A special study of the Portuguese Provinces: A Place for Pioneers

Citation preview

a special study of

THE PORTUGUESE PROVINCES: APlace for Pioneers

James Jackson Kilpatrick

prepared for the

AMERICAN-AFRICANAFFAIRSASSOCIATION

j n/ J

INTRODUCTION

W h en th e o fficers o f th e A m erican -A frican A f­ fairs

A sso ciatio n

Jack so n fo r

th e

tu rn ed we

learn ed

K ilp atrick ,

th e

W ash in g to n

S tar

fro m

m ad e

a

v isit

h aste

to

to

late

in

1967

th at

d istin g u ish ed S y n d icate, A n g o la

in v ite

h ad

an d

h im

Jam es

co lu m n ist ju st

re­

M o zam b iq u e,

to

set

dow n

h is

im p ressio n s fo r p u b licatio n an d d istrib u tio n b y th e A sso ciatio n .

W h at

fo llo w s

is

h is

rep o rt,

an d

I

th in k y o u w ill ag ree w ith m e th at it a fascin atin g an d p en etratin g stu d y o f th ese d istan t lan d s. M r.

K ilp atrick

is

w ell k n o w n

to

m em b ers

an d

frien d s o f th e A sso ciatio n as th e p rin cip al rep o rter of

th e

th ree-m an

R h o d esia

in

in d ep en d en t In

th e

th e

in v estig atio n

p o ssessin g

a

th e

M r.

d isp atch ed of

not

to tally least

K ilp atrick ’s

is

“T h e

th e

to

by

us

to

co n d u ct

an

situ atio n

d ealin g

w ith

th ere. reg io n s

d ifferen t cu ltu ral h eritag e; b u t of

w o rk s

th e th at

is co n sisten tly h ig h . I am en jo y

1967

of

p resen t article, h e

it

is

team sp rin g

P o rtu g ese

p leasu res th eir

of

read in g

literary

q u ality

co n fid en t th at y o u w ill

P ro v in ces:

A

P lace

For

P io n eers”, an d w ill fin d it a v alu ab le co n trib u tio n to A m erican u n d erstan d in g o f th e A frican reality .

W illiam R . R u sh er, C o -C h airm an A m erican -A frican A ffairs A sso ciatio n

F eb ru ary , 1 9 6 8

THEPORTUGUESEPROVINCES: APlace For Pioneers James Jackson Kilpatrick It

is

th e

m o st

co m m o n p lace

of

o b serv atio n s—

ev ery A m erican v isito r is stru ck b y th e sam e im ­ p ressio n — to cu liarly

rem ark

“p io n eer

th at

so u th ern

co u n try .”

A frica

W h atev er

is

th e

p e­

th o u g h t

m ay lack in n o v elty , it m ak es u p in strik in g tru th . The

trav eler

w ho

attem p s

to

learn

so m eth in g

of

R h o d esia an d S o u th A frica fin d s h is sen se o f th e G reat W est co n firm ed lo w -u p

v isit

to

an d

A n g o la

stren g th en ed

an d

to

by

a fo l­

M o zam b iq u e.

T h is

is th e g o o d an d in v itin g lan d ; it is th e h ard an d p erilo u s lan d as w ell. D o u b tless th e p u sh ed

to o

p io n eer p arallels o u g h t n o t to

far.

The

O v im b u n d u ,

B ak o n g o

be an d

K im b u n d u o f A n g o la, fo r o n e th in g , are n o t o n ly m o re

n u m ero u s

th an

th e

A p ach es,

C o m an ch es

an d S io u x o f G en eral C u ster’s d ay ; th ey also o c­ cu p y

a

P o rtu g al’s C hokw e g et

th em

b u stlin g h av e

co m p letely o b ject an d

not

C u an h am a;

in to

sch o o l.

cities

reach ed

is

d ifferen t

of a

th at is relativ ely

In

to

of

m ak e

p o litically .

w ar

P o rtu g al’s

upon

o b ject

M o zam b iq u e,

L o u ren co

lev el

p o sitio n

M arq u es

co m m erce

m o re ad v an ced

th an

th e

is

to

th e

b u sy ,

an d

B eira

an d

in d u stry

K an sas C ity

an d S an F ran cisco in th e d ay s o f th e o p en in g o f th e A m erican W est.

4 / A llo w in g

fo r

all

th is,

th e

p io n eer

im p ressio n

p ersists. T o fly in a sm all p lan e o v er A n g o la an d M o zam b iq u e W y o m in g m o re

to

The

cen tu ry

p rairie

iso lated he

cen tu ry

an

as

m u st

is

sch o o n ers

by

cities,

w aitin g . h av e

R o v ers,

P ip er

to

th e

p o w er

sin g le

file

th e The

y ield ­ C u b s.

n o t w h o lly

rad io

N ew

in

th e

of

lo o k ed

o f K an sas

o r m in er is

o u tsid e.

h av e

em p ty ,

L an d

lin k ed

m arch

im p ressio n

B ey o n d

v ast,

Jeep s,

w o rld

th ey

ag o .

ran ch er

g iraffes,

recap tu re

u n ro lls,

lo rries,

lated ; as

a

lan d

lu m b erin g ed

to U tah

th an

lim itless

is

an d

iso ­

tw en tieth

lin es,

u n g ain ly

acro ss

th e

h ills.

B u t w h en th e su n g o es d o w n , th e b u sh is B ib leb lack .

O n ly

m esa

co u n try

by

h o rse

g u ese

th e

an im als

m o v e.

So

th e

m u st h av e b een , w h en

to w ard

p ro v in ces

unknow n are

h o rizo n s.

w ak in g

A m erican

m en

fro m

trav eled

The th e

P o rtu ­

sleep

of

cen tu ries. E co n o m ically th ey h av e p assed a th resh h o ld

p o in t;

lo o k in g

ah ead ,

th ey

see

th e

o p en in g

of

so u th ern

d o o r. A n g o la

lies

A frica, a

lan d

size

of

upon

th e

w est

o f 4 8 1 ,0 0 0

T ex as. A

co ast

sq u are m iles, tw ice th e

recen t estim ate

p laces

th e

pop­

u latio n at 5 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , o f w h o m 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r ab o u t 5

p er cen t, are o f E u ro p ean ex tractio n . T h e A fri­

can s are

alm o st en tirely

d iv id ed

in to

n in e

B an tu

trib al

in

o rig in ; th ey

g ro u p in g s

an d

fo u r

are

p rin ­

cip al d ialects, A n g o la’s 1482

by

lan d

th e

th en

C ongo. h an d s,

h isto ry

an d

sev en teen th co n tro l,

P o rtu g u ese

w as

H is

d ates

lo o sely

au th o rity ex cep t

P o rtu g al

h as

its

ex p lo rer ru led

so o n

fo r

cen tu ry ,

fro m

a w h en

by

D ieg o th e

p assed

few

y ears

D u tch

ex ercised

d isco v ery

C ao . T h e

K in g to in

in

of

th e

P o rtu g u ese th e

in v ad ers effectiv e

m id ­ to o k so v er­

eig n ty o v er A n g o la ev er sin ce. The

fact

h as

co n tem p o rary

sig n ifican ce.

W ith

so lo n g a h isto ry b eh in d th em , th e P o rtu g u ese re­ ject

th e

n o tio n

th at

th ey

are

Jo h n n ies-co m e-lately

in A frica. T h ey can n o t accep t th e v iew o f th e

U n ited a

N atio n s

m ere

th e

co n trary ,

can

p ro v in ces

w h o le.

G en eral

“co lo n y ”

of

th e

A ssem b ly

th e

th at

E u ro p ean

P o rtu g u ese

lo o k

as

in teg ral

p arts

A m erican

v isito rs

are

A n g o la

m etro p o le. upon

of

th e

is On

A fri­

th e

P o rtu g u ese

rem in d ed

rep eated ly

b y th eir h o sts o f th e an alo g y o f H aw aii an d A las­ k a,

eq u ally

U n io n .

In

th e

ach iev ed

fro m

y ears

stateh o o d ,

U n ited

S tates

v en tio n we

rem o te

in

w o u ld

b efo re one

h av e

th eir h av e

th e is

A m erican

th e

territo ries

tw o

ask ed ,

to lerated

d o m estic o b jected .

m ain lan d

w o u ld

in tern atio n al

ad m in istratio n ? By

th e

sam e

th e in ter­

S u rely

reaso n in g ,

it is u rg ed , P o rtu g al w ill co n tin u e to m ain tain h er p o sitio n are

th at

p ro b lem s

en tirely

h er

ow n

of

th e

A frican

d o m estic

p ro v in ces

affairs,

an d

h en ce

b ey o n d th e au th o rity o f th e U n ited N atio n s. P o rtu g al’s case is stren g th en ed b y th e v ery n a­ tu re

of

th e

m u lti-racial,

h as d ev elo p ed A frica

an d

sificatio n no

fo r

th e

tw o

R h o d esia,

of

o fficial

o n ly

in

ev ery

in

n o n -racial

so ciety

p ro v in ces. U n lik e

P o rtu g al

so rt.

statu s

p o litical

or

sh u n s

T rib al

A n g o la

co u rtesy

S o u th

racial

clas­

g o v ern m en ts

an d

in

th at

are

h o ld

reco g n ized

M o zam b iq u e.

V o tin g

is b y a sin g le ro ll. T h e ex p an d in g sy stem o f p u b ­ lic

ed u catio n

is

co m p letely

A frican

d escen t

p ro p erty

o w n ersh ip

lativ e

co u n cil

o n e-th ird th at

serv ice an

of

p asses,

face

is

P erso n s

of

no

racial

im p ed im en ts

in

in

lab o r.

A n g o la’s

leg is­

of

m em b ers;

ab o u t

or

co m p o sed

th em th e

are

A frican ; so

The

is th e

h alf o f all p u b lic

34

A frican s.

n u m b er

in creases.

in teg rated .

of

W ith

ev ery

A frican s

S ecretary

of

in

y ear

th e

civ il

E d u catio n

is

d irecto r o f cu sto m s. A lm o st

em p lo y ees, in clu d in g

th e

p o lice,

are A frican o r m u latto . F in ally , it is said , th ro u g h g en eratio n s

of

h av e

b eco m e

noun

su ffices:

in terracial so

m arriag e,

in term in g led

The

p eo p le

of

th at

a

b lo o d sin g le

A n g o la

are

lin es p ro p er sim p ly

“P o rtu g u ese.” The

o b jectiv e

reserv atio n s.

It

o b serv er is

m u st b e

ap p aren t,

fo rg iv en

esp ecially

in

a

few sm all

to w n s an d ru ral areas, th at a sh arp lin e o f d em ar­

6

/

catio n

sep arates

in d ig en o u s sp eak in g ,

o n ly

tio n s

th e

at

th e

or

co m m erce.

in d ig en o u s

im m ig ran t a

h an d fu l

of

m an ag erial

As

a

n o t ex ist; so cially

b lack s

lev el

m atter

of

an d

b lack

fro m

E u ro p ean . in

law ,

th e

R elativ ely

o ccu p y

p o si­

g o v ern m en t seg reg atio n

eco n o m ically , it is

or

d o es

a

p al­

p ab le fact o f life in A n g o la. T o b e su re, seg reg atio n is a p alp ab le fact o f life in W estch ester C o u n ty as w ell; an d th ere is th is to be

said

of

g en u in ely

th e

v in ces, th at a p u ll

P o rtu g u ese

n o n -racial

th e

p ro d ig io u s

A frican s

en ro llm en t

in

up.

G o v ern o r

th e

are

G en eral

ach iev e

A frican b ein g

p ast

larg ely

m ad e

th ree

A frican

a

p ro ­ to

y ears,

tech n ical

7 ,7 0 0 o t 1 1 ,6 0 0 . In th e

w h o le, ro u g h ly

ch ild ren

to

th e

effo rt is

A n g o la’s

as a

sch o o l-ag e

in

O v er

sch o o ls h as ju m p ed fro m p ro v in ce

p ro m ise

so ciety

66

now

C am illo

p er cen t o f all

in de

sch o o l.

A n g o la’s

M iran d a

R eb o ch o

V az is n o t satisfied w ith th e fig u re; h is ad m in istra­ tio n is seek in g earn estly to ex p an d th e en ro llm en t o f A frican p u p ils, b u t th e o b stacles are im m en se. The lo w

g reatest

of

p o p u latio n

m an y

rem o te

th e

p ro b lem s

d en sities p arts

of

of

is

th e

A n g o la,

ro o ted ru ral

a

in

areas.

h u n d red

th e In

sq u are

m iles w ill n o t tu rn u p a h u n d red ch ild ren o f sch o o l ag e. R o ad s in su ch areas are little m o re th an trails. T h e p rev ailin g to n g u e is a trib al d ialect. H o w are th ese

ch ild ren

to

be

b ro u g h t to g eth er

fo r

classes?

W h ere are teach ers to b e fo u n d ? T h e ty p ical ru ral A frican little th e

fam ily , su b sistin g

m o tiv atio n

fo r

circu m stan ces,

g al’s

cred it

th at

in

a m ud

learn in g

it

is

ev en

in

th e

h u t, h as h ad p ast.

p erh ap s

g reatly

tw o -th ird s

of

to

U n d er P o rtu ­

th e

ch ild ren

tw o

d ecad es

are receiv in g so m e ed u catio n . g en eral

ag reem en t,

sh o u ld

By

w itn ess

sw ift

p eo p le

of

A n g o la.

th e

n ex t

ad v an cem en t A

n u m b er

fo r of

th e

A frican

co n sid eratio n s

su p p o rt th is o p tim istic v iew . P o litical fo rces p lain ly w ill co n tin u e to p u sh th e P o rtu g u ese

g o v ern m en t

in

th e

d irectio n

of

in ter­

/ 7 n al

refo rm s.

w o rd ;

th e

“In d ep en d en ce”

U .N .’s

u n ceasin g ly ;

G en eral

n eig h b o rin g

is

th e

talism an ic

A ssem b ly

Z am b ia

d em an d s

an d

th e

it

C ongo

h av e it. P o rtu g al is d eterm in ed n o t to g ran t in d e­ p en d en ce th e

in

eith er

S alazar

A n g o la

g o v ern m en t

or

M o zam b iq u e,

sen sib ly ,

if

but

b elated ly ,

re­

co g n izes th at if b lo o d y rev o lu tio n is to b e av o id ed , th e A frican m ajo rity m u st b e ab le to see a satis­ facto ry w ay o f life in co n tin u ed P o rtu g u ese affili­ atio n . Iro n ically , m istak en ly ap p ear tain

to

th e

sev eral

d escrib ed

as

h av e

th e

aid ed

p ro v in cial

terro rist

o rg an izatio n s,

“n atio n alist”

P o rtu g u ese

statu s.

g ro u p s,

effo rts

to

D istu rb an ces

now m ain ­

in

A n g o la

b eg an in 1 9 5 9 an d cam e to an ap p allin g clim ax in 1961

w ith

m iles not

of

trib al

b lack s

in .

P rio r

o n ly . also .

1961,

in d ep en d en ce

B ut

In

a

ex isted

th e

th e

an im o sities,

su ffered to

o f E u ro p ean s alo n g

b o rd er.

E u ro p ean s

an cien t

la’s

b u tch ery

C o n g o lese

k ill

of

th e

terro rists

sav ag e

b ack lash

co n sid erab le am o n g

d id

rek in d lin g

th o u san d s

A

300

of

A ngo­

p ro cess

set

sen tim en t

fo r

b lack s

an d

w h ites

alik e; to d ay , o n e is to ld , th at sen tim en t h as sh arp ­ ly

d im in ish ed .

g u ese

tro o p s

v io len t

raid s

as

one

of

terro rist

The

p ro tectiv e

ap p ears of

H o ld en

u n ex p ected

A frican

h as

co m p o u n d s

co m m u n ities

to

w h ere

P o rtu ­

th e

to

th e

g u errillas.

A nd

recu rrin g

p ro m p ted resettle

p u b lic

of

p referab le

R o b erto ’s

d iv id en d ,

attack s

p resen ce

v astly

m an y

in

ed u catio n

th reat iso lated

safer,

larg er

now

b eco m es

terro rist

o rg an i­

a feasib le p o ssib ility . In

th e

w in ter

zatio n s,

su fferin g

sen sio n ,

ap p eared

of

1 9 6 7 -6 8 ,

th e

th em selv es to

be

fro m

u n d er

in tern al

reaso n ab le

d is­

co n tro l.

T h e p rin cip al g ro u p , th e U n io n o f th e P o p u latio n s o f A n g o la lo w in g

(U P A ), is

w ith in

th o u g h t to

A n g o la

U n d er

R o b erto ’s

tin u es

to

of

not

lead ersh ip ,

o p erate

fro m

co m m an d

m o re

th e

th an

a

o rg an izatio n

h ead q u arters

in

fo l­

1 0 ,0 0 0 . co n ­

K in sh asa.

O p p o sed to th e U P A is th e P o p u lar M o v em en t fo r th e

L ib eratio n

of

A n g o la

(M P L A ),

h ead q u ar­

8

/

tered

in

B razzav ille,

The

M PLA

b ia,

are

an d

led

g u errillas,

ex cellen tly

C u b an

by

arm ed

reso u rces.

d istu rb an ces

in

D r.

raid in g an d

h av e

N eto .

fro m

Z am ­

by

R u ssian

train ed

T h ey

so u th east

A n g o stin h o

larg ely

created

A n g o la,

in

lo cal

th e

g en eral

area o f L u so an d C ato m b o , an d h av e h arassed th e B en g u elan

railw ay ,

but

au th o rities

in

L u an d a

b e­

liev e th e raid s can b e co n tain ed . To tain s

co u n ter so m e

th e

terro rist

4 5 ,0 0 0

au g m en ted

by

attack s,

P o rtu g al

to

5 0 ,0 0 0

tro o p s

to

2 ,0 0 0

m ilitia.

up

in

m ain ­

th e

A

field ,

S electiv e

S erv ice sy stem is in fu ll o p eratio n . B y th e en d o f 1967,

ap p ro x im ately

2 0 ,0 0 0

A n g o lan

m en ,

w ith ­

o u t reg ard to race, h ad b een d rafted fo r th ree-y ear en listm en t

p erio d s.

Som e

750

P o rtu g u ese

tro o p s

h av e b een k illed in actio n in A n g o la, b u t m o st o f th em d ied in th e 1 9 6 1 fig h tin g . M ilitarily , th e o u t­ lo o k is g o o d . E co n o m ic ag in g

fo rces

ro le

ad d itio n al stalled

in

also

are

A n g o la’s

fu tu re.

7 5 ,0 0 0 -k ilo w att

at

th e

m assiv e

p lay in g

an

In

g en erato rs

en co u r­

1968, w ill

C am b am b w e

tw o

be

p o w er

in ­ p lan t

o n th e C u an za R iv er so u th east o f L u an d a. B u ilt in 1962

at a co st o f $ 4 3 m illio n , th e h y d ro electric

in stallatio n is th e p rid e o f A n g o la. A s d em an d fo r p o w er

in creases,

d am s an

w ill

be

ab u n d an t

fu tu re.

At

u n d erw ay

th e

b u ilt p o w er

th e fo r

d am su p p ly

en d

b o th

w ill

u p stream ; of

a

be

th e o v er

1967,

steel

m ill

raised ;

o th er

p ro sp ect th e

is

n eg o tiatio n s an d

fo r

fo reseeab le

an

w ere

alu m in u m

p ro cessin g p lan t. In

an

o ffers g ram

effo rt

a

n u m b er

o f tax

to

attract of

fo reig n

in cen tiv es,

ex em p tio n

cap ital,

in clu d in g

A n g o la a

fo r p erio d s o f fiv e to

p ro ­ ten

y ears. T ech n ical ed u catio n o f a lab o r fo rce is ex ­ p an d in g

rap id ly ,

th o u g h

it

is

freely

ad m itted

th at

sk illed lab o r is in sh o rt su p p ly . T h e g en erally lo w in co m e strict

lev el o f th e

situ atio n

th e

d o m estic

A frican

p eo p le

co n su m er

is im p ro v in g . W ag e

serv es

m ark et,

to

re­

but

th is

rates start at a

gov-

/9 ernment-fixed minimum of 171/2 escudos per day (about 55 cents); major employers also must pro­ vide housing, clothing, medical care, recreational facilities, and other benefits. This system of bene­ volent corporate paternalism, under strict govern­ ment control, appears to work well. Angola’s principal need, as described by the Governor General, is for a massive inflow of capi­ tal and technical skill. “We could take thousands upon thousands of technically trained people, “he says. “We are getting only hundreds and hun­ dreds.” The country is rich in copper, manganese, phosphates, tungsten, titanium, and diamonds; the discovery of oil in northern Cabinda in 1966, now under development by Gulf, has created boom conditions there. A housing market of significant proportions is in prospect. Angola is the third largest producer of coffee in the world. Emigrant farmers and livestock growers are offered title to up to 60,000 acres of land after three to five years of successful production. Modern-day pioneers who may wish to tackle Angola will find life in the back country hard but endurable, and potentially rewarding. The capital city of Luanda will remind American visitors of Charleston and Savannah—arches, verandas, col­ umns; houses of pale green, rose, beige, bright blue; native women, standing straight as 6 o’clock, with baskets on their heads; luxury apartments only a few blocks from thatch-and-mud native slums. Air service is complicated by political em­ bargoes over most of Africa, but good jet sched­ ules link Luanda with Lisbon, Johannesburg, Salisbury and Beira. Costs of living are moder­ ately high. English is spoken as a nearly universal second language. Crime is almost unknown. Many of the foregoing observations apply with equal effect to Mozambique, on Africa’s south­ eastern coast, though Mozambique is larger in population (7,000,000) and smaller in area (303,000 square miles) than her sister province

/

12

o f A n g o la. T h e p rin cip al cities o f L o u ren co M ar­ q u es

an d

B eira

an d a

an d

B en g u ela;

faster;

th e

are

seco n d

M o zam b iq u e

m o re th e

so p h isticated

p ace

lan g u ag e

cu ltu rally

of

o ften

lo o k s

th an

u rb an is

m o re

Lu­

liv in g

F ren ch ;

to

th e

is an d

M id d le

E ast an d E ast th an to th e W est. O ne

sen ses

ran g e

of

in

M o zam b iq u e,

b o th

p ro b lem s

m o reo v er,

an d

a

w id er

o p p o rtu n ities

th an

o n e fin d s in A n g o la. H ere ev ery th in g is m o re in ­ ten se. R elativ ely

sp eak in g ,

co m m u n ity

in

b erin g

m o re

no

th e

M o zam b iq u e th an

E u ro p ean is

q u ite

1 4 5 ,0 0 0

in

(w h ite) num :

sm all,

all— ab o u t

tw o

p er cen t o f th e to tal. T h e g reat b u lk o f th e p o p ­ u latio n

is

co m p o sed

B an tu

sto ck — th e

so u th ,

th e

M acu as

A frican

trib al

an d

C h an g o n es

T so n g a

S en a

acro ss

of

an d th e

M an ica n o rth ,

in

th e

g ro u p s

th e

of

in

th e

cen ter,

th e

sav ag e

M ak o n d es

alo n g th e T an zan ian b o rd er, an d th e N ian ja in th e L ak e

N y assa

area

b o rd erin g

M alaw i. E ach

of

th e

m ajo r trib es h as retain ed its o w n d ialect an d b asic trib al o rg an izatio n . In th e so u th , a p ro cess o f n a­ tiv e

assim ilatio n

m o v es

fo rw ard

stead ily ;

h ere

th e

S o u th A frican g o ld m in es o ffer a so u rce o f co n ­ tract

em p lo y m en t,

M arq u es

ex ert

n o rth , th e area

a

th e

is

q u ite

N am p u la,

riv ers,

in d u stries

m o d ern izin g

situ atio n

b ey o n d

L u g en d a

an d

L o u ren co

in flu en ce.

d ifferen t. In

b etw een

civ ilizatio n

of

th e

ad v an ces

In

th e

th e

v ast

L u rio

an d

slo w ly .

T h is

is w ild an d ru g g ed co u n try . A lo n g th e co ast, fro m Lum bo

to

N acala

o p al

w aters

rise

ab ru p tly

p elag o s

in

g iv e

co tto n

lab o r.

F ew

P o rto th e

fro m

a

th ere,

an d b ack

sea

th e of

th e

sk y .

sh allo w

M o u n tain s

co astal p lain , ro ck y b ro w n

p lan tatio n s W estern

A m elia, azu re an d

attract

v isito rs

arch i­

g reen . H ere a

fo rce

p en etrate

an d

of

n ativ e

in to

C ab o

D elg ad o . Its reso u rces aw ait an o th er d ay . For by

a

v ariety

P o rtu g u ese

d isu n ity

am o n g

of

reaso n s— y ears

ru lers, ab sen ce th e

sh arp ly

of

in d ifferen ce

o f in d u strial cap ital,

sep arated

trib es, d iffi­

/ 13 cu lties

in

n o m ic

co m m u n icatio n — th e

d ev elo p m en t

slo w ly . E stim ates now

so cial

M o zam b iq u e

v ary

on

th e

an d

h as

eco ­

p ro ceed ed

n u m b er o f ch ild ren

receiv in g sch o o lin g . A t th e en d o f 1 9 6 7 , th e

fig u re

rep o rted ly

6 0 0 ,0 0 0 , b u t th e co m p u lso ry

o n ly

co m p u lsio n

is

p er

of

cen t

w as

in

fig u re

is

th ro u g h

d ifficu lt

of

th e

th e

n eig h b o rh o o d

of

d ecep tiv e. E d u catio n

th e

to

fo u rth

y ear, an d

en fo rce.

ch ild ren

go

is

F ew er

p ast

th e

th an

th is

12

p rim ary

sch o o lin g , an d m o st o f th ese are ch ild ren o f E u ro ­ p ean

ex tractio n .

An

estim ated

600— one

out

of

a

th o u san d — g o o n to h ig h er ed u catio n . The

situ atio n

is

not

w h o lly

b leak .

E ach

y ear

sees a su b stan tial ju m p in th e p ercen tag e o f A fri­ can

p u p ils g o in g o n

lib eral

arts

sch o o ls

to

train in g .

cam e

in to

in d u strial, co m m ercial an d

M o re

th an

ex isten ce

a

h u n d red

b etw een

trad e

1960

an d

1 9 6 6 ; th e n ew ly ceu m s th at o n e v isits in B eira an d L o u ren co

M arq u es

ap p aren tly

w ell

are

attractiv ely

ad m in istered ,

but

d esig n ed th ey

are

an d so rely

in n eed o f lib rary an d lab o rato ry facilities. A n ew u n iv ersity ties

in

in

th e

h ig h er

cap ital ed u catio n .

av ailab le,

but

ab ly

few

A frican

m en t

in

ed u catio n

co m m u n ities m en ted

by

o ffers

th e

M ed ical

m ed ical stu d en ts. by

sch o o l An

o p p o rtu n i­

in stru ctio n

is

attracts

lam en t­

in terestin g

ex p eri­

rad io ,

in ten d ed

fo r

iso lated

th e

p ro v in ce,

is

su p p le­

teach in g

“b rig ad es”

th ro u g h o u t m o b ile

lim ited

w h o se

ob­

ject is to raise th e so cial an d cu ltu ral lev els o f th e b u sh . P lain ly , m u ch rem ain s to b e d o n e. E co n o m ic co m p ares The

d ev elo p m en t

g en erally

p ro v in ce

n ician s;

it

n eed s o ffers

m an ag ers an d n eer ch iefly b een

sp irit.

w ith in

in

cap ital; it n eed s stro n g

b au x ite, T ex tile

p ro cessin g

o ffer

b iq u e

w ell in

an d

fo r

co tto n

W estern reso u rces,

scarcely

m an u factu rin g

attractiv e

tech ­

o f th e p io ­

m in eral

tan talite,

A n g o la.

sk illed

in cen tiv es

M o zam b iq u e’s

g o ld ,

M o zam b iq u e

co n d itio n s

ad m in istrato rs p o ssessed

to u ch ed . d o es

w ith

o p p o rtu n ities.

an d

h av e fo o d

M o zam ­

p ro d u ctio n ; sin ce

1966,

th e p ro v in ce h as p ro cessed its o w n larg e o u tp u t o f

14

/

cash ew

n u ts;

an d

th o u g h

cattle

raisin g

is

h an d i­

cap p ed b y th e u n tam ed tsetse fly , th e area so u th o f th e

L im p o p o

T o u rism n o m ic

one

th e

a

rich

in creasin g

facto r.

tain s in

h o ld s

is

At

of

p o ten tial

fo r

im p o rtan ce

as

G o ro n g o sa,

th e

w o rld ;

in

m o st

tw o

an

eco ­

M o zam b iq u e

sp ectacu lar

th o u san d

liv esto ck .

g am e

m iles

of

m ain ­

p reserv es sh o re

lin e

o ffer h u n d red s o f seclu d ed an d b eau tifu l b each es. M o st

of

M o zam b iq u e’s

in d u strial

eco n o m y

re­

v o lv es aro u n d th e p o rt cities o f L o u ren co M arq u es an d

B eira.

cap p ed tio n s

T h eir

d ev elo p m en t

p o litically , upon

by

R h o d esia

th e an d

m an ifested

w ith in

th e

P o rtu g al’s

p o licies

in

sev erely d esian

u n d er

B eira an d m atic

by

h as

an d b een

b een

h an d i­

N atio n s’

san c­

g en eral

B eira

h as

b lo ck ad e

n ew

o il

k ey .

The

less

affected ;

d isfav o r

co m m u n ity

A frica.

B ritish A

th e

w o rld

to w ard su ffered

ag ain st

p ip elin e,

S alisb u ry , is k ep t in

lo ck

q u es

th e

co m m erce.

h as

U n ited

R ho­

co n n ectin g

ch ain s u n d er d ra­

p o rt

of

L o u ren co

its

g ro ss

M ar­

co m m erce

ro se fro m 7 .6 m illio n to n s in 1 9 6 4 to an estim ated 1 1 .5 m illio n to n s in 1 9 6 7 , as n ew trad e w ith S w a­ zilan d

an d

d esian

S o u th

b u sin ess.

p o p u latio n , m o d ern of

S ettlem en t efit

of

th e

M o zam b iq u e

city

m an g an ese,

fo r

rem ark ab ly

co p p er

th e

R ho­

2 0 0 ,0 0 0

b u lk

p ro b lem

im m en sely ;

in

b arely

b o asts

esp ecially

R h o d esian

lo sses

of

M arq u es

facilities,

ch ro m e,

rep laced

a

L o u ren co

p o rt

su g ar,

A frica For

carg o es

an d

iro n .

w o u ld

p ro v in ce

b en ­

reck o n s

its d irect lo ss, as a co n seq u en ce o f th e san ctio n s, at n early $ 5 0 m illio n in p o rt traffic an d rail freig h t th ro u g h n atio n tu g al in

1967. of

h as

th is

W ith

h o p e, sen t

am o u n t.

a

ty p ical

p essim ism th e

U n ited

T h ere

is

an d

P o rtu g u ese w ry

N atio n s no

co m b i­

h u m o r,

a

d ead p an

fo reseeab le

P o r­ b ill

p ro sp ect

o f th e U .N .’s p ay in g u p . P ro b lem s

of

in tern al

secu rity

co n tin u e

to

tro u ­

b le th e p ro v in ce, b u t early in 1 9 6 8 th ese ap p eared to

be

th an w ith in

m o re a

of

serio u s th e

a

co stly

th reat

P o rtu g u ese

to

an d

d an g ero u s

M o zam b iq u e’s

arran g em en t.

Two

n u isan ce su rv iv al in su rg en t

/ 15 o rg an izatio n s are activ e, b u t ag ain , it is a m istak e to

th in k

fo rces” of

of

th em

or

as

“n atio n alists”

“freed o m

M o zam b iq u e,

fig h ters.”

by

an d

or

The

larg e,

“lib eratio n

trib al

h av e

b lack s

no

m o re

id en tificatio n w ith a p ro sp ectiv e “n atio n o f M o zam ­ b iq u e” th an th e b lack s o f A n g o la h av e a n atio n al id en tificatio n

w ith

th eir

o sten sib le

p u rp o se

of

“estab lish

d em o cracy .”

w estern

th e

p ro v in ce.

in su rg en t

T h is

is

The

lead ers

sh am .

is

to

T h eir

first

o b ject is p o w er; th eir seco n d is b o o ty . T h e larg er o f th e tw o g ro u p s is th e M o zam b iq u e L ib eratio n ed

by

th e

p ast

F ro n t, sev eral

h ead q u artered fo rt

in

a

th e

o n etim e

p o rted ly

D ar

is

es

is

In

A

no

au to m atic

p ro v id ed R u ssia. w ith

by By

th e

rifles,

C h in a,

fello w -trav eler,

fro m of

ev ery

b o th

1967,

w h ich

an d assists th em th e

5 0 0 -m ile

relies

For

life

The

A

an d

N ot

L azaro

co m m an d er.”

by

o p erates

th e

w arrio rs,

w ho

gov­

terro rists

all

h ard y , of

allian ce

trad i­

th eir a

trib al lead in g

d escrib ed

as

in clin ed

to

w illin g

to

but

th em

K av an d am e,

lo o se

fo r are

M o n d lan e w ho

p lay ed

rev o lu tio n ,

ro u g h

q u arrels.

w ith

m o rtars

T an zan ian fo r

m iserab le

M ak o n d es,

Z an zib ar

fig h ters,

in tern al

th e

m an p o w er,

m ad e

fierce stick

b o rd er.

h av e th e

an d

p ro v id ed

in o p eratin g train in g cam p s alo n g M ak o n d e

in

P eip in g

P o rtu g u ese

F R E L IM O

of

upon

n eig h b o rs.

guns

tru ck s

ch iefly

tio n ally ro le

su p p o rt

p ro v id es

re­

b an d s. T h ey

ex p lo siv es

in d icatio n ,

co m p lete

ern m en t,

m ach in e

an d

w h ere

U n iv ersity

fo rces cap tu red o n e o f th e F R E L IM O fo u n d

b een

ap p aren t d isco m ­

S y racu se

au tu m n

For

h as

T an zan ia,

v eteran

su p p o rt

th e

h ead ­

M o n d lan e.

o rg an izatio n

w ith at

d raw in g

F R E L IM O ,

S alaam ,

v illa.

in stru cto r

M o sco w .

th e

liv in g

p alatial

as

E d o u ard o

y ears,

in

D r. M o n d lan e

an d

know n

W estern -ed u cated

are

th eir b etw een

“o p eratio n al th e

M a­

k o n d es an d th e less w arlik e N ian jas seem ed to b e w eak en in g to w ard th e en d o f 1 9 6 7 . M o n d lan e so m e

p u b licly

8 0 0 ,0 0 0

h as

p erso n s

claim ed

liv in g

in

d o m in atio n th e

N iassa

C ab o D elg ad o d istricts. T h e claim is d isp u ted b y

o v er an d

16

/

P o rtu g u ese th e

au th o rities

M ak o n d e

in

terro rists

M o zam b iq u e,

co n tro l

o n ly

w ho

a

few

say co m ­

m u n ities in th e n o rth ern tip o f th e M u ed a p lateau . T h e P o rtu g u ese estim ate F R E L IM O stren g th at 3 .5 0 0

g u erillas in sid e M o zam b iq u e, p lu s an o th er

2 .5 0 0

in train in g in T an zan ia. It is a fo rce o f su ffi­

cien t size to tie d o w n a larg e n u m b er o f P o rtu g u ese tro o p s

(th e

n u m b er

is

say

are p ressin g

a cam p aig n to

tin y

v illag es

p an ies

of

th e

classified ),

co m m an d ers

th at

situ atio n

freck le

lo cal

m ilitia

but

is

P o rtu g u ese

co n tain ed .

T h ey

w in su p p o rt fro m

th e are

h ig h

p lateau ;

b ein g

th e

co m ­

recru ited

w ith

so m e su ccess. A t th e en d o f 1 9 6 7 , so m e 4 0 0 v il­ lag es w ere th o u g h t to b e “lo y al, secu re, an d p ro P o rtu g al” w ith th e co n tested area. A

sm aller

b iq u e o p erates w ith

terro rist

o rg an izatio n ,

R ev o lu tio n ary out

th e

of

h ead q u arters

m an ifest

th e

C o m m ittee

san ctio n

in of

M o zam ­

(C O R E M O ),

L u sak a, Z am b ia’s

Z am b ia, P resid en t

K en n eth D . K u an d a. L ittle is k n o w n o f C O R E M O ; it

w as

estab lish ed

p rin cip al

su p p o rt

in

1965,

upon

th e

an d

relies

C h in ese

fo r

its

C o m m u n ists.

T o w ard th e en d o f 1 9 6 7 , its activ ities ap p eared to b e slo w ly in creasin g . R em n an ts also ex ist o f still a th ird reb el o u tfit, th e M o z a m b i q u e

A frican

N ational

U nion

( M A N U ) , w h ich w as fo rm ed in 1 9 6 1 b y a g ro u p of

M ak o n d e

of

M atth ew

ex iles

in

K en y a

M ich in ji

1964, M A N U

u n d er th e

M m ale.

F ro m

lead ersh ip 1962

u n til

w as m erg ed w ith M o n d lan e’s F R E ­

L IM O ; th en th e m erg er b ro k e u p in a sp ate o f ac­ cu satio n s

th at

sto o g e.” th e

o th er

lead ersh ip

S an to s,

M o n d lan e

S till th e

p h y sician ,

of R ev .

D r.

w as

sp lin ter

D av id U riah

E ld er

an

g ro u p s

M ab u n d a,

M arcelin o s

S im an g o ,

M artin s.

“A m erican ack n o w led g e

an d

The

a

dos w h ite

co m b in atio n s

o f reb el affiliatio n s, it is said , sh ift w ith th e p o li­ tical

w in d s.

As

1968

seem ed lik ely to b lo w O rg an izatio n

of

A frican

b eg an ,

none

of

th e

w in d s

u p an im m ed iate g ale. T h e U n ity ,

d esp ite

so m e

h u f­

fin g an d p u ffin g in O cto b er o f 1 9 6 7 , ap p eared to

/ I V be

d eclin in g

as

M ean w h ile,

an

effectiv e

M alaw i’s

an d

in flu en tial

n o -n o n sen se

fo rce.

p resid en t,

D r.

H . K . B an d a, w as em erg in g as a m ajo r fo rce fo r p eace in cen tral A frica. G reat h o p e w as h eld th at h is

frien d ly

erab le

p rag m atism

p attern

of

m ig h t y et

co -ex isten ce

p ro d u ce

fo r

all

a

to l­

of

A frica

alo n g

th e

d istan t

th e

m ajo r

so u th o f T an zan ia an d th e C o n g o . The

recu rrin g

b o rd ers

g u errilla

aro u se

of

b o th

are

to o

little

A n g o la b u sy

an d

— h av e

b ro u g h t

h ig h -rise in g

to

th e

th e

U .N .’s

upon

th em .

b u ild in g s

p ercen tag e

in

M o zam b iq u e.

ad ju stin g

u rb an izatio n — an d

raid s

co n cern

are

of

sw ift In

ch an g es

b o th up.

A frican

cities

resid en ts

p ersisten t

sp rin g in g

th e

The

th at

p ressu re p ro v in ces,

An

in creas­

p eo p le

ab an d o n

n ativ e d ress in fav o r o f W estern clo th in g . A t ev ery h an d ,

one

n o tices

th e

sp read

of

A m erican

p ro d ­

ucts— Pepsi, Seven-U p, C oca C ola, O range C ru sh ;

S h ell,

M o b il,

co m ic

book

lead s

G u lf. th e

In

th e

young

n ew sstan d s,

a

P o rtu g u ese-A frican

d o w n th e d im e n o v el trail:

Batman Solve o Crime

Perfeito!

P ip er

O ne

flies

in

a

C o m an ch e

o v er

so m e o f th e m o st p rim itiv e lan d o n earth , an d th e p lan e

rad io

b rin g s

“A lex an d er’s

R ag tim e

C o m m ercial

w restlin g

h as

co m e

Fu

p lay s

th e

o u td o o r

M an ch u

stalls

o ffer

F lem in g .

T ru m an

The at

sh u ttle

tim e. O n ly

b erets, th e

B eria

tro o p s, su g g ests

o u tsk irts

C ap o te,

streets

airp o rt tu g u ese

in

of

are

is

as th e

jam m ed p erv asiv e

th at

young

an y th in g

th e

B an d .”

L u an d a.

cin em a.

Jo h n

th ick

h an d so m e

to

D r.

B ook­

O ’H ara,

Ian

w ith

traffic.

The

as

L aG u ard ia

p resen ce d ev ils

m ig h t

be

at

o f P o r­ in

d ark

am iss.

At

p rin cip al cities, car-ch eck s

go

o n b y n ig h t an d d ay ; an d far b ey o n d th e cities, in th e p lain s, th e h ills, th e h ig h p lateau s, in ju n g le an d in d esert, th e trib al life p ersists. B arely h alf a m ile out

of

L u an d a,

by

a

b u sy

fo u r-lan e

h ig h w ay ,

a

m o n k ey sits in a b ao b ab tree, an d b lin k s h is ey es as th e M erced es ro ll b y . B ack

in

L isb o n ,

th e

p ro b lem s

of

th e

p ro v in ces in creasin g ly o ccu p y th e atten tio n o f

em erg in g

/

18

P o rtu g al’s

ag in g

p rem ier

A n to n io

S alazar.

D u rin g

th e co u rse o f an ex clu siv e in terv iew at E sto ril, D r. S alazar an d

stro n g ly

p resen t,

d efen d ed

in

th e

P o rtu g al’s

g rad u al

A frican

p ro v in ces.

elicit a

p ro g ress rep o rt o n

O ne

p o licies,

d ev elo p m en t

q u estio n

w as

g ro w th

p ast

of

th e

in ten d ed

o f th e

to

“m u lti­

racial” co n cep t. “T h e

q u estio n

leav es

me

u n d er

th at it is b eliev ed th e aim

th e

im p ressio n

o f ach iev in g a m u lti­

racial so ciety w as d efin ed o n ly a sh o rt tim e ag o , an d h as o n ly n o w co m m en ced to b e p u t in to effect in A n g o la an d M o zam b iq u e. T h is v iew , if it ex ists, is n o t co rrect. A s d efin ed b y th e C o n stitu tio n , th e P o rtu g u ese

n atio n

h as

fo r

a

lo n g

tim e

co n sid ered

itself, an d is, in fact, m u lti-racial. O u t o f th e d is­ co v ery

of

n ew

g atio n

of

a

lan d s

cam e

n atio n al

th e

w h o le.

su ccessiv e

W h eth er

ag g re­

th e

in h ab ­

itan ts, w h ere th ere w ere an y , w ere b lack o r red o r y ello w th at

w as n o t o f th e essen ce. T h e essen tial w as

th e

n ativ e

in

statu s

w ith

So

th at

w ere

p o p u latio n s th e

A n g o la

p art

co lo n ies

of

in

so v ereig n

an d

th e

th e

w ere

E u ro p ean

M o zam b iq u e

K in g d o m

n in eteen th

p o w er

co n sid ered

su b jects

fo r

of

of an d

P o rtu g al,

cen tu ry

G u in ea an d

sen se,

eco n o m ic

eq u al

P o rtu g al. not

h eld

p u rp o ses.

by T h at

b ein g th e case, th e ad v an cem en t o f th e p o p u latio n p ro ceed s

in

th e

o n ly

d ifferen ces

fro m

in d iv id u al

p ro v in ces b ein g

as

th o se

cap ab ilities

it

d o es

w h ich

an d

th e

h ere, m ay

th e resu lt

lo cal

eco n ­

o m ies.” D r. upon

S alazar

w as

ask ed

ab o u t

P o rtu g al.

He

resp o n d ed

U .N .

w ith

a

p ressu re sw eep in g

criticism o f th o se w h o m h e d escrib ed as “b eliev ers in in stan t civ ilizatio n .” “It is a fact,” h e said , “th at th e U n ited N atio n s is

ex ertin g

p o litical

p ressu re

ev o lu tio n

M o zam b iq u e.

A nd

upon

to

be

it

is

us

in

p ro m o ted not

o n ly

resp ect in th e

to

th e

A n g o la

an d

A frican s

of

co lo r an d o rig in w h o ex ert th is p ressu re; it is th e A sian s;

an d

it

is

th e

W estern ers,

bound

to

co n ­

cep tio n s o f th eir o w n h isto ry , w h o h av e d ifficu lty

/ 19 in

u n d erstan d in g

th em

th at

we

d id

not

p articip ate

w ith

in th e d iv isio n o f A frica in to co lo n ial terri­

to ries,

fo r

w h ich

reaso n

we

are

not

o b lig ated

to

fo llo w th eir ex am p le. “W estern

E u ro p e,

tired

as

a

resu lt

of

W o rld

W ar II, an d fin d in g it im p o ssib le to resist p ressu re ex erted en ce

unpon

h er,

th e

A frican

to

su ccessiv ely

eig n ty .

T h is

sh e

b ecau se

th ere

w ere

w h ich an d

co u ld

territo ries

sh o u ld

be

seco n d ,

no

u n d er

not in to

th e

in d ep en d ­ h er

h av e

‘n atio n s’

tu rn ed

b ecau se

g ran ted

so v er­

d o n e— first,

co n stitu ted

in d ep en d en t

m ajo rity

of

states;

th em

th e eco n o m ic reso u rces o n w h ich to fo rm

th ere lack ed

an ad ­

m in istratio n o f th eir o w n . N o h eed w as p aid to th e fact t h a t tical,

th ere h ad n o t y et b een fo rm ed a p o li­

ad m in istrativ e

an d

eco n o m ic

elite,

cap ab le

o f m an ag in g th e co llectiv e in terest o f w h ich , in ci­ d en tally , in m o st cases n o t th e slig h test aw aren ess ex isted . “W ith o u t n an cial

E u ro p ean

m ean s,

so v ereig n ty ,

w ith o u t

ad m in istratio n

an d

th e

w ith o u t

w h ites

o p en ed

an d

w ho

th e

fi­

ran

th e

m an ag ed

u n d er­

tak in g s, stab ility an d p ro g ress co u ld n o t h av e b een m ain tain ed .

T h is

sh o u ld

h av e

b een

fo reseen ;

but

it w as n o t; an d w ith few ex cep tio n s, th e so -called in d ep en d en t states o f A frica h av e retro g ressed , “T h e id ea h as g ain ed cu rren cy th at th e civ iliza­ tio n o f a p eo p le can b e ach iev ed th ro u g h a p ro cess of

d ev elo p m en t

p erio d

of

fo rm s

th e

p o w ers

to

tim e b asis

of

w h o se

th em

ag ain st

id ea

th at

trib es

can

w h ich

can

be th e

T h is

sh o u ld

su ch

an

ag g reg atio n

be

co n v erted by

d efin ite

an d false

m isco n cep tio n

ex p erien ce

co m m ittin g

n atio n , sim p ly

a

fix ed .

a

of

a

larg e

erro r.

d u ly su m s

th o se w arn ed

so m etim es

in to

sp en d in g

of

h av e

g reat

sh o rt n o tio n

The

h o stile

stru ctu red o f m o n ey ,

is also p artly resp o n sib le fo r th e situ atio n . “F o r

all

th ese

in d ifferen t

to

u n leash ed

by

th e

reaso n s, attack s

A frican s

we of or

of th e by

P o rtu g al U n ited

rem ain N atio n s,

W estern ers.

We

/

20

w o u ld

rem ain

P o rtu g u ese

in d ifferen t

situ atio n ,

to

fro m

th em

ev en

th e

so cio lo g ical

p o litical v iew p o in t, id en tical in sitio n

of

th e

co lo n ial

A frica

p o w ers.

A nd

w ere

to I

th e or

th e

po­

b eg an

by

sh o w in g th at it is n o t.” It

is

p o ssib le

ab so lu tely , tu g al

cred it

still

not

b een

h as

p ressu res

to

an d of

to

D r.

m ak e w h o lly

o u tsid e

S alazar’s

th e

p o in t

sin cerity th at

“in d ifferen t”

o p in io n .

B o th

P o r­

to

terro rist

th e raid s

an d U .N . reso lu tio n s m an ifestly h av e h ad an effect upon

P o rtu g al’s

p ro v in ces. h av e

M o re

p assed

relatio n sh ip th an

sin ce

w ith

four

an d

P o rtu g u ese

a

h er

A frican

h alf

cen tu ries

ex p lo rers

an d

m is­

sio n aries p lan ted flag an d cro ss in A frica. F o r th e m o st p art, th ese w ere y ears o f th e slav e trad e, o f p rim itiv e p o litical

ex isten ce, ap ath y ,

of

of

co lo n ial

ad m in istratio n ,

eco n o m ic

an d

so cial

of

in d if­

feren ce. N o w co m es a tim e o f ren aissan ce fo r P o rtu g al’s p ro v in ces— a w ag es, m ed ical p o w er

tim e

of

co m p u lso ry b en efits, p lan ts.

It

p ro tected

sch o o lin g , n ew

is

still

ro ad s

lab o r, lo w -co st

an d

B ib le-b lack

m in im u m h o u sin g ,

h o sp itals by

n ig h t

G o ro n g o sa, an d th e n ig h t h as y et a tim e to but

in

P o rtu g al’s

p o licy

of

accelerated

an d in ru n ,

g rad u alism

a p ale an d h o p efu l lig h t n o w rim s th e A frican sk y .

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