Warlords, Artists and Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century 9780824844929

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Warlords, Artists, and Commoners

Warlords, Artists, & Commoners Japan in the Sixteenth Century

Edited by

George Elison and Bardwell L. Smith

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS

Honolulu

Copyright © 1981 by Hie University Press of Hawaii All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition 1981 Paperback edition 1987 96 97

6 5 4J

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Warlords, artists, and commoners. "The outcome of a seminar on Japan in the sixteenth century held at Carleton College during the winter and spring terms of 1974.'' Includes index. 1. Japan—Civilization—1568-1600—Congresses. 2. Japan—History—Period of civil wars, 1480-1603 —Congresses. I. Elison, George. II. Smith, Bardwell L. DS822.2.W35 952'.02 80-24128 ISBN 0-8248-0692-1 ISBN 0-8248-1109-7 (pbk)

Frontispiece: Detail of HIDEYOSHI VISITING THE BLOSSOMING CHERRIES AT YOSHINO, c. 1594,

folding screen. Kimiko and John Powers collection. Photograph by Geoffrey Clements.

Contents

Acknowledgments Chronology Map of Japan in the Sixteenth Century

vii ix xvii

Introduction: Japan in the Sixteenth Century George Elison

1

Japan's Sixteenth-Century

7

Revolution

John Whitney Hall The City of Sakai and Urban Autonomy V. Dixon Morris

23

The Cross and the Sword: Patterns of Momoyama History George Elison

55

A Visualization

87

ofEitoku's Lost Paintings at Azuchi Castle

Carolyn Wheelwright Joha, a Sixteenth-Century Poet of Linked Verse Donald Keene City and Country: Song and the Performing Arts in Sixteenth-Century Japan Frank Hoff Music Cultures of Momoyama Japan William P. Malm

113

133

The Culture of Tea: Prom Its Origins to Sen no RikyU

187

163

H. Paul Varley and George Elison Hideyoshi, the Bountiful Minister George Elison Japanese Society and Culture in the Momoyama Era: A Bibliographic Essay BardwellL. Smith Contributors Notes Glossary Index

223

245 281 285 339 345

Acknowledgments

This volume of essays is the outcome of a seminar on Japan in the sixteenth century held at Carleton College during the winter and spring terms of 1974 as the second of a series of special seminars on Asia. Selected papers from the first, which dealt with the T'ang period in China, were published in 1976 under the title Essays on T'ang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces. We should like first of all to thank Mr. and Mrs. John M. Musser for their gift to Carleton, which enables the college to hold seminars of this kind. In addition to Professors Hall, Keene, Malm, and Varley, who contributed chapters to this volume, the scholars who participated in the seminar over its fifteen-week period included Professors Abe Masao, John Rosenfield, and Andrew Tsubaki. To all of them we wish to express our appreciation. The student members, whose free and thoughtful criticism enriched the seminar, have also earned our sincere appreciation. They were David Aki, John Collidge, Elizabeth Gault, Marshall Gittler, Nancy Haven, Katherine Lock, Marianne Mcllvain, Gayle Menich, Terry Moss, Kristina Nelson, Cynthia Pietrak, Jay Swanson, Kenneth Titley, James Treece, and David Russell. Colleagues who shared their time and their wisdom with us in the preparation of this collection include John Curtis Perry, Paul Martin Sacks, and George Macklin Wilson. Their support and suggestions have contributed much to this book's makeup. Julia Meech-Pekarik of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and Sato Jindo of the Shogakukan Publishing Company in Tokyo gave valuable advice and assistance in regard to the book's illustrations, and to them, too, we are most grateful. We wish to thank those who provided administrative aid at the time of the seminar and since, especially Terry Basquin, then secretary of the History Department at Carleton, and May Okada, administrative assistant to the Dean of the College. Thanks are also due to Barbara Arnn of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Indiana University, for her help with the index, and to Robin Barnes and William Elison for drawing the map ofJapan.

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Finally, we should like to acknowledge with gratitude the following institutions for granting us permission to reproduce the works of art which illustrate this volume: Academy for Educational Development, New York; Imperial Household Agency, Tokyo; Jukoin, Daitokuji, Kyoto; Nanzenji, Kyoto; Reiun'in, Myoshinji, Kyoto; and the Tokyo National Museum. Bloomington, Indiana Northfield, Minnesota

GE BLS

Chronology

14671477 1471 1474 1476? 1479 1482 1484 1485

1488 1490 1496 1500 1502 1505 1506 1507

- Onin War: collapse of ccntral authority; beginning of Sengoku period - death of the dobo Noami - Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa abandons his office (7 January; Bunmei 5/12/19) - Soami completes the compilation of the handbook on Higashiyama aesthetics, Kundaikan sochoki, begun by Noami - Yamashina Honganji founded by Rennyo, the pontiff of the True Pure Land sect - Ashikaga Yoshimasa begins building the Higashiyama Villa (site of the Silver Pavilion) - by this year, a local autonomous council called the Egoshu is functioning in Sakai - local leaders of the province of Yamashiro form a league (ikki) and take over the administration of the southern part of the province (until 1493) - adherents of the True Pure Land sect, organized as the Ikko ikki, take over the province of Kaga (until 1580) - death of Ashikaga Yoshimasa - Rennyo founds the Ishiyama Dojo in Osaka: forerunner of the Ishiyama Honganji - the Gion Festival, lapsed since the Onin War, is revived in Kyoto - death of the tea master Murata Shuko - the great popularity of Bon odori in Kyoto causes the shogunate to prohibit the dance - death ofthe painter Sesshu Toyd (b. 1420) - Tosa Mitsunobu paints a screen depicting Kyoto for the Asakura daimyo ofEchizen: a prototype Rakuchu-Rakugai-zu byobu

X

1513

CHRONOLOGY

- Kano Motonobu and Soami decorate the Abbot's Quarters of the Daisen 'in 1515 - Toyohara Sumiaki writes Taigensho, a study of court music 1517 - the rcnga master Saiokuken Socho records songs heard during a journey in his travel diary, Utsu no yamaki 1518 - compilation of the song anthology Kanginshu 1521 - Miyoshi Motonaga establishes the headquarters of his family, the Mandokoro, in Sakai 1522 - Sen no Rikyu born 1524 - SatomuraJoha born 1525 - death of Soami, the last of the ' 'Three Ami" 1527 - Miyoshi Motonaga, championing the cause of Ashikaga Yoshitsuna, establishes the so-called Sakai Bakufu 1530- - Saiokuken Socho's diary, Socho shuki, records songs heard on his 1531 travels 1532 - Ikko ikki attacks the Nichiren sect temple Kenponji in Sakai and forces Miyoshi Motonaga to suicide: end of the "Sakai Bakufu" (My) - adherents of the Nichiren sect in Kyoto form the "Lotus Confederation" (Hokke ikki), arm themselves, and take over the affairs of the city (August) - Yamashina Honganji is destroyed by the forces of the Lotus Confederation (September); Ishiyama Honganji of Osaka becomes the headquarters of the True Pure Land sect 1534 - Oda Nobunaga born 1536 - end of the Lotus Confederation: the main temples of the Nichiren sect are destroyed, and large parts of Kyoto burnt, by armies mobilized by the monks of the Tendai sect on Mount Hiei - from this date onward, the Ishiyama Honganji becomes a major center of No, sponsoring performances by the Four Troupes 1537 - Toyotomi Hideyoshi born probably this year (17 March; Tenbun 6/2/6 [?]); some sources indicate 1536 1539 - Miyoshi Nagayoshi (Chokei) for the first time occupies Kyoto - Kano Motonobu begins a large interior decoration project at the Ishiyama Honganji 1542 - discovery of the rich Ikuno silver mine in Tajima province 1543 - TokugawaIeyasu born (31 January; Tenbun 11/12/26) - Kano Eitoku born - Kano Motonobu decorates the Abbot's Quarters of the Reiun 'in - Miyoshi Nagayoshi assumes control over Sakai - the first Portuguese traders arrive in Japan; introduction of Western firearms 1544 - the shogunateprohibits furyu in Kyoto

CHRONOLOGY 1546 1547

1549 1555 1558 1559 1560

1561 1562 1563

1564

1565 1566

1567 15671568 1568

1569

1570

1571

xi

- establishment of the Kanazawa Mido, the True Pure Land sect's governing agency over the province of Kaga and neighboring areas - the last Japanese mission of the official "tally s h i p " trade leaves for Ming China - the Jesuit Francis Xavier arrives in Japan: beginning of the Christian mission - death of the tea master Takeno Joo (b. 1502) - Kinoshita Tokichiro, the future Hideyoshi, enters Nobunaga's employ - death ofKano Motonobu (b. 1476); birth ofKano Sanraku (d. 1635) - Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto and begins his rise to national prominence - Kano Mitsunobu born - Nobunaga and Ieyasu form an alliance - Satomura Joha compiles Hakuhatsu sho, a book of secret renga traditions - Kano Shoei paints an enormous Nirvana painting for the Daitokuji - death of Miyoshi Nagayoshi (b. 1522); his treacherous vassal Matsunaga Hisahide takes over his place in the politics of the Home Provinces - Matsunaga Hisahide and the Miyoshi Triumvirs destroy Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru - fighting between Hisahide and the Triumvirs threatens Sakai; the Jesuit Luis Frois reports on conditions in the city - Kano Shoei and his son Eitoku decorate the Abbot's Quarters of the Jukdin - SatomuraJoha journeys to Mount Fuji: J o h a Fujimi michi no ki - Kano Eitoku, with three assistants, does wall paintings for the Kanpaku Konoe Sakihisa - Nobunaga occupies Kyoto and installs Ashikaga Yoshiaki as shogun; Matsunaga Hisahide submits to Nobunaga, sending him a precious tea utensil to seal their alliance - the Miyoshi Triumvirs, based on Sakai, attack Shogun Yoshiaki but are rebuffed from Kyoto (January); Nobunaga threatens Sakai with destruction until the city submits sometime this summer - beginning of Nobunaga's " T e n Years' W a r " against the Honganji and the ' 'religious monarchy'' of the True Pure Land sect - about this time, Hasegawa Shinshun (Tohaku) paints Rounding Up Horses, a pair of sixfold screens now in the Tokyo National Museum - furyu odori in high vogue during the Bon season in Kyoto; the

xii

1572 1573

1574

1575

1576

1577

1578

CHRONOLOGY

crown prince and Shogun Yoshiaki watch the dance competition among townsmen groups - Nobunaga destroys the Enryakuji, the headquarters of the Tendai sect on Mount Hiei - Nobunaga issues a seventeen-article remonstrance to Shogun Yoshiaki - Takeda Shingen defeats Ieyasu's and Nobunaga's allied forces at Mikatagahara (6 January; Genki 3 / 1 2 / 3 ) and strikes westward; enticed by Shingen's progress, Shogun Yoshiaki breaks openly with Nobunaga (March); Nobunaga burns the periphery and much of the inner city of Kyoto to intimidate the shogun (May) - Nobunaga expels Yoshiaki from Kyoto and the central arena of politics, in effect disestablishing the Muromachi bakufu (August) - a copy is made of Sanshu Shitara-gun tauta {also known as Tensho no tauta), an anthology of songs related to agricultural field work - Ikko ikki takes over the province of Echizen (May); Nobunaga destroys the Ikko ikki of Ise (October) - the Kyushu daimyo Otomo Sorin sponsors a large-scale performance o/furyu dances - Nobunaga presents screens of Scenes In and Around Kyoto and Tale of Genji by Kano Eitoku to Uesugi Kenshin, the daimyo of Echigo - Nobunaga defeats Takeda Katsuyori at Nagashino (June) and conquers Echizen from the True Pure Land sect (September); he issues the "Regulations for the Province of Echizen" to Shibata Katsuie - Sen no Rikyu acts as master of the tea ceremony (sado) for Nobunaga - Nobunaga begins building Azuchi Castle; Kano Eitoku is commissioned to decorate it and takes his atelier to the site of the project - Shibata Katsuie, Nobunaga's governor of Echizen, conducts a "sword h u n t " in his province and orders peasants to confine themselves to tilling the soil; a rudimentary religious inquisition is conducted in Echizen - Nobunaga declares his castle town of Azuchi a duty-free market - Matsunaga Hisahide turns against Nobunaga, is defeated, and commits suicide - Nobunaga grants Hideyoshi the right to hold formal tea ceremonies - Ogasawara Chikashige-ryu taue hyoshi no yurai records prayers to be recited at a ritual for the god of the field associated with rice transplanting

CHRONOLOGY 1579

1580

1581

1582

1583 1584

1585

xiii

- the donjon of Azuchi Castle becomes Nobunaga's official residence - Nobunaga orders the Azuchi Disputation between priests of the Pure Land and the Nichiren sects, declares the Nichirenists the losers, and orders three of their principals executed - the Kyushu daimyo Omura Sumitada cedes Nagasaki and vicinity to the Society of Jesus - Ishiyama Honganji surrenders to Nobunaga (September), and the Ikko ikki of K a g a is conquered by Shibata Katsuie (December): end of the " T e n Years' W a r " and the "religious monarchy" of the True Pure Land sect - Nobunaga's regime destroys provincial forts in the Kansai area and conducts land surveys in the provinces of Yamato and Harima - Nobunaga presents a screen painting of Azuchi (now lost) by Kano Eitoku to the Jesuit Visitator Alexandro Valignano - Nobunaga campaigns against the Kongobuji, the headquarters of the Shingon sect on Mount Koya - Nobunaga conquers the Takeda, extending his realm into the Kanto region, his last triumph (April); the imperial court decides to offer him appointment as shogun (May) - Akechi Mitsuhide, joined by Satomura Joha, holds a renga session at the Atago Shrine (18June; Tensho 10/5/28) - Honnoji Affair: Mitsuhide murders Nobunaga (21 J u n e ; Tensho 10/6/2) - Battle of Yamazaki: Hideyoshi destroys Mitsuhide and begins his rise to hegemony over J a p a n (2 July; Tensho 1 0 / 6 / 1 3 ) - Azuchi Castle burnt down (3-4 July) - Hideyoshi orders a land survey of Yamashiro province (27 July; Tensho 1 0 / 7 / 8 ) - Battle of Shizugatake: Hideyoshi destroys Shibata Katsuie - Hideyoshi builds Osaka Castle - Kano Eitoku and his atelier decorate Osaka Castle - the Yamazato tearoom in Osaka Castle first used by Hideyoshi, with Sen no Rikyu in attendance - Hideyoshi and Ieyasu confront each other in the inconclusive Komaki Campaign - Hideyoshi orders a land survey of O m i province on the basis of a new standard square measure: the mature phase of the nationwide Taiko kenchi begins - Hideyoshi concludes peace with Ieyasu (January); he defeats the warrior monks of Negoro and gains the province of Kii (AprilMay); his armies conquer Shikoku (July-August) - Hideyoshi is appointed Kanpaku (6 August; Tensho 1 3 / 7 / 1 1 ) and sponsors a program of No plays at the imperial palace in

xiv

1586

1587

1588

1589 1590

1591

1592

CHRONOLOGY

celebration; assisted by Sen no Rikyu, he entertains Emperor Ogimachi at a tea ceremony in the imperial palace (October) ; he assumes the family name Toyotomi (October) - SatomuraJoha completes Renga shihosho, a work o/renga theory - Hideyoshi visits the imperial palace and displays his portable golden tearoom to the emperor (March); he entertains Otomo Sorin in the same tearoom at Osaka Castle (May) - Kano Eitoku and his atelier decorate Emperor Ogimachi's retirement palace (In no Gosho) - Hideyoshi appointed Daijd Daijin (27 January; Tensho 14/ 12/19) - Hideyoshi conquers Kyushu (April-June) - Hideyoshi orders the practice of Christianity restricted and the Jesuit missionaries expelledfrom Japan (July), but refrains from enforcing his edicts - the GrandKitano Tea Ceremony (November) - Kano Eitoku and his atelier decorate Hideyoshi'sJuraku Palace - Ashikaga Yoshiaki renounces the shogunate: legal end of the Muromachi bakufu - Emperor Go-Yozei visits Hideyoshi at his Juraku Palace: the crowning event of the hegemon 's aristocratization - foundation laid for the Great Buddha Hall ordered built by Hideyoshi in Kyoto; the machishu of Kyoto perform a furyu spectacle at the ceremony - a nationwide "sword hunt" is decreed by Hideyoshi - completion of the Yamanoue Soji ki, a classic text on the tradition o/wabicha - Hideyoshi defeats the Later Hojo of Odawara and is supreme in Japan; he transfers Ieyasu from his old domains to the Kanto, with Edo becoming Ieyasu's castle town - death of Kano Eitoku - suicide of Sen no Rikyu - Hideyoshi's edict prohibits the change of status from samurai to farmer or merchant, or from farmer to merchant - the last resistance to Hideyoshi is eliminated in northern Honshu: all Japan is reunified under Hideyoshi's hegemony - Hideyoshi passes on the office of Kanpaku to his adopted son Toyotomi Hidetsugi (11 February; Tensho 19/12/28), himself assuming the title of Taiko; the Juraku Palace becomes Hidetsugi's official residence; he is visited there by Emperor Go-Yozei - Hideyoshi's armies invade Korea; Kano Mitsunobu and members of Hasegawa Tdhaku 's atelier go to Hizen in Kyushu to decorate Nagoya Castle, Hideyoshi's headquarters for the invasion - death of Kano Shoei(b. 1519)

CHRONOLOGY 1593

1594

1595

1596 1597

1598 1599

1600

1601 1602 1603

1604

XV

- cessation of hostilities in Korea - Toyotomi Hideyori born - Hideyoshi begins performing publicly in No plays - Hasegawa Tdhaku and members of his school do wall paintings for the Shounji (now in the Chishakuin) - versions of the kouta collection Rytitatsu kouta shu appear over a twenty-year periodfrom this date - the Ueyama Sokyu copy of mai no hon, an early collection of Kowaka texts, is made about this time - Hideyoshi travels to Yoshino to view the cherry blossoms, accompanied by a grand suite which includes Satomura Joha; the first of Omura Yuko's "new No plays," Yoshino mode, commemorates the event, heroizing Hideyoshi - Hideyoshi builds Fushimi Castle; Kano Mitsunobu and Kano Sanraku are commissioned to decorate it - Toyotomi Hidetsugi is disgraced and forced to commit suicide; the Juraku Palace is dismantled; Satomura Joha is exiled from Kyoto for his association with Hidetsugi - Hideyoshi receives ambassadors from Ming China in Osaka; negotiations fail, and the Korean armistice collapses - martyrdom of the Twenty-Six Saints of Japan in Nagasaki on Hideyoshi's orders (5 February; Keicho 1/12/19): first bloody persecution of Christianity - second invasion of Korea - death of Hideyoshi (18 September; Keicho 3/8/18); the Japanese armies are withdrawn from Korea - Kano Soshu paints panels of the Thirty-Six Poets for the Hokoku Jinja, the shrine dedicated to the deified Hideyoshi - a sequence of one hundred Ryutatsu songs is dedicated to Toyotomi Hideyori - the first Dutch ship (Liefde) arrives in Japan - Battle of Sekigahara: Tokugawa Ieyasu supreme in Japan (21 October; Keicho 5 / 9 / 1 5 ) - Soan kouta shu, an anthology of short songs, is probably completed within a few years of this date - death of Kano Soshu (b. 1551) - death of SatomuraJoha - Ieyasu appointed shogun: establishment of the Edo bakufu (24 March; Keicho 8 / 2 / 1 2 ) - Izumo no Okuni, apparently a priestess of the Izumo Shrine turned wandering entertainer, performs the dance known as Kabuki odori in Kyoto - Hokoku Festival: a seven-day celebration of Hideyoshi's heritage in Kyoto

xvi

1605

CHRONOLOGY

- Kano Mitsunobu paints a great coiled dragon on the ceiling of the Main Hall (Hatto) of the Shokokuji 1608 - death of Kano Mitsunobu 1609? - Uraminosukc, a novel (kana zoshi) containing short songs popular in the period, is written sometime about this date 1612 - the Tokugawa shogunate issues decrees prohibiting Christianity and takes steps against the mission in its immediate domains 1614 - Tokugawa Ieyasu orders the expulsion of the Christian missionaries from Japan (1 February; Keicho 18/12/23): the general persecution begins - the Kojoruri puppet play Amida no munewari is being performed by this year - Osaka Winter Campaign (November-January 1615) 1615 - Osaka Summer Campaign; fall of Osaka Castle, death of Toyotomi Hideyori, and the end of Hideyoshi's heritage (4 June; Keicho 20/5/8) 162 5 - publication ofthe Kojoruri play Takadachi 1631 - publication of the Sekkyo Joruriplay Karukaya 1635 - compilation o/Kan'ei juninen odori ki, an anthology of songs for dance 1639 - the final Sakoku directive of the shogunate ends the Portuguese trade with Japan and all Japanese traffic with Catholic lands (4 August; Kan'ei 16/7/5)

Map ofJapan in the Sixteenth Century

MAP OF J A P A N IN THE S I X T E E N T H C E N T U R Y The Tenka, Oda Nobunaga 's realm, at his death in 1582 it Headquarters of major Buddhist organizations X Sites of major battles

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