Yiddish Language Structures 9783110339529, 9783110339345

Yiddish Language Structures presents ten new studies on structural aspects of Yiddish in the light of modern linguistic

224 87 5MB

English Pages 305 [306] Year 2013

Table of contents :
Introduction
A. Haredi Yiddish today
1. Noun plurals in Israeli Hasidic Yiddish: a psycholinguistic perspective
2. Language change in a bilingual community: the preposition far in Israeli Haredi Yiddish
3. The foundations of written Yiddish among Haredi Satmar Jews
B. Yiddish in the past
4. The (original) unity of Western and Eastern Yiddish: an assessment based on morpho-syntactic phenomena
5. Changes in the position of the finite verb in older Yiddish
C. Yiddish from a typological perspective
6. Yiddish modals, with special reference to their polyfunctionality and constructional properties
7. On negation, indefinites, and negative indefinites in Yiddish
8. On superordinate az-clauses in Yiddish narrative
9. Aspects of Yiddish adjective formation: nasal suffixes - creativity across a dual heritage
D. A new tool for the study of Yiddish
10. Yiddish passive constructions: a case study based on the new Corpus of Modern Yiddish
Index

Recommend Papers

African Language Structures 0520022106

403 113 26MB Read more

Yiddish as a Mixed Language: Yiddish-Slavic Language Contact and Its Linguistic Outcome 2022035089, 2022035090, 9789004423978, 9789004525214

Yiddish, the language of Eastern-European Jews, has so far been mostly described as Germanic within the framework of the

148 82 2MB Read more

Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development 0198184794, 9780198184799

This is the first comprehensive study of Yiddish in the former Soviet Union. A chronicle of orthographic and other refor

185 80 16MB Read more

Yiddish Lives On: Strategies of Language Transmission 9780228015505

How a lesser-spoken language has been – and continues to be – revitalized by successive generations. While widely cons

97 88 7MB Read more

Yiddish English Lexicon

This Yiddish > English lexicon is based on the 200+ language 8,000 entry World Languages Dictionary CD of 2007 which

160 58 142KB Read more

A Goy Who Speaks Yiddish: Christians and the Jewish Language in Early Modern Germany 9780804782821

The book explores the Christian interest in and engagement with the Yiddish language and literature in early modern Germ

120 16 85MB Read more

1001 Yiddish Proverbs 0806504552

Proverbs presented in English and phonetic Yiddish reflect humor and understanding while commenting upon universal situa

107 32 4MB Read more

The field of yiddish: Studies in language, folklore, and literature. Third Collection 9783111699509, 9783111311067

159 105 22MB Read more

The Meaning of Yiddish 9781503618886

With a rare combination of erudition and insight, the author investigates the major aspects of Yiddish language and cult

103 23 20MB Read more

Yiddish and the Left: Papers of the Third Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish 1351198238, 9781351198233

180 37 25MB Read more

Yiddish Language Structures
9783110339529, 9783110339345

Author / Uploaded
Marion Aptroot (editor)
Björn Hansen (editor)

0 0 0
Like this paper and download? You can publish your own PDF file online for free in a few minutes! Sign Up

File loading please wait...

Citation preview

Yiddish Language Structures

Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 52

Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Kristine A. Hildebrandt Yaron Matras

De Gruyter Mouton

Yiddish Language Structures

edited by Marion Aptroot Björn Hansen

De Gruyter Mouton

ISBN 978-3-11-033934-5 e-ISBN 978-3-11-033952-9 ISSN 0933-761X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. 쑔 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen 앝 Printed on acid-free paper 앪 Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

&RQWHQWV

,QWURGXFWLRQ 0DULRQ$SWURRWDQG%M|UQ+DQVHQ'VVHOGRUI5HJHQVEXUJ

$ +DUHGL.$&+-6 %$/8!o-+%%;! f3/JI!F'&$1! ! EHeg! ].!5$11$%#I!$.!5$11$%#!3.1! 4'-!5$11$%#;!\.i!P3-X!N;!Y+(@+-I!9+1;:I! 2+1&*$*7'"&+'F*8%0G'H10*048#$5*'5%#'=%I'D$)*J$&'%&'*81'K44"0$%&'%5'/$0' LM*8',$#*8+"7I!GADAg;!C+0!5'-XI!K+-.+!3.1!U-3.X4)-/i!o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

TU

!"##$%&'()*+%$,-%.*/0#%1$+0-%% !

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a[!1*((./!YUUT[!1$&2:*/!b!N,&$':*/!T^^T[!V$59!T^__[!O.22! T^_UM=! A$5$,0#$2$((>! 0#$! D20,*;B,0#.'.?! 3.::4/&09! &/324'$(! 0-.! :*&/! 8,.4)(\!=$80-0!6.22.-$,(!.6!0#$!1*(&'&3!:.5$:$/0>!-#&3#!&(!'&5&'$'!&/0.! (47;8,.4)(!(43#!*(!X$2Q>!H4,!*/'!S*/Q!L.60$/!/*:$'!6.,!0#$!0.-/(!*/'!5&2; 2*8$(!&/!F*(0$,/!F4,.)$!-#$,$!0#$9!6&,(0!*))$*,$'M[!*/'!C08,$)-0!#&(0.,&3!.))./$/0(!.6!0#$!1*(&'&3!:.5$:$/0=!J.(0!.6!0.'*9C(!/*0&5$! %&''&(#! ()$*+&/8! ).)42*0&./! &/! G(,*$2! */'! -.,2'-&'$! &(! 1*(&'&3! L`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

TY

!"##$%&'()*+%$,-%.*/0#%1$+0-%% !

W.:*/&*!L3.4,0(!.6!X$2Q>!e&Q#/&0Q>!S*/Q>!$03=M!*/'!,$($:72$(!f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f#*,*30$,&Q&/8! 0#$! 09)$! .6! 7&2&/84*2&(:!.6!0#$!G1!%&''&(#!()$*+$,(!&(!*!3.:)2&3*0$'!0*(+!(&/3$!0#$!7*2; */3$! 7$0-$$/! %&''&(#! */'! 1$7,$-! &(! &/3./(&(0$/0=! J43#! ,$($*,3#! &(! '$; 5.0$'!0.!0#$!'&66$,$/0!6*30.,(!*66$30&/8!7&2&/84*2&(:!(43#!*(!*8$!.6!$?).(4,$! */'!:.'$!.6!$?).(4,$!L(&:420*/$.4(!g!($R4$/0&*2M!Lh$!1.4-$,!T^^]M>!9$0!&0! &(! &:).((&72$! 0.! $?324(&5$29! ,$2*0$! 0#$! G1! %&''&(#! ()$*+$,(! 0.! ./$! (.,0! .6! 6*30.,(=! S.:$! 3#&2',$/! :*9! 7$! 7.,/! &/0.! *! %&''&(#! ()$*+&/8! 6*:&29>! */'! .0#$,(!:*9!7$!$?).($'!0.!%&''&(#!2*0$,!./=!S.:$!3#&2',$/!*00$/'!*!%&''&(#! ()$*+&/8!(3#..2>!-#&2$!.0#$,(!8.!0.!*!1$7,$-!()$*+&/8!(3#..2=!% ! K$&/,$&3#! LT^ZYM! &'$/0&6&$(! 0#&(! 3./0*30! *(! i&/0$,/*2! 7&2&/84*2&(:j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`k)3+$!T^^_M=! H$,:*/!/.4/!)24,*2(!*,$!6.,:$'!79!6.4,!'&66$,$/0!(466&?$(!L687%6K"L,7%6"7%6"/M! .,!79!*!Q$,.!:.,)#$:$=!"-.!.6!0#$($!)24,*2!:*,+$,(!L;">!Q$,.M!:*9!3.:; 7&/$!-&0#!D:2*40!L(0$:!5.-$2!3#*/8$M\!-&0#!"/!)24,*2(>!0#$!4($!.6!4:2*40!&(! .72&8*0.,9>!0#4(!,$/'$,&/8!0#$!($5$/!)24,*2!:*,+&/8(!),$($/0$'!&/!"*72$!T=! ! M$'?"%NI%O24,*2!J*,+$,(!&/!H$,:*/!LV**#*!$0!*2!YUUaM! O24,*2!J*,+$,! ;(! ;L$M/! ;$! 4:2*40!l!;$! Q$,.! 4:2*40! 4:2*40!l!;$,!

F?*:)2$! S&/842*,! &(#*% E$#O"% P(8% Q()% S(??*+"/% &>9"?% =$(8%

O24,*2! &(#*68% E$#O"6,% P(88"% QR)"% S(??*+"/% T>9"?% =U(8"/%

H2.((! 3*,(! 3*0(! 74(($(! 0,*&/(! )422.5$,(! *))2$(! #.4($(!

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d!S0*/'*,'!%&''&(#!A.4/!O24,*2(! ! E(! -$! (#.-! 7$2.->! 0#$! 0-.! D*84,% E*;-"84! 1$7,$-! (466&?$(! 60!! 6K"L8>!!(922*7&3!! 6,>!;"!*/'!;"!*(!-$22!*(!6.,!6.,$&8/!-.,'(!-&0#!*!6&/*2! *33$/0$'! 5.-$2! L#/$-0#8;"% :% #/$-0#8;"8M=! X.0#! q*,$0(+&! LT^YaM! */'! K.26! LT^ZZM!*8,$$!0#*0!6,!*/'!68!*,$!0#$!7$(0!3.::./!-*9!0.!6.,:!%&''&(#!)24; ,*2(=!!

Ta

!"##$%&'()*+%$,-%.*/0#%1$+0-%% !

! A.4/(!-#&3#!0*+$!;"8!*(!0#$&,!)24,*2!*,$!.60$/!.6!S2*5&3!.,&8&/>!$/'&/8!&/! *!3./(./*/0!L#84$;,03%:%#84$;,03"8M!*(!-$22!*(!(.:$!D*84,%E*;-"84!.,&8&/! /.4/(!$/'&/8!&/!*!5.-$2!L3$?"63$?"8M!LJ*,+!T^Z_[!W$9Q$/!T^Ya[!q.,*0(+&! T^Ya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`,.8#! YUUZM=! W$9Q$/! LT^Yc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a][! W$9Q$/! T^YaM=! q*,$0(+&! LT^Y^M! :$/0&./(! *! 8,.4)! .6! -.,'(! -#&3#!3*/!0*+$!0-.!)24,*2!:*,+$,(>!9$0!:$/0&./(!0#*0!$*3#!.6!0#$!/.4/(!#*(! *!'&66$,$/0!:$*/&/8=!N.,!$?*:)2$\!O(,%:%O0,%@(./;(./(C!*/'!O(,%:%O0,",=!"#$!

% !*(,%>?(/$?8%0,%@8/$"?0%=$80-0A%B0--084

TZ

V*/84*8$! */'! f4204,$! E02*(! .6! E(#+$/*Q&3!!-$! 3.42'!/.0!+/.-!0.!-#*0!$?0$/0!0#$!(0*/'*,'!(9(0$:!-*(!,$2$5*/0!0.!0#$!&/; 5$(0&8*0$'!3.::4/&09=! ! ! Y=]!O,$'&30&./(! % E8*&/(0! 0#&(! 7*3+8,.4/'>! -$! $?)$30$'! 0#$! (9(0$:! .6! /.4/! )24,*2(! &/! 0#$! 3./0$:).,*,9! 1*(&'&3! %&''&(#! .6! 0#$! S*/Q! 3.::4/&09! 0.! '&66$,! 6,.:! 0#$! (9(0$:! .6! S0*/'*,'! %&''&(#=! J.,$! ()$3&6&3*229>! -$! $?)$30$'! 0#$! /.:&/*2! 2$?&3./!*/'!0#$!)24,*2!(9(0$:!0.!3./0*&/!:420&)2$!5*,&*0&./(!&/324'&/8!/$-!

T_

!"##$%&'()*+%$,-%.*/0#%1$+0-%% !

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d=T!O.)42*0&./!! % "#$!).)42*0&./!3./(&(0$'!.6!c_!*'420(!LYc!:$/!*/'!Yc!-.:$/M!*8$'!YTIaU! 9$*,(!.2'>!:.(0!.6!-#.:!0#&,09!0.!6.,09!9$*,(!.2'=!"#$9!-$,$!*22!:$:7$,(! .6! S*/Q! 3.::4/&09! */'! 2&5$'! &/! `&,&9*0! S*/Q>! A$0*/9*>! G(,*$2=! E22! -$,$! :*,,&$'!*/'!().+$!:.(029!%&''&(#!*0!#.:$=!S*/Q!1*(&'&3!3.::4/&09!-*(! 6.4/'$'!79!0#$!S*/Q;`2*4($/7$,8$,!W$77$!1*27$,(0*:>!-#.!2.(0!#&(!6*:&29! &/!0#$!1.2.3*4(0=!1&(!5&(&./!-*(!0.!,$74&2'!0#$!3.::4/&09!&/!G(,*$2!*/'!,$; 3./(0,430!0#$!34204,*2!(.3&*2!*/'!,$2&8&.4(!-*9!.6!2&6$!*(!&0!-*(!&/!H*2&3&*/! S*/Q=!A$0*/9*!&(!0#$!#$*,0!.6!0#$!3.::4/&09!*20#.48#!0#$,$!*,$!(.:$!6*:&; 2&$(! &/! ! V./'./!*/'!E/0-$,)=!`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d=Y!O,.3$'4,$!! ! O*,0&3&)*/0(! -$,$! 6&,(0! *(+$'! 0.! 6&22! &/! *! 7*3+8,.4/'! R4$(0&.//*&,$! *7.40! 0#$&,! 2*/84*8$! ),*30&3$(! L6.,! '$0*&2(>! ($$! E748.5! YUTTM=! N.22.-&/8! 0#$! R4$(0&.//*&,$>! )*,0&3&)*/0(! -$,$! *':&/&(0$,$'! 0-.! )(93#.2&/84&(0&3! 0*(+(! 7*($'! ./! ^]! )&304,$(! .6! $5$,9'*9! .7P$30(! (43#! *(! -084! .,! 9?*]"/7! 6*:&2&*,!

% !*(,%>?(/$?8%0,%@8/$"?0%=$80-0A%B0--084

T^

)$.)2$! */'! */&:*2(! (43#! *(! >4;80A0$,% .,% "?">4$,#>! */'! $5$/0(! (43#! *(! *! ]"--0,)!.,!*!'$/6!0#$!,$($*,3#$,!6&,(0!*(+$'!L"*(+!TM!^+(8%08%-(8_`!*/'!0#$!)*,; 0&3&)*/0!,$)2&$'!L6.,!$?*:)2$M!^'$/)`=!"#$/!0#$!,$($*,3#$,!-$/0!./!L"*(+!YM! 0.!&/R4&,$!^(,!0,!?*84,!/$'0!0#$!^]!0*,8$0!&0$:(!-$,$!($2$30!0.!,$),$($/0!0#$!/&/$!)24,*2! 3*0$8.,&$(! &/! S%! L($$! *7.5$! &/! "*72$! dM=! f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c=T!"#$!A*:&/8!"*(+! ! "#$!0*(+!3./(&(0$'!.6!^]!0*,8$0!&0$:(!-#&3#!#*'!0.!7$!/*:$'=!O*,0&3&)*/0(! 2*7$2$'!$*3#!.6!0#$!0*,8$0!&0$:(>!,$(420&/8!&/!*!2&(0!.6!(&/842*,!2$::*(=!G:; ).,0*/029>! */'! 3./6&,:&/8! .4,! $?)$30*0&./(>! ($5$,*2! 0*,8$0! &0$:(! 9&$2'$'!

YU

!"##$%&'()*+%$,-%.*/0#%1$+0-%% !

:.,$! 0#*/! ./$!2$::*=! N.,! $?*:)2$>! 0#$! )&304,$! .6!*! +&/8! 9&$2'$'! 3V;,0)>! !^]!0*,8$0!&0$:(!9&$2'$'!TZU!2$::*(>!*!:$*/!.6!T=_! 2$::*(!)$,!0*,8$0!&0$:=!K$!3.4/0$'!0#$!/4:7$,!.6!2$::*(!8&5$/!0.!$*3#!.6! 0#$!^]!0*,8$0!&0$:(!*(!*!:$*(4,$!.6!2*/84*8$!5*,&*0&./!&/!0#$!S*/Q!G1!/.:&; /*2!2$?&3./=!"#$!'&(0,&740&./!.6!0*,8$0!&0$:(!79!/4:7$,!.6!2$::*(!)$,!&0$:! &(!),$($/0$'!&/!N&84,$!T=!! ! a0)(/"%NI!O$,3$/0*8$!.6!2$::*(!LArTZUM!)$,!0*,8$0!&0$:(!LAr^]M!!

!

N&84,$!T!(#.-(!0#*0!]]s!.6!0#$!0*,8$0!&0$:(!-$,$!8&5$/!./29!./$!2$::*>! -#$,$*(!c]s!-$,$!2*7$2$'!:.,$!0#*/!./$!2$::*=!"#$!h&(34((&./!($30&./! -&22! ),$($/0! */'! '&(34((! $?*:)2$(! .6! &0$:(! -&0#! '&66$,&/8! /4:7$,! .6! 2$::*(=% ! "#$!TZU!2$::*(!3./(0&040&/8!0#$!/.:&/*2!)..2!.6!0#&(!(04'9!-$,$!32*((&; 6&$'! &/0.! 0-.! (.4,3$(! 0$,:$'! h&30&./*,9! */'! f.::4/&09! ,$()$30&5$29=! V$::*(! -$,$! 32*((&6&$'! *(! h&30&./*,9! &6! *))$*,&/8! &/! *0! 2$*(0! ./$! .6! 0#$! 6.22.-&/8! '&30&./*,&$(\! K$&/,$&3#! LT^ZZM>! 1*,+*59! LT^Y_M! .,! A&7.,(+&! b! e*&(7,.0! LYUUYM=! V$::*(! -#&3#! '&'! /.0! *))$*,! &/! */9! .6! 0#$! '&30&./*,&$(! -$,$!32*((&6&$'!*(!f.::4/&09>!0#*0!&(>!.,&8&/*0&/8!&/!0#$!(04'9!3.::4/&09=! N&84,$!Y!),$($/0(!0#$!'&(0,&740&./(!.6!0#$!TZU!2$::*(!79!D(*8$!"9)$=!! E(!(#.-/!&/!N&84,$!Y>!_Ys!.6!0#$!(&/842*,!/.4/(!),.5&'$'!79!0#$!)*,; 0&3&)*/0(!*))$*,!&/!./$!.,!:.,$!.6!0#$!0#,$$!'&30&./*,&$(!L$=!8=>!$;>!#()>!34$6 8","M=!G/!3./0,*(0>!Tcs!.6!0#$!/.4/(!'.!/.0!*))$*,!&/!*/9!.6!0#$!'&30&./*,&$(! L$=!8=>!?$+*/!6.,!7.-2>!$)+$,0;$!6.,!0.:*0.M=!f2$*,29>!0#$!0-.!D(*8$!"9)$(! *''!4)!./29!0.!^as=!"#$!,$:*&/&/8!cs!.6!0#$!0.0*2!,$()./($(!-$,$!@'.!/.0! +/.-C! ,$8*,'&/8! 0#$! 0*,8$0! &0$:=! N.,! $?*:)2$>! :.(0! )*,0&3&)*/0(! '&'! /.0! +/.-! 0#$! -.,'!6.,! 0#$! 0*,8$0! &0$:! @,*77&0C>! (.! /.! 2$::*(! -$,$! ),.'43$'=!

% !*(,%>?(/$?8%0,%@8/$"?0%=$80-0A%B0--084

YT

X$2.-! -$! ),.5&'$! */! $?0$/'$'! */*29(&(! .6! 2$::*(! 6,.:! 0#$! f.::4/&09! D(*8$!"9)$>!-#&3#!&(!0#$!'9/*:&3!*/'!5&7,*/0!(.4,3$!.6!3#*/8$(=% % a0)(/"%WI!O$,3$/0*8$!.6!/.4/!2$::*(!LArTZUM!79!D(*8$!"9)$! #%%

!"

!% &% $% #$

"% % '()*(+,-./

0+112,(*/

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! b*! G/5$/0&./! */'! G/*334,*0$! h$(; &8/*0&./=!N&84,$!d!),$($/0(!0#$!'&(0,&740&./(!.6!TZU!2$::*(!79!V$?&3*2!B,&; 8&/=! E33.,'&/8!0.!N&84,$!d>!:.(0!.6!0#$!f.::4/&09!2$::*(!),.'43$'!79!.4,! )*,0&3&)*/0(!.,&8&/*0$!&/!G(,*$2&!1$7,$-!L]asM=!N.,!$?*:)2$>!!as!.6!0#$!2$::*(!3.:$!6,.:! F/82&(#!*(!&/!!#"?"/%-*(!)24,*2&Q$'!*(!#"6 ?"/8% 79! *22! (04'9! )*,0&3&)*/0(=! 1.-$5$,>! *(! -&0#! 0#$! A*:&/8! "*(+>! */'! *8*&/>!3./6&,:&/8!.4,!$?)$30*0&./(>!2$::*(!.60$/!#*'!:.,$!0#*/!./$!)24,*2! 6.,:>!0$(0&69&/8!0.!0#$!(0*0$!.6!2&/84&(0&3!624?!&/!0#$!3.::4/&09=!N.,!$?*:; )2$! '?0