West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native: And a Vindication of the African Race [Repr. 2011 ed.] 9781108028592, 9780511983146

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C a m b r i d g e L i b r a r y C o ll e c t i o n Books of enduring scholarly value

Slavery and Abolition The books reissued in this series include accounts of historical events and movements by eye-witnesses and contemporaries, as well as landmark studies that assembled significant source materials or developed new historiographical methods. The series includes work in social, political and military history on a wide range of periods and regions, giving modern scholars ready access to influential publications of the past.

West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native This book, first published in 1868, became the best-known work of medical officer and writer James Africanus Beale Horton (1835–1883), who was born in Sierra Leone to parents of Igbo descent. He was chosen by the British to train as an army medical officer and attended King’s College, London, and Edinburgh University. He returned to West Africa and published his doctoral thesis, which was a medical topography of the region; subsequent works called for health reforms. West African Countries, however, went beyond medicine. In it Horton refutes the derogatory racial theories about Africans rife in Victorian Britain and its empire, and he examines the possibility of self-government and how it might function in Sierra Leone and other territories in West Africa, foreshadowing the decolonisation that took place almost one hundred years later.

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Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing of out-of-print titles from its own backlist, producing digital reprints of books that are still sought after by scholars and students but could not be reprinted economically using traditional technology. The Cambridge Library Collection extends this activity to a wider range of books which are still of importance to researchers and professionals, either for the source material they contain, or as landmarks in the history of their academic discipline. Drawing from the world-renowned collections in the Cambridge University Library, and guided by the advice of experts in each subject area, Cambridge University Press is using state-of-the-art scanning machines in its own Printing House to capture the content of each book selected for inclusion. The files are processed to give a consistently clear, crisp image, and the books finished to the high quality standard for which the Press is recognised around the world. The latest print-on-demand technology ensures that the books will remain available indefinitely, and that orders for single or multiple copies can quickly be supplied. The Cambridge Library Collection will bring back to life books of enduring scholarly value (including out-of-copyright works originally issued by other publishers) across a wide range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences and in science and technology.

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West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native And a Vindication of the African Race Ja m e s Africanus Beale Horton

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C a m b r id g e U nive r si t y P r ess Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paolo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108028592 © in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2011 This edition first published 1868 This digitally printed version 2011 ISBN 978-1-108-02859-2 Paperback This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated. Cambridge University Press wishes to make clear that the book, unless originally published by Cambridge, is not being republished by, in association or collaboration with, or with the endorsement or approval of, the original publisher or its successors in title.

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iii

P R E F A C E .

g l o b e ,

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is

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iv

P R E F A C E .

for

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V

P R E F A C E .

a n d

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vi

P R E F A C E .

u n d e r g o a f t e r o f

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P R E F A C E .

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P A R T

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W F S T

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national communities

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as

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should

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communities, cases

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entirety,

fixed

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species

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implicit,

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fantastic

b u t

nationalities

political

of

w h i c h

in

is

truly

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the

p r e s e n t

b a r b a r o u s ;

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as

t h e

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cases

c o m m u n i t y ;

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physical

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with

essential

political

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W h a t ,

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civilised

different

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in m a n y

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efficient

C o m m o n s .

t o

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it

Africa,

a n d

d u e

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those

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there

Africa

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these

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innumerable

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w h i c h

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determined into

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G o v e r n m e n t ,

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E x a m i n i n g

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Africa,

of

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of

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b e e n

F r a n c e

t y p e

cultivated,

has

a

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in

t h e

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t h a t

social being, a n d

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in

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s u p r e m e

D a h o m e y m e n t

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a n d

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G o v e r n m e n t s , t o

possessing

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of

w e

C O U N T R I E S .

f o r m e d

C o m m i t t e e

communities

established

for

b e

civilised

of

political

African

independence;

m i g h t

supervision

A F K I C A N

the

C o a s t

a n d

t h e

in

a

f o r m s

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?

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of

T h e

g o v e r n m e n t

t w o

principal

republican.

c o m m u n i t y

vested

different

w e

single

observe

the

individual,

r e c o g n i t i o n variously

of

called

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b y

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t h e

eldest

tact, courage,

B u t a n d

m e n

w h o

a n d

a n d

strength in

H i s t o r y of t h e R o m a n s u n d e r t h e E m p i r e ,

s o m e

h e a d

of

m e n

g o a d e d

a

of

in

h u m a n n o t

of

g r e a t

together

r e p u t a t i o n vigorous

descent

a n d

differs w h o m

b u t of

t h e wives

themselves

war,

ii. p .

of

T h e

t o

chief,

s h o w n

t i m e of

for

experience,

plurality

Yol.

a n d

c o m m u n i -

multitude.

t h e

the

w h o

fetish

individual

have

in

are

their

of t h e

b y

a

t h e m

despotism

hereditary

for

or

m a t t e r s

from

son

a n d

m o n a r c h y

a g e n c y

assemble

the

w h i c h

for

t h a t

their

I n

will

this

a n d

p o w e r

advice

countries ;

t h i s is a c c o u n t e d

maintains.

of

deportment,

decide

civilised

being,

s a g e

t o

liberty

w h o

spiritual

aged,

t h a t

ceremonies,

their

a

t h e

races,

limited

a n d

n a t i o n the

a

the

tribes

government.'

find

tribes

nations.

w h o l e

w i s d o m ,

a

a n d

to

the

autocrat.'

w e

p o w e r s

using

subject

counsels

b a c k e d

a n d

in

caboceers

h a v e

p r o p e r t y ,

O w o o s o o k o r k o r ,

the

rites

of

unintelligible;

devotions,

those

t o

civilised

cases the

sober

s u p p o s e

are

c o m p r e h e n d e d

A m o n g

those

a p p l y

of

are

an

t h e

as

well

n o t

closely

all

t h e m -

despotisms

as

communities very

p l e d g e

a n d

n a m e s

of

basileus^

Asiatic

a n d

their

supernatural

of

the

s u c h

of

Of

m a y

the

men,

infinitesmal

t h e y

w o r l d

in

w h i c h

terms.

of

b o s o m

resembles

life

neighbours,

all

native

in

w e

t h e m

in the

w h o

subjects.

T o

warrior,

lay

n a m e

over

immemorial

their

3

such

o w n

c o m m a n d e d

laws

implicitly

with

their

always

successful

d e m o c r a c y ,

religious

cating

b y

c e n t r e d

G e z o ,

a

w i t h

medicine

t u r n

g o v e r n m e n t

almost

easily

in are

other

s t a n d

believe

in their

a b a n d o n e d .

a

others

b y

s p e a k i n g

a n d

of

p o w e r

w h e n

' foundation

t h e

basileus,

Merivale,*

a n d

A m o n g

these

autocrats

sympathies

M a h b a h ,

h e a d m e n ,

implicit

d r e a d

t h e

of

these

i n v o k e d

desperate

in

apply

b y

b e e n

equality,

of

G O V E R N M E N T .

w e

n u m b e r

h a v e

held

O F

w h i c h

S o m e

acquiesced

h a v e

their

are

t o

a

will.

g o v e r n e d

l a n g u a g e

t h e y

b y

his

are

' t h e y

b u t

d o

therefore

w h o

tribes,

F O R M S

a l t h o u g h

141. B

2

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4

W E S T

t h e y

m i g h t

a r r o g a t e create the

have

t o

b e e n

G o l d

N o t

originally

themselves

themselves

A F R I C A N

such

chiefs

C O U N T R I E S .

slaves,

m a y

p r e d o m i n a n t

(such

as

the

in

time

influence,

present

of

t h a t

K i n g

of

p e a c e

t h e y

s o o n

D e n k e r a

o n

Coast).

b e i n g

acquainted

w i t h

letters,

t h e y

h a v e

n o

history,

a n d

are

a b s o l u t e l y i g n o r a n t of e v e n t s for a n y l o n g p e r i o d b e y o n d t h e m e m o r y their h e a d m e n ;

successive

t h e y

like

pass

other

a w a y

trace

behind

circumstances their

the

generation

legendary

tales,

of

deeds

w o n d e r

w h i c h

forms

transmitted i n g

the

a n y t h i n g

cient ;

other

P r o p e r possess b e

m e a n s

b r o u g h t

causes,

m i g h t

m a d e

b e

laws

s h o w n n o

or

n o

legal

T h e r e

t h e m .

the

B y

form

society

intercourses.

a n y t o

w o u l d

r a n k

intrude

ters,

a n d

entirely

a

of

A the to

imperial

entirely

coffers

t o

old

a r e

t h e m

b e

k n o w -

feeble

the

circle,

a n d

c a n

N o t

i m p o t e n t

of

a n d

;

n o

n o

a n d

a n d

ineffi-

h e a d

wives

whilst

the

all

t h e

t h u s

relations;

d o m e s t i c

in

anecdote,

highest,

principle

for

contemplated,

of is

t h e

a g e s

p o w e r s .

S o m e

exercise

of

possess

international

history in

a m o n g s t its

con-

recesses

a

speech,

or

c o m m o n

or

of

insignificant

g r a n d e e s

uncertain

o r

r e m a r k ,

people,

t o o

there

of

h a v e

private

t o w n s an

t h e y

a n d

of

w h i c h

its

only

c a n

m a k i n g

either

considered

concerns

revenue

in the

principle

a n y

t h e y

determination

administration;

generalized

a n

p r o p e r

a n d

t h e m ;

profitable

L e g i s l a t u r e

ones,

of

t o

established

executive

w h o

' t h o u g h t s

u n k n o w n

which

chiefs,

antiquity,

position.

never

t h e

s o m e

of

descriptive

another.'

domestic

condition

relation

b y

in

distant

n a r r a t i o n

& c ,

G o v e r n m e n t s

continuous

fact,

to

organization

absence is

a g e

their

is

n o

their

n o

curiosity

oral

u n d a t e d

lost;

leaving

s o m e

the

traditions, a n d

one

satisfy

giving

w h i c h

t h e

guide

m u t u a l

illustrate

u p o n

thrones

g o v e r n e d

or

subordinate

a

a n d

a

habitual

in

in the

entire

elements

w h i c h

a

a n

stituent

b y

consequently,

status,

them

t h e m

v a g u e

classes

imperial

alteration

is

the

military

w h i c h

and, to

T h e y

d e g r a d e d

their

p h a n t a s m a g o r i a ,

place.

a n d

science

i m p r o v e m e n t

p r o p e r

law.

b y

into

political

n e w

a

sight are for ever

of

arts,

positions

of

recollection

channel

h i g h e r

o c c u p y

a

uncertain

c o u n t r y

legislative

n o

a n

o u t

d r e a m y

m y t h s ,

their

the

in

a m o n g

useful

a n d

i m p o r t a n t

w o m e n

at

the

a m o n g s t

o c c u p y

heroic

one

of

unenterprising,

a g e d

only

from

a

t a k e n

the

of

of

t h a n

h a d

b y

once

spectres

t h e m

t h a t

events

of

a n d

are rule

minis-

w h i c h

are

over

t h e

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universite de Montreal, on 03 Jul 2021 at 01:14:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511983146.002

G E N E R A L

C H A R A C T E R

i n h a b i t a n t s — w h o t h a n b u t

a

political

others

their

B a k a l a i

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first

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s o m e t i m e s or

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W i t h observe

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T h e y

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N o t

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is

nature,

of

severe

h a n d s

a n d

is

clubs,

t o

surprise

m a n u f a c t u r e s w a r - c l u b s

of

a

few

they

shift

p o v e r t y

w e

of

a

several

with civilised

nations,

shells,

a

a n d

h a r d

in

m a n y

placed

liquor

as

except

kept

for

themselves

with

the

b y

arrows,

the

r u d e p e r -

clapping or

a

several

g y m n a s i u m ,

enemy.

for

outer-

a n d

s t r a w

been

nature.

h a r d

scanty,

a n d

s h a r p e n e d

b a r b a r o u s

bystanders,

their

for

cultivation

p a n t o m i m i c

b o w

w h e r e

a n d

accompanied

with

a n d

potato,

very

a m u s e

a

cereals,

plaited

the

remain

distant.

fibre

they

of

they

t u r n ;

of

of

it h a s

w i t h

in

remain

large

after

athletic feet,

cases) his

of

m a k e ,

species

intoxicating

recitations

warfare

i m p l e m e n t s ;

dress

n o

fermentation;

s o m e

the

piece

k n o w

of

always

from

t h e y

localities

t h e

connexion

fruit

everything

propensity

sweet

consequently

Their

they

miles

of

b o r n e

to

I n

various

g r e a t

B a k a l a i

a b a n d o n e d

in

for

provisions

i g n o r a n c e

y a m s ,

consist

m a t s

T h e y

of

plant

in

of

place.'

t w o

A

T h e n

occasionally

or

their

n o t

distances,

consist

they

have

natural

state

b y

place.

stores

will

s a m e

p u m p k i n s ,

dramatic

on

to

primitive

p r o d u c t

the

in the

occupation

of

consisting

hands, a n d

a n d

5

distinguished

m o v e .

g r e a t

t h o u g h

a b o u t

b a m b o o .

u n d e r g o

few

w h i c h

instruments

consists

t o

for

t o

their

iron

the

w h a t

often

times

fruits.

covering.

f o r m e d

in

caused

plantations

at

casada,

the

wine,

h o u r s

the

society

one

speculations

baskets

of

in

commercial

this

r u d e

m a k e

frontal

of

particularly

impelled

u p

more,

g r o u n d ,

edible

or

T h e y

R A C E .

n o m a d i c

political

long

the

feel

a n o t h e r

agricultural

sticks,

father

principally

stay

m o n t h s ,

even

to

squash,

of

their

a

are

is

settlement,

few

yielding

plot

sorts

a

out

place

never

off,

n e w

a n d

carry

one

besides

a

this

g a t h e r

start

after

b u t

small

a

are

into

example,

they

they

a n d

pains,

year

P R I M I T I V E

as

t h e m

built—often

t i m e — w h e n

infinite

of

a n d

' T h e y

scarcely

have,

years,

for

character,

a b a n d o n e d ;

m a y

s o m e

m o r e

themselves

tribe,

death.

village t h e

h e a d ;

T H E

order.

roving

fear

r e g a r d e d

constitute

primitive T h e

are

O F

of

musicians. a n d

E a c h

himself

his

a n d

h e a v y

stones, warrior w e a p o n s w o o d ,

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6

W E S T

w r o u g h t a n d

o r n a m e n t e d

polished

w h i c h the

a n d ;

serve

fell l a r g e

a n d

w i t h

a r r o w s

cutting

trees

e x t r e m e

b y

b y

C O U N T R I E S .

g r e a t

pointed

with

instruments.

the

occurrence

fire,

a n d

in

i n g e n u i t y ;

such

m a n u f a c t u r e ore

on

c o m e

with

a

some

r e m a r k a b l e

things

exhibit

malleable,

heating

cool

a n d of

iron

quality

b r o u g h t

d o w n ,

' they

p u t

t o

the

ore is

at

last

w h i c h

is Of

being

g r e a t

A m o n g

tribes

civilization labours

t o

at

fibre

cloth,

tion,

a n d

a n d

s o m e

dexterity

of

forms

a n

the

idea

A b e o k u t a .

it

observe p r o p e r

t h a t

as

m u c h ;

prized, a n d

themselves

strengthening the

t h e

m e d i u m

possess

a

k n o w l e d g e articles

of

is

c o n it

t e m p e r

is a n d

series

of

superior

the

t r a d e

a n d

knives, fetishes,

others

m a k e

v e r y

warlike,

fierce,

a n d

the

domestic

o n w a r d is

for

w e a v e

step

of

b y

b y

which

t h e y

implements,

k i n d

a p p a r e l

t h e

s u p p o r t e d

useful a

in

of

a n d

cotton

for

o r

e x p o r t a -

E u r o p e a n s ,

for

t h e

a

particular

r o u g h

k i n d

( B a n d y

of

c o m m e r c e

in W e s t e r n

Africa.

in

large

a n d

p o p u l o u s

p o w e r s

of

(Cromantees),

c o m m e r c e , of

t h e n

their

c h a r m s

a n d

w o o d ,

up,

very

m a k e

t h e

w h e n

t h a n

p r o d u c e

even

their

F a n t e e s

of

t h e y

s o m e

wearing

collect

as

of

tedious a

t h e

at

w o o d

out

their

the

t h e y

m e d i u m

S o m e ,

pile

fluid,

better

e x c h a n g e

i m p o r t a n t

of

t u r n

o u t

T o

m o s t

in

G a b o o n ,

b r o k e n

agriculture

season, t o

e m p l o y is

ore

energetic,

m a d e

l u x u r i e s ;

forms

a n d

very

t h e

h u g e

cannibals,

h a v e

w o r k m a n s h i p

inhabitants

trinkets

a n d

ingenuity.

markets,

they

of

the

w e

r u d e

w h i c h

a n d w h o

the

E u r o p e a n

g o o d s ,

b y

c o u r a g e

those

of

regular

enemies,

a

this

disagreeable

a n d

of

t h e y

rudeness

w h o l e ;

m u c h

are

g o l d

n u m b e r

e v e n t s ;

of

b e c o m e s

t h e y

s o m e

with

bones^

ingenuity

obtained.

t h r o u g h

E u r o p e .

swords.

the

a n d believe in w i t c h c r a f t ;

T h e

the

c r o p p i n g a

of

reverence

possessing

a n d

fire

iron

it

till

from

' build

until the cast

steel,'

out

apply

it

a n d

t h e y

T h e y

cloth)

s h a p e d

sharp

great

interior

quantity,

q u a n t i t y

a n d

into

a n d

country,

iron,

h a m m e r i n g s ,

article

a r r o w h e a d s ,

their

t h e

t h r o w n

m a k e

c o t t o n

b y

considerable

considerable

wood,'

t o

it

I n

in

allowed

b r i n g

or

r e c k o n

s h o w

considerable

m o r e

b e i n g

Fans,

iron.

obtain

this

tinually

the

f o u n d

T o

h e a p

as

of

is

surface.

career

shells,

b o w s

T h e y of

all

flints,

his

simplicity.

S o m e ,

iron

his

as

' m o o n , '

A F R I C A N

m e a n s

are of

fully

defence, in

I n

as

w h o s e

a w a r e

w o r k i n g

i m p o r t a n c e .

t o w n s ,

it

of

w a r

region

its

into

in

value, various

t h e y

h a v e

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T H E I R

« o m e

k n o w l e d g e

tactics

in

•carries his they

is

o w n

provisions,

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Beene

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t h e

l a n g u a g e s

of

t h e

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the

g r a s s

as

far

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reflected p i l l a r s

o b s e r v e d

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o n

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e y e s

s m o k e

h o v e r i n g

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r e n d e r e d

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i n

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a n d

with

t h e y a n d

L e o n e s u m m e r

u n d e r w o o d ,

difficulty

a n d

M u n g o

n i g h t

I

c o u l d w i t h

a p p e a r

a t t e m p t

a n d t o

s w e e t

are

p e n e -

guttural,

P a r k ,

d i r e c t i o n ,

a n d

a

other parts there

conflagration,

a

of

A m o n g

is b u r i e d

the

grass

h e a v e n s

w h i c h

a n d

chiefs

war.

a n d

a

h o p e

enemies,

v a r i e g a t e d

e v e r y

b y

g r e a t

in m a n y

h a r s h

t h e

r e a c h , t h e

of

a n d

in

s a y s

the

N o r t h - W e s t e r n

a n d

are

of

m a d e

r o u n d

o t h e r

s o o n

m i d d l e c o u l d

the B u t

M a n d i n g o , '

t h e

t h e

lizards, a n d

b u r n i n g

i n

the

a c c u s t o m e d

m a n ,

tribes

of

G a m b i a

are

in

slavery,

the

welcome.

degree.

t o

in

b y

a n d

n o t

satiated,

in

successful

h o m e

c o n s u m e

the

a

pursuits,

of

thus

from

last

inhabitants

a n d

g r a n d e u r .

s n a k e s ,

a n n u a l

• c o u n t r y

the

o n

b o d y

it,

first

h o n o u r a b l e

their

w a s h

glory,

their

q u a d r u p e d s .

the

l i g h t

w e r e

praise, of

from

well

its

larger

terrific

t h e

t o

his

their

t e r m i n a t e d

trophies

in w a r

return

impenetrable

b u r n i n g

u p o n

t h e y

forests,

the

p r e y

b o d y ,

appreciable

the bush,

m o u n t a i n s ,

a n d

as

poles

c o u n t r y an open a p p e a r a n c e . *

of

*

a n

D a h o m e y ) ,

giving

S o m e

t o

Africa,

to

o n

held

m o s t

g o a n d

received

are

h e a d s

to

g u n s

b e e n

are

it

l a n d ;

children

has

are

carry T h e

the

p a r t

the

t h e y

concealed

of

former

as

spot,

s o n g s a

t h e

warrior

the

in

a n d

a t t a c k

children

revenge.

escorted

also

these

Central (as

a n d

in

a n d

is killed

If

w o m e n

their

chieftain

furious

attractive

w a r

the

of

e m p l o y

if

chief

e x h u m e

territorial

of

a n d

carried

m a r k e d they

lives

for

v e r y

passion

m e n

b y

in

each

p r o d u c t i o n

T h e y

them,

point

surprise;

the

are

a n d

the

men,

or

are

w h e n

a n d

r e t u r n

for

b y

g r e a t

allowed

a n d

consider

plunder,

Ashantees,

selected

T h e y

the

country.

prisoners,

the

of

are

before

w i v e s ;

horrible

b u t

impulsive

instances

c o n q u e s t

consisting

one

this

b u t

enemies

swords,

every

circles

in s o m e

their

enemies'

a n d

After

w o m e n

t a k e

t h e

cutlasses

e x c e p t e d .

t o

7

T A C T I C S .

battles,

commissariat,

p o w d e r ,

t h e

pitched

w a r

possess

o u t

of

W A R

such

' e x h i b i t s

see

t h e

l i n e s

i n

a

w h i l e

p l a i n s

of

t h e

v e r d u r e ,

; I n

b i r d s

p o u n c i n g e s c a p e

fire

blaze. t h e

a

of

d o w n flames.

a n d

t h e

p l e a s a n t /

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8

W E S T

a s

the

Jollofs

M a n d i n g o , as

the

m o s t

as

a n d

a

coin,

is

Calabar,

iron

p e r s o n s ;

a

individual

t h e

inside

parts.

slaves

a

of

;

m i g h t

fowl,

is

t o

c o m m o n stitious years

slaves. ideas

u n d e r

b a c k

with

c u s t o m s

selves ing

spirits,

are the

with

been

the

tarily

such

of

of

at

t o

reverential

w h o

transfer b y

h u m a n

dignity

s a m e

purpose,

t h a t

cherish

supernatural a w e .

m a d e

s o m e

G o l d

Coast,

I n

those

progress, these

time

as

a n d of

a

places

feet,

w h e r e

it

after

t w a

o n

b y

s o m e

of

the

are

the

in

been

s u c h

t h e y

people for

always

religion

t o

a n d

in

the

seacoast

t o w n s

devotees

are

r e g a r d e d

with

of

l o o k

p o w e r s

c a r r y

of are

of

t h e m -

u n d o u b t l a n g u a g e involun-

those

p r e -

t h e m

k n o w l e d g e

h a t r e d

w i t h

fortune

hold

a

t h e

l e a g u e

s u c h

s t r e n g t h

veneration

for

h e a t h e n i s h

g o o d

action,

t h e

countries

p r e t e n d e r s

a n d

t h e

s u p e r -

supernatural

h a v e

these

a n d

h a v e

semi-savage

such

in

the

re-agents,

devotees

t o

a n d

c o n d e m n s

t h e y

w e a k - m i n d e d

k n o w l e d g e ,

split into

w i v e s ;

d o m i n a t e d

l o o k

d e e p

o r

inspecting

s u p p o s e d

the

or

evincing

these

cause

m o t h e r

t h e m

one

fate ;

is

h a r m l e s s

b y

a n d

tribes

ceremonies.

t h e

does

civilising

religious

every

he

A l -

these

m a n y

find

places,

b a c k b o n e , it c o n v i c t s

these

t o

B a s s a ,

d e n o t e

fear

I n

the

the

to

a n d

t h a t

striking

compelled

tensions

veneration

C a s a -

t o

even

a n d

of

killed

accuses

t h a t

of

rites a n d

t o

w i n g

entirely

t e a c h i n g

t h e

F a n t e e ,

s o m e

death

' this

shank

so

c o u n t r y

r e c o g n i z e d w e b

e n e r g y

are

the

has

the

fatherland.

believe

confidence,

a n d

of

their

disembodied

w e a v i n g

their

sort

of

they

of

Christian

a

inhabitants

t h a t

S o m e

in

s u m m o n e d

it

in

a n d

B o n n y

barter.

the

c o n c u b i n e s ;

in

of

a n d

the

shell

article

h i m ;

tail,

cowrie

principal

in the

thighs,

cloth;

s t a t e

N i g e r ;

S e n e g a l

is

native

s o m e

k i n s m e n ;

in

places

civilization,

a b o u t

p r o p e n s i t y

their

the

thfc

palatal,

in

t r e a c h e r y in children or g r a n d m o t h e r ;

a n d

are

g o l d ;

lead

w h i c h

or blemish

t o

superstitious

b e w i t c h e d

mystic

in

as

S o o s o o ,

of

various

a g a i n

m a n y

handy

t h e

d e g r e e

in

mellowy,

t r a d i n g

tribe;

A c c r a

a n d

sorcerer

has

Blackness

called

form

a n d

chief

w h o a

the

s o m e

professed

t h e

t h e m

A s h a n t e e ,

to

of

in cloth,

witchcraft

sickness

t o

T h e

every

G a m b i a

domestic

T h e

a m o n g

a n d

others

D a h o m e y .

b a r ;

however,

in

a n d

soft

a n d

from

Apollonia,

i n d u l g e

are

m e d i u m — a s

A b a n t a ,

a d v a n c e d

others

u n k n o w n

n a t i v e - m a d e

t h o u g h

C O U N T R I E S .

F a n t e e ;

developed

prevailing

m a n g s ,

a n d

A w o o n a h ,

extensively

t h e

C a l a b a r s ;

T e m i n e m e h ,

A c c r a ,

m o n e y , is

a n d

A F R I C A N

in

h a v e

p a r t

of

t h e

a n d

h o r r o r ,

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universite de Montreal, on 03 Jul 2021 at 01:14:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511983146.002

G E N E R A L

b u t

in those

t h e y

are

p a r t s

w h e r e s o e v e r

t h e y

P o l y g a m y afford

i t ;

p a r e n t

tribes

hearted,

subject

others,

such

as

are

o b l i g i n g ;

in

tionate

t o

each

w i t h

c o m p a n i o n , !

*

a

' T h e

s i o n

of

F a n

j o l l i t y .

f a t h e r

p r i c e

if

t h e

p r o s p e c t ,

t h e

l a y i n g

g r e a t

i n

w i n e .

T h e y

t o

t h e

f e e d

t h e

w h o l e

p u b l i c h a s

a

s t o r e s

e n g a g e

l o v e t h e

of

h u n t e r s

a s s e m b l e s ,

it

w e r e ,

a l r e a d y

t o

if

needs

cases

a n d

a s

u p

t h e

e x p e c t e d

h a n d s

h i s c a n ,

W h e n

t o

a

d a y s

c e r e m o n y , t o

p r i c e . ' — ' A d v e n t u r e s

a r e

m e a l

t o

their

a n

o c c a -

a n d

t h e o n

w e d d i n g

is

a n d

b u t

all

a i n

o b t a i n i n g

m e a t

h e r

i n

a n d

p u t t i n g

W h e n

a

affec-

a c c u m u l a t e

c o m e .

d a u g h t e r

o p e n whilst

w i f e ,

i n

e l e p h a n t a n d

the

last

b u t

h e

a n y h i s

r u d e , b u y

s u p p l y ,

of

W e s t e r n

tyrannical

m a n y

few

a n d

their

a s

s m o k e d

in

kind,

t o

.

a

sociable,

h a s

.

in

first

exercising

w e l l .

or

at

N i g e r ;

of

share

v e r y

can

father

S o m e

tribes

are

w h o

a n d

the

faithful,

s p e n d

w i t h o u t

h e r

expelled

plain a n d

p o w e r

t h e y

a r d e n t .

a r e

a n d

w h o

generous,

' a r e

c h i e f l y

of

be,

h u s b a n d

c o u p l e

are

a rule, the

v e r y

f a t h e r

p a i d

A s

harmless,

k e e p

w h o

t h e

h a p p y

h i m

p r o v i s i o n ,

t o w n

a

b a n k s

strangers,

t h e

h a p p y

n u m b e r s

the

w i t h

is

attained,

the

slave.*

temper, b u t

C h a i l h i ,

c o u r s e

g r e a t

a s

D u

b a r g a i n

of

domestic

of

would,

s a y s

m a n ' s

f r i e n d s

g e n e r a l l y

p a g e T

sale,

gusts

in m a n y

O f

m a k e s

a

honest,

b u t

w h i c h

fondling,

passions.

a n d

b y

a n d

t o

is

p o p u l a t i o n

attention

h a v e

other,

the

daughter,

Y o r u b a s ,

cases

all

t h e

a l o n g

m a r r i a g e s , '

g r e a t

s h r e w d g o o d

s o m e

i m p o s t o r s ,

contract,

of

hospitable

k n o w l e d g e

for

state

their

of

a m o n g of

of

of

pretensions.

E g b o e s ,

over

v e r y

light

a m o u n t

to violent

the

c o m m a n d

A f r i c a

the

degree

their

sort

deal

the

as

a

certain

into

such

true

c o m m o n

g r e a t

sinks

are

strict

a

higher

with

is

a

a

the

very

m a r r i a g e

w i t h

m o n t h s

in

c o m e

is

receives

m e e t s

w h e r e

r e g a r d e d

9

C H A R A C T E R — P O L Y G A M Y .

a n d p a l m

e n o u g h

is

r e a d y ,

m e r e l y

a s

h u s b a n d ,

E q u a t o r i a l

a

w h o

A f r i c a ^

8 6 . L a w r e n c e ,

s a y s

:

' M a n y

n e s s

of

a n d

a n

i n

h i s

of

h e a r t ,

a

L e c t u r e s

t h e

d a r k

f r i e n d l y

o b s e r v a n c e

f r o m

w h i c h

w i t h

a d v a n t a g e .

of

n a t i o n s

a n d

t h e

of

a

i n

t h e

R o y a l

l i t t l e

t h e

a c c o r d i n g

k n o w l e d g e

n a t u r a l

C o l l e g e

civilised,

d i s p o s i t i o n ,

h o n o u r ,

a d v a n c e d p o s s e s s

i n

a l t h o u g h

g e n e r o u s

p o i n t

m o r e

T h e y

d e l i v e r e d

r a c e s ,

g r e a t e s t t o

m i g h t

g o o d n e s s

of

of

S u r g e o n s ,

d i s p l a y

a n

o p e n -

h o s p i t a l i t y ,

t h e i r

o w n

n o t i o n s ,

o f t e n

t a k e

a

h e a r t

a n d

l e s s o n

w a r m t h

of

affection.' ' T h e

n e g r o e s , '

h u m a n e ,

o b l i g i n g ,

e s t i m a b l e

t o

t h e

l a b o r i o u s

m a l t r e a t e d a n d

t h e i r i n

f e e l i n g s

A c c o r d i n g c h o l y ,

f o r

w h i c h ,

' T h e

t h e

a n d

s i m p l i c i t y

t e n d e r n e s s v i r t u e

s a y s A d a m s o n ,

t h e y

o u r of

h o s p i t a b l e ,

of

d o m e s t i c

p a r e n t s , d a y s ,

t h e

a r e

s a t i s f a c t i o n

i n

t o o

t h e i r

t h e y

g r e a t l i t t l e

s a y s

f r i e n d s

c o n t e n t e d ,

t o

m a n n e r s .

w h i c h

s l o t h f u l ,

of

a n d

a n d

is

n e g r o e s , '

m a n n e r o r

i n h i s v i s i t

a

1 7 5 4 ,

h a v e

g e n e r a l l y

T h e y

a r e

r e s p e c t

F r e n c h

t h e y o r

is

i n

f o r

' a r e

s o c i a b l e ,

p r e s e r v e d

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

t h e

a g e d ;

a

a n

b y

i n -

t h e i r

p a t r i a r c h a l

k n o w n . '

j o y o u s ,

m i n d

S e n e g a l

a r e

w r i t e r ,

t r e a t e d

e n e m i e s . a n d

t h e y

W h e n

r e a d y

p a i n t e d

' a r e

i n

f o r t h e i r

e x t r e m e l y a r e w e l l

e v e r y

g a y f e d

o r

a c u t e . m e l a n -

a n d

n o t

e n g a g e m e n t ,

c o u n t e n a n c e .

O f

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1 0

W E S T

slaves. will

M a n y

never

injury

t h e y

is a t

the

them,

forget

d o n e

a n d

of

the

g r e a t of

p a r e n t s

are

required

t o

at

marriage.

only his

property,

wives.

a

of

g r o v e s

thick

S o m e tree, o n

the

the

the

destroys

T h e t o

plates, spoons

b e n t

of

their

T h e

male

c a n n o t T h e

m e n

for

their

several s p o r t

b e n e f i t s i n j u r e

w h i c h m e n t .

t h e y

t r i b u t e

w i l l

n o t

a r e

f r i e n d s ,

a m o n g

c o m p a s s i o n

t o

t h e t h e

o u t

resisting t h e

selling, D i v o r c e

d o w r y

s o m e

r u d e

h e r

g i v e n

cases

the

their

n u m b e r

m o s q u e s

others

their

for

resort

of t h e

t o

they

d a r k

a r e

a

b o l d l y

of

wrestling,

tribes

they

e x t r e m e l y h a t r e d .

m a s t e r , e x e c u t e

t o

n e c e s s i t o u s , i n d i g e n t . ' — *

Hist,

a n d

T h e

w i t h o u t des

is

n o

v e r y

a n d

l i t t l e

a n y

t h e y

o t h e r

A n t i l l e s , '

w h i c h v o g u e .

m o s t t h e y

a n d

r u n n i n g

z e a l

a r d e n t

t h o s e w h e n

of

w h o t h e y

h a z a r d o u s , a n d

l o v e t h e y

t h a n

;

for

stockades

h a n d ,

p o s s e s s

tribes

practise

h o w e v e r

t h e i r

liking

u n b o u n d e d .

a g a i n s t

m o t i v e p .

in

is

t h e

continent.

is

of

o t h e r

a n

follow

p r o f o u n d

large

office,

c u t

C o a s t

continence,

b o x i n g ,

h a v e

t o

s o m e ;

t h e

G o l d

slavery

d e m o n s t r a t e

a f f e c t i o n a t e ,

c o u n t r y m e n .

O n

t h e r e

the

character

s e n s i b l e ,

a n d

tolerably

build

easily

w o o d .

m o t h e r

of

p o w e r -

u t e n s i l s —

land,

from

for

a

the

tree,

water,

the

are

t h e

iu the

of

restraint

s h o w

a m u s e m e n t

m o r t a l a

n o

t h o s e

m a h o g a n y

of

domestic

n o t

trait

as

as

cotton-

b u r n ;

the

of

r e m a r k a b l e

affection

s o m e

t h e y

t o

p a r t s

d o

silk

cooking

kinds

other

the

of

clay

or

w h e r e

the

action

r u d e

little

such

I n

the

of

the

the

w i t h

chief

of

of

effects

different

m e a n s

the

n a t u r a l l y a n d

canoes

countries,

wives

is a

b e a r

a f f e c t i o n

T h e y

c h i l d r e n ,

b u t

g a m e s ,

t h e y

a n

or

b y

a n

herself,

afterwards

s o m e

places

p a r t

a b u s e s

in

m a n y

exercise.

t h e m

in

n o

in

so

forms

a n d

c o n t r a c t

b y

cleanliness

a n d

in

circle.

in

t r u n k

a n d

m o u l d

from

t h e

out

d i s h e s — f r o m

allowed

are

athletic

have

from

with

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1 2

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P r e s i d e n t

s e l e c t e d h i m

c o n s e q u e n c e

G o v e r n m e n t

v i g o r o u s

twenty-five

s y m p a t h y

s c h e m e ,

c a p t u r e

n e g r o e s

political p o w e r

t h e

i n

L I B E R I A — I T S

liberated

first

existence;

O F

u p ,

y e t

u n d e r

i n

i n

t h e

d u t i e s , c a s e s

of

t h e

a d m i n i s -

q u i t e

i n d e p e n -

* u p

a n o t h e r

c o l o n y ,

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1 4

W E S T

Society,

w h o

formed,

a p p o i n t e d

or

officers,

public

educing

such

a g e n t s

laws

erected

w o r k s ;

C O U N T R I E S .

as

their

leaving

to

as

g o v e r n e d

public

the

themselves

G o v e r n m e n t

natural

w a n t s

against

w a s

w e r e

the

carried

always

onset

o n

a n d

public

spirit

which

munities.'

Difficulties

arose

b e t w e e n

the

as

consider

the

of

c o a s t

t h a n

L i b e r i a ,

S o c i e t y

i n

f o l l o w e d

t h e

t h e

a n d

r e s u l t e d

w h i c h

1 8 3 4

a n d

of

of

i t s

b o u n d s

a u t h o r i t y

of

r e m o v a l

P a l m a s ,

w h i c h

of

i n

t h e

t h e

n e w

1,500

of

h a d

a n d

nascent

c o m -

a n d

a n d

t o

the

d o w n

t h e

t h e

o c c u p i e d

i n

s o m e

t h e

J .

B .

n e i g h b o u r -

c o l o n y ,

p o i n t

s t a t e ,

H o n .

c o l l i s i o n t h e

f o r

e v e n t u a l l y

i n d e p e n d e n t

i n

t o

C o l o n i z a t i o n

b u t

t h e

f r o m

the

convention

r e m a i n e d

r e s i d i n g

A

t h e

disruption

l o w e r

e l e c t e d

G o v e r n m e n t .

h i t h e r t o

large-

M a r y l a n d

of

least

'

p r e s e n t e d

a n

their

the

a

in

m i l e s

b e c a m e

n a t i v e s

of

t h a t

of

L i b e r i a ,

t e r r i t o r y

t h e

living, a n d

neighbours.'

of

days

t h e

h o w e v e r ,

of

n o t

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,

L i b e r i a ,

of

w a s

m e t

2 5 0

b y

a n d

t h a t

p r o d u c e d

thirty

l i k e

t h a n

G o v e r n m e n t

s i t u a t e d

I t ,

constructed

L i b e r i a n s

t h e

their

assistance,

life

the

f o u n d e d

n a t i v e s ,

t h e y

the

w h i c h

in

n e i g h b o u r ,

w i t h i n

there

is

A m e r i c a n

T h e

t h e

w a s

M a r y l a n d

t h e

a n d

1 8 3 5 .

of

their

representatives

P a l m a s ,

P r e s i d e n t .

t h e i n

C a p e

a n d

e x a m p l e

their

paid

s a v a g e

d e v e l o p m e n t

b e t w e e n

matter,

c o n t r o l

n a m e

a s

r e c o g n i s e

y e a r s t h e

t h e

D r a y t o n

b y

c a l l e d

M o n r o v i a ,

u n d e r

C a p e

people

the

increased,

tranquillity

this i m p o r t a n t

d e n t

h o o d ,

territory

political

colonists ;

u n d e r

t h e

for

private

their

a n d

heartedness

foreigners

t h e m

suggested,

them,

other care

o w n

of

afforded

y e a r s

n o

w i t h o u t

supplied,

'

buildings, a n d

people

o p p o r t u n i t y

in

G o v e r n o r s ,

f r o m t h e soil or o t h e r s o u r c e s t h e i r

protecting T h e

w h i t e

sanctioned

G o v e r n m e n t their

A F R I C A N

r e f u s e d

a r o s e , of

w h i c h

l a n d

c o m m o n

t o

c a l l e d

w i t h

t h e

t h e m s e l v e s ,

a n d

c o l o n i s t s . T h e s e

n a t i v e s ,

o r g a n i z e d

s u c h

c o l o n i s t s ,

u n i t e d

a

w i t h

o t h e r

f o r m i d a b l e

h e m m i n g

t h e m

allies,

o p p o s i t i o n ,

i n

s o

a s

t o

s o

a s

s t r e n g t h e n e d

t o

m a k e

r e p e l

a

t h e i r

s e r i o u s

s i t u a t i o n

a t t a c k

of

t h e

c r i t i c a l

i n

t h e

e x t r e m e . I n t h e

t h i s

p r e d i c a m e n t ,

c o l o n i s t s

A s s i s t a n c e R o b e r t s ; t h e

a n d

T h e o n

a s

t h e

a n d

o n e

i n t o

d i s t a n c e

t h e

H o r a

R e p u b l i c

a b o v e

5 0 0

o c c u p i e d

t h e

b y

of f o u r

s t a t e s

P a l m a s ,

p r o m p t l y

t o

n o

C o l o n y

a t

t h e

c o u n t i e s

of

t h e

c o u n t i e s — v i z . , e x t r e m e

r i v e r — i s

3 0 0

m i l e s .

m i l e s , t h e

a l t h o u g h

c o l o n i a l

n o t

of

R e p u b l i c

a b l e

t o

P a l m a s

F r o m B a s s a ,

p o i n t s — v i z . , T h e

l i n e

b e l o w

p o p u l a t i o n

a n d

f a c e

w a s

R e p u b l i c .

m o r e

L i b e r i a ,

t h a t

of

of

t h e s e

t h a n t h e i r

f r o m c o a s t , p o i n t s ,

6 0 0

b y

t h e

j o i n t

w a s

s o o n

f o r m a l l y t h i s

d a t e

S e r i s e , C a p e

s q u a r e

t o

m i l e s

s a y ,

f o r

a i d .

f o r c e s ,

w e r e

s e t t l e d

b y

a n n e x e d

t o

L i b e r i a

a n d

a s

t o

e x - P r e s i d e n t

w a s

M a r y l a n d .

M o u n t

h o w e v e r , s o

is

L i b e r i a

s o l d i e r s ' h e a d e d

M e s u r a d o ,

t h e

a n d

t h e

i n

E v e r y t h i n g

C a p e

b e t w e e n

a b o v e

t o

l o n g e r

t e r m s .

t h e

e x t e n d s

M a r y l a n d

c o n s i s t i n g

b e i n g

b r o u g h t

of

a p p e a l e d

s e n t ,

n a t i v e s ,

r e a d i l y

n e g o t i a t i o n ,

d i v i d e d

C a p e

w a s

m o r e

L i b e r i a

of

t h e

t o

K a b l a

c l a i m e d m a k e a r e

i n a s

b y a l l y e t

d e s c e n d a n t s .

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K E P U B L I C

w o r l d w a s

a

Constitution

declared

I t

will

b e

colonists other far

t o

of

the

are writes

L i b e r i a n

College,

t o

to

these

the

their

w h o ,

native

foreign

sky.

dition a n d

of

repair t o

their

a n d

seeking

s o m e

from

t h e y

b e l o n g e d

c o n t e n t e d

b r a v e

B u t

peculiar

ancestors carried

*

O u r

M a y o r

people.'

O r i g i n ,

a n d

h a v e

or

the

T h e y in

t o

were

the

B e i n g

C o u n c i l

a n d of

those

into

D u t i e s . t h e

t h e m

C i t y

religious

might,

w h o of

slaves

T h e of

l u x u r y

a d h e r i n g

a n d

N o .

H a d

p e r h a p s , a n d a n d

b y

patient

views,

founding

a

or

suffered

M o n r o v i a ,

a

h o m e

w e r e whose to

civilised

their

2 6 ,

b e a n d

descendants,

A d d r e s s

J u l y

t h a n

d a n g e r o u s

themselves,

a m o n g

t h e y

rather

T h e y

A n n u a l

liave

reaping

classes.

or

fair

f o r t u n e s ;

G o d ,

t o

persecution,

farms,

these

a

con-

scenes

exercise

of

in

all-important,

courage,

slavery

therefore

n e w

its unhealthy a n d

of

a

b y

b y

dilapidated

providence

heathenism

fallen

politicians

privations

none

in

n o t

theological

restless

beneath

been

s o u g h t

small

for

led

enterprizing

conscience.

fresh

their

u n d e r g o

D a n g e r s ,

C o m m o n

taken

political

a n d

once

t h e y

cultivating

b e l o n g e d

been, from

classes,

w e r e

which

fortunes

of

enthralled

c o u n t r y proverbial

people.

a w a y

a n

victims

e m i g r a n t s

h o n o u r

untrammelled

the

these

their

a n d

they

h a d

Christian

a

of

its

circum-

a n d

disrepute,

d e e m e d

the

wealth

having

were

in

u n d e r

those

of

a

h a d

w h o ,

T h e y

m e a s u r a b l y

d a n g e r s in

a n d

for

with

m i g h t

a n d

h o w

not

ambitious

w h o

p r o v e

w e r e

dilatory

persons

not

of

from

the

foundation

laid

different

their

early of

Professor

T h e

t o

the

to

T h e

' w a s

T h e y

state.'

of

able

world.

their

politics

were

a n y

c h a n g e d

residing

climate. a

t o

restored

the

in

h o r r o r s

t h e y

h a v e

n o t

field

themselves

g a i n s ;

m i g h t

a n d

the

for

p e n u r y

n e w

b e i

L i b e r i a

inhabitants

M . A . ,

a d v a n c e m e n t

fortunes.

T h e y

fleeing

industry

into

far

splendour,

principle

development.

slow

a n d

the

colonies.

slow

w e r e

shattered

n e w

of

view

t h e

m a y

p a m p h l e t , *

'

i n d e p e n d e n t

w i t h

Blyden,

accelerate

opulence

s o m e

t o o

an

w e

1 5

Independence.

retrospective t h e m

motives

their

T h e y

e x t r a v a g a n c e

W .

able

b y

O R I G I N .

self-government.

other

t o

a

of

a n d

then

history

of

c o u n t r y

resolved

a n d

of

the

finding

minds,

t a k e

c o m p a r e

a n

shores

f o u n d i n g

people,

t o

R e v .

in

I T S

Declaration

c o a s t ;

in

L I B E R I A

sovereign,

a n d

t h e

peculiar

a

free,

capable

L i b e r i a /

u r g e d

a

Liberia,

p a r t

stances

a n d

necessary

of

these

b e

O F

b e f o r e

t h e

1 8 6 5 .

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1 6

W E S T

t h e y

c o u l d

k e p t its

n o t

t h e m

I t

t h e y

m i n d s

t h a t

h o m e , t h e

a n d

C o a s t

their

b y

.

.

p o v e r t y

T h e a

of

with

involve

L i b e r i a

inhabitants

N a t i o n a l

principles

of

calculated

m e n t a l

inferiority

T h e

L i b e r i a n

counter, tent

t o

g r e a t

b u t

m a n y

expect

place

in

a

w h e n t h e y

science,

firm once

a n d t h e y

should

n o t

the

h a s

influence,

native

influences.'

could

left .

t o

.

b e

A enjoy

o n

t h e

the .

c o u n t r y

this

f o u n d

difficulties.

T h e y

l a n d forced

in

of

their

A f r i c a n

element,

enemies of

then,

t h e

T h e y

p r o v e d

trials

with,

t h e y

b i d

t o

t h e

d e g r e e t o

the

of

their

h a v e

s o m e -

s u p p o s e d

a n d

which fair

t o

perfectly

h a v i n g w h i c h

t h e y to

difficulties

are

d r a w b a c k s in

as

a n d

they

G o v e r n m e n t ;

form

which

on

descent.'

t h a t

a n d

a

creditable

freedom,

its

f r a m e d

' display

highly

of

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s

constitution

A f r i c a n

h a d

a n d

insinuations

t h e

for

the

every

healthy h a v e

it

a

t h e y should

subject-matter

gradually as

t h u s

settlement

w h e r e

u p o n

o c c u p y

c o m p e -

m a s t e r e d

a

h a v e

en-

a

G o v e r n m e n t b e e n a n

b r o u g h t i m p o r t a n t

Africa.

the

establishing

t o

the

vicissitudes

m e e t

a i

President

r e b u t

o w n

in

o w n

affairs

necessary t h a t on

p h e n o m e n o n w h a t

to

it w a s

political

o n

the

regenerated

experiments

of

their

they

distressed

W i t h

their

persons

existence

m u s t

R u t

of

their

R e p u b l i c .

G o v e r n m e n t

o n of

to

b y

a n d

h o m e

causes

t h e y

a n d

h e a v y

according

t o

experience

carry

b r o u g h t

b u t

forth

life,

s a w

formed.

m a n a g i n g

p u t

w h e r e

u p o n .

disgrace.'

A m e r i c a n

ability,

these

t h e y

unfavourable

t h e m

a

circumstances

such. m i g h t y

f r o m

n o w elect their

in

b e e n

n o

of

A n d

fixed

seek

of

depression,

effects

civilised

t h e n

t o

w a s

intelligence

times

a

the

these

for

hearts

Congress, the

a n d

of

w a s

ignorance,

w o u l d

R e p u b l i c

necessary

force

children.

against

circumstances

a n d

descent

.

their

c o n t e n d

Africa

birth

of

against

immunities

of

felt

c o n t e n d

w a s

irresistible

in

to

' T h e y

deteriorating

m i n d s

t o

hopeless therefore,

W e s t of

the

useless

rights

the

C O U N T R I E S .

slaveholders;

d o w n .

felt

a n d

it w a s

w a s

a m o n g

hopelessly

causes;

their

rise

A F R I C A N

p u r p o s e

portion

footing.

chosen

presents

ordinary

of

a n d its

m a d e

m a n y

limited

their

executive

a

n e w of

note true

their

a b s t r a c t

truth,

administration

t r u e

it

assembly,

experimentation, relation

political

extraordinary,

of

political

their

the

scientific

b r a n c h e s

determining

subject

itself,

a n d

of

B e i n g

t h e

e x a m i n e

of

have

h a s

of

causation, o n

the

each a n d b o d y

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R E P U B L I C

politic

of

m a d e

the

n a t i o n ;

w h i c h

acts

O F

for

w h e n

extensively

political

e c o n o m y ,

it

p a r t s

the

social

fabric,

t h e

L i b e r i a n

of

T h u s g r a v e

error

financial

in

b u t

allowances d u r i n g p a p e r T h e

of

political

t h e

o n

pilot

channel, m e d i u m .

c o u n t — t h e incapable

is

of

a

of

t h e

s u p p o r t i n g

the

point,

t h a n

capable

a n d

p r e v e n t i n g

M u l t a quae n u n c

T h e

m e r c h a n t s

count, full

a n d

p a y

nominal

n o n e

is

t o

employes

b e

are

F o r

the

value ; found p a i d

in

in

political

m a d e

various

a n d

in a t

the

present

lamentably S t a t e ; national

a n d

the

h o w e v e r

existence

success.

T h e y

limited b y

t h e

operated acting

excessive

n u m b e r

is

t o

a

issues

n o

like

of

this

g r e a t

dis-

finds n o w

aphorism, t h a t

so

d a n g e r o u s

t r i e d — i t

p a p e r

of

G o v e r n m e n t .

of

fall

issued

a m o u n t

a n

a p p a r e n t

from

the

b e i n g

State

b e l l u m

people

for

d u t y

e x p o r t e d

e x c h e q u e r ;

years

the

people

existence.

itself b e c o m e

n o t h i n g

effort

of

is

theirs

aperiet.*

at

a

a n d

t o

fearful

taxes

foreign

a n d

branches

in

of

m a n y

sacred

a n d

the

a n d

as

L i b e r i a

Livy,

h a v e

political it

points

n o w of

all

dis-

at

their

countries,

G o v e r n m e n t

xxviii.,

enjoyed

b e e n

assiduously

stands,

the

d e m a n d

h a v e

affairs

vital

venerable

prosperity

*

of

E x p e r i m e n t s

constitution,

deficient

a n d

a n d

G o v e r n m e n t

specie the

correction

greenbacks.

last t w e n t y

i n d e p e n d e n t

notes

t h e

t h e

their

c r i s i s : —

the

t o

a

d u e

instead

find

into

in

u n k n o w n

they

rotten

a n d

mechanical so

m a d e

a n

its

ex intervallo n o n

receive t h e m

t h e

the

s o u n d

g r e e n b a c k s

crisis;

their

tion.'

experiment

G o v e r n m e n t

point, a

o u t

affects

w e r e

certain

that,

b e e n

fallen

t h e y

redeemable

the

as, b y

its w e a k e s t

of

a

t h r o u g h

of

a g o

material

j u d g m e n t

results;

l o n g

t h a t

provisional

launched

combin

w h i c h

has

w i t h

b y

e m p l o y e d

crises

easily

vessel

the

n o t

w i t h

for

this

better

strength

w e a k e s t

s t r o n g e r

w a s

E x e c u t i v e

M a r k

u s e d

political

success

h a v e

a n d

afiBnity

t h e m

materials

essential

which

* electric

1 7

m i s t a k e

institutions

dissolves

n o t

D A N G E R S .

practical

e x p e r i m e n t

T h e

are

steering

a n

a n d

w e r e

their

t h e

like

a

the

statesmen

their

currency,

once

o n

practical

t h e y

w h i c h

one

greatly

its

t h e

acts

d e p a r t m e n t .

valuable,

L I B E R I A — I T S

of is

it

nation,

found

i m p o r t a n c e

d o c u m e n t

t h a t

the

m a y

should

a n

t o

b e

t o

the

be,

t h e

receive

a

44. C

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1 8

W E S T

t h o r o u g h

revision.

c o r d e d

b y

M r .

office.

A t

present

short

t h a t

ability

to

of t h e

suffers

sufficiently

P r e s i d e n t

severely;

as the of

a in

a n d

violent

conflicts.

t h e

m i n i m u m

the

their

of

p a r t y

office,

are

nation the

a n d

is

he

the

p o w e r

b e c o m i n g

politic

they

d o

w h o l e

feelings b y

scoffed

at

of

six

should

n o t

n o t suffia n d

greatly

a

to

the

opposite

a n d

time

b e

years

b e

d o

high,

the

o u g h t

the

nation,

for

a n

of

n o t

r u n

m a n n e r

period

so

materially

of

convulsed

is

a n d

consequently

P r e s i d e n t

a

t e r m

of

attention

b o d y

of the

violent

is s e l f - e v i d e n t ;

t e r m

instead

P r e s i d e n t ;

undertakings

T h a t

his

re-

t e r m

administrative

the

p o w e r

m o s t

whole

his

nation

President,

T h i s

a d v a n c e

direct

whole

sovereign

the

laudable

period

on

n e w

misrepresented,

longer

a n d

as

Presidential

only.

President,

t h e

themselves

parties, his m o s t

a

develop

a n

amendation,

devoting

electioneer;

t r a d u c e d

for

of

to

the

years

b e c o m e s

him

political

t w o

instead

will

of

T h e

election is

increase t o

requiring

expedients.

p r i d e

in the

that

m o s t

ciently venerate thus

the

State, is t e m p t e d

statesman,

nation

point

President,

electioneering

able

is

C O U N T R I E S .

first

it is limited

measures

prosperity t o

T h e

Blyden,

the

A F R I C A N

b y

elected

should

b e

immediately

re-

eligible. A g a i n , period

b y

of

the

eight

constitution,

m o n t h s

J a n u a r y ,

before

sequence

is p e r n i c i o u s

a m p l e plans A

in a such of

as

suit

large

republic,

m a n

is

carrying

necessary

found

t o

b e

the

p o w e r

G o v e r n m e n t

s h o w s

t h a t

scoundrel.

a

of

a

namely,

President,

from

inaugurated.

the

such

in

Liberia—viz.,

from

b e

as

o u t

m o r e

holds

evidence

nation,

still

the

into

consequences

resulting

elapse,

can

a n d

i n t r o d u c e d

the

the

election

defeated

p a r t y

M a y T h e

t o con-

P r e s i d e n t

views

a n d

a

h a s

adverse

p u r p o s e .

w h a t

dismissing

first

of

r e m o v e

as

t o

the

t o

P r e s i d e n t

a m e n d m e n t

M r . B l y d e n

a

his

allowed

n e w

o p p o r t u n i t y

third

t o

the

is

after

employes

deteriorating

America,

have

b e e n ;

its introduction, r e m o v e a b l e h e

is

T h e

either evils

a n d

the a

so

prolific in

small

b u t

u p o n

indiscriminately effect h o w

in

of

so

great

1 8 5 9 ,

adventurer,

h e

office a n

are t h r e e f o l d — F i r s t ,

a n d

the at

w h e n

the a

i n c o m p e t e n t *F e w

mischief

m e n

State,

pleasure. it

w a s

mischievous

b e e n

says,

is

P r e s i d e n t

his

all

h a s

is

of

rising

this p o w e r

manifold

G o v e r n m e n t a n

a

constitution

source

conferred

indeed, t h a t

L i b e r i a n

the

fact

evil

t h a t

a

p r e s u m p t i v e person, c a n

or

o b t a i n

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R E P U B L I C

a n y

skill or

experience

the

civil service

m u s t

b e

h a s

only

k n o w i n g

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exertion,

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reasonable

vants m e n

of of

for

the

is

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consider

of

offices,

four

years', of

daringly

a n d

If

in

t o

State

as

their

p r o v e d

t o

b e

w h e r e

the

abilities

a d v a n c e m e n t ,

b u t

administration

m a k e on

in the

b o u n d

t o

a n d

unsuited

t o

a

better

a n d

far

the of

item

scientific

such a m e n d m e n t s

renders w i s h

b e c o m e

w o r s e

a

it for

ser-

matters,

of t h e

m u s t

it

o u g h t

t o

W e

h o p e

will

n o t

constitution

experiments

h a v e

prosperity

shall place

healthier

feather

A s s e m b l y of

every

t h o u s a n d s

land.

national as

it

G o v e r n m e n t

H o u s e

t h e

to

are

m u c h

t o

of

m a n ,

b y

w h o

political

of

each

a n d

virtue,

there

in

Liberia,

existence

practically

w h e r e

every

inclined

independence,

h o w

best

most,

Thirdly,

a n d

badly,

helplessly

political

can.

ability,

capacity

Secondly, at

so

the

official

will b e

experience

national Representatives themselves

h e

decent

a n d

t h e

or,

office,

A m e r i c a ,

w o r k

of it

a

a n d

1 9

impaired.

intelligence,

f o u n d

a r o u n d

w h i c h

tive

a

education,

small

concentrate t h a t

as

State.'

ability,

experiment b e

m e n

L I B E R I A .

deplorably

p e r m a n e n c e

the

their

years' tenure

a n d

for

in

O F

their

a n d

execu-

foundation.

c

2

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2 0

C H A P T E R

E X P O S I T I O N

T H E a

O F

British

portion

transition

S t a t e of

for

t h e

E R R O N E O U S

state,

the

a n d

it

t h e

t h e

P a r l i a m e n t a r y

t o

h a v e

h i m

his

as the

h e l m

of

guide l o n g

natives T h e the

national

t h e

n e w

M a r c h

C o l o n i e s

;

3,

S i r

J o h n

H a y

;

M r .

C h a r l e s

C h e e t h a m

;

M r .

C a v e

t h e

a n d

Timesj

:

R e s o l u t i o n s

1.

T h a t

it

i m m e d i a t e l y 2.

T h a t

I s l a n d ,

p . of

t h e

w h i c h

s e t t l e m e n t

;

C. t o

of

L o r d ;

b e

M r .

W .

of

H a r t i n g t o n ,

M r .

at

t h e will

will

ere

g r e a t l y t h a t

t h e

self-government.

;

p o w e r

a c c o r d i n g

a b o u t

t o

S e c r e t a r y of

C o a s t ) , of

S t a t e

S t a t e for

t h e

F i t z g e r a l d ;

S i r

M r . t o

G r e g o r y ;

s e n d

for

s u b s e q u e n t l y

H e n r y

e n a c t

( W e s t e r n

S e y m o u r

M e m b e r s

r e g a r d

t h a t

a n d

A f r i c a

F o r s t e r

w i t h

q u o r u m .

which

S e c r e t a r y

M r .

E . ;

m u s t

h o p e

C a r d w e l l ,

U n d e r

S t a n l e y ;

A d d e r l e y

a

E .

o n

observations,

n o w

o n

its

carried

steersman

t o

are

in

deserves

G o v e r n m e n t ,

C o m m o n s H o n .

g u a r d i a n

w h o

Coast,

u p

the

F o r t e s c u e ,

B .

M a r q u i s

w h i c h

R i g h t

B u x t o n

the

R e u s e

p o s s i b l e

a n y

1 5 0

m i l e s

s h o u l d

of t o

Commons

b e

o n u p

Committee

w i t h d r a w

s e t t l e m e n t s

s e t t l e m e n t is

T h e

M r .

t h e

of

a t t e n d a n t

W e

erected

S e c r e t a r y

M r .

p e r s o n s , a d d e d

t o

S e y m o u r . — A f r i c a n

1 1 4 .

is n o t f r o m

;

F i v e

T h e

iv.,

H o u s e

B a r i n g

r e c o r d s .

V o l .

t

t h e

F r a n c i s

C o m m i t t e e

:

end.

in

b e e n

footing, t h e

is

Africa

A f r i c a n

t o

b r o u g h t

A f r i c a

the

h a v e

vigilant

C o m m i t t e e , !

C h i c h e s t e r

C o l o n i e s ;

p a p e r s ,

o n

t h e

1 8 6 5

M r .

g o v e r n m e n t

their

of

a n d

as

d o u b t s

stable

b e

p r o p e r l y

w e

a n d

successful

m e a s u r e s

of

C o m m i t t e e

a

look

W e s t e r n

t h a t

will

a n d

n o w

liken

attentive

t o

of

a

A F R I C A N .

W e s t e r n

every

m i g h t

foundation

a n d

resolutions

n o m i n a t e d t h e

laws

u p o n

w e

his

policy

really

n o w

T H E

Principal

of

difficulty,

b a s e d

b y

system

will b e

* S e l e c t

for

w h o ,

a n d

C o m m i t t e e , *

w h o m

constitutional

i m p r o v e

t o

ship,

m u s t

Colonies

danger,

nationality

statesman,

a

the a

distress,

of

Majesty's w e

the

relations ;

t h r o u g h late

H e r

w h o m

of

R E S P E C T I N G

G o v e r n m e n t

is

t o

policy

foreign

V I E W S

the

a n d

Colonies

practical

internal

of

I I I .

c o n f i n e d

B r i t i s h

or e n g a g e m e n t s

t h e t h e

t h e

G a m b i a

river, a s

b e i n g

on

m a y n o

Western

A f r i c a : —

G o v e r n m e n t

o n

t h e

b e

r e d u c e d

l o n g e r

W e s t

A f r i c a n b y

o c c u p i e d

m u c h

a s

p o s s i b l e

t o

t e r r i t o r y ,

o r

a s s u m p t i o n

w h o l l y

t h e

o r

C o a s t .

M c C a r t h y ' s ;

a n d

m o u t h

t h a t of

t h e

r i v e r . 3.

T h a t

all

f u r t h e r

e x t e n s i o n

of

of

g o v e r n m e n t ,

o r

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T H E

g i v i n g

N E W

t o

m e n t ,

the

o u g h t

h i s t o r y ;

L A W S

e d u c a t e d to

f o r m

t h e y

provisional

can,

a n d

success.

rities

w a t c h

faithfully w a s

b y

ciety, t h e

w e r e

inhabitants,

t h u s

order

t h a t

t o

h a b i t t h e

give

of

that

impulse

T h o s e

of

t r e a t i e s t h a t

e x e r c i s e

of

t h o s e

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t r a n s f e r

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t o

o u r

T h a t

t h i s

s e t t l e m e n t s ,

b u t

p e c u l i a r

t h e

T h a t

6.

s e t t l e m e n t s

T h a t

t h e

e s t a b l i s h e d , t i m e , 7.

w i t h T h a t

d o m e s t i c B r i t i s h

s l a v e r y

s u r r o u n d e d of

t h e

A f r i c a n *

t h e

local

; a s

it

i n c r e a s e

still

is

b y

of

t h e

p .

H o u s e

I t S o t o

a n d

effective,

should

b e

p r o -

e n c o u r a g e

t h a t

interest

of

a m o n g s t

a n d the

political

majority

of

for

d e s i r a b l e

t o

t h e

m o r e

L o r d

n a t i v e s

u s

S i e r r a

of

as

a n d

w i t h

a

L e o n e . r e g a r d s

m e a s u r e s

efficient

t h e

m o r e

G o v e r n m e n t s ,

e x c e p t i o n s

the

i n e x p e d i e n t ;

t h e

for

p r o b a b l y , n o

b e

i n

p o s s i b l e

all

t o

B u x t o n ,

w o u l d

p r o h i b i t i o n

t h e

a l r e a d y

Charles

it

of

a b s o l u t e

opposition

e n c o u r a g e

of

a d m i t s

in

a n d

n e w

w h i c h ,

e c o n o m i c a l

possess.

of

W e s t

t h a t a t

a

A f r i c a n

C e n t r a l

S i e r r a

G o v e r n m e n t s

G o v e r n m e n t

L e o n e ,

w i t h

i n

o v e r

s t e a m

all

c o m -

G o v e r n m e n t . t h e

h o p e

t h a t of

s u c h

a

c e n t r a l

e x p e n d i t u r e ,

c o n t r o l

a n d ,

a t

m a y t h e

b e

s a m e

efficiency.

a

t e r r i t o r y

of

c e r t a i n d e g r e e ,

a p p e a r s

w i t h

v . ,

d r a w n .

authority

affairs

tribes,

to

e x c e p t ,

r e t r e n c h m e n t

G o v e r n m e n t , vol.

M r .

r e n d e r

e s t a b l i s h e d

t o

m a n y

i n

a n

n e w l y - a c q u i r e d

it

all

to

intention

b e

s e p a r a t i o n is

b e

so

T i m e s ,

S p e e c h

it

l e a d s

t h a t

a u t h o -

reporting

b e

operative

public

n a t i v e

all,

w e

L i e u t e n a n t

exists

a n d

t o

t h e

c o n s i d e r a b l e

g e n e r a l

m a y

n e c e s s a r y

s h o u l d

e v i d e n c e

i n

l a w

b e

exist,

e a c h

w i t h a

a m o u n t

for

of

nationalty.

extremes

t o t h e

f r o m

s e t t l e m e n t s

t o

proofs

Colonization

machinery

a n

s h o u l d

of n o n - e x t e n s i o n

r e a s o n s

w i t h

for

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

w i t h d r a w a l

t h e

c e a s e d

m u n i c a t i o n

t h e

m a y

of

t h e

h a v i n g f o u r

w h i c h

c a n n o t

cases,

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 5 .

q u a l i t i e s

p o l i c y

b e

as

b y

m a y

transfer a

present

executive

excite t h a t

C a r dwell,*

p o l i c y

u l t i m a t e

t h e

operation,

industry,

t o

been

p r o t e c t i o n

t h e m

for

d a t a

t h e m

such

o u r

t o

of

to

M r .

a n y

o b j e c t

A f r i c a n

Committee.

g o n e

b y

of

t o

native

h a v e

advance

led

business,

t o

g o v e r n -

A m e r i c a n

m a y

locality

late

h a v e

offering

t h e

m o r e

1 8 4 2

seems

entertained

a n d

a n d

of

local

their

2 1

f o r m

confirmed

the

executive t o

the

the

giving

p r o p e r

each

the

w h o

n e w

4.

of

t o

propositions

a

w h i c h

m e m b e r s

views

virtually

that

until

correct

subsequently

independence

education,

t h a t

in

r e g a r d e d

cautiously

so

G O V E R N M E N T .

the

p l a c e of

furnished

these

inhabitants

the

a n d

T H E

in

b e

e x p e r i m e n t s

will b e

reports

step

only

progress,

they

v i d e d

i n

I t

O F

experience

i m p o r t a n t

however,

their

is n e c e s s a r y

t h e

a n

carefully

similar

t h a t

I n it

o n

M E A S U R E S

natives

tentative

practical t o

A N D

t o

local a

t h e

L a g o s , a l t h o u g h

C o m m i t t e e

difficulties,

v i e w

t o

t h e

t h a t

d e m a n d s

its t e r m i n a t i o n

it

n a t i v e is a t

t h i s t h e a s

p r a c t i c e

v a r i a n c e

s t a t e

of

s e r i o u s

s o o n

a s

of

w i t h

t h i n g s , a t t e n t i o n

p o s s i b l e . —

6. of

C o m m o n s ,

T u e s d a y ,

F e b r u a r y

2 1 ,

1 8 6 5 .

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2 2

W E S T

Alfred the

Churchill,* a n d

A f r i c a n

k n o w

t h a t

people, a n d

the

m a y

this

them,

s o m e

b e

messengers

distance,

the

of

of

t a k e n

contrivance

their

a

w h i c h in

with with for

of

the

equal t h e

people.

capital

t r u t h

race

w e

o w e in

tribe

in

the

nation

o w n

t o

to

a

t h e

this

curious

trees

barks

of

lan-

excited from

a n

at

information

Possessing

a n d

leaves

of

individual

a n d

on

a m o n g s t

letter

a n

h i m

t o w n .

speculations;

w o n d e r

c a r r y i n g

t o

enlightened

origin

observation;

are

is

i m m e d i a t e gallant

g e n e r a t i o n s

his

t o

a

discover

t h e

t h a t

the

a of

clearly

from

I

c a n n o t

the

African, rise

w e

find

t i m e

l a n g u a g e

a d v a n t a g e

m u c h is

t o o

thus

at

t o

* S p e e c h i n t h e H o u s e of

nil,

w e

b u t

w h o s e

refinement

1 7 5 7 ;

whereas

a n

Commons,

a

a

a d a p t

possibly

c o n c l u d e s : E n g l i s h

Tuesday,

liberated

c o m m e r c i a l that

a n d

a

a g a i n have

is t o

this

to

save

in

E a s t e r n

trade

specula-

over

these

s t a g n a n t

lake,

t h e

our

liberated

laws

t o

u n d e r s t a n d ' A s

it

p a r s i m o n i o u s

passes

in

c a n

t h e

B a n i a n s

over

h e

incapacity

consequently

the

t o

a n y

certainly p a r t

write,

intercourse

o r t h o d o x ,

heaven

e a g e r

of

capital,

a n d

G o v e r n -

1 8 6 5 ,

of

of

forcibly m a k e

of

b u t

air

before

Colonel h o m e

m e

world,

the

that

elements

is for t h e m o s t

t h e m

rather

convinced

enjoyment,

the

the

African

o u r

of

for

years

p r o n o u n c e d

a d v e n t u r o u s ; as

the

o w e

expenditure

bigots,

p e r h a p s

w e

w h o in

in

the

is

R e p o r t

m a n y

a m

all

a n d

r e m i n d

a n d

as

I

t h e o r y

comforts

personal

see

contrary,

our

B o o k

' A f t e r

p a r s i m o n y

t o

late A d m i n i s t r a t o r

B l u e

justice:

Smith's

T h e y

are

the

themselves

of

m i g h t y

t h e y

in

the

in

ambitious

half-civilized

T h e

o n

principle

a m a s s .

A f r i c a n

T h e

w a s

o u g h t

l a n g u a g e

their

[African]

A d a m

cities, w h o s e

a n d

w r i t t e n

a

struck

a n d

contain If

citizen,

tions

of

b e c a m e

G a m b i a ,

d e s i d e r a t u m

a n d

philosophical

t h e y

writing

civilization;

t h e

m o s t

of

country.

A f r i c a n s

t o

the

c a p a c i t y

apes,

mind,

W e l l m i g h t Colonel D ' A r c y , m e n t

a n t h r o p o i d

c o n v e y e d

their

t h e

into

civilized

w h i c h

d o w n

with

reliable, Q u i a h

in

r u n

themselves.

m o r e

so

t h e

existence

the

of

t o

t o

c o m m o n

b y

of

as

events

is

place

t u r n

to p u t

the

of

r e a d i n g

philosophical

t h e m

b y

legend

person

b e g a n

b y

C O U N T R I E S .

others,

in

entirely

their

h a d

liken

impelled

e d u c a t e d

w h a t

a n d

is p r o v e d

if

m a n y

African,

designed

g u a g e , b y

race,

A F R I C A N

it

gentleman,

them.'

takes so

his

three

likewise

February 21, 1865.

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E F F E C T S

d o e s

it t a k e

African

the

the

e d u c a t e d

m i n d ;

could

conclusion

w h e r e m e n t

t h e y

to

O N

m a k e

in

t h e m

they

these

b u t

do

these

nothing

b u t

possessing

of

T H E

A F R I C A N .

a n intelligent,

d a y s

or uneducated,

t h a t

h a v e

w i t h o b j e c t s of of

O B J E C T S

generations

anthropologists

w h e t h e r

judiced t o

three

N A T U R A L

the

w o n d e r

people,

even

of

a n d

wonderful

t h e y

stir

u p

w o u l d in

the

admiration, of

latent

p o w e r s

pages,

do, in m a n y

observation;

p o w e r s

are

b r o u g h t

m e m o r y .

T o o

melancholy

a r e

s u r r o u n d e d ; the

the

billows,

a n d

the

country,

f o r m

consideration,

w a n t

of

scientific

the

the

chanical

m e a n s

w h o m a n

I

pennies,

or

p e n c e .

S o m e

a c c o u n t This

its

figures

a n d short

keep

for

confirms

the b y

a n d

a n d

talents

of

m e m o r y

to

T h u s

of

time

account

a n y

t h e m t h e

great of

w h o

debit

a n

their the

of of

t h e their

portion a n d

call

extent

without

of

from

a

brillant a n d

into

w h i c h using

liberated

could

the exer-

of

w o u l d

a n y

m e -

African,

calculate

within

pennies,

pounds, a n d

t h e y

mind.

a m o u n t t o

r o a r

m o o n ,

all

unlettered

questioned,

years w i t h

a n

the

solitary

still, t h e

full

their

with

t e r r o r ;

shores

insignificance,

lightning,

their

t h r o u g h

small

yet

those

which

a n d

a

resplendent

habits

in

the

with

the

;

t h e y

c o l o u r s ;

r u n

b u t

mathematician,

aid.

n a m e ,

view

once

covered

ceaseless

beholders

the

reducing

m e m o r y

F u l l e r

sun,

t h u n d e r

space

in their

M a r y l a n d ,

in the

scenes

s t u d

seeming

repeatedly

farthings,

of

forest,

p l u m a g e ;

t h e

signs

riveted

sublimity

which

point

in their

for their

of

s h o w

result, w h e n

w h i c h

with

shells

practised

the

filled

objects b y

variegated

rivers

forms

their

disposition

k n e w

incredibly

from

with

m o s t

of

resound

m i d d a y

calculate

surprise

its

k n o w l e d g e

splendid

peculiar

T h e y

all

the

beautiful

m a n y

scientific

their

cise

in

w h i c h

a

with

of

of

are

w h e n

indelibly

t h o u s a n d

birds

n u m e r o u s

in

tornado,

a

are

c o m e

i m p r o v e -

truly,

a n d

inevitable

trees

magnificent

ocean, rocks

terrific

of

the

t h e y

majestic

g r a n d e u r

t r e m e n d o u s

t h e

the

tropical

a n d

m u s t play,

foliage

g a y

c o u n t r y ;

into

true,

evergreen

n u m e r o u s

w h i c h

u n p r e -

rudeness,

of

cases,

b e

attention,

A f r i c a n

a n d

native

of

patient

the

involuntarily

their

nature, whose

p o w e r s

not view

respecting natural

stars,

well-educated

with a calm, quiet,

so

t o

b o o k

will

acquire the necessary information

their

2 3

gentleman.'

B u t race,

O F

half-

shillings,

credit

side

of

a n d their

accuracy. D r .

could

R u s h

of

neither

a

n e g r o

r e a d

n o r

slave write,

in b u t

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2 4

W E S T

w h o

s h o w e d

w a s

at

one

p o w e r s , years half. slightly

the

large

can

error, the

of

t o

stated, a n d

I n the

as

a n

s h o w e d a n y

one

finds

it

w e

m a d e

the

so

difficult

their

b u t

t o

far

these m a n y

the

m u s t

confess,

of t h e s e

w e r e

t o

expose

those

U n d e r premise

the that

G o v e r n m e n t m e e t

things a b o v e the n o w

perfection

k n o w n

fact

t h a t

of

which

w e r e

b a d

it

t o

in W e s t e r n

n o

of

G o v e r n m e n t

L e g i s l a t u r e ,

therefore,

ill-disposed,

w h o

m u s t

will magnify

all

our

o r

experience

g u a r d

in

t r a n s -

g o o d s

w e r e

piece

correctly

in all t h e s e

t r a n s -

s p e a k i n g on

character a n

the

t h a n

inferior

s o m e the

least w a s

of

w h o l e reason,

order,

w h i c h

t h a t

so

far

is

c a n

b e

t h e

H o u s e of

s t a t e m e n t s

of

it, t h a t

right

a n d

necessary

Africa

their

of

C o m m o n s t h e

objects

just,

a n d

t o

ludicrous.

ordinance

receive a n y

confusion

acuteness,

in

a n d

of

w o r k i n g

a l t h o u g h

' T h o u g h

of

w i t h

framers

in the

F o r ,

T h e i r

their

sense-

a c c u r a t e ^

W a l s t r o m ,

their

t h e

considerations,

exist

b y

w h a t

the

acuteness

improvement.'

say

suppress

the

do.'

witnesses

t o

t h e

a n d

into

clearness

being for

the

sufficient

m e a s u r e

said,

testimonies

of

on

A f r i c a n

from

m e a n s

Committee, w e latter

the

a c c o u n t

a p p a r e n t

t o o

in

he

on

quick

fall

a n d

written

w a s

omission,

h a v e

e x a m i n e d

could

race,

this

traffic.

t h e m

quality

t r a d e s m a n

African

are

p u t

sagacity a n d

p r e d o m i n a n t

c o m p a r e

b y

their

Colonization,

intellects

transcends If

of

is m o r e

their

if

h a s

carefully

as m u c h

on

acuteness

yet

t h e y

E u r o p e a n

Essay

passion

E u r o p e a n s

ascertain

are

a n d

result

a

obtained.

never

of b u s i n e s s

a n d

not forgotten

strength.

they

h i s

s e v e n t y

m i n u t e

the

y o u

He>

t r y i n g

w a s

a

figures,

blacks

extraordinary

h u r r y

e x c h a n g e ;

piece,

actions

of

' T h e

write,

in

r e m a r k i n g

conceptions

n o r

greatest

k n a v e r y

actions

r e a d

answer

t h e y

of

w h o

supplying

Africa,

said

lived

' H a v e

O n

calculation.

p u r p o s e

in

on

their

possesses

neither

in the

h i m

n u m b e r

Africans,

the

the

the

w o r k

m e n t a l

h a d

g a v e

after

with

u n d e r s t a n d i n g ;

t h e y

b y

in his

for

person

he

u p

in

his calculation,

exactly

m e m o r y

a

interrogated.

uncivilized

their

c o m p a n y ,

o l d ;

it

from

h e

a g r e e d

in

m o n t h s

C O U N T R I E S .

quickness

seconds

reckoning

B a r b o t ,

of

m a n y

years ? '

a n d

a s k e d

different

answer

of

time

s o m e

O n

leap

extraordinary

h o w

a n d

A F R I C A N

regulating should

p l a n s ; copied

w i t h

seeming

t h a t

n o t it

f r o m

a

failure

the in

s h o u l d

the

since

caution

w e

f o r m

e x p e c t is

of to-

a

w e l l -

plan.

O u r

r e p o r t their

of

t h e

scheme,.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universite de Montreal, on 03 Jul 2021 at 01:14:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511983146.004

L O R D

a n d t o

s h o u l d f o r m

of

the

reply

a

stitutions

H O L L A N D

t o

perfect h a v e

thriven

b e

n o t

invention

a t t e m p t

created

6

as

T h e

t h a t t r i e d t h a t

a n d

so

the

o n

i n the n o

a

foreseen, difficulties shakes

m u s t

the

I t

c a n n o t

British

b e

portion

of

of

denied of

a r t s — t h r o w n t o w n s ;

b e c o m i n g

establishments

e d u c a t i o n ;

h a s

are

or, in

b e e n

of

devised

con-

easily

realised,

t o

law,

all

of

every

perhaps, d a n g e r s w e r e

against. the

stabilities

represented

t o

or,

provision

w h i c h

removed,

the

is

a n d

A

against

felt

a n

b e e n

people,

which,

providing if

has

practical

soon

for

public

a n d

a

wild

these

large

d a r e

y o u

has

their

casual

m a d e

b e e n

n o t

T h e s e

alteration of

law,

t h e m

as

country,

ragged,

the their

offspring

p r o p e r

that

a

possessing a

the

r a p i d

stride

F a n c y

d o w n

natives

after

t h a t

k n o w l e d g e

cut

claiming

tell m e

very

n o

t o

wild

influences,

a

observer

formed.

possessing

landowners,

m o n e y ,

giving

m o s t

h a s

naked,

civilised

a n d

a n d

Africa

L e o n e

into

fancy

consequently,

g o v e r n m e n t ,

to,

n o t

is

all its p a r t s

e x a g g e r a t i o n

every

are

left

in

of

opinion.

succeeded.

perfection,

even the

W e s t e r n

rude,

years,

the

b y

slaves—unlettered,

and,

are

which

Sierra

build

ideal

of

time,

system

a n

different

are

the

Securities

m e a n s

since

a n d

b y

of

e x p e r i m e n t

have

can

experience,

indifference

subversion a n

the

w h i c h

t h a t

complete

a n d

in-

necessity

g r o w t h

complete

either

the

m a n u f a c t u r e

to

those

*

i m p r o v e m e n t

useful

said

endeavour,

s u b m i t t e d

n a t u r e

security.'

b e

a

a m o n g

inconveniences

confidence

f u n d a m e n t a l

a n d

a n d

of

are the

years

expectations

attain

n o

b e

t o

o u t

' A t t e m p t s

p r o d u c t i o n s

frame

or

t w e n t y

it

t h e

a n d

w h i c h

fact,

reference

tree

p r o d u c e s

a n d t o

in

t o

of

failed,

s p r u n g

constitution

is capable.

exist,

a n d

a

can

fresh

liberty

never

a

last

raises

constitution,

w h i c h

t o

the

a n d

habits

build

instance

society

are,

2 5

H o l l a n d :

uniformly

h a v e

circumstances,

d r a w n

of

h u m a n

only

as t o

of

contrary,

principle

h a v e

w h i c h

on

disappointment

the

L o r d

of

t r a n s p l a n t e d $ t h e y

objection

one

w o r d s

ingenuity;

various

n o

stitution

of

course

u n d e r in

n o r

a b s u r d

in t h e

best

d e p e n d i n g

chief

CONSTITUTION.

Constitutions

neither

g o v e r n m e n t

P E R F E C T

in t h e

constitution

occasion.

t h e

t h e m

O N

voice

large in

the

E n g l i s h

African

is n o t

* " S k e t c h of a C o n s t i t u t i o n for t h e K i n g d o m of N a p l e s , "

lot of

the

u n d e r

lapse

a

of

the in of t h e

w o o d s British, a

few

mercantile legislative a n d

foreign

susceptible

1815.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universite de Montreal, on 03 Jul 2021 at 01:14:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511983146.004

26

W E S T

of

i m p r o v e m e n t

himself

a

such

of

E m p e r o r

said,

of

the

state

so

a d v a n c e d

w o r k s

of

Russia,

of t h e s e in

p o w e r s ,

a n d

ficiency

as

' T h e y m a r k e d ,

character it

b y

these

civilization

of

aborigines

of

a n d

S w e d e s

T h e

old

in

m u s t

the

F i n n i s h

possess

perfection b e

s h o w n

a d v a n t a g e s

t h e

a

native

t o

given a w a r e

e n d u e d

w i t h

b r o u g h t

t o

ought the

t h e

h a v e

to

scale

be

of

a

n e w

are

a n d a

a

d e g r e e to

F r o m

a g e s

have

l e a r n e d of

r e -

h u m a n

a r t

w h e n

i n t r o d u c e d

a m o n g

t h e m .

t h e

of

superior

w h i c h

R o m a n s

Scandinavia

t o

p r e c e d e d

in h a d

in

individual

w a s

displayed

as

r u d e

people

of

the

f r o m

their

hordes f o r m

merely

I n d o - G e r m a n

E a s t

nations

rudiments pristine

have in

s u p r e m e

little c a p a b i l i t y a n d

since

various

belonging

t o

of

t h a t

t h e y

all m a t t e r s

the

as

lived

of

of

origin, m e n t a l

the

of

or

t h e

as

from

existence. w h o

b r o u g h t

culture, t h a n

m a n y at

N o r t h e r n

T a r t a r s ,

t h e y

t o

with

of

t h e

b e e n

Fetishes, Africans.' laws,

t h e y

sloth

c o n q u e r e d t h e m

native d a y

A s i a

w h o s e

h e a d s

Sclavonians,

b y

f r o m

m o r e

present

o r e a c h

' a n d

squalid

the

t h e

p a r t s .

i m p o r t a n c e

e m e r g e d

t h e

G o t h s

it h a s

a c t i o n s ;

W h e n

of

the

b a r b a r o u s

t h e

t o T h e

t h a t

g o v e r n m e n t ,

o w n

able

s o u t h e r n

long,

political

his

e m e r g i n g

E v e n

of

m o s t

w i t h o u t

arbiter

b a r b a r i s m

p a r t s

the

domestic

animal

done.

of

f a i r

a u t h o r

a n d

a g e s

p r o -

a

willing

a n d

scanty

i m m e m o r i a l

social u n i o n ;

their

as

of

themselves

the

t h e

world.9

a d v a n c e m e n t

is m u c h

w e r e

n o t

s h o w n

nations

i d e a

intellectual

civilized

as

t h e

t h e y

m e

allowed

the

admitted, the

h i g h

in

articles,

t h a t

natural

t o

s u p p o r t

m e

s h o w n

as

A i x - l a -

m a n u f a c t u r e

secure

viewing

h a v e

d u r i n g

north,

A f r i c a n

y o u

t o w a r d s

h a v e

inhabitants

v o c a b u l a r y

t h e

s h o w n

of

p r o v e d b y t h e l e a r n e d investigations of R u t i s , t h e r e l i g i o n of a n d

in far

in

h a s

C o n g r e s s

w o r k s

b e

African

E u r o p e

in

n o t

in

a d v a n t a g e s

m a n y

n o t

of

c a n n o t

limited

y o u

Africa

m u c h

t h e y

it

w a s

being

her

b u t

desire

I

m e n

men.

' contributed

science,

profit

of

of

m e ;

T h e

of

not,'

does

e n d e a v o u r i n g

p e o p l e ;

other

h a v e

h e

a

s l a v e - t r a d e ;

p o o r

capable

raising

articles

whilst

society.

any

w i t h so

astonish

b u t

a n d

Clarkson,

the

' Y o u

brutes,

of

certain

of

t h a t

years.

i m m o r t a l

suppression

chance

order,

n a t i o n s — s i n c e

fifty

exhibited

C O U N T R I E S .

progression

exising

the

E m p e r o r

a n d

of

within

1 8 1 8 ,

the

highest

history t h a t a n y people

Chapelle, t h e

m a n y

results

I n

the

principle

surpassing world's

of

A F R I C A N

of a t h e

slowly A f r i c a n

t h e r e

a r e

h a v e

the

a n d

other

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F A L S E

E u r o p e a n s ,

b u t

V I E W S

w h o

are

R E S P E C T I N G

below

m a n y

T H E

of

A F R I C A N .

the

African

2 7

tribes

in

civili-

zation.' B u t

w i t h

B u r t o n *

these

a n d

theoretician

m a n y

t h a t

demoralised

the

the

of

chimera

the Africans

m a d e

b y

sive

a u g m e n t a t i o n

t h a t

the

t o

m o s t

maintain

education

that

h a v i n g m i n d s

a of

the

principles B u t their

the

L e o n e

of

seems

missionaries other

o n

able

of

of

a

consideration partial

"

t

L o r d

1 8 6 5 .

few of

W a n d e r i n g s

D r .

" L e c t u r e

i n

H u n t

as

sent

b y

advance

a n d

arts,

in the

greatness out,'

agriculture,

b y

w h i c h of

cir-

p r o g r e s -

pointed of

t h a t

d e m o n s t r a t e

t o

has

of

provision

a n d to

people

a n d

the

will the

of

that

t h e

native

liberated

test

of

is b y of

g o v e r n e d lay

in

the

fundamental

strong

of

the

seemed

the

done, look at

t h e

A f r i c a n ; — '

the

b e

at

S i e r r a

d e d u c e d W h i l s t

the

s u p p o r t e d

b y

of

the

expressly

colonies t o

g u i d e d rather w h o

certainly the n o w

from

did

report b y

excluded not,

existing

as

the all im-

improve-

2 6 7 .

H o u s e

N e g r o ' s

t h e

proofs,

gentlemen,

colony, a n d

p .

w a s

of

on

Africans

G o v e r n o r

to

s u m m a r y

r e m a r k s

criticism.

the Colonial-office

A f r i c a , " i n

the

resolution

mercantile

have

S p e e c h

the

with

in the

disparaging on

the

c o m m i t t e e

W e s t

" O n

a

C o m m o n s ,

s o m e

of

success

a g e

of

T h i s

such

the

the

w e a l t h ;

foundation

operations

interested

S t a n l e y ,

o n

t h r o w

w i t h s t a n d

observers w o u l d

*

H o u s e

to

the

the C o m m i s s i o n e r

evidence

the

education

cannot

affairs,

m i n d

p r o d u c e d

body,

sohd

very

it their principle

n a t u r e

b e

w e r e

g r a d u a l

useful

will

a

questionable.'

evidence,

colonial

the

institutions

g o v e r n m e n t .

' of

assert

w h i c h

w h i c h

missionary

w h i c h

national

governing

s e e m e d

they,

a

or h a v e

' illustrate the

for

the

influences

the

h u m a n

a d v a n c i n g

of

generation

c o m m i t t e e

say

evidence

the

political

effects

success,'

a n d

i n

resolutions,

g o o d

for

t o

the

of

t h i n g s

masses,

rising

of

of

b e

Captain

generalization

Christian

whilst

situation,

m e a n s

t h a t

a d v a n c e d

in fact, these

should

development

voice

a n d

t h e y m a k e

of

find

b a r r e n

p h i l a n t h r o p y ;

plan

o r d e r

t h e

a n d

that

w e

unblushingly

civilization

external

in the

the

in

jejune

principles

effectual

e n c o u r a g i n g

h a v e

object

in t h e

man's

evidence

A f r i c a n — t h a t ,

leading

n a t u r e of

in

positive proof

a n d

c u m s t a n c e s

British

mistaken

is a

g r e a t

the

native a

facts

o t h e r s f

absurdum,

a p o p h t h e g m ,

their

p o t e n t

P l a c e

of

C o m m o n s , i n

N a t u r e , "

T u e s d a y , p .

5 7 .

F e b .

C a r l

2 1 ,

V o g t ,

M a n . "

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2 8

W E S T

m e n t

in

all

c o u n t r y

n o w

their

a n d

observations

a n c e

within

m a n y

of

w e r e

so

M r .

s h o w e d

H a r r i s stated

in his

natives

a b s u r d after

t o

the

t h e n

fifty

is

t h e y

years,

that) t o

t h a t

forgot

of

they

w e r e

t h a t

he

evidence n o t

so

as

t h a t

landing

of

Julius

zenith

of

her of

degree

of

a

b y the liberated

Africans

t h a t

t h e

Caesar

at

E m a n c i p a t i o n slave

f o r m e d

the

N o v a

a

A c t

ships b l a c k

bigoted,

Scotia.

Africans, t o

link

to

t h e m

ceived ;

or

a n d

w e r e

blood

with

smallest the

T h e

E u r o p e a n

a n d

chose

spirit

m e r c h a n t s

their

of

during

the

called

a n d

there,

mistresses

t h o u s a n d ;

in his

be. of

liberated

w h e n

l a b o u r s

u p o n

w o u l d

B r i t a i n

t o

the

b e

fifty

civilization

of

b y

of

a

R o m e ,

c o m p a r e Africa,

race, with them,

nor the

t w o

d u r i n g

the

c o l o n y ; h a d

w o u l d

w o u l d they

education r a n

a m o n g

on

r a m p a n t

their

time. ere

t h e

settlers w e r e

driven the

n o t

w h i c h

t h a t

liberated

t h e y

b y

f r o m

liberated

c o n d e s c e n d

a t t e m p t

officials

of

a n d

been

c o n t e m p t a n d

exceeds

n e g r o e s

M a r o o n s

m a d e

exhibited

L e o n e ,

t h e

t h e

countries,

p e r i o d

Sierra

c a p t u r e d

G o v e r n m e n t

from

similar

w h o

the

civilization of

the

a s

years

of

i m p r o v e m e n t

of

a n d

views

I t

race

of

of

exclusiveness a n d

the

t h e y

a g e n t s

four

w i t h

colony

d o w n

theirs,

of

a

missionary influence far

inhabitants

portion

f r o m

or

exhibited

p r o m u l g a t e d ,

t h e y

t h e m

civilizing

a t t e m p t

degree

i n t r o d u c e d

as

in

A n d , i n f a c t , if t h e c o m p a r i s o n b e

influences

l o o k e d

(and,

of

the

t o

time

b u l k

to

of

assist-

the

b a r b a r o u s

self-opinionated

' n a t a '

as

w h i c h

in which

missionary

o u g h t

civilization,

u n d e r

civilised

T h e y

their the

w a s

of

last

subjects

only

n a r r o w

w i t h

present

establishment

civilizing

civilization

savage,

the

Britain u n d e r R o m a n early

it

i m p r o v e m e n t

us

the

as

u n d e r

of

a

g r a d u a l l y

t h e

b r i n g i n g

three

result

prosperity,

feeble a t t e m p t s

t h e

to

the

f o r m

n u m b e r

t o

c o u n t r y

semi-civilization, the

for

b e e n

t h e

t h e

in

e x t r e m e l y

effective

history informs

n a t u r e

w a s

of

the

c o m p a r e

civilization

b e t w e e n

from

w h i c h

one

w a s

t o

years'

A t

been

t h a t

nineteenth century in E n g l a n d .

of

only

occupied

h a v e

t h a t

w h i c h

b e l o n g e d

a n d w h e r e

sciences

f o r g o t

h a v e

a t t e m p t

in the

result

witnesses

e x t r e m e l y small, in c o m p a r i s o n with that

t h e

fifty

also

a n d

inhabitants

b a r b a r i s m

population,

h e

a n d

t h a n

T h e y

arts

report,

last

less

utter

n o w .

the

the

a n d

the

cases,

state are

years

T h e s e

exists in perfection,

advancing,

see,

C O U N T R I E S .

phases.

civilization

h u n d r e d

securely

t h e y

different

w h e r e

eighteen b u t

its

A F R I C A N

t o

they

i m p a r t h a d

a m o n g

befriended

d a u g h t e r s

w h o m

r e -

t h e m . t h e m , t h e

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C O M M O N

p a r e n t s w o u l d m e n t of

h a v e t h o u g h t

I N

d e g r a d e d

healthy a n d w a s t h e of

less

t o o k

greater

while

a m o n g s t

t h e m ;

the liberated

p o w e r s of

the

in the course a

energetic t h a n the preceding,

c o n s e q u e n c e ;

far

place

2 9

R A C E S .

b y marrying

apprentice or liberated A f r i c a n ;

consanguinity

ble

H U M A N I T Y

i m p r o v e m e n t

of t i m e

race

a n d

a

Africans

p o o r

G o v e r n m a r r i a g e s

s p r a n g fearful

u p

mortality

p r o v e d to b e

t h a n t h e y were, a n d

for

missionaries,

g o o d ,

still

c o u r a g e d

b y

from

liave

b r o u g h t

a n

the

claim

t h e

u p

b e t w e e n m o r a l

him

a n d

the

T h i s S i r

b e

the

a

w h e r e

sequently

of

Aristotle

so

destiny

exertions

a l t h o u g h material

short

a

h a s

of

a

disassist-

period,

t h e y

m a p p e d

o u t

exist

c o m m o n n o

confrere;

t h a t

exhibited

b y

him,

the

in

distinctions

the

nearly so, as t h a t

from

h u m a n i t y

radical

it is a n i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e entirely

the

c o m m u n i s

t h e m e

a m o u n t

as

of

originally

found

a m o n g s t

logical

inference

influences

they

are

certain

*

b y

a n d

em

of

external

the

a n d

of

writers

in

the

' Origin

' T h e

n a t u r e

b u t

varied

a n d

bred,

a n d of

a n d

ages.

N a t u r e m a n

of

seems

several

in them,

of

the

passions,

of

statures,

t h e

p r o d u c e

operations

imaginations

different

like their

influence

w h i c h

a n d

TO

s a m e

idea

TTOKV

TOL

physical

t R h e t .

force

est.

b y

air,

a n d

a

con-

actions.'

the

W o r k s ,

places,

h u m o u r s

course

p r o p o u n d e d 00$

a n d

the

of m a n y

himself:

b o r n

of

o m n i u m

essay u p o n

expresses

features,

yap

e t

in his

discourses

are

civilised

a n d

b e e n

u n e q u a l

Oftoia

there

same, or

u n a

m i x t u r e

a n d

t h a t

in all times

a n d

different

attribute

e n d o w m e n t s

arises

t h u s

s a m e

different

' T h e r e

the

m o r e

T e m p l e , *

c o m p l e x i o n , climates

of

N a t u r a

h a s

G o v e r n m e n t / t o

without

within

w h o m

work,

disdain.

T r u l y —

d i c t u m W i l l i a m

a n d

laudable

t u r n

Africa.

n a t i o n s ;

circumstances.

for

in their

a r d u o u s

now,

m e n

b y n a t u r e , is t h e

difference

their

a n d

r a c e ;

his

periods,

c o u n t r y m e n ,

of

in

n e g r o

E u r o p e a n

t h a t

race

intellectual

conferred t h e

a

existence

or

a n d

of t h e i r

mission

t h e

African

in

G o v e r n m e n t ;

i m p o r t a n t I

these

p e r s e v e r e d

m a n y

a n c e

d u r i n g

c a p a in

l o o k e d d o w n o n t h e m b u t m o r e in pity a n d compassion t h a n in T h e

less

V o l .

ii.,

in his

(jt,i\\ovTct

appetites/

i i ,

2 0 ' s e c .

R h e t o r i c

p.

2 9 ,

TQI$

says

e d .

Sir

f:— hs\ovo