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A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law
Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one
The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Florian Schwarz (Vienna)
volume 161
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1
A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law Compiled and Edited by
Olaf Köndgen With a Foreword by
Rudolph Peters
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Cover illustration: ÖNB/Wien, Cod. A. F. 9, fol. 30v, al-Maqāmāt, Abu Zaid and son before the judge. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Köndgen, Olaf, compiler. Title: A bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law / compiled and edited by Olaf Köndgen. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2022. | Series: Handbook of oriental studies. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section one. The near and Middle East, 0169–9423 ; volume 161 | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021044501 (print) | LCCN 2021044502 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004447509 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004472785 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal law (Islamic law)—Bibliography. | Criminal law—Islamic countries—Bibliography Classification: LCC KBP3791 .K66 2022 (print) | LCC KBP3791 (ebook) | DDC 340.5/9—dc23/eng/20211014 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021044501 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021044502
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978-90-04-44750-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-47278-5 (e-book) Copyright 2022 by Olaf Köndgen. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
Für Nanami und Viktor In Erinnerung an Johannes Rempel und Beningna Rempel, geb. Schmidt
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Contents Foreword xv Preface xviii
part 1 Thematic Section General and Reference 3 Abortion 19 Alcohol, Shurb al-Khamr, Intoxicants, Drugs, Tobacco 24 Apostasy, Ridda, Irtidād, Blasphemy, Heresy, Freedom of Religion 28 Banditry, Ḥirāba 45 Bioethics, Euthanasia 46 Blood Money, Diya 50 Blood Vengeance 52 Children’s Rights, Juvenile Justice 53 Codification 53 Comparative Law 53 Corruption 54 Criminal Law Reform 55 Criminal Responsibility, Liability 55 Cyber Crime 57
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Death Penalty 58 Defamation, Qadhf, Unfounded Accusation of Unlawful Sexual Intercourse 60 Defence 60 Duress, Coercion 62 Financial Crime, Fraud, Economic Crime, Money Laundering 62 Foundling, Laqīṭ 63 Gambling 64 Genocide 64 Ḥadd, Ḥudūd 64 Hanafi Criminal Law 69 Hanbali Criminal Law 71 Ḥisba 72 Homicide, Qatl 73 Homosexuality, Liwāṭ 75 Honour Killings, Sexual Violence, Crimes of Passion 81 Human Rights 83 Ijtihād 101 Intellectual Property Rights 101 Intent 103 International Islamic Criminal Law 103
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Legality 105 Legal Maxims 106 Legal Transfer 107 Legal Uncertainties, Shubha, Doubt 107 Liʿān 108 Maliki Criminal Law 108 Maẓālim 112 Mens Rea 112 Necessity 113 Piracy 113 Police, Policing 113 Political Crime 114 Prevention 114 Prisons, Imprisonment, Prisoners 115 Proof, Evidence, Testimony, Procedure 116 Punishment 122 Qasāma 127 Rape 127 Rebellion, Baghy 129 Repentance 130
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x Restorative Justice 130 Retribution, Qiṣāṣ 131 Rights of God, Rights of Men 133 Settlement, Ṣulḥ, Arbitration 133 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 135 Shāfiʿī Criminal Law 135 Shīʿī Criminal Law 137 Siyāsa 139 Sufism 139 Suicide 139 Taʿzīr 140 Terminology 141 Terrorism 141 Theft, Sariqa 142 Torture 143 Traffic Accidents 145 Transitional Justice 145 Tribal Law 146 War 146 Women, Gender 148 Zinā, Unlawful Sexual Intercourse, Fornication, Adultery 150
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part 2 Countries, Regions, Eras and Organisations Abbassids 155 Afghanistan 157 Africa, West Africa 162 Algeria 162 Arab League 163 Bangladesh 164 Brunei 164 Caucasus 166 Early Islam, Umayyads 166 Egypt 170 Germany 185 Gulf Cooperation Council 186 India 186 Indonesia 191 Iran 201 Iraq 234 Islamic State, IS, ISIS, Daesh 235 Israel 236 Jordan 238
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xii Kenya 240 Kuwait 240 Libya 241 Malaysia 244 Maldives 255 Mali 256 Mamluks 256 Mauritania 260 Mongols, Ilkhans 262 Morocco 262 Niger 264 Nigeria 264 North Africa, Maghreb 291 Ottoman Empire, Seljuks, Turkey 291 Pakistan 307 Palestine, Palestinian Territories 336 Qatar 337 Saudi-Arabia 337 Somalia 346 Spain (Al-Andalus) 348
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Sudan 355 Syria 368 Tunisia 369 United Arab Emirates 369 United States of America 372 Yemen 372 Zanzibar 374 Glossary of Arabic Terms 375 Index of Authors 378 Index of Subjects and People 405
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Foreword Olaf Köndgen has produced an ambitious and (almost) complete bibliography of Islamic criminal law, listing publications from the early 19th century until now. This bibliography is unique in its size: the only two prior bibliographies are of a much smaller scale and older, produced in 2001 and 2011. Köndgen’s bibliography lists more than 3,600 titles in two parts: one part having titles on general legal concepts and another part with titles related to countries and areas. The former part contains 76 alphabetical sections from “abortion” to “zinā”, ranging through subjects such as “blood money,” “cybercrime”, “hadd,” “qasama” and “theft”. The latter part includes 45 geographical sections with titles related specifically to countries and eras. This bibliography is a monumental academic achievement. It is first and foremost an indispensable tool for research on Islamic criminal law. However, this bibliography was not intended to completely list all publications in this field. The bibliography is printed in Western European languages and not in languages such as Arabic, Persian and Urdu. This is because such a bibliography is in practice too complicated to produce, as Köndgen mentions in the Preface. In my view there is another good reason. By concentrating mostly on English (and, to a lesser extent, other European languages) the bibliography reaches a wide international audience, also in Muslim-majority countries, where a growing part of academic production takes place in English as well (e.g. in Pakistan, Nigeria, Malaysia, Iran a.o.). Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that this bibliography will encourage the future compilation of academic output as well as publications on national legal practices written in the main regional languages of the Muslim world. The present work, however, is not only a tool for research; it is also a document in which Köndgen demonstrates the development of the discipline of the study of Islamic criminal law during the last two hundred years. First, it is striking that publications in this field have increased exponentially since roughly 1980. The entries published before 1980 are a mere 7% of the whole collection, which means that the remaining entries after 1980 amount to 93%. Indeed, studies of Islamic law have become more popular during the last decades of the 20th century. But there was another development in the composition of various fields: the relatively greater interest in criminal law. Until roughly 1980, the significance of Western studies on Islamic criminal law was relatively small within the whole field of Islamic law. When I was at the university studying Islamic law, the received wisdom of my professors, who had studied under scholars such as Snouck Hurgronje, Goldziher and Schacht, was
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that Islamic law, Sharia, was essentially regarded as an ideal and theoretical system of unchangeable rules, where only a few fields of law, such as family law, law of succession, waqfs, were understood as living law applied by the courts. Other fields, such as criminal law, were less interesting, being considered not as legal practice, but rather as theory, merely discussed academically among Muslim jurists but not enforced. Western legal publications on Islamic criminal law were therefore relatively rare. This changed, however, in the 1980s when the growth of Western publications on Islamic criminal law increased exponentially. There were two causes for this: the development of the study of the legal history of Islam and the victory of Islamist regimes in some countries. During the later decades of the last century the court records in the archives of the Muslim world began attracting more and more legal historians. Before that they focused chiefly on social history. However, in order to read these records, many of them felt the need to comprehend the legal system, i.e., the actual working of the law as found in the records. I myself felt this need to understand the actual system of Egyptian law, when, in the 1980s, I acquired the 19th-century Egyptian fatwa collection of al-Fatawa al-Mahdiyya. I was surprised to find that one volume of a fatwa collection on criminal law referred to concrete procedures in legal courts and administrative offices. Through these fatwas I had a bureaucratic link with the court records in the Egyptian archives. Scrutinising these records I could examine how the legal system worked before the British occupation. The new generation of legal historians demonstrated that Islamic criminal law had not been abolished or fallen into desuetude, but was actually enforced, usually in combination with executive authorities or bodies. Studying court records in the various national archives many articles and books on the history of Islamic criminal law were published, as we can see in the bibliography. The second factor explaining the expansion of titles on Islamic criminal law after 1980 is political. Of course, there are a few countries (Saudi Arabia, Yemen) where Sharia, including Islamic criminal law, has traditionally been enforced as the law of the land. However, as a result of the victory of Islamist regimes, Sharia was reintroduced in some other Muslim countries having Western-type law. This included the enforcement of Islamic criminal law codes, initiated in Libya (1972), Pakistan (1979), Iran (codified Islamic criminal law as of 1982), Sudan (1983), Northern Nigeria (2000) and Brunei (2013). The Islamisation of law, and especially criminal law, resulted in a critical and concerned interest of Western academic research and in the increase of titles concerning Islamic criminal law. Recent Islamisation of Sharia was first studied not by lawyers, but rather by students of religion and politics, for instance
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focusing on Salafism or by human rights specialists, examining to which extent the Sharia codes conflicted. Going through the contents of this bibliography you will find that its subject is law, but with diverse entries: law can be understood just as legal practice and jurisprudence, but also as a legal phenomenon analysed through different disciplines: social science, politics, religion and history. This makes this bibliography a rich and multidisciplinary publication with a readership beyond legal specialists. Rudolph Peters
Preface
Why Another Bibliography of Islamic Law?
Studies on Islamic law and its various sub-fields have grown exponentially since the early eighties of the last century. Even the specialist will hardly be able to keep track of, let alone read, the large number of titles that are being published all over the world. While this assessment applies to Islamic law in general, it is also correct with regard to the sub-field of Islamic criminal law. There are a number of important reasons for this surge in scholarship over the past forty years. In particular, the interest in Islamic criminal law has grown with the number of countries legislating it, Brunei being just the latest example. This process has not stopped since Colonel Gaddafi spearheaded it in 1972, and there is little reason to believe that it will not continue in the future. Further, a large body of research has been produced in countries where some form of Islamic criminal law has been enacted, e.g. in Nigeria, Pakistan, Iran, Indonesia and Malaysia. Many new journals, often founded by Sharīʿa faculties in these countries, produce new scholarship in English as well as in other languages. New open access journals and the possibilities the internet offers in general facilitate the publication of books and articles and thus contribute to a wealth of new publications. Scientific, legal, political and other challenges also contribute to the steady growth of the field. Scholars now deal with the challenges of bioethics, suicide terrorism, cybercrime, forensic psychology, money laundering and more. Finally, a large number of NGOs and INGOs deal with human rights violations in Muslim majority countries that often are in connection with aspects of codified Islamic criminal law. They publish well-researched and extensive reports on their websites. All of these trends make up for a plethora of books and scholarly articles on the subject at hand. Indeed, the number of publications on Islamic criminal law and matters related to it are more than the individual scholar and researcher is able to oversee. This finding in itself would justify the publication of this bibliography. But does a printed bibliography still make sense in a time of extremely rapid search machines that deliver tens or hundreds of thousands of results in milliseconds? Is it not easily possible to find all these entries with a quick google search? I still remember how I spent weeks and months in the 1980s and early 1990s sifting through the traditional card index boxes at the Staatsbibliothek Berlin, filling in order forms and waiting for the books and articles to be ready for consultation. The world has changed since then. The internet has made
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any search for literature a lot faster and ostensibly much simpler. In addition, the searching can be done from home, and the results, i.e. the books and articles one finds, thanks to digitalisation, can often be consulted or read on your computer at home as well. However, the mere wealth of information has also become unmanageable. It needs to be structured and sorted. This is what this bibliography attempts to do. It maps an important sub-field of Islamic law, divides its different aspects into chapters that are easily searchable and thus not only renders it easily accessible to the researcher and student but also documents and charts the developments within Islamic criminal law during the past decades. It should be noted that this is the first Islamic criminal law bibliography of this size ever published. With more than 3,600 entries its size also surpasses all other bibliographies on Islamic law in general. This bibliography thus gives enhanced visibility to a field that is of eminent scholarly but also political importance. It will be of interest to those researching Islamic law in general, to students and researchers of Islamic criminal law in Muslim majority countries in particular, but also to researchers and activists dealing with human rights in the Muslim world.
What This Bibliography Covers
A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law covers all books and articles I could find on the subject, with no particular time limitation, starting with the 19th century to the most recent publications. It does not include book reviews and short encyclopaedia entries. However, if an encyclopaedia entry is longer and is closer to a short introduction to a given key theme I have included it. In many bibliographies Ph.D. dissertations and M.A. theses are not taken into account despite their often important scholarly contribution. I have therefore tried to find and include as many pertinent Ph.D. dissertations and M.A. theses as I could find. A certain number of them can be downloaded for free with the help of the bibliographical details provided here. At an early stage of the work I decided to refrain from adding annotations to entries because the rapidly rising number of titles I was able to compile simply did not allow for it. The choice of languages included is as simple as it is unsatisfactory. I have included all the European languages I can read well plus a few titles in languages I read less well but where the subject was clear and fitting. The compromises I had to make are obvious. A number of relevant languages are missing, especially those from countries with Muslim majorities, such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Indonesian and others, as well as, e.g., all the Slavic languages. I decided to
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exclude these languages because either I don’t read them or when I do (Arabic, Persian), including them would have made my (and the publisher’s) task complicated and time-consuming to a degree that would have made the whole project unfeasible. An argument in my defence is that all bibliographies on Islamic law I am aware of have made that same choice for probably the same reasons.1 I have also not included URLs because they are not only often very long and cumbersome to type, but are also ephemeral and become outdated and unusable rather quickly. Further, with the high-powered browsers available, it is faster and easier to copy or type the title of a book or the name of an author into a search machine. At this point it deserves to be mentioned that a certain number of the listed titles can be found on the internet for free. In the past 20 years open access journals of varying quality have multiplied. Many publish high-quality peer-reviewed articles. Others are of more dubious quality and are often the product of the thriving activities of rogue publishers who not only lack peer review but often publish almost without or with only rudimentary quality checks. It goes without saying that articles from such sources have not been accepted into this bibliography, except in justified cases.
Structure and Use of This Bibliography
The structure of this bibliography and the way it should be used are rather straightforward and follow to a large degree the Al-Zwaini/Peters bibliography of Islamic law of 1994. Most important, the bibliographical entries are 1 To the best of my knowledge there exist only two smaller Islamic law bibliographies that deal exclusively with Islamic criminal law. One was compiled by François Lareau (Ottawa, Canada) in 2001 (downloadable from the internet) and the other one was published by Christie S. Warren (Oxford Bibliographies Online / Oxford University Press, 2011). As regards general Islamic law bibliographies, the following works were consulted by me: SPIES, Otto & PRITSCH, Erich. Klassisches islamisches Recht. Orientalisches Recht (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, Ergänzungsband 3). Ed. E. Seidl et al. Leiden & Köln: E.J. Brill, 1964, pp. 220–343. AL-ZWAINI, Laila & PETERS, Rudolph. A bibliography of Islamic law, 1980–1993. Leiden et al.: Brill, 1994. 239 pp. MAKDISI, John & MAKDISI, Marianne. Islamic law bibliography. Revised and updated list of secondary sources. Law Library Journal, 87 i (1995) pp. 69–191. FIERRO, Maribel with CARNICERO, M.J. & FÉRNANDEZ FÉLIX, A. & PEÑA, S. & DE LA PUENTE, C. & SERRANO, D. & ZOMEÑO, A. Repertorio bibliográfico de derecho islámico. An annotated bibliography of Islamic law. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, 1999. 355 pp. LOHLKER, Rüdiger. Bibliographie des islamischen Rechts. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 2005. 194 pp. YIGIN, Adem. Index Islamicus’a göre batida İslam hukuku alanında yapılan çalışmaların bibliografyasi (1994–2004). İslam Hukuku Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4 (2004) pp. 525–623. BLEANEY, C.H. & SINCLAIR, S. & GARCÍA SUÁREZ, P. & SCHWARB, G. Index Islamicus. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 1958.
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consecutively numbered. There are two main parts. Part one covers entries listed by themes in alphabetical order from “abortion” to “zinā”, with an introductory general part preceding them. All entries that can be connected to a given country, region, era or organisation are to be found in part two. If the title of an article or a book contains several keywords, those indicating a country or an era receive preference and are thus listed in part two, otherwise they can be found in part one. Both parts cover, on the one hand, the main issues of Islamic criminal law (ḥudūd, qiṣāṣ, taʿzīr …), and on the other hand they reflect the wide range of titles I found when compiling this bibliography. They were at times new and unexpected, but are evidence of the rapid development of the field. The unsuspecting reader may be surprised to find chapter titles such as “Germany” and “United States of America”; however, existing scholarly articles linking these countries to Islamic criminal law justify separate chapters. The formatting of the entries follows the Index Islamicus and its protocol. The Arabic article Al-, al- El-, el-, An- etc., in author names is disregarded in its hyphenated form. Thus “An-Naʿim” is listed under N, El-Baradie under B and so forth. Names beginning with an unhyphenated Al, El etc., e.g. Alkali, Eltantawi will be listed under A and E. The second set of tools to orientate the user of this bibliography are the Index of Authors and the Index of Subjects and People. It goes without saying that many of the bibliographical entries cover much more than what the titles betray. I have, therefore, as far as possible checked the texts at hand as to the subject matters they contain and listed them accordingly. Thus, while the table of contents gives a solid first orientation to the user of this bibliography, the two indices unlock the richness of the material covered. Acknowledgments No bibliography of this size can be compiled without the help of many. My special thanks go to Rudolph Peters and Delfina Serrano who have both shared advice on the structure and content of this bibliography, made suggestions to improve it and contributed entries. Other scholars who shared their publication lists or helped in other ways were Silvia Tellenbach, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Paul Marshall, Khaled Abou El Fadl, Hans-Georg Ebert, Gunnar Weimann, Sanaz Alasti, Frank E. Vogel, François Lareau, Knut Vikør, Asma M. Abdel Halim, Willem Floor and Ibrahim M. Zeine. I thank all of them. Last, but not least my sincere thanks go to the Board of Editors of Brill’s HdO series for accepting this bibliography as part of the series, to Nienke BrienenMoolenaar and Nicolette van der Hoek for their unrelenting support, to
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Pieter te Velde for his skilful supervision of the production process, to Laila Al-Zwaini for her clinical eye in proofreading more than 3,600 entries and spotting mistakes I thought I hadn’t made and Kate Elliott for competently proofreading this Preface and the Foreword. Olaf Köndgen Strasbourg
part 1 Thematic Section
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General and Reference 1.
ABDAL-HAQQ, Irshad. Islamic law: an overview of its origin and elements. Journal of Islamic Law, 1 i (1996) pp. 1–60. [Reprinted as: ABDAL-HAQQ, Irshad. Islamic law: an overview of its origin and elements. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 7 (2002) pp. 27–101.]
2.
ABDAL-HAQQ, Irshad. Legal injunctions of the Qurʾan. Journal of Islamic Law, 2 (1997) pp. 53–92.
3.
ABDAL-HAQQ, Irshad. The legal definition of Islam: an examination of judicial, legislative, mainstream and nontraditional interpretations. Journal of Islamic Law, 1 ii (1996) pp. 105–185.
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ABDUR RAHIM, M.A. The principles of Muhammadan jurisprudence according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafiʿi, and Hanbali schools. London: Luzac & Co. & Madras: S.P.C.K. Depository, 1911. [See chapter IX “Torts and Crimes”, pp. 351–363 and chapter X “Procedure and Evidence”, pp. 364–382.]
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AFFI, Ahmed & AFFI, Hassan. Contemporary interpretation of Islamic law. Kibworth Beauchamp: Matador, 2014. 262 pp.
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AGERER, Stefanie. Das Recht des Koran: Islamisches Strafrecht in der Gegenwart. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2006. 132 pp.
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AHANGAR, Mohd Altaf Hussain. Crime and punishment in a modern Muslim state: a pragmatic approach. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 31 i (2014) pp. 51–69.
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AHMAD, Zamir. The Quranic sociology of crime. Karachi: Karachi University Press, 2001. 174 pp.
9.
AHMED, M. Mukarram. Crime and punishment under Islamic law. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2008. 330 pp.
10. AHMED, Syed Maqbool & KHAN, A. Khaliq. The law of crime in the Qurʾan & religion vs. morality. Encyclopaedic survey of Islamic culture. Vol. 2: Studies in Qurʾan. Ed. Mohamed Taher. Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997, pp. 43–61.
© Olaf Köndgen, 2022 | doi:10.1163/9789004472785_002
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ALAREFI, Abdullah Saad. Overview of Islamic law. International Criminal Law Review, 9 iv (2009) pp. 707–731.
12. ALDEEB ABU-SAHLIEH, Sami Awad. Religion et droit dans les pays arabes. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2008. 590 pp. [See “Partie III. Droit pénal” pp. 135–336.] 13. ALDEEB ABU-SAHLIEH, Sami A. Étude sur le droit pénal musulman. Lausanne: Institut suisse de droit comparé, 1985. 58 pp. 14. ANWARULLAH. The criminal law of Islam. Islamabad: Shariah Academy, International Islamic University, 2005. 274 pp. 15. ANWARULLAH. Criminal law of Islam. Brunei Darussalam: Islamic Daʿwah Centre, Ministry of Religious Affairs, 1995. 279 pp. 16. ʿAWWA, Muhammad Salim Al-. The basis of Islamic penal legislation. The Islamic criminal justice system. Ed. M. Cherif Bassiouni. London: Oceana Publications, 1982, pp. 127–147. 17. AZAD, Ghulam Murtaza. Administration of criminal justice. Studies in Islamic law, religion and society. Ed. H.S. Bhatia. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1989, pp. 156–180. 18. BADAR, Mohamed Elewa. Islamic criminal justice in the 21st century. International Criminal Law Review, 9 iv (2009) pp. 591–593. 19. BADR, Gamal M. & MAYER, Ann Elizabeth. Islamic criminal justice. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 32 i (1984) pp. 167–169. 20. BAMBALE, Yahaya Yunusa. Crimes and punishments under Islamic law. Ikeja, Nigeria: Malthouse Press Limited, 2003. 119 pp. 21. BARADIE, Adel El-. Gottes-Recht und Menschen-Recht. Grundlagen probleme der islamischen Strafrechtslehre. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlags gesellschaft, 1983. 246 pp. 22. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif. The Shariʿa and Islamic criminal justice in time of war and peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 410 pp.
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23. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif. Crime and punishment in Islam. The different aspects of Islamic culture: the individual and society in Islam. Chief ed. A. Bouhdiba, co-ed. M. Maʿruf al-Dawalibi. Paris: UNESCO, 1998, pp. 295–329. 24. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif. Crimes and the criminal process. Arab Law Quarterly, 12 iii (1997) pp. 269–286. 25. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif. Face à la déviance. Les différents aspects de la culture islamique. Ed. A. Bouhdiba, M. Maʿruf al Dawalibi. Paris: UNESCO, 1994, pp. 303–338. 26. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif. A search for Islamic criminal justice: an emerging trend in Muslim states. The Islamic impulse. Ed. B.F. Stowasser. London: Croom Helm & Washington, DC: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1987, pp. 244–254. 27. BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif (ed.). The Islamic criminal justice system. London: Oceana Publications, 1982. 255 pp. 28. BERCHER, Léon. Les délits et les peines de droit commun prévus par le Coran: leur réglementation dans les rites malékite, chaféite et hanéfite. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris. Tunis: Société anonyme de l’Imprimerie rapide, 1926. 154 pp. 29. BERTOLINI, Vincent-Charles. Questions de droit pénal musulman. Paris: Calvia, 1933. 10 pp. 30. BHALA, Raj. Understanding Islamic law (Sharīʾa). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2016. [See pp. 43–47.] 31. BLACK, Anne & HOSSEIN, Esmaeili & HOSEN, Nadirsyah (eds.). Modern perspectives on Islamic law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. 320 pp. [See chapter 9. “Islamic criminal law” pp. 217–241.] 32. BLEUCHOT, Hervé. Droit musulman. Tome 2: Fondements, culte, droit public et mixte. Aix-en-Provence: Presses Universitaires d’Aix-Marseille, 2002. 799 pp. [See pp. 669–722.]
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33. BOHLANDER, Michael & HEDAYATI-KAKHI, Mohammad M. Criminal justice under Sharʿiah in the 21st century—an inter-cultural view. Arab Law Quarterly, 23 iv (2009) pp. 417–436. 34. BURNS, Jonathan G. Introduction to Islamic law. Principles of civil, crimi nal, and international law under the Shariʿa. N.p.: Teller Books, 2014. 162 pp. [See chapter 6: “Criminal law and procedure”, pp. 109–132.] 35. BUSHRA, Mohamed El Amin El-. Criminal justice system. Islamic law perspective. Al-Fikr Al-Shurti, 22 lxxxiv (2013) pp. 273–320. 36. CAMMACK, Mark. Islamic law and crime in contemporary courts. Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law, 4 i (2011) pp. 1–15. 37. CHAUDHRY, Muhammad Sharif. Code of Islamic laws: the criminal and civil laws of Islam directly deduced from the Qurʾan. Lahore: Impact Publications International, 1997. 292 pp. 38. CILARDO, Agostino. Situazione preislamica. Peculiarità del diritto islamico. Diritto penale islamico. IRRSAE Campania, Quaderni. Corsi di aggiornamento per l’integrazione degli alumni stranieri nella scuola dell’obbligo. Naples, 1993, vol. 1/4, pp. 63–82. 39. COOK, Michael. Commanding right and forbidding wrong in Islamic thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 702 pp. 40. COULSON, N.J. The state and the individual in Islamic law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 6 (1957) pp. 49–60. 41. CRYSTAL, J. Criminal justice in the Middle East. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29 vi (2001) pp. 469–482. 42. D’ASCOLI, Giovanni. Il diritto penale musulmano. Tesi di Laurea, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 1993–1994. 73 pp. 43. DILGER, Konrad. Tendenzen der Rechtsentwicklung. Der Islam in der Gegenwart. Entwicklung und Ausbreitung, Staat, Politik und Recht, Kultur und Religion. Ed. Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach. München: C.H. Beck, 1996. [See chapter III.3 “Strafrecht”, pp. 202–212.]
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1022.
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1023.
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1024.
NIAZI, Samia Maqbool. Superficial approach of Muslim scholars to intellectual property rights. Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research (PJIR), 13 (2014) pp. 51–70.
Intent 1025.
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1026.
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1027.
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International Islamic Criminal Law 1028.
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International Islamic Criminal Law
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Legality
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1039.
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1042.
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1045.
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Legality 1046. JAOUHAR, Mohamed. Essai d’une analyse critique de la légalité criminelle en droit pénal islamique. Thèse de doctorat d’État, Toulouse 1, 1986. 513 pp. 1047.
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justice in Islam: judicial procedure in the Sharīʿa. Ed. Muhammad Abdel Haleem, Adel Omar Sherif, Kate Daniels. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003, pp. 57–96. 1048.
KAMALI, Mohammad Hashim. The right to personal safety and the principle of legality in the Shariʿah. Islamic Studies, 39 ii (2000) pp. 249–289.
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1052.
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Legal Maxims 1053.
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1054.
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1055.
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1056.
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women in the tension between shariʿah and Western law. Women in Islam: reflections on historical and contemporary research. Ed. Terence Lovat. New York: Springer, 2012, pp. 117–134. 1057.
ZAKARIYAH, Luqman. Custom and society in Islamic criminal law: a critical appraisal of the maxim ‘al-ādah muḥakkamah’ (custom is authoritative) and its sisters in Islamic legal procedures. Arab Law Quarterly, 26 i (2012) pp. 75–97.
Legal Transfer 1058.
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1060. FIERRO, Maribel. “Idraʾū l-ḥudūd ʿinda l-shubuhāt”: when lawful violence meets doubt. Hawwa, 5 ii–iii (2007) pp. 208–238. 1061.
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RABB, Intisar A. Doubt in Islamic law. A history of legal maxims, interpretation, and Islamic criminal law. New York: Cambridge University Press: 2015. 432 pp.
1063.
RABB, Intisar A. “Reasonable doubt” in Islamic law. The Yale Journal of International Law, 40 i (2015) pp. 41–94.
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Liʿān
1064. RABB, Intisar A. The Islamic rule of lenity: judicial discretion and legal canons. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 44 v (2011) pp. 1299–1351. 1065.
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1066. RABB, Intisar. Doubt’s benefit: legal maxims in Islamic law, 7th–16th centuries. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2009. 1067.
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Liʿān 1068. ALSOUFI, Rana. Suspecting infidelity in Islamic law: the case of liʿān. Ehre in Familie, Recht und Religion. Juristische, theologische und anthropologische Perspektiven. Ed. Andreas Eicker, Stephanie Klein. Bern: Stämpfli Verlag, 2018, pp. 125–133. 1069. SHABANA, Ayman. Negation of paternity in Islamic law between liʿān and DNA fingerprinting. Islamic Law and Society, 20 (2013) pp. 156–201. 1070.
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Maliki Criminal Law 1071.
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1072.
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ARCAS CAMPOY, María. La penalización de las injurias en el derecho mālikí. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Orientalistas, 30 (1994) pp. 209–217.
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1079.
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and blasphemy laws. Ed. Muhammad Khalid Masud, Kari Vogt, Lena Larsen, Christian Moe. London etc.: I.B. Tauris, 2021, pp. 53–73. 1084.
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1085.
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1086. HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ, Adday. La compraventa de vino entre musulmanes y cristianos ḏimmíes a través de textos jurídicos mālikíes del Occidente islámico medieval. The legal status of ḏimmī-s in the Islamic West (second/eighth–ninth/fifteenth centuries). Ed. Maribel Fierro, John Tolan. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013, pp. 243–274. 1087.
KHALĪL IBN ISḤĀK AL JUNDĪ. Maliki Law; being a summary from French translations of the Mukhtaṣar of Sîdî Khalîl: with notes and bibliography by F.H. Ruxton. London: Luzac & Co., 1916. [Reprinted: Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1980. 420 pp.]
1088. KHALÎL IBN ISHÂK. Précis de jurisprudence musulmane ou principes de législation musulmane civile et religieuse selon le rite mâlékite. 6 vols. Traduit de l’Arabe par M. Perron. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1848–1854. 1089. MENDILUCE, M. de. El testigo y el juramento en el derecho musulmán según sidi Jalil. Melilla: El Telegrama del Rif, 1917. 1090. PESLE, Octave. La judicature, la procédure, les preuves dans l’Islam malékite. Casablanca: Impr. réunies de la “Vigie marocaine” et du “Petit marocain”, 1942. 159 pp. 1091.
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1093.
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1094. SANTILLANA, David. Il “Muḫtaṣar” o sommario del diritto malechita di Ḫalīl ibn Iṣhāq. Volume 2: Diritto civile, penale e giudiziario. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1919. 871 pp. 1095.
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1096. SCHOLZ, Peter. Legal practice in the Malikite law of procedure. Al-Qanṭara: Revista de Estudios Arabes, 20 ii (1999) pp. 417–435. 1097.
SCHOLZ, Peter. Malikitisches Verfahrensrecht. Eine Studie zu Inhalt und Methodik der Scharia mit rechtshistorischen und rechtsvergleichenden Anmerkungen am Beispiel des malikitischen Verfahrensrechts bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt a.M. etc.: Peter Lang, 1997. 598 pp.
1098. SEIGNETTE, N. & BERCHER, Léon. Droit pénal musulman. Addenda et corrigenda à la traduction du code musulman de Khalil. Revue Algérienne, part 1 (1927) pp. 41–48. 1099. SERRANO, Delfina. Claim (daʿwā) or complaint (shakwā)? Ibn Ḥazm’s and Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s doctrines on accusations of rape. Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba. The life and works of a controversial thinker. Ed. Camilla Adang, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2013, pp. 179–203. 1100.
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SERRANO RUANO, Delfina. Doctrina legal islámica sobre el delito de violación: Escuela Mâlikí (ss. VII–XV). Mujeres y sociedad islámica: una visión plural. Ed. M. Calero. Málaga: Universidad de Málaga, 2006, pp. 145–172.
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SERRANO RUANO, Delfina. La lapidación como castigo de las relaciones sexuales no legales (zinā) en el seno de la escuela Mālikī: doctrina, práctica legal y actitudes inviduales frente al delito (ss. XI y XII). Al-Qanṭara, 26 ii (2005) pp. 449–473.
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1103.
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1104.
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Maẓālim 1105.
DIOUMA, Bah Mamadou. Mazalim tribunals between executive power of the Sultan and the legal authority of the qadi: a quest for judicial independence in Islamic law. M.A. thesis, International Islamic University Malaysia, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2002. 93 pp.
1106.
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Mens Rea 1107.
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1108.
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1109.
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Necessity
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Necessity 1110.
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1112.
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Piracy 1113.
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1114.
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1115.
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Police, Policing 1116.
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Political Crime 1119.
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Prevention 1120.
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1121.
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Proof, Evidence, Testimony, Procedure 1135.
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1143.
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3622. BURGAT, François. Le règlement des conflits tribaux au Yémen. Égypte/ Monde arabe, 1 (2005) pp. 101–126. 3623. BURGAT, François (ed.) Le règlement des conflits tribaux au Yémen. Les cahiers du CEFAS. Sanaa: CEFAS, 4 (2003). 44 pp.
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3632. SHAMIRI, Nageeb. Yemen. The Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1 (1994) pp. 369–384. 3633. WAGNER, Mark S. Jews and Islamic law in early 20th-century Yemen. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2015. 208 pp. 3634. ZWAINI, Laila Al-. The rule of law in Yemen. Prospects and challenges. The Hague: The Hague Institute for Innovation of Law, 2012. 106 pp.
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Glossary of Arabic Terms The following glossary partially relies on Peters, Rudolph (2005). Crime and punishment in Islamic law, Cambridge and Layish, Aharon & Warburg, Gabriel R. (2002). The reinstatement of Islamic law in Sudan under Numayrī, Leiden/Boston/Köln. ʿafw ʿāqila baghy ḍamān dār al-ḥarb dār al-Islām ḍarūra dhimmī diya fiqh ghaṣb ḥadd, pl. ḥudūd ḥadīth, pl. aḥādīth ḥirāba ḥisba ḥurma iḥṣān
ijtihād ʿiṣma jāhilī jihād kaffāra kufr laqīṭ liʿān
liwāṭ
settlement of dispute by pardon and blood money solidarity group liable for blood money rebellion civil liability, financial liability, guaranty territory not ruled by Muslims or Islamic law the territory ruled by an Islamic state ruled by Islamic law necessity protected non-Muslim subject living in Muslim territory blood money Islamic jurisprudence unlawful appropriation of another person’s property qur’ānic fixed punishments formal tradition deriving from the Prophet, narrative report banditry, ḥadd crime of robbery, highway robbery the institution of market inspector, ‘Islamic religious police’ (modern) sacred inviolability of the body variously defined qualities that cause the fixed penalty for unlawful sexual intercourse to be increased to death by stoning instead of 100 lashes independent legal reasoning inviolability of a person’s life, property and freedom resulting from the protection offered by the state pre-Islamic holy war religious expiation for a wrong action, sin or crime unbelief, heresy foundling dissolution of the marriage through a procedure of mutual imprecation (in case the husband denies paternity but cannot prove zinā) anal intercourse, buggery, penetrare per penem in ano
376 lūṭī maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah maẓālim muḥtasib muqaddasāt muṣālaḥa niyāba qadhf qāḍī qāḍī al-quḍāt qānūn qarīna qasāma qatl qatl al-raḥma qiṣāṣ sabb al-nabī sariqa shubha, pl. shubuhāt shurb al-khamr shurṭa siḥāq siyāsa ṣulḥ taʿaddī taḥkīm takāful takfīr tashhīr taʿzīr ʿuqūbāt walad zinā
Glossary of Arabic terms male engaging in liwāṭ the aims and objectives of the Sharīʿa courts of grievances market inspector sacred matters and values reconciliation prosecution department ḥadd crime of unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse single judge applying the Sharīʿa, modern judge applying statute law Grand Qāḍī, head of the Sharīʿa legal system statute law (circumstantial) evidence procedure based on the swearing of fifty oaths, aimed at establishing liability for homicide homicide euthanasia retribution, retaliation ridda/irtidād apostasy slander of the prophet (ḥadd crime of) theft legal uncertainty, legal doubt ḥadd crime of the consumption of alcoholic beverages police lesbianism discretionary justice exercised by the head of state and executive officials, not restricted by the rules of Sharīʿa amicable out of court settlement between parties wrongful act, transgression arbitration mutual responsibility, guaranty, vouching for one another, functionally: insurance excommunication from Islam ignominious parading discretionary punishments all punishments which can be averted by shubha, i.e. all ḥadd punishments and the two kinds of retribution child born as a result of unlawful sexual intercourse
Glossary of Arabic terms zandaqa zinā zinā bil-jabr zindīq
377
heresy ḥadd crime of unlawful sexual intercourse rape apostate posing as a Muslim, heretic, Muslim holding views contrary to central Islamic dogmas
Index of Authors Aʿali, Mansoor Al- 565 Abachi, Maryam 1922 Abagnara, Vincenzo 1135 Abargouei, Vajihe Sadat Pournajafi 1923 Abaza, Mona 1631 Ab Aziz, Norjihan 1305 Abbas, Alhaji Sadik 1136 Abbas, Shemeem Burney 2963 Abbas, Tahir 810 Abbasi, Mahmoud 452, 1924 Abbink, Jon 3370 Abdal-Haqq, Irshad 1–3 Abd Al-Masih, K.O. 2539 ʿAbd Ar-Raziq, Ahmad 2465, 2466 Abdelhadi, Wafaa 803 Abdel Haleem, M. 819, 1137 Abdel Halim, Asma Mohammad 3450–3452 Abdelmohcine, Mohammed Nasser-Dine 1199 Abdelmoula, Adam M. 3453 Abd-Elrahim, Gaafer Mohamed 1200 Abdelsalam, Abdelsalam Hassan 3454 Abdelsalam, Ahmed 706 Abdelwedoud, Mohamed Yahya O. 2501 Abdi, Supriyanto 1823 Abdile, Mahdi 3371 Abd Majid, Latifah 1770 Abdo, Geneive 820 Abd. Rahman, Zainal Azam Bin 499 Abd Rashid, Adnan 1201 Abdulatif, Bahira M. 1454 Abdul Hamid, Ahmad Fauzi 2343–2345 Abdul Hussain, Arif 181 Abdul Jabbar, Siti Faridah 615 Abdulkadir, Abdulkadir Hashim 3637 Abdul Kadir, Muhd Najib 1770 Abdulkadir, Rahma 3372 Abdulla, Alias 2436 Abdulla, Saleh Abdulla Murad 3593 Abdullah, Ahmad Termizi Bin 2346 Abdullah, Ustaz Yoonus 2540 Abdullahi Baadiyow, Abdurahman 3373 Abdullatif, Hussein 759–762 Abdul-Majid, Mahmood Zuhdi Bin Haji 544
Abdul-Mumin, Abdul-S-Salam 2541 Abdul-Quadir, Abuhamid M. 1373 Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen 2542 Abdulrahman, A. Al-Turki 3280 Abdul Salam, Khairunnasriah 1894 Abdun Nasir, Mohamad 1824 Abdur Rahim, M.A. 4 Abenante, Diego 2964 Ab Hamid, Zuraini 2347 Abiad, Nisrine 523, 821 Abiem, Raphael Tikley 568 Abou-Bakr, Omaima 268 Abou El Fadl, Khaled 569, 611, 612, 822, 823, 1119, 1266–1268, 1429 Aboul-Enein, Basil 734 Abrahamian, Ervand 1925 Abrandabadi, Ali Hossein Nadjafi 1926 Abribat, J. 3591 Absar, Absar Aftab 500 Abtahi, Hirad 1927 Abualfaraj, Maha 1138 Abu Anzeh, Mohammed Bara 2286 Abubakar, Adamu 2543 Abubakar, Musa see next Abubakar, Musa Usman 1448, 2725, 2965 Abu Baker, Main 3609 Abu Daoud 269 Abugdh, Hassan Abdul Ghani 1129 Abu Haif, ʿAli Sadiq 1632 Abu Hasan 270 Abu-Hassan, Mohammad 2287 Abu Hassan, Reem 2288 Abu-Nimer, Mohammed 1306 Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. 2544 Abu Odeh, Lama 804 Abu-Rabia, Aref 2271 Abusulayman, Abdulhamid 271 Abu Zahra, M. 1202 Abu-Zaid (Abu-Zayd), Nasr Hamid 824, 825, 1633, 1634 Acar, Kezban 2809 Accad, Mohamed El 545 Achouri, Mohammad 1928 Ackley, Caroline 3372 Adams, I. 2800
379
Index of Authors Adamu, Fatima L. 2545 Adang, Camilla 272, 735 Adekilekun, Abdul-Lateef 2546 Ademi, Cefli (Çefli) 273, 1771 Adeniyi, Isa 1466 Adeniyi, Omipidan Bashiru 453, 460 Adesiyan, D.O. 2547 Adib, Nabil 3455 Adil, Mohamad Azam Mohamed 2348– 2352, 2416 Adler, Frank 3281 Ado-Kurawa, Ibrahim 2548 Afandi, Muhrisun 1825 Affendi, Abdelwahab El- 3456 Affi, Ahmed 5 Affi, Hassan 5 Afkhami, Mahnaz 1449 Afolabi-Akiyode, Abiola 2608 Afrasiabi, Esmael 1929 Afrianty, Dina 1826, 1827 Afshan, J. 2966 Afshar, Mandana Knust Rassekh 1514 Afshari, Reza 826 Agbetola, A.S. 1389 Agerer, Stefanie 6 Agha, Samah Al- 616 Aghababaei, Hussein 2168 Aghaee Fishani, Sefatouah 1930 Aghajari, Hashem 2142 Aghazadeh, Alireza 1931 Aghtaie, Nadia 1932 Ahadi, Fatemeh 1107, 1108, 1933 Ahangar, Mohd Altaf Hussain 7 Ahmad, Ahmad Atif 274 Ahmad, Aisha 1515 Ahmad, Ali 2549 Ahmad, Anis 2967 Ahmad, Aziz 1777 Ahmad, Hazrat Mirza Tahir 276 Aḥmad, Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ibrāhīm 1139 Ahmad, Muhammad 1251 Ahmad, Muhammad Mushtaq 594, 628, 679, 680, 1059, 1357, 1390, 2968, 2969 Ahmad, Nausheen 2971 Ahmad, Nehaluddin 1140, 2353 Ahmad, Nisar Mohammad 2350 Ahmad, Rashid 1141 Ahmad, Sk Ehtesham Uddin 1778
Ahmad, Syed Barakat 277 Ahmad, Zamir 8 Ahmadi, Seyed Mehdi 1934 Ahmadi, Shafiqa 736 Ahmady, Kameel 1935 Ahmar, Moonis 2972 Ahmari-Moghaddam, Ali 827 Ahmed, Abdulmumin B. 2550 Ahmed, Abdul Razzaq 3004 Ahmed, Adnan 2973 Ahmed, Asad Ali 2974, 2975 Ahmed, Badar D. 498 Ahmed, Faiz 1516 Ahmed, Masrur 1467 Ahmed, M. Bashir 737 Ahmed, M. Mukarram 9 Ahmed, Naveed 2976 Ahmed, Oussama 546 Ahmed, Rumee 1403 Ahmed, Syed 1468 Ahmed, Syed Maqbool 10 Ahmedov, Aibek 1602 Ahram, Ariel 2254 Ahsan, Sonia 1517 Aissaoui, Souad 3382 Ajetunmobi, Musa Ali 2551 Ajmal, Khawaja Muhammad 3095 Akande, Rabiat 2552 Akangbe, Ibrahim 1013 Akash, Shaban 2315 Akbar, Muqarrab 3028 Akdemir, Salih 595 Akgündüz, Ahmet 2810–2812, 2839 Akhavan, Payam 1936 Akhoundi, Mahmoud 1937 Akida, M. 1277 Akogwu, Agada 2553 Akpotaire, Vincent O. 2554 Akram, Mohammad 2354 Aksoy, S. 182 Alafenish, Salim 2272 Alaʿi, Diane 1938 Alalwani, Taha Jabir 278–280, 292–294, 1142–1144 Alam, Muhammad Qadeer 2977 Alanazi, Fahad 3283 Alao, Olatunji E. 2555, 2556 Alarefi, Abdullah Saad 11
380 Alasti, Sanaz 570, 571, 629, 1939–1941 Alavic, Zohreh 2035 Albanese, Giulio 3374 Albar, Mohammed Ali 183 Albogachieva, M. 1598 Albrecht, Hans-Jörg 1307 Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami Awad 12, 13, 184–186, 281–287, 572, 828–850, 989, 1203, 1204, 1576, 1635, 1636, 3457 Alem, M. El- 2316–2319 Alemika, Etannibi E.O. 2557 Alexander, John C. 2813 Alfadhel, Lolwa 1775 Alfi, Ahmad Abd Al-Aziz Al- 1205 Alfitri 851 Algar, Hamid 1431 Algarni, Abdullah Faze 3284 Algheitta, Nasser Faraj 2320 Alhaji, Kamal 2355 Alhamad, Saud Ahmad 3615 Alhammadi, Mohamed Shaker 3594 Alhargan, Raed Abulaziz 852 Alhasan, Ahmad Diya Eddin 11120 Ali, Abdul Karim 1855 Ali, Abdullah Bin Hamid 288 Ali, Ahmed I. 501, 719 Ali, Badr-El-Din 3285 Ali, Kecia 289 Ali, Mansur 234 ʿAlī, Muḥammad 290 Ali, Rabia 2978 Ali, Shaheen Sardar 100, 853, 1028, 1782, 2979–2981 Aliassi, Taimoor 1943 Alikarami, Leila 1944 Alimardani, Armin 1945 ʿAlîmî, Rashâd 3620 Alipour, M. 738, 1341, 1342 Aliverdinia, A. 1946, 1947 Alizadeh, Hossein 1948 Aljoidi Aldosari, Hamad Hosain Saleh 3286 Alkali, Alhaji Umar 187, 2355 Alkan, Necati 2814 Alkharashi, Suliman Abdullah 3287 Almane, Adel 2307 Almazrouei, Amraim 1167 Almirzanah, Syafaʾtun 291 Almohideb, Abdulrahman M. 3289
Index of Authors Almolhem, Mohammad Ali 3290, 3335 Alnaami, Khalid 3291 Alobeid, A. 3292 Alobied, Abdullah I. 1401 Alonso Cabré, Marta 2502 Alotaibi, Hajed Abdulhadi S. 3288 Alqahtani, Ghufran 2289 Alromaih, Yousef Ahmed 3293 Alsagoff, Ahmad S.A. Syed 2356 Alsalihi, Dia Aldeen 2247 Alshaibani, Majed 3294 Alshehri, Faiz 3295 Alsheikh, Essam A. 1308 Alsoufi, Rana H. 630, 631, 1068 Alsubaie, Mohammed Fahad Aljiday 3296 Álvarez De Morales, Camilo 739, 3383 ʿAlwani, Taha Jabir Fayyad Al- see Alalwani, Taha Jabir Alzaid, Barrak 1949 Amanullah, Muhammad 1290–1292 Amedroz, H.F. 1328, 1329 Amin, El Bushra Mohamed El- see Bushra, Mohamed El Amin El- Amin, Elsayed M.A. 2566 Amin, Hosni 3459, 3460 Amin, Mohammad 2982 Amin, Sayed Hassan 1391, 1518 Amin, Shadi 2178 Amjad, Moiz 235, 295 Amjad-Ali, Charles 854 Ammar, Khashan 236 Ammar, Nawal H. 1282 Amrollahi Byouki, Mojgan 1950–1952 Amucheazi, Elochukwu C. 2558 Amzazi, M. 2521 Anderson, J.N.D. 720, 1071, 2559 Anderson, Lisa 2321 Angerbrandt, Henrik 2560 Ansari, Hassan 272 Ansari, Salah 632 Ansari-Pour, M.A. 1954–1962 Antepli, Abdullah 1404 Anthony, Sean W. 1130, 1603, 1604, 3621 Antov, Nikolay 2815 Anugwom, Edlyne Eze 2561 Anwar, Zainah 2357, 2358 Anwarullah 14, 15, 1145–1147 Anyanwu, Ogechi 2562, 2563
Index of Authors Arafa, Mohamed A. 534, 535, 1422, 1423, 3616 Arawi, Y.A. 188 Arcas Campoy, María 1072–1076, 3384–3386 Archibald, Bruce P. 529 Ardébili, Mohammad-Ali 1964 Ardestani, Abass Shafei 189 Arévalo, Rafael 1077 Arfiansyah, M. 1828 Arié, Rachel 3387 Arif, Kamran 2981 Arin, F. 2522 Aripin, Mohd Ashraf 2429 Ariyanti, Yulida 1829 Arjona Castro, Antonio 3388 Arkoun, Mohammad 573, 574, 855, 1405 Arnold, Kathryn Christine 2290 Aronson, Stacey L. Parker 3389 Arzt, Donna E. 296, 856, 857 Asad, Talal 297 Asenjo Sedano, Carlos 1078 Asghari, Akram 1965 Ashraf, Sana 2983, 2984 Ashwin, Salem 1206 Aslan, M. Yasin 2816 Aslan, Reza 633, 1966 Asli, Mehrdad Rayejian 1967 Asshidiqie, Jimly 1830 Atallah, Borham 2322 Atawneh, Muhammad Al- 1361, 3297 Atighetchi, Dariusch 190–196, 454–458, 858, 1362 Attaei, Hameed 1520 Attar, Jamel 298 Attia, Gamal El Din 1148 Auer, Blain 1779, 1780 Augi, M. El- 1121 Aulakh, Abdul Majeed 2985–2989, 3095 Auolakh, Ch. Abdul Majeed A. see previous Awa, Mohamed S. El- 1149, 1207–1209, 1374 Awabdeh, Mohamed Al 859 Awad, Awad M. 1150 Awad, Siham Samir 3462 Awan, Ambrin Tariq 2990, 2991 Awang, Abdul Rahman 2354 ʿAwwa, Muhammad Salim Al- 16 Aykan, Yavuz 2817 Aykut, Ebru 2818, 2819
381 Aynur, Hatice 2820 Ayoub, M. 299 Ayoub, Mahmoud 1278 Ayoub, Samy 2821 Ayuba, Mahmud Adesina 459 Ayyubi, Sameera 1521 Azad, Ghulam Murtaza 17 Azam, Hina 1079, 1151, 1252–1254 Azar, Sahar 1425 Azari, Hajar 1255–1257 Azarian, Mohammad K. 1197 Azhar, Alias 2359 Azhary Sonbol, Amira El- 1637, 1755–1757 Aziz, Ahmād 65 Aziz, Shamrahayu A. 2360, 2361 Azm, Sadiq J. Al- 1968 Azmayesh, Ali 1969 Azmeh, Wayel 634 Azmi, Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani 1008, 2362 Azzou, Samir 1210 Ba, Ngary 2503 Babaji, B. 2564 Babiker, Mohamed Abdelsalam 3463 Baccouche, N. 547 Baczko, Adam 1528 Badamasiuy, Juwayriya 2565 Badar, Mohamed see next Badar, Mohamed Elewa 18, 300, 530, 1029, 1030, 1109, 1269, 1432, 2255, 2566 Badawy, Tarek 1152 Baderin, Mashood A. see next Baderin, Mashood Adebayo 860–866 Badr, Gamal M. 19 Badr, Yasmine 197 Badran, Margot 2567 Badri, Balghis 3569 Badry, Roswitha 301, 302, 2992 Baehr, Peter R. 867 Baer, Gabriel 1638, 1639 Baer, Marc 2822 Baez, Jean 617 Bagheer, Shamloo 1970 Baghi, Emadeddin 1971, 1972 Baharib, Hamed 2035 Bahmanpour, Mohammad Saeed 2070 Bahnassi, Ahmad Fathi 548, 549, 596 Bahrami, Ameneh 1973
382 Bahreini, Raha 1974 Baig, Farheen Baig Binti Sardar 2363 Bailey, Clinton 1640 Bajnaid, Ilhaam Abdullah 303 Bajwa, Aftab Ahmed 2993 Bakary, Afissou 1433 Baker, Man 304 Bakr, Ayman 1641 Bakti, Nik Shazarina 2364 Baktiari, Bahman 1976 Baldwin, James E. 1642, 1643, 2823 Baloch, Ghulam Haider 1122 Balogun, S.U. 2365 Balsoy, Gülhan 2824, 2825 Bälz, Kilian 305, 1644, 1645 Bambale, Yahaya Yunusa 20, 2568 Bamgbose, Oluyemisi 2569 Bamkar, Sharifa 3539 Banakar, Reza 1977 Banerjee, Tapas Kumar 1781 Bantekas, Elias see next Bantekas, Ilias 1007, 1564 Banu, U.A.B. Razi Akter 2994 Baradie, Adel El- 21 Barcelo Torres, Maria Del Carmen 3390 Barends, Maarten G. 2995, 2745, 2746 Barféty, Lionel 3279 Barfield, T. 1522 Bari, Hussain M. Fazlul 1577 Barkey, Karen 2826 Barlowe, Sara 1978 Barnes, Cedric 3375 Baron, Beth 1646 Barrow, Shannon V. 2570 Başaran, Betül 2827 Basha, Bakri 3298 Bashir, Omipidan see Adeniyi, Omipidan Bashiru Bashir, Samina 721 Bashiriyeh, Tahmoores 1979 Başibek, Tuna 2828 Bassiouni, M. Cherif 22–27, 550, 575, 868–871, 1153, 1293, 1427 Bauden, Frédéric 1647 Bauman, Peter 2584 Baxi, Pratiksha 1782 Bechor, Guy 1154 Beck, S. 1523
Index of Authors Bedir, Mürteza 681 Begum, Shagufta 1211 Beham, Markus P. 1031 Behniafar, Ahmad Reza 1980, 2050 Behrnauer, W. 1116 Behrouz, Andra Nahal 1450 Beigzadeh, Ebrahim 1981, 1982 Beke, D. 306 Beldiceanu, N. 2829 Bella, Hamouda Fathelrahman 3464 Bello, Abdulmajeed Hassan 2571 Bello, Aminu Adamu 2572–2575 Bello, Omar Bello 2576 Bello, Shafi’i Abdul Azeez 740 Bello Fierro, Maria Isabel see Fierro, Maribel Ben Amara, Ramzi 2577, 2578 Benatek, Abdelatif 1566 Bencomo, C. 3299 Ben Hounet, Yazid 1567, 3465–3468 Benmelha, Ghaouti 502, 1375 Bennett, Clinton 1294 Bennett, Linda Rae 1831 Bennoune, Karima 872 Bentlage, Björn 1648, 1649 Benzeer, Ramadan Mohamed 2323 Bercher, Léon 28, 1080, 1098 Berger, Maurits S. 1650 Bergsträsser, Gotthelf 682 Berkel, Maaike Van 1490, 1491 Berkey, Jonathan 2467 Bernard-Maugiron, Nathalie 1651 Berque, Jacques 2523 Berri, Zakaria El- 1155 Berridge, William James 3469, 3470 Berry, Stephanie E. 3191 Bertolini, Vincent-Charles 29 Berween, Mohamed 873, 874 Bétina, Zine Eddine 1568 Bevilacqua, Catherine 1983, 2065 Bezouškovà, Lenka 1469 Bhala, Raj 30 Bhatia, M.L. 1783 Bhutta, Mian Masaud Ahmad 3026 Bialy, Nora El- 1009, 1010 Bielefeldt, Heiner 875–882, 1984, 1985 Bilici, Mucahit 356 Billah, Mohd Maʿsum 503 Bin Ali, Mohamed 3300
383
Index of Authors Bin Dirʿa, Abboud Bin Ali 722 Bin Mohamad, Abdul Basir 551 Bin Mohamad, Mohd. Nasran 1156 Bin Shabib, Rasheed Ahmed 3595 Birnbaum, Lili 1986 Black, Anne 31, 1583, 3301 Blackwood, Evelyn 1832 Blanc, F.P. 307 Blanchet, Adrien 635 Bleuchot, Hervé 32, 883, 1212, 1406, 1652, 1653, 2805, 3472–3478 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir 1599 Boellstorff, Tom 1833 Bohlander, Michael 33, 2996, 2997 Bokhary, Ashfaq 2998 Bolaji, Mohammed H. A. 2579–2581 Boomgard, Peter 1834 Borchgrevink, Kaja 1548 Bori, Caterina 1654 Borrmans, Maurice 308, 884, 885 Bose, Amitabha 2582 Bossaller, Anke 2583 Boulagh, Mahmood 2075 Bouma, C. 2999 Bourbeau, Heather 2584 Bourham, Abdul Aziz 519 Bousserouel, Hébri 237 Boutruche, Sabine Saliba 3000 Boven, Theo Van 886 Bowen, Donna Lee 198–201 Bowen, John R. 1835 Boyle-Lewicki, Edna 887 Braithwaite, J. 1524, 1553 Brand, J.L. 3302 Branden, Stef Van Den 461 Bravmann, M.M. 1605 Bredi, Daniela 3002 Brems, Eva 888 Brett, Michael 1655 Breur, C.M. 1161 Brigaglia, Andrea 2585 Brinkmann, Stefanie 238, 1606 Brinner, William M. 2468 Broadbridge, Anne F. 1656 Brockopp, Jonathan E. 462–467 Broecker, Christen 1836 Brohi, A.K. 889 Bronson, Eric 570
Brosterhous, Anthony D. 3303 Brown, Jonathan 309, 636, 741, 805 Brown, Nathan 123, 1657 Brückner, Matthias 239–241 Brugman, J. 2324 Brunschvig, Robert 1157 Bubb, Rachel 3003 Bucar, Elizabeth M. 1987 Buchta, Wilfried 1988 Bucknill, John A. 2830 Buehler, Michael 1837 Bulunur, Kerim İlker 2831 Bunting, Annie 2586 Bunzel, Cole 2256 Burfat, Fateh Muhammad 3004 Burgat, François 3622, 3623 Burki, Shireen Khan 3005 Burney, Samya 3006 Burns, Jonathan G. 34, 3616 Burns, Robert Ignatius 3392 Burroughs, Timothy G. 2248 Burton, John 1470–1472 Bushra, Mohamed El Amin El- 35, 1161, 3458, 3479 Bustamam-Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman 1838 Butt, Liaqat Ali 3007 Butt, Simon 1839 Cahen, Claude 1158 Calero, M.I. 3393 Çalişir, M. Fatih 2832 Calvo, Mariano 3394 Cammack, Mark 36, 62, 1840–1842 Campagna, Norbert 1213 Campbell, Lisa J. 1214 Canaan, Taufiq 2291 Candlish, John 1110 Caner, Emir Fethi 310 Capezzone, Leonardo 311, 312 Carai, Marco 1392 Carboneill, André 1473 Carle, R. 890 Carlson, Christopher W. 1525 Carroll, Lucy 1474 Casey, Conerly 2588 Cashman, Danette C. 3008 Caspar, Robert 891 Castro, Francesco 1343
384 Çayli, Barış 2833 Cazacu, M. 2834 Ceccherini, Valérie 3009 Cernusca, Matthias 1032 Cetinkaya, Hasret 1986 Chadbourne, Julie Dror 3010 Chaleby, Kutaiba S. 552 Chalmeta Gendrón, Pedro 3395–3398 Chase, Anthony 313 Chaudhry, Ayesha S. 1451 Chaudhry, M.A.K. 3012 Chaudhry, Muhammad Sharif 37 Chaudhry, Sidra 3013 Chaumont, Eric 637 Cheema, M.A. 638 Cheema, Moeen H. 3014–3017 Chehata, Hanan 576 Chenoufi, Ali 707 Cherati, Saleh Ghaffari 1989, 2003 Cherif, Mouna Mohammed 1569 Chiroma, Isa Hayatu 2590 Chohan, M.K. 3018 Chokr, Melhem 314 Choudhury, M.L. 1784 Christelow, Allan 2591, 2592 Çi̇çek, Kemal 2835 Çiğdem, Recep 589, 1393, 2836–2838 Cilardo, Agostino 38, 700 Cin, Halil 2839 Çinar, Hüseyin İlker 1607, 1608 Clarke, Ben 315–318 Clausen, Ursel 2504 Clément, François 1081 Cochrane, Joe 1843 Cohen, Amnon 2840 Colebrooke, James Edward 1785 Colla, Elliot 1641 Collins, D. P. 3019 Combalía, Zoila 319 Comins-Richmond, Walter 1600 Connan, Terry C. 2806 Conrad G. 1434 Conway, P. 1541 Cook, David 320 Cook, Michael 39 Cook, Paul 321 Cook, R.A. 3480 Cooke, Miriam 2257
Index of Authors Cooperson, Michael 1492 Copithorne, Maurice 1991 Coricelli, Michel 3021 Coşgel, Metin 2841, 2842 Costantini, Christopher J. 2249 Cotran, Eugene 894 Cottee, Simon 322 Coulson, N.J. 40, 1475 Cox, Neville 1379 Crane, Jonathan K. 1407 Cress, Ronda 1992 Cristofoli, Vittorio 2593 Croffie, Samantha 3022 Crompton, Louis 3399 Crone, Patricia 1249 Crouch, Melissa 1844–1851 Crutcher, S. 2594 Crystal, Jill 41, 123 Cunnison, I. 3486 Daaïf, Lahcen 504, 1609 Dabbagh, Hossein 1301 Dada, Mahomed A. 468 Daftary, Ali Akbar Khan 1993 Daga Portillo, Rocío 323 Dahm, Georg 1787 Dahmardeh Ghaleno, Ehsan 1994 Dajani Tuqan, Abir 1455, 3073 Dakhlia, Jocelyne 742 Dakkak, M. Shokry El- 627 Dalen, Dorrit Van 242 Dalgleish, David 1563 Damanhoury, Kareem El 2258 Danfulani, Umar Habila Dadem 2595, 2596 Dani, Rafic Itani 618 Daniels, Kate 1137 Daniels, Timothy P. 2366, 2367 Dankofa, Babaji 2597 Dankofa, Yusuf 2564, 2597 Danner, Victor 243 Darling, Linda T. 2843, 2844 Darwish, Nonie 1215 Das, Dilip K. 142 DʿAscoli, Giovanni 42 Davoodian, Ehsan 1995 Dawoody, Ahmed Mohsen Al- 683, 1380, 1430, 1436, 2259, 2260 De Freitas Boronha, Miguel António 743
Index of Authors Dekker, A.J. see next Dekker, Albert 128, 2726 Dekker, Anna 809, 2598 Delmas-Marty, Mireille 1997, 1998 Delmet, Christian 3487 DʿEmilia, Antonio 1082 Demirci, Tuba 2845 Dennerlein, Bettina 744 Denny, F.M. 895 Deringil, Selim 2846–2848 De Smet, Stéphanie 896 Desportes, E. 1570 Deuraseh, Nurdeen 202, 244, 1327 Dévényi, Kinga 1659 Devif, Michèle Zirari 2524 Dhar, Lalita 490 Diab, Rasha 1309 Diakho, Abou Ilyas Muhammad 639 Dialmy, Abdessamad 745 Didier, Brian J. 1788 Dikna, Abdelhafed 1159 Dilger, Konrad 43, 44, 3376 Dion, Michel 1852 Diop, Boubacar 2505 Diouma, Bah Mamadou 1105 Djaziri, Abd Al-Rahman Al- 324 Doğan, Cem 2849 Doğan, Hanzade 2850 Doğan, Recep 807 Donner, Fred M. 1610 Dorloh, Sulaiman 2368 Dost, Ferial 1526 Doulout, F. 1160 Drapkin, Israel 45 Dudley, James 897 Duncan, Mary Carter 3304 Dupret, Baudouin 1258, 1660–1665, 3620, 3624 Duran, Khalid 746 Durán Velasco, J.F. 325 Dusuki, Farah Nini 2106 Düzbakar, Ömer 2851–2853 Ebadi, Shirin 2000 Ebbe, Obi N. I. 46, 2599 Ebert, Hans-Georg 47, 48, 2325–2327 Ebrahim, Abul Fadl Mohsin 203, 204, 469, 470
385 Ebrahimi, Shahram 2001 Eddé, Anne-Marie 3586 Edeko, E.S. 2600 ʿEead, Nawal Abdulaziz Al- 326 Egbewole, Wahab O. 2612 Eggen, Nora S. 1083 Egila, Ashraf 1216 Eich, Thomas 205, 471–476, 1084, 1476 Eichmann, F. 2854 Eidhamar, Levi Geir 747 Eijk, Esther Van 3306 Ejlali, P. 2002 Ekmekçi, Perihan Elif 2856 Ekradi, Saeed 2003 Elahe, Kamalipour Ravari 2004 Elaigwu, J. Isawa 2601 Elashhab, Ahmed 553 Elbushra, M.E. see Bushra, M.E. ElEldine, M.A. Charaf 1667 Elfegiry, Moataz Ahmed Ahmed Mohamed 330, 1668, 1680–1682 Elkhalifa, Abdel Rahman Ibrahim 3489 Elliesie, Hatem 898, 2590 Ellis, Mark 900 Elmahjub, Ezieddin Mustafa 1011, 1012, 2328 Eltantawi, Sarah 640, 1344, 2602–2604 Eltayeb, Mohamed S. M. 3023 Eltayeb, Muna Eltayeb M. 3490 Elwan, Omaia 206, 207, 899 Emekwue, Henry 2605 Emon, Anver M. 900, 1303 Engeland, Anicée Van 2005 Engineer, Asghar Ali 3024 Ennayfar, Hmida 327, 328 Entessar, Nader 2006 Enyidah-Okey Ordu, Gilbert 2606 Eren, Abdurrahman 49 Ergene, Boǧaç 2841, 2842, 2857, 2858 Ernst, Carl W. 329 Erwin, Courtney Paige 540 Escovitz, Joseph H. 2469 Es-Haghi, Seyyed Jafar 2007 Eshaikh, Hesham A.A. Al- 3307 Eskandari, Fatemeh 2008 Eslami Somea, Reza 2009 Esmaeili, Hossein 3308, 3309 Esmaili, Mohammad Reza Haji 531 Espéronnier, M. 2470
386 Esposito, John L. 50, 3025 Essien, Victor Knesi 2607 Estakhrsari, Rahmatollah Babaei 505 Etkes, Haggay 2842 Ettehadiah (Nezam-Mafie), Mansoureh 2010 Ewoh, Andrew I.E. 2712 Eyssautier, L.A. 1571 Ezeilo, Joy Ngozi 2608 Fadel, Mohammed 51, 901, 1085, 1162, 3617 Fadlalla, Amal Hassan 3491 Fahad, Obaidullah 1363 Faheem, Sh. Mohammad 3026 Fahmy, Khaled 1669–1678 Fähndrich, Hartmut 1679 Falaturi, Abdoljavad 52 Fall, Moctar 2506 Fallon, Andrew 1283 Fanaian, Tabassom 2011 Faqir, Fadia 2292 Farajiha, Mohammad 2012 Farani, Merajuddin 3027 Farooq, Muhammad 3028 Faroqhi, Suraiya 2859–2862 Farrar, Salim Ali 597, 1163, 1164, 2369 Farrokhi, Mansour 2013 Farshchi, Ali Ashraf 2014 Faruqi, Shad Saleem 2370 Farzinrad, R. 2015 Fasihuddin 3029 Fasola, L.F. 2609 Fatahian, Somaye 511 Fathurokhmandan, Ferry 1284, 1853 Fauzi, Ahmad 1284 Fauzi, Moh 1854 Fayyaz, Muhammad 1381 Fazzan, Fazzan 1855 Feener, R. Michael 1841, 1856–1859 Fegiery, Moataz El see Elfegiry, Moataz Ahmed Ahmed Mohamed Feins, Daniel Scott 245 Feiz, Reza 1360 Fenwick, Stewart 1860 Ferchichi, Wahid 748 Fereydooni, Parastoo 2016 Ferretti, Marina 641 Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm v. 53
Index of Authors Feyyaz, Muhammad 1295 Fierro, Maribel 97, 272, 1060, 3391, 3400–3407 Figg-Franzoi, Lillian 2017 Fijabi, Mufuliat 673 Fildis, A.T. 808 Fisch, Jörg 1789 Fischer, Nils 208 Fishani, Efatouah Aghaee 2018 Fitzgerald, Timothy J. 2863 Floor, Willem 2019–2025 Fluehr-Lobban, C. 3492–3494 Forbes, Simon 2026 Förster, Franziska 3310 Forstner, Martin 54, 331, 902–904, 1378, 1683 Forte, David F. 55, 56, 1394–1396, 3030 Fortier, Corinne 749, 2507 Fournier, Pascale 809 Franceschi, Fabio 2525 Franchini, Stefania 57 Franco, Claudio 1528 Fraser Fujinaga, Antonia 2027, 2028 Freckelton, Ian 1861 Frederiksen, Katja Jansen 1285 Freeland, Richard 477 Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim 3031 Freund, Leonhard 58 Fricke, Adrienne L. 3495 Friedmann, Yohanan 332, 333 Frisch, Hillel 3267 Fronzoni, Vasco 59, 60, 1310, 3311 Fuess, Albrecht 2471 Funk, Nathan 1314, 1316 Furnish, Timothy 1217 Furr, Ann 2293 Fyzee, Asaf A. A. 1790 Gabriel, Mark A. 642, 905 Gabriel, Theodore 3032 Gabrieli, F. 1493 Gaiya, Musa A. B. 2610 Galadima, Habu 2601 Gamawa, Aminu 2679 Ganji, Akbar 2142 Gans, Jeremy 3309 Gara, Eleni 2864 Garba, Ahmed 2725 Garces, Nicholas 334
387
Index of Authors García Gómez, Emilio 3408 Gardet, Louis 906 Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. 708 Gauhar, Altaf 3033 Gaye, Soukeina 2508 Gaznai, Safaa Aldden 2250 Geddes, C.L. 1345 George, Rachel Ann 1776 Georgeon, François 2865 Georges, Nael 335 Gerber, Haim 2866 Ghabin, Ahmad 709 Ghaffari, Mohammad 2030 Ghali, Hebatallah 1685 Ghaly, Mohammed 336 Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz 2031 Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad 61, 209, 723, 1218, 3034 Ghanem, Isam 478 Ghareeb, Bilal Ahmad 750 Ghasemi, Mojtaba 2032 Ghassemi, Ghassem 2033, 2034 Ghayoomzadeh, Mahmood 2104 Ghazwi, F. 2294 Ghiabi, Maziyar 2035, 2036 Ghias, Shoaib A. 3035 Ghodsi, Ebrahim 2037, 2038 Gholami, Hossein 1527 Gholami, Husain 2039 Gholami, Hussein 2040 Gilani, Sayyid M. Yunus 1165 Gilani, Syed Nazir 3312 Ginat, Joseph 1686, 2273–2278 Ginio, Eyal 2867, 2868 Giunchi, Elisa 1791, 3036–3041 Giustozzi, Antonio 1528 Gizouli, Kamal El 3496 Glahn, Benjamin 900 Gleave, Robert 643, 684, 1346–1348 Gledhill, Alan 2611 Glick, T.F. 3409 Goitom, Hanibal 337 Gökçen, Ahmet 2869 Goldoust Jouybari, Rajab 2041 Goldozian, Iraj 2241 Gontowska, Luiza Maria 2042 Gonzalez, Wendy 3042 Gordon, Carey N. 3497
Gottesman, Evan 3043 Gouda, Moamen 1009, 1010, 1397 Göyünç, Nejat 2870 Graaf, Beatrice De 2261 Gradeva, Rositsa 2871 Gräf, Erwin 210, 577–579, 1166, 1437, 1611 Graham, John R. 2281, 2282 Grami, Emel (Amel) 338, 339 Gravelle, Kent Benedict 3498 Gray, Doris H. 2806 Gray, Seymour 3313 Gray, Tallyn 1033 Green, Tim 3044 Greenfield, James 2043 Greiff, Shaina 1453 Grey, Ian 1167 Griffel, Frank 1330–1334 Grignaschi, Mario 1349, 2872 Grossmann, Kristina 1862, 1863 Guardi, Jolanda 751 Gubo, Darara Timotewos 340 Guenther, Alan M. 1792 Guichon, Audrey 907 Guiraud, Amédée 1168 Guitoo, Arash 2044 Gul, Shirin 3101 Gulrajani, Chinmoi 2973 Habbash, Mohammad 583 Haberfeld, M.R. 1220, 1793 Habib, Samar 752, 753 Habibi, Mohammad 2045 Habibitabar, Hossein 2199 Habibzadeh, Mohammad Jaʿfar 1219, 2046–2048 Haddad, Elias N. 3268 Haddad, Gibril Fouad 2262 Haeri, Shahla 3045, 3046 Hafez, Kai 908 Hafez, Mohammed M. 341 Hageel, Suleiman 3314 Hagemann, Ludwig 909 Haghpanahan, Abbas 2049 Haider, Najam 246 Hakeem, Farrukh B. 1220, 1221, 1793, 1794 Hakeri, Hakan 724 Hakim, Jacques El- 506, 910, 3587 Hakimi, Aziz 1529
388 Haleber, R. 342 Haleem, Mohammed Abdel 507 Halim, Sheikh Abdul 3047 Hallaq, Wael 1169, 3410 Haloosh, Hitham A. 1015 Hamad, Ahmed Seif Al-Islam 1687 Hamadi, Hassan Ahmed Ali Al- 3597 Hamat, Mohd Afandi Bin Awang 1259, 1296 Hamayotsu, Kikue 2371 Hamdamiyan, Ahmad 2050 Hamdani, Nizar Ibn Abdul-Karim Al- 508 Hamdy, Abdel Aziz Abdel Hamid 1688 Hamès, Constant 2509 Hamidullah, Muhammad 1170 Hamit, Sherazad 1530 Hammad, Suzanne 2295 Hammed, Hanafi A. 2612 Hamo, Ahmed Ali 3499 Hamoudi, Abdulaziz K. Al- 3315 Hamoudi, Haider Ala 62, 1350, 1351 Hamzah, Dawood Adesola 3316 Hamzeh, A. Nizar 3276 Hamzić, Vanja 755, 1479, 2613 Haneef, Sayed Sikandar Shah 497, 731, 1171–1173, 2372 Hani, Houria 1222 Hanif, C.M. 3048 Hanif, N. 63 Hapsin, Abu 1864 Haq, Farhat 3049 Haqq, Akbar 343 Haqqi, Abdurrahman Raden Aji 1223 Harding, Andrew 2373–2375 Hardy, Michael James Langley (M.J.L.) 509, 520 Hargan, Abdulhamid Abdullah Al- 3317 Harneit-Sievers, Axel 2614 Harnischfeger, Johannes 2615–2617 Haroon, Idris Abdullahi 2618 Haroon, Muhammad 1224 Harper, Elizabeth 1983, 1986 Harris, Colette 2619 Harris, Rabia Terri 394 Hart, David M. 2526, 2527 Haruna, B.A. 2620 Harunah, Hakeem B. 2621 Harvey, Ramon 64 Hasan, Md Mahmudul 1578
Index of Authors Ḥasān, Najmul 65 Hasan, Noorhaidi 1865 Hasan, Usama Al- 344, 632 Hasani, Ismail 1866 Hascall, Susan C. 1297, 3618 Hasemann, Armin 1689 Hashemi, Kamran 345, 524, 911 Hashemi-Taheri, Hassan 2051 Hashim, Abdulkadir see Abdulkadir, Abdulkadir Hashim Hashim, Ashraf Md. 2376, 2377 Hashim, Fahima A. 3500 Hashimzai, Mohammad Qasim 1531 Hassan, Abd El-Wahab Ahmed El- 3501 Hassan, Haniff Muhammad 1364 Hassan, Harun 3375 Hassan, Ismail Mohd Abu 2378 Hassan, Nader 2052 Hassan, Riaz 3050 Hassan, Syarifah Zaleha Syed 2379 Hassanein, Ahmed Samir 3277 Hasyim, Syafiq 1867 Hathout, M. 66 Hattab, Zoulikha 912 Haugh, Megan R. 2053 Haveman, Roelof H. 1868 Hawting, Gerald R. 644, 1612 Hayat, Farooq 3094 Hayat, Qaisar 1795 Hayat, Zahra 3230 Hayee, Bilal 3051 Hazri, Tengku Ahmad 2380 Hedayat, K.M. 2054 Hedayati-Kakhi, Mohammad M. 33, 67, 598, 599 Heer, Satwant Kaur 1028 Hefner, Robert W. 2430 Hegab, Moustafa H. 211 Heidari, Mohammad Ali 1286 Heilen, Julia 47 Heilmann, A. 1690 Heine, Peter 93 Heinzelmann, Tobias 2873 Hejailan, Hussam Salah see next Hejailan, Salah Al- 3318, 3319 Hélie, Anissa 212 Helmy, Nourani 1691 Hemeidah, Ahmad Al-Saiid Zaki 1279
Index of Authors Hendrawati, Heni 1869 Hendricks, Muhsin 756 Henia, Abdelhamid 2874 Henningsson, J. 913 Hentati, Nejmeddine 1131 Hernández López, Adday 1086 Hessini, Leila 213, 214 Heullant-Donat, Isabelle 2518 Hewesh, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim Al- 725, 3320, 3344 Heyd, Uriel 2875–2877 Heywood, Colin 2878 Hickok, Michael 2879, 2880 Higgins, Noelle 2566 Hijazy, Ahmed 1454 Hijma, R. 914 Hildebrandt, Achim 757 Hill, Thomas 3321 Hillawi, Hatim Babiker Abdel Gadir 3502 Hirschkind, Charles 1692 Hodous, Florence 2519 Hoexter, Miriam 1572 Hoffman, Valerie J. 915 Hofmann, Murad W. 916 Holscher, Louis M. 1174 Homma, Hideaki 68 Hooker, M. Barry (M.B.) 1886, 2381 Hope, Michael 2055 Höpfner, Maren 1870 Horster, Paul 2881 Hosainy, Hadi 2882 Hosen, Nadirsyah 31, 69 Hosni, Naguib 70–73, 580, 1693 Hossain, Sara 818, 1579 Hossain, Md Shahadat 581, 1311 Hossein, Esmaeili 31 Hosseini, S. Behnaz 2056 Hosseini, Seyed Hossein 2057, 2058 Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad 74, 189 Hour, R. El 3411 Houssi, Leila El 758 Hovden, Eirik 1285 Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. 2622 Huart, C. 346 Hubaishi, H. A. Al- 3625 Huda, Md Nurul 75 Huda, M. Syamsul 1871 Huda, Yasrul 1872
389 Hui, Tan Beng 2382–2384 Hullayes, Saleha Al- 215 Humaidhi, Hamad Al- 1312 Hung, Helen Ting Mu 2385 Hunt, Stephen 766 Hurvitz, Nimrod 1494, 1613 Husain, Muzaffar 3053 Husain, Showkat 918 Husain, Syed MuʿAzzam 1280 Husain, Waris 3054 Husaini, Ishaq Musa Al- 710 Husin, Wan Norhasniah Wan 2386 Hussain, Faqir 3055 Hussain, Hidayat 3056 Hussain, Jamila 76 Hussain, Mazna 3057 Hussain, Syed Adnan 3058 Hussaini, Safiya 2623, 2624 Hussaini Tungar Tudu, Safiya see previous Hussein, Gamil Muhammed 1175 Hussein, Shazreh 3059 Husseini, Seyed Mohammad see Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Hussin, Iza 3060, 3061 Hussin, Nasimah 1061, 1305, 1894, 2387–2389 Hutchins, Reid 1365 Hutson, Alaine S. 2625 Ibn Ahmed, Bulhaj Al-Arabi 3322 Ibn Dūyān, Ibrāhīm Ibn Muḥammad Ibn-Salīm 701 Ibn Jubeir, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim 77, 78 Ibn Salam, M.J. 2539 Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī Al-Dīn Aḥmad 712 Ibn Warraq 347–349 Ibrahim, Abdullahi Ali 3503 Ibrahim, Ahmad 2391 Ibrahim, Ahmad Basri (Bin) 2390, 2436 Ibrahim, Ahmed Sh. 3377 Ibrahim, Bashir Yusuf 2626 Ibrahim, Faiqa 3062 Ibrahim, Hauwa 2627–2629 Ibrahim, Jibrin 2630 Ibrahim, Mahmood 2472 Ibrahim, Nada 1287 Ibrahim, Saeed Hasan 1176 Ibrahim, Taha 3504
390 Ibrahim Pacha, Anouar 685 Ichwan, Moch Nur 1874 Idrees, Muhammad 3028 Idria, Reza 1875 Idriss, Mohammed Mazher 810 Iffatkhalid 350 Igbohin, B.O. 2631 Iharchane, Omar 351 Ike, Obiora 2632 Ikhsan Ghazali, Mohd Al- 656 İleri, Nurçin 2883 Ilesanmi, Olufemi O. 2633, 2634 Ilzad, Dara 2059 Imam, Ayesha M. 2635 Imam, Ibrahim 2636 Imam, Jacob Fareed 702 Imam, Mohammed 2392 Iman, Buba 2637 Imber, Colin 2884–2887 Imran, Rahat 3063 İnalcik, Halil 2888, 2889 Inoue-Terris, Vera 3273 Iqbal, Afzal 3065 Iqbal, A.S.M. Tariq 581 Iqbal, Javid 3066 Iqbal, Zafar 536 Irani, George E. 1313–1316 Irfan, Muhammad 1225 Ironside, Pernille 2638 Ishaq 1877 Ishaque, K.M. 919 Ishola, Abdullahi Saliu 1013 Islam, Md. Jahirul 1287 Islam, Mohammad Saiful 1580 Islam, Tajul 262 Ismail, Omer Sid Ahmed 3506 Ismail, Rose 2394 Ismail, Shahrul Mizan 920 Ismail, Siti Zubaidah 510, 2395–2398 Ispahani, Farahnaz 3064 Itscherenska, I. 2052 Iwobi, Andrew Ubaka 2639 Izzi Dien, Mawil 713 Jaber, Tagreed 583 Jabri, Mohammad Abed Al- 921 Jackson, Sherman A. 1382 Jacob, G. 2890
Index of Authors Jacquemont, Richard 1694 Jacques, R. Kevin 2473 Jacques-Meunie, Djinn 2528 Jaenecke, Wilhelm 2891 Jafari, Mehri 2062 Jaʿfari, Mohammad Taqi 922 Jah, Omar 923, 924 Jahangir, Asma 3067 Jahangir, Junaid 759–763 Jalali-Karveh, Mahmoud 2063 Jalil, Faridah 2399 Jallaf, Muhammad ʿAbd Al-Wahab 3412 Jalloh, Charles Chernor 1564 Jamaa, La 1879 Jamal, Amreen 764 Jamal, Lobna 1335 James Simon, Rita 2243 Jan, Tariq 3068 Janaki, Firouz Mahmoudi 2064 Janjua, Zia-Ul-Islam 3069, 3070 Jansen, W. 3071, 3072 Jaouhar, Mohamed 1046 Jäschke, G. 2892 Javed, Azhar 247, 600, 601 Jennings, Ronald C. 2893–2895 Jeppie, Shamil 3507 Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich 79–81 Jillani, Hina 3067 Jimenez De Asua, L. 3413 Jimoh, Shaykh Luqman 2640 Jofan, Nasir Al- 1132 Johansen, Baber 352, 537, 686–692, 1177, 1178, 1408–1410, 1695 Johnston, David L. 925 Jokinen, Laura 2065 Jonas, Nina E. 645 Joned, Ahilemah 2400 Jones, Andrew 3283 Jones, Mark 3323 Jones-Pauly, Chris 1455, 3073, 3074 Joppke, Christian 82 Jordan, C. 2244 Jordan, David A. 353 Julius, Qaiser 3075 Juned, Awang Abdul Aziz Bin 1585 Jupp, John 1533 Jusoff, Kamaruzaman 2429 Juynboll, Th.W. 1336, 1337
Index of Authors Kachkoush, Hoda 1179 Kader, Akberdin Bin Haji Abdul 2401 Kadivar, Mohsen 354, 926 Kadri, Sadakat 83 Kahraman, Abdullah 2913 Kahveci, Niyazi 693 Kailani, Osaid 1376 Kais, Mohamed 1226 Kakakhel, Niaz A. Shah 3076 Kalanges, K. 355 Kalantary, Keyoumars 2197 Kalkan, İbrahim Halil 2896 Kallil, Mohamad Khairudin Bin 2402 Kalu, Ogbu Uke 2642 Kamal, Mohd. Hisham Mohd 2403 Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 84, 449, 538, 646, 1047, 1048, 1317, 1318, 1482, 2404–2408 Kamalvand, Payman 531 Kamana, Mian Muhammad Siddique 3077 Kamaruddin, Zaleha 2409 Kamel, Taimour Mostafa 1049, 1050 Kanani, Mohammadali 1929 Kane, Ousmane 2643 Kaniz, Fatima 3078 Kanwar, Mahfooz A. 3079 Kar, Mehrangiz 2067–2069 Kara, Mustafa A. 85 Kara, Seyfeddin 2070 Karadsheh, Rose Marie 2071 Karadsheh, Tala 2297 Karam, Azzam M. 1696 Karampatsi, Eleni 1534 Karčić, Fikret 86 Karibi-Whyte, A.G. 2646 Kartal, Celalettin 927 Kashif, Abd El-Rehim Mohamed Al- 619 Kassim, Puteri Nemie Jahn 554 Kasule, Umar 923, 924 Kattan, Sheikh Mann Al-Khalil Al- 1123 Katz, Marion Holmes 216, 1483 Kaushik, Surendra Nath 3080 Kazemi, Elham 3592 Kazemi, Nahid 511 Kazmi, Sayyed Nadeem 1383 Keane, Webb 1880 Kelly, Michael J. 1034, 1035 Kendall, Jerry D. 1197
391 Kendhammer, Brandon 2648–2650 Kennedy, Charles H. 3081–3086 Kennett, Austin 1697 Kenny, Joseph 2652 Kent, Catherine 1983, 1992 Kenyon, Carleton W. 3509 Kermani, Navid 1698 Kermeli, Eugenia 2897 Keshavarz, Sharbanoo Baharak 2072 Keskin, Yusuf Zia 647 Keyzer, Salomo 87 Khadduri, Majid 88, 928 Khadimi, Nour Addeen Mukhtar Al- 479 Khaghani Esfahani, Mahdi 189 Khair, Amira 3495 Khaki, M. Aslam 3087 Khalaf, Sulayman N. 3588 Khalid, Anas 703 Khalifah, Abdullah H. H. Al- 1124 Khalīl Ibn Isḥāk Al Jundī 1087, 1088 Khalil, Mohammad Hassan 356 Khalili, Vali 2073 Khalilieh, Hassan S. 1113–1115 Khan, Adnan 357 Khan, A. Khaliq 10 Khan, Amjad Ali 3598 Khan, Amjad Mahmood 358, 3088 Khan, Arif Ali 89 Khan, Ayesha 3089, 3205 Khan, H. 1427 Khan, Iqram Saleem 3090 Khan, Makhdoom Ali 3091 Khan, Mansoor Hassan 3092 Khan, M. Azam 3093 Khan, Muhammad Asif 3094 Khan, Muhammad Moinuddin 90 Khan, M. Zafrullah 648 Khan, Rana Abdul Razzaq see next Khan, Rana Abdul-Razzaque 2986, 3095 Khan, Sajad Anwar 3096 Khan, Sardar Abdul Hameed 3097 Khan, Shahnaz 3098–3100 Khan, Shehar Bano 3101 Khan, Shehreyar 3102, 3103 Khan, Siraj 1036 Khan, Tauqir Mohammad 89, 91 Khare, R.S. 92 Khateeb, Abdulaziz Umar Al 1419
392 Khitamy, Badawy A.B. 217 Khorfan, Rhami 218 Khoso, Abdullah 3000 Khosravi, Mehdi 2074 Khoury, Adel Theodor 93, 219, 359 Khozeimeh, Mohammad Ali 2075, 2076 Kia, Masouduzzafar Samimi 2077 Kibble, Neil 3611 Kick, Alan Mckenzie 360 Kiderlen, Elisabeth 2078 Kilani, Abdulrazaq 2653 Kilany Omar, Hanaa H. 2474 Kingsbury, Damien 1881 Kingsley, Jeremy 1885 Kirwin, Matthew Fitzrobert 2538, 2654 Kizilkaya, Necmettin 361 Klaveren, J. Van 1699 Klein, Yaron 714 Klein-Franke, F. 248 Kligerman, Nicole 765 Kloos, David 1856, 1882 Knudsen, Are 3104, 3105 Knüppel, Katharina 362 Kocatürk, Önder 2898 Koenig, Harold G. 1301 Kogelmann, Franz 2655–2657, 2733 Köhbach, M. 2899 Kohlberg, Etan 1352 Kohler, Josef 521 Kok, P. N. 3510 Kokew, Stephan 978 Kolsky, Elizabeth 1796–1799 Koman, Mohammed Ali 3326 Köndgen, Olaf 3511–3517 Koop, Jochen 249 Korbatieh, Souha 1484 Korkusuz, M. Refik 49 Kousha, Jafar 2079 Kraemer, Joel L. 1270 Krämer, Gudrun 363, 929 Krawietz, Birgit 480–484, 1366 Krcsmárik, Johann 694 Krenawi, Alean 2281, 2282 Kressel, Gideon M. 2279, 2280 Krieger, Mark 930 Krimsti, Feras 2900 Krishnan, Ravindhran Kutty 2410 Krisnan, Johny 1869
Index of Authors Krokidas, Panagiotis 2901 Kruiniger, Pauline 485 Kueny, Kathryn 1614 Kugle, Scott see next Kugle, Scott Siraj Al-Haqq 766, 767 Kuhn-Zuber, Gabriele 931 Künkler, Mirjam 2080, 2081 Kusha, Hamid R. 1125, 2082, 2083 Kutty, Faisal 364 Kyriakides-Yeldham, Anthony 486 Labadi, Fadwa Al- 3269 Labuschagne, B.C. 365 Ladan, Muhammed Tawfiq 2608, 2658, 2659 Ladevece, Louis Fernando 487 Ladisi, Alessandro 2455 Lagardère, Vincent 3414 Lagrange, Fréderic 1495 Laheidan, Saleh Ibn Mohammad Al- 1180 Lamarti, Samuel Hosain 366 Lambert-Abdelgawad, Élisabeth 1037 Lambton, A.K. 2520 Lamoureaux, Siri 3518 Lampe, Gerald E. 932 Lamrani, Boubker 649 Landau-Tasseron, Ella 1615 Lang, Sharon 2283 Lange, Christian 94–99, 1227–1229, 1411, 1496, 2475, 2902 Langer, Lorenz 590 Laoust, Henri 1497 Lapin, T.W. 726 Larcher, Pierre 768 Laremont, Ricardo René 2660 Lari, Maliha Zia 3106, 3107 Larsen, Lena 380 Larsson, Göran 367–371, 2264 Lashgari, Mohammad 2084 Laskowska, Natalia 1883 Last, Murray 2661–2663 Lau, Martin 1536–1539, 3108–3118 Lauro, L.J. 3519 Lawan, Mamman see next Lawan Yusufari, Mamman A. 100, 2664, 2665 Layish, Aharon 2329, 2330, 3270, 3327, 3520–3524
Index of Authors Lecker, Michael 3626 Lee, Dana Elizabeth 1111 Lehmann, Friedrich-Wilhelm 1319 Leithy, Tamer El- 2476 Lemière, Sophie 2411, 2412 Lemonnier, Henri 1573 Lemu, B. 2666 Leriche, A. 2510 Le Tourneau, Roger 1117 Lev, Yaacov 1700 Levanoni, Amalia 2477 Lewicka, Paulina B. 1701 Lewis, Bernard 372, 1358 Liebesny, Herbert 101 Liew, Han Hsien 1616 Lim, Marvin 1438 Lindsey, Tim 1586, 1884–1886 Lippman, Matthew Ross 102, 103 Lodi, Zakaur Rahman Khan 104 Löffler, Klaus H.A. 81 Lohlker, Rüdiger 220, 933 Lojek, Antonín 1469 Long, M. 250 Longva, Anh Nga 373, 2308–2310 Lotfi, Iraj 2086 Louis-Francois, Jane 727 Loutfi, Mohamed Hossam 1014 Loutfy, Omar-Bey 602, 695 Lu, Hong 1232 Lubeck, Paul M. 2667 Lucas, Scott C. 650, 651 Ludwig, Frieder 2596, 2668 Lundqvist, Erica Li 374 Lydon, Ghislaine 2463 Lyman, Princeton N. 2628 Lynch, Colman 1887 Maarefand, Masoomeh 2035 Macalesher, Jacqueline 583 Machmudi, Yon 1888 Mackey, Virginia 1230 Macnaghten, William H. 1800 Macpherson, A.G. 1806 Madadin, Mohammed 488 Madkour, Mohammad Salam 555 Madni Busaq, Muhammad Al- 105 Maffi, Irene 221 Maftei, Ciprian-Vasile 2087
393 Mafullul, Yakubu 2669 Maged, Adel 1038 Maghaireh, Alaeldin 566, 567 Maghraoui, Driss 351 Mahafzah, Qais Ali 1015 Mahdavi, Mahmood 1994 Mahdi, Hauwa 2670 Mahfodz, Mohamed Bin 1377 Mahfouz, Najib 1702 Mahmood, M. 3119, 3120 Mahmood, Muhammad 3121 Mahmood, Rizwana 1174 Mahmood, Shaukat 3122–3125 Mahmood, Tahir 106, 107, 541, 1181, 2332, 2333, 3126–3128 Mahmood, Zahid 3129 Mahmoud, Mahgoub El-Tigani 108, 934, 3526, 3527 Mahmoudi, Firouz 2088–2090 Mahmud, Abdulmalik Bappa 2671 Majidzadeh, Peyman 2091 Majumdar, Niharkana 1801 Majzoub, A.E. 591, 1182 Makec, John Wuol 3528, 3529 Makinde, Abdul-Fatah Kola 2672 Malek, Mohammad Mustaqim 489 Malekian, Farhad 1039–1042 Malik, Saira 375 Malik, Shahdeen 1802 Malik, Wajeeha Ameen 3131 Malkawi, Bashar H. 1016, 1017 Malook, Saif Ul 3132 Malunood, M. 3133 Manan, Abdul 1059 Mane, Adel Al 1231 Manea, Elham 376 Mann, Michael 1803 Manna, Ammar 559 Manna, Haytham 377, 1412, 1413 Mansoor, Farkhanda Zia 523 Mansor, Wan Naim Wan 2415 Mansour, Aly Aly 652 Mansour, Saad 556 Mantilla, Karla 1889 Manzaneque, Ángel 109 Maraqten, M. 251 March, Andrew 2265 Marchesin, P. 2511
394 Marcoes-Natsir, Lies 1890 Mardam-Bey, Farouk 1703 Marghinani, Sheikh Burhanuddin Abi Al Hasan Ali Al- 696 Marican, Pawancheek 2416 Marín, Manuela 3415, 3416 Marjomaa, Risto 2673 Marler, Isabel 3530 Marneur, François 1183 Marshall, Paul 110, 378, 379, 1891, 2674, 2675 Marsham, Andrew 1617, 1618 Martel-Thoumian, Bernadette 2478–2482 Martin, Stefanie Lee 770 Martin, Vanessa 2092 Masir, Jamila M. 2733 Masoodi, G. Saqlain 111, 112, 490, 557 Massignon, Louis 1498 Massoud, Mark Fathi 3531–3534 Massoudzade, Mohammad Reza 2199 Masto, Raffaele 2623, 2624 Masud, Muhammad Khalid 380, 654, 704, 1184, 1359, 1804, 3134–3137 Mat, Muhamad Zahiri Awang 2395 Mattar, Mohamed Y. 1185, 2252 Matthee, Rudi 252 Mattsson, Douglas 3339 Maududi, Abul Ala 381, 935 Mawardi, Ahmad Imam 1892 Maydani, Riyad 113 Mayer, Ann Elizabeth 19, 114, 542, 936–942, 2093–2096, 2334–2338, 3138 Mazhar, Arafat 3139 Mazumder, Nurunnahar 1287 McCain, Danny 2676 McConville, Seán 103 McDougall, Pascal 809 Medani, Amin M. 3454, 3535, 3536 Megalli, Hasan Ali 728 Mehat, Hashim Bin 115, 2417 Mehdi, Rubya 3140–3144 Mehemeed, Nasir Bin Ibrahim 1176 Mehrabadi, Zahra Abedi Nezhad 2084 Mehrpour, Hossein 943 Melhem, Basem M. 1015 Ménage, V.L. 2875 Mendiluce, M. De 1089 Menon, Catherine 3283 Menon, N.R. Madhava 603, 604
Index of Authors Mensing, J.P.M. 705 Meouak, Mohamed 3417 Meral, Ziya 382, 383 Merenbach, Richard N. 3328 Messick, Brinkley 3628–3630 Metcalf, Barbara D. 1805 Meysam, Taram 2004 Mezhi Mejbel Mezhi Bathal Alrashedi, Ali 2311 Mezziane, Mohammad 771 Miceli, Thomas J. 2842 Michalak, Laurence 253 Michaux-Bellaire, Édouard 2529 Midani, Mohammed Amin Al- 944 Miethe, Terance D. 1232 Mikunda Franco, Emilio 945 Milani, Alireza 1018 Miller, Isabel 2097 Miller, Ruth A. 2903–2906 Minda, Agnieszka 116 Minganti, P. 2339 Minto, Christiano 384 Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 1477–1479, 2098, 2099 Mir-Khalili, Seyyed Mahmoud 2100, 2104 Mirmajidi, S.S. 1219 Misbah Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi 946 Mishara, Brian L. 1367 Missbach, Antje 1893 Mittlebeeler, E.V. 1233 Moazam, Farhat 3145 Modarressi, Hossein 385 Moe, Christian 380 Moghadam, Hassan Ghasemi 1923 Moghadam, Mohammad Hassan Ghosian 254 Moghaizel, Laure 811 Mohamad, Maznah 2418 Mohamad, Tun Abdul Hamid 1540, 1587, 2419 Mohamed, Gaber 1704 Mohamed, Mahfodz 1298 Mohamed, Mansurah Izzul 1588 Mohamed, Mohd Munzil Bin 1186 Mohamed Adil, Mohamed Azam 2420 Mohammad, F. 1541 Mohammad, Fida 3146 Mohaqqeq-Damad, Seyed Mostafa 947 Mohd Zin, Najibah 3147
Index of Authors Mohr, Andreas Ismail 772, 773 Mohsen, Mohsen Safia Kassem 1705 Moini, Reza 2101 Mokhtar, Khairil Azmin Bin 2347 Mokhtari, Ali 2102 Molina Lopez, Emilio 3418 Mollaei, Mohammad 2103 Mommsen, Theodor 117 Monshipouri, Mahmood 948, 949 Montgomery, Taylor R. 2301 Moore, Richter H. Jr. 3329–3331 Moosa, Ebrahim 386, 950 Moradi, Mohammad 254 Moradi, Sajad 2122 Moral Molina, Celia Del 3419 Morand, Marcel 118, 1187, 1574 Morgan, W. 1806 Mortaza, Shams 1353 Mosavi, Maryam 1456 Mossallanejad, Ezat 1414 Mostafa, Mahmoud M. 119 Mostafaei, Mohammad 2104, 2105 Mostafa-Kamel, Taïmour 620 Motlani, Rishad Raffi 491 Mottet, Éric 1589 Motzki, Harald 1480 Moulvi, Syed Zainuddin 3139 Mourad, Farouk A.R. 3332, 3333 Mousavi, Shohreh 2106, 2107 Mozaffari, Mehdi 2108 Mozzafari, Fatmah 2109 Muaygil, Ruaim 3334 Muda, Zulkifly 120 Muhairi, Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al- 3599–3607 Muhaisen, W.H. 1019–1021 Muhamed, Ashgar Ali Ali 2421 Muhammad, Baba Yunus 2678 Muhammad, Ibrahim Nasir 613 Muhammad, NiʿMa Karrar 3537 Muhammad, Nisar 255 Muhammad, Ramizah Wan 951, 1288, 1894, 2387, 2388, 2422–2427, 2456 Mukhtar, Sohaib 3149 Mukkarromah, Oom 1895 Mullally, Siobhán 3150 Müller, Christian 2483, 2484, 3420–3423 Müller, Dominik M. 1590–1592
395 Müller, Lorenz 952 Mumcu, Ahmet 2907, 2908 Mumisa, Michael 583 Munawar, Shamana 350 Munir, Muhammad 1051, 1052, 1188, 1368, 1369, 1384, 1439, 1542, 3151–3153 Munshi, Jiaor Rahman 1581 Muranyi, Miklos 256 Murphy, Ray 1440 Murray, S.O. 774, 775, 2485, 2909, 2910 Murray, Stephen see previous Mursalin, Ayub 1897 Murshed, Iftikhar 387 Murtaza, Muhammad Sameer 776 Murty, Komanduri S. 3335 Musa, Abdul Samat 953 Musaev, Makhach 1601 Muslehuddin, Mohammad 1126 Muslim, Abdul Ghafur 3154 Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman 3015 Mustafa, Faizan 1807 Mustafa Ali, Nada 3538 Mustapha, Abdul Raufu 2679, 2680 Mutaf, Abdülmecid 2911 Mutairi, Mansour Z. Al-. 1112 Mutrak, Omar Ibn Abdul Aziz Al- 1398, 1481, 3336 Mwakimako, Hassan 2306 Mwalimu, Charles 2681 Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo 3378 Naarmann, Benedikt 3155, 3156 Nadafi, Hamdam 388 Nadim, Sayyid Azhar Hasan 3157 Nadjafi, Ali-Hossein see next Nadjafi Abrandabadi, Ali Hossein 1964, 1981, 1982, 2110–2117 Nafisah, Abdurrahman Al- 492 Nagar, Samia Al- 3539, 3575, 3576 Nagata, Masaki 300, 389 Nagel, Tilman 121 Nahal, Galal H. El- 1706 Nahas, Gabriel G. 257 Nahri, Syed Ahmed Faisal 3158 Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed An- 584, 954–960, 1415, 2457, 2682, 3540, 3541 Naini, Manuchehr Tavassoli 2208 Najafabadi, Afrooz Maghzi 2118
396 Najafi, Habibollah 2030 Najafi, Mehdi 2119 Najafi, Razieh 2120 Najafi Tavani, Choka-Agi 2121 Najafzadeh Shavaki, Ghadir 2122, 2169, 2170 Naji, Alaa A. 512 Najjar, Fauzi M. 1707, 1708 Najmabadi, Afsaneh 2123 NakheʿI, Imam 665 Nalle, Victor Imanuel W. 1898 Namazie, Maryam 390 Nanda, Ved P. 961 Nanes, Stefanie Eileen 2298 Naniya, Tijani Muhammad 2683, 2684 Naqvi, Sayyid Ali Raza 2124–2127 Naqvi, Ṡyed Ali Raza see previous Narotzky, Susana 715 Naser, M.A. 1019–1021 Nasir, Jamila M. 2685 Nasiru, W.O.A. 122 Nasr, Hesham 123 Nasri, Mohd Mukhlis Bin Mohd 1259 Nassar, Ahmad E. 1043, 1044 Nassiri, Morteza 2128 Nataloni, Maria Chiara 3542 Nateri, Mohammad Ebrahim Shams 2129 Nathie, Mahmood 621 Nawas, John 1499 Nawawi, Mahiudin Abu Zakaria Yahya Ibn Sharif En- 1338 Nawaz, M.K. 962 Nayyeri, Mohammad Hossein 1992, 2130 Nazeri, Norbani Mohamed 2428 Nazir, Farhana Antony 3159 Nazir, Khalid 3160 Nedza, Justyna 3337 Neshwiwat, Ferris K. 2299 Neumeister, Christian 3608 Newman, Graeme 2131 Ngban, Moni Odo 2686 Niazi, Samia Maqbool 1022–1024 Nickel, Gordon D. 391 Nicolai, Caroline E. 2687 Nido, Manuel Del 1271, 2530 Nielsen, H.L. 222 Nielsen, Jørgen S. 2486, 2487 Nieuwkerk, Karin Van 392 Niknam, Azadeh 2132, 2133
Index of Authors Nik Wajis, N.R. 450 Nispen Tot Sevenaer, Christian Van 1709 Nmehielle, Vincent O. 2690 Noibi, Mansur 2691, 2692 Noor, Azman Mohd see next Noor, Azman Bin Mohd 655, 656, 1260– 1264, 3161 Noor, Nor Adila 2429 Noorslawat, Sabtu 1399 Nord, Erich 2912 Nordin, Rohaida 2107 Nory Yoshanloey, Jafar 2134, 2135 Nourbaha, Reza 2136 Nowak, Joanna 116 Nugay, Kübra 2913 Nurlaelawati, Euis 1899 Nwabueze, B. 2693 Nwauche, Enyinna S. 2694, 2695 Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan 124, 3162 Nzegwu, Nkiru 2696 Oba, Abdulmumini Adebayo 963, 2697–2699 Obaidi, Ali 3609 OʿBrien, Susan M. 2700 OʿConnell, Brian 393 Odeh, L.E. 2701 Odey, John Okwoeze 2702 Odo, Jonathan 46 Oduyoye, Modupe 2703 Oebbecke, Janbernd 93 Oette, Lutz 3544–3546 Oʿ Fahey, Sean 3547 Ofori-Amankwah, Emmanuel H. 2704, 2705 Ogbu, Osita Nnamani 2706, 2707 Ogechi, Anyanwu E. 2708, 2709 Oh, Irene 964 Ojielo, M. Ozonnia 2710 Ojukwu, Chudi Nelson 2711 Okekocha, Chinelo 2712 Okene, Ahmed Adam 2565 Okon, Etim 657 Okoye, Festus O. 2557 Okpanachi, Eyene 2713 Öksüz, Adil 729 Olajide, Olakanmi 2714 Olaniyi, Rasheed Oyewole 2715 Olatawura, Olajide 2558
Index of Authors Olatubosun, Adeniyi 2716 Olle, John 1900 Oloso, K.K. 2717 Olsson, Susanne 1710 Omar, Abd Elwahab 605 Omar, Abdul Rashied 394 Omar, Sara 777, 778 Omar, Shagufta 3163, 3164 Omeir, Khalid Al- 3338 Omer, A. Ibrahim 3548 Opara, Victor Nnamdi 2718 Opwis, Felicitas 258, 2914 Oraegbunam, Ikenga K.E. 2719–2723 Orire, Abdul Qadir 2724 Orlando, Pablo 125 Osanloo, Arzoo 2137–2143 Ostien, Philip 2596, 2598, 2725–2736 OʿSullivan, Declan Patrick 395, 396, 965, 1711, 1712, 3549 Othman, Aida 1320, 1321 Othman, Farhad 259 Otterbeck, Jonas 3339 Ottley, B. L. 2144 Otto, Benjamin 1901 Otto, Dirk 3166 Otto, Jan Michiel 126–129, 1901, 1902 ‘Oudah, Abdul Qader 131 Ould Bouboutt, Ahmed Salem 2514 Ouazzani Chahdi, Loubna El 130, 3425–3427 Owaydhah, Khalid A. 558, 606–608 Oweidi, Ahmad Saleh Suleiman 2300 Owoade, M. Adekunle 2737 Oyewo, A. Toriola 2797 Özbek, Nadir 2915 Özkoray, Hayri GökşIn 2916 Pachman, Wojciech 223 Pacic, Jasmin 132 Padel, Wilhelm 2917 Padela, Aasim I. 218 Palmer, Eshaam 133 Palo, Stephanie 3172 Panepinto, Alice 1424 Paradelle, M. 1713 Parker, Kathryn 2301 Parker, Whitney 1425 Parmisciano, Laura 224
397 Partow, Negar 2145 Pascoe, Daniel 513, 1322 Pastene, Orlando 3339 Patel, Rashida 3173 Patton, Walter M. 2284 Patwari, M.I. 966 Paulus, Christiane 1714 Pausacker, Helen 1884, 1903 Pavlovitch, Pavel 1619–1622 Paz, Omri 2918 Peiffer, Elizabeth 3340 Peirce, Leslie P. 2919, 2920 Peláez Portales, David 3428 Peletz, Michael G. 2430, 2431 Pelham, Nicolas 3271 Pellat, Charles 779, 1715 Pely, Doron 1323, 1324 Pennell, C.R. 2340 Pennell, Richard 2921 Pereira, Charmaine 2738 Pérouse De Montlos, Marc-Antoine 2739, 2740 Perry, Megan A. 2301 Pesle, Octave 1091 Peters, Rudolph 134–139, 398, 780, 967–970, 1189, 1250, 1716–1736, 2266, 2741–2746 Petersohn, Alexandra 971 Peterson, Daniel 1904, 1905 Petry, Carl 2488–2495 Peyronnie, G. 2531 Pezeshki, Ali 2146 Pfeiffer, Julia 1543 Philipsborn, John 3174 Philpott, Daniel 399 Picheca, Giulio 2147 Pieri, Zacharias P. 2747 Piłaszewicz, Stanisław 2748 Pink, Johanna 1737, 1738 Pirhaji, Mehdi 2148 Pirzada, M. Asif Hameed 3026 Pistor-Hatam, Anja 2149 Plang, Danladi 2749 Plantey, A. 2532 Polymenopoulou, Eleni 781 Pompe, S. 1906 Porshabanan, Masoma 1286 Postawko, Robert 585 Potts, Dennis W. 1401
398 Poulain, Martine 401 Pourzand, Peyman 2150–2152 Powell, Emilia Justyna 1045 Powers, David S. 402, 1092 Powers, Paul R. 730, 1025, 1026 Pridemore, William Alex 1947 Proksch, Otto 522 Provost, René 2267 Pruitt, H. Edward 310 Pruvost Lucie 972 Puente, Cristina De La 3429, 3430 Pulcini, Theodore 403 Qadir, Mansoor 3175 Qafisheh, Mutaz 1289 Qaradawi, Yusuf Al- 140 Qasem, Anis Al- 1190 Querry, Amédée 1354 Quraishi, Asifa see Quraishi-Landes, Asifa Quraishi, Muzammil 2435, 3178, 3179 Quraishi-Landes, Asifa 1457, 1458, 2751, 3176, 3177 Qutb, Mohammad 1127 Rabb, Intisar A. 404, 658, 1062–1066, 1593 Račius, Egdūnas 2312 Raeesi, Hossein 2153, 2154 Rafeq, Abdul-Karim 2922 Rahami, Mohsen 2155–2157 Rahbar, Mohammad Taqi 1400, 3180 Rahimi, Zaki A. 3343 Rahiminejad, E. 1219 Rahman, Fazlur 659, 1272 Rahman, Shaikh Abdur 405 Rahman, Tanzil-Ur 3180 Rahmani Tabar, Mohsen 2158 Rahmatian, Ali Akbar 1234 Rahmdel, Mansour 2159–2164 Rahmdel, Naser 2163 Rai, Shirin M. 1782 Raïs, Hakim 660 Rais, Rasul Bakhsh 3181 Raja, Salman Akram 3182, 3183 Rajab, Mohammad Ali 1979 Rajabi-Ardeshiri, Masoud 525 Rajakaruna, Saama 812 Ram, Malik 661 Ramadan, Hisham M. 141, 1235
Index of Authors Ramadan, Kamal 3459, 3460 Ramadan, Tariq 1236, 1237 Raman, Kartik Kalyan 1808 Ramazani, Ahmad see next Ramezani, Ahmad 2016, 2203 Ramlee, Zulfakar 2432 Ranchhoddas, Ratanlal 3184 Randall, Patrick 1167 Ranjha, Ubaid-Ullah 3185 Rapoport, Yossef 2496 Rashad, Menna 2497 Rasheed, Abdullah Ibn M. Al- 592 Rasheed, M. Al-Saʿad Al- 3344 Rasheed, Nasser Ibn Hamad Al- 1128 Rashid, Abdur 3186 Rashid, Arssan Mussa 1623 Rastegari, Behnam 2106 Ravensbergen, Sanne 1907 Raza, M. 2054 Redissi, Hamadi 1740 Rehman, Atiqur 1238 Rehman, I. A. 3188 Rehman, Javaid 406, 781, 1385, 3189–3192 Rehman, Zia-Ur 1238, 3193 Reindl, Marion 1774 Reindl-Kiehl, Hedda 2923, 2924 Reinfandt, Lucian 1624, 1625, 1741, 1742 Reinkowski, Maurus 2925, 2926 Reisacher, Evelyne 2807 Reissner, Johannes 2165 Rejali, Darius 662, 2166 Repp, Richard 2927 Revkin, Mara 1743, 1744, 2265, 2268, 2269 Reynolds, Dwight F. 1626 Reza, Sadiq 1191, 1192, 1416 Rezaei, Hassan 1325, 1459, 2167, 2168 Rezaeian Koochi, Mohammad Reza 2122, 2169, 2170 Rezaie, Parvin 2171 Riaño, Pedro 109 Richards, D.S. 2498 Richter, Paul 260 Riddell, Peter G. 1908 Ridge, Hannah 3345 Riexinger, Martin 1809 Rifaud, J.J. 1745 Riosalido, J. 973 Rispler-Chaim, Vardit 225, 1299, 1300, 1746
Index of Authors Ritter, Hellmut 663 Rizayeva, Dana 559 Rizvi, R.A. 3194 Rizvi, S.A.H. 1485 Rizvi, Sajjad H. 2172 Rizwan, Syed Atif 664 Roald, Anne Sofie 3553, 3581 Roberson, Cliff 142 Roberts, Glenn L. 974 Roberts, K.N. 2752 Robinson, Paul H. 528, 2458–2460, 3379 Robol, Claudio 3196 Röder, T.J. 1544 Rodríguez, Fernando see next Rodríguez Mediano, Fernando 2533, 2534, 3431 Roebuck, Julian B. 3335 Rofiah, Nur 665 Rogers, Therisa 226 Rohe, Mathias 143–145, 975–977 Rohne, Holger-C. 1326 Rokni, Syed Ali Asghar Mosavi 1965 Rooholamini, Mahmood 2173 Roscoe, W. 774 Rosen, Lawrence 1027 Rosenthal, Franz 539, 626, 782, 1133, 1370 Roshan, Mohammad 2032 Ross, Shani 1425 Rouayheb, Khaled El- 783 Rowson, Everett K. 784, 1627 Royer, Ismail 3197 Roy Marín, María José 3432 Ruane, Rachel A. 2302 Rubin, Uri 1486 Ruiz, Mario M. 1747 Rumi, Raza 3198 Ry, Kirsten Van 3610 Rycx, Jean-François 2341 Saaïdia, Oissila 408 Saʿaty, Hassan Al- 3332 Sabanegh, E.S. 1748 Sabella, Mona 2065 Sabiha, Taimia 3199 Saboor, Ruba 3200 Saboory, Mohammad Hamid 1562 Sabreen, Mudasra 3201 Sabri, Badur-Ul-Hassan Khan 3202
399 Sabri, Masud-Ul-Hassan Khan 3203 Sacarcelik, Osman 978 Sachau, Eduard 1339 Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. 409, 410, 493, 979 Sada, Ibrahim Na’iya 100, 2753 Sada, Ibrahim N. see previous Sadeghi, Hossein Mir Mohammad 146, 1067, 2174–2176, 2239 Sadeghi-Fassaei, Soheila 2177 Sadiq, Tabinda 3204 Sadr, Shadi 2178 Sadri, Mahmoud 2179 Saeed, Abdullah 411–415, 980, 981, 2921 Saeed, Hassan 415 Saeed, Hilda 3205 Saeed, Riaz Ahmad 416 Safar, Safar Haji 494 Safi, Louay M. 982 Safi, Mohammad Ismail 1545 Safwat, Safia 147, 148, 3554–3556 Sahebjam, Freidoune 2180, 2181 Sahito, Imdad Hussain 3206 Sahner, Christian C. 417 Sahragard, Mojtaba 2169, 2170 Said, Sahar 149 Said Bey, Said Moustafa El 560 Saidin, Amilia 2433 Saif, Walid 983 Saigol, Rubina 3207 Sailer, Johanna 2182 Salama, MaʿMoun M. 1193, 1194 Salamone, Frank A. 2754, 2755 Salaymeh, Lena 526 Salem, Mostafa 495 Salem, Omar 1749 Saleem, Shehzad 209 Saleh, Osman Al- 150 Salgirli, Saygin 2928 Salim, Abdelghafar 261 Salim, Arskal 1909 Salim, Wan Noraini Binti Mohd 2434 Salman, Salman M.A. 3557 Saloom, Rachel 3346 Šaltūt, Maḥmūd 227 Samir, Samir Khalil 418 Samuels, Annemarie 1856 Samuelson, P.A. 3519 Samuri, Mohd Al Adib 2435
400 Sana, Rabah 1575 Sanad, Nagaty 561 Sandeela, Fateh M. 1239–1241 Saney, Parwiz 2183 Sangar, Satya Prakash 1810–1813 Sanhoury, Abdel Razak 562 Sani, Mohammed Azizuddin Mohammed 2440 Sanni, Amidu 2756–2758 Sansone, Luigi 1093 Sansoni, Silvia 2759 Santillana, David 1094 Santoso, Topo 1910 Sanusi, Mahmood M. 622 Sanusi, Sanusi Lamido 2760–2762 Saraçoğlu, M. Safa 716 Sarathi, Vepa P. 1814 Sarhan, Saud Al- 1500 Sariyannis, Marinos 2929–2931 Sarkawi, Azila Ahmad 2436 Sarkohi, Arash 2184 Sarraj, Abboud Al- 3590 Sarwar, B. 3208 Sarwar, Malik Imtiaz 419 Sattar, Adnan 3209 Sattar, Babar 3210 Sauer, Rebecca 1273 Sawad, Ahmed Ali 985 Sayebani, Ali Reza 2185 Sayed, Dima El 986 Sayyid, Riḍwān Al- 987 Sbai, Souad 420 Schabas, William A. 586 Schacht, Joseph 682, 1487 Schaflechner, Jürgen 3211 Scheel, Holger 421, 1750 Schiffer, Reinhold 2932, 2933 Schirrmacher, Christine 422–424, 988, 1460 Schmale, Wolfgang 989 Schmidtke, Sabine 272, 785 Schmitt, Arno 786–788 Schneider, Irene 666, 1134, 2187–2189 Schneider, Wendie Ellen 1815 Scholz, Peter 990, 1095–1097, 3558 Schull, Kent F. 2934–2938 Schulz, Daniel 1371 Schwartländer, Johannes 881 Schwartz, David Aaron 1386
Index of Authors Schwartz, Maurice-Lucien 514 Schwartz, Stephen 3349 Schweitzer, Elisa 3350 Schwerda, Mira Xenia 2190 Scolart, Deborah 151, 3212 Scott, Joseph E. 170, 2313, 2314 Seda-Poulin, Maria Luisa 2437, 2438 Seidensticker, Tilman 667 Seignette, N. 1098 Selle, Friedrich 2939 Semerdjian, Elyse 2940–2943 Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein 152 Serge, Zelezeck Nguimatsa 2515 Serhan, Muwafaq Al- 2293 Serjeant, R.B. 1488 Serrano, Delfina 1099–1103, 3433–3447 Serrano Ruano, Delfina see previous Sfeir, George N. 153, 1751 Shaalan, Mohammed 1242 Shaali, Khalifa Rashid Al- 3611, 3612 Shabana, Ayman 496, 1069 Shabbir, Mohammad 154 Shafiei-Nasab, Djafar 2191, 2192 Shah, Dian Abdul Hamed 2440 Shah, Hassam Qadir 3213, 3214 Shah, Nafisa 3215, 3216 Shah, Nasim Hasan 3217, 3218 Shah, Niaz A. 425, 610, 1441, 1442, 3219–3221 Shah, Nik Noriani Nik Badli 668 Shah, Sayed Sikander see Haneef, Sayed Sikandar Shah Shaheed, Ahmed 2193 Shaheed, F. 3222 Shahidian, Hammed 426 Shahidullah, Shahid M. 155 Shahtaz, Noor Ahmed 3223 Shahzado, Shaikh 3224 Shaikh, Muhammad Younu 3225 Shakeri, A. see next Shakeri, Abolhasan 2194, 2197 Shakir, Chaudhry Naeem 3226–3228 Shalim, K.M. Zakir Hossain 1165 Shamari, Khalid Saleh Al- 3278 Shamiry, Najeeb 3631, 3632 Shamlo, Bagher 2195 Shammari, Tareq Saeed Al- 3351 Shamrahayu, Abd Aziz 2441–2443 Shams Nateri, Mohammad Ebrahim 2196
Index of Authors Shams Ul Basar 813 Shapiee, Rohomi 2107 Shapiro, Gilla K. 228 Sharif, Mohd Farid Bin Mohd 1274, 1275 Sharif, Muhammad 156 Sharifah, Suhana Syed Agmad 2444 Shariff, Ahmad Azam Mohd 2445 Shatree, Saad Bin Nassir Bin Abd Al-Aziz Al- 593 Shaukat, Nadeem 3122 Shavaki, Ghadir Najafzadeh see Najafzadeh Shavaki, Ghadir Shea, Nina 378 Sheha, Abdul-Rahman Al- 991 Shehu, Emman Usman 2766 Sheidaeian, Mahdi 2007 Sheikh, Fath El Rahman Abdallah El 623 Sheikh, Mohamad A El- 3559, 3560 Sheikh, Mustapha 262 Shekarchizadeh, Mohsen 2148 Shepard, William E. 1752 Sherif, Adel Omar 1137, 1195 Sherman, Steven C. 3561 Sherwani, Ali Akram Khan 157 Shirazi, Faegheh 1987 Shirazi, Gholam Reza 2187 Shirzadi, Ali 2198 Shishi, Amir 1753 Shittu, A.D. 2767 Shokry, M. El-Dakkak 1281 Shooshtarizadeh, P. 2054 Shoro, Shahnaz 3229 Shoufani, Elias 427 Shuaib, Farid Sufian 2446, 2447 Siapno, Jacqueline 1911 Sidahmad, Muhammad Ata Alsid 669, 1420 Sidahmed, Abdel-Salam 3562 Siddiqi, Mohd. Suleiman 670 Siddiqi, Muhammad Iqbal 158 Siddique, Osama 3230 Siddiqui, Faisal 3619 Siddiqui, Mobin Ahmed 3231 Siddiqui, Mona 263 Siddiqui, Omar 992 Siddiqui, Sohaira Z.M. 2461 Siddons, Julian 1355 Sidiya, Mohamed Ahmed Cheikh 2516 Sidło, Katarzyna 2303
401 Sijpesteijn, Petra M. 1754 Sikand, Yoginder S. 1816, 3232 Simader, Elisabeth 993 Simon, Jérôme 3279 Simonsohn, Uriel 1628, 1629 Sinaulan, Ramlani Lina 1912 Singer, Amy 2944 Singh, Danny 1546 Singha, Radhika 1817, 1818 Siraj, Asifa 789 Siregar, Hasnil Basri 1913, 1914 Skelderup, Michael 3380, 3381 Skipwith, Fulwar 1819 Slaughter, M.M. 428 Smet, Daniel De 1356 So, Winky 3352 Sobotková, Veronika 2448 Sodiq, Yushau 2768–2770 Soest-Zuurdeeg, L.J. Van 128 Sofer, Jehoeda 788, 790 Sohraby, Farzad 2199 Sohrabzadeh, Mehran 2200 Solahudeen, Isa Olawale 1013 Solaim, Soliman A. 3353 Soleimani, Ali 2201 Soleimani, Farzaneh 2202 Soltanfar, Gholamreza 2119 Soltani, Samira 2203 Somea, Reza Eslami 2204 Sonbol, Amira see Azhary Sonbol, Amira ElSookhdeo, Patrick 429, 430 Sorour, Ahmed Fathi 159 Sotoudeh, Nasrin 2205 Souryal, Sam S. 160, 1401, 3354, 3355 Spalek, Basia 161 Spatz, Melissa 732 Spies, Otto 563, 671 Spuler-Stegemann, Ursula 988 Stahmann, Christian 3234, 3235 Standish, Katerina 1461 Steiner, Kerstin 1586, 2449 Stenhouse, Paul 431 Stephens, Julia Anne 1820 Stewart, Frank H. 1428 Stilt, Kristen 716, 2499 Stivens, Maila 2450 Stockreiter, Elke E. 3639 Strand, A. 1547
402 Strang, Robert R. 1915 Stratil, Michael 1594 Strawson, J. 994 Strothmann, Peter 162 Struense, V. Von 2771 Subaie, Salman Muhammed Al- 3356 Subaşi, Turgut 2945 Suberu, Rotimi T. 2772, 2773 Sudais, Muhammad A. Al- 515 Suhrke, Astri 1548 Sujimon, M.S. 625 Sulaiman, Muhammad Auwal 2774 Suleiman, Abdulkabir Olaiya 2775 Suood, Husnu Al 2462 Surty, Muhammad Ibrahim H.I. 1630 Susila, Muhammad Endriyo 1265 Suwaidi, Ghaith Ghanem Al- 3613 Suzuki, Masahiro 1287 Swazo, Norman K. 3357 Syafii, Ahmad 1916 Syed, Mairaj U. 614 Szombathy, Zoltán 432 Tabandah, Sultan Husayn 995 Tabassum, Sadia 1276 Tabatabaei, Seyed Emadeddin 2207 Tabatabai Hesari, Nasrin 1255 Tabiʾu, Muhammed 2776, 2777 Tabrizi, Amir Alishahi 1301 Tabtabaei, Chamseddine Mohammad Sayed 2206 Taebloo, Feizollah Salehi 2208 Tafner, Georg 433 Tageldin, Medani Abdelrahman 229 Taha, Mazin Said 672 Tahir, Ibrahim Nuhu 2778 Tahir, Mahmood 996 Tahir-Ul-Qadri, Muhammad 153, 164, 1244, 1245 Taiwo, E. Adewale 2779 Tajuddin, Hanifah Haydar Ali 2452 Tak, Rukhsana 3236 Talbi, M. 717 Talhami, Ghada Hashem 1417 Tamadonfar, Mehran 2209 Tamdoğan, Işik 2946–2948 Tamimi, Emad R. Al- 564
Index of Authors Tanguay-Renaud, François 3237 Tanyeri, Taner 791 Täpper, Johann 3272 Tavana, Mohammad H. 2210 Tawfik, Ahmed Hamdy 1549 Tayeb, Azmil 1758 Tayeb, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed El 3567 Tehrani, Maryam Moazezi Zadeh 997 Telle, Kari 1917 Tellenbach, Silvia 165–168, 230, 434–436, 516, 587, 814, 1058, 1246, 1550–1552, 1759, 2211–2231, 2304, 2808 Tenai, N.K. 3568 Terblanche, Dawood 792 Terman, Rochelle 673, 674 Terrill, Richard 169 Terris, Robert 3273 Thakeb, Fahed Al- 170, 2313, 2314 Thayer, Donlu 3238 Thielmann, Jörn 1760, 1761 Thomas, Dorothy Q. 3239 Thomas, Justin 1167 Thomas, T.S. 1443 Thót, Ladislaus Von 171, 2232 Thurston, Alex 2464, 2781 Tibi, Bassam 998–1001 Tier, Akolda M. 3569–3571 Tikriti, Nabil Al- 2949 Tillier, Mathieu 1106, 1501–1507 Timani, Hussam S. 437 Tofangsaz, Hamed 1387 Toft, Amir Armon 2950 Toghranegar, Hasan 2233 Toledano, Ehud R. 1762, 2951 Tolino, Serena 793–795, 1763–1766 Tømte, Aksel 1918 Tondi, Arianna 1509 Tønnessen, Liv 221, 3539, 3573–3581 Töttel, Ursula 1118 Toulat, Pierre 1002 Trepesch, Elisabeth 1767 Trocki, Karen 253 Tsafrir, Nurit 517, 518, 2285 Tucker, Judith E. 2952 Tueni, Tiphanie 300 Tuğ, Başak 2953, 2954 Turki, Abdelmagid 438
403
Index of Authors Turki, Abdulrahman A.N. Al- 3358 Türkmenoglu, Ali 439, 1772 Tyan, Émile 697, 698, 1196, 1247 Ubaidilah, Asep 1895 Ucar, Bülent 440 Uddin, Ahm Ershad 2270 Uddin, Asma T. 441, 1919 Udugbor, Marcellus 2782 Umar, Muhammad Sani 2584 Umaru, M.J. 2729 Umri, Jalaluddin 498, 1372 Unomah, E. 2600 Uruburu Colsa, Juan Manuel 675, 1489 Usman Abubakar, Musa 2783 Usmani, Muhammad Taqi 3240, 3241 Uthman, Ibrahim Olatunde 2717, 2784 Uthman, Mohammed Bello 2785, 2786 Utidjian, Haig Apisoghom S. 2830 Vahed, Muhammed Abdullah 172 Vaid, Mobeen 796 Vajda, Georges 1508 Vakil, Chunilal Harilal 1821 Vallaro, M. 231 Valli, Rafique 232 Vanzan, Anna 751, 2234 Vasmaghi, Sedighe 2235 Vassalli, Giuliano 173 Veintimilla, Julian D. 1444 Vejdani, Farzin 2236 Vellenga, S.J. 780 Vercellin, G. 718 Verma, Arvind 1220, 1793 Verma, Jag Mohan Singh 1003 Vikør, Knut S. 174 Vila Dios, Miguel 175 Vincent, M.B. 1104 Vinchon, J. 264 Virk, Muhammad Akram 1225 Vitoshka, Diana Y. 815 Vliek, Maria 442 Vöcking, P. Hans 2517 Vogel, Frank E. 1388, 3359–3361 Vogler, Richard 176 Vogt, Kari. 380 Vránová, Barbora 3614
Vries, G.J.J. de 398 Vroom, Hendrik 2787 Wafer, Jim 797 Wagner, Mark S. 699, 3633 Wahba, Tawfīq ʿAlī 1768, 3362 Waines, David 265 Waldman, Marilyn Robinson 443 Wali Ullah, Mir 177, 178 Walker, Jeffrey K. 3363 Walker, Nigel 1595 Walpole, Charles George 2955 Waltter, Amin K. 798–800 Wan-Tatah, Victor F. 2788 Waqar-Ul-Haq, Muhammad 3242 Warberg, Lasse 179 Warburg, Gabriel 3523, 3583 Wardak, Ali 1524, 1553–1557, 3364 Warnock, Dan L. 2253 Warraich, Sohail Akbar 3243, 3244 Warrick, Catherine 816, 2305 Wasella, Jürgen 3365 Wasserstein, David 3448 Wasti, Aarij S. 3245 Wasti, Tahir H. 3246–3249 Watt, W. Montgomery 266 Wazir, A. 588 Ważyńska-Finck, Katarzyna 1004 Weilert, Anja Katarina 3250 Weimann, Gunnar 451, 2789–2794 Weinberg, Jon 3366 Weiss, Anita M. 3251–3254 Weiss, Bernard 1248 Weisstub, David N. 1367 Welchman, Lynn 817, 818, 2288, 3274 Wensinck, A.J. 267 Werner, Diana 1304 Westermarck, Edward 2535 Wetering, Wilhelmina Beatrix Stella Van De 2342 Whaley, Zoe 233 White, Joshua M. 2956 Wickens, G.M. 3449 Wiechman, Dennis J. 1197 Wiederhold, Lutz 2500 Wilcke, Christoph 3367 Williams, Walter L. 2453
404 Wilson, Ian Douglas 1920 Wimpelmann, Torunn 1529, 1558–1561 Winkler, Carol 2258 Winston, Brian 2238 Winter, Michael 2957 Wittinger, Michaela 1005 Wood, Asmi John 444, 1445, 1446 Worden, Scott 1425 Wright, Brian 733 Yachkaschi, Ali 1006 Yadav, Rupali 1822 Yadudu, Auwalu H. 2795 Yahya, Hajah Nurul Akmalina Binti Haji 1596 Yakubu, J. Ademola 2796, 2797 Yamani, Mai 894 Yari, Ayatollah 2239 Yassari, Nadjma 1562 Yawuri, Aliyu Musa 2798, 2799 Yayla, Ahmet S. 2261 Yelwa, M.I. 2800 Yerushalmi, Mordechai 103 Yilmaz, Fikret 2958 Yılmaz, İbrahim 1070 Yılmaz, Mehmet Şakir 2959 Young, G. 2960 Young, Jacqueline M. 3368 Young, Walter 676 Young, William C. 1418 Yousef, Nayef Kadri Al- 1769 Yunnis, Mohamed 607, 608 Yunus, Mohamad see previous Yusoff, Jal Zabdi Mohd 2106 Yusop, Husna 2454 Yusuf, Danish 180 Yusuf, Faisal A. Al- 1421 Yusuf, Hakeem O. 1426 Yusufari, Mamman Lawan 2801, 2802 Zadnahal, Sahar 2241 Zafar, Emmanuel 677 Zafar, Noor 3255 Zafarqandi, Sajad Fatahi 2242
Index of Authors Zagaris, Bruce 624 Zahed, Ludovic-Mohamed 801 Zahim, Abdullah Az- 445 Zahraa, Mahdi 1198 Zahra-Malik, Mehreen 3256 Zahur-Ud-Din, Mian 3257 Zaidi Wasti, Sayyid Tahir Haider 3258 Zainol, Nur Zainatul Nadra 1770 Zainuddin 1302 Zakariyah, Luqman 1053–1057, 1340, 2803, 2804 Zakharia, Katia 1509 Zalkind, Paola 2243 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim 1510, 3259 Zaman, Sarah 3089 Zamani, A. 2244 Zarai, Shahla 2245 Zarei Sabzeyar, Mohamed Reza 2246 Zarinebaf, Fariba 2961 Zawawi, Majdah 1061, 2387 Zeʿevi, Dror 2962 Zehetgruber, Christoph 532, 533, 1402, 1773 Zeidy, Mohamed M. El 1440 Zeine, Ibrahim M. 3584, 3585 Zemmali, Ameur 1447 Zens, Robert W. 2935 Zia, Afiya Shehrbano 3260–3262 Zia, Shehla 3263, 3264 Ziadeh, Farhat J. 543 Ziaee, Keyvan 1977 Zia Ullah, Muhammad 3265 Ziebertz, Hans-Georg 1774 Zilberman, Ifrah 3275 Zirari-Devif, Michèle 2536, 2537 Zofairi, Fayez Al 3369 Zoli, C. 1427 Zollner, Barbara 802 Zouache, Abbès 1511 Zubair, ʿAbdul-Qadir 678 Zuhur, Sharifa 1463–1465 Zulfa, Eva Achjani 1921 Zulfiqar, Adnan A. 1597, 2459 Zwaini, Laila Al- 3634–3636 Zwemer, Samuel Marinus 446–448
Index of Subjects and People Abbasids Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, trial 1492, 1494 legal opinions on Bābak’s uprising 1500 beheadings 1511 caliph 1510 corruption 1491 courts 1507 crime literature 1509 Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansur 1498 heresiography 1497 Ibn ʿĀʾisha 1499 maẓālim 1490, 1504 mutilations 1511 prisoners 1502 prisons 1506 public order 1496 qāḍīs 1501, 1505 rape 1495 women in court 1503 zandaqa 1493, 1508 abortion Arab-Islamic culture 224 Arab law 184 birth control 194, 206, 207, 233 Cairo Population Conference 1994 classical Sunni fiqh 216 comparative perspective 189 contraception 183 disadvantaged fetus 225 discussions 220 divergent views 217 embryo 208 ensoulment 181, 182, 217 family planning 186 fetus legal consequences of aggression against fetus 203 legal status 185 rights in Islam 187, 215 in Sunni Islamic law 197 forced 193 Indonesia 1824 international comparison 230 Iran 2054
Islam 188, 195, 196, 204, 209, 211, 219, 222, 227, 231, 232 Islamic ethics 199, 200, 216, 226 Islamic law 93, 184, 223, 229 Malaysia 2429 Middle East and North Africa 221 mother’s life in danger 218 Muslim-majority countries 192, 212, 228 Nigeria 2718 Ottoman Empire 2845, 2850, 2853, 2904 politics and practices 213, 214 pre-marital screening of disabled embryos 205 Qurʾān 1890 after rape 191 religious attitudes 1774 rising life 190 Sudan 3573, 3577 Turkey 2856, 2904 adultery (see zinā) Afghanistan adultery 1558 apostasy 1514, 1530 blood feuds 1512, 1547 constitution 1526 and Sharīʿa 1552 crime and war 1524, 1553 Criminal Code of (1924) 1523 of (2017) 1550 criminal law 1513, 1519, 1527, 1535 concept of crime 1549 search for penal code 1540 Criminal Procedure Code (2004) 1516, 1533 customary justice 1513 fair trial guarantees 1544, 1551 gender violence 1559–1561 honour killings 1545 human rights 1526, 1544, 1546 informal dispute resolution 1513, 1520, 1521, 1543, 1556 role of women 1521 Juvenile Code 1525, 1526 law reform 1518
406 Afghanistan (cont.) legal pluralism 1546 legal system 1527, 1534, 1539 and international human rights standards 1538 and Islamic law 1536, 1537 non-state 1554 rebuilding 1555, 1557 reform 1548 moral crimes and girls 1532 and men 1529 Pashtunwali 1512, 1517 rape 1558 sexual violence 2151 Sharīʿa position in national law 1562 practice 1522 Taliban administration of justice 2267 code of conduct 1542 and Islamic Courts Union 1515 judiciary 1528 law enforcement 1541 theft 1531 women 1526 safe houses (khana-yi aman) 1517 Africa criminal law and criminal justice 1564 pre-colonial criminal justice in West Africa 1563 alcohol (see also wine) 253 Abu Zayd al-Balkhī 265 Al-Andalus 3416 Cairo 1701 consumption for medical purposes 244 in Qurʾān 236, 254 Daghestan 1601 health 254 history 260 Ibn Rushd on drinking 263 identity 262 Islam and science 237 lawfulness 246 legal discourse 261 Maliki law 1074, 1075 Middle East 252
Index of Subjects and People Nigeria 2666 Ottoman Empire 2865 prohibition 240, 241, 247 as taboo 259 alcoholism social factors of delinquency 672 history 264 solution in Islam 255 Algeria apostasy 1569 blasphemy laws 1565 blood money 1567, 1573, 3465, 3467 complicity 1568 crime and intentionality 3466 diya 3465 execution 1570 freedom of religion 1575 intentional homicide 1566 Islamic criminal courts 1571 proof 1574 shurṭa in Ottoman Algeria 1572 apostasy (see also apostates) abuse by state and non-state actors 316 Afghanistan 1514, 1530 Algeria 1569 Arab law 281–284, 352 blasphemy laws 83, 364, 389 Christian-Islamic context 321 and Christians in the Arab world 335 contemporary Islamic theology 423, 424 conversion 277, 298, 332, 343, 345, 392, 394 in the Abrahamitic religions 433 deradicalisation 392 sociological perspective 383 Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain 390 cyber-apostasy 370, 371, 403 death penalty 304, 342, 412 debate in contemporary Islam 336, 418 in the diaspora 397 divorce 289, 305 early Islam 1602, 1628, 1629 Egypt 392, 1650, 1656, 1659, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1695, 1710, 1712, 1737, 1758 excommunication 332 extremism 316, 317 former Muslims, narratives 347–349, 356, 382
407
Index of Subjects and People
freedom of expression 289, 321, 330, 380 freedom of religion 271, 286, 291, 299, 308, 319, 333, 351, 362, 412, 413, 429, 444 Al-Ghazālī 275 ḥadīth 294 Hanafi law 693 Hanbali law 693, 704 historical perspective 320, 422 human rights 291, 315, 321, 345, 353, 373 India 1804 Indonesia 1825, 1883, 1899 of intellectuals 339 international legal obligations 316, 334 Iran 1963, 2105, 2179 Islam 274, 278–280, 290, 292, 309, 329, 367, 387, 406, 407, 415, 439 Islamic international law 361 Islamic law 93, 281–284, 306, 359, 381, 384, 398, 406, 435, 436 an Ahmadi refutation 368 after Arab Spring 393 Islamic state 2264 Italy 420 Kuwait 308, 2308–2310, 2312 law 378, 446–448 Malaysia 1578, 2351–2353, 2412, 2416, 2420, 2434, 2435 Maliki law 1083 Mamluk period 2474 minority view 316, 317 modern application of 389 in modern Islamic thinking 338 Muslim conquest of Arabia 427 Muslim political theology 386 Netherlands 442 North African law 307 Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846–2848, 2871, 2945, 2949 Pakistan 3030, 3044, 3225 punishment 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 324, 327, 328, 354, 366, 381, 391, 395, 405, 413 Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al- 363 queer perspective 374 Qurʾān 291, 359 necessity of reevaluation 302 repression of dissent 414 and ritual prayer 445 Saudi Arabia 3357, 3365
selected jurisdictions 337 Shīʿī law 1345 Sudan 289, 3541 Sunna 326 Sweden 369, 392 and takfīr 389 as taboo 259 traditional view 316, 317 United Kingdom 442 Western societies 375 apostate(s) (see also apostasy) 269, 322, 426, 1270 Afghan 1514 Al-Bukhari’s hadith 409 Bangladesh 1579 becoming Christian 310 dār al-Islām 325 death penalty 440, 702 Egypt 1687, 1696 Iraq 2248 Italy 420 Jordan 2303 Malaysia 2424 Ottoman Empire 2905 political and legal status 400 punishment 440 Qurʾān 496 repentence 303 al-Shāfiʿī and al-Ghazālī 1331 Shiʿites 317 the state as apostate 3337 ʿāqila Hanafi law 518 responsibility for blood money 515, 517 Arab League Unified Penal Code project 1576 arbitration (see settlement) baghy (see rebellion) banditry (see ḥirāba) Bangladesh Ahmadis 1579 apostasy 1582 Children Act (2013) 1580 criminal justice system 1577 death penalty 2977 homicide 1581 Islamisation of law 3166
408 Bangladesh (cont.) offences against religion 1579 Taslima Nasrin affair 1578 bioethics assisted suicide 488 autopsy 468 brain death 92, 460, 476, 480, 481 corpses, in medicine 482 decision to end life 489, 492 discourse 463 ectopic pregnancies 478 ethics of killing and saving life 467 frozen embryos 472, 474, 478 genetic engineering ḥurma 484 Islam 454 Islamic law 458, 475, 496 life science 471 medical ethics 462, 471, 486, 494 medical technologies 473 organ transplantation 232, 476, 483, 495 physical integrity 484 principles and application 493 problems and perspectives 456 surrogate parenting 204, 232 test tube babies 232 birth control (see also abortion) 202, 204, 210, 233 blasphemy Al-Andalus 3406 Algeria (Tlemcen) 402, 1565 anti-blasphemy laws and terrorism 358 and apostasy 83, 364, 389 death penalty in Qurʾān 396 defamation of religions 273, 340, 386 dhimmīs 438 Egypt 1666, 1680, 1712 fiqh 323 freedom of speech 297, 380, 416, 431 Ibn Taymiyya 704 Indonesia 1823, 1844, 1848–1850, 1860, 1861, 1865, 1871, 1876, 1880, 1898, 1904, 1905, 1917, 1918 Iran 2104 Islam 350, 389, 411 Islamic law 330, 357, 404, 406 laws 378 Malaysia 2413
Index of Subjects and People Mamluks 2500 modern application 389 modern law 357, 378 Muslim-majority countries 406, 434, 441 Nigeria 2783 Organisation of the Islamic Conference 379 Pakistan 2963, 2968, 2973, 2975, 2984, 2992, 2996, 3013, 3024, 3030, 3033, 3034, 3049, 3051, 3053, 3071, 3072, 3075, 3088, 3094, 3139, 3158, 3165, 3169, 3188, 3197–3199, 3204, 3211, 3225, 3226, 3228, 3230, 3232, 3256 political function in Islamic states 376 Saudi Arabia 3339, 3357 slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabī) 438, 2500 and takfīr 389 traditional rules of 345 Turkey 3339 blood feuds (see blood vengeance) blood money air carrier liability 512 blood feuds 509, 520 bodily harm 510 as clemency 513 as compensation 516 ḍamān 499, 503 early Islam 504, 1609 Egypt 1632 fiqh 506 and gender 511 and homicide 501, 507, 508, 510 from an Islamic jurist’s perspective 505 Libya 2329 medical cases 3313 Middle East 520 North Africa 514 as punishment or compensation 502 in restorative justice 500 Saudi Arabia 3313, 3320 Sudan 3480 Syria and Lebanon 506 and takāful 503 United Arab Emirates 3609 blood vengeance Afghanistan 1512 Ingushetia 1598
Index of Subjects and People
Islamic law 521 Israel 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284 Jordan 2291, 2293, 2300 Middle East 509, 520 prophet Muhammad’s position 522 pre-Islamic 519, 522 Sudan 3486 bribery (see corruption) Brunei freedom of religion 1584 human rights 1591 implementation of ḥudūd, differences with Malaysia 1587 Islamic criminal law 1588, 1589, 1596, 1597 LGBT rights 1595 socio-legal change 1592 Syariah Penal Code 1585, 1583, 1586, 1590, 1593, 1594 Caucasus alcohol prohibition in Dagestan 1601 blood feuds in Ingushetia 1598 legal pluralism 1600 Sharīʿa courts 1599, 1600 capital punishment (see death penalty) children’s rights (see juvenile justice) Christian martyrs under Islam 417 codification criminal law Egypt 1717, 1733 India 1798 Malaysia 2428 Maldives 2460 Pakistan 3149 Somalia 3379 Sudan 3511, 3584 fiqh 1458 ḥudūd 668, 3149 Islamic criminal law 528, 1593 coercion (see duress) commanding right and forbidding wrong 39, 3359 comparative law and Islamic (criminal) law Canada 529 China 530 Denmark 530
409 England 530 European system 529, 532, 533 France 530 Germany 530 Judaism 531 Russia 530 United States of America 530 contraception (see also birth control) Arab-Islamic culture 224 Islamic view 183, 232 conversion 343 and aid evangelism 394 Al-Andalus 3441, 3448 Algeria 1569 and apostasy 383, 2815 early Islam 1628, 1629 forced 3441 to and from Islam 277, 356, 408 Islamic perspectives on 394 Islamic tradition 332 Jordan 2303 Malaysia 2411 North Africa 2807 Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846–2848 women 2807 corruption Bukhara 537 Indonesia 1837, 1852, 1869 Iran 2057, 2058, 2074 Islam 536, 539 Islamic law 534, 535, 538 Nigeria 2636 Ottoman Empire 2817, 2842, 2923 Pakistan 3175 white collar crimes 534 court(s) Afghanistan 1515, 1544 Al-Andalus 3420, 3433, 3444 blasphemy 330 Caucasus 1599, 1600 and corrections 1197 Egypt 1650, 1651, 1684, 1695, 1734, 1737, 1743, 1744 freedom of expression 330 heresy 330 India 1786, 1800, 1815, 1819, 1821 Indonesia 1839, 1844, 1850, 1907
410 court(s) (cont.) International Court of Justice 1045 International Criminal Court 1028– 1030, 1032, 1036, 1041, 1044, 2071, 2146, 2566 Iran 2019, 2028, 2081, 2144, 2146, 2161 Islamic Courts Union (Somalia) 1515, 3370, 3375, 3378 Islamic law in contemporary courts 36, 62 Islamic State (ISIS) 2267 Israel 2285 Kenya 2306 Libya 2329, 2330 Malaysia 2389, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442 oath and perjury 1154 Nigeria 2543, 2564, 2566, 2597, 2618, 2627, 2689, 2691, 2697–2699, 2725, 2742 Ottoman 2819, 2830, 2835–2838, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2857, 2858, 2894, 2785, 2916, 2918, 2919, 2924, 2947 Pakistan 2974, 3016, 3041, 3054, 3074, 3092, 3125, 3152, 3202, 3238 Saudi Arabia 3301, 3330, 3348 Sharīʿa 861, 1599, 1600, 1630, 1743, 1744, 1755, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442, 2618, 2627, 2691, 2698, 2699, 2725, 2742, 2835, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2895, 3041, 3125, 3152, 3330, 3348, 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378, 3433, 3444, 3628, 3638 Somalia 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378 Sudan 3511, 3512, 3560, 3565 United Arab Emirates 3598, 3605 Yemen 3628 Zanzibar 3638 crimes of passion (see honour killings) criminal law (see country-specific entries) criminal law reform Abdullahi an-Naʿim’s reform proposal 540 critique of 542 Afghanistan 1533 Arab legal systems 543 Muslim countries 541 Pakistan 3244 Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3484, 3535, 3544–3546, 3551, 3552, 3576
Index of Subjects and People criminal procedure Afghanistan 1516, 1533 British India 1798 Indonesia 1915 Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2071, 2153, 2160, 2242 Iraq 2249 Islamic 1032, 1150, 1152, 1176, 1181, 1195 Kenya 2306 Malaysia 2401, 2442 Nigeria 2587, 2730, 2731, 2765 Pakistan 3130, 3213 Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3356, 3363 Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550 criminal responsibility, liability and family relations 556 forensic psychiatry 552 Hanafi law 685 impact of immunity 564 injury resulting from premises 551 Iran 1945, 2015, 2086, 2106, 2107 Islamic criminal law 530, 544–549, 553, 555, 557, 558, 560–564 Malaysia 2368 medical negligence 494, 554 Muslim countries 559 Pakistan 3201 protection of diplomats 550 Syria and Lebanon 506 cyber crime 565–567 cyber apostasy 403 cyber pornography 1989 cyber-sectarian conflict 567 cyber vandalism 566 Daesh (see Islamic State) death penalty for apostasy 304, 396, 412 for blasphemers 396 critique 576, 585 discretion 568 Egypt 580, 1704 Ilkhanate 2519 Indonesia 1830, 1887 Iran 527, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948, 1971, 1996, 2011, 2091, 2101, 2150, 2154, 2193, 2198, 2205 Islam 569, 586
Index of Subjects and People
Islamic law 570, 575, 577–583, 588 Islamic world 571, 584, 587 juvenile death penalty 527, 571 Malaysia 2360, 2386 Nigeria 2569, 3340 Ottoman Empire 2818 Pakistan 527, 2977, 3148, 3163, 3164, 3233 Saudi Arabia 527, 3280, 3304, 3324, 3340, 3345, 3346, 3352, 3358 Sudan 527 and torture in Islamic thought 573, 574 United Arab Emirates 3593 United States of America 3618 and war 1438 Yemen 527 defamation of religions, religious 340, 386, 404, 416, 590, 591 Pakistan 3191 Sharīʿa 592 defence of honour 2292 Iran criminal law 2038 Islamic law 595, 597, 598, 602 private defence 600 of women’s chastity 607 provocation as defence in murder cases 599 repentance 1281 Saudi Arabia 3347 self-defence 594, 606, 608–610 and intoxication 601 social defence 596, 603, 604, 605 diya (see blood money) doubt (shubha) ḥadd-avoidance in cases of doubt 658, 1060, 1061, 1065, 1067 in theft cases 1059 Islamic law 1062, 1063, 1064, 1066 drug(s) 249 addiction in Islamic history 234 hashish in Islam 257 Indonesia 1887 Iran 1947, 2036 laws 249 Malaysia 2386 prohibition 258 Saudi Arabia 3280
411 duress Imami jurisprudence 2004 Iranian penal law 2004 Islamic law 611, 612, 614 and English, Malaysian law 613 Sudan 3501 early Islam ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr 1603 adultery penalty 1470, 1619, 1621 hadīth 1620, 1622 alcoholic beverages 246 apostasy 1628, 1615, 1629 and religious minorities 1602 armed robbery 1625 blood money 504, 1609 conversion 1628, 1629 courts 1630 crime and punishment 1227 crucifixion 1604, 1625 Egypt crime and punishment 1741 law and order 1742 policing, punishment, prisons 1754 executions 1617, 1618 fornication 1254, 1620 hadīth on beer 1606 heretics burning 1617 punishment 1612 homosexuality 777 ḥudūd 644 Ibn al-Jawzī 1616 imprisonment 1130 induced miscarriage 1084 Jordan, homicide 2301 legal situation 1608 maẓālim 1613 Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, imprisonment 1603 oath 1624 penal law in 1605 and pre-Islamic Arabs 1605 prison 1603 punishment banishment 1627, 1627 community participation 1605
412 early Islam (cont.) public humiliation 1627, 1627 song and punishment 1626 qasāma 1611 rape 1254 rebellion 1616 rebels 1617 shurṭa 1610, 1623 wine 245, 1614 Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya 1616 zinā 1254, 1470 economic crime (see financial crime) Egypt abortion contemporary debate 1648 in international comparison 1759 Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid 1631, 1633, 1634, 1641, 1644, 1645, 1658, 1663–1665, 1684, 1690, 1692, 1696, 1698, 1703, 1707, 1740, 1751, 1760, 1770 Adultery, 16th century 1654 alcohol consumption 1701 apostasy 1635, 1650, 1658, 1659, 1679, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1695, 1696, 1712, 1737, 1758 compared to Malaysia 1758 debate 1689 and ḥisba 1710 state council rulings 1687 trials, 14th century 1656 Bahāʾī 1737 Bedouin justice 1640, 1686, 1697, 1705 blasphemy 1667, 1680, 1712, 1714 blood money 1632 blood vengeance 1688, 1726 conversion 1636, 1685 corruption 1699 criminal law 1745 application, 19th century 1718, 1730, 1731 codification, 19th century 1717, 1724, 1725, 1727, 1733 dhimmīs 1729 homicide 1769 origins in Ottoman Egypt 1719 reform, 19th century 1652, 1724, 1725 transition to Western law 1638 criminal statistics 1747
Index of Subjects and People death penalty 1655, 1693, 1704 duress 1753 early Islamic Egypt crime and punishment 1741 law and order 1742 Farag Foda 1679 female genital mutilation (FGM) 1767 forensic medicine 1675 methods of identification 1671 post-mortem examinations 1746 freedom of expression 1711 freedom of religion 1738, 1739, 1750 ḥisba 1644, 1651, 1709, 1711, 1715, 1760, 1761 homicide in 19th century 1723, 1732 homosexuality 1660, 1763, 1765, 1766 honour killings 1646 hymen reconstruction 1469 Islamic law and forensic medicine 1669 and freedom of religion 1682 and human rights 1668 in Ottoman Cairo 1642, 1643 Islamic Penal Code project 1653, 1694, 1768 judicial organisation in Ottoman Egypt 1706 position of religious matters 1713 judiciary, development 1728 justice, medieval 1700 legal order 1716 medicine and law 1678 murder trial 1734, 1735 Muslim Brotherhood and human rights 1681 organ transplantation 1469 Ottoman legal history 1677 Penal Code 1683 and Tanzimat 1639 Peters, Rudolph 1670 police in 19th century 1676 policing in early Islamic Egypt 1754 power abuse 1732 prisons in early Islamic Egypt 1754 in 19th century 1674, 1720–1722 prostitution 1764 in 19th century 1673
Index of Subjects and People
public order 1661 punishment and physical pain 1672 qasāma 1647 rape 1662, 1723, 1732, 1756 in 19th century 1732 retribution 1667 Sharīʿa application 1708, 1716, 1735 courts 1755 debates 1657, 1691, 1702, 1748 Muhammad Saʿid al-ʿAshmawi 1752 Sharīʿa courts in the Sinai 1743, 1744 Sharīʿa law developments 1716, 3494 takfīr 1712 theft 1762 torture 1672 violation of the law 1749 violence in 19th century 1637 women in Sharīʿa courts 1755 gender violence 1757 zinā 1729 euthanasia 459, 464, 465, 469, 470, 485, 487, 488 and e-fatwas 461 Islam 457 and Western Christianity 491 Islamic law 452, 453, 466, 477, 478, 490, 495, 497 and Islamism 455 and suicide 498 evidence circumstantial 1186, 2432 forensic 1165, 1171 Islamic law 4, 1138, 1145–1147, 1149, 1156, 1161, 1173, 1180, 1194, 2378 India 1779, 1814 Malaysia 2378, 2432 Nigeria 2742 Ottoman courts 2858 Pakistan 2976, 3130 rape 1256 sexual violation 1252 signs as evidence 1177 of unbelief 432 United Arab Emirates 3594 excommunication (see takfīr) family planning Islamic law 198
413 financial crime fraud in Islamic law 617 compared with Arab, French, Lebanese laws 618 in investment funds 621 Islamic law 619, 620 money laundering 615, 616, 622–624 Iran 2164, 2199 parallel banking systems 624 terrorist financing 1381, 1387 fornication (see also zinā) 661, 672, 1254, 1468, 1469, 1474, 1485, 2752, 2837, 2958 foundling 625 fraud (see financial crime) freedom of expression 416, 419 Egypt 1711 Iran 2009, 2185, 2204 Islamic law 330, 406 freedom of religion 285–288, 291, 344, 365, 380, 399, 407, 419, 430 and apostasy 291, 351, 362, 412, 415, 444 Egypt 421, 1682 human rights 331, 360, 425 international law 421 Islam 415 Islamic countries 388 Islamic law 355, 413, 421 Malaysia 2351–2353, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440 Nigeria 2693 Pakistan 2996 Qurʾān 268, 410, 425 Sudan 3553, 3571 gambling 626, 3610 gender (see women) genocide international and Islamic law 627 rape as weapon of (ISIS) 2257 Germany attitudes of young Muslims 1774 Islamic criminal law compared to German law 1772, 1773 religious defamation 1771 Gulf Cooperation Council intellectual property rights 1775 and UN human rights treaties 1776
414 ḥadd, ḥudūd adultery (see also zinā) 648, 650, 672 Al-Andalus 3440 Arab law 675 alcoholism 672 avoidance in cases of doubt (see also doubt) 658 Brunei 1587 circumstantial evidence (qarīna) 1186 codification 668 crucifixion 663, 667, 671 as deterrence 630 doubt 1060, 1061, 1065 general 632, 638, 652, 657, 659, 665, 669, 670, 677, 1304 Ghāmidī, Javēd Aḥmad on 654 in hadīth 644 hand amputation 635, 636, 649, 651 Abu Bakr ibn al-Mundhir on 651 by Islamists 660 pre-Islamic origins 676 implementation 637 international human rights 642, 887, 920 Iran 2028, 2125 Malaysia 2344, 2349, 2364, 2370, 2372, 2385, 2394, 2405, 2407, 2437, 2438, 2994 justification 630, 631 Libya 2339 Nigeria 2567, 2568, 2791, 2778 Pakistan 2968, 2979, 2994, 3068, 3125, 3126, 3128, 3145, 3149, 3153, 3240, 3263 procedure, role of witnesses in 645 public violence 643, 1348 Qurʾān 634, 678 reform 642, 646 reinstatement 675 replantation of an amputated limb 1299 Saudi Arabia 3303, 3336 Somalia 3380 state legitimacy 643 stoning 633, 636, 639, 641, 647, 648, 653, 656, 661, 662, 664, 666, 674, 1454, 1458 Arab women and stoning 1454 compared to Judaism 629 contemporary application 655, 1482, 1484 early Islam 1621
Index of Subjects and People Iran 673 Maliki law 1102 Nigeria 673 its pre-Islamic origins 676 Qurʾān 664 Shiʿite jurisprudence 1344 Sunna 656 and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb’ 640 verse on stoning 647 Sudan 3558 and taʿzir 628 theft (see also theft) 672, 1059, 1399 United Arab Emirates 3598 women’s testimony 1151 zinā 1483 Hanafi criminal law 4 alcohol 262 al-Fatāwā al-ʿĀlamgīriyya 684 apostasy 693 Ibn al-Humam on apostasy 693 ʿāqila 518 claims of men and claims of God 688, 690 criminal responsibility 685, 698 dār al-ḥarb and dār al-Islām 680 equality 689 features 679 general 682, 694, 695 government authority 687 al-Hidāya 696 homicide 2886 ʿiṣma 691 liability 2886 proof 686 Prophet Muhammad, insulting of 699 rape 1251 siyāsa 681, 1251, 2969 ṣulḥ, al-Kāsānī on 1319 ʿuqūbāt, procedural law 692 war, al-Sarakhsī on 683 Hanbali criminal law 4 apostasy, Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal on 702 crime and punishment 701 blood money for abortion 700 Ibn Taymiyya on blasphemy 704 al-Khiraqi, the mukhtaṣar of 703 punishments 705 hashish in Islam 257
Index of Subjects and People heresy 302, 311, 329, 372, 377 Al-Andalus 3405 Aleppo 2940 Indonesia 1900 Islamic law 330 Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd case 1692 politicisation of 302 Saudi Arabia 3357 South India 1788 traditional rules 345 zindīq/zandaqa 314, 346, 1334, 1493, 1508, 3407 heretics 296, 312, 1612, 1617 ḥirāba (banditry) Islamic law 450, 1271 jihadist ideology 451 new Sharīʿa perspectives 449 ḥisba Al-Andalus 3382, 3387, 3396–3398, 3409, 3449 Egypt 1644, 1651, 1709–1711, 1715, 1760, 1761, general 710, 716 Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad on 711, 712 as institution 697, 715, 718 jāhilī origins 709 legal ethics 713 literature 708, 714, 717 Malaysia 2359 Mamluks 2466, 2475 Mawardi on 1328 Morocco 2536 Nigeria 2545, 2715 Pakistan 3091 Seljuqs 2902 Spain 1078 Tilimsānī, Muḥammad al-ʿUqbānī al- on 707 Tunisia 3591 and violence 706 homicide Al-Andalus 3410 Algeria 1566 and apostasy 276 Arab law 728 Bangladesh 1581 by casting evil eye 722
415 compensation 501, 507, 508, 510 defence 599 Egypt 1734, 1735 and gender justice 1448 general 720, 724, 725, 731 and 19th century jurisdictions 733 and honour (see also honour killings) 806, 1461, 2280 India 1779, 1813 infanticide 721 intentional homicide 276, 599, 644, 719, 722–726, 806, 1250, 1461, 1734, 1735, 1779, 1813, 1923, 2019, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302, 2468, 2473, 2527, 2819, 2838, 2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256, 3258, 3308, 3410 Iran 1923, 2019, 2032, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302 Islamic law 727 Jordan 2301 Malaysia 2356 Maliki law 1071 Mamluks 2468, 2473, 2482, 2483 Morocco 2527, 2535 Nigeria 2669, 2767, 2965 oath, function 1155 Ottoman Empire 2819, 2879, 2880, 2838, 2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 2950 Pakistan 2965, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256, 3258 and qasāma 1250 Qurʾān 726, 729 and Tora 729 Saudi Arabia 3308 Shāfiʿī law 1338 sin and expiation 730 Sudan 3480, 3520 United States of America 3615 of ʿUthman 644 of women 806 wife killing, legal defences 732 homosexuality African nations 769 Al-Andalus in mujun literature 743 Arab literature 734 Arab world 748
416 homosexuality (cont.) Ar-Razī on 782 debate 777, 802 fatwas 793 female, history and representation 753 fiqh 786 general 737, 746, 752, 767, 774, 788, 791 genetic points of view 750 hadīth 741, 799, 800 history of 783 historical background 742 Ibn Ḥazm on 735 Islam 739, 745, 747–750, 751, 758, 760, 762, 765, 770, 773, 775, 776, 785, 792, 801 and colonial rule 736 Islamic law 734, 761, 779, 781, 786 Islamic theology of 738 lesbians 767, 789 LGBT rights 781 liwāṭ 739, 778, 779, 794 classical Arabic 768 hadīth 741 as seen by Muslim jurists 771, 778 Muslim states 781, 790 al-Suyuti on 741 Maghreb 743 male-male sexuality bio-bibliography 787 Middle East 795 orthodox-religious milieu 780 prohibition in UN member states 757 and Prophet Muhammad 797 punishment Iran 740 Malaysia 740 Pakistan 740 Saudi Arabia 740 Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al- 744, 766 queer persons Islamic texts 756 Sharīʿa 751, 755 international human rights law 755 Qurʾān 764, 772, 798 qurʾānic revisionism 796 same-sex desires 738 unions 759, 763 sexual diversity Muslim world 754
Index of Subjects and People siḥāq (lesbianism) 778, 794 as taboo 259 transgender 767 transidentity 801 transsexual persons 751 vice lists, medieval 784 honour killings Arab world 814, 2304 cultural representation 807 debate 903 Egypt 1646 general 809, 810, 812, 816, 818 and gender 804 historical roots 808 India 1782 Iran 2171 Islam 805, 813 Israel 2280 Jordan 2288, 2292, 2295, legal issues 815 legislation 811 Ottoman Empire 2831 Pakistan 1461, 1782, 3062, 3076, 3104–3106, 3167, 3170, 3185, 3209, 3216, 3243, 3246, 3265 policy recommendations 815 prevention of 803 punishment of 803 Sharīʿa discourse 817 struggle against 806 honour preservation in Sharīʿa 593 humanitarian law and Islamic jurisprudence 872, 1269, 1440 human rights Arab countries 832, 833, 897, 930, 986 Christianity and Islam 875, 881, 1002, 1005 compared to the West 922, 946, 947 contemporary Muslim thought 895, 913, 987, 929 and cultural diversity 989 and cultural relativism 826 debates/discourses on 869, 879, 906, 963, 994, 998 history in Islam 914 a critique 926 and ḥudūd 887
417
Index of Subjects and People
ICCPR 1004 implications for Africa 960 intercultural dialogue 908 international human rights obligations 821, 827, 851, 852, 853, 862–866, 900, 901, 911 international law 847, 873, 957, 959, 961, 966, 974, 1001 Islam 820, 823, 825, 835, 841, 842, 848, 849, 852, 855, 867, 874, 878, 882, 898, 909, 916–918, 921, 923, 924, 928, 931, 935, 936, 937, 942, 943, 945, 950, 952, 953–955, 964, 967, 975–982, 991, 1000, 1003 Islamic countries 829–831, 856, 857, 860, 861, 863, 886 Islamic criminal law 859, 861, 870, 871, 883, 905, 910, 920, 951 Islamic institutions 885 Islamic law 822, 828, 877, 889, 899, 919, 932, 938, 962, 968–970, 996 Islamic reservations to human rights conventions 939, 940, 971, 985, 993 Islamic revivalism 983 Islamism 834, 836–840, 858, 890, 941, 949, 952 judicial process 894 Mahmoud Taha and Abdullahi An-Naʿim, a critique 934 maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah 925 Middle East 915, 948, 949 non-Muslim minorities 915 and Muslim theologies 925 and Muslims in Western Europe 829, 902, 973 and re-Islamisation 984 right to change one’s religion 1004 Saudi Arabia 3314, 3341 and Sharīʿa 933, 990 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 827, 884, 927, 944, 972, 995 Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights 850, 873, 880, 884, 891–893, 904 universality debate 827, 848, 866, 868, 888, 896, 907, 912, 956, 958, 965, 992, 999, 1006 and the West 830, 843–846, 876
and Western domination 822 women’s rights and 988, 997, 1449 ijtihād Islamic criminal law 1007 Ilkhanate apostasy 2518 concepts of justice and injustice 2520 death penalty 2519 revenge and justice in 2055 imprisonment (see prisons) India colonial period apostasy 1804, 1816 Bengal 1801, 1785 case reports 1821 company criminal law 1802 court of Nizamut Adawlut 1786, 1800, 1819, 1821 crime and gender 1799 criminal justice in North India 1818 criminal law 1778, 1808, 1817, 1818 criminal procedure 1798 Indian Evidence Act (1872) 1814 Indian Penal Code (1860) 1787, 1806 Islamic criminal law 2741 Islamic law 1791, 1803, 1809, 1820 legal transition 1794 perjury 1815 rape 1796, 1797 Sudder Fouzdaree Adawlut 1821 transformation of Islamic law 1789, 1792 confession 1149, 1156, 1260, 1807, 1923, 1925, 2803 crimes of honour (see honour killings) 1782 criminal breach of trust 1795 criminal law, background 1781 medieval criminal evidence 1779 passion killing 1779 police and administration of justice 1793 mens rea 1794 Mughal period Akbar as heretic 1777 administration of justice 1812
418 India (cont.) crime and punishment 1780, 1810, 1822 intoxicants 1811 muḥtasib 1783 murder 1813 principles of law 1784 Muhammadan law 1790 rape 1805 Indonesia abortion 1824, 1890 Aceh freedom of religion 1919 Islamic (criminal) law 1826–1828, 1838, 1843, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1878, 1881, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1909, 1913, 1914 legal autonomy 1854 morality policing 2431 Muslim punks 1856 re-Islamisation politics 1873, 1874 Sharīʿa 1836, 1856, 1882, 1886, 1901, 1911 adat criminal law 1868 Ahmadis 1847 apostasy 1825, 1883 impact on marital life 1899 atheism 1866 bestiality 1834 blasphemy 1860, 1898, 1917 in the constitution 1918 and constitutional court 1850 in court 1844 and Danish cartoons 1880 and freedom of religion 1896 and human rights 1876, 1904, 1905 in Java 1871 law of (1965) 1897 legality of 1848 and mental illness 1861 and minorities 1823, 1849 and religious diversity 1865 capital punishment 1830, 1887 conversion 1845 corruption 1837, 1852 criminal law in colonial Java 1907 Criminal Procedure Code 1915 extremism, violent 1884 freedom of religion 1847, 1884, 1891
Index of Subjects and People gratification 1855 heresy 1900 homosexuality 1833, 1834 incest 1834 Islamic criminal law adultery, debate 1877 and anti-corruption 1869 Cikeusik trials 1846 criminalisation of husband wife relationship 1895 and domestic violence 1879 drafting of Islamic Criminal Code 1862 and the judiciary 1839 MMI Sharia Criminal Code 1885 punishment in 1829 and sexual misconduct in Central Java 1864 taʿzīr punishment 1910 Islamic law attitudes 1888 background of enactment 1892 by-laws 1837 and female activists 1863 general 1835, 1841, 1842 implementation 1888 and Muslim punks 1875 and terrorism 1912 Islamisation 1908 Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Council of Indonesian Ulama) 1867, 1900 minorities, religious 1884 pornography 1870, 1884, 1903 restorative justice 1853, 1921 Sharīʿa contestation among Minangkabau 1872 creeping 1908 and national law 1902 state and mobile phones 1858 sex crimes 1840, 1906 sexuality, control of 1832 takfīr 1867 theft 1916 thuggery 1920 vigilantism 1884 West Java, religious discrimination 1851 zinā 1831
Index of Subjects and People intellectual property rights Gulf Cooperation Council 1775 internet 1013 Islamic law 1008, 1009, 1011, 1014, 1016–1024 moral and financial rights 1012, 1015 and software piracy 1010 intent concept of the person 1027 medieval fiqh 1025, 1026 International Court of Justice and Islamic law states 1045 International Criminal Court and Islamic criminal procedure 1032 and Islamic law 1028–1030, 1036, 1041, 1043, 1044 international criminal law Islam 1033–1035 Islamic law 1031 international Islamic criminal law 1033, 1039, 1040, 1042 intoxicants 236, 238, 250 Mughal India 1811 early juristic debates 246 and self-defence 601 Sufism, in 243 Iran abetment 2173 abject bodies 1949 abortion 2054 accused, rights 2208 apostasy 1963, 2104, 2145, 2179 and fatwas 2145 arbitration 2063 Bahāʾī and death penalty 1938 bar association 2080 blasphemy 2104, 2108 cannabis 2035 child abuse 1950, 1951, 2008 compensation 2141 Computer Crimes Law (2012) 2061 constitution and conflict prevention 2156 and Khomeini’s directive (1988) 2165 corrections system 2111 corruption 2057, 2058 judicial 2074
419 courts role of 2161 special court of the clergy crime classification 2041 and security 2010 statistics 2002 criminalisation 2090 criminal justice and community involvement 2012 and Khomeini 2059, 2131 and restorative traditions 2155 criminal policy 2114, 2117 decriminalisation in 2049 and political change 1926 after revolution 2033 and schools of Islamic law 74 on violent crimes 2075, 2076 Criminal Procedure Code 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2160, 2217, 2242 and citizenship rights 1995 and international criminal court 2071 punishment, intensification of 2119 same-sex crimes 2153 criminal responsibility, liability 2100, 2134 and compensation 2135 and crime/punishment proportionality 2203 and neuroscience 1945 criminology 2115, 2116 darughayi bazar 2025 death penalty 2105, 2150, 2205 abolition 2091 abolitionist movement 2198 and Bahāʾī 1938 and ethnic minorities 1943 for homosexuality 1948 and international legal standards 2193 and the media 2101 for minors 527, 1944, 2029, 2182 public executions 2011, 2073, 2105, 2190 public opinion 1971 role of lawyers 2105, 2154 as state terror 1996 and women 000
420 Iran (cont.) defence, legitimate 2038 drugs 1982, 2036 duress 2004 extradition 1969 fair trial 1978 family, criminal protection 2197 freedom of expression 2009, 2108, 2204 gender identity 1983 homicide 2037 Bibi Asilu case 2092 and conflict resolution 2129, 2196 proof of murder 1923 Qajar Iran 2019 qiṣāṣ and forgiveness 2032 Yazd 2097 homosexuality death penalty 1948 history 2044 Islamic jurisprudence 2062 LGB in law 1935 lūṭīs in Qajar Persia 2024, 2236 punishment 740, 1941 reconstruction 2026 honour killings 2072, 2141, 2171 ḥudūd avoidance 2028 law of 2077 human rights 1984, 1985, 1991, 2000, 2005, 2056, 2093, 2094, 2149 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) 1982 discourse of reformers 2005, 2184 and freedom of expression 2009 and ḥirāba (moharebeh) 2078 after the revolution 2085 and Sharīʿa 2143, 2204 violations under Sharīʿa 2042 and women 2065, 2056 independent activism 2240 international crimes 1981 International Criminal Court (ICC) 1927, 2146 Iran people’s tribunal 1936 Islamic law 1977 in post-revolutionary Iran 2027 under Safavids and Qajars 2186 transformation of 1975, 1976
Index of Subjects and People judges and judicial process 2211 judicial organisation, law on 1928 judicial system Qajar Iran 2021 after revolution 2128, 2147 jurisdiction religious and state 2188 Muḥammad Bāqir Šaftī 2189 jurists, legal authority 2070 justice system 2066 informal 2089 juvenile justice 1922, 1942, 1979, 2121, 2243 child execution 525 Convention on the Rights of the Child 524 corporal punishment 1980 criminal responsibility 1964, 2106, 2107, 2015, 2086 death penalty 1944, 2029, 2182 legal status of children 1986 retribution (qiṣāṣ) for children 1952 rights of the child in Muslim states 523 law enforcement 2244 fundamentalist impact on 2095 internationalisation and regionalisation 2152 in an Islamic state 2096 and political control 2209 and religion 2214 legality principle 2047, 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2227 legal system 1593, 2066 2220, 2232 LGBT 1999, 2067 liability, in medical cases 192 mens rea 1933 money laundering 2164, 2199 muḥtasib 2020, 2022, 2025 narcotics 1946, 2113 offender 1947 opium use 2017 trafficking 2233 Penal Code of (1982) 2126 of (2012) 2130
421
Index of Subjects and People of (2013) 2212, 2216, 2218 assessment 1990 honour 2187 punishment development 2157 Islamic 2226 sentencing postponed 2084 theoretical foundations 2050 translation of 1993, 2060, 2124 women, protection of basic rights 2158 penal law, criminal law 2176, 2210, 2223, 2228, 2229 area of application 2051 constitution 2136 crime danger management 2169 foundations 2213 history 1993, 2111 inflation 2030 influence of religion 1937 international instruments 2112 internationalisation 1997, 1998 Islamisation 2132, 2133, 2167 judges 2175 judgments 2239 in legal system 2194 Muharram 2200 muqaddasāt 2207 „ne bis in idem“ rule 2162 offense 2221, 2222, 2225 and political opposition 2168 proof 1930, 2018 provocation 1970 public decency crimes 2170 re-Islamisation 2052, 2231 after revolution 2006, 2183 rule of action 2241 on sacrilege 2185 suspension of sentences 2014 translation 2201, 2230 and universal jurisdiction 000 and Western law 2174 perjury 1934 police in Qajar Persia 2023 pornography 1989 prisoners, citizenship rights 2245 probation 1929 provocation 2195
punishment 1940, 1965, 2087, 2111, 2246 aims 2064 alternative sanctions 2088 attitudes as to 2034 compared to French law 2079 discretionary 2120 and gender 2141 proportionality 2046 public 2202 under Qajars 2122 Qiṣāṣ Act (1982) 2127 Ḥudūd and 2125 rape 1255, 1932 recent legal developments 1954–1962 rehabilitation of delinquents 2001, 2103 restorative traditions 2155, 2040, 2155 retribution (qiṣāṣ) 1973 for children 1952 law 2077 revolutionary courts 2144 right to counsel in criminal justice system 2163 right to privacy in criminal justice system 2159 rule of law 1992 Rushdie, Salman 276, 313, 1968, 2108 settlement in homicide cases 2129, 2196 peaceful (of disputes) 2063 women’s peace initiatives 2140 sexuality lesbian acts 1987 regulation 2118, 2123 sexual minorities 2237 sexual orientation 1983 sexual violence 2151 Sharīʿa courts 2043 hermeneutics 2005 and national law 2098 smuggling 1931 special court for the clergy 1988 stoning 1966, 1972, 2053, 2082, 2180, 2181 suicide 2148 takfīr in Safavid Iran 2172 tax evasion 1994 testimony 2206 theft 2003
422 Iran (cont.) torture 2166 comparative perspective 2102 and public recantation 1925 and punishment 13th-18th century 2191, 2192 sexual 2178 transsexuality 2234 urban violence in Qajar Iran 2236 victim rights 2110, 2137, 2138 in Iranian and international law 1967 violence, state’s monopoly 2142 wells, illegal digging 2109 women and criminal law 2083, 2139 gender policing 1974 and imprisonment 2177 and jurisprudence 2235 legal status 2065 rights 2068 and suicide 2056 violation of their dignity 74 women’s rights in Sharīʿa law 2031 zinā 2099 Iraq apostates, treatment 2248 criminal investigations 2249 criminal justice system 2253 homicide and bodily harm 2247 human rights and Islamic law in the constitution 2252 penal laws (1994) 2251 sexual crimes 2250 irtidād (see apostasy) Islamic State (IS, ISIS, Daesh) administration of justice 2267 apostasy 2264 armed conflicts under Islamic law 2259 brutality under Islamic law 2260 bureau of justice and grievances 2263 challenges to international criminal law 2255 challenges to Sharīʿa 2255 Dabiq magazine, law and order 2258 ideology 2256 incineration of persons 2262
Index of Subjects and People
and Islamic law 2270 legal system 2265, 2268 police 2261 sexual violence 2254 social contract 2269 using rape as weapon of genocide 2257 violence in Raqqa 2266 Israel Bedouin law 2272, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2282 blood vengeance 1461, 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284 family honour 2278 honour killings 2271, 2280 mediation 2275 religious freedom 3328 settlement 1461, 2281, 2283, 2285 ṣulḥa 2281, 2283, 2285 jihād global 341 human rights jihad 941 Ibn Taymiyya on 1274 and incineration of persons 2262 jihadist ideology 451 and rebellion 1274 terrorist jihad 3346 Jordan apostasy 2303 Bedouin justice 2287, 2300 criminal law and gender 2305 customary law 2293 homicide in early Islamic Jordan 2301 honour killings 2288, 2289, 2295, 2296, 2302, 2304 and civil society 2298 as intrafamily femicide 2292 and Jordanian Penal Code 2286, 2290 murder 2291 public discourse 2297 under Jordanian and Islamic law 2299 penal justice, traditional system 2294 judicial organisation in Islamic history 697 juvenile justice Afghanistan 1525 Bangladesh 1580 Convention on the Rights of the Child 524
Index of Subjects and People
death penalty 525, 527, 571 Iran 1922, 1979, 2015, 2243 Muslim-majority states 526 Nigeria 2599 Pakistan 3004 rights of the child 523 Saudi Arabia 3288, 3312 Yemen 3627
Kenya Criminal Procedure Ordinance 2306 Muslim courts, historical development 2306 kufr 270, 443, 1356 Kuwait apostasy law 2308, 2309, 2312 case of Husayn Qambar ʿAlî 2312 and constitutionalism 2310 human trafficking 2311 punishment in Islamic and Kuwaiti law 2307 revitalisation of Islamic penal law 2313, 2314 larceny (see theft) laqīṭ (see foundling) law of the sea 1113, 1115 legality Indonesia 1848, 1868 Iran 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2226 Islamic criminal law 1046, 1049–1052 Maldives 2458 Nigeria 2565 Ottoman Empire 2880 Pakistan 3091 and the right to personal safety (haqq alamn) 1047, 1048 Sudan 3585 suicide bombing 1363 legal maxims and doubt 658, 1062, 1065, 1066 Islamic criminal law 1053–1057 Nigeria 2803, 2804 legal transfer 1058 legal uncertainties (see doubt) liability in air carrier conventions 512 collective 517
423 criminal 553, 557–559 Iran 2100, 2203 Malaysia 2409 Ottoman law 2886 Saudi Arabia 3291, 3296 United Arab Emirates 3595 of vehicle drivers 1419 liʿān 1068 and DNA fingerprinting 1069, 1070 Libya blood money Adjābiya court 2330 Kufra court 2329, 2330 rules 2331 court system 2326 homicide in Tripoli (1843) 2340 human rights of the accused 2320 and fundamental freedoms 2323 intellectual property rights 2328 Islam policy 2321 Islamic criminal law reintroduction of 2322, 2324, 2332, 2335, 2339, 2341, 2342 Islamic law in 2333, 2336–2338 law and legislation 2327 law enforcement compared to Iran 2244 legal policy 2334 protection of life before birth 2315 recent legal developments 2316–2319 Sharīʿa, application of 2325 liwāṭ (see homosexuality) Maghreb (see also North Africa) conversion of women 2807 penal law and social change 2808 religious freedom 2805 transitional justice and gender narratives 2806 Malaysia abortion 2429 accused, rights of 2354, 2376, 2377, adultery 2400 apostasy 2351–2353, 2416, 2420, 2434, 2435 and civil society 2412 in Selangor 2424 blasphemy and human rights 2413
424 Malaysia (cont.) blood money for homicide 2356 for wounding 2356 constitution 2374 conversion 2411 criminal justice 2369 criminal procedure in Sharīʿa courts 2442 Criminal Procedure Code 2401 criminal responsibility 2368 death penalty 2360 for drug traffickers 2386 discretionary punishment 2389 domestic violence 2388 evidence 2378 freedom of religion 2343, 2351–2353, 2357, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440 ḥisba 2359 homosexuality 2453 liwāṭ 2393 punishment 740 ḥudūd 2364, 2370, 2385, 2394, 2994 Bill of Kelantan 2405, 2407 and constitution 2370 debate 2344, 2372, 2437, 2438 human rights and Islamic law 2446 human trafficking 2347 intellectual property rights 2362 Islamic criminal law application 2346, 2363, 2399, 2419 circumstantial evidence 2432 codification 2428 contribution to planning of safe city 2436 and deterrence 2410 enforcement 2441 in ḥisba framework 2359 investigation procedures 2445 Islamic punishments, suitability of 2391 Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code 1993 2349, 2381, 2451 and major trends of Islam 2448 and Malay rulers 2433 and Malaysian criminal law 2402 in Malaysian federal structure 2361, 2392, 2443 Selangor Syariah enactments 1991
Index of Subjects and People sexual offences 2382 Sharīʿa offences 2380 Syariah Criminal Offences Act (1997) 2414 Islamic law 2375, 2406 development 2379, 2408 and human rights 2350, 2403 implementation 2345 and national law 2373 on sentencing 2417 Islamic legal system 2447 Keris 2374 Ketuanan Melayu 2367 khalwat as moral crime 2425 as Sharīʿa criminal offence 2396 kidnapping and hostage taking 2390 law Islamisation 2358 politics and Islam, debate 2449 legal system 2444 liability 2409 maids, crimes against 2421 punishment fines 2387 and gender 2450 and legal safeguards 2415 principles and philosophy 2404 rape compensation for survivors 2398 legal reform 2384 restorative justice 2423, 2452 settlement (ṣulḥ) 2427 Sharīʿa application 2397 and colonialism 2355 courts 2422, 2426, 2442 and cultural politics 2430, 2431 enforcement 2371 and fundamental liberties 2380 judiciary 2430, 2431 projects 2367 secularisation 2418 Sharia Lawyers Association 2454 status 2365, 2366 transformation 2430, 2431 sexuality, regulation of 2383 sexual offences 2382 taʿzīr 2348
Index of Subjects and People Maldives foreign fighters 2455 imprisonment 2456 legal system 2462 Penal Code project codification 2458 criticism 2457 draft code 2460 paradoxes of codification 2461 response to criticism 2459 Mali Islamic republic, possibility 2464 Sharīʿa, recent experience 2463 Maliki criminal law (see also Spain (Al-Andalus)) adjudication 1085 alcoholic beverages 1074, 1075 apostasy 1080 arbitration (taḥkīm) 3436 blasphemy 1080, 1083 blood money 1073 Cordoba (Al-Andalus) 3422, 3423 general 1077, 1088, 1093, 1104 ḥisba 1078 homicide 1071 Ibn Abī Zamanīn 1072 Ibn Habib, Wadiha 3386 insults, punishment 1076 judges 1090 Khalīl ibn Iṣhāq 1087, 1088, 1094, 1098 miscarriage, induced 1084 oath 1089, 1091 in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531 procedural law 1090, 1093, 1095–1097 proof 1090 qadhf 402 rape 1099–1101, 1103 rebellion 1080 retribution 1072, 1081 settlement (ṣulḥ) 3436 sexual violence 1079 slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabī) 402 stoning 1102 usurpation (ghaṣb) 1082 wine trade 1086 witness 1089 zinā 1092
425 Mamluks alcohol consumption 2481 apostasy in Mamluk period 2474 assassins 2482 blasphemy 2500 crime and elite 2488 prosecution 2495 and punishment 2472 and social order 2478, 2494 criminal affronts 2490 criminal investigation in Cairo 2492 criminal underworld in Cairo and Damascus 2489 fornication 2481 fraud, Ibn Taghrībirdi on 2491 ḥisba 2465, 2466, 2475 homicide 2470, 2473, 2482, 2483 in Damascus 2468 homosexuality 2485 imprisonment, Al-Maqrizi on 2493 Islamic law 2499 justice under last Circassian sultans 2480 legal studies 2484 maẓālim 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497 qāḍī al-quḍāt in Cairo 2469 qasāma 2498 prisons 2480 prostitution 2481 punishment 2476 religious policy 2467 siyāsa and Sharīʿa 2496 takfīr in Egypt and Syria 2477 thieves 2482 masturbation 739 Mauritania blood money in traffic accidents 2502 Code of Criminal Procedure 2513 constitution and human rights 2514 human rights 2505, 2514 Islam 2504, 2509 Islamic law, role of modern judge 2511 Islamic punishments application 2510 in law 2506 juvenile justice 2508, 2516 legal system 2515
426 Mauritania (cont.) duality 2503 after independence 2501 Penal Code 2512 religious freedom 2517 wine, prohibition and consumption 2507 maẓālim Abbassids 1490 Al-Andalus 3420 early Islam 1613 historiography 1106 institution 697 judicial independence 1105 Mamluks 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497 Mawardi 1329 mens rea India 1794 international criminal law 1109 Iran 1933 Islamic jurisprudence and statute law 1107, 1108 Qatar 3278 money laundering (see financial crimes) Mongols (see Ilkhanate) Morocco amputations 2529 apostasy 2525 blood money in Berber customary law 2522, 2528 blood vengeance 2522, 2530 crime and punishment, 16th century 2533, 2534 freedom of religion 2525 gender violence, reforms against 3311 ḥisba 2536 homicide 2527, 3536 oath in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531 penal law customary law of the Swasa 2526 formation 2524 High Atlas 2523 and Islam 2521 Sherifian 2532 system 2537 necessity (ḍarūra) Islamic law 1110, 1112
Index of Subjects and People Islamic legal history 1111 criminal jurisprudence 1110 medical jurisprudence 1110 organ transplantation 483 Niger effects of Nigerian Sharīʿa 2538 Nigeria abortion 2718 the accused, rights of 2547, 2786 adultery (see also zinā) 2653 punishment 2571, 2642 alcohol 2666 Amina Lawal 2574, 2574, 2629 blasphemy 2783 bodily hurt 2965 Boko Haram and Islamic law 2566 commanding good and prohibiting evil 2747 compensation to victims 2716 court system 2736 criminal justice, Muhammad Bello on 2576 criminal law 2552, 2554, 2559, 2630, 2646, 2737, 2704, 2797 attempted crime 2711 Criminal Procedure Codes 2730, 2731 issues in criminal procedure 2587, 2797 criminal-victim relationship 2716 death penalty 2569, 2570, 3340 freedom of religion 2722 fundamentalist groups 2761 Hausa Islamic law 2754 ḥisba 2545, 2588 in Kano 2588, 2715 homicide 2669, 2965, 2767 ḥudūd 2567, 2568, 2572 Ibrahim Salih on 2791 human rights 2632 and Islam 2649 and Islamic criminal law 2557, 2590, 2743 and Islamic law 2722, 2750 and religion 2695, 2706 and sexual orientation 2553 and Sharīʿa 2610, 2710 Islamic law 2544 application 2769, 2777, 2802, 2665
427
Index of Subjects and People
and colonialism 2795 compared to India 2582 and democratisation 2615, 2616 history of application 2768, 2702 and international protection of women’s rights 2687 judicial practice 2592 and legal hybridity 2664 Northern Nigeria 2660 post-colonial 2709 practice and procedure in courts 2543 Southern Nigeria 2546 Zamfara State 2770 Islamic criminal law (see also Sharīʿa) adultery 2653 application 2778 colonial Nigeria 2741 and constitution 2620, 2626, 2690, 2691, 2712, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2752, 2779, 2782 cyber fraud 2775 and democracy 2723 enforcement by police 2694 and gender 2625 general 2600, 2745, 2789 homicide 2559 ḥudūd 2778 and human rights 2743 implementation 2568, 2550, 2584, 2598, 2602, 2717, 2724 courts 2564, 2597 judicial practice 2661, 2792, 2794 Kaduna State 2556 legal maxims 2803, 2804 Niger State 2735 punishments 2707 rape 2653 reflections 2628 reform 2638 reintroduction 2612, 2744, 2746, 2748 review 2749 Sharia Penal Code of Centre for Islamic Legal Studies 2589 and women’s rights 2785 Zamfara State 2735 Izala movement 2577, 2578
Jos, conflict in 2641, 2727 judiciary 2558 juvenile justice 2599 Kaduna Sharīʿa crisis 2560, 2619, 2677 legal pluralism 2755 legal system 2681 Miss World crisis (2002) 2790 Penal Code(s) 2607, 2611, 2705 2714 and homicide 2767 Kaduna State 2765 Kano State 2644, 2645, 2753 Katsina State 2647 Niger State 2688 Zamfara State 2670, 2753 rape 2653 settlement (ṣulḥ) 2618, 2774 Sharīʿa administration of justice 2541, 2776 cases, Court of Appeal 2689 challenges of 21st century 2678 and Christian-Muslim relations 2595, 2596, 2668 and Christians 2609, 2651, 2676, 2686, 2702, 2732, 2766 comparative perspectives 2733 compared to Sudan 2739 and constitution 2639, 2782 controversy 2650, 2631 and corruption 2636 court(s) 2627, 2697–2699, 2725, 2736 and crime in post-colonial Nigeria 2563 debates 2585, 2614, 2656, 2657, 2682, 2700, 2703, 2732, 2762 and democracy 2593, 2605, 2621, 2648 domestication 2548 and elections (2003) 2655 and enforcement 2694, 2708, 2715, 2781 and ethno-religious conflict 2643, 2561 extremist 2780 and federalism 2579, 2581, 2601, 2773 in a fragmented country 2674 and freedom of religion 2675, 2693
428 Nigeria (cont.) general 2539, 2540 history 2551, 2652, 2671, 2683, 2702, 2740 imbroglio 2796 impact of British conquest 2684 implementation 2565, 2606, 2658, 2659, 2662, 2680, 2685, 2724, 2728, 2734, 2764, 2776, 2787, 2800 Kaduna and Kebbi States 2713 and legal pluralism 2679 in legal system 2692 and national law 2726 Northern Nigeria 2663 panel in Osun State 2672 politics 2591, 2650, 2740, 2760, 2788 popular perceptions 2654 precedents 2573 recent experience 2463 and religious minorities 2549, 2580 restorationist movement 2667 resurgence 2701 and right to rehabilitation 2640 and secularity 2555, 2772 and social vices 2729 struggle for 2673 and territorial conflict 261 and youth 2756, 2758 Zamfara model 2756 stoning 2570, 2583, 2594, 2602, 2604 case of Safiya Hussaini 2542, 2623, 2624, 2633, 2637, 2642, 2696, 2742, 2798, 2799, 2803 and human rights 2771 violence, religious 2757 women and domestic violence 2784 criticising Sharīʿa 2603 flogging 2622 human rights 2586 sexual offences 2634 and Sharīʿa implementation 2562, 2608, 2685 zinā (laws) (see also adultery) 2567, 2635, 2738 case of Amina Lawal 2574, 2575, 2602, 2629, 2759, 2763, 2798, 2799, 2803
Index of Subjects and People case of Bariya Ibrahim Magazu 2522, 2751 conviction rate of women 2752 and local custom 2793 revival 2613 North Africa (see also Maghreb) conversion of women 2807 penal law and social change 2808 religious freedom 2805 transitional justice and gender narratives 2806 violence, crime and punishment 3446 Ottoman Empire abortion 2845, 2850, 2853 Ottoman, Turkish and French approaches 2904 adultery 2837, 2899, 2958 alcohol consumption in Istanbul 2865 apostasy Anglo-Ottoman relations 2945 and conversion 2815, 2832, 2846– 2848, 2864 and Ottoman identity 2949 Rumeli 2871 apostates 2905 bandits 2826, 2905, 2933, 2948 beheadings 2834 bribery 2852, 2889 brigandage 2813 Bursa, court records 2851, 2852 cannibalism 2836 çarşaf, prohibition 2892 Christians in 2854 Code of Criminal Procedure (1879) 2917 corruption fines 2842 gifting in the elite 2923 qāḍīs under Bayezid II 2888 correction of belief(s) 2814 counterfeiting 2862 court(s) Küstendil 2924 Syria 2855 system 2918 crime and bureaucracy 2903
429
Index of Subjects and People
Istanbul 2883, 2961 and market 2924 and political conflict 2860 against the state 2903 under Süleyman the Magnificent 2959 criminal law comparative 2936 (old) Ottoman 2870, 2875–2877, 2935 transformation 2816 cruelty in law 2908 customary law, the Albanian Kanun 2926 death penalty 2818, 2928 dhimmīs Kayseri 2895 Sharīʿa courts 2835 as witnesses 2872 drugs and intoxicants 2820 Ebuʾs-Suʾud 2881, 2884, 2939 embezzlement 2889 evidence in Ottoman courts 2858 gender and Islamic law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine 2952 violence 2942 heresy Aleppo 2940 policy 2814 homicide Aleppo 2863 Bakhchisaray court 2838 Bosnia 2879, 2880 British victims 2898 by females 2819 Islamic jurisprudence and Ottoman law 2950 and liability 2886 Marmara 2878 political 2907 Rumeli 2844 homosexuality Albania 2910 among slaves 2909 honour killing in Aintab 2831 infanticide 2824 insurgents, punishment of 2900
Janissaries, crimes among 2843 Jews, ritual murder accusations against 2840 judicial powers of the qāḍī 2893 judicial records, from Palestine 2944 justice system in the eyes of British travellers 2932 larceny 2849 laws 2811 collection 2960 legal history, Turkish-Islamic 2839 legal practice in Istanbul 2882 legal process structure 2866 violence 2867 legislative process in the Tanzimat period 2951 liability in homicide 2885, 2886 narcotics 2930 oath 2925 Ottoman law, reception in the Arab world 2935 outlaws and violence 2833 Penal Code (1858) 2812, 2873, 2912, 2955 translation 2830 penal institutions 2938 penal law 2829 adoption of Italian criminal code 2903, 2906 modernisation 2901 Tanzimat period 2869 transformation in 19th century 2913 Turkey (1918) 2891 piracy 2933, 2956 policing the countryside 2915 under Selim III 2827 prisons 2937 Ottoman Tunis 2874 procedural law 2939 prostitution and Islamic law 2823 Istanbul 2929 medieval Islam 739 and police 2958 public law 2810
430 Ottoman Empire (cont.) public morality in Damascus 2922 public order 2813 punishment 2935 transformation 2934 Crete 2901 qāḍīs and court procedure 2894 Damascus 2957 judicial powers of 2893 and Sharīʿa courts 2866 rebels in Anatolia 2861 reproduction politics 2825 Salonica (Selânik), criminal justice 2868 settlement (ṣulḥ) Ottoman law 2911 Sharīʿa courts 2841 Üsküdar and Adana courts 2947 sexual crimes Aleppo 2940, 2941 Anatolia 2954 court 2920 legal-sexual discourses 2962 punishment 2851 sexual politics under Mehmet IV 2822 sexual violence 2953 Sharīʿa and qānūn 2927 and state 2821 Shiʿites, persecution of 2885 slaves, female 2916 spreader of corruption 2817 stoning 2899 tax collection 2889 torture abolition 2828 ban 2896 trafficking of women 2809 trial in Tunis 2921 underworld in Istanbul 2931 women in court 2857, 2919 in Crete 2897 and crime 2859 and illegal occupations 2943 zinā 2885, 2887
Index of Subjects and People Pakistan adultery (see also zinā) 3055 apostasy 3030, 3044, 3225 blasphemy (laws) 2963, 2968, 2922, 2996, 3030, 3033, 3058, 3049, 3071, 3072, 3191, 3198, 3225, 3226, 3230 accusations in Punjab 2984 Asia Bibi case 3021, 3212, 3238 background history 3139 Christian response 3199 colonial and Islamic influences 3058, 3158 and constitution 3088 in court 2974 critique 3188 dissenting voice 3232 and forensic psychiatrists 2973 and fundamentalism 3228 Gojra murders 3256 and human rights 3051, 3169 implementation 3165 and Indian Penal Code 2975 and media 2974, 3013, 3204 and mental illness 3053 and minorities 3075, 3094, 3204 and non-Muslims 3197 popular justice 2983 punishment for 3034 Rahmat Masih case 3024 vigilante justice 3211 blood money (diya) 3020, 3043, 3214 and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172 Ordinance on Qiṣāṣ and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231 bodily hurt 2965 Christians in 3032 corruption 3175 crime and criminal justice 3029 and criminology 2987, 3095 criminal courts and superdari 3202 criminal investigation 3206 criminal justice 2985 hegemonic role 3146 and punishment 2989 in tribal areas 3237 criminal law, major acts 3027
Index of Subjects and People criminal procedure 3213 Criminal Procedure Code (1898) 3130 criminal responsibility 3201 criminology, Islamic perspectives 2987 customary law 3011 death penalty 2977, 3233 abolition 3163, 3164 for minors 527 unlawful use 3148 enforcement 2988 evidence, forensic 2976 Evidence Act (1872) 3130 Federal Shariat Court 3152 freedom of religion 2996, 3138 gender violence, reforms against 3311 High Court 3054 ḥisba bill 3091 homicide 2965, 3079 and Sharīʿa 3249, 3258 homosexuality, punishment 740 honour killings 2978, 2302, 3016, 3042, 3104–3106, 3167, 3185, 3209, 3229, 3243, 3246, 3265 and Constitutional Court 3016 and human rights 3076 as legacy of common law 1782 legislation 3057 rescue narratives 3261 and role of qiṣāṣ and diya 3102, 3103, 3172 and rule of law 3062 Sindh 3216 ḥudūd Hudood Ordinances 3015, 3026, 3067, 3068, 3108, 3126, 3129, 3136, 3145, 3195, 3203, 3240 codification 3149 implementation 3086, 3119, 3121 laws 2994, 3018, 3052, 3077, 3093, 3122 manual 2993, 2998 pregnancy as proof of guilt 3017 and rape 3161, 3244 women, impact on 3263 human rights Islamic human rights 3234, 3235 and Islamic law reform 3183 and Islamic punishments 3193
431 and parallel judicial systems 2981 and religious persecution 3023 and women 3150 informal settlement 3215 Islam and the state 2966 Islamic criminal law(s) administration 3160 application 2997, 3247, 3248 Azad Kashimir Penal Code 3097 code of Islamic laws 3132 colonial heritage 3155 Criminal Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance (1968) 3130 Ehteram-e-Ramazan Ordinance (1981) 3125 Execution of Punishment of Whipping Ordinance (1979) 3125 hudood laws 3242, 3245 Ibn Qudāmah 3147 Indian Penal Code, and enforcement of Islamic criminal law 3127 in Indo-Pakistan 3056 major acts, amended 3133 North-West Frontier Province Prohibition of Dancing Act (1974) 3125 Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125 Offences Against Property (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125 Pakistan Ordinance on Qisas and Diya (1990) 3002 Pakistan Penal Codes (1860, 1979) 3048, 3123, 3130, 3096, 3108, 3128, 3184, 3257 personal injuries, law of 3147 Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadood) Order (1979) 3125 Qanun-e-Shahadat order (1984) 3007, 3120, 3130 and Western law compared 3162 Islamic law(s) application 3251 of armed conflict 3220 and constitution 3138 judicial review 3035 judiciary system 3078
432 Pakistan (cont.) modernisation 3135 offences relating to religion 3159 politics 3060, 3061 precedent 3152 laws 3069, 3070 legal system 3329 Islamisation 3040 Council of Islamic Ideology 3134 criminal law 3118, 3196 Hudood Ordinances 3050, 3085 and judicial activism 3036 of law(s) 3014, 3019, 3050, 3081, 3114, 3143, 3154, 3166, 3173, 3182, 3186, 3218 and legal reform 3084, 3210 and women 3207, 3252–3254 Zia era 2999, 3005, 3050, 3080 judges between Sharīʿa and common law 3038 judiciary, reform of 3187 justice system, formal and informal 2972 juvenile justice 3000, 3004 law(s) fundamentalist impact 2095 Islamisation 2980, 2982, 3065, 3087, 3092 reform of Islamic law 3025, 3183 Shiʿi, as alternative law 3001 tribal 3031 lawlessness 3157 legal development 3109, 3111–3113, 3115–3117 reform 3082 system 3110, 3174 minorities in constitution 2964, 3192 religious 3064, 3181 minors and zinā 3255 Muslims and crime 3178, 3179 Penal Code 3047 police, policing 2988, 3012 prostitution 3236 punishment(s), qurʾānic 3217 qadhf, use of Qurʾān in court decisions 3074 rape (law) 3003, 3009, 3022, 3045, 3046, 3059, 3142, 3144, 3176, 3200, 3209, 3262
Index of Subjects and People compared to Canada, Finland 3008 criminalisation 3101 in the Hudood Ordinance 3161 Karachi 3089 legal analysis 3266 marital 3090 Zina Ordinance 3177, 3260 religions, protection of 3156 retribution (qiṣāṣ) 3020, 3043, 3214 and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172 Ordinance on Qiṣāṣ and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231 sexual crimes 3037, 3262 sexual rights 3189 sexual violence 3107 Sharīʿa 2995 and anti-terrorism legislation 3151 implementation 3180, 3223 and international human rights 3190 social construction 3137 and state 3259 siyāsa 2968, 2969 suicide bombing 3028 takfīr and Ahmadiyya 3131 torture 3194, 3250 women 3073 anti-women laws 3205 crimes against 3066, 3215 in criminal justice system 2970, 2971 and ḥudūd 2979 human rights 3171 and international human rights law 3221 legal status 3264 moral regulation 3098 police abuse 3239 Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act (2006) 2990, 2991, 3015, 3119, 3140, 3141, 3219, 3224 Protection of Women’s Rights Bill 3241 and radical Islam 3039 status and legal reform 3083 violence against 3006, 3170, 3222 as witness 2967 Yousafzai, Malala 3021 zinā debate 3099, 3100
Index of Subjects and People pregnancy as proof 3017 use of Qurʾān in court 3074 and rape 3260, 3266, 3177 reform 3055 suspicion 3208 zinā bil-jabr 3153 Zina Ordinance 1461, 3010, 3041, 3063, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3255 Palestine, Palestinian Territories blood money 000 blood vengeance 3268, 3272 customary law 3270 and conflict resolution 3273 Jerusalem area 3275 Palestinian Authority 3267 gender and Islamic law in Ottoman Palestine 2952 legal regimes, competing 3274 legal system in Gaza 3271 piracy in Islamic law 1113–1115 police Al-Andalus 3417 Algeria 1572 Arab 1116 early Islam 1610, 1623 history in Islam 697 Islamic State (ISIS) 2261 Islamic world 1117 Nigeria 2694 Ottoman 2898, 2956, 2958 Pakistan 2988, 3239 Persian 1116 Saudi Arabia 3292 Sudan 3469 Tunisia 3591 Turkish 1116 policewomen 1118 Umayyads 1610 United Arab Emirates 3611 policing Afghanistan 1558 Algeria 1565 Egypt 1666, 1754 Indonesia 1836, 1876, 1911 Iran 1974 Islamic State (ISIS) 2261 Islamic world 1117 Malaysia 2413
433 Ottoman Empire 2827, 2915 Pakistan 3012, 3169 Saudi Arabia 3284 Sudan 3470 United Arab Emirates 3611, 3612 political crime in Islamic jurisprudence 693, 1119 prevention conflict 2156 crime 78, 555, 1180, 3306, 3320, 3332, 3333, 3336 Islamic doctrine 1126 and Islamic education 1120, 1121, 1127 of money laundering 2199 and qurʾānic teaching 1128 and religiosity 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124 and Sharīʿa 1125 prisoners Abbassids 1502 Afghanistan 1529, 1532 Iran 2245 rights 1129 of war 1434, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447 prisons Abbassids 1506 early Islam 1130, 1603, 1754 concept of freedom 1133 Egypt 1674, 1720–1722, 1754 imprisonment, compensation for 1132, 1134 Iran 1925, 2142, 2177, 2178, 2190, 2245 Maldives 2456 Mamluks 2480, 2493 in the medieval Muslim West 1131 Ottoman 2937 Saudi Arabia 3290, 3335, 3348 Tunisia 2874 procedure the accused, rights of 1143, 1144, 1150, 1163, 1164, 1188 Afghanistan 1516, 1533 Algeria 1570 Al-Andalus 3433 anti-money laundering 624 confession 1149, 1156 in courts 1166, 1197 criminal procedure basic guarantees 1175
434 procedure (cont.) compared 1179 principles 1176 relevance for the West 1174 seen by modern scholars 1181 testimony 1152 under Sharīʿa 1176, 1190, 1195 detention, compared (see also prisons, prisoners) 1179 due process 1191 early Islam 1630 Egypt 1713 evidence 4, 1138, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1149, 1156, 1173 circumstantial 1169, 1186 confession 1149 forensic 1165, 1171 general 1194 and Islamic law 1182 personal 1161 qarīna 1169, 1186, 2432 fair trial 1148 forensic psychology 1167 gender 1162 general 4, 34, 1135, 1137, 1168, 1190, 1195 habeas corpus 1153 India 1798 Indonesia 1915 Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2070, 2119, 2153, 2160, 2242 Iraq 2249 Islamic law 4, 34, 102, 103, 1032, 1047, 1137, 1168 jurisdiction 1166 Kenya 2306 legal maxims 1057 legal personality 1198 Malaysia 2401, 2442, 2445 Maliki law 1090, 1095–1097 Mauritania 2513 Nigeria 2543, 2587, 2730, 2766, 2797 notary’s office 1196 oath 1136, 1154, 1160, 1184 in homicide cases 1155 Ottoman Empire 2894 Pakistan 3119, 3130, 3213 perjury 1154
Index of Subjects and People
procedural justice and human rights 1185 qasāma 1250 Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3325, 3356, 3363 search and seizure 1192 sexual violation 1252 Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550, 3565 trial and the qāḍī 1189 witnesses 1139, 1141, 1152, 1158, 1162 proof formation 1170 general 1157, 1187, 1193 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya on 1177 Ibn Taymiyya on 1177 modern means 1172 and power of judges 1159 pregnancy as proof 3017 Sudan 3548 and testimony 1141 theory 1183 written 1178, 1196 punishment(s) aims 123 Al-Andalus 3340 Algeria 3465 apostasy 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 354, 366, 381, 405, 413 application 1225 banishment 1627 beheadings 1214, 1217 blasphemy 391 capital 568, 570, 571, 575, 576, 585, 1438 classification 1244, 1245 collective 1233 compared to Christianity and Judaism 1230 French law 1222, 1226 corporal punishment, call for moratorium 1236, 1237 cruel 1215, 1940 determination of 1061 disproportionate 1219, 2046 and doubt 1061, 1067 early Arab society 1605 educational implications 1201 Egypt 1722, 1741
435
Index of Subjects and People
equality in application 1206 ethics 1239, 1240, 1241 general 1202, 1205, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1218, 1223, 1224, 1232, 1235, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247 ḥadd (see ḥadd/ḥudūd) Hanafi law 684, 696 Hanbali law 701 heretics 1612 homicide 722, 723 homosexuality 740 and human rights 1238 ignominious parading 1229 India 1780, 1810, 1813 Indonesia 1829, 1840, 1877, 1887, 1910 Iran 1940, 1941, 1966, 1980, 1989, 2034, 2035, 2046, 2048, 2064, 2103, 2119, 2122, 2150, 2157, 2193, 2202, 2203, 2226 Islamic history 95, 98, 99, 1227, 1228 Islamic law 9, 20, 45, 65, 66, 84, 85, 134, 141, 147, 156, 168, 172, 851, 1199, 1212, 1220, 1221, 1234 and contemporary legal trends 1200 and influence on law of Arab states 1203 legal character 1243 in legislation 73, 541, 640, 748, 811, 1081, 1199, 1231 Malaysia 2387, 2389, 2391, 2404–2406, 2415, 2421, 2450 Maldives 2456 Mamluks 2472, 2476 modern Muslim state 7 as moral and social agency 1211 Morocco 2534 in Muslim countries 1204 Nigeria 2571, 2572, 2707, 2751 Ottoman Empire 2842, 2851, 2900, 2934, 2959, 2961 Pakistan 2977, 2989, 3034, 3193, 3217 physical punishments 1216 public humiliation 1627 and public order 1210 purpose 1213 qiṣāṣ 1301 rape 1262 Saudi Arabia 3280, 3334, 3345, 3352, 3358, 3368 Seljuqs 2914
Somalia 3380, 3381 stoning 1344 Sudan 3465, 3543 tashhīr 1229 taʿzīr 000 theft 000 United Arab Emirates 3598 United States of America 3616 women 1452 zinā (see zinā)
qadhf in comparative perspective 589 Maliki law 1076 and rape 1260 qasāma in jāhilī law 1249 in Jewish law 1249 Mamluks 2498 origins 1250 Qatar criminal justice 3279 duality of legal system 3276 Penal Code influence of Islamic criminal law 3277 mens rea 3278 qatl (see homicide) qatl al-raḥma (see euthanasia) qiṣāṣ and ʿafw 1292 circumstantial evidence 1186 and disabilities 1300 gender factor 511 general 1293, 1298 for intentional bodily harm 1291 Iran 1952, 2125, 2127 in Islamic law 1298, 1304 Libya 2331 and medical ethics 1301 and non-Muslims as victims 1290 Pakistan 3002, 3020, 3043, 3102, 3103, 3168, 3172, 3214, 3227, 3231, 3248 parents, legal position 1296 replantation of an amputated limb 1299 as restorative justice 1297, 1302 and social peace 1295 Somalia 3372
436 qiṣāṣ (cont.) Sudan 3559 in theology and jurisprudence 1248 in Victorian literature 1294 quinine, prohibition of 256 Qurʾān Abortion 1890 alcohol 236, 254 apostasy 291, 396 corporal punishment 634 corruption 1852 crime prevention 1128 freedom of religion 268, 291, 410, 2395 , homicide 726 homosexuality 798–800 just society 64 kufr 443 law of crime 10 legal injunctions 2, 37, 106, 177, 178, 678, 3443 and Pakistani court decisions 3074 penal philosophy 112 retribution 1294 revisionism 796 sociology of crime 8 story of Lot 764 zinā 664 rape adjudication 1264 Afghanistan 1558 classification 1261, 1264 Egypt 1662, 1756 evidence 1256 Ibn Hazm on 1099 India 1796, 1797, 1805 Iran 1932 Islamic law 1252, 1253 Islamic State (ISIS) 2257 Malaysia 2384, 2398 Maliki law 1100 marital 1259, 1265 Nigeria 2653 Pakistan 3003, 3008, 3009, 3022, 3045, 3046, 3059, 3089, 3101, 3107, 3142, 3144, 3161, 3176, 3177, 3200, 3209, 3244, 3259, 3261, 3266 punishment 1262 and qadhf 1260
Index of Subjects and People
Saudi Arabia 3348 and siyāsa in Hanafi law 1251 Sudan 3490, 3495, 3500, 3572, 3574, 3576–3578 victim rights 1263 Iran 1255 protection 1257 and virginity 1258 and zinā 1254, 1260 rebellion (see also rebels) Al-Andalus 3442 early Islam 1616 Ibn Taymiyya on 1274, 1275 Islamic law 1266–1269, 1271, 1272, 1274, 1275 Maliki law 1080 Qurʾān 1273 Seljuks 1347 Shiʿi law 1347 women 1450 rebels (see also rebellion) and apostates 1270 early Islam 1617 Islamic State 2261, 2267 Ottoman Empire 2861 status 1276 repentance apostate 303 as defence 1281 effects on penalty 1280 Islamic and canon law 1277 Islamic tradition 1278 as legal concept 1279 restorative justice and diya 500 Indonesia 1853, 1921 and intimate partner violence 1287 Iran 2040, 2155 Islamic criminal law 1283–1286, 1288, 1289 Malaysia 2423, 2452 and qiṣāṣ 1297, 1302 Somalia 3372 theory and practice in Islam 1282 retribution (see qiṣāṣ) ridda (see apostasy) rights of God, rights of men 964
Index of Subjects and People and ḥudūd 1304 as a legal heuristic 1303 and qiṣāṣ 1304 Rushdie, Salman 282, 284, 313, 401, 428, 2238 sariqa (see theft) Saudi Arabia apostasy ʿAbdallāh al-Qāṣīmī 3365 Hamza Kashgari 3357 the state as apostate 3337 arbitrary detention 3342, 3367 atheists 3365 black metal 3339 blasphemy 3339, 3357 blood money 3313, 3320 child abuse 3350 Committee for Ordering the Good and Forbidding Evil 3359 corporal punishment, role of physicians 3334 crime of minors 3288 rates 3281 and social control 3364 criminal defense 3315, 3319 case of two British nurses 3319, 3347 criminal justice system 3330, 3331, 3338, 3344 compared 3281 criminal laws 3325 impact on crime prevention 3332, 3333 criminal procedure homicide 3289 pre-trial 3317 right to a fair trial 3356 death penalty 3324, 3340, 3352 beheadings 3346, 3366 for drug offences 3358 economic and historic influences 3345 execution of ʿAbd al-Karim Maraʿi al-Naqshabandi 3299 and foreigners 3304 for minors 527 delinquency and social control 3293
437 dissidents 3365 drug offences 3280 expiation (kaffāra) 3320 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 3321 gang rape 3348 gender violence, reforms against 3311 General Court of Qatif 3348 heresy 3357 homicide 3301 involvement of Western nationals 3308 homosexuality, punishment 740 ḥudūd 3336 human rights 3314, 3341 in criminal investigation 3287 and religious persecution 3023 and trial of the accused 3307 violations under Sharīʿa 2042 injuries, compensation 3294 internet fraud 3284 Islamic criminal law 3303, 3318, 3325 Compared to French, Kuwaiti law 3369 corporal punishment 3334 corporate criminal liability 3296 and crime prevention 3306, 3332, 3333 crime rates 3298 criminal medical liability 3291 deterrence of criminality 3354 ḥudūd crimes 3303 implementation 3320, 3336 proof 3326 terminology 3295 Islamic law 3323 and crime 3285 and digital forensics 3283 doubt 3286 impact of international law on application 3316 as legal system in 3302 and national law 3306 judicial system 3318 judiciary 3318 juvenile justice 3282, 3312 legal reform 3327 legal system 3309, 3329, 3353, 3360, 3361
438 Saudi Arabia (cont.) legal theory, Wahhābī 3297, 3300 liwāṭ 3310 male guardianship 3341 offenders adult in Damman prison 3290, 3335 treatment 3343 physicians in fiqh and Saudi law 3322 police organisation 3292 procedure 3318 rape 3348 religious freedom 3328 retribution (qiṣāṣ) 3320 rights of the accused 3363 sex segregation 3341 Sharīʿa 3349 application 3302, 3349, 3355 deterring criminality 3354 penalties and implemention 3336 role for security 3362 taʿzīr 3336 torture of US citizens 3368 unfair trials 3342, 3367 witnesses 3351 self-defence (see defence) Seljuks concepts of justice and injustice 2520 ḥisba 2902 Shiʿi jurisprudence 1347 wine drinking 2914 settlement (ṣulḥ) Al-Kāsānī on 1319 Afghanistan 1556 Algeria 3468 amnesty and pardon 1317, 1318 Al-Andalus 3436 Arab world 1309, 1312 compared to Western mediation 1324, 1326 concepts of mediation, conciliation, ṣulḥ, arbitration 1308 conflict resolution 1306, 1320, 1321, 1323 Iran 2063 Islamic law 1305, 1310, 1311 Israel 2283, 2285 Jordan 2287 Malaysia 2427 Middle East conflicts, mediation techniques 1315
Index of Subjects and People Middle Eastern societies 1307, 1325 Nigeria 2618, 2774 Ottoman Empire 2841, 2911, 2947 Pakistan 3215 and reconciliation (muṣālaḥa) 1313, 1314, 1316 Sudan 3468 Syria 3588 victim-perpetrator reconciliation 1322 sex offences Indonesia 1840 Qurʾān 1480 medieval Islam 739 Ottoman Empire 2962 Pakistan 3261 textual foundations 1481 sexuality (see also homosexuality) Afghanistan 1558 control 1479 criminalising 1477, 1478 Egypt 1764 Islam 745 Middle East 1463, 1465 sexually transmitted diseases 1327 sexual violence Iraq 2254 Islamic State 2254 Jarchas 3389 Maliki law 1079 Ottoman Anatolia 2953 Pakistan 3107 Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579 Syria 2254 Shāfiʿī criminal law 4 adultery 1619 analogical reasoning 1340 apostasy 1330–1333 blasphemy 2500 general 1336, 1337, 1339 ḥisba 1328 liwāṭ 1335 maẓālim 1329 minhaj et talibin 1338 orthodoxy 1334 religious tolerance 1334 Shīʿī criminal law abortion 2054 apostasy
439
Index of Subjects and People of ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl 1345 Shīʿī Islam as apostasy 1349 blood money 1350 duress 2004 general 1354 heretics 3621 homosexuality, Mohsen Kadivar 1341 ḥudūd 1348 kufr and takfīr under the Fatimids 1356 rebellion and public order 1347 reform 1355 sexual deviancy 1351 suicide terrorism 1353 takfīr 1346, 1356 testimony 2206 transgender sex-reassignment surgery 1342 transgression (taʿaddī), in Fatimid fiqh 1343 ᴡalad zinā 1352 wrongful seizure of property (ghaṣb) in Fatimid fiqh 1343 shubha (see doubt) shurb al-khamr (see alcohol) shurṭa (see police) siyāsa and drug traffickers 2386 Hanafi law 681, 1251, 2969 Islamic law 1358, 1359 Mamluks 2495 Pakistan 2968, 2969 post-colonial discourse 1357 sobriety in Sufism 243 Somalia customary law, dispute resolution 3371 Islamic courts in Mogadishu 3375, 3377 Islamic Courts Union 1515, 3370, 3378 Islamic criminal law applied by Harakat al-Shabaab 3380, 3381 hand cutting 3374 codification project 3379 Sharīʿa, recent experience 2463 transitional justice 3372, 3373 Spain (Al-Andalus) alcohol consumption 3416 arbitration (taḥkīm) 3436 beheadings 3402, 3429
blasphemy 3406 conversion 3448 forced 3441 court(s) composition 3447 records 3447 dhimmīs 3437 fatwas 3447 forum shopping 3434, 3435 heresy 3405 heretics 3401 heterodoxy 3391, 3394, 3404 ḥisba 3382, 3387, 3396–3398, 3409, 3449 homicide 3384, 3385, 3395, 3410, 3415 assassination of Abū Marwā al-Tubnī 3421 homosexuality 3399 ḥudūd adjudication 3440 Ibn Wafid 3439 Islamic judiciary 3431 Almoravid period 3411, 3414 and Christians 3392 Cordoba 3422, 3423 judges 3393, 3412 Islamic law as applied under Christian rule 3390 judicial pluralism under “Berber empires” 3438 law evolution 3410 liʿān 3433 maẓālim 3420 penal law 3413, 3418 Almoravids 3444 under Christian rule 3390 theory and practice 3426, 3427 trials under Islamic criminal law 3424 trials under Islamic law 3428 in the Wadiha of Ibn Habib 3386 police (shurṭa) 3417, 3419 prisons 3430 punishment 3408, 3446 Qurʾān as source of Islamic (criminal) law 3443 rape 3447 rebellion 3442 robbery 3425 settlement (ṣulḥ) 3436
440 Spain (Al-Andalus) (cont.) sexual crimes 3432 sexuality 3383, 3388 sexual violence, in Jarchas 3389 takfīr 3445 violence 3403, 3446 witnesses 3447 women, violence against 3400 zandaqa 3394, 3404, 3407 stoning (see ḥadd/ḥudūd) Sudan abortion politicisation 3573 after rape 3577 adultery Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568 penalty 3562 proof 3529 alcohol, proof of consumption 3529 apostasy Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568 Mahmoud Muhammad Taha 3457, 3541, 3549 blood money 3465, 3467, 3480 blood vengeance 3461, 3486 CEDAW debate 3580 compared to Nigeria 2739 Comprehensive Peace Agreement 3505 corporal punishment 3543 Criminal Act 1991 3458, 3459, 3499, 3511–3514, 3554–3556, 3564, 3566, 3582 arrest 3455 detention 3455 ḥudūd 3558 international crimes 3463 revision 3530 trial 3455 criminal court 3560 criminal justice 3458, 3479 and National Security Forces Act (1999) 3496 criminal law anthropology 3475 codification 3584 colonial 3474 history 3475 and maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa 3584
Index of Subjects and People reform 3454, 3484, 3544–3546, 3551, 3552 repression 3535 criminal procedure 3460, 3509 arrest, detention, trial 3455 Criminal Procedure Act (1991) 3528 Criminal Procedure Code (1924) 3550, 3554 death penalty for minors 527 evidence law 3529 female genital mutilation 3539, 3575 freedom of religion 3472, 3553, 3567, 3571 gender justice 3580 homicide 3480 ḥudūd proof 3529 remission 3529 human rights and criminal justice 3482 and criminal law 3454, 3483 in the fundamentalist agenda 3453 and Islam 3456 and Islamisation 3471 and legal reform 3454, 3471 and religious persecution 3023 and Sharīʿa application 3540 Sudan law and international norms 3526, 3536 violations, government reply 3485 Hussein, Lubna 3491 intentionality 3465 and reconciliation 3466 International criminal law 3463 international humanitarian law 3536 Islamic law(s) and authoritarian legal politics 3534 comparative analysis 3498 and English law 3489 history 3507 and human rights 3533 legal revolution 3497, 3531 in the legal system 3487 rejected at independence 3532 Islamisation of criminal law 3517 critical assessment 3493, 3515, 3519 of laws and constitution 3519, 3570 of law and society 3515
441
Index of Subjects and People judiciary decolonisation 3503 role in human rights protection 3508 structure 3536 law fundamentalist impact 2095 reform 3505, 3569 of torts 3506 legal politics 3534 legal system 3554 history 3534 sources used 3510 lay tribunals 3557 Mahdi legal methodology 3477, 3520–3522, 3524 military laws and international crimes 3463 National Interim Constitution 3505 non-Muslims under Sharīʿa 3462 Penal Code (1899) 3565 Penal Code (1924) 3550 Penal Code (1983) 3478, 3494, 3511–3517, 3542, 3583, 3585 blood money and retribution 3559 Christian point of view 3525 conflict with constitution 3561 duress 3501 methodology and repercussions 3523 and proof in Islamic law 3548 penal law codification 3511, 3512, 3516 history 3473 under the Mahdi 3520, 3524, 3527 police and prisons 3536 policing 3470 prosecution 3536 public order law 3488 and rights of women and girls 3563 public order police 3469 rape 3578 and adultery 3576 prosecution 3490 law reform 3572, 3574 survivors 3495 reform of criminal law 3504 of rape law 3500
Sadiq al-Mahdi on Islamic criminal law 3476 settlement (ṣulḥ) 3466, 3468 sexual offences 3490 sexual violence 3518, 3579 and law reform 3572 Sharīʿa 3464, 3547 and crime 3537 and national law 3513, 3514 and public security 3537 reform 3519 and social transformation 3492 Supreme Court case law 3511, 3512 Turabi, Hassan al- 353 women and crime 3502 criminalisation 3481 human rights challenges 3452 under penal laws 3450 rights in Sudanese law 3451, 3581 Sufism Ibn ʿArabi on punishment 1360 suicide assisted 461, 488 comparative 1367 and euthanasia 498 in Islamic law 1362, 1366, 1370, 1371, 1372 suicide bombing 1361, 1363, 1364, 1368, 1369, 3028 suicide terrorism 1353, 1365 ṣulḥ (see settlement) Syria administration of justice in nongovernmental territories 3589 apostasy trials 14th century 1656 Bedouin law, conflict settlement 3588 blood money 3587 conflict resolution, alternative means 3590 court in Ottoman Syria 2855 criminal responsibility 506 gender and Islamic law Ottoman Syria 2952 heresy, execution of Al-Suhrawardi (1191) 3586 public morality in 18th century Damascus 2922
442 takfīr 272, 437 application 300, 389 and blasphemy 404 Egypt 1712 Fatimids 1356 Imāmī jurisprudence 1346 India 1788 Indonesia 1867 Iran 2172 and essential Islam 385 in Islam 389, 437 literary works 432 Mamluks 2476 against Muslims 341 Nuh Keller 270 Safavid Iran 2172 Saudi Arabia 3300, 3337 South India 1788 Sweden 369 and violence 341 of women’s rights advocates 301 taʿzīr authority of the qaḍi 1373 crimes 1375 fines 1376 and ḥadd 628 Indonesia 1910 Islamic criminal law 1374, 1377 Malaysia 2348 Pakistan 3153 Saudi Arabia 3336 terminology of Islamic criminal law 1378 terrorism and banditry 449 and anti-blasphemy laws 358 anti-terrorism legislation and Sharīʿa 1384 Pakistan 3151 domestic 1382 financing 1381, 1387 international terrorism in Islamic law 1380, 1385, 1386 Islam 1379 Islamic law 1379, 1380, 1382 Indonesia 1912 Islamic responses 1383 suicide attacks 729, 1353, 1365 and transitional justice 1423
Index of Subjects and People terrorist(s) and bandits 451 jihad 451, 3346 trial in Islamic law 1388 testimony (see also witnesses) in ḥudūd, exclusion of women’s testimony in 1151 Iran 1923 in Islamic law 1139, 1141, 1152 of women in Islamic law 1140, 1142, 1151, 1162 theft (sariqa) Afghanistan 1531 chattel recovery 1395 compared with US law 3619 Egypt 1762 ḥadd 1059 hand amputation 1393, 1401 Indonesia 1916 intellectual theft 1019 Iran 2003 Islamic law 1394, 1396, 1397, 1400, 1402, 3619 Ottoman Empire 2849 punishment 1390, 1399, 1400 Sayyid Qutb 1389 textual foundations in Islamic law 1398 United States of America 3619 wrongful appropriation 1391 tobacco debate 242 Islam and science 237 prohibition 239 smoking in Islamic law 248 tort(s) Arab countries 551 Islamic law 4, 124, 143, 551 liability (UAE) 3595 pecuniary damage 1392 torture anti-torture movement in Middle East 1418 and death penalty 1405 critical reflections 1415 and forced confession 1406 and human rights 1412 interfaith view 1404, 1407 Iran 1925, 2102, 2166, 2178, 2191, 2192
443
Index of Subjects and People and Islam 573, 574, 1412, 1414 Islamic law 1408–1410, 1416 medieval jurisprudence 1403 modern state 1417 Ottoman Empire 2828, 2896 Pakistan 3194, 3259 and public executions in middle period 1411 recognition 1408 Saudi Arabia 3368 Sudan 3496 United States of America 3617 and violence in the Arab world 1413 traffic accidents expiation 1421 Islamic law 1420 liability of driver 1419 trafficking drug 1887, 2233, 2386 human 2311, 2347, 2809 transitional justice amnesty and pardon 1317 and Islamic law 1423, 1425 secular vs. Islamic law 1422 Maghreb 2806 Middle East and North Africa 1426 Muslim communities as stakeholders 1427 Muslim majority legal systems 1424 Somalia 3373 Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3535, 3544–3546 Tunisia 3592 Yemen 3372, 3373 transsexuality 749 tribal arbitration 3636 areas 3237 justice 3620 law 1428, 2293, 2329, 2330, 3624 reconciliation 2287 society 2330, 3031 Tunisia ḥisba 3591 prisons and prisoners in Tunis 2874 transitional justice 3592 trial in Tunis 2921
Turkey abortion 2856 black metal 3339 blasphemy 3339 capital punishment 3345 lessons for Nigeria 2719 sin and crime 2903 smuggling 1931 Umayyads (see early Islam) unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse (see qadhf ) United Arab Emirates death penalty 3593 diya in Emirati jurisprudence 3609 specification of amount 3596, 3597 gambling 3610 ḥudūd, reversion of lower court decision 3598 Islamic law, position in legal system 3614 Penal Code evidence 3594 incompatibility with Sharīʿa 3600 Islamisation 3602, 3603, 3607 policy recommendations 3599 and unification 3601, 3604 police reform 3611 policing 3612 prosecution, independence 3613 Sharīʿa Emiratisation 3608 position in constitution 3605 in the pre-modern period 3606 tortious liability 3595 United States of America Islamic law lessons on corporal punishment 3616 lessons on death penalty 3618 and homicide laws, comparison with US law 3615 and theft, comparison with US law 3619 torture, lessons from Abrahamitic religions 3617 unlawful sexual intercourse (see zinā)
444 violence ʿAbbāsid state 1499 Afghanistan and gender 1559–1561 Algeria 1567 and apostasy 315, 318 domestic 1450, 1451, 1879, 2784 Egypt, 19th century 1637 gender 1459, 1559–1561, 1757, 2082, 2942, 3311 and heretics 1617 and ḥisba theories 706 honour-related 808, 810, 817, 818, 1461, 2295, 2302 intimate partner 1287 Iran 2082, 2142 Islam 274 Islamic law 160, 1266 Islamic State (ISIS) 2266 lawful 1060 against Muslims 341 Nigeria 2619, 2758 Ottoman Empire 2833, 2867, 2942, 2953 Pakistan 3006, 3107, 3208, 3222, 3243 public 96, 97, 643, 1348, 1411 and rebellion 1266, 1617 religious 316, 317, 417 sacralisation 2756 Saudi Arabia 3311 sexual 1079, 2151, 2254, 2953, 3107, 3389, 3518, 3572, 3579 against sexual minorities 2237 settlement 3588 Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579 and torture 1413 urban 2236 and vigilantism 1882 against women 803, 818, 1453, 1459, 1461, 1757, 2082, 2289, 3400 and zinā laws 1477, 1478 war combatants in Islamic law 1434, 1447 and the death penalty 1438 international humanitarian and Islamic law 1430, 1433 and Islamic law of armed conflict 1432, 1435, 1436, 1441
Index of Subjects and People use of force 1442, 1445, 1446 and war crimes trials against Assad and ISIL 1444 prisoner of war in Islamic law 1434, 1437, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447 and international humanitarian law 1440 retaliation 1431 and rules of killing 1429 Al-Sarakhsī’ on war 683 West Africa 1563 wine (see also alcohol) 235, 267, 2820 drinking and prohibition before Islam 251 drinking in Islam 266, 267 early Islam 1614 hadīth 238 Islam 245 Saljūq period 2914 witnesses ḥudūd cases 645 Islamic criminal jurisprudence 1139 Saudi Arabia 3351 testimony 1152 women 2967 women Abbassids 1503 Afghanistan 1521, 1532 Al-Andalus 3400 Arab women and stoning 1454 CEDAW 939 chastity 607 crimes 1464 in criminal law Islamic 1056, 1460 Middle Eastern 1463, 1465 domestic violence (see also under violence) 1451 Islamic law 1450 Egypt 1646, 1696, 1755–1757 gender discrimination Islamic countries 1456 in punishment 1462 gender justice, in Islamic law 1448, 1455 gender violence (see also under violence) 1453 and Sharīʿa discourse 1459 various settings 1461
445
Index of Subjects and People
and honour crimes 803, 806, 810, 817, 818 human rights 997 Indonesia 1826, 1827, 1862, 1889 Iran 1932, 1939, 2031, 2065, 2082, 2083, 2139, 2140, 2177, 2178, 2235 Jordan 2289, 2302 Mamluks 2484 Nigeria 2562, 2586, 2622, 2635, 2653, 2658, 2687, 2708, 2752, 2784, 2785 North Africa 2807 Ottoman Empire 2809, 2819, 2845, 2859, 2943 Pakistan 2302, 2966, 2967, 2970, 2971, 2990, 2991, 3006, 3015, 3041, 3063, 3066, 3073, 3083, 3098, 3100, 3140, 3141, 3150, 3153, 3167, 3170, 3171, 3186, 3195, 3205, 3207, 3208, 3215, 3219, 3221, 3222, 3224, 3227, 3239, 3241, 3252–3254, 3263, 3264 in police 1118 punishment 1452, 1462 rape 1257 Saudi Arabia 3348 Sudan 3450–3452, 3481, 3502, 3530, 3562, 3563, 3574, 3576, 3577, 3581 Sunni legal thought 1162 testimony 1140, 1142, 1151 women’s human rights 1449 women’s rights advocacy 301, 1457 zinā laws 1477–1479
Yemen apostasy (ridda) of Kinda 3626 customary law 3620, 3624 death penalty for minors 527 heresy 3621 Islamic law and Jews 3633 juvenile offenders 3627 legal reform and Islam 3376
legal system 3625, 3634 murder before a Sharīʿa court 3629 non-state justice 3635 penal law 3632 prosecution (niyāba) 3630 rule of law 3631, 3634 tribal arbitration 3622, 3623, 3635, 3636 Sharīʿa courts 3628
Zanzibar Islamic law, administration 3637–3639 zinā Arab laws 1489 historical perspective 1469 hymen reconstruction 1476 iḥṣān 1472 as impediment to marriage Indonesia 1831 Iran 2099 Islamic campaign against 1486 Islamic criminal law 1254, 1466, 1468, 1473–1475, 1485 laᴡs 1477–1479 Maliki law 1102 Nigeria 2567, 2574, 2613, 2635, 2738, 2751, 2793 Ottoman law 2887 Pakistan 1461, 3010, 3041, 3055, 3063, 3074, 3098–3100, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3153, 3177, 3260, 3266 punishment 676, 1467, 1470, 1471, 1483, 1484, 1487 and rape 1260 social factors 672 stoning (see also stoning under ḥadd) 664, 1482, 1484 walad zinā 1352 Western Arabia 1488 zinā laws, revival 1477–1479