Water Birds of California [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520319950

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California Natural History Guides: 40

WATER BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA BY HOWARD L. COGSWELL Illustrated by Gene Christman

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY • LOS ANGELES • LONDON

California Natural History Guides Arthur C. Smith, General Editor

Advisory Editorial Committee: Mary Lee Jefferds A. Starker Leopold Robert Ornduff Robert C. Stebbins

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England

© 1977, by The Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-520-02994-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-93049 Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION, 1 Techniques in Observing Birds, 2 On Keeping Records, 5 Study Projects and Reporting Results or Observations, 7 Binoculars and Telescopes, 11 Photographing Birds, 12 Bird Banding and Its Significance, 13 Conservation and Hunting, 15 BEHAVIOR OF WATER BIRDS, 19 Foods and Food-Getting, 19 Flocking and Roosting, 20 Migration, 24 Nesting 29 Habitats and Biotic Districts, 32 IDENTIFYING WATER BIRDS, 34 What to Look For on the Bird and in the Picture Keys, 35 Notes on the Picture Keys: Recognizing the Water Bird by Family, 36 Picture Key A. Birds on the Water, 37 Picture Key B. Water Birds on Land or Perch, 41 Picture Key C. Water Birds in Flight, 46 Topography of the Bird Body and Changes in Feathering, 50 Diagram: Parts of a Bird, 51 Abbreviations and Terms Used in Species Accounts and Illustrations, 54 Size Guide, 57 SPECIES ACCOUNTS Families: 1. Gaviidae (Loons), 58 2. Podicipedidae (Grebes), 61 3. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses), 67 4. Procellariidae(Shearwaters, Petrels), 70 5. Hydrobatidae (Storm-petrels), 75 6. Phaethontiiii

CONTENTS

dae (Tropicbirds), 79 7. Pelecanidae (Pelicans), 80. 8. Sulidae (Boobies, Gannets), 84 9. Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), 85 10. Fregatidae (Frigatebirds), 90 11. Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets, Bitterns), 91 12. Ciconiidae (Storks), 104 13. Threskiornithidae (Ibises, Spoonbills), 106 14.20. Anatidae (Waterfowl), 108 Subfamilies: 14. Cygninae (Swans), 108 15. Anserinae (Geese), 111 16. Dendrocygninae (Tree Ducks), 121 17. Anatinae (Dabbling Ducks), 122 18. Aythyinae (Diving Ducks), 137 19. Oxyurinae (Stiff-tailed Ducks), 155 20. Merginae (Mergansers), 157 21. Gruidae (Cranes), 161 22. Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules, Coots), 163 23. Haematopodidae (Oystercatchers), 172 24. Recurvirostridae (Avocets, Stilts), 174 25. Charadriidae (Plovers), 177 26.29. Scolopacidae (Probing Shorebirds), 186 Subfamilies: 26. Tringinae (Tringine Sandpipers, Curlews, Godwits, and Allies), 186 27. Scolopacinae (Snipe, Dowitchers), 198 28. Arenariinae (Turnstones), 202 29. Calidridinae (Calidridine Sandpipers and Allies), 204 30. Phalaropidae (Phalaropes), 218 31. Stercorariidae (Jaegers, Skua), 222 32.-33. Laridae (Gulls, Terns), 227 Subfamilies: 32. Larinae (Gulls), 227 ninae (Terns), 249

33. Ster-

34. Rynchopidae (Skimmers), 263 35. Alcidae (Alcids), 264 36. Alcedinidae (Kingfishers), 277 37. Cinclidae (Dippers), 279 ORGANIZATIONS, 281 SOME REFERENCES, 284 ¡V

CONTENTS

APPENDIX, 287 Introduction to Graphic Calendars, 287 Description of Biotic Districts, 290 Map of California, 292 Key to Habitat Designations, 295 Graphic Calendars and Habitat Distributions, 299 INDEX 393

V

INTRODUCTION Birds fascinate people. Many are bright and colorful; they sing; their behavior is primarily based on senses o f sight and hearing (as is man's); their family life is appealing. A n d many birds are active in the daytime and can easily be observed almost anywhere. Furthermore, birds f l y — an ability man has achieved, in comparatively cumbersome fashion, only after centuries o f e f f o r t . Beyond this, there are the seasonal comings and goings o f many birds, o f t e n on long migrations about which there is much folklore and, in recent years, much new information. The

long

history

of

nonprofessional

ornithology

has

favored a great variety o f popular books on birds in general, their behavior, their nests; guides f o r identification o f the birds o f w h o l e continents, and distributional lists both for larger regions and for local areas. However, the interested amateur w h o does not amass a library and keep up with recent journal literature o f t e n has difficulty applying statements in the guides and distributional lists to local conditions. This is particularly true with descriptions o f habitat and seasonal occurrence and abundance, which vary so much f r o m region to region. This b o o k , together with its companion volume on land birds to f o l l o w , is intended to serve this need as well as to provide sufficient

notes

on

recognition

and habits o f

the

species

occurring in California to enable a careful observer o f birds to i d e n t i f y them and learn their salient behavioral features. The

present volume

covers

the water birds, i.e.,

those

families o f birds o f which most or all members are associated with fresh- or salt-water habitats. There is one exception: the Osprey, a fish-catching type o f hawk in a family o f its own, is so obviously a hawk that it is included with the other hawks in the land bird volume. All other water bird species occurring regularly

or

frequently

anywhere in California are treated

herein, but greater detail is given f o r those which are numerous or

widespread — especially

those

found

readily

along

the

central and southern coast and in the Central Valley. Brief 1

INTRODUCTION

notes are inserted on a number of other species that occur only occasionally, but repeatedly, in the state; while those for which there are less than five records are mentioned only in the Appendix with the detailed Graphic Calendars of all birds. The 1957 American Ornithologists' Union Check List of North American Birds, as modified by .subsequent supplements, has been used for this book. A number of changes, especially among shorebirds, were announced in 1973, and these have been incorporated here, with a few additional groupings of species recommended by Jehl (1968: Relationships in the Charadrii (Shorebirds), San Diego Soc. of Natural History, Memoir 3). The sequence of families and species followed in this guide is in accordance with their evolutionary relationships, beginning with the most primitive types and ending with those considered most recently evolved. Included among the water birds are the waterfowl, a term properly applied only to one big family — the ducks, geese, swans, and mergansers. Along with a few rails, coots, and snipe, these birds make up the bulk of the game birds that thousands of hunters seek in our wetlands for a limited season each year. There is, however, no closed season on the use of binoculars, telescope, and camera, and the rewards are limited only by one's knowledge and diligence. TECHNIQUES IN OBSERVING BIRDS Primitive man's skill at close approach to wild creatures remains undeveloped in most people today. It is true that with powerful binoculars and telescopes many close views can be obtained without special precautions. However, to be really successful under varied circumstances one must frequently become a quiet stalker behind a screen of vegetation, keeping talk and other noise to a minimum. If lack of cover requires an approach in the open, as is so often true with water birds, it is usually better to walk slowly toward them in a direct line — since birds with eyes on the side of the head see such movement poorly in three dimensions. Stop frequently for observation, and make no quick movements, even of arms. Some2

INTRODUCTION

times,

of

course,

it

is

advantageous

to

make

a

sudden

m o v e m e n t so birds will fly up — either f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n on the w i n g or t o get a better estimate o f numbers. Since birds d o have

good

c o l o r vision, it is best to wear neutral or dull-

c o l o r e d clothing. Because our o w n perception o f colors, and indeed o f gradations o f light and dark, is greatly hampered by backlighting, field

trips should w h e n possible be planned so as t o have the

sun m o r e or less behind the observer. W e just cannot see the colors or fine markings on a bird w h e n it is silhouetted against a bright sky or glinting water. M a n y silhouettes are distinctive, however. When

time allows, the closest observations can o f t e n be

m a d e b y sitting q u i e t l y in a g o o d habitat, p r e f e r a b l y among or behind screening vegetation, and allowing birds t o c o m e i n t o the vicinity on their o w n after they have f o r g o t t e n y o u r noisy arrival.

For

many

of

the

m o r e w a r y birds treated in

this

v o l u m e , h o w e v e r , this requires a great deal o f patience unless it is augmented by a well-constructed " b l i n d " in or behind w h i c h one can m o v e

about a bit w h e n muscles get c r a m p e d . A n y

such blind, o f course, must be set in place l o n g e n o u g h f o r the birds t o have b e c o m e used t o its normally " h a r m l e s s " nature. 3

INTRODUCTION

It also helps t o have another person leave the area conspicuously after y o u enter such a hideout, w h e r e u p o n the alarmed birds usually resume their undisturbed feeding or resting activities much sooner. To

find

the

most

water

birds, w h e t h e r y o u

are

seated

q u i e t l y o r on the m o v e , glance about repeatedly at all likely spots. In y o u r active scanning, include points s u f f i c i e n t l y far away to avoid alarming m o s t o f the birds b e f o r e y o u

know

they are there. M a n y w a t e r birds are gregarious m o s t o f the year, and alarming the near fringe o f a large f l o c k will c o m m o n l y trigger a mass retreat by all o f them. Shorelines are especially g o o d watching spots, and m a n y o f f s h o r e snags or rocks m a y harbor birds. Sandy and other l o w peninsulas, dikes, and islets are o f t e n f a v o r e d as resting areas, primarily

because

they have f e w intruders. F o r species that

swim or dive on open w a t e r , y o u should first scan the surface o f ponds, lakes, bays, and ocean f r o m g o o d vantage points, either on shore or f r o m a boat — but be cautious in c o m i n g up on

small coves suddenly. In marshy areas and some

other

special situations, deliberate crashing through v e g e t a t i o n where secretive birds (such as rails) hide m a y sometimes cause them t o f l y up i n t o v i e w ; a rock tossed i n t o the marsh, or a sudden loud noise o f any kind — e.g., clapping hands several times — m a y stimulate t h e m t o give i d e n t i f y i n g call-notes.

4

INTRODUCTION W h e n birds are at some distance f r o m the observer, identification will o f course require magnification. Even then, there are o f t e n others still visible but so far away as t o be indistinguishable

as t o species. T h e real bird student,

however,

readily picks out shearwaters a mile or m o r e o f f s h o r e f r o m coastal headlands where the casual visitor sees o n l y waves and close-in gulls, cormorants, and pelicans.

ON KEEPING RECORDS T h e beginning bird student is necessarily greatly

concerned

w i t h i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f the species he sees. A list is the o b v i o u s first step at record-keeping. T h e usual birdwatcher's " l i f e l i s t " includes

the

date

and

place

w h e r e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was first

certain; m o s t students soon take additional notes o f some sort, including such items as

field

marks recognized, h o w

many

birds o f each species w e r e seen and in w h a t habitat, etc. A l l this requires some kind o f record b o o k or card system. Suggestions on note-taking in nature study in general, w i t h appropriate (1959)

and

emphasis on o b j e c t i v i t y , can be f o u n d in S m i t h Jaeger

and

Smith

(1966),

the

introductory

volumes t o this Natural History Guide series. Stebbins ( 1 9 5 9 ) suggests

a notebook

f o r m a t o f paragraph-style notes,

with

separate numbered pages f o r each species and other pages as a journal o f the observer's route and time afield, habitats visited, etc. A s y o u r k n o w l e d g e o f birds grows, y o u will w a n t t o keep records on d i f f e r e n t aspects, so a f l e x i b l e system such as this is highly r e c o m m e n d e d . M a n y bird students put i m p o r t a n t items such as l o c a l i t y , date, situation or habitat, and the n u m b e r o f each species f o u n d , i n t o some c o m p a c t f o r m , and then w r i t e e x p a n d e d notes elsewhere f o r the f e w species studied in detail. O t h e r items that should g o either in a journal or w i t h the pertinent species list are the weather at the time (and possibly f o r a previous f e w days or weeks, i f significant), the l o c a t i o n and e x t e n t o f each habitat through which y o u searched, time spent there, w h e t h e r y o u r e f f o r t was thorough or casual, etc. F o r making such lists o f species (but w i t h m i n i m u m o t h e r c o m m e n t s ) , the small field cards or regional checklists w h i c h 5

INTRODUCTION

are sold by the National A u d u b o n Society and by some local bird clubs and museums are h e l p f u l . A separate card or column should be used f o r each local field trip or f o r each region o f similar habitats. The California Field Ornithologists o f f e r a small booklet which is a complete state species list, with multiple blank columns. Such lists, however, require repeated scanning of many pages when all records of a particular species are desired. A cross-ruled " r o l l - b o o k " arrangement, with a row or more of space f o r each species and a column or more f o r each date, or for each location covered on more extended trips, does the two jobs of bringing together all the records on one species and those on all the species found at one locality or on one date. If y o u make y o u r own page headings, a loose-leaf system with

index

pages

giving

species

names,

on

margins

that

protrude b e y o n d the actual entries on filler pages, is a timesaver. ( T o prevent confusion in case of misplaced filler pages, however, each one should be keyed to its correct place.) Most desirable, however, is to have some system in which details b e y o n d the dates, places, and numbers of birds, the weather, etc., can be readily accommodated. F o r a number of years I have used a system with more flexible space in which a species list f o r each major area covered on field trips away from my home area is in (or on cards w i t h ) the journal giving details o f m y field activities, habitats visited, etc. In another section of the n o t e b o o k there is a page f o r each species on which

any

detailed notes

are made, including those

seen

repeatedly in m y h o m e area. I frequently enter brief observations including only date, place, and numbers on these pages also, in columns that can be quickly scanned when desired. Additional notes, in paragraph style, are written on these same pages by disregarding the columns, and the cumbersome keeping of separate notebooks is thus avoided. A file of cards appropriately ruled with a few columns could be adapted to serve the same function — and might be easier to add to in the field. Whatever the system used, it is important to be able quickly to check back to all previous notes pertaining to any one 6

INTRODUCTION

species from whatever locality, and similarly to be able to look up complete lists of all species found in a given area on successive visits to it.

STUDY PROJECTS A N D REPORTING RESULTS OR OBSERVATIONS

When he has developed an adequate system of records, what can the amateur student of birds do with them? Perhaps more than in any other branch of biology, ornithological knowledge is continually being advanced by amateurs who publish the results of their studies. When these accounts are on previously little-known species, places, types of behavior, ecological relationships, etc., and the results are well reported, including a concise discussion of their significance, they are welcome material for publication in scientific journals (see suggested references). Even such small items of distributional nature as unusual species in an area, or usual ones out of season, and particularly any documented observations of definite increase or decrease in populations, are welcomed by the regional editors of American Birds for their quarterly summary (there are two regions in California). If rarities are involved, the observation should always be supported by details of how the identification was made; it will be best verified if the bird is collected by a qualified person, is adequately photographed, or is seen by other qualified observers, all of whom agree upon its identity. Among the more important contributions to ornithology that can be made by amateurs are critical observations of behavior, censuses over measured areas of habitat, and systematic gathering of data on nesting success and on actual flyways used by migrants. In recent years the Special Wildlife Investigations Section (nongame species) of the California Department of Fish and Game has been coordinating many such efforts and supporting some financially. Volunteers at Point Reyes Bird Observatory (see organizations list preceding the Appendix) have also contributed greatly. Yet there are 7

INTRODUCTION

Gpawtil

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OF BIRDS ON PLOT

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TOTAL

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INTRODUCTION

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out, £t. ti 11 u

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tot- iumi^uAJ^^AJ^en^iucAJh^O. indicating a greater preference for the type or types preceding that symbol

297

APPENDIX: GRAPHIC

CALENDARS

than for those following it; or by »

when the preference is a

conspicuous or decided one. Similarly, the symbol < (used in few instances) indicates "less than." When two district numbers are separated by the symbol > followed by a single set o f letter symbols, similar habitat preferences in the two districts are indicated, but with lesser abundance in the district following the punctuation (and thus often less than the Graphic Calendar indicates). If, instead, the district numerals are separated by commas, it indicates the author's estimate of roughly equal levels of abundance. In the less well-worked parts o f the state, however, much remains to be described on the details o f habitat distribution and numbers o f birds. Particularly needed are censuses in both summer and winter o f all the widespread types of habitats, and in each o f the biotic districts. When data o f this sort are available, many alterations of the subjectively

determined

habitat preferences listed in this book will no doubt be in order. In the meantime, it is hoped they will be found useful to anyone interested in the habitat relationships of water birds.

298

GRAPHIC CALENDARS AND HABITAT DISTRIBUTIONS

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Ardea herodias, 91, 316 Ardeidae, 91 Arenaria interpres, 202, 364 melanocephala, 203, 364 Arenariinae, 202 Auklet: Cassin's, 269, 272, 389 Parakeet, 269, 274, 389 Rhinoceros, 269, 274, 390, PI. 7 Auklets, 272-274. See also Alcids Avocet, American, 1 7 4 , 1 7 5 , 352, PI. 9 Avocets, 41, 4 2 , 4 7 , 49, 174 Aythya affinis, 1 4 3 , 3 4 1 americana, 137, 338 collaris, 139, 339 fuligula, 339 marila, 142, 340 valisineria, 140, 340 Aythyinae, 137 Baldpate, see Wigeon, American Banding Laboratory, U.S., address, 14 Bartramia longicauda, 186, 358 Biotic districts, 33 descriptions, 290-295 Bittern: American, 101, 103, 322 Least, 10-1, 1 0 2 , 3 2 2 Bitterns, 40,41, 45, 9 1 , 1 0 1 , 102-103. See also Herons Bluebill, see Scaup Boobies, 38, 4 0 , 4 1 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 84 Booby: Blue-footed, 84, 85, 313 Brown, 8 4 , 8 5 , 314 Red-footed, 313 393

INDEX

Botaurus lentiginosus, 103,322 Brachyramphus brevirostre, 388 marmoratus, 268, 387 Brant, 114, 115, 327. See also Geese Atlantic, or Light-bellied, 115 Black, 114, 115, 327 Branta bernicla, 114, 327 bermela nigricans, 114,327 canadensis, 111, 326 canadensis minima, 111, 112 ruflcollis, 116,327 Bubulcus ibis, 94, 318 Bucephala albeola, 147, 342 clangula, 144, 341 islandica, 146, 342 Bufflehead, 145, 147, 342, PI. 6 Butorides virescens, 92, 317 Calidridinae, 204 Calidris acuminata, 214, 368 alba, 207, 365 alpina, 215, 369 bairdii, 212, 367 canutus, 205, 365 ferruginea, 369 fuscicollis, 368 mauri, 208, 366 melanotos, 213, 368 minutilla, 211, 367 ptilocnemis, 215, 368 pusilla, 211, 366 ruflcollis, 367 Calonectris leucomelas, 306 Canvasback, 139, 140, 340, PI. 6 Capello gallinago, 198, 362 Casarca ferruginea, 330 Casmerodius albus, 97, 319 Catharacta mccormickii, 226, 373 skua, 226, 373 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 193, 361 Cepphus columba, 266, 387 Cerorhinca monocerata, 274, 390 Charadriidae, 177 Charadrius alexandrinus, 178,355 melodus, 180, 355 montanus, 182, 356 semipalmatus, 177, 354 vociferus, 180, 356 wilsonia, 180, 355 Chen coerulescens, i 18, 329 rossii, 120, 329 Chenopis atrata, 325 394

Chlidonias niger, 261, 385 Ciconiidae, 104 Cinclidae, 279 Cinclus mexicanus, 279, 391 Clangula hyemalis, 148, 343 Coot, American, 63, 170,351, PI. 8 Coots, 37, 19,41, 4 2 , 4 6 , 49, 163 Cormorant: Brandt's, 87, 315, PI. 2 Double-crested, 85, 87, 314, PI. 2 Olivaceous, 315 Pelagic, 87, 89, 315, PI. 2 Cormorants, 37, 38, 4 0 , 4 1 , 45, 46, 85-89,87, PI. 2 Coturnicops noveboracensis, 167, 350 Crane, Sandhill, 161,163, 347348 Cranes, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 161163 Curlew, Long-billed, 187, 359. See also Whimbrel Curlews, 4 0 , 4 1 , 42, 186-188 Cyclorrhynchuspsittacula, 21 A, 389 Cygninae, 108 Cygnus olor, 111, 325 Daption capense, 306 Dendrocygna autumnalis, 122, 330 bicolor, 121, 330 Dendrocygninae, 121 Dichromanassa rufescens, 96, 319 Diomedea albatrus, 70, 306 exulans, 306 immutabilis, 68, 305 nigripes, 67, 305 Diomedeidae, 67 Dipper, American, 279, 391 Dippers, 40, 279 Dotterel, 357 Dowitcher: Long-billed, 201, 363, PI. 10 Short-billed, 199, 363, PI. 10 Dowitchers, 41, 42, 198-201 Duck: Black, 331 Black-bellied Tree, 122,330 Eider. See Eider, King and Spectacled Fulvous Tree, 121,123, 330 Harlequin 149, 343, PI. 11 Ring-necked, 139, 339, PI. 6

INDEX R u d d y , 155,159, 345, PI. 8 Tree. See Tree Ducks T u f t e d , 339 W o o d , 1 2 9 , 135, 136, 337, PI. 8 Ducks, Dabbling, 37, 38, 40, 41, 46, 48, 1 2 2 - 1 3 6 , 1 2 3 , 125,129, 135, Pis. 4 , 5 , 8 Diving, 37, 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 6 , 48, 1 3 7 - 1 5 4 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 5 , 157, PI. 6 Stiff-tailed, 39,46, 48, 1551 5 6 , 1 5 9 , PI. 8 Tree, or Whistling, 4 0 , 1 2 1 122,123 Dunlin, 209, 215, 369, PI. 10 Egret: Cattle, 94, 95, 318 Great, frontispiece, 95, 97, 319 Reddish, 95, 96, 319 Snowy, frontispiece, 95, 98, 320 Egrets, 4 0 , 4 1 , 45, 91, 94-99. See also Herons Egretta thula, 98, 320 Eider: King, 1 5 0 , 1 5 1 , 343 Spectacled, 343 Endomychura craven, 271, 388 hypoleuca, 270, 388 Eudocimus albus, 324 Eudromias morinellus, 357 Feathering, 53, 56 Flamingo, American, 108, 324 Flamingos, 108, 324 Florida caerulea 93, 318 Fratercula comiculata, 275, 390 Fregata magniflcens, 90, 316 Fregatidae, 90 Frigatebird, Magnificent, 90, 316 Frigatebirds, 45, 47, 90 Fulica americana, 1 7 0 , 3 5 1 Fulmar, Northern, 69, 70, 306 Fulmarus glacialis, 70, 306 Gadwall, 123, 1 2 5 , 3 3 2 Gallinula chloropus, 169, 350 Gallinule: C o m m o n , 39, 169, 350, PI. 8 Purple, 351 Gannets, 84 Garganey, 334 Gavia adamsii, 59, 300 arctica, 60, 301

immer, 58, 300 stellata, 61, 301 Gaviidae, 58 Geese, 37, 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 46, 48, 111-120,112-113, 115, 119, PI. 3 Gelochelidon nilotica, 249, 381 Godwit: Bar-tailed, 360 Hudsonian, 359 Marbled, 187, 189, 359, PI. 9 Godwits, 42, 186 Goldeneye, Barrow's, 145, 146, 342 Common, 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 341 " G o o n e y . " See Albatrosses Goose: Bar-headed, 328 "Blue" (Snow), 113, 118, 329 Cackling Canada, 1 1 1 , 7 7 2 Canada, 111, 112, 326 Egyptian, 331 Emperor, 113, 116, 327 " H o n k e r " Canada, 111, 112 Lesser Canada, 1 1 1 , 7 7 2 Red-bieasted, 116, 327 Ross', 113, 119, 120, 329 Snow, 113, 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 329 "Speckle-belly." See Whitefronted White-fronted, 772, 116, 328 Graphic Calendars, explanation, 33,54,287-290 Grebe: Eared, 63, 303, PI. 1 Horned, 62, 302, PI. 1 Least, 64, 303 Pied-billed, 66, 67, 305 Red-necked, 61, 63, 302 Western, 63, 65, 304 Grebes, 36, 37, 44,46, 61-67, 63, 67, PI. 1 Gruidae, 161 Grus canadensis, 161, 347, 348 Guillemot, Pigeon, 266, 269, 387, PI. 11 Guillemots, 41. See also Alcids Gull: Black-headed, 378 Black-tailed, 379 Bonaparte's, 243, 244, 379 California, 2 3 6 , 2 3 7 , 376, PI. 12 Franklin's, 243, 378 Glaucous, 221,229, 373 Glaucous-winged, 2 2 8 , 2 2 9 , 373 395

INDEX Heermann's, 245, 380, PI. 12 Herring, 229, 233, 375 Iceland, 227 (in Glaucous account) Laughing, 242, 243, 378 Little, 379 Mew, 237, 2 4 1 , 3 7 7 Ring-billed, 237, 2 3 9 , 3 7 7 Thayer's, 229, 2 3 5 , 3 7 5 Sabine's 243, 248, 381 Western, 2 3 1 , 3 7 4 , PI. 12 Gulls, 37, 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 4 7 , 50, 227-248, 229, 237, 243, PI. 12 Habitats of water birds, and codes, 295-298 Haematopodidae, 172 Haematopus bachmani, 172, 352 palliatus, 173, 352 Halocyptena microsome, 79, 311 Heron: Black-crowned Night, 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , 321 Great Blue, frontispiece, 91, 316, PI. 4 Green, 92, 317, PI. 8 Little Blue, 93, 95, 318 Louisiana, 95, 100, 320 Yellow-crowned Night, 102, 321 Herons, 40, 41, 4 5 , 4 7 , 91-103. See also Egrets; Bitterns Heteroscelus incanus, 1 9 5 , 3 6 1 Himantopus mexicanus, 176, 353-354 Histrionicus histrionicus, 149, 343 Hydranassa tricolor, 100, 320 Hydrobatidae, 75 Hyroprogne caspia, 249, 384 Ibis: Glossy, 107 (in White-faced account) White, 324 White-faced, 106, 107, 323 "Wood." See Stork, Wood Ibises (and Spoonbills), 40, 41, 4 5 , 4 7 , 106 Identification, in general, 34 by family, Birds in Flight, 43-50 by family, Birds on Land or Perch, 40-43 by family, Birds on Water, 36-39 Ixobrychus exilis, 1 0 2 , 3 2 2

396

Jaeger: Parasitic, 223, 224, 372 Pomarine, 222, 223, 372 Long-tailed, 223, 225, 372 Jaegers, 3 9 , 4 7 , 49, 222-226 Killdeer, 179, 180, 356 Kingfisher, Belted, 2 7 7, 279, 391 Kingfishers, 40, 277 Kittiwake, Black-legged, 237, 247, 380 Knot, Red, 199, 205, 365, PI. 10 Lampronetta fischeri, 343 Laridae, 227 Larinae, 227 Larus argentatus, 233, 375 atricilla, 242, 378 californicus, 236, 376 canus, 241, 377 crassirostris, 379 delawarensis, 239, 377 glaucescens, 228, 373 heermanni, 245, 380 hyperboreus, 227, 373 minutus, 379 occidentalis, 231, 374 Philadelphia, 244, 379 pipixcan, 243, 378 ridibundus, 378 thayeri, 235, 375 Laterallus jamaicensis, 1 6 8 , 3 5 0 Limnodromus griseus, 1 9 9 , 3 6 3 scolopaceus, 201, 363 Limosa fedoa, 189, 359 haemastica, 359 lapponica, 360 Lobipes lobatus, 219, 371 Loon: Arctic, 59, 60, 301 Common, 5 8 , 5 9 , 300 Red-throated, 59, 6 1 , 3 0 1 Yellow-billed, 59, 300 Loons, 36, 37, 4 4 , 4 6 , 58-61 Lophodytes cucullatus, 157, 346 Lutida cirrhata, 276, 390 Lymnocryptes minimus, 363 Mallard, 1 2 2 , 1 2 5 . 331, PI. 5 Man-o'-War Birds, 90. See also 1'rigatebirds Mantle, defined, 5 2 Map of California, with biotic districts, 292-293 Megaceryle alcyon, 277, 391 Melanitta-deglandi, 152,344 nigra, 1 5 4 , 3 4 5 perspicillata, 1 5 3 , 3 4 4

INDEX Merganser: C o m m o n , 1 5 8 , 1 5 9 , 346, PI. 7 Hooded, 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 346 Red-breasted, 159, 160, 347, PI. 7 Mergansers, 37, 39, 4 2 , 4 6 , 48, 157-160 Merginae, 157 Mergus merganser, 158, 346 senator, 160, 347 Micropalama himantopus, 216, 369 Molt, Molting of feathers, 52, 53 Murre: C o m m o n , 264, 267, 386, PI. 7 Thick-billed, 266, 267, 387 Murrelet: Ancient, 269, 271, 389 Craveri's, 269, 271, 388 Kittlitz's, 388 Marbled, 2 6 8 , 2 6 9 , 387, PI. 7 Xantus', 269, 270, 388 Murrelets, 268-271. See also Alcids Murres, 264-267. See also Alcids Mycteria americana, 1 0 4 , 3 2 3 Night Herons. See Heron: Blackcrowned Night, Yellow-crowned Night Notebook, techniques of, 5-8 Numenius americanus, 187, 359 phaeopus, 1 8 6 , 3 5 8 Nyctanassa violacea, 102, 321 Nycticorax nycticorax, 100, 321 Occurrence, regularity of, terms, 55 Oceanites oceanicus, 79,311 Oceanodroma castro, 310 funata, 75, 309 homochroa, 77, 310 leucothoa, 76, 309 melania, 78, 310 tethys, 310 Oldsquaw, 145, 148, 343 Olor buccinator, 110, 325 columbianus, 108,325 Osprey, 1 (not included in this book) Oxyura jamaicensis, 1 5 5 , 3 4 5 Oxyurinae, 155 Oystercatcher: American, 173, 352 Black, 172, 352, PI. 11

Oystercatchers, 41, 42, 49, 172173 Parts of body of bird, 50-51 "Peeps," 43 Pelecanidae, 80-83 Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 80, 312 occidentalis, 82, 313 Pelican: Brown, 45, 81, 82, 313, PI. 2 White, 45, 80, 81, 312 Pelicans, 37, 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 45,47, 80-83, 81, PI. 2 Petrel: Cape, 306 Mottled, or Scaled, 308 Petrels, 70. See also Storm-petrels Phaeton aethereus, 7 9 , 3 1 1 lepturus, 311 Phaethontidae, 79 Phalacrocoracidae, 85 Phalacrocorax auritus, 85, 314 olivaceus, 315 pelagicus, 89, 315 penicillatus, 87, 315 Phalarope: Northern, 219, 371, PI. 1 Red, 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 370, PI. 1 Wilson's, 219, 221, 371, PI. 1 Phalaropes, 37, 39, 46, 49, 218221, 219, PI. 1 Phalaropidae, 218 Phalaropus fulicarius, 218, 370 Philacte canagica, 116, 327 Philomachus pugnax, 2 1 7 , 3 7 0 Phoenicopteridae, 108 Phoenicopterus ruber, 1 0 8 , 3 2 4 Pintail, 123, 125, 1 2 7 , 3 3 3 Plegadis chihi, 106, 323 Plover: American Golden, 183, 357 Black-bellied, 183, 1 8 4 , 3 5 7 Golden. See American Golden Killdeer, 179, 180, 356 Mountain, 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 356 Piping, 1 8 0 , 3 5 5 Semipalmated, 111,179, 354, PI. 10 Snowy, 178, 355, PI. 9 Wilson's, 180, 355 Plovers,41, 4 2 , 4 7 , 49, 177-185 Plumage, 53, 57 Pluvialis dominica, 183, 357 squatarola, 1 8 4 , 3 5 7 Podiceps auritus, 62, 302

397

INDEX dominicus, 64, 303 grisegena, 6 1 , 3 0 2 nigricollis, 6 3 , 3 0 3 P o d i c i p e d i d a e , 61 Podilymbus podiceps, 66, 305 Porphyrula martinica, 351 Porzana Carolina, 166, 3 4 9 Probers, or P r o b i n g S h o r e b i r d s , 41, 42,47, 4 9 , 1 8 6 - 2 1 7 , Pis. 9, 10, 11 Procellariidae, 70 Projects f o r s t u d y , 10 Pterodroma inexpectata, 308 Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 272, 389 Puffin: Horned, 275, 390 T u f t e d , 269, 2 7 6 , 3 9 0 , PI. 11 P u f f i n s , 3 9 , 41, 4 3 , 2 7 5 - 2 7 6 . See also Alcids Puffinus bulleri, 69, 7 2 , 3 0 7 carneipes, 7 1 , 307 creatopus, 71, 307 griseus, 7 2 , 307 leucomelas, 306 puffinus, 74, 308 tenuirostris, 74, 308

Rufous-necked, 367 Semipalmated, 211, 366 Sharp-tailed, 2 1 4 , 3 6 8 Solitary, 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 3 6 0 S p o t t e d , 191, 196, 3 6 2 Stilt, 795, 2 1 6 , 3 6 9 U p l a n d , 186, 3 5 8 Western, 2 0 8 , 209, 3 6 6 , PI. 9 White-rumpcd, 368 S a n d p i p e r s , 41, 4 2 , 4 7 S a n d p i p e r s : Calidridine, 41, 4 2 , 2 0 4 - 2 1 7 , 2 0 9 , Pis. 9, 10 Tringine, 4 2 , 47, 1 8 6 - 1 9 7 , Pis. 9, 10 S c a u p : G r e a t e r , 139, 142, 3 4 0 Lesser, 139, 143, 3 4 1 , PI. 6 S c o l o p a c i d a e , 186 S c o l o p a c i n a e , 198 S c o t e r : Black ( " C o m m o n " ) , 151, 154, 3 4 5 S u r f , 151, 153, 3 4 4 , PI. 6 White-winged, 151, 1 5 2 , 344 Shearwater: Flesh-footed, 71, 307 M a n x , 69, 7 4 , 3 0 8 N e w Z e a l a n d , 69, 72, 3 0 7 P i n k - f o o t e d , 69, 7 1 , 3 0 7 Short-tailed (Slender-billed),

Rail: Black, 167, 168, 3 5 0 C l a p p e r , 163, 3 4 8 , PI. 3 Sora, 166, 167, 3 4 9 , PI. 3 Virginia, 1 6 5 , 3 4 9 , PI. 3 Y e l l o w , 167, 3 5 0 Rails, 41, 4 2 , 4 6 , 4 9 , 163-171 Rallidae, 163 Rallus limicola, 165, 3 4 9 longirostris, 163, 3 4 8 Recurvirostra americana, 174, 352 R e c u r v i r o s t r i d a e , 174 R e d h e a d , 1 3 7 , 1 3 9 , 3 3 8 , PI. 6 Rissa tridactyla, 247, 380 R u f f (and Reeve), 2 1 7 , 3 7 0 Rynchopidae, 263 Rynchops nigra, 2 6 3 , 3 8 6

69, 74, 3 0 8 S o o t y , 69, 7 2 , 3 0 7 S t r e a k e d , 306 Shearwaters, J 7 , 3 8 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 70-74 Sheld-duck, R u d d y , 3 3 0 S h o r e b i r d s . See Avocets; O y s t e r c a t c h e r s ; P h a l a r o p e s ; Plovers; Probers; Sandpipers; Sandpipers: Calidridrine, T r i n g i n e ; Snipes ( a n d D o w i t c h e r s ) ; Stilts; T u r n s t o n e s Shoveler, N o r t h e r n , 125, 1 3 2 , 336 S k i m m e r , Black, 2 6 3 , 265, 3 8 6 Skimmers, 40, 263 S k u a , C o m m o n a n d S o u t h Polar, 39,222,223, 226,373 " S n a k e b i r d , " 316 Snipe: C o m m o n , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 , 362 European Jack, 363 Snipes ( a n d D o w i t c h e r s ) , 41, 4 2 Somateria spectabilis, 150,343 S o r a , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 3 4 9 , PI. 3 S p o o n b i l l , R o s e a t e , 107, 3 2 4 . See also Ibises; Shoveler, Northern Steganopus tricolor, 2 2 1 , 3 7 1

Sanderling, 4 2 , 195, 2 0 7 , 209, 3 6 5 , PI. 9 S a n d p i p e r : Baird's, 209, 2 1 2 , 3 6 7 Buff-breasted, 217, 370 Curlew, 369 D u n l i n , 209, 2 1 5 , 3 6 9 , PI. 10 Least, 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 , 3 6 7 , PI. 9 Pectoral, 209, 2 1 3 , 3 6 8 R e d - b a c k e d . See Dunlin R o c k , 209, 2 1 5 , 3 6 8

398

INDEX Stercorariidae, 222 Stercorarius longicaudus, 225, 372 parasiticus, 224, 372 pomarinus, 222, hi2 Sterna albifrons, 255, 383 forsteri, 250, 382 hirundo, 253, 382 paradisaea, 254, 383 Sterninae, 249 Stilt, Black-necked, 175, 176, 353-354 Stilts, 41, 4 2 , 4 7 , 4 9 , 174-176 Stork, Wood, 1 0 4 , 1 0 5 , 323 Storks, 40, 41, 45, 47, 104 Storm-petrel: Ashy, 77, 3 1 0 Black, 77, 78, 310 Fork-tailed, 75, 77, 3 0 9 Galapagos, 310 Harcourt's, 310 Leach's, 76, 77, 309 Least, 79, 311 Wilson's, 79, 311 Storm-petrels, 37, 38, 44, 47, 75-79 Sula leucogaster, 84, 314 nebouxii, 8 4 , 3 1 3 sula, 313 Sulidae, 84 Surfbird, 195, 204, 365 Swan: Black, 325 Mute, 109, 1 1 1 , 3 2 5 T r u m p e t e r , 109, 110, 325 Whistling, 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 325 Synthliboramphus antiquus, 2 7 1 , 389 Tadorna ferruginea, 330 Tattler, Wandering, 195, 361 Tattlers, 4 2 , 47 Teal: Baikal, 334 Blue-winged, 129, 130, 334, PI. 5 C i n n a m o n , 129, 131, 335, PI. 4 Falcated, 334 Green-winged, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 333, PI. 4 Tern: Arctic, 251, 254, 383

Black, 251, 2 6 1 , 3 8 5 Caspian, 257, 2 5 9 , 384 C o m m o n , 251, 253, 382 Elegant, 257, 2 5 8 , 3 8 4 Forster's, 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 , 382 Gull-billed, 2 4 9 , 2 5 7 , 381 Least, 251, 2 5 5 , 3 8 3 Royal, 257, 383 Terns, 41, 43,47, 5 0 , 2 4 9 - 2 6 2 Thalasseus elegans, 258, 384 maximus, 2 5 7 , 383 Threskiornithidae, 106 Tree Duck: Black-bellied, 122, 330 Fulvous, 121, 123, 3 3 0 Tree Ducks, 4 0 , 121 Tringa flavipes, 191, 360 melanoleuca, 192,360 solitaria, 190, 360 Tringinae, 186 Tiopicbird: Red-billed, 79, 311 White-tailed, 311 Tropicbirds, 4 5 , 4 6 , 79 Tryngites subruficollis, 217, 3 7 0 Turnstone: Black, 203, 364 R u d d y , 2 0 2 , 2 0 3 , 364 Turnstones, 41, 4 2 , Ah, 47, 202-204 Una aalge, 264, 386 lomvia, 266, 387 Water birds, defined, 1 Waterfowl (a family), 2, 108. See also Ducks: Dabbling, Diving, Stiff-tailed, Tree; Geese; Mergansers; Swans Whimbrel, 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 , 3 5 8 Wigeon: American, 129, 134, 135, 337, PI. 5 European, 134, 135, 336 Willet, 4 2 , 1 8 7 , 193, 3 6 1 , PI. 10 Xemasabini,

248,381

Yellowlegs: Greater, 191, 192, 360 Lesser, 191, 3 6 0

399

CALIFORNIA NATURAL HISTORY GUIDES

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Amphibians and Reptiles of California, Cacti of California, Dawson

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