are Gunn's notes as far as the contents of this tomb are concerned?An examination of the relevant pagesshows the statue of Shemi firmly included amongthe statuesof Tjeteti, so that it appearsimpossiblefor it to havebeen accidentallyattributedto thegroup on the basisof being the next statuein the notebooks. A letterfrom Firth discussingthe find, andreproducedby Petersonin his article,513says that severalstatueswere found in a recessin the wall of the shaft, and that the burial but he does being had been the not plundered, mention one of statues well chamber inscribedfor a different person.The offering tablebelongingto Tjeteti, found elsewhere in the area514and reattributed to the tomb by Peterson515also implies a degreeof in tombs the this the period, of of resulting of contents a generalmix-up of movement There is but keeping the same periods. nothing aboutthe statueor the within contents, being different Shemi date belonging them to to the tomb to table mark as a of offering discussion, in Tjeteti, therefore,they areregardedasbeing contemporary.The this and of inscribed Tjeteti with his nameand one or more of his titles; only areusually statuesof four of the statueshaveno inscription,andas they are thosewhich werenot locatedthis If inscribed, it is be they taken certain. are not as possible that they originally cannot belonged to someoneother than Tjeteti, perhaps Shemi, or another of the officials buried is in keeping Their definitely time. the the style with statues same at attributable to Tjeteti, though, so they are here considered to be statuesof him.

/

Nine of the statueswear the long projecting-panelkilt (D. 3a), and nine the short is 6). There (Catalogue No. female kilt (D. A 10 1), seated statue one one and white (CatalogueNo. A 102).Within eachgroupof nine thereis considerablevariation. Catalogue No. A83, Pl. 51a,and Catalogue No. A84, Pl. 51b, two of the statues 516 have is kilts, been located. No. A83 Catalogue long in not projecting-panel leg has left 3) (W. (S-1). The long the slightly and advanced projecting-panel skullcapped kilt hasa carvedbelt, but thereis no evidenceof a knot (D.3a). The kilt is unpatterried. 513 Medelhavsmuseer Bulletin 20 (1985), 3. 514 PM 111/2,511. 515 Medelhavsniuseet Bulletin 20 (1985), 5. 516 Gunn MSS XIV, 42 [2] left and middle.

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The left arrnis pendantandhasan openhand.The right handis holding the front edgeof the kilt, with the fingerson the front surfaceandthe thumb behind(A.7). CatalogueNo. A84 is very bluffed in the photograph,but it is clearly skullcapped(W.3). The left leg is advanced(S.1).The kilt is a plain long projecting-panelkilt with no belt or knot (D.3a). The affnsare pendantwith the left handa naturalfist. The right handis holding the front flap of the kilt andgivesthe impressionthat the carvingon it is not complete:the fingers arenot differentiated,andthe scaleis large(A.7b). Catalogue No. A85, Boston Museum of Fine Arts 24.606, Pl. 52,517is also skullcapped(W.3), and the left leg is advanced(S.1). The plain, long, projecting-panel kilt hasa carvedknot insertedjust abovethe waistto the left of the navel(D.3a).The left arm is broken off just below the shoulder,but was extantwhen found and waspendant with an openhand.The right arm is also pendantand the hand is claspedaroundwhat appearsto be a tube of cloth. There is somedamageto the statueat this point, but the thumbappearsto be extendedalongthe tube(A.8a). Catalogue No. A 86, JE 49371, Pl. 51d-e, now in the Port Tewfik SuezMuseum, is attributedto the tomb of Tjeteti on the basisof Drioton's knowledgeof unpublished 518 material. The statueis a striding male (S.3) in a skullcap(W.3) anda long pattemed projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a). There is a carved knot above the waistband,directly undemeaththe navel.The left arm is pendant,with the hand a naturalfist. The right is also pendant,with the hand claspingthe front flap of the kilt, the fingers on the outer surface,the thumbbehind(A.7b). Catalogue No. A87, JE 64905, Pls. 51c& 53, is a figure in a long projectingis for 3a) 3). base Tjeteti but kilt (D. (W. The inscription the and a skullcap on not panel for a man called Shemi,and were it not for the distinctive keyhole shapedmark on the front of the kilt, it would neverhavebeenconsideredto be a statuefrom the tomb. The kilt is a patternedone,with a carvedbelt anda knot insertedinto a hole underneathand 519 left Gunn MSS knot is in The the slightly to of thenavel. photograph, but is extant the no longer on the statueitself. The right arm is pendant,with the handholding the front flap of the kilt, the fingers on the front surface, and the thumb behind (A. 7c). It is interestingto note that the thumb is on the wrong side of the hand,that is, it adjoinsthe outerpart of the handratherthanthe inner. 517Peterson's 1 no. 518 cf.op.cit.,10,no.4. 519P1.53c. 104

The remaining four statueswith the projecting-panelkilt have wigs rather than 520 24.608, Pl. 54a-b, Catalogue No. A88, Boston MFA andCatalogue No. skullcaps. A89, New York MMA 26.2.9,PI. 54c-e,521both wearthe layeredwig with onelayerto the forehead,andthenseveraloverlappinglayerscoveringthe ears(W.5). The statuesare virtually identical,evenin size, with MMA 26.2.9 measuring42 cm, and MFA 24.608 Steink-ent, left hand have 40 Both their the clasping a arms pendant with measuring cm. andjoined to the thigh by a bridge of wood which has not beencarvedaway,although this could easilyhavebeendone.The right anusare also pendant,with the handholding the front fold of the plain kilt, with the fingerson the front surfaceand the thumbbehind (A. 7b). Both havea hole for the knot carvedunderthe navel,but the knot itself is only leg left 3). inscriptions The have (S. 24.608. Both in MFA their advanced statues extant document, Tjeteti'. for'the Overseer bases the the the of sealed same, are also on The last two statuesin this category are also virtually identical, although their inscriptions appear to be different. The difference in size is a mere 0.5 cm, Catalogue No. A90, JE 93161, Pl. 55, measuring 39.5 cm, and Catalogue No. A91, JE 93163, Pl. 56, measuring 39 cm. Both statuesare striding (S.3), and wear an echelon-curl wig, but this time with the cars completely disclosed (W. lb). The left arms are pendant, with the hands held as natural fists (A. 8a). The left hand of JE 93161 is still attachedto the thigh. The right arms are also pendant, with the hands clasping a tube of cloth formed by the kilt being folded around the side, and then the top edge being grasped.The tube is more clearly visible on JE 9316 1, JE 93163 has the top comer of the fold directly against the hand. The thumb in both casesrests along the top of the tube. The projecting-panel kilts (D. 3a) are both plain, and have a hole carved for the knot above the waistband, just to the knot, 93163, The JE leans left towards the the only extant on navel. of the navel. right of The folding of the kilt around the right hand side results in much more cloth being representedthere than on the left side. Two of the nine statuesin short kilts are still unlocated.They are the two statueson the right on p. 21 of Peterson'sarticle (Catalogue Nos. A96 and A 100). Each belongs to five One layer layered long different the group of statues all wear group. wig, with one a to the forehead and then several overlapping layers (W. 5). The ears are covered in all cases. Catalogue No. A92, New York MMA 26.2.8, Pl. 57a-b, is a striding figure (S-3) 520

op. cit., 8-9 521 op. cit., 13

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is There kilt 2a). half-goffered (D. a carvedwaistband,anda tab the left hand wearinga do The thigh the the right on not extendaroundthe backof the kilt. goffers sideof navel. The left leg is extended.The right arm is pendantwith the hand, which is damaged, fisted.The outerpartsof the fingers are now missing,but the fist wasoriginally pierced. The inside of the fingers are still attachedto the thigh. The left arm is pendantto the elbow,thenheld forward with a piercedfist (A.3). The otherfour statuesin this grouparevirtually identicalto eachother,and fall into pairs according to size. Catalogue No. A93, Neuchatel Eg. 328, Pl. 57c-d, and Catalogue No. A94, Boston MFA 24.607, Pl. 58a-b, both measure 52 cm. The unlocatedstatueon p. 21 of Peterson's article,Catalogue No. A96, Pl. 5 If, canbe seen to be the samesizeas its neighbour,JE 93162, Catalogue No. A95, Pl. 58c-d, which measures38 cm. All four statuesare wearing the sametype of kilt as that wom by MMA 26.2.8,that is, the half-gofferedkilt with a carvedtab up onto the belly to theleft hand side of the navel (D.2a). All four have their left legs extended,but to different degrees(Eg. 328 is S.3, as is CatalogueNo. A96 and JE 93162 ; MFA 24.607is S.4). Their armsare all pendant,and still attachedto the thigh at wrist level. CatalogueNo. A96 appearsto have natural fists (A. 9), while the other three have their fists clasped aroundSteinkeme(A. 1),white-paintedin the caseof Eg. 328 andMFA 24.607. The remaining four statueswith short kilts all wear the echelon-curlwig which covers the ears (W. 1). They include the unlocated statue on the right on page 21 of Peterson'sarticle, Catalogue No. A100, Pl. 59d. The style of their kilts divides them into 522 but in the in in identical two sub-groups, one of which the statuesare virtually size, 523 MM 11412 MM its No. Catalogue A 100 is 6 than and taller partner. other, cm about 11413 are both wearing kilts which have no goffers on them at all. They are both higher around the back than around the front, and they both have a carved tab rising to the right hand side of the navel, an unusual variant of its position. MM 11413 has no cross-flap (D. 2g), but MM 11412 seems to have two, one to each thigh (D. 2h). They both have their arms pendant and their fists clasped around Steinkeme. The right arm in each case is carved free of the torso and thigh, the left remains attached at the wrist (A. 1). MM 11411 and Catalogue No. A100 are both wearing a half-goffered kilt (D. 2c), but neither has a tab up onto the belly. On both statuesthe arms are pendant and still attachedto the 522Medelhavsmuseet MM 11412,Cat.No. A97,Pl. 59a;MM 11413,Cat.No. A98,Pl. 59b. 523MM 11411,Cat. No. A99, Pl. 59c, 35 cm, andCatalogueNo. A100 is the samesize measures asMM 11412andMM 11413,thatis, about42 cm.

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thigh at the wrist. The handsareall naturalfists, althoughfrom the back, MM 11411has tracesof white paintwhich may havebeenintendedto indicatea Steinkenz(A. 9). The only pair to the seatedstatuein the tomb is the stoneonefound with the group in a recessor serdabin the shaft.524The stonestatueis publishedby Peterson,p. 6-7. The seatedstatueis Catalogue No. A101, Neuchatel Eg. 329, Pl. 60a-b, and shows Tjeteti wearinga smoothflared wig which, although it is wom back off the face at the appearsto coverthe ears.It is just aboveshoulderlength (W.4b). The sides,nevertheless kilt decoration (D.6). The armsof the statueare is no visible short with statue wearinga restingon the thighs,the right handis openwith the palm downwards,the left is clasping 4c). (A. Steinkem the thumb uppermost with a The last statuefrom the tomb is a femaleone. Catalogue No. A102, Pl. 60d, has indications located is been The there the are no of scale on and photograph. statue of a not standingfemale,wearinga simpletripartitewig tuckedbehindthe ears,the first example is dress, indicated The dress (WL2a). by type this the hemline at midonly a sheath of calf (Df. 2). The arms are separatelyattachedand are pendant,with long open hands The is from body (AQ). the statue standingon an inscribedbase.There which curve out for doubt be to room asto whetherthis statueactuallydoescome from the some appears tomb of Tjeteti - nowherein Gunn'snotesdoesit directly statethis. An interesting feature to note about Tjeteti's tomb group is that every male statue

has its arms carved from the samepiece of wood as the torso, including the statueof Shemi.The front partsof the feetareusuallyseparatepieces.It is moreusualto haveone or both armsattachedto the shouldersby internalpegswhich may or may not be visible is female Within the the the case as with statue. surface, other tomb groupsit is not on for be from the to more of statues one or made one pieceof wood,but for every unusual one to be so madeis, as far asI know, unique. The wide rangeof quality in thecarving, and the rangeof groupsand sub-groupsof styles,leadsto the inevitableconclusionthat involved in least the carving of the tomb group, and probably two scuýlptors were at further doubt It casts on the attribution of the female statueto the group; also more. have been in too the samefashionasthe malestatues. should made surelyshe Catalogue No. A103, HildesheimInv. Nr- 3177,Pl. 60c, is a very fragmentarystatueof Seneb,Director of Dwarfs in chargeof dressing,tutor of the King's sons,Prophetof Khufu and Djedefre.Senebhasbeenvariously datedto the reign of Djedefre525 and to 524 Seethe discussionon seated statuesin the introduction, p. 10-11.

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526 VI. He was a priest in the funerary cults of two Dynasty IV Dynasty the end of pharaohs,Cheops and Djedefre, and the names of his children are compounded with the he has kings. Cherpion to taken this that those was alive during their mean names of actual reigns, but in fact it only shows that he did not live earlier than that. The false door in the tomb is of a type that can be dated to late Dynasty VI. 527 The mastaba was excavated by Junker in 1927 in the West Field at Giza. The statue was found in a stone chest528in a very poor state of preservation. The remains of an ecelon-curl wig can be discerned (W. 1?), 529 and we can see that the left arm was held forward at the elbow (A. 3).

Catalogue No. A104, BostonMFA 37-1320,P1.61a,andCatalogue No. A105, MFA 37.1321,Pl. 61b, were found in the shaft of a tomb at Giza by the HarvardUniversity and Museum of Fine Arts expedition of August 1937, under the direction of G. A. Reisner.The styleof the burial chamberdatesit to the endof DynastyVI. 530The statues immediately drenchedin paraffin wax found in fragile and were were a very statewhen to stabilizetheir condition. This unfortunately obscuressome of their details. MFA 37.1320is a standingmale (S.7) wearinga layeredwig, with one layer to the forehead andthen severaloverlappinglayers (W.5). The kilt is short andthe only decorationis a carvedline for the overlaprunning from the left hip to the right thigh (D.2f). The arms 37.1321 is 3) 9). MFA fists (S. hands (A. the a striding male arependant,and arenatural wearing a skullcap (W.3) and a long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). The kilt is very long, is lower in It is the the around waist unpatterned. almostreaching ankles,and apparently front thanat the back,andthereis a hole for a knot to theleft handsideof the navel.The left arm is pendantwith an openhand.The right arm is also pendant,with the handon the front of the kilt flap, but it is not possibleto determinewhetheror not the thumb is behindthe fold (A.7). Catalogue No. A106, PhoebeHearstMuseum of Anthropology, Berkeley Inv. No. 622886,Pl. 62, is a striding male (S.2) in an echelon-curlwig (W. 1), a half-gofferedkilt 525 Cherpion,Mastabas,89 526 E. CAA Hildesheim4/103-7;Harpur,Decoration,269 [212]. g. 527 Harpur,Decoration, 170.For bibliography the false door, JE 51297,seePM 111/2,101. of a 528 HildesheirnInv. Nr. 3115. 529CAAHildesheim4,103. 530 Smith,HESPOK, 91.

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(D. 2b), and with the arms pendant with the handsclasping Steinkeme(A. 1). It was discovered lying in a niche in the chapel of Naga ed-Der tomb N 3777 by the

Reisner/HearstExpedition of 1901-3. This is a cemetery dating from the VI - VIII Dynasties.531It wasaccompaniedby a stonescribestatuePHMA 6-19756,which is of 532 VI a late Dynasty type. The last group of statues which can be assigned to the period covering the end of Dynasty VI and early Dýnasties VII and VIII, all come from Naga ed-Der Cemetery 100.533The rock-cut tombs of the high officials and nomarchs were surrounded by the shaft tombs of their contemporaries. Catalogue No. A107, Boston MFA 12.1234, Pl. 61c, the head of a male statue, was

found in the shaftof tomb N 12.The wig is onewith severalhorizontallayersand with a 5). fringe (W. striated Catalogue Nos. A108-124.The rock-cut tomb N 43 belongingto the rht-nswtTjetji had Of the the these,two are partof a baking coffin. end of nineteenstatuesclusteredaround in further The this take analysis. part remainingseventeen534 no consist group and will of eight female statuesand nine male statues.The unusually high number of female fact deceased female. be due She the that the to was must neverthelessstill statues herself it to provide with more than one male statue, perhaps considered necessary in fact her husband, to allow the male statuesto outnumberthe female and representing interesting is It to note that althoughthe statuebasesare all extant,not oneis also ones. inscribed.The nameandtitle of the lady werediscoveredon oneof the piecesof clothing 535 body. her The coffin wasundecorated. around wrapped 531 Brovarski,LA IV, 306 ff. 532 This statueis erroneouslypublishedin Lutz, Statuesas coming from Giza. 533 Brovarski,LA IV, 306 ff. . to be in Berkeley, but I are all said was only able to locate fifteen, that is nos. N 43: 3,69,11-20. In a personalcommunicationfrom E. Brovarski, I received photocopiesof photographsof the two remaining statues,nos. N 43! 5& 10. The accessionnumbersare in the samesequenceas 534 They

the tomb numbersand run: 6-15201,6-15204 - 7,6-15209 - 18. StatuesN 43: 2&4 are the servants from the baking scene.The two unlocated statuesshould therefore have the accessionnumbers615203and 6-15208 respectively.I have beenunable to find any referencewhatsoeverto what N 43: 1 might be, there are only nineteenstatueslisted, and twenty tomb numbers. It is probably safe to is it that not a wooden statue. conclude

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The nine male statuesfall onceagain into the two groupswe haveseenso often, onefor the long projecting-panelkilt andonefor the shortplain kilt. Catalogue No. A108, PhoebeHearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15203, N 43: 5, P1.6ld-e, and Catalogue No. A109, Berkeley PHMA 615207, N 43: 9, Pl. 63a-b, both wear the long projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a), in combinationwith an echelon-curlwig with one long layer to the forehead,then several overlappinglayers,coveringthe ears (W.5). As far as can be told from the scaleon the photocopyof 6-15203,its height is within a very few centimetresof that of 6-15207, which measures43.5 cm. 6-15203 has the left leg advanced (S.3), and the kilt is unpatterned.The armsare pendant,and the left handis a naturalfist. The right hand is claspinga tube of cloth from the kilt with the thumbon the upper surface(A. 8a).There is a knot insertedjust abovethe waistband,slightly to the left of the navel.Theredo not appearto be any paint traceson the kilt, althoughthe white paint on the left thumbnailis but perfectlyvisible. 6-15207alsohasthe left leg advanced(S.3). The kilt is unpatterned, hasretainedall its original white paint.The remainsof an unpaintedknot arevisiblejust abovethe waistband,slightly to the left of the navel.The armsarependant,with the left handa naturalfist. The right lignd is holding a largetubeof cloth which slopesupwards from the middle of the side of the kilt, with the thumb along the top of the slope.The cloth doesnot continuethroughthe fist, thereis no traceof white paint at the backof the hand(A. 8a). It is probablethat 6-15203hasa similar type of grip, but the photocopies aretoo small to be ableto seefor sure. The remaining sevenmale statuesall wear a short plain kilt. Catalogue No. A 110, Berkeley, PHMA 6-1520 1, N 43: 3, Pl. 63c-d, Catalogue No. A 111, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15205, N 43: 7, Pl. 64a-b, and Catalogue No. A112, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15206, N 43: 8, Pl. 64c-d, all wear an echelon-curl wig with one long layer down to the forehead and then several overlapping layers, covering the ears (W. 5), a short plain kilt with no decoration whatsoever (D. 6), and have their arms pendant with the hands as natural fists (A. 9). Their left legs are all advanced (6-15201 is S.3, while 6-15205 and 6-15206 are S. 1). They are all within a centimetre and a half of each other in height, 536and none of them has any paint tracesat all on their kilts, although the white paint in their eyes and on their thumbnails has survived. Catalogue No. A 113, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15208, N 43: 10, Pl. 65 a-b, appearsfrom the photocopy to be the same size as the previous three, and 535Reisner,ASAE5 (1904),108;Brovarski, personalcommunication. 536 6-15201is 48.3

cm; 6-15205is 48.5 cm; 6-15206is 47 cm. 110

it matchesthem completely in all other details (W. 5; D.6; A. 9; S.1). Catalogue No. A 114, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15212, N 43: 14, Pl. 65 c-d, is much smaller than the 35 kilt, but is four, only cm, with white measuring a painted otherwisethe same previous in the details(W.5; D.6; A.9; S.3). Catalogue No. A 115,Berkeley,PHMA 6-15210,N 43: 12, Pl. 66 a-b, measures32 cm, wears a white paintedkilt (D.6) and the armsare fists hands (A. 9). The is the as natural statue wearingan echelon-curlwig with pendant coveringthe ears(W. 1). Catalogue No. A 116, Berkeley,PHMA 6-15211,N 43: 13,Pl. 66 c-d, is similar in heightand style (W.5; D.6; S.3) to the previousstatues,but the right hand,insteadof being held asa claspedfist, is openandcurvesaway from the body as the handsof femalestatuesdo (A. 12). The applicationof white paint to the kilt is an interestingphenomenon.Of the nine kilts, have in thesecasesit is intact.The their three white paint on and male statues,only having had kilts. for It is their taken ever paint show signs of on six no usually remaining does this that was painted, and occasions where statue not appearto be the every granted having In by the time. the this case, survived not passage of paint explained are case however, we have a number of statues which have all been subject to the same is intact, the some paint and on othersthereis no traceof it at all. In conditions,yet on fingerhas to the thumbnails, the to the wigs, applied eyes, and paint and skin addition, 537 kilt was painted. It is unlikely that a survived, regardless of whether or not the different pot of white paint wasused for the kilt, than for the whites of the eyesand for the thumbnails,andastheseplacesstill retaintheir paint, the inevitableconclusionis that the kilts wereneverpainted.This leadsus to ask why? It cannothavebeena questionof time, or the lack of it, becauseeverythingelseaboutthe statuesis complete.Nor, as we haveseenabove,is it a questionof the type of statue.Eachgrouphasat leastonepainted in it. That leaves implication the that it was not example only unpainted one and important kilts The to the the paint on particularly all of statues. efficacyof the considered lack 'finish'. by Although no remainsof linen wraps be this of not affected statueswould in it is discovered finishing leaf the tomb, that were possible such of a means or gold them was employed. If gold leaf was the decorationthen it may have beenrobbedin is To balance this the questionof whethera provincial official at this against antiquity. for have been his leaf their to able supply so many of statues would gold with period likely items it have been for Linen to the the may are most and wraps used skirts skirts. 537 The

red paint applied to the skin is usually a very thin wash and has survived mainly under the armsand under the chin. III

be only an accidentof preservationthat no tracesremainor wererecorded. Of the eight femalestatuesfrom the tomb, two wear a long sheathdresswhile the be better The to two of slightly clothed statues appear quality remaining six are nude. than the six nudeones.Catalogue No. A 117, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15204,N 43: 6, Pl. 67 a-b, is a standingfemale (Sf.2), wearinga tripartite wig which is tuckedbehindthe ears (Wf. 2a). The front bunchesreachbelow the line of the shoulders,but not as far down asthe top of the breasts.The armsarependant,andthe handsareopenandcurving awayfrom the body (Af. 3). The sheathdressis only indicatedby a crudehemlinevisible betweenthe legs at mid-calf level (Df. 2). The pubic and navel areais carvedas if the statuewerenude.The spacebetweenthe legsbelowthe hemlineis carvedaway.Thereis no traceof paint on the dress,andonly tracesof blackpaintaroundthe eyes. Catalogue No. A 118, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15209,N 43: 11, Pl. 67 c-d, is a much largerfigure538in an echelon-curlwig fitted closeto the skull and surroundingthe ears (Wf. 4). The arms are pendantwith the handsopenand curving away from the sides (Af. 3). The left leg is advanced(SL3). The sheathdressis only indicatedby a hemline betweenthe legs just below the knees(Df. 4). The statueis carved from one piece of wood, and this accountsfor somestiffnessaroundthe shouldersand hips. There is no traceof paint on the dress,althoughthe white in the eyesandon the finger- andtoenails is still extant.The skin colour is dark red. Catalogue Nos. A 119-124are six nudefigures (Df. 3) which canbe divided into two groups in two ways. The skin of three of the figures is paintedred'539and of the 540 The is for females is The yellow. red colour normalcolour otherthree paintedyellow. in have indicate tanned the that the three outside statues are servants who affected could female justification is for but this, servantsshow the there of statues as other no sun, is 6-15209 for females, The the the also statue red. colour skin of and yellow normal inevitableconclusionis that it wasnot consideredof vital importancefor thesefiguresto be eitherall yellow or all red.Anotherway of dividing thesestatuesis by the wigs. Three 541 (WL5), andthreethe closeof the statueswear a short,close-fitting, naturalcoiffure 542 fitting echelon-curlwig which revealsthe ears(WL4). It can be seenthat two of the 538 6-15204 measures23.2 cm; 6-15209measures42 cm.539 CatalogueNo. Al 19, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15213,N 43: 15, Pl. 68

a-b; Cat. No. A120, Berkeley, PHMA6-15215, N43: 17, PI. 68c-d; Cat. No. A121, Berkeley,PHMA 6-15218,N43: 20, Pl. 69a. 540 CatalogueNo. A 122, Berkeley, PHMA 6-15214, N 43: 16, Pl. 69 c-d; Cat. No. A 123,Berkeley, PHMA 6-15216,N 43: 18, Pl. 70 a-b; Cat. No. A 124,Berkeley,PHMA 6-15217,N 43: 19, Pl. 70 c-d. 5416-15216;6-15217;6-15218 -

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figures in bagwigsare yellow and one is red, while the oppositeis true of the echelonhave legs is All two those their of are red yellow. six statues and one curl wig statuestogether(Sf.2), and four have their pubic areaspaintedblack, the remainingtwo have their pubic triangle indicatedby a series of black and red dots superimposedon each 543 from have four The the samepieceof wood their arms carved smaller statues other. has 6-15213 6-15215 has the torso, the the an-n separately attached, right and statue as both anns separatelyattached.All the arms are pendantwith open handswhich curve bases 3). All body (Af. from the the statues stand on which areuninscribed. away Catalogue No. A125, PI. 69 b, is a statueof a nudefemale(DO) found in shafttomb N 241 at Naga ed-Der. It is standing (M)

and is wearing a short echelon-curl wig which

4). The hands 3). The (Af. (Wf. the the arms pendant and are are ears open surrounds 544 in is The base is inscribed. breastsarefull, andthere no carving the genitalregion. The earliestnomarch'stomb is N71, Tjemerery, which can be datedto the very end of 545 The shafttomb of his wife Inet-kemet,N 248, containedthe right Kingdom. Old the hand side of the headof a male statue,and a nude female statue.Both are new types. Catalogue No. A 126,Berkeley,PHMA 6-12840,Pl. 71a,is a male headwearinga wig that hasa verticaldecorationradiatingout from the crown. The strandswhich fall on the foreheadarelong; thosewhich fall aroundthe restof the head,andcoverall but the tip of the ear, are divided into small rectangleswhich alternatelike bricks in a wall (W. 8). 546 is a striding femalewith its left leg advanced(Sf.3a). Pl. 71b, No. A127, Catalogue The wig is a bagwig coveringthe ears(Wf. 3b). The left arm is missing, but the right is 2). has hand The is (Af. (Df. 5), breasts the statue an open nude and are not and pendant it if for female be the the were not pronounced genitalia statue could particularly is figure It for a male one. perhaps of a pre-pubescentgirl, possibly a a mistaken daughterof TjemereryandInet-kemet. 542 6-15213; 6-15214; 6-15215

543 6-15214;6-15217. 544 SeeAppendix 1, 380. p. 545 C. Peck,Somedecoratedtombs the First Intermediate Period Naga of at ed-Wr, (Ph.D. Brown University 1958;University Microfilms 1959), 83 ff. 546 1 know do knowledge I E. Brovarski. this to not of statue correspondence with my personal owe where it is located at present.

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CHAPTER 4. The dating of the statues in CatalogueB Introduction The survey of the statuesfrom Catalogue B which follows is basedon the data from the analysis of the CatalogueA statues.The criteria listed for CatalogueA have beentaken as the starting point for the arrangementof Catalogue B into a relative chronological order. Where possible, parallels have been drawn to one or more statues in Catalogue A, and the earliest or latest date of occurrence of a feature for statues with no parallels. Sometimes the parallels cover severalreigns, sometimes they are confined to one reign, or a narrow time-scale. Where there are several statuesfrom one reign, for example that of Pepi 11,they have been listed in the order of their parallels in Catalogue A. It has been necessaryto assumethat the criteria from Catalogue A are the earliest occurrenceof the feature, but it is possible that many were in evidence before then.

Catalogue No. B1, Cairo Museum CG 139, Pl. 71 c-e, is a large, highly decorated female. The statueis wearing the slightly flared, aboveshoulder-lengthstriated wig (WL 1), with the naturalhair showingon the forehead(Ac-7). The arms arependantwith hangs 3), (J. 6). An hands (Af. there elaborate pectoral over and are wristbands extended the decorativecollar Q.3, J.4). The statueis wearing a sheathdressonly evidentby the hem (Df.4), and is striding (Sf.3a).The closestparallelsin CatalogueA are Nos. A7 and A22, Pls. 6 and 13a,neitherof which is striding. A7 is wearinga similar pectoralandis thusthe closerparallel.It canbe datedto the endof the reign of Nyuserreor slightly later. Catalogue No. B2, Cairo Museum CG 380, Pl. 72 a-b, is a seatedmale (S.5) in a free 4). flared The forearms (W. the are carved andstriatedwig of the body, variationof and the right handis claspedon the right kneewith the thumb uppermost.Most of the left forearm is missing, but the remainsof extendedfingers are visible on the left knee (A.4). The statueis wearinga half-gofferedkilt (D.2). The closestparallelis Catalogue No. A 11, Pl. 9, which datesto the Isesi-Unasperiod.The provenanceof CatalogueNo. B2 is not known,but the suggested dateimpliesthat it comesfrom Saqqara.547 114

Catalogue Nos. 133-5,MFA 13.3462-4,Pls. 73 a-c, were found in a tomb at Giza, G 2336, excavatedby Reisner in his 1911-1913seasonsfor the Harvard/Boston MFA expedition. They are three female statues in an exceedingly poor condition. MFA 13.3462and 13.3463are wearing the above-the-shoulder,striated,flared wig (Wf. 1). MFA 13.3462is wearing a sheathdress (Df. 4), while MFA 13.3463is not definable (Df.6). They both havetheir armsin the Af. 2 position. The third statue,MFA 13.3464, be legs it is but lower impossible be the to the as certain parts of are gone may nude, (Df.6). The statueis either shaven-headed, or wearinga skull-cap(WL5). The dating of thesestatuesto the reign of Unasis achievedon the basisof the wig Wf. I, which is not known after the reign of Unas. Catalogue No. B6, Cairo Museum JE 28990, Pl. 89 c-d, is a nude striding male in a is D. 4a, A. 9a, S. 2). It (W. 1, wig not possible to say whether the statue short echelon-curl 548 is In the illustration in Borchardt, the figure is the

penis missing. its left but it has arm. The statuewas acquiredby the Cairo now shown without arms, 549 is from Akhmim. The closest parallel from in 1890, Museum and said to come

was circumcisedas

CatalogueA is No. A 13,P1.10b-c, a statuewhich datesto the reign of Unas. Catalogue No. B7, Cairo Museum CG 155, Pl. 72 c-d, is a striding male (S.2) from Saqqara.The statueis wearing a short echelon-curlwig (W. 1) and a half-goffered kilt (D. 2i). The arms are pendant and the hands are holding Steinkeme (A. 1). There are five 550Catalogue No. A 18, Pl. 14 a-b A. in Catalogue which dates to the reign of parallels Unas, is the most similar. Catalogue No. 138,Inv. Nr. 10858, Pl. 74 a-b, a statue of Pehernefert from the fon-ner East Berlin collection, 551 comes from the small cemetery of Kafr Ammar in the

Fayyum.Unfortunately this cemeteryis not particularlywell documentedand from the it dated from forms that the early Old Kingdom through can only ascertain we pottery 552 Kingdom. The statueis of a striding male (S.3) in the halfMiddle into the early 547Seeabove, p. 13. 548 Statuen 1, CG 233, Pl. 48. 549 See

n. 409.

550 Catalogue Nos. AI 8,40-41,97-98.

551 K.

Äg>ptischeMuseunzBerlin, 30, Nr. 1g. Das Priese (ed. ), -H.

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gofferedkilt (D.2d) and a shortechelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W. 1). The arms are pendant and the hands are claspedaround Steinkerne (A-1). The closest parallel to this statueis CatalogueA 18, Pl. 14 a-b, which datesto the reign of Unas. Catalogue No. B9, Cairo Museum JE 10892,553Pl. 74c, was discovered in Mariette's 1860 Saqqara season, the same seasonof excavation as the statuesof Ka-aper and his wife, and probably not far from them. The statue is a nude female (Df. 3), wearing a short flared striated wig covering the ears (WEI) and a broad collar with a counterpoise (J.3). The arms are pendant with open hands (Af. 3) and there are wristbands (J.6). The legs are together and the lower parts are damaged,but the lower hemline which usually indicates a sheath dress is not present (Sf. 2). The statue is made from a single piece of wood, and this may well account for a certain stiffness in execution. The craftsman would have been restricted by the natural contours of the wood. The closest parallel is Catalogue No. A22, Pl. 13a, based on the wig and the arms, that is, from the reign of Unas. The earliest nude figure in Catalogue A dates to the end of the Old Kingdom, 554 but the wig weights the evidence towards the earlier figure. Catalogue B5 is probably also nude and it datesto the reign of Unas. Catalogue No. B10, Louvre N 2293, Pl. 74 d-f, is the only pair statue in the whole corpus. It is a man and his wife, and would be difficult to date were it not for the fact that the woman is wearing wig Wf. 1, which does not appear after the reign of Unas. The other criteria are inconclusive for dating purposes. The man is wearing a smooth flared Catalogue A feature list, a 4a), known from (W. the the type ears not a wig which reveals half-goffered kilt (D. 2a), and the right arm is pendant with the hand clasping the Steinkern. The left arm is bent across the body at the elbow, and the fist appearsto be a natural one (A. 2). The woman is standing close to her husband and her left arm is holding him around his back (Af. 4). She is wearing a sheath dress (Df. 2). The closest parallel from Catalogue A for the female is No. A22, Pl. 13a, which dates to the reign of Unas; the closest parallel for the male is No. A24, Pl. 18, which also datesto the reign of Unas. The provenance of this pair statue is unknown. It once formed part of the Salt Collection. 552 Seidlmayer,Grdberfelder, 393. 553 On

permanentloan to Port Said Museum.

554 CatalogueNo. AI 10.

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Catalogue No. B1I, PetrieMuseum Inv. No. 8844, P1.75 a-b, is the upperpart of the statueof a male. Only the head,torso and upperleft arm are extant.The coiffure is the short,close-fitting naturalone (W. 3), and the skirt was probably a version of the halfgofferedkilt as thereis a protrudingtab on the left side of the navel(D.2j). A slot in the indicates left that the lower arm was probably held acrossthe chest the arm elbow of (A. 2c). One statuefrom CatalogueA, No. A29, PI. 21, parallels the wig and arms. It datesto the reign of Unas. Catalogue No. B12, British Museum EA 55584, Pl. 75 c-d, is a striding, nude, 4 S. has long (D. 1) been considered to be a fake, and and which circumcised male 555 it. in This assumptionis basedmoreon appearsassuch the mostrecentpublicationof external evidence than on the evidence of the statue itself. It was purchased in 1922 in Cairo, along with a very suspicious seated statue, and is considered to be a copy of the Meryrehashtef statueswhich had then just been discovered.556It is suggestedthat it was fashioned within a couple of months of that discovery, copied from the publication 1921.557 When the at end of which appeared we examine the evidence of photographs the statue itself, however, there are a number of features which do not correspond to the Meryrehashtef statues, but instead show a more marked resemblance to a statue discovered much later by Mahmud Abd el-Razik, in the tomb of Ny-kau-Isesi at Saqqara in 1983, see Catalogue No. A36. This tomb dates to the reign of Teti. In fact, had Catalogue No. B 12 appeared on the market at any other time it would probably never have beenconsideredto be a fake. The wig in particular weighs against this statue being a fake. The statues of Meryrehashtef, Pl. 29 c-e, all wear the echelon-curl wig, in one case covering the ears (W., ), 558in the other two cases,revealing only the earlobes (W. 2b). 559Catalogue No. B 12 wears an echelon-curl wig which completely reveals the ears (W. I a), a style which in the repertory of wigs on wooden statues, and extremely rare on totally unknown was stone statues'560until the discovery of the tomb of Ny-kau-_Isesi.The arms are also different. All nude figures from the Old Kingdom wearing W. 2 or variants have their 555 Taylor, Fake?, 162-3, No.' 166. 556 Catalogue Nos. A46-48. 557 Petrie, Ancient Egypt VI (1921), 65-69. 558 Catalogue No. A47. 559 Catalogue Nos. A46 and 48. 560 See pp. 52-53.

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in for (A. 6 6a), held A. position a sceptre arms a staff and perhaps a'nd except for Catalogue A47, whose arms are pendent with the hands clasping Steinkerne (A. 1). Catalogue No. B12 also has his arms pendant and is clasping Steinkeme in both hands (A. I).

A further point of interestis the sizeof the statue.CatalogueNo. B 12 is 106 cm tall, Catalogue No. A36 is three-quarterslife-size. The Meryrehashtef statues are much 563 562 being 66 64 in height. The wood of the statue is 50.8 CM'561 CM, and cm. smaller, undergoing a Carbon 14 dating test at present, which may solve the dilemma. Until the results of that test are available it seemsbetter to consider the statueto be genuine. On the basis of the parallel with CatalogueNo. A36 I have placed it into the reign of Teti.

CatalogueNo. B13, Hildesheim,Roemer-und Pelizaeus-Museum Inv. Nr. 1106,Pl. 76 a-b, is a striding male (SA) in a long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a), an echelon-curlwig (W. 1), andwith a staff claspedin the left hand.The right arm is pendantandthe handis a piercedfist (A. 3). The statuewas purchasedin Giza by W. Pelizaeusin 1910and it The 82.2 lower legs and feet are missing,but the to the the cm edge of skirt. measures position of the legscan be seenon the undersideof the statue.The only parallelfor this statuein CatalogueA is No. A38, a statueof Ny-kau-isesifrom his tomb at Saqqara,and which datesto the reign of Teti. Catalogue No. B14, Baltimore,WaltersArt GalleryNo. 22.30,Pl. 77, is a stridingmale (S.3) in an echelon-curlwig (W. 1) anda half-gofferedkilt (D.2a). The armsareheld in the position for a staff, but the right fist is not pierced (A. 3b). The provenanceof the in it in Walters. The 1929 by H. is closest parallels statue unknown - was purchased CatalogueA dateto the reign of UnaS564but the parallelsfor the pendantto this statue (CatalogueNo. B 15)both dateto the reign of Pepi1, andthusincline the evidenceto the laterdate. Catalogue No. B15, Pl. 76c, a statuein the CranbrookAcademyof Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, No. 401131, not actually seenby me, resemblesthe previous statue 561 CatalogueNo. A.46. 562 CatalogueNo. A47. 563 CatalogueNo. A48. 564 CatalogueNos. A 16

and 17.

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565 held in different fashion 1). is W. I (A. The the are anns a wig although very strongly, and the kilt is D. 2a. The closest parallels to this statueboth date to the reign of Pepi 1.566

Catalogue No. B16, Amsterdam,Allard PiersonMuseum Inv. No. 48, Pl. 78 a-b, is a striding maleof unknownprovenance,formerly in the Amherstcollection.The statueis wearingan echelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W. 1) anda half-gofferedkilt (D.2f). The armsare held in the position for the staff and sceptre,althoughthe left forearm is Steinkem hand is in (A. 3e). There the two the clasping are parallels right missing,and CatalogueA, 567one of which datesto the reign of Pepi I and the other to the reign of Pepi11.The kilt inclinesthe evidenceto the earlierparallel. Catalogue No. B17, Hildesheim,Roemer-und Pelizaeus-MuseumInv. Nr. 67, Pl. 79, is a striding male of unknown provenance.The statueis wearingthe short,close-fitting long kilt 3a). (D. The 3), (W. and a projecting-panel armsarependantwith coiffure natural the left handoriginally open,althoughit is now damaged,andthe right handholding the front surface of the kilt with the thumb behind (A. 7). There are several parallels in CatalogueA, 568all of which match the three main features.Only one, CatalogueNo. A44, Pl. 25d, f, alsomatchesthe stance.It datesto the reign of Pepi1. Catalogue No. B18, RhodeIslandSchoolof Design,Museum of Art, Inv. No. 25.031, Pl. 78 c-d, is the headand shouldersof a life-size male statue.The figure is wearingan b), (W. I had inlaid 4). (Ac. the which reveals earlobes wig and once eyes echelon-curl The earliestoccurrenceof this wig is on CatalogueNo. A46, Pl. 29c, which datesto the Pepi I into from Merenre. the the of reign reign of period Catalogue No. B19, British Museum EA 55261, Pl. 80 a-b, is a striding male (S.3) in a 1b), in (W. held (D. 5). The and a short wig plain white skirt are echelon-curl arms short the manner for the staff and sceptre (A. 3), and a wavy wooden staff is held in the left hand (Ac. 3). The right fist is pierced. The provenance is unknown. The closest parallels in Catalogue A are Nos. A46, Pl. 29c, and A48, Pl. 29e, two of the statues of 565 1owemy knowledgeof this stat6eto thestaff of theWaltersArt Gallery,whokindly gavemea of theirphotograph. photocopy 566 Catalogue Nos. A40 and 41, Pls. 25e & 26. 567 Catalogue Nos. A42 A58, Pls. 27 & 36. and C, 568 Catalogue Nos. A43-44,61,66 and 105, Pls. 25d, f, 28,39a-b, 42a-b, and 61b, respectively.

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Meryrehashtef. They wear the first occurrenceof wig W. 1b, the echelon-curl wig Pepi I into They dated from the the the reign to the reign of earlobes. are revealing period of Merenre. Catalogue No. B20, Brussels,MuseesRoyauxd'Art et d'Histoire E. 4905, Pl. 80 c-d, is the headof a malestatuewhich oncehad inlaid eyes(Ac.4). It is wearingan echeloncurl wig with onelong layer to the level of the forehead,then severalshorterlayers.The earsare covered(W.5). This is a type of wig which doesnot appearbeforethe reign of Merenre.The earliest statuefrom Catalogue A with this wig is No. A54, Pl. 31c-e, later. CatalogueNo. B20 was purchased dates Merenre to the or slightly reign of which in Egypt in 1913/14by J. Capart. Catalogue No. B21, New York, MetropolitanMuseumof Art MMA 59.50.2,Pl. 81 ac, is a striding (S.4) nude male said to be from Lisht. It was a part of the Huntley Bequestto the museumin 1959.The statueis wearing the echelon-curlwig with one long layer to the level of the forehead,and then severalshorterlayers,coveringthe ears (W.5). The armsare pendantandthe handsareclaspedas naturalfists (A.9). The tip of the penisis damagedandthereforeit is not possibleto be surewhetherhe is circumcised or not (13.4a).Therearetwo possibleparallelsfrom CatalogueA, onematchingthe wig ( No. A54, Pl. 31c-e), the other matching the arms (No. A68, Pl. 43 a-b). The former datesto the transitionperiodfrom the reign of Merenreto that of Pepi 11,the latterdates to the reign of PepiIT. Catalogue No. B22, Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg GlyptotekXIN

1730, Pl. 82, is a

from Assiut. It was purchased inscribed base, be Hema to on an said striding statue of is in The 1958. the statue wearing a short echelon-curl wig revealing the art market on ears (W. I a) and a plain belted skirt with a hem in the shapeof an inverted V (D. 5a) The left arm is missing and the right is pendantwith a pierced fist (A. 6a). The closest parallel from Catalogue A is No. A52, Pl. 31a, a statuewhich dates to the transition period from the reign of Merenre to the reign of Pepi H. Catalogue No. B23, British Museum EA 29563, PI. 81d, is a nude male from Tomb 103 at Deshasheh.It was excavated by Petrie in 1897.569The arms are missing, as are 569 Petrie,Deshasheh,19,3 1, Pl. XXXIL 9.

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the legs below the knees(S.4a). The statueis wearing an echelon-curlwig in vertical rows which coversthe ears(W.6b), a type not known in the CatalogueA featurelist. The genitaliaaretoo damagedto seewhetherthe statuewascircumcisedor not (D.4a). It can be datedto early in the reign of Pepi II on the basisof its closestparallelin CatalogueA, No. A55, Pls. 32 & 33. Petrie datesthe earliesttombs at Deshashehto the middle of Dynasty V and saysthat "the tombs were executedin successiveorder from south to is in 4). Tomb 103 Petrie's "6th Spur" 1) (p. (Pl. and thereforelate, particularly north" in Spur" dates 50 "4th Teti later. A date in Tomb the to the the reignof reign of or since Pepi11would thereforebe appropriate. Catalogue No. B24, Cairo MuseumCG 220, Pl. 81 e-f, is said to be from Akhmim and It is a largestriding male(S.3), height 125cm, arrivedin the Cairo Museumin 1888.570 wearingan echelon-curlwig in vertical rows which coversthe ears(W.6b). In addition, the statueis wearinga short,plain white skirt (D.6) andalthoughthe left forearmis now for held in the the position staff and sceptre(A. 3c). The closest arms were missing, is No. 32 & 33, from Catalogue A A55, Pls. which datesto the early partof the parallel reign of Pepi11. Catalogue No. B25, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum 41-1937, PI. 83 a-b, is the head

Its torso statue. provenanceis unknown;it wasbequeathed to the Museum of a male and in 1937by RickettsandShannon.It is wearinga vertically layeredwig which revealsthe earlobes(W.6a),a type not known beforeearly in the reign of Pepi11. Catalogue No. B26, Leiden, Rijksmuseum van OudhedenAH 114, Pl. 83 c-d, is a striding male (S.3) of unknown provenance,originally in the Anastasicollection. The statueis wearing the short, close-fitting naturalcoiffure (W.3) and a long projecting3a). left The hand kilt (D. the arms pendant with are openand the right holding a panel tubeof cloth at the sideof the skirt (A. 8). This meansof holding the arms is not known before the reign of Pepi 11.Thereare four possibleparallelsin CatalogueA, 571but the 35, is A57, Pl. dates first half of the reign'of Pepi11. to the a statue which closest Catalogue No. B27, British Museum EA 53899, Pl. 84, was discoveredat Antinod in 570 See 409 above. n. 571 CatalogueNos. A56-57,76, and 85.

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1914,and presentedto the Museumby the Egypt ExplorationFund.It is a stridingmale but unfortunatelythe (S.1) on a baseinscribedwith the nameand titles of the deceased, is in longer legible. is The statue wig wearing an echelon-curl vertical rows no name which coversthe ears(W. 10), a short, plain white skirt (D.6), and the armsare held in the positionfor the staff andsceptre,althoughthe right hand is a naturalfist (A.3d). The figure canbe paralleledwith severalstatuesfrom CatalogueA,572but is not sufficiently more like one than anotherto be able to choosea direct parallel.All of them,however, dateto the reign of Pepi11. Catalogue No. B28, Saint Louis Art Museum 1.1986, Pl. 85 a-b, is a striding male in a

long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a) andthe short,close-fitting naturalcoiffure (W.3). The armsarependantwith the left handopenand the right claspinga tubeof cloth at the side of the skirt (A. 8). This manner of holding the arms is not known before the reign of Pepi 11.The statue was purchased by the museum in 1986, and the provenance is unknown. 573 in CatalogueA, There Pepi dateto

arethreepossibleparallels

all of which

the reign of

11. Catalogue No. B29, Cairo MuseumCG 370, Pl. 85 c-d, is a striding maleof unknown provenance,missingbelow the knees(S.4a). The statueis wearingan echelon-curlwig which coversthe ears(W.2) anda plain undecoratedskirt (D.6). The armsareheld in the position for staff and sceptre,but the right hand is clasping the Steinkem(A. 3a). The closestparallelin CatalogueA is No. A58, Pl. 36, which datesto the reign of PepiII. Catalogue No. B30, Leiden, Rijksmuseum van OudhedenAH 91, Pl. 86 a-b, is a striding male of unknown provenancewearing a short, echelon-curlwig covering the ears(W. 1), a short, plain white skirt (D.6) and a reversalof the mannerof holding the armsfor staff andsceptre:the left arm is pendantwith a piercedfist, the right is missing the forearm,but the slot in the elbow indicatesthat it washeld forward (A. 14).Thereare 574 in Catalogue A. severalstatueswhich parallel the wig and skirt combination all of themdatingto the reignof PepiII andlater. 572 Nos. A55,58,60,

and 61, Pls. 32,33,36,38, & 39a-b,respectively.

573 CatalogueNos. A56-57, and 76, Pls. 34,35, and 47a-b. 574 CatalogueNos. A58,73,8 1, and 115, Pls. 36,45a-b, 47c, and 66a-b.

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Inv. Nr. 1244,Pl. 86 Catalogue no. B31, Hildesheim,Roemer-und Pelizaeus-Museum 4a). is is head It (S. torso the of a striding male and c-d, wearinga shortechelon-curlwig 1) (W. the ears anda plain skirt (D.6). The arms are missing.Thereareseveral covering 575 in Catalogue A, rangingin datefrom the reign of Pepi11to the end possibleparallels of the Old Kingdom. CatalogueNo. B32, Cairo MuseumJE 28855,CG 221, Pl. 87, is a statueof Tjeti, on an inscribedbase.The statuecomesfrom Akhmim. 576It is wearing an echelon-curlwig forehead, level layer long the the to andthen severalshorterlayers,covering of with one C) the ears(NV.5). The skirt is shortandplain (D.6) andonly onearm is extant,pendantand (A. hand 6a). The left leg is the clasped and pierced with advanced(S.3). There are 577 Catalogue from A, all of which dateto the reignof Pepi11. severalpossibleparallels Catalogue No. B33, Louvre E 11566, Pl. 88, is a striding figure (S. 1) of a man called Tjeti wearing a long projecting-panel kilt (D. 3a) and with a closely shaven head (W. 3a). The arms are held in the position for staff and sceptre (A. 3), but neither of these had inlaid is The statue originally eyes (Ac. 4), but only the damaged attributes extant. 578 is have been discovered in It 1890 Akhmim, but was not said to sockets remain. at Louvre 1918. An by the until analysis of the wood reveals that both the statue acquired The is base the of acacia. are made statue generally considered to come from the and latter part of Dynasty VI. There are no parallels in Catalogue A with the combination of wig and skirt and arms, and only some which parallel the skirt and arms. They range from the end of 579 IV Teti. The statue Catalogue No. A38, dated to the reign of Dynasty to the reign of Teti, is the only one with the longer type of skirt and thus forms a terminus post quem for the date. The coiffure is a rare type580 with only one example from Catalogue A, dating to the last years of the reign of Pepi 11at the earliest.581Later statuesin this skirt 575 Nos. A5 8,73,8 1, and 115. 576 Idem. 577 Catalogue Nos. A60,70-72, Pis. 38,43cA, 44a-b, and 46a-c respectively. 578 See above n.. 409. Cf. Kanawati, El-Hawawish VII, 57-8. 579 Catalogue Nos. A6,20,25, and 38, Pis. 5,15b, and 19a. 580 W. 3a is differentiated from W. 3 only by the absence of any trace of paint or a carved hairline. It

is possible that a painted skullcap was originally present. 581 CatalogueNo. A86.

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neverhavetheir armsheld in this mannerbut ratherhold the front fold of the skirt. Thus, CatalogueNo. B33 is eitheran exampleof a statuein the long projecting-panel type,with the arms held in style A. 3, but before a changein coiffure, in which casethe closest parallel is CatalogueNo. A38, dating to the reign of Teti; or a statue with the new coiffure W.3a, and skirt D.3a, but an old methodof holding the arms,in which casethe closestparallelis CatalogueNo. A86, Pl. 51d-e, which datesto the last yearsof PepiH at the earliest,but which hasarm featureA.7b. CatalogueNo. A62, Pl. 39c-d,datingto the reign of Pepi 11,with arm feature A. 1, coiffure W.3 and arms A. I is anotherpossible parallel. The balanceof the evidenceappearsto favour a date in the reign of Pepi 11, taking into accountthe fact that W.3a is possibly only the result of the disappearance of the original blackpaint.A dateearlierthanthe reignof Teti is not possiblebecauseof the skirt type. Catalogue No. B34, Cairo Museum JE 29145, CG 454, P1.89a-b, was discoveredat Akhmim in 1890.582It is a striding (S.1), nude,circumcisedmale (DA), wearing the bagwig (W.7). The armsare missing.The wig is one which doesnot appearbeforethe reign of Pepi11.The closestparallel in CatalogueA is No. A63, Pl. 40, which datesto the reign of Pepi 11.An interesting featureof this statueis the extremely large blackpainted pubic triangle above the genitals. This is the only nude male with such a feature. A female statue also from Akhmim, Catalogue No. B72, Pl. 106 c-d, has a similar black-paintedpubic triangle.

Catalogue No. B35, Stockholm,Medelhavsmuseet MM 14725,Pl. 90 a-b, is a striding male (S.4) of unknown provenance.The statueis wearing a bagwig (W.7) and a plain short skirt (D. 6). The arms are missing. On the basis of the wig, the statuehasbeen assignedto the reign of Pepi II.

Catalogue No. B36, Stockholm,Medelhavsmuseet MM 14689,Pl. 90 c-d, is a striding (S.4) maleof unknownprovenance.The statueis wearingthe bagwig (W.7) anda short, plain skirt (D. 6). The arms are pendantand the bandsappearto be natural fists. An interestingfeature is a hole bored through the statuenear the right hand, presumably intended to indicate that the fist was pierced, and it may well have originally held something(A. 9b). The wig datesthe statueto the reign of Pepi 11,the closestparallel 582Seen.409above. 124

beingCatalogueNo. A63, Pl. 40. Catalogue No. B37, Turin, Museo Egizio Inv. Suppl. 3104, Pl. 89e, is a nude striding be bagwig 7) is (W. The to the appears and statue wearing male of unknown provenance. but for in 4b). held the (D. The the position staff and sceptre, arms are uncircumcised There 3e). forearm is (A. Steinkem left hand is the the are no missing and clasping right itself but for bagwig, in Catalogue A the the points to wig a nude statuewearing parallels a date not earlier than the reign of Pepi 11.

Catalogue No. B38, Marseille,Mus6eBorely Inv. 218, Pl. 91a,is a striding male(S.2) in the short,close-fittingnaturalcoiffure (W.3) andthe long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). It comesfrom Giza, and was originally part of the Clot-Bey collection. The armsare front holding Steinkem hand left the the the the edgeof and right clasping pendant,with the kilt with the fingers on the front surfaceand the thumb behind (A. 7d). There are 583 11 Pepi dating in Catalogue A, them to the or of all of reign severalpossibleparallels later. slightly Catalogue No. B39, Berlin, Staatliche Museen PreuBischerKulturbesitz Inv. Nr. 1363, Pl. 91b, is a striding statueof Gemniuser from his tomb near the north-east comer of the Saqqara, discovered by 1843. The location Lepsius in Kagemni at proves that mastabaof it is later than the reign of Teti as it clearly postdatesthe tomb of Kagemni. The name Gemniuser may be a reference to Kagemni = Gemni: "Gemni is strong". The statue is 3a) kilt (D. (W. 3), long the coiffure natural a projecting-panel short, close-fitting wearing left hand holding front fist has the the the the with a natural and arms pendant right and front fingers There behind 7b). kilt (A. the the the thumb surface the and are with on of three parallels in CatalogueA584all of which date to the reign of Pepi 11or slightly later.

Catalogue No. B40, Turin, Museo Egizio N. Suppl. 1197,Pl. 91c, is a nudestatueof Memi, said to come from Saqqara.At presentthere are three Memi's known from Saqqara:a) the sonof Mereruka,which.would meana datein the reignof Teti or slightly later;b) it is a nicknameof Kagemni,which againwould meana datein the reignof Teti; fragment the the mentionedin PM 111/2,683,and datedto the and c) owner of obelisk 583Catalogue Nos.A64,65and86,Pls.4la-dand5ld-e,respectively. 584Catalogue Nos.A64,65and86,Pls.4la-dand5ld-e,respectively. 125

end of Dynasty VI. The statuewasacquiredby Schiaparelliin Egypt in 1900-01.It is wearingthe short,close-fitting naturalcoiffure (W.3) and is circumcised(DA). The left fist, is is hand held the the missing(A.9a).The statue as a natural right an-n pendantwith is striding with the left leg advanced(S.3). The closestparallel in CatalogueA is No. A68, Pl. 43 a-b, a statuewhich datesto the reign of Pepi II, which would supportan identificationwith c) above.There is alwaysthe possibility, however,that this Memi is noneof the above,but rathera fourth, previouslyunattestedMemi. Catalogue No. B41, Pl. 92 a-c, unknown location, perhapsSohagmagazine(?), was discoveredin a niche constructedof threeundressedlimestone slabsnear the burials H26A and H26B at Akhmim.585Kanawatisuggeststhat this wasnot the original burial locationof the statue,but rathera safe,temporaryhiding placefor it during the robbing of the original burial. It was then forgotten and remainedin its hiding placeuntil the excavationsof Kanawatiin 1979-80onceagainbroughtit to light. It is in a particularly fine condition,the colours,especially,beingwell-preserved. The figure is a stridingmale (S.1), wearing the echelon-curlwig with one long layer to the forehead,then several shorterlayers,covering the ears(W.5). The kilt is a half-goffered one (D.2k) and the armsarependantwith claspedandpiercedfists (A.6). Thereare severalpossibleparallels in CatalogueA,586all datingto the reignof Pepi11or later. Catalogue No. B42, Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden F 1938/7.7, Pl. 93c, now missing, is a striding male of unknown provenance, originally in the von Bissing collection. The statue is wearing the short echelon-curl wig with one long layer to the forehead,then severalshorter layers, and covering the ears (W-5), and a plain skirt with a belt (D. 5). The left arm is missing and the right is pendant with a pierced fist (A. 6a). There are three parallels in CatalogueA, 587all of which date to the middle or end of the reign of Pepi 11. Catalogue No. B43, Cairo Museum JE 28901, CG 224, Pl. 93 a-b, is said to come from Luxor and was acquired by the museum in 1890. It is a figure of a striding male (S.4b) wearing an echelon-curl wig with one long layer to the forehead, then several 585Kanawati,EI-Hawawish X, 21-22,Pl. 4. 586 Catalogue Nos. A69-72,82,92-95,

and 104, Pls. 41b, 43c-d, 44a-b, 46a-c, 47d, 57a-d, 58a-d,

and 61a, respectively. 587 CatalogueNos. A70-72, Pls. 43c-d, 44a-b,and46a-c.

126

kilt half-goffered is The 5). layers, (W. the a statue wearing shorter andcovering ears (D.2f) and the armsare pendantwith the left handclaspedarounda removableplug of finger index The hand forward. held thumb the and of the right and wood right openand handarenow broken,but they appearto havebeeninclinedtowardseachotherto form a circle (A. 13).The statuecanbe paralleledto CatalogueNo. A7 1, Pl. 43 c-d, which dates to the reign of Pepi 11. Catalogue No. B44, Cairo Museum CG 148, Pl. 92d, is a seatedstatue of Hebet (S.5), of unknown provenance.The figure is wearing a short echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1), and a half-goffered kilt (D. 2e). The arms are resting on the knees with the right hand clasping the Steinkem and the left open and palm downwards on the left knee

(A.4d). The closestparallel from CatalogueA is No. A73, Pl. 45 a-b, a statuewhich datesto the middleor endof the reign of Pepi11. Catalogue No. B45, Turin, Museo Egizio Inv. 1216,Pl. 92 e-f, is also'aseatedmale figure of unknown provenance. The statue is wearing the short, echelon-curl wig coveringthe ears(W. 1) andthe half-gofferedkilt (D.2b). The armsareon the kneesbut theýhandsare too damaged to tell their position (A. 4b). The closest parallels from CatalogueA are Nos. A73, PI. 45 a-b, and A74, PI. 45 c-d, both of which date to the 11. Pepi the of reign middle or endof 94 Pl. 16454, UC College London, a-b, University Museum, Petrie No. B46, Catalogue flared 2f) (D. kilt striated wig revealing a and half-goffered in is a standing male (S.7) a fist the is the clasping with is the pendant right the ears (W. 4). The left arm missing and 44 Pl. No. is A75, A Catalogue from c-d, a statue Steinkem (A. I a). The closest parallel

11. Pepi the of reign which datesto the middleor endof in is 94 Pl. unknown private No. B47, provenance, Catalogue c-d, of unknown 588 2) (S. the wig figure echelon-curl is short, It wearing male a striding the of possession. hand left The (13.6). with-the pendant 1) are (W. arms skirt plain the a and ears covering 9). (A. fist is but is damaged held asa naturalfist. The right hand clearly a natural aswell This statuehastwo possibleparallelsin CatalogueA'589oneof which datesto the endof 588My thanksto W. Peckof theDetroitInstituteof Artsfor showing of thisstatue. mea photograph 589 Catalogue Nos. A81 and 115, Pls. 47c and 66a-b.

127

the reignof Pepi11or slightly later,andtheotherto the endof the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. B48, WarsawNational MuseumInv. Nr. 236612MNW, Pl. 95 a-b, is It the torsoandleft arm of a striding male(S.4a). The statueis of unknownprovenance. is wearinga short,echelon-curlwig coveringthe ears(W. 1), anda plain skirt (D.6). The arm is pendantwith the fist claspingtheSteinkem(A. 1a).It resemblestwo statuesfrom CatalogueA, Nos. A8 1, Pl. 47 c, and A 115,Pl. 66 a-b, the former dafing to the endof the reignof Pepi11or slightly later,the latterdatingto the endof the Old Kingdom. CatalogueNo. B49, Boston,Museumof Fine Arts MFA 13.3461,Pl. 95 c-d, is a statue of a striding (S.4c) male from tomb G2335 A at Giza, excavatedby Reisnerfor the HarvardUniversity,Museumof Fine Arts expeditionof 1911-13.It is in poor condition, but the detailscanbe madeout.The wig is the shortechelon-curlwig, coveringthe ears W I), the skirt is short and plain (D.6), the armsare pendantand the handsarenatural fists (A. 9). The two possible parallels from CatalogueA are Nos. A8 1, Pl. 47c, and A 115,Pl. 66 a-b, but this statuedoesnot particularlyresembleeitherof them.They date to the end of the reign of Pepi 11or slightly later, and to the end of the Old Kingdom, respectively.Smith590saysthat this statueresembles"the small statuettesof medium quality found throughout Dyn. VI and known at the end of the Dynasty from the excavationsof the private tombs in the neighbourhoodof the pyramid of Pepi 11.As mediocresculpturefrom a poor mastabathey may be as early, in this case,asthe endof Dyn. V. " The arms (A. 9) argue in favour of a date in Dynasty VI, as they are first known in the reign of Merenre. Catalogue Nos. B3-5 come from a neighbouring mastaba,but in their casethere is no doubt about the earlier date (seeabove). Until additional supporting evidence for an earlier date emergesit has been considered preferableto placethis statueinto late DynastyVI. Catalogue No. B50 also comes from tomb G2335 A at Giza. It is Cairo JE 44613,but wasnot seenby me.Smith591saysthatit is a similar figure to B49, but nude. The wig would then be W. 1, the arms A. 9, and the dressD.4a because,althoughthe genitalsare present,without seeingthe statueit is not possibleto tell whetheror not the figure wascircumcised.

590HESPOK, 59. 591Idem. 128

Catalogue No. B51, Copenhagen,NationalmuseetAAb 153, Pl. 96 a-b, is a striding male of unknown provenance missing the left leg (S.4b). It was presentedto the museumby Th. Reutzeof Vienna in 1841.The statueis wearingthe short,close-fitting natural coiffure (W. 3a) and a short plain skirt (D. 6). The arms are pendantwith the handsheld as natural fists (A. 9). There are no exact parallels in CatalogueA for this combination of features.There are several with the samecombination of skirt and however,andtheseall dateto the endof the reign of Pepi11or slightly later. arrns'592 Catalogue No. B52, Copenhagen,Ny CarlsbergGlyptotek AEIN 1561,Pl. 96 c-d is a 593 Wadjhotep from his No. 2106 Sedment. The statueis wearinga tomb statueof at bagwig revealing the earlobes(W. 7b) and a short, plain, white skirt (D. 6). The arms are pendant with the hands held as natural fists (A. 9), and the left leg is advanced (S.3). There are several parallels in Catalogue A, depending on whether the comparison is to the wig and the skirt or to the skirt and the arms. The closest parallel for the former is

No. A59, Pl. 37, which datesto the reign of Pepi11.The parallelsfor the latter dateto the 594 later. Thearchaeological Pepi Il evidencesupportsthelaterdate. or endof the reignof I CatalogueNo. B53, New York, MetropolitanMuseumof Art, MMA 59.50.1,Pl. 97 aBequest in Huntley 1959. It is be from Lisht. is the to originally male of said striding c, a The statueis wearingthe short,close-fittingnaturalcoiffure (W.3) and a long projectingpanel kilt (D.3a). The armsare pendantwith the left hand claspedand piercedand the right holding the front edgeof the skirt, with the fingers on the front surfaceand the thumbbehind(A.7e).Thereare severalstatuesin CatalogueA which matchthe wig and dress'595but nonewith exactly the samemannerof holding the arrns.The bestparallel d-e, 51 be No. A86, Pl. to a statuewhich datesto the last yearsof Pepi11at seem would the earliest.This statuehas its legs advancedas doesCatalogueNo. B53, and unlike Catalogue No. A65. CatalogueNo. A64 has a damagedhand so the natural fist of CatalogueNo. A86 is alsoa betterparallel. Catalogue No. B54, Louvre E 10357iPI. 98 a-b, was purchasedin Luxor in 1889and 592 Catalogue Nos. A81,110-115, Pl. 47c, 63 s. c-d, 64,65, and 66 a-b, respectively. 593 See above pp. 90-9 1. Petrie, Sedment, 1,7,10-11, Pl. XXVI, 4. 594 Catalogue Nos. A81,110-115, Pls. 47c, 63 c-d, 64,65,66 a-b. 595 Catalogue Nos. A64,65, and 86, Pls. 41 a, 41c-d, and 51d-e.

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Stier Collection.Its exactprovenanceis unknown.The statueis of a the wasoncepart of striding male (S.3) in a short echelon-curlwig with onelong layer to the forehead,then severalshorterlayers,coveringthe ears(W.5). It is wearinga long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a) andhaspendantarmswith the fists claspingSteink-eme (A. 1).Thereareno exact 596 in Catalogue both A, but four the wig and the skirt. They dateto the parallels match last yearsof Pepi 11at the earliest,and to the end of the Old Kingdom. An interesting featureof this statueand the next is the length of beadworkworn aroundthe neckwith the looseendshangingon the chest(j. 10).597 CatalogueNo. B55, Cairo MuseumJE 28900,CG 232, Pl. 98 c-d, is very similar to the previousstatue.It wasacquiredin Luxor in 1890.It is a striding male (S.4) in the short echelon-curlwig with one long layer to the foreheadand then severalshorter layers, coveringthe ears(W.5), and the long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). Both of the armsare missing,but the fingers of the right handremain on the front surfaceof the skirt (A.7f). Thereareno exactparallelsin CatalogueA, but four matchboth the wig andthe skirt.598 They dateto the lastyearsof PepiH at the earliest,andto the endof the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. B56, Oxford, AshmoleanMuseum 1896-1908E 1881,Pl. 99 a-b, is a in a short echelon-curlwig revealingthe ears(W. 1a), male figure from Deshasheh599 and a projecting-panelkilt (D.3). The only statuein CatalogueA with the samewig is CatalogueNo. A36, which datesto the reignof Teti, but this figure is nude. Similar wigs and dressappearon CatalogueNos. A90, Pl. 55, and A91, Pl. 56, and theseresemble this statuemoreclosely than CatalogueNo. A36. They dateto the last yearsof PepiH at the earliest. This later date is supported by an analysis of the pottery from the 600 cemetery. Catalogue No. B57, Boston,Museumof Fine Arts, MFA 24.609,Pl. 99 c-d, is a statue found in the debrisof the tomb of Hagi, No. 5202at SheikhFarag.601Thesecemeteries 602 into Old Kingdom apparentlycame usearoundthe end of the or slightly earlier. The 596Catalogue Nos.A88-89,108-109, Pls.54a-e,61d-e,and63a-b. 597Seep. 70. 598Catalogue Nos.A88-89,108-109, 61d-e,and63a-b. Pls.54a-e, 599Excavated in 1897byPetrie;Petrie,Deshasheh, 31. 600Seidlmayer, Grilberfelder, 386. 601Excavated by theHUMFAexpedition in 1923-24. underReisner 130

statueis of a striding male (S.1) wearing a short, echelon-curlwig revealingthe ears (W. 1a),anda long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a).The armsarependantwith the right hand Steinkenz hand holding left the tube the the and a of cloth at skirt, clasping a side of (A.8b). Thereare two parallelsfrom CatalogueA, Nos. A90, Pl. 55, and A91, Pl. 56, both of which dateto the lastyearsof PepiH at the earliest. Catalogue Nos. B58 - B62603are part of a cache of twelve statues found in 1926 in a 604 Pyramid. Ptolemaic tomb located just outside the south enclosure wall of the Step Only these five have been located, but a further two large ones, supposedly also from 605 illustrated The photograph on MSS XXII. 95 showing seven by Gunn. this cache,are smaller statuescannot be only of statues from this cache, as the total would then exceed twelve. As none of the second group of seven statueshas been located it is not possible to say which belong to this cache and which do not. Only the five statuesdefinitely from the cache have been included in this survey. Also among the find were three inscribed

bases,dedicatedto the Overseerof the Two Graneries,1hy. Catalogue No. B58, Pl. 100,is a statueof My striding on an inscribedbase.It is forehead layer long the to and then several wearinga short, echelon-curlwig with one 2c). figure The is kilt (D. half-goffered (W. 5) layers, the covering ears and a shorter holding its arms in the manner for the staff and sceptre (A. 3). This combination is dates last by No. Pl. 57 Catalogue A A92, in to the a statue which yearsof a-b, paralleled Pepi11at the earliest. Catalogue No. B59, Pl. 97 d, is a striding figure of lhy in the short,close-fitting 3) long kilt (W. (D.3a).The arms arependantwith and a projecting-panel naturalcoiffure the right hand clasping the Steinkern. The left hand is missing (A. la). The closest No. A62, Pl. 39 is Catalogue A from c-d, which datesto the reign of Pepi11. parallel Catalogue No. B60, Pl. 97 e-f, is a striding figure of Ihy in the close-fittingnatural coiffure (W. 3) and the long projecting-panelkilt (D.3a). The arms were both pendant, but the left arm is now missing.The right handis clenchedandpierced(A.6a).Thereare 602SeeBrovarski, LA IV, 296-317, esp.307. 603Catalogue Musded'Ethnographie No. B58= Neuchatel, Eg.425;Catalogue No.B59= New York, MetropolitanMuseumof Art, MMA 27.9.3;CatalogueNo. B60 = Neuchatel,Musde No. B61= NewYork, MetropolitanMuseumof Art, MMA d'Ethnographie Eg.424;Catalogue 27.9.5;Catalogue Museum No.B62= NewYork,Metropolitan of Art, MMA27.9.4. 604PM111/2,650-51. 605MSSXXII.92 XXII.94[right]. and 131

no parallelsin CatalogueA. Catalogue No. B61, Pl. 101 a-c, is a striding figure of lhy in a vertically layered

echelon-curl wig, with a straight fringe and revealing the earlobes(W. 8), a wig not known beforethe end of the Old Kingdom.606In addition,the statueis wearinga halfgofferedkilt (D.2c) andholds its armsin the position for staff and sceptre,but with the right handclaspedas a naturalfist (A. 3b). In the photographof this statuefrom Gunn MSS XX11.36it is standingon an inscribedbase.Thereis no traceof this basewith the statueat present. Catalogue No. B62, PI. 101d-e, is a striding figure of 1hyin a vertically layered, echelon-curl wig, with a straight fringe and covering the ears (A. 8a). The statue is wearing a half-goffered kilt (D. 2c) and holds the arms in the position for staff and sceptre(A.3). The wig is unknownin CatalogueA. The statuesof lhy have parallelsin CatalogueA which rangefrom the reign of Pepi 11at the earliest,to the end of the Old Kingdom. However,featureswhich do not appearearlier than the end of the Old Kingdom in Catalogue A incline the evidence towardsthe later date.The last yearsof Pepi II are thus the earliestdatepossible.This 607 is, Idut, the tomb of man therefore,not the samemanasthe original ownerof nearby. Catalogue No. B63, Cairo Museum JE 5 83 1, CG 126, Pl. 102 a-b, is a striding male of unknown provenance, originally in the Sammlung von Huber of 1859. The statue is wearing a vertically layered echelon-curl wig, with a straight fringe and revealing the has 2a) 8), kilt (D. (W. half-goffered the arms pendant. The right arm is and earlobes a damaged and the left is clasped around a Steinkem (A. la). The closest parallels to the Nos. Catalogue A A93, Pl. 57 c-d, and A94, Pl. from kilt are combination of and arms 58 a-b, which date to the last years of Pepi 11at the earliest. The wig is not known before the end of the Old Kingdom (Catalogue No. A 126, Pl. 71a).

Catalogue No. B64, Chicago,Field Museum of Natural History Inv. No. 30104, Pl. 103 a-b, is a striding male (S.4b) of unknown provenance,given to the museumby EdwardAyer in 1894.The statueis wearinga shortechelon-curlwig, revealingthe ears (W. I a) anda half-gofferedkilt (D.2f). The armswere pendant,but the right arm is now is fist The left hand (A. 9a). The closestparallelfrom CatalogueA is a natural missing. 606Catalogue No.A 126,Pl.71a. 607Thatlhy datesto thereignof Unas.SeeStrudwick, Administration, 63 (15). 132

No. A99, Pl. 59 c, which datesto the last yearsof Pepi11at theearliest. Catalogue No. B65, Uppsala, Victoria Museum 177, Pl. 102 c-d, is a striding male of unknown provenance.The statueis wearing a short, echelon-curl wig with one long layer to the forehead, then several shorter layers, covering the ears (W. 5). The skirt is short and plain (D. 6) and the right arm is pendant with a pierced fist. The left arm is missing (A. 6a). There are several possible parallels from Catalogue A, all dating from late in the 608 Pepi 11 Old Kingdom. Catalogue Nos. AI 10 and A 114 are to the end of the reign of the only ones with a similar stance.They date to the end of the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. B66, Pl. 103 c-d, is an unlocated statue from tomb N 90 at Naga edD8r.609The tomb is owned by a man called Gegi, who is probably the same man as the 610 Saqqara. Gegi is an Inspector of prophets of the Pyramid of owner of a tomb at Merenre, whose reign, therefore, is a tenninus post quent for the date.611The statueis a striding male (S.4b) wearing a short echelon-curl wig covering the ears (W. 1), a short

plain skirt (D.6) andwith the left arm pendantandthe handa naturalfist. The right arm is missing (A. 9a). The statuewas accompaniedby two inscribedbases,but I havenot been able to ascertainfrom the photographs which base the statueitself ofiginally stood on. The right base is illustrated on Pl. 103 d. The closest parallel from Catalogue A is No. A 115, Naga Pl. 66 a-b, which dates to the end of the Old from ed-Der, also Kingdom.

Catalogue No. B67, Edinburgh,Royal ScottishMuseum 1921.1662,Pl. 104 a-b, is a standingnudefemale(Sf.2; DO) which wasdiscoveredin 1921at Sedmentby Petriein 612 belongs Meritites. The statuehas beenrepainted in modern to tomb 2112 which times. It is wearinga smoothtripartite wig which revealsthe ears(Wf. 2a), and has the All hands. of the features,exceptthe anns, are confinedto the with open armspendant 608 CatalogueNos. A72,110-114, Pis. 44a-b,63c-d. 64, 6091 know

and 65.

of this statuethanksto a personalcommunicationfrom E. Brovarski.

610 PM 111/2,691; Harpur, Decoration, 18. Harpur discusses the possibility in connection with Kanawati'stheoriesabout the identity of certain tomb owners at Deshashehwith others at Saqqara. Petrie,Deshasheh,4, takesa different approachto the problem. 611 Porter-Moss and Harpur are no more specificthan Dynasty VI. Brovarski, LA IV, 306, suggests the late Old Kingdom. 612 Petrie,Sedment1,7,12, Pls. XXVI, 2 and XXXIX. Seepp. 90-91 above.

133

Old Kingdom, the endof althoughno statuein CatalogueA matchesmore than two of 613 them. Catalogue No. B68, Cairo Museum JE 51482, Pl. 104 c-d, is a standing female excavatedby Jequier at South Saqqarain 1927.614The statue is wearing a smooth tripartite wig which reveals the ears (WL2a), and a sheath dress (DL2). The left hand side of the statue is missing. The right arm is pendant with an open hand (Af. 2). The closest parallel from Catalogue A is No. A 117, Pl. 67 a-b, which datesto the end of the Old Kingdom.

CatalogueNo. B69, New York, MetropolitanMuseumof Art, MMA 58.125.3,Pl. 105 a-b, is a standing(Sf.2), nude (130) female of unknown provenance,acquiredby the museumin 1958with the assistanceof the Dick Fund. The statueis wearing a short echelon-curlwig revealingthe ears (Wf. 4) and the arms are pendantwith openhands (Af. 3). Severalstatuesfrom CatalogueA matchthesefeatures,615andtheyaHdateto the endof the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. B70, Cairo Museum JE 28993, CG 223, P1.106 a-b, is a standing female ( Sf.2) missing the arms. The statueis said to come from Akhmim and was acquiredby the museumin 1890.616It is wearing a slightly flared, echelon-curlwig revealingthe earlobes(WV) and is nude(DL3). An interestingfeatureis the distinctive black pubic triangle,sin-dlarto thaton CatalogueNo. B26. The parallelsfrom Catalogue A0 dateto theendof the Old Kingdom.617 CatalogueNo. B71, Yale University Art Museum 1956.33.48,Pl. 106e-f, is a standing female( Sf.2) of unknownprovenance,given to the museumin 1956by Mr and Mrs F. Olsen.The statueis wearingan echelon-curlwig coveringthe ears(Wf4b) and is nude (Df. 3). The arms are pendant and the hands are open (Af. 3). The parallels from CatalogueA all dateto theendof the Old Kingdom.618 613 CatalogueNos. A117,119-125, Pls. 67a-b,68,69, and 70. 614 PM 111/2,429. 615 CatalogueNos. Al 19-120,122, and 125,Pls. 68,69 b-d. 616 See 409 above. n. 617 CatalogueNos. A 119-120,122, and 125, Pls. 68,69 b-d. 618 CatalogueNos. Al 19-120,122, and 125,Pls. 68,69 b-d-

134

CatalogueNo. B72, PetrieMuseum,University CollegeLondon,UC 16658,Pl. 106cd, is a standingfemale( Sf.2) of unknownprovenance.The statueis nude(Df. 3) andis wearinga short echelon-curlwig revealingthe earlobes(Wf.4a). The armsare pendant with openhands(Af. 3). The parallelsfrom CatalogueA all dateto the end of the Old Kingdom.619 Catalogue No. B73, KansasCity, NelsonAtkins Museumof Art 33.1400,Pl. 105c-d, is a standing female ( Sf.2) in a bagwig revealing the ears (W. 3a) The statueis of unknown provenance.It is nude (Df. 3) and the arms are pendant with open hands (AQ). The parallelsfrom CatalogueA areNos. A 121, A 123andA 124,Pl. 69a,andPl. 70, all of which dateto the endof the Old Kingdom. CatalogueNo. B74, Copenhagen, Ny CarlsbergGlyptotekEIN 3, Pl. 107,is a striding male of unknown provenance,purchasedin Cairo in 1894.The statueis wearing a vertically layeredechelon-curlwig, with a straight fringe, revealingthe earlobes(W.8), anda shortprojecting-panelkilt (D.3). The armsare parallelwith the right handholding the front flap of the kilt and the left holding a tube of cloth at the left side (A. 16). The closestparallel from CatalogueA is No. A 126, Pl. 71 a, which datesto the end of the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. B75, Marseilles,MusdeBorely, Inv. 217, Pl. 108 a, is a striding male from Giza, in Clot-Bey be the to and collection from 1830-1860.The statueis said layered echelon-curl wig, with a straight fringe, revealing the wearing a vertically earlobes(W. 8), and a half-goffered kilt (D. 2a). The arms are pendantwith the fists claspingSteinkeme(A. 1). The closestparallel from CatalogueA is No. A 126,Pl. 71 a, which datesto the endof the Old Kingdom.

619 Catalogue Nos.

A 119-120,122, and 125, Pls. 68,69 b-d.

135

CHAPTER 5. The dating of the statuesin Catalogue C Introduction The statuesin CatalogueC are Old Kingdom statueswhich haveno direct parallelsin CatalogueA. Somestatueswhich havebeenattributed to the Old Kingdom but may belongto the Middle Kingdom or evento the Late Periodhavealsobeenincludedas no definitive proof either way has as yet emerged.Some of the statueshaveparallels in CatalogueB, andtherelevantdateshavebeenappliedto them.A few haveno parallelsin either of the previous Cataloguesand so no date can be suggested,beyondthe wide instances, In 'Old Kingdom'. thereis just not enough the term other applicationof some of the statueremainingto be ableto compareit to possibleparallels. CatalogueNo. C1, Pl. 108b, Iti-sen,wasexcavatedby W. B. Emery during the 1964-6 seasonin the tombs South-westof the Ibis catacombsin the SacredAnimal Necropolis at Saqqara.The statue620 was foundjust inside the southernchapeldoor of tomb 3513. Only the torsoand legs remainof this nearlylife-size statue,but fortunatelysometexts 621 base list the name and titles of the owner. Most of thesetitles made their on the during Dynasty IV622but the style of the tomb and the otherelementsin it appearance makeit certainthat this is a Dynasty V statue.A Carbon-14analysisof the wood from 623 it is Unfortunately date. floor this the not possibleat this stageto narrow also supports down the date any more than this. The kilt is type D. 2k, otherwise only known on CatalogueNo. B37, a statuedatedto the middle or endof the reign of Pepi11. Catalogue No. C2, JE 63110,Pl. 109a-c, was found in tomb M XVI at SouthSaqqara. The namesand titles in the tomb identify the man as Anu, Inspectorof prophetsof the dates Pepi 11, he to the end of that reign or slightly later. The of and probably pyramid 620 SaqqaraExcavationNumber 3513-26[4211. 621 Published by Martin, Hetepka, 21, Pl. 22 No. 15; and, id., SAN, 114, Pl. 14 No. 1598. See Appendix 1. 622 Cf. Helck. Beamtentiteln, passim. 623 Martin, SAN, 1] 4 and Appendix H.

136

coffin found in the tomb has been examined by WillemS624 who assigns it to his group 1/1, a group with origins back to the beginning of Dynasty VI. Baer625attributes Anu to the second half of the reign of Pepi IL A First Intermediate Period date, and even a Middle Kingdom one, has been suggestedby some authorS626for tombs in this area,but the majority are of Dynasty VI date so the earlier date cannot be ruled out. The statuewas found in the burial chamber by Mquier in his 1933-4 season.627It is the figure of a man knee-length 3) left leg 2), in (S. (W. the and a slightly with very a skullcap advanced is fist kilt 3). is The (D. left The the with arrn parallel right projecting-panel arm missing. inserted into knot holding 6a). kilt (A. The the carved and a sceptre and separately pierced the waistband just to the left of the navel are covered in gold leaf. There are no parallels for this statuein Catalogue A, and only one in Catalogue B, B58, Pl. 100, a statuewhich dates to the last years of Pepi 11at the earliest.

Catalogue No. C3, Cambridge,Fitzwilliam Museum40-1937,Pl. 109d-e,is a striding The Shannon in Ricketts the collection. male of unknown provenance,originally and 3), is (W. the a shortprojecting-panel short,close-fittingnaturalcoiffure statue wearing kilt (D.3) and is holding a staff in the left hand.The right arm is pendantwith a pierced fist (A.3). The closestparallelto it is CatalogueNo. C2 above,which is tentativelydated to the last yearsof PepiIl at the earliest. Catalogue No. C4, Nationalmuseet Copenhagen 753 1,131.108 c-d, is a statue of Nakhtkawi from his tomb at Sedment,No. 2127. It was excavatedby Petrie and Brunton in the 1920-21 season.628 It is a striding male in very good condition. The statue is in 6a), (W. the vertical rows which wig echelon-curl reveals and a an wearing earlobes is by 6) (D. covered a piece of linen wrapped around the which short, plain white skirt statue's waist (Ac. 15). The arms of the statue are pendant with both the hands open (A. 15), and the left leg is advanced(S-3). Both the wig and the arms are new styles. The archaeological discussion above, pp. 90-91, suggests a date at the end of the Old 624 Chests ofLife, Sq20X, pp. 186-7. 625 Rank and 7-Itle,[84163. 626 Notably Fischer, W 90 (1963), 37; Mquier, ASAE 35 (1935), 153-55. 627 Mquier, ASAE 34 (1934), 79; 35 (1935), 153 fig 17. , 628 Petrie, Sedment 1,7.12-13, Pl. XXVI, 1. The rest of the contents of the tomb are in Copenhagen as well: the Nationalmuseet has a pair of offering bearers No. 7545; the Ny Carlsberg

Glyptotek has two boats,a granary,a domesticsceneand two coffins EIN 1585-6.

137

Kingdomasthe earliestpossiblefor this statue.The coffins found in the tombhavebeen examinedby WillemS629who assignsthem to his group 1/1,a groupwith origins back to the beginning of Dynasty VI.

Catalogue No. C5, Cairo Museum JE 28992, CG 228, PI. 110a-b, is a standingnude female (Sf. 2; Df. 3) wearing a striated tripartite wig which does not cover the ears (Wfi2b). The extantarm is pendantwith an openhand(Af. 2). The statueis saidto come from Akhmim, and enteredthe museumin 1890.630The closestparallelin CatalogueB is B67, Pl. 104a-b,which datesto the endof the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. C6, Cairo Museum JE 28994, CG 225, Pl. 110c-d, is a standingnude female(Sf.2; DO) in a tripartite wig which is madeup of echelon-curls,is shorterat the back, and which doesnot cover the ears (Wf. 6). The arms are missing. There are no exactparallelsin eitherCatalogueA or CatalogueB. It mostlikely datesto the endof the Old Kingdom, as it resemblesthe statuesfrom that period more than the one from the but thereis alwaysthe possibilitythatit is from a laterperiod. reignof Unas'631 Catalogue No. C7, ManchesterMuseum No. 4230, Pl. 110 e, is a poorly preserved statueof a nudefemale(130). The wig is a tripartite onewhich revealsthe ears(Wf.2a) and the armsare missing (ALI). The provenanceis unknown.The closestparallelfrom CatalogueB is B70, Pl. 106a-b,which datesto the endof the Old Kingdom. Catalogue No. C8, Pl.112a-b,is a statuewhich wasexcavatedat Nagaed-Der,tomb N 92 by Reisnerat the beginningof thecentury,but its presentlocationis unknown.632It is the figure of a striding male (S.4) wearingthe short,echelon-curlwig coveringthe ears (W. 1) and a half-gofferedkilt (D.2f). The armsare missing.There areno parallelswith statues from Catalogue A, but Cemetery N at Naga ed-Der dates from the later Old 633 Kingdom, andthe type of kilt is one which doesnot appearbeforethe reign of Pepi

11. 629 Chests Life, Sid2-3X., p. 101. Willems suggeststhat these coffins "may be as late as the of early Xllth Dynasty." 630 See 409. p. 631 For example,CatalogueNos. B68; B71 rather than No. 139;Pls. 104c-d, 106e-f.rather than 74c. 6321 know this of statuethanksto a personalcommunicationfrom E. Brovarski. 633 Brovarski,a IV, 296-317.

138

The next four statues in the sequence,Catalogue Nos. C9-12, Pl. I 11, are all uncircumcised,and threeof themhaveevidenceof a sidelockof youth on the sidesof their heads.C9 has beendated by Smith634to early in Dynasty V, and parallelsare drawn by him to C 10 and C 11. C9 doesnot have any sign of a sidelockbut C 10, CII andC12 do. C9 andCIO havetheir right indexfinger pointingto their mouth,while CII and C 12havetheir armspendant.CII hasopenhands,C 12hasthe left handopenand the right claspedand pierced.This may be evidenceof a developmentover time, as we haveseenbeforein the featurelist. It doesnot appearpossibleto assigndatesto C9-12, but their relativeorderappearsto be secure. Catalogue No. C9, Berkeley,PhoebeHearstMuseumof AnthropologyInventory No. 6-19768, Pl. IIIa, is a nude and uncircumcisedmale (D.4b), wearing a short, close-fitting naturalcoiffure (W. 3). The left arm was pendant,and is still extantin the illustration in Smith'635althoughit is not on the statueat present.The right arm is bent upwardsat the elbow acrossthe chest,and the index finger is resting on the lower lip (A. 17a).The left leg is advanced(S.4). The statuecomesfrom the burial chamberof G 1152 at Giza. This statue has been variously dated to Dynasty IV, Dynasty V and DynastyVI. 636 Catalogue C10, Cairo MuseumJE 17331,CG 128,Pl. IIIb,

is a nudemalewith

the right leg slightly extended(S.8), and pointing with the right index finger to the lower lip. The left arm is pendant, and the hand is open. The right hand, except for the index finger, is clasped (A. 17). The figure is uncircumcised (D. 4b) and is wearing the short, close-fitting natural coiffure. In addition, there was once a sidelock of youth on the right hand side of the head (W. 3c). The statuecomes from Giza. Catalogue No. C11, Cairo Museum CG 149, Pl. III

c-d, is a nude male of

unknownprovenancewearingthe short,close-fittingcoiffure which oncehad a sideloCk figure 3c). The is standing(S.7) andis uncircumcised(D.4b). hand (W. the side on right The arms are pendantwith open hands (A. 15). The provenanceof this statueis not known. Turin, Museo Egizio, unknown inventory number, is an uncircumcised nude male statue (D. 4b). The figure is striding (S. 1) and the arms Catalogue No. C12, Pl. IIIe,

are pendant with the right hand as a pierced fist, and the left hand open (A. 12a). The 634HESPOK, 59. 635

op. cit., PI. 23d.

636 E.

Agypten, 62. 36; Elsasser/Fredrickson, Ancient Egypt, 111/2,56; PM Alte Westendorf, Das g.,

139

statueis wearingthe short,close-fittingnaturalcoiffure, and there is a peg on the right sideof theheadindicatingthat the sidelockof youth wasoncepresent(W.3c). Catalogue No. C13, Yale, University Art Gallery Inv. No. 1957.7.18,Pl. 112c, is the face of a life-size male statue,presentedto the museumby Mr Fred Olsen in 1957.It oncehad inlaid eyes(Ac.4), and the wig is an echelon-curltype, but not enoughof it remainsto establishwhich (W. I c). Therearethreestatuesin CataloguesA andB which haveechelon-curlwigs and inlaid eyes,Nos. A5, A 13 and B 16, Pls. 4,10 b-c, 78 a-b, respectively,but noneof theseis sufficiently like this piece to justify a parallel being drawn. Catalogue No. C14, Cairo Museum JE 47036, Pl. 112 d-e, is the head and shoulders of 33 Cemetery in Burial No. Teti Pyramid found the of a male statue, at Saqqaraby Firth and Gunn in 1921-22. The statue is wearing a smooth, flared wig which covers the ears (W. 4d). There are no exact parallels in either Catalogue A or Catalogue B, although two statueshave vaguely similar types of wig (Nos. A60, Pl. 38, which dates to the reign of Pepi If, and A 101, Pl. 60 a-b, which dates to the last years of Pepi R at the earliest). The proximity of the burial to the tomb of Kagemni would imply that it doesnot predatethat monument (which dates to the reign of Teti), but how much later it is cannot be established.

Catalogue No. C15, Cairo Museum JE 28902, CG 226, Pl. 112 f, is a statue of a in in is listed. The Luxor 1890. There exact no more provenance striding male acquired figure.is wearinga uniquetype of echelon-curlwig (W.9), madeup of verticalrows with divided locks In fringe head. It the the around covers ears. additionthe and an undivided figure is wearinga plain kilt (D.5). The armsaremissing.Thereare no parallelsin either CatalogueA or B. It is possiblethatthis statueis a LatePeriodpiece.

140

CHAPTER 6. The Catalogues

The information in the cataloguesis designedto supplement the information in the text. It information feature lists, but includes information derived from the also other not only items, individual bibliography, to the and the associated statue, such as relevant

inscription,if any. It is whereall the information is gatheredtogetherinto onereference sheet. The first entry is the Catalogueletter, A, B or C, followed by the numberof the statuewithin the catalogue,eg. B65. This is followed by the Plate No. so that the corresponding illustration can be in for dating discussion located, Page Reference the the text. a and quickly The Inventory No., if known, is listed next, including the institution to which the

statuenow belongs. A short Description follows, eg. striding male,standingfemale,etc. Then the Provenance, if known, is given, beginning with the name of the if information known. the tomb, exact about with some more and continuing necropolis, The Date is establishedby external criteria for the statuesin Catalogue A, and by internal cross-referencing for Catalogue B. The dates in Catalogue C must remain

tentative. The Statue Height is given in centimetres, where known, and usually includes the base. Separatemeasurementsfor the baseare given in the section Base H. W. L., also in bases from feet Statues head, the to the the top without are measured of centimetres.

heels fit into is including designed the the the to of wood under chock which without base. The features,Wig, Dress, Arms, Accessories,Jewellery andStance,are listed in letter/number W. 5; Dress Wig the text, the combination as main : same eg. using D.3a;etc. The Inscription is describedand a transliteration,wherepossible,is given. The inscriptionsarediscussedin moredetail in Appendix 1. A handcopyof the inscriptionis affixed to thebottomof the relevantcataloguesheets. A shortdescriptionof the physicalCondition of the statueis the next section. The extantColour on the statueis briefly described.It did not prove possibleto 141

coordinatecolour traceswith a colourchartdueto the manyandvariedconditionsunder which I viewedthe statues. The Date of Discovery lists the earliestknown modemdatefor the statue,andthe name of the discoverer, if known. This information is often useful when trying to of a statue. reconstructtheexacteventssurroundingtheappearance Associated Items are usually the other objects found in a tomb group. They include any other statuesfound, with their cataloguenumbers.Relief blocks and other materialarelistedin Porter-Moss. The Bibliography lists the sourcepublicationand the Porter-Mossreferencefor the remainderof the bibliography, and is supplementedby referencessubsequentto Porter-Moss,whereknown. Comments is the section reservedfor any further relevantinformation; and in CatalogueB andCatalogueC alsoincludesthe crossreferencesto CatalogueA.

142

CATALOGUE A

143

A1

Plate No. Inventory No.

1

78-80

PageRef.

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 87698; SRI 5079

Description

Striding male

Provenance

Saqqara 3079, north of Step Pyramid, Dyn. III-IV cemetery

Date Statue Height wig Accessories Inscription Condition

Colour Date of Discovery Associated Items Bibliography Comments

Dynasty IV - Snofru 108 cm Base H. W. L. W. I Ac. 1,2

Dress Jewellery

-

D. I

Arms

A. I

J. 1,2

Stance

S. 1

Large areas of plaster and wood missing on inside of right arm, right hip, right leg, and left shin. Right hand damaged, left foot missing. Nipples missing. Most of right leg a modem restoration. Missing base. Black paint traces on wig; white traces on skirt; red traces on skin. Firth, January-April 1931 Cairo JE 87699, Catalogue No. A2. Forman, Ag3ptische Kunst, 52, Pl. 33. Harpur, Decoration, dates S 3078 and S 3080 to the reign of Snofru, 277 [559] and [560].

144

A2

PlateNo. 2 Inventory No. Description

PageRef. 78-80

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 87699; SR15086 Striding male

Provenance Saqqara3079, north of Step Pyramid, Dyn. III-IV cemetery Date Dynasty IV - Snofru StatueHeight wig

117 cm W. 2

Accessories Ac. I

BaseH. W. L. Dress jewellery

Inscription Condition

A. 2

D. 2

Arms

-

Stance S.2

Badly cracked along the length of the statuefrom the right shoulder to the right knee, passingalso through the left wrist. Right leg is a restoration. Missing right foot and base. Colour Black traceson wig. Eyes outlined in black with tracesof white in the whites. White skirt with dark and light green paint traceson belt and knot. Skin is reddish brown. Dateof Discovery Firth, January-April 1931 Associateditems Cairo JE 87698, Catalogue No. Al. Bibliography Forman, Agyptische Kunst, 51, Pls. 30,31. Comments Harpur, Decor(ition, dates S 3078 and S 3080 to the reign of Snofru, 277 [559] and [560].

145

PlateNo. 3b

A3 Inventory No. Description

PageRef. 80-81

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, CG 34; SR 15747 Striding male

Provenance Saqqara36, [C8], Ka-aper Date StatueHeight wig

Dynasty IV - Dynasty V 110cm BaseH. W. L. W. 2a

Accessories Ac. 3

Dress jewellery

A. 3

D. I

Arms

-

Stance S.3

Inscription Condition

Lower legs are a modem restoration. Colour Original colour on head lost. Dateof Discovery Mariette, 1860 AssociatedItems CG 33, female, CatalogueNo. A4; ?JE 10177, CG 32, male, CatalogueNo. A5. Granite false door. Bibliography

Mariette, Mastabas, 127-9; PM 111/2,459-460;Ranke, Personennamen1,338,24; Aldred, Old Kingdom Art, 34; Vandersleyen,JEA 69 (1983), 61-65; Staehelin, Trticht, 160, n. 5; Shoukry, SASAE 15,60; 63; 90 n. 1; 92 n. 3; 100 n. 6; 104 n. 3, n. 4, Pl. Mcistabas 1, 3; 230 1; fig. Murray, 8, 116 10; 10; n. n. n. n. XXXII; Cherpion, Mastabas, 99.

Comments

146

A4

Plate No. Inventory No.

3c

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, CG 33; SR 14958

Description

Female torso

Provenance

Saqqara 36, [C8], Ka-aper

Date Statue Height wig Accessories Inscription Condition Colour Date of Discovery Associated items Bibliography

Comments

80-81

PageRef.

Dynasty IV - Dynasty V 61 cm Base H. W. L. Wf. 1 -

Dress Jewellery

-

Df. I

Arms

ALI

J. I

Stance

SLI

Generally good but missing arms and all of lower body. Mariette, 1860 CG 34, male, Catalogue No. A3; ?JE 10177, CG 32, male, Catalogue No. A5; granite false door. Mariette, Mastabas, 127-9; PM 111/2,459-460; Ranke, Personennamen 1,338,24; Aldred, Old Kingdom Art, 34; Vandersleyen, JEA 69 (1983), 61-65; Nofret- Die Schone, 50, No. 20; Cherpion, Mastabas, 99. -

147

A5

Plate No. Inventory No.

4

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 10177; CG 32; SR 14957

Description

Male torso

Provenance

Saqqara, perhaps tomb 36

Date Statue Height wig Accessories Inscription Condition Colour Date of Discovery Associated items Bibliography

81

PageRef.

Dynasty IV - Dynasty V 69 cm Base H. IV. L. W. 1 Ac. 4

Dress jewellery

-

D. 2

Arms

A. 3

J. I

Stance

SA

Some heavy cracking on the left side of the head. Missing entirely below the hips. Traces of red paint around the eyes. Mariette, January 1860 Perhaps part of the tomb group CG 34, male and CG33, female, Catalogue Nos. A3 and A4. PM 111/2,724-5; Vandier, Manuel 111,125; Wolf, Kunst, 170,173-4, Pl. 138; Staehelin, Trcicht, 160, n. 5; Shoukry, SASAE 15,90 n. 1; 92 Cherpion, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10; 3; 5, 6; 104 100 n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. Mastabas, 99.

Comments

148

A6

Plate No.

Inventory No. Description

5

Page Rer.

81

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 26645: CG 268; SR 15720 Striding male

Provenance Saqqam,tomb of Kahif, Prophet of the Pyramid of Nyuserre Date Dynasty V- end of reign of Nyuserre or slightly later StatueHeight wig Accessories

101 Cm

BaseH. W. L.

W. 2

Dress

Ac. 4,5

jewellery

-

D. 3

Arms

A. 3

J.2,3

Stance

S. 1

Inscription

Base, three vertical lines and one horizontal: (1) rhý-nsivhn-pr fry-ýtmw c3 c3 (3) (4) ýim-ntr (2) pr imv-r wpt pr K3(f)#wfif hun [... mn] swt Text on skirt illegible; Borchardt reads i'my-Ir ... [Ny-wsr-Rcl ým-ntrK3(t)-ý(wfi`f

Condition

The thick decorative plaster layer is in poor condition, but the statue underneath appears to be in relatively good condition. The ears are damaged, the inlaid eyes are gone, the left forearm is missing.

Colour Date of Discovery

Black on wig, white on skirt, red on skin and skirt knot, yellow red inscription blue tassels, on skirt. and green collar, red and green 18 May 1873

Associated Items

Perhaps JE 22073, female, Catalogue No. A7.

Bibliography Comments

PM HI/2,722; Staehelin, Tracht, 160 n. 5; Shoukry, SASAE 15,92 n. 3,100 n.7,104 n. 3, n. 4. This statue was found on the same day as JE 22073, Catalogue No. A7. It is possible that they come from the same tomb.

I ---3 0

R/ RI MR, -R11/,; Z-

P" iIgol P,og

MEMM,

VV&!!: ý

9/5,

I MV 1231/1-IM/Mim

149

A7

Plate No. Inventory No.

6

PageRef.

Cairo, EgyptianMuseum,JE 22073;CG 269; SR 277

Description

Standing female

Provenance

Saqqara - perhaps tomb of Kahif

Date Statue Height wig

81

DynastyV- endof reign of Nyuserreor slightly later 50 cm BaseH. W. L. Wf. I

Accessories -

Dress

Df. 2

Jewellery J.3,4, (7)

Arms

Af. 2

Stance Sf.2

Inscription Condition Missing right arm, base,andmostof the originalcoveringlayerof decoratedplaster. ), greenon Colour Black wig, yellow skin, tracesof black on ankles(anklets? dress.Collar is dark blue, red andgreen,the tiesarewhite with red markings. Dateof Discovery 18May 1873 items PerhapsJE 26645,male,CatalogueNo. A6. Associated Bibliography PM 111/2,725; Staehelin,Tracht, 124;Shoukry,SASAE15,92 n. 4, 104n. 2,105 n. 2; Wilkinson, Jewellen.,47. Comments Ibis statuewasfound on the sameday asJE 26645,CatalogueNo. A6. It is possiblethat they comefrom the sametomb.

150

A8

PlateNo. 7 c, d Inventory No. Description

PageRef. 82

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 40037 Head of male

Provenance Saqqara,LS 16 [S902], Vizier Rashepses,serdab Date Dynasty V- Isesi StatueHeight

26 cm

BaseH. W. L.

W. 3

Dress

Accessories Ac. 6

Jewellery

wig

Inscription Condition

-

Arms Stance

Only the head survives. Colour Black coiffure, brows, outlines of eyes,and pupils, moustache; whites of eyes white, tracesof red in the comers of the eyes. Dateof Discovery Quibell, 1907-8 AssociatedItems Stone statuebase: Cairo Temp. No. 23n/17/17 Bibliography Quibell, Saqqara (1907-08), 23-4, Pl. LX; PM 111/2,494-6;5000 drs agyptisk kunst, Louisiana, No. 63; London. 5000 Years, Cat. No. 26; 5000jaar kunst uit Egypte, Cat. No. 23; 5000 dr eg3ptisk konst, Cat. No. 33; Smith, HESPOK, 60; Strudwick, Adininistration, 116-7 [95]; Eaton-Krauss, Representations,Nos. 82-84,151-153; Harpur, Decoration, 275 [456]; Kanawati, Adininistration, 20,133 n. 85. Comments -

151

A9

PlateNo. 7 a, b Inventory No. Description

PageRer. 82

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 28816, CG 153; SR 15078 Torso of striding male

Provenance Akhmim, perhaps from Tomb M23 Memi Date Dynasty V- Isesi StatueHeight wig

123 cm W. I

Accessories Ac. 2

BaseH. W. L. Dress jewellery

Inscription Condition

-

D. 2

Arms

J. I

Stance SA

The arms and the legs below the skirt are missing; a large patch on the belly is gouged out; many cracks and fissures all over statue. Colour Faint tracesof black on wig. Dateof Discovery 1890 AssociatedItems Bibliography PM V, 25; Smith, HESPOK, 61; Kanawati, EI-Haivawish V11,57, Pl. 18a; V, Pls. 4e, 8c, 9b; Shoukry, SASAE 15,90 n. 1,92 n. 3,104 n. 3, n. 8, n. 10,105 n. 1. Comments -

152

A

10

82-83 PageRef.

Plate No.

Inventory No.

New York, MetropolitanMuseumof Art, MMA 26.9.2

Description

Stridingmale

Provenance

Saqqara,tomb of KaemsenunearTeti Pyramid DynastyV- Isesi

Date Statue Height Wig Accessories

118 cm

W. I Ac. 2

Base H. W. L.

Dress Jewellery

-

A. 3

D. 2

Arms

J. I

Stance S.3

Inscription Condition

Colour Date of Discovery Associated Items Bibliography

Baseis badly cracked;the upperpart of the left arm is a modem reconstruction,only tracesremainof theoriginal thick coveringof plaster. Black wig, reddishtraceson skin, white on belt, pinkishtraceson skirt. Firth andGunn, 1921-22 FalsedoorMMA 26.9.1;seatedKaemsenuMMA 26.9.3,Catalogue Cairo JE 63183-94. No. A 11; 11modelboatsandaccessories Firth and Gunn, Teti PýyrainidCemeteries1,31-6,157-8,165; 11,Pls16 [a], I 8 [c, d], 5 1; PM 111/2,541;Strudwick, Adininistration, 134, 149-151,252,257,265,273; Baer, Rank and Title, 128 (462), 143-4 (528); Kees, W7KM 54 (1957), 98- 100; Hayes, Scepter 1,104-6, 112, fig. 60, fig. 66; Smith, HESPOK, 90,205; Lansing, BMMA 23 (1928) 159-60, fig. 1; Staehelin, Tracht, 160, n. 5; Kanawati, Saqqara 1,7-8; Junker, Giza V, 140; Cherpion, Mastabas, 136-7, cf. 228; Poujade, Troisflotilles; Harpur, Decoration, 276 [526], 434 126]; Kanawati, Administration, [343], 19-21.

Comments

153

A

11

PlateNo. 9

Inventory No. Description

PageRer. 82-83

New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, MMA 26.9.3 Seatedmale

Provenance Saqqara,tomb of Kaemsenu,near Teti Pyramid Date Dynasty V- Isesi StatueHeight wig

66 cm WA

BaseH. W. L. Dress

D. 2

Arms

A. 4

Accessories Jewellery Stance S.5 Inscription Condition Facial featuresall gone, left forearm missing, right hand damaged, ravagedby water and termites(?) from mid-thigh to ankle. Seatbadly cracked around back and left hand side. Colour Dateof Discovery Firth and Gunn, 1921-2 Associateditems False door MMA 26.9.1; striding Kaemsenu MMA 26.9.2, CatalogueNo. A 10; 11 model boats and accessoriesCairo JE 63183-94. Bibliography

Firth and Gunn, Teti PýyrainidCemeteries1,31-6,157-8,165; 11,Pls. 16 [a], 18 [b], 5 1; PM 111/2,541; Strudwick, Adininistration, 134, 149-151,252,257,265,273; Baer, Rank and Title, 128 (462), 143-4 (528); Kees, W7KM 54 (1957), 98- 100; Hayes, Scepter1,104-6, fig. 60; Smith, HESPOK, 90,205; Kanawati, Saqqara 1,7-8; Junker, Giza V, 140; Cherpion, Mastabas, 136-7, cf. 228; Poujade, Trois flotilles; Harpur, Decoration, 276 [526], 434 [126]; Kanawati, Adininistration, [343], 19-21.

Comments

154

A

12

PlateNo.

Inventory No.

10 a

PageRef. 83-84

Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, MFA 13.3465

Description

Torso of striding nude male

Provenance

Giza, tomb 2378A, LG 26, SenedjemibMehi

Date Statue Height Wig Accessories

DynastyV- Unas 56 cm

Base H. W. L. Dress Jewellery

DA

Arms

Stance SA

Inscription Condition

The head,torsoandpart of the legsareall thatremain,andtheseare badly crackedanddamaged.The wholestatueis coveredin beeswax andstringwhich obscuresthe details.

Colour Date of Discovery Associated Items Bibliograpby

Reisner,HUMFA expedition1912-13 Male statueMFA 13.3466,CatalogueNo. A 13;5 boundcaptives:3 in Cairo; 2 in BostonMFA 13.3458-9 Reisner,Giza 1,152 [13]; Id., BostonMuseumBulletin xi (1913),62, fig. 18; PM 111/2,87-89;Smith, HESPOK, 58,90; Strudwick, Adininistration,50,113,128,133 [121], 200,218,237,252,285, 301,308; Eaton-Krauss,Representations, Nos. 21-22,121-122; Harpur,Decoration,269 [220], 441 [136]; Posener,Cinqfigurines d'envofiteinent, 2; Kanawati,Administration,[295], 10,13,25,33.

Comments

155

A

13

Plate No.

Inventory No.

10 b, c

83-84

PageRef.

Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, MFA 13.3466

Description

Striding nude male

Provenance

Giza, tomb 2378 A, LG 26, Senedjemib Mehi

Date Statue Height

Dynasty V- Unas 106 cm

Wig

W. I

Accessories

AcA

Base H. W. L.

Dress Jewellery

DA

-

Arms

A. 3

Stance SA

Inscription Condition

Colour Date of Discovery Associated Items Bibliography

Badinsectdamage,especiallyon right side.Faceis virtually leg for down Right temple. missing undamagedexcept crack right below knee,left below mid-calf-,partof the front of the right foot is toes some extant.Eyesmissing. with Wig black. Reisner,HUMFA 1912-13 Male statueMFA 13.3465,CatalogueNo. A 12;5 boundcaptives:3 in Cairo; 2 in BostonMFA 13.3458-9 Reisner,BMFA XI (1913),63 No. 66, fig. 19; PM 111/2,87-89; Smith, HESPOK, 58,90, Pl. 23 [a, b]; Beekman,Hout, 540,fig. 7.90; Strudwick,Administration,50,113,128,133 [121], 200,218, Nos. 237,252,285,301,308; Eaton-Krauss,Representations, 21-22,121-122;Harpur,Decorcition,269 [220]; 441[136]; Smith, AncientEg)pt. Museumof Fine Arts, Boston,Pl. 30; Posener,Cinq figurines denvoaternent,2; Kanawati,Administration,[295], 10,13, 25,33.

Comments

156

A

14

PlateNo.

Inventory No. Description

11 b

PageRef. 84-85

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 93168 Striding male

Provenance Saqqara,tomb of Akhtihotep, near Unas boat pits Date Dynasty V- Unas StatueHeight wig

150 cm (approx) W. I

Accessories Ac. 3

Base11. W. L. Dress jewellery

Inscription Condition

-

D. 2

Arms

A. 3

J. I

stance

S.3

Missing right arm; left foot and basein poor condition; large areasof painted plastercoat chipped and flaking. Colour Black wig, brows and outlines of eyes; skirt white with yellow cross flap; skin red; belt and collar dark green and black. Dateof Discovery Abdessalam Mohamed Hussein, 24 March 1940. Associateditems Seven male statuesCairo JE 93167,93169-93173,93175, Catalogue Nos. A15-21; female statue JE 93174, CatalogueNo. A22 Bibliography Zayed, ASAE 55 (1958), 127-37, Pls. IX-XV11 esp. Pl. IX, 4th from left; PM 111/2,638;Badawi, ASAE 40 (1940), 495, Pl. XLVII; Id., CdE XX (1945), 80 [as Ptahhotep]; von Kdnel, Les pretres-ouab, No. 1,1-4. Comments There is no accessionnumber visible on this statuebut this is most probably the correct number.

157

A

15

12

PlateNo.

Inventory No. Description

PageRef. 84-85

Cairo, Egyptian Museum, JE 93170: SR 18276 Striding male

Provenance Saqqara.tomb of Akhtihotep, near Unas boat pits Date Dynasty V- Unas StatueHeight wig

89 cm

BaseH. W. L.

W. I

Dress

D. 2

Arms

A. 3

stance S.3 Accessories Ac. 3,6 jewellery J.3 is inscribed hieroglyphs lines Base the two on right with vertical of Inscription hand side of the left foot: (l)W'bS1untpr-'3imy-rwfb(w) (2)nbinz3hhrtzb. frnb3ht-htp Some chipping of the painted plaster on the arms, otherwise in very good condition. Some damageto right shoulder now repaired. Colour Black wig, brows, outlines of eyes. nostrils, moustache,nipples; skirt blue; flap; belt dark cross and with yellow skin green white red; red, collar dark green, greenand white; counterpoisegreenand white. Dateof Discovery Abdessalam Mohamed Hussein. 24 March 1940. Associateditems Seven male statuesCairo JE 93167-93169,93171-93173,93175, CatalogueNos. A14, A16-21; female statueJE 93174, Catalogue No. A22. Condition

Bibliography

Comments

Zayed, ASAE 55 (1958), 127-37, Pls. IX-XVII esp. PM 111/22,638; pl. IX, 1st from left, pl. XIV; Badawi, ASAE 40 (1940), 495, Pl. XLVII; Id., CdE XX (1945), 80 [as Ptahhotep]; von Kdnel, Les pr&res-oudb, No. 1,1-4. -

lz=