A Handbook of Modern Spoken Breton [Reprint 2015 ed.] 9783110938159, 9783484429062

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BUCHREIHE DER ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR CELTISCHE PHILOLOGIE HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH WAGNER U N D KARL HORST SCHMIDT

Band 6

MALACHY McKENNA

A HANDBOOK OF MODERN SPOKEN BRETON

Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1988

C I P - T i t e l a u f n a h m e der D e u t s c h e n Bibliothek

McKenna, Malachy: A h a n d b o o k of m o d e r n spoken Breton / Malachy M c K e n n a . - Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1988 ( B u c h r e i h e der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie ; Bd. 6) N E : Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie / Buchreihe ISBN 3-484-42906-2

ISSN 0931-4261

© Max N i c m e y c r Verlag Tübingen 1988 Alle R e c h t e vorbehalten. O h n e G e n e h m i g u n g des Verlages ist es nicht gestattet, dieses Buch o d e r Teile d a r a u s photomechanisch zu vervielfältigen. Printed in Germany. D r u c k : Weihert-Druck G m b H , D a r m s t a d t .

CONTENTS

Page Preface Phonetics

VII 1

Morphology of Verb. 1

103

Morphology of Verb. II

153

Morphology of Noun

183

Index and Corrigenda

267

PREFACE

The material in this monograph was originally published as a series of five separate articles in ZCP vols 35-38, and 41. It is hoped that by having these articles republished together as a book the data will, on the one hand, be more accessible, and, on the other, be more conveniently consulted. The original material has not been changed in any way in this monograph. A table of general contents is given above, while a more detailed list of contents is given at the beginning of each section. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

MMcK

The Breton of Guemene-sur-Scorff (BAS-VANNETAIS) Part 1 - Phonetics T a b l e of C o n t e n t s Nos. refer to paragraphs Semivowels: [j] [w] [u]

Foreword. . . . Introduction

. .

References . . . Abbreviations . .

Stops:

[k]

Diacritical Marks Vowels: Μ[α] [έ] [ε] [έ] [e] Μ Ρ] [i][I] [u][6] [ο] [ό] [Ö] [ο] [ο] Μ

. . .

1 4 7 11 14 16

[t] [p] [g] [d] [b]

Aspiration

49 49 53 56

60

65 71 76 83 91

98

On the nature of occlusives

103

[β] [®]

24

25

Plosives preceded by [s] or [s]

105

Diphthongs: [ei] [&] [έϊ] [οϊ] [αο] [έό] [οό] [ou]

28 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39

Liquids: [r] [r] varying with [1]. [n] . . [r] and the 'retroflex vowel' [1] [1] varying with [r], [n], [t], [d]

107 117 119 122

Nasalization of diphthongs

40

Nasality

43

'Contingent' and 'Non-contingent' nasality

44

[y]

[ö][0]

23

127

Nasals: 129 [n] varying with [d] . . . 136 [n'] 137 to'] 140 ft] 142 [n] varying with [q]; [n'] varying with [η'] . . . . 143 [m] 144

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Malachy McKenna

Labials: 147 [v] 148 [v] varying w i t h [b] . . . 149 [v] varying with [f] . . . 151 [f] 153 [f] 159 [x] 164 [h] 165 [hw] 169 [hn] 170 [hm] 171 [hi] 172 [hr] 173 [h] varying with [x] . . . 174 [h] varying with [r] . . . 178 [s] 181 [s] varying with [h] . . . 188 [z] 190 [ä] 201 [ä] a n d [tä] 204 [s] varying with [s] . . . 206 [i ] 207 [£] varying with [s] a n d [z] 209 [ts] 210 [tä] varying with [kj] a n d [k] 213 [di] 215 Stress Word stress R h y t h m a n d stress mobility Stress a n d t h e utterance Stress a n d vowel quality •— (initial stress in a disyllabic word)

218 220 231 239 244 253

• (initial stress in trisyllabic word) - L (final stress) -- L - L -

a 255 257 258 259

- -

260

Β - ρ (strong initial stress a n d weak final) . . . . Bi ' — C - - (equal stress on both syllables) Ci i• Stress and noun + adjective Stress a n d verb + adverb

261 262 263 264 265 267

.

269

Stress a n d compound tenses

270

Unstressed particles . . . . Stress a n d numerals . . . . Stress a n d pronouns . . . .

271 272 273

Stress a n d subject + verb + object sequence

275

Duration of stressed vowels

276

Duration a n d intensity stress Duration a n d contrast stress

286 287

Duration and rapid speech [V] [V.] [V:] [F] [VC.] [V.O.]

288 291 292 293 294 295 296

Sandhi

297

Foreword The subject of this article was suggested to me by Prof. H. Wagner, in October 1972, and subsequently I spent a period of six months in Guemene-sur-Scorff, (April '73 - October '73). I visited Guemene again in the summer of 1974 to continue my researches. My thanks are due to Q.U.B, for the financial assistance - in the form of an Emily Sarah Montgomery Traveling Scholarship - which they afforded to me to undertake the initial stages of the work. A special word of thanks is due to Prof. Hemon, of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, who

The Breton of Gu&nen6-sur-Scorff

3

gave unsparingly of his time, energy and expert knowledge in answering my numerous questions concerning the present work. It would hardly have been possible to conduct a project of this nature in Ireland, had not Prof. Hemon been at hand to shed light on the many issues that arose in the context of this study; any errors in it are, of course, my own. I wish to thank the Board of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies for providing me with a stipend to continue the work during the period from 1973-76. Introduction Guemene-sur-Scorff is situated in the departement of Morbihan, in the S. East of Brittany. It is approximately in the centre of the inland section of the linguistic region known as Bos- Vannetais, ie. Western Vannetais, whose borders are, traditionally, the river Elle on the west, (this forms the border with Cornouaille) and the river Scorff on the east, (this forms the boundary with Haut-Vannetais). The situation of Bas-Vannetais (that of being a 'buffer-zone' between two major dialects) should be borne in mind when considering the description of the speech-sounds of Guemene, as set out in this article. Guemene was once a thriving centre for livestock sales, but this aspect of its commercial life has declined rapidly in recent years - due largely to rationalisation in farming techniques - and the view of the inhabitants in general is that everything is declining in the town. They point to empty business premises and vacant houses as proof of this, and their preoccupation with the general decline of the town leaves them little time to consider the decline of Breton in Guemene. That is largely an irrelevant issue to them. It is no surprise then that a foreigner who arrives in the town with the express purpose of making a thorough study of Breton should be greeted by a mixture of wonder, suspicion I was called variously 'un espion' and 'un voyou' - and indifference on the part of many. The older, poorer and completely illiterate group of people among whom I found my informants, while being at a loss to understand why I wished to study Breton, were at all times courteous, welcoming and co-operative: had they not been so, this study would never have appeared.

4

Malachy McKemia

The living conditions of my informants were in general quite austere: most of them lived in single-room dwellings, which had earth floors, no running water and a few essential pieces of furniture placed against damp crumbling walls; the most vital and uncorrupt form of Breton is being spoken in such a milieu in Guemene. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the strength of Breton is in inverse proportion to the degree of material wealth manifest in the living conditions of those who speak it. Many of the older group of citizens now living in θηέτηβηέ were not born there, but moved there from the more sparsely populated parts of N.W.Morbihan when widowed, or if their family moved to Paris. These people are no doubt attracted to Ghiimene because of the services it provides, among which the local hospital, which is designed to care for the elderly in particular, is the most important. The daily language of this agegroup (60 years + ) is, of course, Breton, and in spite of the fact that they come from all over the N.W.Morbihan region, they seem to understand one another quite well. The Bretons themselves are quick to point out to an inquirer that Breton changes considerably over short distances, but people do in fact understand one another in spite of this. An afternoon spent conversing with a random selection of Breton speakers will reveal that mutual intelligibility exists against a back-drop of considerable variability; this is especially the case with the group of people who live around the church, and in Kerver, in the N. West corner of the town; but it can happen elsewhere in Guemene. The 40 years"1" age-group can and do speak Breton to their elders, but this is more likely to happen on the outskirts of the town than in the centre where all the commerce is conducted. I got little information from this age-group: though Breton was their first language it had become dormant and the fate of that language was a non-issue to them. The children of this group knew no Breton whatsoever. Exceptions can be found to this general analysis of the linguistic situation on the lines of age-groups, but it does hold true for most of Brittany. To a great degree, Breton is the language of the aged and the poor, and its fate seems to have been sealed.

The Breton of G-u&nen^-sur-Scorff

5

Some problems arose in the context of my field-work that might be worth documenting here. As was said before, the student of Breton is greeted by a good deal of suspicion, and genuine personal relationships must be formed quickly with potential informants. (Pensioners in Gu&meni are especially wary of young strangers, since they are afraid of being attacked and robbed by these people: such activities are not unprecedented in the area.) I could find no monoglot in the area; one subject never spoke French, but she did understand it, and did take part in bilingual conversations which are the despair of the field-worker. The older group of Breton speakers turn to French as soon as a young person appears, and, as this is an automatic reaction, it took some time before I was greeted in Breton; frequently in the course of a conversation being conducted in Breton, a speaker would turn to me and address me in French: this I believe was done unconsciously. Speakers would often turn to the medium of French in the course of a conversation being held through the medium of Breton; sometimes they would turn back to Breton, especially if I addressed them in that medium. Prices, dates, age — these were all expressed through French; if a speaker was relating an event, the language of which was French, then the narration would be in French. The conversation may well continue through the medium of French if the researcher does not intervene. All in all, the presence of French was immediate and pervasive. In the beginning, informants were willing to answer numerous questions as they were aware that I was anxious to learn their language, and were willing to help. However, when I became sufficently fluent to carry on a conversation in Breton, informants lost interest in my questions and preferred to talk about current topics, and to reminisce. Fortunately, I had one informant who, though completely illiterate, did understand, much more than the others, the nature of my researches and he was prepared to sit through three-hour questioning sessions; the speech of this man (Julien Janan) became, perforce, the basis of the study which followe. It would be impractical to name the many people in Guemeni who assisted me daily in my researches, but the following deserve special mention:

6

Malachy McKenna

(1) Julien Janan, aged 73; ex-soldier, stone-mason, factory labourer and gardener; Moulin-a-Tan. (2) Mme. Janan, the wife of (I); since deceased. (3) Job Koguig, aged 68; ex-soldier, farm-labourer. Kerver. (4) Mme. Marie-Job Koguig, aged c. 65, the wife of (3). (5) Mme. Marie Fresset, aged c. 65, widow; cafe-owner. Rue Smile Μαζέ, Guememb. Note: the number before the name, and not the name, is used infra to indicate informants.

References EC. E t u d e s Celtiques. RC. R e v u e Celtique. HMSB. Roparz Hemon. A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton. (Dublin, 1975). H P B . K e n n e t h Jackson. A Historical Phonology of Breton. (Dublin, 1967). S P L . Alf Sommerfelt. Le Breton parU a St. Pol-de-Lion. (Paris, 1921). H L B . Francois Falc'hun. Histoire de La Langue Bretonne. (i. Rennes, 1950-51) (ii. Paris, 1963). SCB. Francois Falc'hun. Le systeme consonantique du Breton. (Rennes, 1951). IC. Indo-Celtica. Gedächtnisschrift für Alf Sommerfelt. (Munich, 1972). BBCS. X X V I , p a r t I I . Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies. E D B F . fimile Ernault. Dictionnaire Breton-Franqais du dialecte de Vannes. (Valines, 1938). G I B . Roparz Hemon. Geriadur Istorel ar Brezhoneg. (letter A, Brest, 1958; letters B-Orget, Rennes, 1974). Malm. Bertil Malmberg. Phonetics. (New York, 1963). MP. Manuel of Phonetics. E d . L.Kaiser. (Amsterdam, 1957). GSBlG. Elmar Temes. Grammaire structurale du breton de l'lle de Groix. (Heidelberg, 1970).

Abbreviations Adj. Adv. Comp. Cond, dbl. prep. E. F. f. Fut. G/S.

Adjective. Adverb. Comparative. Conditional Mood Double preposition. English. French. Feminine. F u t u r e tense. Guemen4-sur-Scorff.

The Breton of Guimeni-sur-Scorff Impf. Impf. Hab. Impv. Int. m. n. Pres. Pres.Hab. Plupf. pi. Pp. pr.p. Reflx.vb. Supl. "Vba. Ch.

7

Imperfect tense. Imperfect habitual. Imperative. Interrogative. Masculine. Noun. Present tense. Present habitual tense. Pluperfect tense. Plural. Past participle. Present participle. Reflexive verb. Superlative. Verbal adjective. Chapter.

Diacritical Marks (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

A dot placed under a letter indicates devoicing, g, b, dz, etc. n, r, indicates syllabic n, r. 'indicates a main stress, |a secondary stress. V indicates a vowel. C indicates a consonant. X / Y indicates that form X varies freely with form Y. u signifies a semi-vowel. ? outside quotes indicates an obscure form, or a tentative translation. (i) ? inside quotes indicates a question. French words, and placenames, are italicized; a colon precedes Breton words, but not if they occur in the lists of examples; single quotes mark the beginning and end of translations in English, (these are literal and many have been extracted from larger utterances with the result that their sense is incomplete). The orthographic system used here is that of EDBF, (see References), except that accent marks have been omitted, since they are redundant when accompanied by phonetic transcriptions, thus e, e and ü are written e, e, u. No special symbol has been used to indicate diphthongs since their beginning- and end-points are restricted to a small number of vowels. They are described in § 29. If a word is mutated, the radical consonant is cited after the example in which the word occurs.

8

Malachy McKenna Chart of Vowels (Approximate positions)

§1 [a] There are two distinct qualities to this vowel, viz. [a] and [a], [a] is approximately equivalent to [a] in la, but it may be more open, [a] is a back vowel, as in pas. The two may approximate each other and vary freely with each other. Normally [a] appears in stressed position and can be either long or short, but it can appear in unstressed position. Normally [a] occurs in unstressed position. It is usually short. For the lengthened variety of this vowel, see the examples below, [a] most commonly appears, whether stressed or unstressed, before [n], [m], [h] and [ts]; see exx. §2 [a] [la:brijo] labourieu, 'works'. [ba.rah] bara, 'bread', [plah] plah, 'girl', [lakg] laket, 'put', (Pp). [jaw8iq'k] iouank, 'young', [fal] fal, 'bad', [a.wfl] auel, 'wind'. ['glaalras] glau bras, 'heavy rain'.

The Breton of Gu£men£-sur-Scorff

9

[gla.] glau, 'rain', [ag] hag, 'and'. [ha'na.Hs θηόη] hanaua ket anehou, Ί don't know him', [tra] tra, 'thing', [va.1] vad, 'good', m. [i batrön] e batron, 'his boss' p. [a.rveü] arriuet, 'arrived', [ma za.1] me zad, 'my father', t. [pa.rwein] pe arriuein, 'when I will arrive', [ane] anal 'breath', [a'väsa] avansa,'is progressing', [hak α ra 'dyhe1] hag e ra devehat, 'and it is getting late', [no laheg] ean um Iahet, 'he killed himself, [sum'la.r.] cheminal, 'chimney', [afir] afer, 'affair; need', [i vato] e vateau, 'his boat', b. [ahel] ahel, 'axle', [mar] maru, 'dead', [bah] bah, 'stick', [a vals®] er falzer, 'the scythes'. §3 [a] [wiantsö] ouiant ket, 'they don't know', g. [sdiertah] sterdoh, 'more difficult', [ba] abarh, 'in', [laburi4] labouret, 'worked', (Pp). [tam] tam, 'piece', [vernatsi] verna ket, 'it doesn't matter', b. [amzir] amzer, 'weather', [zamis] james, 'never'. [b al hman] bermen, 'now', [ama] ama, 'here', [dJyma] duma, 'over here; on this side', [o banah] ur baneh, 'a drop'. [berhwah] ber erhoalh, 'quite short', [hena] hena, 'this one', [malör bra.z] maleur bras, 'great misfortune', [da'hcuima] d'ahanema, 'from here'. [ραΓ] par, 'as', [bliza] blija, 'pleases', p. [kaz] kas, 'to send', [dax] doh, 'to you', [pa] pas, 'no', [a vreiq'k 0 ] 1 e vanka, 'is lacking', [nabo] na bout, 'even though', [aqko'ii'Hsi] ankouein ket, Ί will not forget', [o dzer vra.s] ur ger vras, 'a large town'. [dze.r bra.hao n ] (er) ger brauan, 'the finest town' k. [o hamarad] ur hamarad, 'a friend' k. §4

[ε] [ε] [e] [έ] [ε] lies approximately between the cardinal vowels [a] and [ε], but tends towards the latter, [ε] occurs only sporadically in unstressed position. [έ] is slightly more open than [ε]; it appears only in diphthongs. [e] is slightly less open than F. open [ε] as in merci; it occurs most frequently in stressed syllables and is normally short. Under these conditions it is found regularly before [t], [1], [r], [s], [d] and [h]. For instances of [e] in unstressed position, see exx. 1

See §§ 119 and 121.

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Malachy McKenna

§5 [ε] [an'derman] (en) anderu-man, "this afternoon', [o bosst] ur bochad, 'a lot'. [* wex.] e veh, 'you are', (Pres. Hab. 2pl?). [hone] honeh, 'her; that one', [vehstsi] (ne) vehe ket, 'he would not be', b. [vsrnatsi] (ne) verna ket, 'it doesn't matter', b. [di glsh] de glah, 'to fetch', k. [hweh] eh oeh, 'you were'. [sd)Ertah] stertoh, 'more difficult', [dzuehat] guerhet, 'sold', [vei^wi'] beruet, 'boiled', [r hjEr.] er herh, 'the oats', k. [onaone'ket] unan beneket, 'someone'. [ίεΓίϊΐϊ1?] fermet, 'closed', [k'erna] Kreninan. [dzusrn] Guern. [ls.h] leah, 'milk'. §6 [e] ['nets!] n'en doe ket, 'he hadn't', [on 'dramne'ket] u n d r a beneket, 'something', t. ['del'ihimtsi] deliehemb ket, 'we ought not', (Cond), [no wefio] en um vefio, 'to be on ones guard', m. [retsid] re ket, 'didn't do', ['del^etsi'] delie ket, 'he ought not', (Impf), [pel] pel, 'far', [my 'a hl bles] mui a bias, 'more space', p. ['me r S| tres] mestrez, 'sweetheart', [med] meit, 'but; only', [o hredyr] ur hroedur, 'a child', k. ['zerit o r 'pek] serret ho peg, 'shut your mouth', b. [pesked] pesked, 'fish', ['mehe 'preiq'ii] m'em behe prenet, Ί would have bought', [ifinis'ter] Finistere. [ili'vilen] Ille-et-Vilaine. [d® vel] de uel, 'to see', g. [o b w elao] er boelleu, 'the belly', [bjen] bihan, 'small', [mis 'we:var] miz huevrer, 'the month of February', [a we'rwel] a veruel, 'from dying', m. [plesi'n] plasen, '(the town-) square'. [ers?] est, 'harvest'. [ble h ma n ] ble-man, 'this year', [haonwel] hanval, 'like', [eza] aze, 'there'. ['hel a |hj0t] helleet, 'you will be able', [desgi] desket, 'taught', [hena] hena, 'this one', [di wer'g] de viret, 'to guard; to herd', m. [leh] leh, 'place'. [ h a'leh] arlerh, 'after'. [ J hler] e len, 'reading', [el] el, 'as', ['beni'ihwa] aben arhoah, 'tomorrow', [beiir 'no:r] abarh er Nord, 'in the North', [gwesä] goahan, 'worst', [hwempi] e vehen bet, Ί would have been', b. [jewsin'] iouank, 'young', [o gutel] ur goutel, 'a knife', k. [be4] erbet, 'any', [or lerreo] ur loreu, 'stockings'. [dJyhet] devehat, 'late', [a'dres] 'upright, correct (man)', [menus] memes, 'same', ['laked on 'el] laket un al, 'give (us) another', mettez un autre. [gwesgid] goasket, 'pressed', [ker] kaer, 'fine; nice; well', [dzuelo] guelloh, 'better', [re 3 won] Roeuon, Rennes. [ϊη tes] en tach, 'the nail', [i'm'ber am,zir] em ber amzer, 'in a short time' [di'he]

The Breton of Guemene-sur-Scorff

11

dehe, 'to them', [bre.h] breh, 'arm', [or re.'rel] er re aral, 'the others'. §7

[e] [e] [6] [ϊ] [e] as in F. close [e] in the. It tends to vary with a less close allophone which approaches [e] especially in the case of short vowels. It appears both long and short in stressed position, and is common in unstressed absolute final position; see exx. [e] lies between [i] and [e] but tends to be closer to the latter. It is found in pre- and post-stress position; in the case of the latter, [e] may vary freely with [ϊ] if in a disyllabic word; see exx. When stressed or unstressed, [e] appears regularly before [n] and [m], [ϊ] as in R P English wit, village. It appears in stressed and unstressed position, but is never long. It occurs regularly in the following: past participle ending: -et; pretonic particles/article; enclitics: ket, -se, -ze; post-tonic in disyllables. [ϊ] when in contact with bilabials may be lowered and retracted and the resulting sound approximates [ö], which see. §8 [e] [hide] he de, 'she has', (Pres. Hab), ['naive] en alhue, 'the key', [dzite] gete, 'with them'. [di.We] dilhad, 'clothes'. [3hnen] en hent, 'the road', [a'gwehe'he] e goehehe, 'that it would fall', k. [tre] tre, 'through; by', [dre] dre, 'through; by', [hwe] eh oe, 'was'. [e'hrok] erauk, 'before', [dzomne] Guemene. [dzuelan] durant, 'during', [p'ite] petra, 'what', [de] de, 'day', [de.jao] deieu, 'days', [me] mes, 'but', [droje] droe, 'turned', t. [θ de] e de, 'was coming', [ne] en de, 'has', (Pres. Hab. 3 s.g.) [i we.x] e voeh, 'his voice', [are] er re, 'those', [e m 8l amzir] e m'amzer, 'in my time', [o 'werine 'dzuin] ur uerennad guin, 'a glassful of wine' g. [e ka'do] e kadeau, 'as a gift', [tser] ker, 'dear', [di° de.bo] de debo, 'to eat', [r vyhe] er vuhe, 'the life', b. ['nöbi'tet] nebetat, 'to decrease', [me] meu, 'drunk'. §9 [έ] [in'te'resid] intereset, 'interested', [dramneked] dra beneket, 'something', t. [p6nem] pe hun emb, 'when we have'. [rid6] ret e,

12

Malachy McKenna

'it is necessary'. [m6mis] memes, 'same'. ['triz6 |kan] trizek kant, '13 hundred'. [galek] galleg, 'the French language', [ϊτέ] er re, 'those', [pen] pen, 'head', ['bena'hwa] aben arhoah, 'tomorrow', [ben] aben, 'immediately; in (a certain time)', [anter] hanter, ' h a l f , [pemb ör] pemb er, 'five o'clock'. [bemlz6gi'd] bemzekvet, 'fifteenth', [o lih6r] ur liher, 'a letter'. [sil6watsi] cheleua ket, 'is not listening', [ρϊ wen] pe oen, 'when I was', [ha hwen] hag eh oen, 'and when I was'. [hul6tsi] houlen ket, Ί didn't want (to)', g. [on den] un den, 'a man', [da ven tat] de ven e tet, 'from where are you coming', (m, d). [dzu6n] guen, 'white', [or hredy r ] ur hroedur, 'a child', k. [ϊ we.rün] ur uerenn, 'a glass', g. [hjaon 'wele] ean uele, 'he saw', g. [wiantse] ouiant ket, 'they don't know', g. [®n amzer] en amzer, 'the weather', [we] oe, 'was', [wietsi] ouie ket, 'he didn't know', g. [wite] aveite, 'for them', [n dei n ze] en den-ze, 'that man', [ba l me h ma] abarh men ma, 'where is?', [abwe] aboe, 'since', [e'vrys] eurus, 'happy', [o wöl®nte va. 1 ] ur volante vat, 'a good will', [pwöped] pe oe bet, 'when he was'. [bendi 'dzuener] aben diguener, 'next Friday'. § 10

[Ϊ]

[on 'dramnü^t] un dra beneket, 'something', t. pn i gem'] en e gein, 'in his back', k. [plegüt] pleget, 'stooped', [ϊ tit] ...e tet, 'are you coming?', d. [ρϊ] pe, 'when; if', [dzitön] getou, 'with him', [ρϊ»] bet, 'been', (Pp). [zamis] james, 'never', [hui 'dzim^a] hui e gemera, 'you take', k. [msi] n'es ket, 'there isn't', [mtsi] n'e ket, 'it isn't', [dobir] dober, 'need', [ho wi ko'mäsi 4 ] honen e oe komanset, 'she (this one) had begun', ['rftsi 'ζβϊ] ret ket ze, 'don't do that', [mizo] me zo, Ί am', [im'bril] imbrel, 'April'. ['nonts'i bid] n'on ket bet, Ί have not been', [ö.rid] ered, 'wedding'. ['benü|hwa] aben arhoah, 'tomorrow', [jls] lies, 'often', [di pen'irel] d'er pen aral, 'to the other end', [partiüt] partiet, 'departed'. [da'zegi'hja.11] de Seglien, 'to Seglien'. [hrei iVi'ny4] re vinut, 'small ones', m. ['dzö'sel] guehal, 'formerly', [hri'saowid] reseuet, 'received', [amzi] amzer, 'time', [i bri1] e bred, 'his meal', p. [ 9 riza] er re-ze, 'those', [mi mam] me mam, 'my mother', [di 'gleh ϊη 1 ,je] de glah anehe, 'to fetch them', k. [dimi1] dimet, 'married'. [dfeihi't] dalhet, 'hold (on to)', (Impv. 2pl). ['pisi] ho pes ket, 'haven't you?', [α.ζϊ] aze, 'there', [di zeitv^] de seuel, 'to get up', [a hjintao 11 ] er hetan, 'the first', k. [dzid] get, 'with'.

The Breton of Guemene-sur-Scorff

13

prima] (er) re-ma, 'these ones', [pris1?] prest, 'ready', [o.vriin] ovren, 'Mass', fkusgid] kousket, 'asleep', (Pp). [göb'ir] gober, 'to do', [ηϊζϊ] neze, 'then', [bi'hman] bermen, 'now', ['hrido] ret e vo, 'it will be necessary', [bri'ton] breton, 'the Breton Language', [prisit] preset, 'hurried; in a hurry', [ϊ dz0rün] er gurun, 'the thunder', [ϊ we.rin] ur uerenn, 'a glass', g. [ϊ bo.lün] ur bolenn, 'a bowl', ['hezi] else, 'thus; like that', [a.wil] auel, 'wind', [masi] marse, 'perhaps', psilewatsü] cheleua ket, 'he isn't listening'. § 11

[i] [i] [I]

When stressed and long, [i] is slightly more close than cardinal [i], and when unstressed it may still retain this clear quality, [i] occurs in both stressed and unstressed position. Unstressed it may be pre-tonic in proclitics. The word: [ti] tu, 'side', in the eighth example, § 12, is normally realized as [ty], but I have recorded other instances of this type of variation: [zir] I [zyr] sur, 'sure'; [di 'hnirlS] / [dü'hnyrlä] d'en Irland, 'to Ireland'; [dy'welad] dihoallet, 'beware', (Impv). [I] is a retracted, lowered [i], but more close and not as far back as [ϊ]. I have only one instance of [I] in stressed position, viz. § 13, seventh example. § 12 [i] [wi] aveit, 'for', ['minima] mitin-ma, 'this morning', ['wiets'i •pi. we] ouie ket piu oe, 'he didn't know who it was', ['d^mo 1 ] dimout, 'to marry', [o tsi.] ho ki, 'your dog', [i laho] e laho, 'to kill it', [ti] ti, 'house', [in tirel] en tu aral, 'the other side', [partiüt] partiet, 'departed', [tsin'] ken, 'as; any more', ['nints'i] n'int ket, 'they are not'. [pi n '] pegnelen (pign) ? 'lungs'. [diSlaan] d'izelan, 'lowest', [pimid] pegement, 'how much'. [i al rys] eurus, 'happy', ['hwari'e] hoarie, 'played', (Impf). ['zintUMoh wini] jentiloh aveit e . . . 'nicer than his...' ['nitebi] nitre erbet, 'nothing a t all', [somi'aontsü1] choman ket, Ί am not staying', [i vre. a h] e vreh, 'his arm', b. [i kci.no] e kanno, 'singing', (Pr.p). [liskei't] lesket, 'allow; leave', (Impv. 2pl). [diza'nered] dihanalet 1 , 'to 1

In relation to this word see § 191, fn. 1.

2

Zeitschrift f. cclt. Phil., Band 3»

14

Malachy McKenna

breathe', [lized] lezet, 'left', (Pp). [o 'ha.oni'dzm] ur haniveden, 'a spider', k. [dzi'nim] genemb, 'with us', [di'zoh] disoh, 'to finish', [hiri] hiriu, 'today', [o liher] ur liher, 'a letter', [bri.s.ed] brechet, 'stool', [mamn'] m'amied, 'my friends', pr'horbi'ja r ] er horbillar, 'the hearse', k. [meri] mairie, 'town hall'. [fin'] fin, 'wise', [or gafieo] er gafieu, 'the cafes', k. [Ian'j on] Lannion. [kri.el] kriel, 'to cry out'. [mi'ze.r] mizer, 'trouble; difficulty', [bliza] blija, 'pleases', p. [milawer] miloer, 'mirror', [fami] famil 'family', [ar vräsizin] er Fransizion, 'the French People'. ['kofi·αζ] konfians, 'confidence', [pa ridah] pe rida, 'when he runs', [gris] gris, 'grey', [li.bi] liu erbet, 'any colour', [mi.z] mis, 'month', [di sgriwo] de skriuo, 'to write', [hui] hui, 'you'. § 13 [I] [hl de 'preni'd] hi he doe prenet, 'she bought', [a'gozln] agauzen? 'in order to', [wl] aveit, 'for', [o ho r lI bi.ün] ur hohle bihan, 'a little bull', k. [I arhan] e argand, 'his money', [di'hi] dehi, 'to her', [i 'dzulzln] e guisin, 'his cooking', k. ['awlheo] ahuehieu, 'sometimes', [mlsü'hno.lao] miz guenholon, 'September', [pl'gus] pegours, 'when'. § 14

Μ [u] [ό] As in vous. Generally it resists lengthening, [ό] represents a reduced [u], for a description of this sound see [o] [gut] gout, 'to know', [tut] tout, 'all; everything'. [druk] droug, 'pain; evil', ['ruspi'te] rousfeter, 'protested', (Impf 3sg). [e ha. r®wut] eh arriuout, 'arriving', (Pr.p). [sum 'la.r] cheminal, 'chimney'. [bud] bout, 'to be', [tul] toul, 'hole', ['kusiki'1] kousket, 'asleep', [huniam] houniamb, 'we earn', g. [kaohut] kavout, 'to find', [kurs] kours, 'time'. [h»'rus] rous, 'red', [pl'gus] pegours, 'when', [o minur] ur minour, 'an heir; rich man', [hruspüreo] hospereu, 'vespers', g. [mi hule] me houle, Ί asked', (Impf), [el'dum] eldomb, 'like us', [kusdüm] kustum, 'custom', ['kuitan] koutant, 'happy', [hi gruga] hi grouga, 'she shrugs', k. [i 'rufirel] e roufial, ronfler, 'to snort', ['numtsi'] ne hun omb ket, 'we haven't', ['vara'duriin] er varhadourien, 'the merchants', m. [o gutel] ur goutel, 'a knife', k. [lciburi1] labouret, 'worked', [la'pus] labous, 'rascal'. [di'sku:tal] de skoutal?, 'to tease'? discuter.

The Breton of Guemenö-sur-Scorff

§ 15

Ιό

[6]

[ h a'leh do 'lein'] arlerh d'o leign, 'after their mid-day meal'. [kaoho4] kavout, 'to find', ['bodara] bout e ra, 'there is'. [ko r z] kours, 'time', [to 'mamiü'] tout m'amied, 'all my friends'. ['zi|k0r] sikour, 'help', [arod] arriout, 'to arrive'. § 16

[o] [ο] [ό] [Ö] [Q] [o] [o] [o] as in cardinal [o]. It appears regularly in stressed and unstressed position; in the latter case, it may be the realization of the infinitive ending -o, the article and proclitics. It is the realization of written -o, -ou, -oe, -u, -au, -eau. [ό] is intermediate between [o] and [u], but closer to the former than the latter. It generally occurs in unstressed position; I have no instance of [ό:]. In all the exx. - except the first - in § 18, [ό] takes the place of what is normally [o]. [ö] is not quite as close as cardinal [o]; it is advanced but not to the same extent as [ρ]. It is never long. [ρ] is less close and more centralized than [ρ]. It occurs both in stressed and unstressed position, but is never long. It appears regularly before [m], [n], [h], [s]. Two other more open varieties of [o] also occur, [o] is open, and advanced, but not quite central and is only poorly rounded. It may tend towards [ρ], [ο] is slightly more close than F. [o] as in mort. [ρ] appears most regularly before [h], [x], [r], [s]; see § 21. [o] occurs generally before [r]; see § 22. § 17 [o] [droha] droa, 'is turning', t. [bora] bout e ra, 'there is'. ['ma n ko ι je!] me ankouei, Ί will forget', [ho dy 'nor] Hot-du-Nord, Les Cotes-du-Nord, k. [go3h] goh, 'old', k. [d! droho jo.] de droho geaut, 'to cut grass', t. [dz0hon] duhont, 'over there', ['n'o.r] unon, 'one', [de'go.zfc!]1? [i vato] e vateau, 'his boat', b. [ka'do] cadeau, 'present', [ko.zal] kauzal, 'to chat; to talk'. [ 3 n dol] en daul, 'the table', t. [pi'so] pe sort, 'what kind', [d! dr£!jo] de drailho, 'to rend', [or pa h don] ur pardon, 'a local (religious) festival'. [laho] laho, 'to kill'. [e'hro k ] erauk, 'before', [no.z] noz, 1

Used by (1) in: en amzer degoze hag er gurun a do, 'the weather darkened and the thunder came'.

16

Malachy McKenna

'night'. [do.var] dober, 'need', [zo.] sot, 'stupid', [moman] momand, 'moment', [o'honö] ο unon, 'themselves', [do'ho] dehou, 'to him', [do] dehou. [ano] unon, 'one', [o tsi] ho ki, 'your dog', [mi vat r o n ] me fatron, 'my boss', p. [kaoho 'ty 4 ] kavout tud, 'to find people', [da gohel] de goehel, 'to fall', k. [d'i no 'wel] d'en um uel, 'to see oneself', g. [da non 'gompi'n] d'en um gonpren, 'to understand one another', k. [ho n ] eh on, Ί am', [a hont] e hont, 'going', (Pr.p). [o.vrün] ovren, 'Mass', [wido] aveidon, 'for me', ['hrido] ret e vo, 'it will be necessary', [ar lön] er Ion, 'the animal', ['dfci'no] da ino, 'to there', [gohan] gohan, 'oldest', k. [gobo] gober, 'to do', [mo.r] mor, 'sea', ['do ρϊίέϊ 'drei'] doh beta e droet, 'to his feet', [deün'dro] dein endro, Ί will return'. ['kor a | zys] kourajus, 'plucky', [kesjon] question, 'question', [o bösed] ur bochad, 'a lot'. § 18 [ό] ['la.briijo] labourieu, 'works', [widon] aveidon, 'for me', [ηόη] en um, (reflexive particle). [Ian1 jo n ] Lannion. [n nor] en nor, 'the door', d. § 19 [δ] ['mörbi'jä] Morbihan. [gözeie] gozik, 'almost', [göb^] gober, 'to do', [köl] kol, 'to lose', [nits wi 'öbür] n'e ket aveit (g)ober, 'he can't do it', [döbar] d'ober, 'to do', [na'hö] anehou, 'about him', [anon] ahanon, 'about me'. [nö m nEket] unon beneket, 'someone'. [mom 1 ] monet, 'to go', [mön] mont, 'to go', [hön4] e hont, 'going', [trögö] tregont, 'thirty', [i batrön] e batron, 'his boss', p. [hönah] hona, 'this one', [nötäed απιζϊ] n'en dou ket, 'he won't have time', [ma'hönö] me unon, 'myself', [a'tasjon] atansion, 'attention'. [imä'i nön drömpad] em es ket en um dronpet, Ί have not been mistaken', t. ['kompri'nation] konprenasion, 'understanding'. [wöl 8 nte] volonte, 'will'. [nö 3 x] ahanoh, 'about you', [o böäa 1 ] ur bochad, 'a lot', [oto^jao] otoieu, 'cars', [r vjöh] er vuoh, 'the cow', b. [köld] kollet, 'lost', (Pp). [mön] mann, 'nothing'. § 20 [ρ] [pi'soimod] pesort mod, 'what way; how', ['mali'doh]?, 'nastier', [di'zoh] disoh, 'finished'. [dzue h lo h ] guelloh, 'better', [di dromi] de dronpein, 'to deceive', t. [pots'i] pou ket, 'you will not have'.

The Breton of Guemene-sur-Scorff

17

[om'i 'hwa h ] ama hoah, 'here still', [komz'i] komzet, 'you speak', [dzomne'i] Guemene. [hont] e hont, 'going', [dzohö] duhont, 'over there', [fotatsi 'som] fauta ket chom, 'one must not stay'. [osbita.1] ospital, 'hospital', [tro] tro, 'during', [di bon1] d'er pond, 'bridge', [ho p w otao] ho poteu, 'your shoes', b. ['man 1 doz ϊη 'gan] mant doh urn gann, 'they are fighting', k. [tros®nanao] tresenneu, 'tresses', [los4] lost, 'tail; bottom', [hone] honeh, 'her; that one', [a'blom] ablom, 'straight', [d'i gompm] de gonpren, 'to understand' k. ['tro ne] troh anehe, 'to cut them', [hjon] ean, 'he', [ke'hon1] contre, 'against', [o rosi1] ur roched, 'shirt', [golsi] gollei, 'will lose', k. [®ho dy 'nor] er Hot-du-Nord, Les

Cotes-du-Nord.

§ 21 [o] [kalmoh] kalmoh, 'calmer', [dzueloh] guelloh, 'better', [doh] doh, 'to you', [sord] sort, 'sort; type', [hrosdm] Rostrenen. [ikosde'hwe1] Koste-er-Hoed. [do 'vrositnein'] de vTochennein, 'to knit', b. [dorn] dorn, 'hand', ['tonmz] torret en des, 'he has broken'. § 22 [o] [on dorn] un dorn, 'a hand', [fortyn] fortun, 'fortune', [or word] ar vord, 'on the edge', b. [mon] mont, 'to go', ['dok'tör] doktor, 'doctor', [tog] tok, 'hat', ['nöb^toh] nebedoh, 'less', (Comp). §23 [y] Lower, more retracted and slightly less rounded than F. [y]. When short and unstressed, or only weakly stressed, [y] becomes lower, considerably retracted and is hardly rounded at all; it may even become central. [tyd] tud, 'people', ['dzyz'i] duze, 'over there', [fytyni 4 ] (e) vutunat, 'smoking', (pr.p), b. [r vyhe] er vuhe, 'the life', b. [zymiy] sei mui, 'the more...', [myjoh] muioh, 'more', (Comp, of: mui). [d'yhet] devehat, 'late'. [dyha°q] devtehan, 'last*, [hry] ru, 'red', [bjygäne] ?, (a place-name), [vy'ga.le] vugale, 'children', b. [pydzy] pen-de-guir, 'because', [tsyhod] kuhet, 'hidden'. [i 3 'rys] eurus, 'happy'. ['malray z 'wah] malurus erhoalh, 'quite wretched', [dy'welad] dihoallet, 'beware', (Impv). ['tyrel] tu aral, 'other side', [ϊ ryma'tis] er rumatis, 'the rheumatism', [ho dy 'nor] Hot-du-Nord, Les Cotes-du-Nord, k. ['dzyrel] gueh al,

18

Malachy McKenna

'formerly*, [foty e] foutu e, 'he is finished (about to die), [fortyn] fortun, 'fortune'. § 24

[Ö]

[Ö] [0] [Ö] as in peur, but slightly more close. It is uncommon in unstressed position. [0] approximately the same as peu; I have no instances of this in unstressed position. [öl [» zö®n] er suhun, 'the week', [ρϊ 'glöwid Je'num] pe gleuet ahanomb ?, 'when you hear us', k. [nöbitoh] nebetoh, 'less', ['nöbx'tet] nebetet, 'to decrease', [blöt] bleud, 'flour'. [ a n doktör] en doktor, 'the doctor', [malör] maleur, 'misfortune'. [ö.r®d] ered, 'marriage', [ör] er, 'hour', [böpa4] berpet, 'always'. [0] [mx br0] me breur, 'my brother'. [b0hman] berman, 'now'. [t§0mid] kement, 'as much; as many'. [f0rmje] fermier, 'farmer', ['sc. bri'0.] St. Brieuc. [t§0lvxn] Quelven. [dz0mne] Guemeni. [dz0rin] gurun, 'thunder'. [dz0hon] duhont, 'over there'. § 25 [a] and [»] [θ] occurs in unstressed syllables only. It is similar to the central half-open [a] of R P English sailor. However the quality of [a] may fluctuate somewhat and approximate the quality of those vowels the reduction of which it represents; this is particularly so in the case of a reduced [e]. Thus [a] may become more close and advanced, depending on the degree of reduction of [e], for example. It appears in proclitics, the article and pre-verbal particles. Otherwise [a] occurs in post-tonic position, either finally, or internally.

§ 26

[a]

[tsomar] kement, 'as much; as many', [mis 'we.var] miz huevrer, 'the month of February', [dan] d'en, 'to the...', [hjeonas] ean en des, 'he has', [eza] aze, 'there', [da] de, 'to', [pade] p'en de, 'when he has', (Pres. Hab). ['malary z 'wah] malurus erhoalh,

The Breton of Gu6meni-sur-ScorfiF

19

'quite wretched', [peso] pe sort, 'what kind', [anon] anehou, 'about him', [nea'na.naiho] en doe hanauet anehou, 'recognized him', [lawaret] labouret, 'to work', [ma'hönö] me unon, 'myself, [ha wa'wei4] ha oe oeit, 'and had gone', ['wehairel] (ur) ueharal, 'formerly; of old', g. [a de] e de, 'came', (Impf). [®pas] ho pes, 'you have', [lä.nad] lonned, 'animals', [gcLnat] gannet, 'born', [έΓ na'plesaman] ur nepleseman, 'a site', emplacement. [dobar] d'ober, 'to do', [dovar] dober, 'need', (n). [a dzue.r] er guerh, 'the green (colour)', [amzar] amzer, 'weather; time', [an amzer] en amzer, 'the weather', [or 'hwetsa] er hoed-se, 'that wood', k. § 27 [·] [®] is of very short duration and may be almost inaudible. It is found: (a) As a shortened and reduced [a]: ['dramrnk8] dra beneket, 'something', t. [bod®ra] bout e ra, 'there are', [or re.®rel] er re aral, 'the others', [fal ®wih] fal eue, 'bad also', [drug ®ndiz] droug en des, 'he has (a) pain'. [ka. 3 ma. r ] kavet maru, 'found dead'. (b) In words where syncope normally occurs: [dzomane] Guimene. (c) As an epenthetic vowel in the clusters: [hr], [nd], [lw], [gl], [br], [tr]: [h®rido] ret e vo, 'it will be necessary'. [h 3 ,rag] reit, 'give', (Impv). [h®reil] reit, (Impv). ['g3l(m.] gloan, 'wool'. ['hen a di 'rel] ahendaral, 'besides; in other ways', [mi vat^o] me fatron, 'my boss', p. [ I mil a l we r ] miloer, 'mirror', [a 'viz miib^i 1 ] a viz imbrel, 'of the month of April', m. (d) Following a long or a short vowel and preceding [x], [h], M , [1]: [ h i bre. 3 h] he breh, 'her arm', [i le.'x] e leh, 'his place', [weiz go a x] voez goh, 'an old woman', m. [hi.®r] hir, 'long', [a'wei'rwel] a veruel, 'from dying', m. [an do3l] en daul, 'the table't. [hwear] hoer, 'sister'. (e) As a reflex of [h]: [man»epa 'hrusge] ma en dehe bet risklet, 'If he had slipped'. [* zö®n] er suhun, 'the week'.

20

Malachy McKenna

Some further examples: [tsom^'t] kemeret, 'taken', [|imsa zö] em eus ket guelet, Ί have not seen', [ma ka.r 8 ] ma karet, 'if you like'. [d 8l hö] dehou, 'to him', [mas®] marse, 'perhaps'. [t a ] e tet, '...are you coming'. [8|ηβϊ(ί] en ed, 'the corn', [a'na.® 'ma.1] hanauet mad, 'known well'. [®r wewön] er Roeuon, Rennes. [me'pe't] em behe peet, Ί would have bought (you) a...', [hui dzim 8 ra] hui e gemera, 'you take', k. ['glabrae] glau bras, 'heavy rain'. Diphthongs § 28 In the speech of G/S., diphthongs are falling: the second element is generally considerably shorter than the first, particularly so when the first element is lengthened. Occasionally I recorded a diphthongized segment occurring in the -an ending of the present tense, 1st. singular, and before the -n of the article: an; thus [aon]. The second element of this diphthong, when occurring in these circumstances is quite weak; most generally [an] replaces [aon] here 1 . Some vowels, which are normally diphthongized, appear as monophthongs, both internally and in final; in the latter case they are usually clipped; see below for examples. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish a diphthong occupying one syllable, from a monophthong followed by a glide but which still gives the impression of occupying one syllable. § 29 The following occur both internally and finally: A [ei] [ei] [έϊ] [οϊ] Β [αο] [eo] [οό] [ou] Note: the second element of the diphthongs in class A becomes [i] when it precedes [n'] or [η']; class Β is not found preceding these two sounds. § 30 In general, the following may be realized in speech as follows: -e(i) > [ei] [ei] [έϊ] -a(i) > [έϊ] [αο] 1

cf. the following: § 228, ex. 3 [rcton] rant, § 255 [itreiq'kila m ], trankilan.

The Breton of Gu4men£-sur-Scorff

21

-cu > [ao] [eo] -o > [ou] The following occur only sporadically; see below for examples. -a .+ e- > [έϊ] -on > [eo] -ean > [eo] [ao] -eu > [ou] § 31 [ei] [je'in] iein, 'cold', [mei] meu, 'drunk; intoxicated'. [gle.i b ] gloebet, 'wet', (Pp). [del] deit, 'come', (Pp). [wei'n] oent, 'they were'. [pa.rwei n ] p'arriuein, 'when I will arrive', [ansei] aze, 'then', [zei] ze, 'that', [kreis] kreiz, 'middle', ['dzem'nei] Guimeni. [gre.dei] grede, 'believed', (Impf. 3 sg), k. [grei1] groeit, 'done', [ha'na.veitsi] hanaue ket, 'didn't know', (Impf. 3 sg). f m a ^ O i j e i ] me ankouei, Ί will forget', [weino] ouelo, 'to cry', g. [weid] oeit, 'went', [sibweiz] jiboes, 'to hunt'. [kre:idaon] kredan, Ί believe', ['weitsi] oe ket, 'was not', (Impf), [beiwo] beuo, 'to live', [zeiv'l] seuel, 'to raise', [bei] beu, 'alive'. [preünid] prenet, 'bought', [ble'i] ble, 'year', [we.'is] voez, 'woman', m. § 32 [ei] [dei] dei, 'will come', [hreid] reit, 'given'. ['greis,de] greiste, 'midday', k. [ba r tiei] bartiei, 'will depart', p. [liskeit] lesket, 'let; allow', (Impv. 2 pi). [pe h lei] pellet, 'move away', (Impv. 2 pi), [grei] groeit, 'done'. § 33 [έϊ] ['dopütei 'drfci4] doh beta e droeit, 'to his feet', t. [έϊ 'ben] a e ben, 'from his head', p. [hmfci] e ma hi, 'is she?', ['deihjatslt] dalha ket, 'isn't holding; gripping', [mija] me iei, Ί will go'. [>ηέϊ] en hani, 'the one', [din 'έϊ din 'el] d'en eil d'en al, 'to each other', [welfci] uelei, 'will see', g. [d r £ijo] drailho, 'to break', [έέϊη®] jainet, 'irked; p u t out by', (Pp). [golsl] gollei, 'will lose', k. [garMi] garite?, 'charity', k. [ρέϊ'ζαη^ά] pesanted, 'peasants'. § 34 [οϊ] This diphthong occurs only rarely. [troi] troein, 'to turn'. ['na n k w pi'atsi] n'ankoeha ket, 'it doesn't forget'.

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§ 35 Class A diphthongs followed by [n'] or [q']: [ei] [dein'] den, 'man', [lein'] leign, 'midday meal*, [ei] [hwei n '] e vein, Ί will be', b. [rei n '] rein, Ί will do'. [hei n '] hein, 'back', k. [έϊ] [bfcin'] abarh en, 'in', [jewfcin'] iouank, 'young', [dfcin'] den, 'man', [tssin'] ken, 'no longer; anymore', [άζϊηέίη'] genein, 'with me', [cur 'ham'pfcin'] er hampagn, 'the country', k. [ν"αζέί η '] voisin, 'neighbour'. [oi] [soin'jel] soignel, 'to take care of'. h'] [ei] [deiq'] den, 'man'. [έϊ] [mfciq'k®] manka, 'is lacking', [ja'wfciq'k] iouank, 'young', [ei] [preiq'i d ] prenet, 'bought'. Note: I have no instances of [oiq']. Further examples of Class A diphthongs followed by [n'] or [q'] may be found in §§ 137-41. § 36 [oo] [daor] deur, 'water', [aor] eun, 'fear', [dao] deu, 'two'. [gao h jir] geuier, 'lies', [zao] seud, 'cattle'. [Ιϊ'βδηαο] lesoneu, 'lessons', [trao] treu, 'things', [dirijao] derieu, 'Thursday', [de.ao] deieu, 'days', [naontsi] n'an ket, Ί don't go'. [ha'na:vaon] hanauan, Ί know; recognise', [raon] ran, Ί do'. [a°n dwar] ar en doar, 'on the earth'. [dyha°q] devehan, 'last', [la.on.in] laonenn, 'blade'. [hjao n ] ean, 'he', [awls'in'hno:lao] a viz guenholon, 'of September', m. [mi haon] me hanu, 'my name', [ho hnaon] ho nan, 'your hunger', ['kaomiz] kavet em es, Ί have found', [kaohut] kavout, 'to find'. § 37 [eo] [le.reo] lereu, 'stockings', phöloni'jeo] holonieu, 'colonies', k. [treozi] treu-ze, 'those things', [si'leo] cheleu, 'to listen', [awlheo] a-huehieu, 'sometimes', [hjeon] ean, 'he', [meo"?] meud, 'ram; sheep', [i dizeon] 1 e di-ean, 'his house't. [' deor] en deur, 'the water'. § 38 [οό] This occurs more rarely than the other members of Class B. [door] deur, 'water', [rei boor] er re beur, 'the poor', p. [goobir] gober, 'to do', [sool meo1?] sol meud? 1

See the note on this word in § 242.

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§ 39 [on] This appears both internally and in final: [nous] noz, 'night', [hjo'moulei] ean oule, 'he asked', g. [dourze] dorejeu, 'doors', [nour] (en) nor, 'the door', d. [rouleo] rollen, 'rolls, (recording tapes)'. [ho.ulei] (ur) hohle, 'a bull', k. ['musdi 'kou] moustikeu, 'mosquitoes'. [drou] dro, 'tour; turning', t. [rou] rod, 'wheel', [dzou] geou, 'yes'. § 40 The following diphthongs may be nasalized; I have recorded few instances of these diphthongs. For further general remarks on the nature of nasalization, see the relevant paragraphs. [ei] [Ιϊ] [§ό] [ao] [® nei?] en ed, 'corn; wheat', [nliwe] neue, 'new', [kre1] krean, 'strong', [grihgo] greanan, 'strongest', k. [hjeo] ean 'he', [o 'ha.oni'dzm] ur haniveden, 'a spider', k. ['bao n de] bamde, 'every day'. § 41 Some instances of free variation among diphthongs: [ei] I [ei] [jem] / [jem] iein, 'cold', [grel1] / [grei1] groeit, 'done', [αο] I [eo] [daor] / [deor] deur, 'water', [trao] / [zreo] treu, 'things'. [eo] J [οό] [deor] / [door] deur, 'water'. Thus the -eu ending may be realized in several ways: [dirijao] dirieu, 'Thursday', [le.reo] lereu, 'stockings', ['musdi •kou] moustikeu, 'mosquitoes'. Note: The last example is the only instance I have of this rendering of the -eu plural ending. § 42 There is free variation between monophthongs and diphthongs in the examples below; the evanescent impression created by the second element of diphthongs has already been referred to and it may be that this leads to a non-changing of timbre during the emission of what are diphthongs otherwise, ['ble] / f'blei] ble, 'year', ['kre] / [tog»] krean, 'strong', ['dzomne] I ['dzem'nei] Gvfawni. ['de.ao] / [ideijo] deieu, 'days', ['ko.lei] / ['ho.ulei] kohle; (ur) hohle, 'bull' k. ['premd] / ['premld] prenet, 'bought', ['gre.dei] / ['kreridon] grede, 'believed' (Impf.) /kredan, Ί believe', ['dyhä?] / ['dyha°q] devehan, 'last', ['den] / ['dein] den, 'man'.

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Nasality § 43 The chief nasalized vowels are [α], [δ], and [5]; [I] and [I] occur also, but less frequently; [e] also appears in diphthongs, but again only infrequently. A weakly-nasalized close front vowel is found in: [mintin], mitin, 'morning'; this is the only instance I have of this vowel being nasalized, [e] is found in: [»'neM], en ed, 'the corn'. In general, nasalized vowels tend to be open rather than close.

§ 44 It will be convenient to classify nasalized vowels in terms of the absence ('non-contingent nasality'1) or presence ('contingent nasality' 2 ) of a nasal consonant in the syllable which contains the nasalized vowel. The nasal consonant may be absent both in absolute final and internally. i. Absolute final. [gwesä] goahan, 'worst', [tä] tan, 'fire', [klä] klan, 'ill', ['mörbi'jä] Morbihan. [di hnirlä] d'en Irland, 'to Ireland', [zegi'jS] Seglien. [dzuängö] Guengamp. fsui.hö] chueh on, Ί am tired', [ml vat®rö] me fatron, 'my boss', p. [dzoho] duhont, 'over there', [bjö] buon, 'fast'. [ a nö] unon, 'one', [o'honö] ο unon, 'themselves', [r 'ga.|15] er galon, 'the heart', k. [do'ho] dehou, 'to him', [wito] aveitou, 'for him', [gwo] goan, 'winter'. [kr£] krean, 'strong'. ii. Internal [n] being dropped; this occurs less frequently than the loss of final [n]; all the instances I have of this feature are borrowings form French and the nasalized vowel is followed by a sibilant in each case. [frä.8] Frans, France, [go'mäsa] gomansa, 'begins', k. [pas^jas] pasians, 'patience', [läsal] lansal, 'to throw', [dci.sal] dansal, 'to dance'. ['kofi'äz] konfians, 'confidence', ['bäsi] (er) bande-se, 'that tape'.

1

EC. 9. p339, § 16: 'Non-contingent nasality is found where there is now no nasal consonant in contact with the vowel, though usually there once was'. * 'Contingent nasality is the product of a nasal consonant next to the vowel. It is generally weaker than non-contingent nasality', loc. cit.

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§ 45 A nasal consonant may be preserved in absolute final, or it may be weakened but still be perceptible; or, when it is lost as was shown in § 44, i, it may re-appear in sandhi. [n] also follows a nasalized vowel internally when intervocal or when followed by a stop. i. Absolute final. [izegi'hjan] Seglien. ['g9lcin.] gloan, 'wool', [diir vroma n ] d'er vro man, 'to this country', b. [o'nö n ] unon, 'one'. [bj&.n] bihan, 'small'. ii. [n] in sandhi. ['tän iwito 'v^he 1 ] tan aveit ο foehat, 'fire for boiling them', p. [i'hoιηδη wü] he unan eue, 'herself alone, also'. ['hwem ρϊ 'deidön 'hwei n '] e vein bet deit ahont, e vein, Ί will have come from there, I will'? ['dzuengam 's§.bri'0.] Guengamp, St. Brieuc. iii. Internally [di'ba n di] de Bondi, 'to Pontivy', p. [zä n 'darnud] jandarmed, 'police'. ['mlHima] mitin-ma, 'this morning'. [15nk6] lonke, 'swallowed', (Impf.), [i kä.no] e kanno, 'singing', (pr.p). ['gci.init] gannet, 'born', [dd.mdao] tunedo 1 ?. [la.nad] lonned, 'animals'. [Ιϊ'βδηαο] lesoneu, 'lessons', [ban hnlrla n t] abarh en Irland, 'in Ireland'. § 46 There is some free variation between the presence or absence of [n] after a nasal vowel: i. Absolute final. [vatr5 n ] I [vatrö] vatron, 'boss', p. ['z^gi'hjcm] / [zegi'jci] Seglien.

ii. Internally. [ζδηζο] I [söza] chongo, 'to think' / chonga, 'is thinking'. § 47 A vocalic segment in a given word may or may not be nasalized, as the following examples show: (a) [i batrön] e batron, 'his boss', p. [mi vat r o n ] me fatron, 'my boss', [mi vatro n ] me fatron. (b) ['zegi'hja.11] Seglien. ['zegi'hjan] Seglien. (c) [do] dehou, 'to him', [do'ho] dehou. (d) [dzuengam] Guengamp. [dzuenga] Guengamp. (e) [ä zo.nza] e chonjan, Ί think', [soza] chonja, 'thinks; is thinking'. 1

Used by (1) with reference to the people of the area around Lannion.

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§ 48 Nasality may extend to a contiguous syllable, but will be weaker than normal in this case: [päz äzi] pas aze, 'to pass by there'. T h e Semi-Vowels §49 [j] [j] is unrounded; frontal and close. I t is similar to the initial segment in English you. Initially, when followed by a vowel or preceded by a lenis consonant, and internally when interlocal, [j] is frictionless. Otherwise the degree of friction is variable; it is particularly noticeable in the [hj] cluster, and also in the groups [kj] and [tj], if followed by a close vowel. The articulation of [hj] may be loose, so that it is realized variously as [ h j], [j], [hi], or [h]; (the last two are rare). § 50 Initially [j] appears before vowels, or in the following groups: [hj] - or some reduced variety of this - [kj], [tj], [dj], [gj]. [kj]. [mj], [nj]. [jaweiq'k] iouank, 'young', [jah] iah 'healthy*, [ja] ia, 'yes', [jem] iein, 'cold', [jis] lies, 'often' [je] ie, 'used to go', (3 sg). In initial position, [hj] may be the realization of a spirantmutated k-; see the next two examples. [r hjsr.] er herh, 'oats', k. [or hjitaon] er hetan, 'the first', k. [hjeon] ean, 'he', [hje] i, 'they', [kje] ke, 'because'. [k'i. r ] ker, 'town; house', [treiq'k'ila™] trankilan, 'most quiet(ly), (Supl). [kternä] Krenenan. [zintUMoh] jentiloh, 'more gentle'. [dJyhe1] devehat, 'late'. [sdlsrdwa h ] sterd erhoalh, 'quite difficult', [i dlyt] e dud, 'his parents', t. β)έϊ g'e.r] abarh er ger, 'at home', k. [gj'iti] geti, 'with her', [mi hao n bje n ] me hanu bihan, 'my Christian name', [bjoh] buoh, 'cow', [bjö] buon, 'fast'. [zymJy] sei mui, 'the more...', [ör »njol]1 er en hiaul, 'the time told by the sun', [jo.] geaut, 'grass'. Note: In §§210 and 213 mention is made of the variation between [ts] and [kj]; a similar relation exists between [dz] and [gj]; thus in the case of [gjiti] above, the normal realization of this word would be ['dziti]; also [gJe.r]/[dze.r] (see these two 1

Cf. § 164, the first example.

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latter words in § 216). Thus words beginning with ke- may have three separate free-variant realizations: [tse] I [kje] / [ke] ke, 'because', [tse.r] / [kli.r] / [ker] ker, 'town; house'. § 51 Internal: [j ] appears intervocally; in this case it may be the realization of -i followed by a vowel, however this sequence may be rendered by two successive vowels; see the examples below. The same sequence V + V > VjV also arises in sandhi. When intervocal, [j] may represent a reduced [hj]. [myjoh] muioh, 'more', [idijeo] idieu, 'ideas', [latbrijo] labourieu, 'work; tasks', [o zijir] ο zier, 'their houses', t. [droje] droe, 'turned', t. [hena wija] hena e ouia, 'this (one) knows', g. [deijao] deieu, 'days'. Omission of intervocal [j]: de.ao] en deieu, 'the days', [or gafieo] er gafieu, 'the cafes', k. [kri.el] kriel, 'to cry (out)'. Intervocal [j] arising in sandhi: [beJir no:r] abarh er nord, 'in the north'. [b£i 'morse je 'pesked] abarh e marche er pesked 'in the fish-market', [hj] > [j]: ['me.rhjet] / ['me.rjet] merhed, 'women', ['zegi'hja.11] / [zegi'jcL] Siglien.

§ 52 Internal: [j] appears in the following groups: [n'j], [rmj], [zj], [sj], [nj], (note the preponderance of loan words in the examples given for these), [hj], [rhj], [rj]; a slight [i]-glide may occur in the following clusters: [sj], [zj], [nj]: [soin'jel] soigner, 'to take care of'. [Ian'jon] Lannion. [di 'gle^i 1 ι je] de glah anehe, 'to fetch them', k. [o'kazjon] occasion, 'opportunity'. [pas^jas] patience, 'patience'. [a'tasjön] attention, 'notice; heed'. [fe r mje] fermier, 'farmer'. [fe r mjao] fermeu, 'farms', ['dfcihjatsit] dalha ket,'is not holding'. [ραΓ mi 'hel3hje] par ma helleet, 'as you can' (lit. 'will be able'). [gao h jir] geuier 'lies'. I n sandhi: [ρϊ d^ihjon] pe da ean, 'when he comes', [o banah jern] ur baneh iein, 'a cold drop'. [di n hja. 8 ] d'en hias, 'downwards; below'. Note: [j] does nor occur in final position.

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§ 53 Μ As in the initial segment of out, but with less rounding. There is devoicing of [w] when [h] precedes, and some slight friction may accompany the [hw] group. Initially: [w] occurs before vowels as the realization of mutated gue-, gou-, boe-, me-, moe-. Cf. also §§ 148-9. ['weh9|rel] (ur) ueharal, 'formerly; of old', g. [welitsit] (ne) uelet ket, 'can't you see', g. [i wele] e uele, 'his bed', g. [or wen] er uen, 'the tree', g. [o werine] ur uerennad, 'a glassful', g. [i wet] e voed, 'his keep; his living' b. [i we.x] e voeh, 'his voice', b. [wi'intsü] (ne) ouien ket, Ί didn't know', g. [da wemo] 1 deouelo, 'to cry' g. [a we'rvrel] a veruel, 'from dying', m. [weis] (ur) voez, 'a woman', m. [o wosad] ur bochad, 'a lot', b. [di wer ! g] de viret, 'to watch over', m. [o wolante] ur volante, '(good) will', [wi] aveit, 'than; for', [wite] aveite, 'for them', [wotsi] (ne) vo ket, 'will not be', [weide] oeit e, 'he has gone' [widzin] uigent, 'twenty', [wijeo] uieu, 'eggs'. § 54 Initially, [w] occurs in the following groups: [hw], (which see, §§ 168-9), [kw], [pw], [gw], [dw], [bw], [fw], [V], [skw], [grw], [nw], (the two latter occur only rarely), [mw]. [hwa'dfcü] eh oh deit, 'you have come', [hwant] hoant, 'desire; wish', ['hwari'e] hoarie, 'played', (Impf), [hweda]2 hredan, Ί believe', k. [kwe1] koehet, 'fallen', ['pwepad] pe oe bet, 'when he was', [pwar] poar, 'four'. [9'gweh3lhe] e goehehe, 'that it would fall', k. [gwesgid] goasket, 'pressed', [gwo] goan, 'winter', [dwar] doar, 'earth', [bwen] (er) boen, 'pain', p. [fwen] foen, 'hay'. [vwehe4] foehet, 'to boil', p. [skwe.] skoe, 'shoulder' [grweida] gredan, Ί believe', k. [riwi|dontsIt] ne ouiant ket 'they don't know', g. In the two following examples, the [w] is weak and fleeting; most generally their realizations are ['bolao] and ['botao]: [bwoleo] boelleu, 'stomach'. [pwotao] poteu, 'shoes (wooden or otherwise)', b. § 55 Internally [w] is interlocal or is found in the following clusters: [lw] with optional svarabhakti, [mw], [mpw], [bw], [rw], [sg], [rhw]: 1 2

See § 127. For the absence of [r] in this word, cf. § 107.

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[a.wil] auel, 'wind'. [ 3 wi h ] eue, 'also', [jew£in'] iouank, 'young', [hri'saowid] reseuet, 'received'. [trawah] trahoalh, 'enough; abundantly', [e'wito] evito, 'to avoid'. [a'nawaharan] anaua e ran, Ί know', [beiwo] beuo, "to live; to be alive', [sgriwo] skriuo, 'to write', [kaowi] kavet, 'found', [neiwe] neue, 'new', [liwor] livr, 'franc'. [awIsi'hno:le0] a viz guenholon, 'of September', m. [mil®wer] miloer, 'mirror'. [mamw6] m'em boe, Ί had', ['kram ipwiix] kranpoeh, 'pancakes', [abwe] aboe, 'since'. ['pa.rwein] pe arriuein, 'when I will arrive', [verwit]1 beruet, 'boiled', (Pp). [verhwit] beruet. [di'sgwe] diskoe, 'shoulders'. § 56 [u] This is a non-syllable-forming vocalic glide. It has two qualities: (a) When appearing before [i], [I], [e], [e] it corresponds to the dorso-palatal labialized [q], as in lui. (b) When occurring before [e], [ε], it remains close, but becomes retracted and approximates the quality of an advanced and lowered [u]. There is little difference between the auditive impressions created by these two speech-sounds; in general, however, the character of [u] is determined by the degree of openness or closeness of the contiguous vowel. § 57 Quality (a) is found in initial position only, except in compound words. It is most frequently preceded by the affricates [ts] and [dz] but also [h] and [s]. [tsuit] kuit, 'away', [dzued] guelet, 'seen', [dzuelan] durant, 'during', [dzuen] guen, 'white'. [dzu61e] guele, 'bed', [dzuengä] Guengamp. [i dzulzln] e guisin, 'his cooking', k. [dzuin] guin, 'wine'. [suiax] chueh, 'tired', [hui] hui, 'you', [beni'dzuener] aben diguener, 'next Friday'. § 58 Quality (b) is placed in the same way as (a), i.e. initial, though I have recorded one instance of it appearing in absolute final, viz. ['hirie], hiriu, 'today'; the most frequent rendering of this word would be [hiri]; the final u has a zero-realization as 1

For [b] / [v] see § 150.

3 Zeitschrift f. celt. Phi]., Band 35

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Malachy McKenna

do other words of this type, such as: [mar] maru, 'dead'; [me] men, 'drunk': [dzyet] guelet, 'seen', [dzuehe] guerhet, 'sold', [dzuern] Guem. [dzuelhaon] guellan, 'best'. § 59 There is free variation between [y] and [y] in the following examples: [b4nildiyner] / [b0ni'gu6n6r] aben diguener, 'next Friday', [dzulzi] / [dzyzi] duze, 'over there', [dzyhetoh] / [dzuhesi] devehatoh, 'later' / devehat-se, 'that late'. § 60 [k] [k] appears initially before vowels: ['kuitan] koutant, 'happy', [kü.no] kano, 'to sing', [kan] kant, 'hundred'. [ka.r] karet, 'love', (Impv). [kasxd] kaset, 'brought', (Pp). [köbwei] kavei, 'will find'. [ka.a] kavet, 'found', [korli] Körle, [kurs] kours, 'time', [ke] ke, 'because', [koh] koh, 'old', [kalm] kalm, 'calm'. § 61 [k] appears initially in consonant groups: [sk] (for this group see also §§ 105-6) [kr], [kl], [kw], [skr], [skw]: [disku:tal] deskoutal?, 'to tease'? ['skriivi'tsi'] skriuet ket, 'aren't you writing?', [sko.i] skod, 'log', [skwe] skoe, 'shoulder'. ['kre:i|daon] kredan, Ί believe', [kreis] kreiz, 'middle', [kri] krean, 'strong'. [kro:g] krog, 'to hold on to', [krivi1] krevet, 'dead'. [klah] klah, 'trying', [kle] kleu, 'heard', (Pp). [kwe'] koehet, 'fallen'. § 62 [lc] appears internally in intervocalic position and in consonant groups: [kt], [sk], [nk], [q'k]: ['dok'tör] doktor, 'doctor', ['kus'kit] kousket, 'slept', (Pp). ['pesiked] pesked, 'fish'. ['mankoijei'] me ankouei, Ί will forget'. [vrsiq'k01]1 (e) vanka, 'is lacking', m. § 63 Intervocal: [pi'neket] beneket, 'some'. ['zi,k0r] sikour, 'help', [lake] laket, 'put'. (Pp). ['ekurs.] ekours, 'early'. 1

See § 120, and § 121, note 3.

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§ 64 In absolute final, [k] may be preserved, checked or dropped: [ϊ huk] e houg, 'his throat', g. [pek] peg, 'mouth', b. [e'hro k ] erauk, 'before', [e'hro.] erauk. [dru k ] droug, 'pain'. § 65 [t] This is alveolar or dento-alveolar; it may sometimes be followed by a frictional noise of a shibilant nature, the over-all effect of which is is to give the impression of an unformed affricate. § 66 [t] appears initially before vowels: [tes] tach, 'nail', [tap] tap, 'to take hold of', [ti] ti, 'house', [tul] toul, 'hole', [ty] tu, 'side', [tog] tok, 'hat'. § 67 [t] appears initially in consonant groups: [tr]; for [t] preceded by [s] or [s] see § 105-6. [t r esi] treset, 'appeared; looked', tracer1. [troi] (e) troein, 'turning', (Prp). [tros 3 nanao] tresenneu, 'tresses; plaits', [tri] tri, 'three'. § 68 [t] appears internally in consonant groups: [tr], [rt], [kt], [str], [ht], [nt], or between vowels: [be'tra.v®z] betravez, 'beetroot', [taa.'ri] ma ret, 'which must'. ['me r s|tris] mestrez, 'sweetheart', [kartao] karteu, 'cards'. [partiün] partiein, 'to leave', [doktör] doktor, 'doctor', [n hant'ir] en hanter, 'the h a l f , ['man^nel] montened, 'mountains', [dohtö] dohtou, 'to him'. § 69 [t] in intervocal position; (for [t] preceded by a lengthened vowel see § 277). [fotatsi] fauta ket, 'must not', [gji'te] gete, 'with them', [pite] pete, 'what'. [ml n tin] mitin, 'morning'. § 70 In final position [t] appears after a vowel or as an element of a consonant group such as [nt], [rt], [st]. As with [k], it may be preserved, checked or dropped: [ma ton 4 ] ma e tont, 'is coming', d. [kan] kant, 'hundred', [deidön] deit duhont, 'come there', (Pp). [ze r t] serret, 'close', (Impv). [dors?] dost, 'close', (Adj), t. [mes1] mestr, 'master', [diyt] dud, As in: en amzer oe treset fal, 'the weather looked bad'.

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'parents', t. ['dfcihjatsit] dalha ket, 'isn't holding', [r me:hjit] er merhed, 'the girls', [met] meit, 'only'. [vwehel] foehet, 'to boil', p. [bi4] erbet, 'any', [vjoha1] vuohed, 'cows', b. [bösa4] bochad, 'many', [da.1] dad, 'father', t. [zo.] sot, 'stupid', [jo.] geaut, 'grass', [ple.gi] pleget, 'stooped', (Pp). [gu] gout, 'to know', [bo] bout, 'to be', [bü] erbet, 'any', [t 3 ] tet, 'you come', d. [an dy] en dud, 'the people', t. § 71 [p] [p] occurs initially before vowels or in consonant groups: [pr], [Pi], [pw], [sp]. [poor] peur, 'poor', [paz] pas, 'to pass', [pei'o] peio, 'to pay*, [pen] pen, 'head', [pi] piu, 'who', [pel] pel, 'far', [pek] peg, 'mouth', b. [pe®t] peet, 'payed', (Pp). [piimid] pegement, 'how much'. [pi n '] pign, 'lung', [po] pautr, 'boy'. [premi d ] prenet, 'bought', (Pp). [pra.] prad, 'meadow', [pn4] pred, 'meal'. [prMt] preset, 'hurried', (Pp). [plah] plah, 'girl', [pwar] poar, 'four', [spes] spes, 'clear'. § 72 [p] appears internally between vowels or as a member of a consonant group: [sp], [sp], [mp], [mpw], [mpr], [spl]; (see also §§ 105-6). ['ruspx'te] rouspete, 'protested' (Impf), [dis'pllk] displeg, 'to explain', [hruspüreo] hospereu, 'vespers', g. [di gompin] de gonpren, 'to understand', k. [ar 'ham'psin'] er hampagn, 'the country', k. ['kramipwix] kranpoeh, 'pancakes', [gomprüna] gonprena, 'understands', k. [drompod] dronpet, 'deceived', (Pp), t. [dohpe n ] dohpen, 'more than'. §73 Intervocally: [la'pus] labous, 'rascal', ['dopit] dohbeta, 'to', ['zöpüt] zo bet, 'has been', [böpit] berpet, 'always'. § [p] occurs finally after a vowel; it may be preserved, checked or detached: [paP] pab, 'Pope', [tap] tap, 'to take hold of'. [maP] mab, 'son', [ma.] mab. §75 [p] may appear finally in a consonant group: [mp] [pemp] pemb, 'five'.

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§ 76 [g] [g] appears initially before vowels: [r 'ga.|15] er galon. 'the heart', k. [gobar] gober, 'to do', [m! ga] me gava, Ί find', [dg gohel] de goehel, 'to fall', k. [go.ze] gauze, 'talked', (Impf. 3 sg), k. [gein'] gein, 'back', k. [gözeie] gozik, 'almost', [gutel] goutel, 'knife', k. [i ga. r ] e gar, 'his car', k. § Π [g] occurs initially as a member of consonant groups such as: [gr], [gl], [gw], [gu]: [greid] groeit, 'done', [hi gruga] hi e grouga, 'she shrugs (her shoulders)', k. [grwsida] gredan, Ί believe', k. ['g^ctn.] gloan, 'wool', [gleh] glah, 'to look for', k. [gla.] glau, 'rain'. ['gweh9lh£] (e) goehehe 'would fall', k. [gwesgld] goasket, 'pressed', (Pp). [gwesä] goahan, 'worst', [gwo] goan, 'winter'. [gu ! jid] gouiet, 'known'. §78 Internally [g] occurs after short and lengthened vowels, which see: ['la'gat] lagad, 'eye', [di'gaz] degas, 'to pass (the time)', [tsi >gorao] (e) tigoro, 'will open', d. [vy'ga:le] vugale, 'children', b. ['byhigi'dze'x] buhigeh, 'vitality', [zl'ga:1] segal, 'rye', [piguz] pegours, 'when', (Int). [ple.gi'] pleget, 'stooped', (Pp). [deg'id] dekvet, 'tenth'. § 79 Internally [g] appears in consonant groups, eg. [rg], [rgh], [sg], [sgw], [ng], [gl]: [ho'hargan] hoh argand, 'your money'. [ar«hand] argand, 'money', [bisgwah] biskoah, 'never', [di'sgwe] diskoe, 'shoulders', [gwesgi'd] goasket, 'pressed' (Pp). [|dozm(gan] doh en um gann,'fighting', (pr.p). ['ä.igle] Anglez, 'English'. § 80 Finally [g] appears after short and lengthened vowels: [gali'e] galleg, 'the French language', [ag] hag, 'and', [tog] tok, 'hat'. [kro:g] krog, 'to hold onto', [drug] droug, 'pain'. § 81 [g] may be detached: [i hu] e houg, his throat, g. § 82 In the following examples I noted original -t being realized auditorily as [g]; at times this speech-sound approached

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[d]; on repeating a given phrase, speaker (1) substituted [g] for [d]: [h'irad], [h'iTfeig] roeit, 'give', (Impv). [no 'wed n®hö], [no 'weg n a hö], en ur uelet anehou, 'seeing him', [di 'wer ! g ϊ 'ζαο] de viret er seud, 'to tend the cattle', m. [ma 'ka r heg α 'sileo] ma karet cheleu, 'if you like to listen'. § 83 [d] This is alveolar or dento-alveolar. I n initial position, [d] appears before vowels: [da] de, 'to', [dein'] den, 'man', [dela] dela, 'ought to'. [dyha°q] devehan, 'last', (Adj). [di.het] dilhad, 'clothes', [dond] dont, 'to come'. [ h rei dom] re duem, 'too warm, t. ['diimö 1 ] dimout, 'to marry', [door] deur, 'water', [dol] daul, 'table', t. [da 1 ] dad, 'father', t. § 84 Initially [d] occurs before the following consonant groups: [dr], [dw]. [dro u ] dro, 'a turning', t. [drfcit] droet, 'feet', t. [drfc.ijit] drailhet, 'rent', [on 'dramne'ket] un dra beneket, something, t. [dwar] doar, 'earth'. § 85 I n medial position [d] may occur intervocally, and be preceded by a short, half-long or long vowel. ['ma.de] mad e, 'it is good', [ml gre.da] me greda, Ί believe', k. [hody'nor] Hot-du-Nord, Les Cotes-du-Nord, k. ['hridi] ret e, 'is necessary', [wi'dox] aveidoh, 'for you'. § 86 [d] in medial position as a member of a consonant group: [nd], [md], [rd], [dr], [Id]: [ a ndi z ] en des, 'has'. [ben d i l dzyne r ] ben diguener, 'next Friday', ['bamdei] bamde, 'everyday', ['sdiardwa11] sterd erhoalh, 'quite difficult', [el'doh] eldoh, 'like you'. § 87 I n final position [d] may be preserved, checked or detached; this applies equally well whether [d] is preceded by a vowel or is a member of a consonant group. Preceded by a vowel: [vad] vad, 'good', (n), m. [amöd] amod, 'whatever', [o bosad] ur bochad, 'many'.

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§88 ['peS|ked] pesked, 'fish', (pi), [mi'nyd] minut, 'minute; small', [rou] rod, 'wheel', [ma.] mad, 'well'. § 89 The following examples all occurred in absolute final: [pra.] prad, 'meadow'. [sko.$] skod, 'log'. [dahlma. [®r] > [r] > [Θ] > zero. § 115 Internal weak [r] is noticeable where it is flanked by [t] in particular, and, on occasion, by other stops eg. [d], [g], [p]. [zert] cherret, 'close'. [sdJ8rtah] stertoh, 'more difficult'. [partnt] partiet, 'departed', (Pp). [mi vat r o n ] me fatron, 'my boss', p. [trawah] trahoalh, 'enough; abundantly'. [tresi] treset, 'looked', (Pp). [nitre] nitra, 'nothing'. [drfc!jo] drailho, 'to rend'. ['dlrema] dre-ma, 'here; in this area'. [®n treo] en treu, 'the things', [i dreo] e dreu, 'his things'. ['gre:daontsi] gredan ket, Ί don't believe', k. [gömprinlt] gonprenet, 'understood', (Pp), k. § 116 Instances of [r] being dropped from a word are not uncommon. In ΕDBF, under: nitra, the forms: nitre and: nite are given for Bas-Vannetais; similarly for: petra, the forms: petre1 and: pete are cited.

1

The acute accent on this word may be a mis-print.

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[pite] petra, 'what*, [nite] nitra, 'nothing', [toh] torh, 'large, round loaf', [me.hjit] merhed, 'girls'. [hant a ] hantret, 'entered', [mas'] marse, 'perhaps', [di gompin] de gonpren, 'to understand', k. [vlasdod] flastret, 'crushed', (Pp). [la.4] laret, 'to speak', [pl'gus] pegours, 'when', [kwax] koarh, 'hemp'. §117 [r] may replace [1] in certain words; this phenomenon may have begun as dissimilation - as can be seen from some of the examples below - and then become a general feature 1 , [i a'ne.r] e anal, 'his breath', [i 'ruf|rel] e rouflal, 'snorting', (Pr.p). [sum'la.r.] cheminal, 'chimney; fire-place', [o 'diuel're 1 ] ur guele aral, 'another bed', ['der^e11] deliein e rehen, Ί ought to have', [mil varo] ma e valo, 'she is grinding (coffee)', m. [p arve] en alhue, 'the key'. § 118 There is free variation between [r] and [n] in the following words: [* 'no.r] unon, 'one'. [ ä hier] e len, 'reading', [riz® re 'af ! r] er re-ze en de afre, 'those need', [dzanan] durant, 'during', [aor] eun, 'fear'. § 119 A faint [ r ] sound occurred in the following examples; this may arise from a so-called retroflex vowel which precedes the [*]. ßerit o r pek] cherret ho peg, 'close your mouth', b. [®r |fwen αΓα'hanhma] er foen ahanema, 'the hay from here'. § 120 The same [ r ] occurs in the following examples, though the stricture required for [s] undoubtedly influences the nature of the flanking vowel; with ref. to example 3, the stricture used for [s] is discussed in § 201. [do r sd a ] deusta, est-ce-que. [e r s?] est, 'harvest'. ['mers|tres] mestrez, 'sweetheart'. [dors