Why Athens? A Reappraisal of Tragic Politics 0199562326, 9780199562329

Citation preview

i'd/ted by D

1 ••

M. CA .RTER

WHY ATHENS? A Reappraisalof TragicPol'iti'.cs

Edited by D. M. CARTER_

?• I

A Reapprai.al of _ ~gzcPolitics

OXFORD U

·• E ·.,ITY PRES ,·

Contents

OXFORD UNIVERSITY ' PRESS

t Cl r ndon Uci t~ · . ,rd o 2. 6,op Oxford UnJ c ity Pr, is a department of the Uni: • ...i;t. o,fO . rd. r

It. forth

the U:ni.versiif ob'e-d:ive of excellence in 1~ ea:rchJ, cho la rsh rp, and edu . ,ti n by lmbHbiog worldwid in xford N w o,rk Au.ckland ape rwn Da e- alaam o· , Kong Karaeh· Ku I.aLumpur Madrid Mdbot rn M it - a:irnbi ew D Jhi Sh~nghai . aipei o o ·to [Jo

\Vith offic

•

Contributors

IX

Abbr:eviatio .ns Introduction Mark Griffith u.nd D . M . Car,ter

lS ill

PART I:,

ntina u fa raz; il ech · pub k r~ c eec 1.. ·te.m la lb ng ry Italy Jap, n. Po] nd Portug l in~por" outh Kmeai Switleda .nd 'Thailand Ttu:key Ukraine Vietnam I

On rd i

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c,o ··-TEXT

o · d mo racy? I ag,edy, tructur ., and fin·

1

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e

Peter Wilson

r .gi; ·t :red t.rad• mark of O rd University in. the and i:nc-e1'tll .in otb.er c.ountri.es

2. Plato dr. m , ind rhe ,nc D . M. ar,ti-r

45

3. - otlting, to do w'th Ath-ns? Tragediansat th co rts of tyr~ nts Ann Dun·.an R sponse by Richard S aford'

69

1

. ublish d in the United State by ·· .xford ni , - it.yPr, s l 11 • cw York

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All dght · r,~•e1"Ved . No part o:. thi · pttbli ati.,on may b• tt>"produ~d · t ·red.it a · etr v~l ys.tem,or 't ,_· · 'itt ed ; 1 a y i rm o · by a 1y 1 earu. with u r tb pri r p rmis i o in writing o.f - , d Uoiwrsi ' y Pr or a ·pre ly p .mitt d by Jaw1or u d! r t rm agr • w'th th ap,p Of' i~ e rcprographks rights or.gan:iza.tion. .E:n.quiri .e oon,erning r pruducti.on -u ide the. pe 'the a ove h,ould b sent to the Ri. h , D I @:rtment> ~· rd I i , ..ity Pr . ; a:t tl ·.·• . dd s :a.b v, 3

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57 910

6

:

DIS _Q

1'

-t eruan tr .g,edy a •· demo, r tic di -,.our .e·

PeterBitrian 5. Euripide n ,> ub'Crulia . nd th probl m of tragt p Uticl Jon .nesk 6. Pos e sing an unbridJ=d tongu -~: Frank sp ·ech and sp,eakin,gback in Eur.ip.·des O·restes Elton 1! E. Ba·rk r a pons _ by MalcolmH ath 1

95 119

145

, Jaidfa

d KJn Ly.nn

7. Extend-d famili. ni rri g - ,-11dinter- ity r-lation , in (la.'tr Ath· nian ra. dy. Dy i .·~t' ll Mark Griffitit 8. Inh rit, .__, d the· Ah 111an na: ur, 0.1 , ·pho , an ·, .ag y El anor .R ~inir:1DKell R· po.n·- by P.J. Rh.o,de · I

l

1

175 2.09'

X

Contents

viii

IV: · H ·ORU

Elemor Regina OKell is a isiting Resear,ch ·Fellow in the· Department of Classics .at the University ofL eds and author of several pap , rs on the staging, purpo e, and recep ·o .. of ancien drama, par ,~cularlySop odes.

-S

9. Chor:oi,achorot The Athenian politics of tragk cho[al identity

245

Sheila MuniagJian

0. Pi y 11d·panhelle .ic politic : horal em. · i Euripides Hecubaand Troj.auWon1e11

,n

Conttibu tors

in

269

. irene i'sva.rdi

A. J. Podleclti is lPriofessorof Greek Hist(>ryand Literature :, emeritus~ .~t the Unive s.·· y of Br"· ·sh Columbia. e s,econd ediuo i of his The Politi al Background of Aeschylea.n Tragedywas published in 19 · . P~J.Rhodes ·was Pro£e sot of Andent Histo,ry and 1s now Honorary Profe s,0r at the Univ,ersity of Durhmi. The seco.Dd edition of his History of the Classical 1

Response by Jan Ruffell

293

PART V : S PPLIAN

Graziella inh Respon e by Ba·rbara Goff

13· The panl1dlenism of Athenian tragedy Dtzvid Rosenblomn Hellenic"'ty -~ later Eu{pid,ean tragedy 1 ~

John Gibert Re po.n e by A. J. Podl cki

.David .Rosenbloom i ···e· nio[' Le truer at Victoria University of WeUington and author of schylus:.P rsians(Londo 2006 ). He has publi hed widely on

S

·upplicatio , and empire mAthenian .ragedy Angeliki Tzanetou 2. Athens in Euripides' upp.liants:Ritual, politk . and theatre

] l.

Greek World,478-323 BC was published in 2010.

305

Greek tragedy and con1edy.

325

.Ian Ruffell is Lecturer in Cfa sic at the Umversity of Glasg ,w. He is the author f Politic and Anti-Realis1nin Athien:ianOld Comedy (,Oxford. fo thcoming) · nd .Aeschylus.:Pro-m , theus B.ound (London forthcoming).

345

353 383

'Richard Seaford is rofe so,rof Ancient Greek iterature at the University of Exeter. His books include com1uentad .es on Euripides' Cyclops(O,xford, 19.84) a d u ip"del Bacchae(vVarmmser> 1996), . Reciprocityand R'tuied:Hmn r and Tragedyin th DevelopingCity- -tat (Oxford, 199 ), Money and the Early Gr_ek Mind: Homer;.Phifosophy;Tragedy(Cambridge, 2004) a.nd Cosmology and the PoUs: The Social Construction of Space and Time in t1re Tragediesof A schylus(Cambr "dge, orthoom · -g).

03

Angeliki Tzan.etou is Assistant Professorof Classicsat the University of Illinois at ba ~ ~ ampa ;"g . She is the author o , itY'of Suppl'iants:Tratedrand th

BibUogtaph y

414

Ind·ex L-ocoruin Gen ral Index

445

Athenian E.mpire (Austin, forthco1ning ) and ,co-editor of Finding Persephone: Woni.ens Ritualsin the AncientMediterr:anean (Indm.a.na, 2007).

5,6

G-raziellaViinh receh fj d her Ph.D. from th

n:iv risity of Paris ~l-Den:is

Dider _ ··n 2007. Eirene Visvardi is A sistant Professor of Classical Studies at We, leyan

U iv-ers·ty. P,eter "Wilsou is '\IVilliam Ritchi

Professor of Classics and Director of the Centre for Clas-ical & . · ,ear Eastern Studies of Au tralia at the University of Syd:ney.H,e is the aud or of The Atheni,ui Institution of the Khoregia;11-ie Chorus,the CU:yand th Stage( .ambridge 2000).

.Abbreviations

xii PM P.Oxy.

Pa,ge(ed) ( ·962), PoetaeM Uci m .a . 0 ord (189'8- )1 Oxyrhynchu . Papyri ( 923- ), upplem ntum Epi'gr;aphimi Trae.cum eide

·,·-

M

B,, nell and. H. ~-Jaechler (eds)i · 1987 1• 1989) 1, Fragmentis , 2 vo]s., Leipzi .

Pindari, Rrmma cum

Introduction

. Tod (1946-8 , GreekHistoricaJlnscriptioris,2 ol .·.. Oxford

Tod

M.

TrGF

B. Sn U and R. Kannkht ( ds) (1971- 2004), ·Tragicorum r:aecorum Fmgn1e1i a..Gotti.ngen

Wet

M. L West (ed;) (1989)~ Iambi et Elegi Graeci'ante Alexandru,m · antati, 2nd ,ed.n. xford

Ma. k Griffith and D. M. Ca.rter

I

L TWELVE PRI

CIPLES FOR READING

GREEK TRAGEDY

(GRI I '-~T.H )

In this brief and 'nfor.m.ailchapter, I outline twelve ba ic principles (archai, axiiomata.· .or dis,cusing the interpreta _foin of Gr, ek tragedy:.1 I think that laying these pnndples out clearly and explkidy as a pndude to this vo~u1ne 1night help reduce the like].ihood of readers n1isund1er_tm1ding the ov rail pur_pose,of n1yown chapter,. and may al o p,erhaps help d ar the deck u ·efidlly for ·ome ··th oth r contribution -.to thi volume~ In my o inion, none of 'these twelve princi _ples-all of which [ ha v fra1n· d as. paradoxes, that is, as stat n1 . nts of two broadly contradktory ,critical po itioDs, both of which I co.nsider to be largely trnie (hetil.ce BOIH ••• A D ••• )- should be controv,er-ial. S - eral o them:iindeed, may wdl trike many reader · a be· g b _ na and ·oo obv· ou · o ed · ath1gfflYe1 't has be o-.m :e foar over t .e la t dee de·or o that a number·• f eh ] rs and c:riti.cs (so,m,e of th m surpri ing]y influential) pr,efi_r to, complain. eriously, ev-n stridently, about everal of thes,e parti ular posi= ·o sand to challe ge their va· 'di1y , 1 d appropria 1.enes ; nd. , f our: e su · interv , ntions provok :further responses, ,.vithout any observahl progress

be'ng made. It is a~, o d ,ear that a number of er.ties , .f Gr ek tragedy (.a.gain, some of then1 quite influentJal) ha.ve not pau . e:d to thmk througb son1e of the "€'pr ad.oxi , Uyp · ed pr' iple ) bu . .avefal en int the .- b·t · ··stead of 1

1

proceeding as if only on ·half of (on or :rnore·of) these paradoxica~ .ant[thes,es

·wa (s, If-evidently) true .. hanks · John Gib t ~- · help u] comments o - th - fir t ec 'o - of this i , troductio · a --d to t:he0011trilmor g uernUy fi r help with th rest 1 ni.s I sp .cify•Othenvise-. ]' use th term. r. :. t i l gi a _ ,t ti-1 r wid_ pr,_ad ooncl · he t x:t as · to b _a. p' o· .tl1r- t :tudLd or riticiZ€d n d.b - m in · · on ·p, . t f videnoefi ,r a ·p rfi-•t·m nee· 12 that · nt n b nv -11po t, actor, and udience; this p ma.nee'Arain turn art wid r ev nt a relig· _-tival o · th p. li-s. n Ja p r , riffin 19 - 8 c.f. 99.b)>who i · wid-ly hara t.-rized.: havingl-=d.t ig - a· · t, h' i i m r A11glpb n tragic -t d .es, b -gin - hi , w ve of th ' fi on of tnig dJ.y by askingwhat th plays.1n ant t,oth o·.rigina]audi nee; in this s ns his ~• · t ,_f th ---.-_ 1nehi -torici t p _ f. D -n an, thi vol 1m . 77- 8) -: in thi . volume share th _ 111 · dolo.gy of audi tudies t,_ a gr ... r ,_r l er e. t -nt. P -rh p the .m · ophi · · d amp~ i: h 1c 1

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.lvlark Griffith and D. M .. Carter

8

lntro .duction

-chapter by Eleanor OKell, who seeks to recou .struct th e possible respons es of ind· idual from aco£ .r all that it p.a• · d law , prot t .n 1 r, ..fJLt · ltize- ·h .p~w. a mop,olita11 J y ~ -d tr _gedy wa_ ,J , o r p,ondingly de ti g 1111• On th'11k ,of th - ~if r I od ', which , din'· a · ar"'-ty f ]yd metre and mu ic 1 ffl d:' , w-U :_ or'. - W :i•defo m (R,o nbi ,0111 p.. - 0; Wilson l . , .d~O½r b ,w trag dy ma:d. a :parti ul r]y A:the1n _n :__on ·ldbu.u. -_t d'L Gr:::: ,-ultur _ of ,_h _r _l p _rforn1in1_::-), , On_ thinks 1 _ the . ariety ·-- ,yth' m" ~ial u ,d, om · im -· wi.th , At ru· n _, • t: O:re _,t-o -_ally find JIU_ti e t A he ,, me · ' · ip de, n H,er ,'l - t • a c, pted by an Ath .nia11I 'ing · oll wing his own kin-kiJI"ng,a , ind - -d i , M _d _a; __1d so · ·n.. If w -, Ni·.h t c ,n id - th Ath-1 i.ann - o tmg -d ., -,h -r. ft re~w - m . _'de· th pla e of At _n - in th b.o d ; , r; ek , rid a·:d how ·lL m, ,Ponto o,m, of th p,l y; . , n - pos ibil~ty- giv ~nth ·. ympath tic light wnwbffih this _''ty i.s u ually (n "t .Jway ) p ,rtray,_d., i to r ~ad onL trag_dL · a 'deolog'cal d , ·, Ath~nian im rfali m ( ,,ui R .· nbl ,om., . ontra Podl . ki). , t ( 11rh - _ontrfbutor to thi~ ium -· ,gr·e n this p in r.1 but hi .· . rtainly in tru ti omp re tragi Ath ni n w'th hi toric 1 Ath -nian for jgr1 p,oH_y. Go,ff (p. :..'48)wo·nd r , wlfl~ther on r~ o 1 '·why Ath 11·· wa bee , u,. e Athen:ian•· er,e p,e uliar.lyw,ell p~ ed · ·y h · . o ,n ·rad c 10 · b _·_\i =-_n thJr int _mal d _m ,_r_.._y and thJ _xLrnal hnper:J p oj,_:..t 'to d. · elop ,- .. on · u n · b u poli · · l pro ~.2 Thi c.·oncootr _tion on At 1 n ·an ideo.l,-g:ybrings us b,_. ck to qu "sf ons of _·. t - don "vlirh th p · -t wi'~be to pf'i en·t) and r ~ceptio (¾rhatth audi -n: · · n,a.ght ha,ve·th 11 ,ght · ,fit . .Br adly,the diffLulty with th ~fir t qu-' tion i fllat: · h po,·t p· - k ,, ,nly ·hough "h , rat. r _1 d -hor h p,ortra, hi . o·wn vLws.may b _ irr trL .vabl :; and with th:..-,econd.,, that th c.LWe.re p, t, 11tiaUy as 1nany p,o. · 1.b~ . r .:.pon th -re w, :r, thousands ot audi m: in m .. ber:.. Q,_:c.ai nally th - e diffi -ultL c -n b _ t.l 11 d to th hi torkLt ,cri· ic , .d t g .-. ·., ak a w, -ll=· , wn nmpl i "¾re 'an , t know th t uripid -.. wriot, his TI·cjan\iVcnnn, produ.ced h . th p:rin,g of 415. in r pon ·· to, th · ack of M Jo: th pt viou winter· ut it ·. - ·.ti ,ti Uy h'ghty pr babl that th _onne tion was n1ad_ by s ~n1e of'th" audLnc :1nmb rs.at fir t P' ·rfo,rm, -e (c . Ruffellp. 297· - -e , il Dinn an. n. 57). To put the -mp a - 'fuu n. udience r a tion 001n perhap t , duck th · que ·ti! ,n of what trag dy vra , ·furl or bout ·. ut w . ha · an dotal - ·id n e t - :upp ,:rt t o m ng. n vi w -h, t th ·p rtrayal .-, ·Amhn in trag d.ywa onditi n d by h Ath ni, n r.orm. nee , onte ,t · o - ·d r th tr, atmen. of Phryn hu , Hdt. , .21) and I

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Matk Griffith and D. M. Carter

by the- oo.mpetitive nature of thes performances . 6 The ,conn ction between oet and aua ·ence _:as a.two-way str,eet.27 More generally, it pays to consider Athenian tragedy against a variety of o 'sible audience r pone . ·w ··hocld imagine a o mmunit of Athenian audie noe 1nembers, a broader constituency inclu ding 1netic:s and foreign vis·tors>a growing number o: people in Attica and elsewher,e w:ho saw thee

play~r,e-pe:r:tonned> and :indeeda fa:rbroader conununity f audienceswodd lVideand sea' tered ,•er the,oen urie ,that eparate tbe anc ·,en A:.thenia·s rom the pr ,esent day;__,a}}with the:ir own political views, a:ssuo1.ptions, and pre judice . u. In ,c rtet (2004a) I rgue for ~ cei--1ains.d oonsciousnes.s felt by the Athe'l11ianin the presence o foreigner'S,at the· Dionysia. ' [ Duncan (thi v,olwne )~8 '-4 on th ~pu h- d-pull of p trnn ge! ideology h" torical ,context~ ge.nre, and. iudividua] te.m.pel.'ament. 5

Part I Context

1

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-r g dy -tru tur , a11dfi11an·

Thi pe1:·e intenhon lly l ift bl nk

far a w'tb _ar all th - J-·Lr t _.:i ti th _ - ,mp - . d m, c c that £ tered it A p ftic -1 rm th t claim,-d n , _ 1 , up a-hum.a, · au h rity:,At -eni ·__d-m,ocr y wa mo:r- pr, -c ; _ ng pp · · ,n aim d t fin g1·ot111d - o' o n en than a , n f tu·ti n =b d,yi'1gand. ~nfor_ing, ·h _ _gr__d pdn 'pi an ~ ,gicaUy :-- m, g -neo .-_soct-ty. Id olog· al _- , pl - 'ty,, t, n L n, in -gral -nd iluport nt to it. 1 But it is also tru - t,o ' y that ·trag dy i, nd alw, ys wa ; ex 'Ssi-v , t 11 n, t imply Ul tb _ way tb _t Plat and hi kiff;ldEt-und it - Tra.g_dy ~ cd i'-' _, ,i t o··, r.g· e· "e d. a --y , ,impl 'deologic •l r 1 t rw'a~d ter:mi,ni -m.- · .it ,P - ti pan iv -1 - . i it r, bi ity, "'n tl ontologi ah di tan ,-p, 11 d up by i - r di lly n w nim i tatu , ,. th tr 11dby it medium.o,fmyth. And this _-xces-h a politLa] dimeu i, ,n, Pi r - Pu ,j puts this w -nd "rfully wJl·

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: ' _ _ 'n _ , _d " ui · gue ti 1. n the ,n, hand~ th poli ti al i " -- 1 ·vastne , ,of .r.nnUtli t . I td ~ t it; n th in rp -rating the wh l 1 ,0 oetry, . i c p ble ,of pro - ng it . an · -d mo tio,nal effiet eveu when h o.ri.ginal o · ] _nd h1 t .rte rd,in · ,r. ,om lo ..r .,·n. d n lo~g· r · . :B_·w __11 th _, two almost i_mm_ ,,ur ht h nom,cn .t · m impo ibL for

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ditm; and o ,ganizer• . :o fermceat th ·nir o adin_, Di:livid _ rti i.p nts,wh~ m · · '£ · n F .~rtwig ~~ r ·ia] _ ta _ and to tb Au. t.r~lfa _ . · · finan ,port. -. he to hi · acl to ·· _ian thal stre._-the m truc.f e within th n ideolo - l ._"'t}' ( .g. Ober (198 a), l '- th m

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the crit ic to trace the precise politica l and ideological outl:ine.s of a complex discourse

such a , that of Gre ·k trng dy.2

2]

Tragedy,strm:ture.,and financ

Peter Wilson

20

individual

de1nes and to tl1 commonality

of a shared (ideal of a) ·p acefu1,

5

Pucci's words are .asalutary warning of the difficulty in working ou t just how 1 and h ,w far~tragedy exceed its immediate poliucal origin . And at the same ti1ne they r,e1nind. us of the need not to reify, or to define too narrowly, the realm o· -the political ·n nd aga:· s which we pla e ·agedy. 1b explore the con1plex relatio ]lsh.ip between tragedy and its host den1.o·Craticdty1 hall look again at ome of d1emo t d.~tinctive and-e p,edallythe 1nost historically innovative aspects of Athenian fesriv,811structure and finance~ with a fo us on a -few:interes ,ing items that . a e, I think, not been propedy fod in.to the d.ebate .

agra··ian v o ·ld. As for th Kleistb.enk tribe : t.hes-e new divisions ,of the den1.o,cratic · ifzen-body were a fundrunental unit o· urban Dionysian performmce and participation-in

par ticrda.r, the two categories of cir ·cuIDa .r choruses

whose fifty-· trong tea.m we.re d:rawn. from the . .6 Just. a tbe tribes them elve · were designed. in so1111e"mpo:rtant sense to .rechan.nd th p ri]o,usly oompetiti e e· -ergies o , the dtfs elite, so these hug,e tribal chor. conte ts. diffused but als.o pennitted ongoing. inter -elite .rivalry. Such eviid nee as there is sugges that the ,choruse ,existed a early as the tribes the.m.selves . .and. have argued that.the ch,oruses may have in fact ledthe way in re ha.ping Athe ·a . tribal identity a ,d · n forging a new fe ·val mechan·sm for 1,

1

regulating internal civic equilibrium im the arliest years of the de1nocracy. How,ev,er eccentric much .elsein Plato s thinking may be, the idea, central to 1

l. ST UCT he deep embeddedness of aH Greek festiva~ structures in social structures · too frmiliar to require detailed rep·edtio.n,3 bu:t a gen.er.alpoint may be 1

worth making in this conte _t- d1a't the· theatrical festi· ral of Athens were entirely buili a.round th ,e uni s of A ,henian demo -r. itic so •iety. o tak,e ju .t two key exa1nples-the two most distinctiv socio -polif !cal units nf the post Klej[sthen:kdemocracy, th.e demes and the tribes. Local Dio.nrysiawen~ observed more than any other · fo:stival by nndtipL demes, to the ,exten · ha they became omething o a b dge o deme iden · ·ty, life, and pride: ' D·ionysia were often th _key oommunal enterpris , of a deme 1 and Natale Spindo has recently stressed theit importance to the cohesion of 1

2

Pucd (2007)t 107. he later worl:.o.raux(2002), 48. Another very helpful rec It ,c rntdbu:tfon to the deba·te over the so .ialand polilical .as. ect~of tra.gedy is Heath (2:005)whi .h it,...esto clarify many of the key t -ms and · sues wi ' gr at ·11 i iv, .. -; 3 On this ·ee most fully .Parker (2005). 4 \ T. cun ndy have , vidence for the :~stiva] in o.m~eigh;tee-n demd Uon. (2004h 127- 3 ) . rather tha the fourteen kn-own wh n 'Wh' ehead wrote· (1'986t:i:212- 3). kme ~sargument for the inch.siou of Kholleidai as a nineteenth (2004: 1 I).; on tbe basis of thi being the deme of ·ikaiopolisin Ar. 11,40 and that the hero returns to hi- d meto c.e]ebratthe Ru;ralI ion}'-j.,. (20 26~7)1 is not -oompelling.

the Laws>that oc ·e y can and hould be bu ·it from the. dance floor up was ··idel hared. 7 Thus.;. the two major socio-political ootporate entities that fundam _n:raUy stn1ctured . the life ,of th.e Athenian democracy had specifically Dio:nysia,c · stantiations-in ·o m of cul .ural pra ti e a .d par ·c·pation tha we·e, mor,eo _er, in egral o the shaping of two key layers of d,emocr tic identity~

Con testin g ,ch.omses. It is worth taking a d ., er lo ,k at the e ,conte ting boru ,e . for we have become inured t some of the rno t important innovation in Athenian theatrical ieullture by easy fiepetrution- that 'tragf!dy ·was a co.mpetinon' :is one of then1 . We should try to realie.nate .aind reanin1ate the phenomenon. There I believe, no good evidence for the e:xistenc.eof fo,rmal con.te··r between

· horuse a 1:ywhe·e in the Greek world before th appearan e, around .the ·rurn of the fifth ce,ntnry at the (Kleisthe:nie lDionysia,of th oompeting sets of two times -teu circular and thr ,ee ragic choruses .8 The very idea of introducing

a

Spineto (20 5),. 3·27-5 0 based on the fundamental work of Whitehead (' 986,a) . · n ·the ~e ~eeesp·.P'icka.rd ~ ambridg,e (J962 ); Zimmermann (1992);Wils , ,n (2000), 2003a). ,n he prefe· birty o u i.agthe term drcular choru tw · dithyrn · b~ or he · p Wil on (2000) e :p. 314l (2007b); Fearn (2007) 163-2 56- d'Alessio (fo:rthcoming). 1

7

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n tlds, : e furtherWifatm ( 2003a).,

1

Evidence for fo.·ma] c:hoal Conte A w.early Sp rta. rest largely on mt:erpre1 tio :1 o the remain of Alkni.an t Fir t Partlumeio,1i. fr:. 3 Calame esp. Jl 58- 1.01..Fm a ra11,ge of viav .and. eaidier bibliography ~ ·e alame (198 ), 3·31, (2001), 4-6. Girl· affiHad. with tbe I orian tribe Dymanes,; tJieDynt~inai, Jlnentionedin anothe·r · ntalizing scrap (AlCJTI. fr.61 ,· alanl!e)~are

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for drama. They were thus not a :sign of aristocratk noblesse,but a prize for· a

· omple _per orma ce· o which poe, khor ,gas~tr."bil •horu, _-d must ian contribu.ted .. his in fact surprisingly difficult to pin -point just who or what wa th forma] r, ci ient of the Ath -nian Diony ian tripod- ·ibe, poet, chorus, or khoregos. Nor did the Athenian prize have, as it did in Th b s, a ·y l fty myf a estry o - '"t own. --'o · u ces ·-lll.dAthen'a khoregoswas 1 . d ~ . 'lf·.. - a- cn w 'LT - 1 -] d S • . • oflc,c. t i r · _ 11..1.1e op _ortu1:uty to c.onoe1ve o.f }1unse .1, - J. ra.Kes . 1

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aesthetic-poetic and. musical exp rienbal knowledge in a wid.e segment of ode y (' o put the i sue of d)emo ratic thea ical 'educa ~ o , in _· oruse - no n or ie stro n,gly than that) . Fro1:nan audience p. rsp ctive~ turn ·:ng traditional -choral p rformance mto ormal ·-onte 't had th ,effect of constructing · ectators as jud,g~s, and incuka ting then-i in the e~rds of a n1.or,e abstract poli deal (m a br, ad. sen e) -kill of krisi.s. his i ·CO sw .derably mor,e than wh .t one n1ight _xp et in am-1yav · rage' polis. Th fonnal empaneHing o.f Dionysian 1

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philoi .. Th rest wer presumably :structur d as envious or adoring on.look rs .

A Dionyia inv,olved ma1ryhundr, ds asp r ormer :[- a fully active capacity. And at tb ame tim it add d to tb rank · o ·..a u.ailp rfi rm r · a 11 :\i'l ar .· y of ;·d s pp,or staff: mask--mak r , .arpen ers> horal tra· er: , team ma.nag r -_ostume _ - d• sigi1ers, paint,_rs, , ta .ge-hands ~u1deng;in ers.,and · o on; n t to, mention tb ervice •f numer,ou --.adm1nist·at,or , herald , trump •ters and c ·owd-, o· t ll r. T- re -"'~no d. ubt th t parti ip · io wa -. key) de - ing - n ept and practic _ of Athenian dem crac.y,.and that d _tn •era y :xpanded and. int n ified partt ipation, appar-ntly a n1atter o:: prh1 .iple, increa ing tbe .nu111ber f · ho e bled top · · tic"pa in olit"a a "'vity d mulfplying tl O ca.io - . for tbem I o do . The··e is no ed 1 0 thi k ,_f wh :t . · .pp,n d a I h · Dion.y ia in t r ll' · f - ,J iou-,p lif ,ca~p ]ky. Mti .probab~yILetter th ught of a. a mor or J-s- natura.1 xpression at th ul ·ura~l ~v -1 of a set of socud and m, n tailhabits of dernocra I,esod ~ty. 1 B t the parallel c n hardly b fo.rtu't u, and we h uld bear in mw. d .it her -al. nth fir t la an 11ir Jy ·unp ran 1 d p•-r - nt g -. f th citizenry was directly involved . io choral p rfor.mru1c ,e: ,l 5 1nen. and boys -a.eh year-.And this degr e· of parti.dp . tion, a111011g . o h -r firto . , 1 d to a v ·,ry high lev I of c -,_ mpet n . ba am,-ng th idz -nry-dev loping kind of 1•

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Traged_r: stru,cture,andfin,ance

R -ter Wilson

30

.Democratic ritual refashioning There are a couple of other structural features-n· toricaUy contingent) but no l,ess important for that - that deserve to be fed into the debate on the co.nnecf on betw ,een Athenian ionysia and democracy. The fi:rt is a det ii that I have not noticed in any of the 1nany r,ecent discu ions of festival context) and it p·rovides an instance of politicrul resonance ~manating from a ritual action whose significance even the most hardened scepri.c would have trouble neutralizing. it i .·•. the evidence of Phil ,khoro · that in the period immediately after 402 BC, 'the Athenian u ed proces ional equ'pment fash31 ·oned ou of the p ·op-e·ty o· -t ,e Thir ,y>. In othe ~ words.,, t e kantphoro-s a the head of the pompefor Dionysos in the period immediately following the overthrow of the Thirty earned. a ba ket that was ·the melted down and reconstituted plate) ow ta ,e property) which had onoe decked the p·ri ate tables of the tyrants who had done away ·with the d. n1ocracy .. Likewise no doubt with tb other iteu1sof the .hiera.skeuefor the proce sion1mduding the bowls. ca.rried by tnale metics, and the watet=p,itchers botne by their daugh= ter ) y o :· ·epr,esentafve of ilie·r comm ·ty:"2 G"v,en the· degree to which members of tha1t 00111n1unitybad been targeted for ex1tortion1 theft, and assassinationby the hirty; the :new·ritual regime ,ofthe proce sion that saw then1 once mof\e a serting their ·prominent plBJcein the wider Attic om uni.y by carrying the· tan ·or ed -vealth of the" . persec ·to s w:U have had an e p ciaUypowerful resonance .in tbi ag,. of ·eborn democra , y. I

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The prop,erty of the enemie· o democracy had been Ii endly r,efashioned. as tools of civic ritual This e am ..pl,e of ·· e eprogrammi , g of Dionysia . d ua in reponse · to particular hi torical events, and at a highly yn1b0Uc level,, finds a lose paralle in my e- ond case. Thi .i a more comple · i sue-the award of -crowns at the Dionysia before dramatic p r:fonnances ·began. his. formed one of the centra l ii,,em in imon , old ilY influential inventory of actions that marke ·d the firm ide•,ologkal framework in and aga·ns.t w · ,·c- tragedy ook la e. And it o ·e that - as com,e under :6 e ·n 1nore rec ,ent debate. 33 1

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FGrH 328 .Pl8.1 wi h Formua and .·ate (2007). fragm .ent of the rel vant inventory appears t< ~u.nti e i'n - EG23 82:• ,f 402/ 1 s, ~- When as her,e no pa:rd _ular :festival i. ~.Pi;:•-i'fie.d a the ite o 'the pr · ces ion, tho ·e of the Pa athenaia and/ or ity D ·o y ·a may b a umed with some safety. It is unimaginab]e that such p.ornpe.ia would h ave been confined to · l.e er fostiv,al,. 2 · Demetrios of l.hale.ron · G1 ·H 228 · 5t l4:6W; cf. \-Vilson(2000 ) 1 26) 3·18 n. 70. Water.pitcher (hydr iai) featm"e•pt omiuently .iu the rclevr1nt iuventory-tv,enty of 'them, maide of •ilver and ,.,alu d at well over three t lant · (', · _,.23, 82, 11. 10- 2 ,), 11 Goldhill 1987/1990); Rhodes (2003); arte.r (2-0 4a) , - 9.

31

b is ,generally held that the evidence for the av;,;rardof crowns to civic be efacto: s at the Dio y; ia ,can place the pracf-ce o l 1 as far b .: as the 330s, and certainly not into the fifth century. The debate has p:rincipaUy fo used on er wn awarded o Athenian citizen , th ugh neither Goldhill nor his criti.cs are ntir ly dogmatic about this . We could b nefit from taking a slightly bro. der and more nuanced. p,erspec.·v,e-becau e the - cts '\i\'e.re 1

certainly t11ore001n.ple:x~ For on.e thing> as Robin Osbo:rne has observed, these crow s were in effect a.no·he £or of p i:z-eawarded to winners in a I

conte ·stj, the contest of doing good to the Ath nian ,dem.os, and, . as in tra ,ge:dy, non-Athenians ..ould and did always compete along : ide .Athenians .in thi ,

pa.rtictdar event.34 ere are in fac at leas two e a pl,es of uch cro 1

s be·ng aw : ded at the Great .Dionysia .in the fifth aentury. The fi.rst case derives fro.ln. one of the- 1nos1t dramatic moments . in the hi .tory of the Athenian democracy. The fe tival i . that of 410/9 BC> surely m occasion of particularly trong emotions, in the imm .ediate . fter ath of the fir t oligarchic re olufon of 4 L .A: the agiJnof the Dionysia in that year-and this is the first extarnt decree to specify that particular ritual n1omen.t- a gold crown, proba lbly ·wo:rth a thousand drakh- , ·wa . to be awarded to hra yboulos of Kalydonfor being 'a go d ma and energetic to,\1ard the d'lmo.sof the Athenian ~ who 'did whatev:er good. he could ... for the city and the d'enws*The decree contmnue : 'And at the agon [of the Dionysia tbe herald . is.to annom1ce] the r~asous fur w.h[ich the a-rno-s 35 has cro /linedhi J,1 Thrasybo ,ulo i , of course be 'ng bonoured in this ·famous d cument a , the oligarch and leader of the antian assass·n, the a sassiin of Phrynrukhos d.en1ocra tic revolution.. He is fm:ther giv n Athenian citizenship, whlle his -collaborator.s1 the (other 11Je!l!l who did . the Athenian de1nos good . at that dme .... sbould be recorded .a ei,ergetaion a mar!lble.stelt' (IL 25- 9 and given variou . pri ilege- of their 0¾ 1U. Thi is not only the first e ample of the award of crowns to benefactors at the Dionysia . It is aJlsothe first.kno¥r11instance of the a:ward of a. old crown in A.Jthens in any-context. 6 This innovation thus 1nak _ its first app·earance in the recor-d, and very p,robabfily in .reality, at the· agonof the 1

1 )

· Osbor 1 (1999). ~ TG f 102 ~ M- 85(86), II 6""-13',of 4Wl9 n i n, 12- B: ,F({Il [&.ii'm] I (El~.,-d,, ~pvKa 1 ~~cwvc;tov!fl '1'04 ] dyo11,hOYhlrt+I [E:l'Cctt\V"TO'J',' !10 8€µ.o h:rrecpar,ocr]e. ' iv nth - stait ofthe ·t t nd. the Jack of pa:ra]l L at thi date a re to-ration that incl ud s specific reference· 'to the agon of

tragedy cannot be ruledou · ·ee WjJ on a:nd ar _wig 2j009 for some sugge tfons and1fo,r a.full di cu sio,n ,o IG {'· 102 and the polif cs, ,ohh the tre implied by it1 vVilso.n (2009). 36 Shear (2001) 414. The seco nd Sth-cent examp le re the honmu 's .including crowns, awardedto · pik. rd ' of Kynmeat th - ionysfaof 405/4 BC (IG 13 12-J~ for his gilt o re oarces to save ·'th nian soldier from starv,a ion ·n .idly.

n· g, dri stru,tur , and'fi:1-u,n c

R t -, 11\'il.son

32

Dii,ony ia-.aind n _t w- 1night not ,e at th Pan thenai . '7 Th inn,ov"i.tion . w, , v ry :pr babl· tail r " ,, , f ,e im or .,n Jth v · t - which w:u1d · th whol pracd - a v-r-y'd -m.ocratk' o.ngh1 md ed. It could b rdly b - a n1ore red -1-nt x:mnpl am · r,- m m nt ,u ev-nt: eh- cti ,"Il d1ar1 d to 'th - r, ·,t,- r .-tion of d n1, rag, aft r its t ,o,v rthr _,w, a - .., ,t 11dati _uaJl n101n . ut in , mo .ra' ·c history.,

- po,rt of thea:tr r -st d w it radically di fe,r nt fron1 tha u1 Ath 11. Qft -n th -· i,~ , . igi _.· kho g·, fun :• g ,it all b t th , mph ~ · mo narr,ow'.~.yu -rgetisticbe11ef-actio11s! ti :r h1_ta11ce :Jla.1 ~g: capital -uin - that at to b - i il ' . • y,' itmg ~ rti '--r, i-li .t] . ,f th - dramat; cllO'. u -; _f -h cont t. 4 1 Sedous thought 11. d -[v-n to And lit-I- or--: - .'. w t ··' O' ri 1 fun g and pr · · n in t f th Ii kh:rii' ;a, n1~ghthav - affe-1:-d tl c - · n of a , d.y.n cannot b ·p r um d dla th an ,·d no ; O' th -.ndin 1n f ·th das ka] Ath ni, 11 th -atre throw light 011 th t m, -,-·d th . th· ,orik n. C

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Amid h , -rray o ; poli · al nd hi tori · · g , pp o to tr _, dy that h".¥ op n m -ny ne\-v, n in h _,la t hir,y , · m a. on mic. d'im · ha p,r,, :v, · to r,_~ ,jv = _r[ ,i1 l · h· · · : , giv _,: th d _ to whi-h , ' 'nter, .st andlb .oad1yn1 t ria · · , ong b n iz.eda ~ ta d · th , u · ·11 1 · . 11on1ic. dim n · i _ ev -aling r th - kry L u ._ in , hi .· d -ba, file us 'fi llow th m ,n -y' nd ,-_ · · i d. Th 1110. t imp _rtant p Ant ha pr .v ,d b g .Ur g]. ,y t lgn , The d rarn. d g nre d th lr :fi ., • bli h d by .Ath n, fi 11tad a11y, .nd quit unp ._ nte· · ey e n e ..· y new cale of ultur, ] j , _r, in hat f:_r ed d dl .P .ib·. . .. of tradttional · oc ati o -,tyranni al, 1 nd ha w, utt dy b y, t1d. th 'd._p,. h .ni, n , ,f u -_ th . t of tu ry .in -e -tn1 n -ry c, U · will requ · d , ,d org niz · .·h ,y and rat r · and , l v ra 1n - £ r it, r, q . :_th · !n fin tru1nen ,g,e11cyonly f. ibl i 01nplex and v ry b o ,d.. ba -~d. p lity. Th Ath ni ,, d ~i .d a new ,.nd ,phi ticat d funding -d l , f pubh .. , fi vat par , · l ip, fo b · · d ama~I · i evall' , o -ur int t in th 11 t 'Wh· h t g.dy and Ath n -ar "'01n 1nn . - _tially entwin idto t w ftnd dram,- in th r p an ial b -i al,vay n t 'that · · 1v diffi , . re le .,m rkJdly from the way it w , funded in , m t if , th , it:r w , p ·e11~~,a an impo t · d du · p h: ,_ .i art by -.r, n of lnd p nd n .T an . d ' · ba 011 whl h d.1 bo ,nn=

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Tragedy;stru :ctur ,e, and fin.anr:e

in the l,ev '-1of opportunity fo.r co1upetitio11,financial ud cultural, .~s ·well as athle ,l - and p,oliti -al, wa , J arly pedal development of the gro\\T' g

ov--r th.e privat ,e w _alth of its dtizens . that Viras. r,equir d to fund the esp"daUy .-omple.xand o tly or.m of drama.. ti -k . and a 1rto11· we·e· both needed. W rnight oo,n...iderby way of bri, f co111p,aris on .ano,ther khor gw ,c ..yst m. )".arian dty o · a had , th · t:ric khor:-gia) and th - ep·gr phic · e. o·-d allows us to say soin~thing about its cha.ra,c:Lr in the HeUenistk .P riod~ Here khor,-•o. i for drama gave fixed um -200 d1~. in th · .-· e ,o,f i 1zen., 100 or metic .. These· sums were mu, h ...mall r tha: tho e reco.rded of th ir Ath nian c u ter ts. The one· go ·. figure . e· ave :fir an Athe ian tr gic khoregiais 3,000 dr.- fift~en tim._s tno :r _ than ,vhat an Iasian khoregosgaiv.e~ And Iasia.n khtn;-goi U gav,e exactly th e sa.me.amount . Thi fixity i . ·•gnificantly dif£ r,ent~ oo. erhap *t had the beneficial ,effe,,t1 e ··en aim) of .- ode .rating ,e ., e si ,e ompetif ve e p - ditu -e . .But o tro1 o that -ort was .r ,ot tolerated in Ath ,n . Rich Athenians could, and perhaps son1_truirns di,d, sp,end thems .ve into, :ipove'.r'tyfor the ,demos••····•,o,r fo:r th,emselve ·, d pending 4 n ,n,e' , ··ewpo·· it. ne might be· tempted to · y ··ha the I ian system appe to b more d _1nocratic than th · Ath nian. The tablish d uniformity ,of financial contribution might s.-e111n1ore-ega]itarian or fair. It neither unpo es more :h -avily upon a· y i di idual .. i ~ en, nor r t' e - · e highe,r tha another. B, t I think i would be wrong to do so. Athenian democratic ideology wa fr from promoti11g uch unifonnity, and operated rather more on a principl f'from each according to his ability, and m -anst-i11cludi11ghis econon1ic m.,eans; and dud' ng too hi r,e ources of chut:ru.m.pf(20CU))j fr.. 11. = Plut. Mor. 349a) . 47 ee · :sbom (forth,c ming) Oli1 th car ·ot · -t o pri.vate fin c ·n' tiative ,' in Attic demes. 1

.PeterWilson

36

37

large size (SOOdr . in a least two known cases)-surprising ., that is, until we realizelha the op,e ~:erging on . b olu ,e expectation, was that their · c ·o of pr ,estigiou 'returu gife once· servedl,. these valuable ,crowns would be immediately :recycledback in deme finance by their automati, generous d .dkation on th part of their .recipi nts ..4,s lh t row ome furthe light on the difference· bet,.,,een deme and ci'y fi1Janoeand so on the distincti.v,eness of the· ~auer>I shall briefly d.isct1ss . an · tdgu.ing do, um,en· rom the outhe·rn Attic de ··e o · Tho i iko . . horikos had a very active and hrn .gh-quaHty theatre culture . It has one of tb oldest known stone theatre ·· an}"vhere>cert inly the oldest in AtJk . And. we know tha trag dy and comed.ywere p·erfmrmed in it in the fifth _entury. The urviving ~ns, r"pf on relating. to the local kho eg ·,c sy tern in Thorikos reveal what is. perhaps our best i]h stration of an entirely carrot--driv n syste1m f theatrical finance·. The relevant document (SEG 3 , 107) is a decree of the d.em-e:)datin from the late fifth or early fourth oentury. This record a ec1s n o modify the local .khoregic stem: 9 1

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( ]ods . Lysippide was de[markh and] put the rn.otion to the vote. [The Thori ]ki,ans d cided· Ti I , pro [po d. thatt we eU/lea ]e thr e klwr,~:gia[i to those] !Villing to giv:e no[.st. ....... ] 6 w r than thr [ee .... ]

vVitb u:tbe .oming, lo tin . the detail of this intriguing .··· scr·ption hlgbligh what is v ry d ari and what was eviden Jy the k,ey featur of Te ea , p~an. . t e tablishes a kind of auction'...-iOr indeed, an actual auction. A11auction of the

IG r · 1200, ·. ixon ; G 4 , O , Halai Araphe -"des. , bo · e· (forthco ·- i · g) for full di u siou. 49 ee Wt I on (2007d) for a detai ,-d d.i.cu• i ,n, Mythanksto Pe .r Rh d .s fi r perroi· •ion to print his ·ugg t,~d l' s.tor tion in I. 6- 7, 4

right to s rve as khoreg;osis to be put up to the highest bidders: µ.u:r,0oaa·?]t -

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Whatever the =precise nature of this p·ro-c.ss, we have her,e a n1od.el of khoregic .elf-app-oin• ent by competiti e oluntari m. Clearly thi aucti ,n ~

system was a very public m ans of harnessing : local pride and zeal iu gett ing po ential khor:egoi to serve. There are a number of :principal p,o· sibilifes for how this might have worked!. In the first case, the su.m-ns offered by khorlloi in thi proces of (auctioning, klwr:-:giai ma ha .•e been the ac ual "Um they then went on to spend on thern. AHerna:tively,the ·ale may repr,esent a tran. a:ction se.parate from the money the khoriegoigo on to pend n their khoregia:i. ]n other words,>what they buy' at auction · .· he righ · to serve o ly~Thls econd mod.efilma ·es the a e e y close or mdeed identical to th familiar practice in the sate of leases. And) as in anrylease, the khoregoiwho, purcha •ed them n1usthave exp,ected.ome sort of quidpro quo ·o offret the co· t of the ] a e. There can be little dl ,ubt what that qujd pro .qm,wou1d ha e bee : the ame tha , we know the lea e-holders ofilie P iraieus theatre rec . i.ved for constructing its wooden seats-namely, a.cut of the tak'ngs at the door. The Thorikians could affio,rd t,o, do this becaus,e, unlike the s··tuatiou in the i ·· before the con truction o the s one theatre of .Dion o , the did not need to reJlin .uish the takings -o the men who built the wood,en theatr .-sea.ting on lease ea.ehyear and who in return took the 1

1

51

Mo ,reove:r recent archaeological study of the ergono1nic de ign of he the tre-seat · · Tho ~o . hows.they ·we e oertainly not built £or

,entrance-charges.

comfort, but capacity. The theatre ,could fit arc und 3,200 peop]e. Had they used the ort of djmen ion four d in other theatre , t:bat would.'b onJy around 2,100 .. That capacity was of sllch overriding ,concern suggests that t" . p1aye I ·d a pa.rt .,52 ._ff . n101t"1va.1on sonu! fina:nc1m A hird interpretation also has i attra ti , ns: the monie r c 1ved in t11is. au i ,n went direcdy to the deme authoritie a a lump . um up-front The khoregia thus consisted m r 1yof this purchase , while th actual business of 1nanaging th _ prod :uction and deploying the 1noney on th. nee . Amry it,ems.

50

am

\'\1biteh ~d (1986b) , 215; Wil o (:W07d ) . ven in the b"ence · fthe v ~rb, the text of lines 4-6 is suffide11tly cl r to e ta.Mib the 1rnture o the propo al. The best parnl ls are a decre from Ai ne! I - 112 2492 1 L 36 o,f. 45-/ B I a de ·rtt from EJeu is, d _ ign,ed · provide income for th,- cul of Her, kl -in-AJui-, by means of th ale on lea o the right · to qaa·:ry tone ~to th highe 't bidder' ("TW •t 1"0 nV fo]!Tolf S ov"T [ J ll. 13~ ): SEG 28 HJ3·, and the w, Uknown poH fa.w o.f33•5/ nc that sought ·to, plllt the fe tival of the ittle Panatihenafa ,on a. m re · -cure fi.nanda footing by leasin,gout the ·ea ~tothe highest b 'dder (?'w ·i ro11[,.\Efo"To~ ·.,66~T,L ll. 9=-10): IG Il 2 ,34 EG rn,· ; Agr,m t9 . 7 (A, B 4 - 50) · cf. SEG 52, 92. 1 •-a1i'io (2007). 51 r Pa]yvou (2001).

39

Tragedy,stn.u:ture,,and'fin,aru:e

R ter Wilson

38

was eparate·fron1 the·act of funding the1n. The kho r~gos:-mon than ever th 1

w

53

·money man~-t -us gets the glo·•y ile th.e p ·-acticalite are left to other · . '\Nbatever the correct interpr _tation of th~ ta11talizingdocoment1 it i.,-dear tha in . oriko .we find no hint o' ticks.>no le,gal,c0 i pul i , ju . · ar otsand int.eresting canots at that. H re, taking on ,ai knoregiaw,as the res:ult of a pubH conte t m g,enerosity. And if illam right itbout the .~ea e-1!.e nature of this arrangeinen.t>it ugge t the further carrot-that thi gen rosity came Nit a s sacred fand, h ·· _ntrance-char,ge,i in fact a fractio:nalrental of a theawithin the lar,ge.r theatrm1. It will have been the n1any metics and visitors from ·ar-flung .Place who ,cont ibuted most. For, at least during a per~odof tbeo ic 1

1

•

1

1

I

1

It is .1 ,ec,essary to begin vrith the question of entrance charges. Thesie too are

a radical nov lty. The novelty remained invi iil.blefor o 1 ng ecause the phenom ,enon confonrns to modern conceptions of theatre as a11 industry. 5.5- Cf. esp.

IG I36 = Clmton 19. Clmton ( 1974), 10-13.

IG13 6 = _linton 19 ---) II 20- 3, [n the 4th cent. the co t of initia ion for an indi,ridua!wa~

53

This interpretation was prompted by a suggestion 11:uadle to me by Richard. Seaford. 4 M,egaloprep'sfie may b a bet er w rid , or the d' !itinctfon ,. e , borne {forthco · in,g); and see fur ther Jame on {19.82)~73=4· Vvhitehead(1986a} 158; Osborne ( l9 8).

around l 5, dr.: JG U2 1672- 3. 57 On a11this ee esp. Csapo (20 7). 100- · Wil on ( '008) 1 110-H. s.8 Ka sel and u -tin date Ei-·tophanes1 Phoinissffito fte · 412 . ~ other- pre er a d te after 409 oc~a the pres-umed date of · uripides) Phoini.ssae..

TI-agedy, strncture,,and_fin,ance

Pete;-Wilso,1

40 distributions,

citizen -a nd ,citizens . allon~could

have the cost of their

59

attendance pr,e-inibursed through deme office . This brings us to theoric dlistribut.i.onthem.selves.This is) noto:riously, one of the me ie t issn,es in Athenian public finano ~ . b re is one impor ant qr estion that is strictly ULnansw ,erabID on current videnoe, and that has dom ' ated di cu ion: t what date did tb.eoric dist{butions begin? Was.i , in the era ar1dby the motion of P,erH insoluble. And it is important-since} . as David Ca ter has rece dy o ed,. his h become . point at iss ,e arou d ·,,he qr. stion of d m.ocrafc \1Lccessibility~ of the theatre, esp dally for thos ,e who wish to see the theatre a· a site o.f democratic education. \.Vhatif there wa· a 11 1

1

1

I

1

--

financial lbarrierto .attendance? l 'WhHeit is true that the e idence o, Plutan:h Per.9'.1) alo e i far from •COJ1dus[v . for a Periklean dat -, reputable figures such as Theopom.pos or Philokhoros. have long been thought to lie behind his ac