Системы VAV Краткое описание

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Системы VAV Краткое описание 1

щ

«

я

ы

. . .»

044 531 37 01 04080, .

,

.

36-10

www.belimo.com.ua

VAV. , .

, BELIMO Silowniki S.A. (

III)

, Politechnika Warszawska (

IV)

, Politechnika Warszawska (

IV)

, ASHRAE Polonia Chapter , Stowarzyszenie Polska Wentylacja ,

,

SMAY (

)

.

, 29, 31-587

Pomarancza,

.

8, 60-734

FORTIS www.grupafortis.pl ISBN: 978-83-928037-0-6 2009 . .

2

(VAV – Variable Air Volume), , . , .

, ,

,

VAV

.

.

, ,

–

,

, –

,

,

. ,

, VAV

.

, , .

«

VAV» , .

VAV,

, ,

,

. ,

, VAV,

, VAV.

, , ,

,

,

. .

,

«Stowarzyszenie Polska Wentylacja»

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

, VAV. VAV, . , ,

, . VAV,

.

3

, . ,

,

, ,

. , VAV,

. . , , . VAV –

, ,

. ,

,

. ,

, .

(

,

,

), . ,

,

.

, ,

-

.

, ,– . ,

.

« ,

» .

PolCon Consulting Politechniki Warszawskie ASHRAE Polonia Chapter

4

1

VAV .........................................................................................................7 1.1

VAV ................................................................................................7

1.2

VAV –

..............8

1.3

..........................................................................10

1.4

VAV...........................................................................11

2

............................................................................................14 2.1

...........................................................14

2.2

...........................................................................16

2.3

...................................................................17

2.4

....................................................18

2.5

VAV.....................................................................19

2.6

...........................31

3

................................................................44 3.1

VAV ....................................................................44

3.2

.........................................51

4

......................................................................................58 4.1

«OPEN SPACE» .................................................................58

4.2

..............................62

4.3

.....................................................................................65

4.4

......................................................................................................68

4.5

..............................................................................................................70

4.6

......................................................................................................74

4.7

:

.......................................77

4.8

:

.................................78

4.9

:

.................................................................................79

4.10

:

.............................................................................80

5

6

I

VAV

1.

VAV

1.1.

VAV (

«Variable Air Volume“ -

) .

,

. VAV ,

.

VAV , . . 25% . DDC (Direct Digital Control) VAV BAS (Building Automation System),

. VAV

, .

. .

, VAV

•

:

;

•

, ;

•

, ;

•

;

•

;

• • •

2,

; ; .

7

1.2.

VAV – , ,

VAV,

(

VAV.

,

), .

. 1.

VAV

1.2.1.

VAV (Pressure Dependent) . .

. 2.

VAV, S–

;

(Pressure Dependent): –

1.2.2.

VAV (Pressure Independent) , VMIN

VMAX.

. 3.

VAV, S–

;

(Pressure Independent): –

; R – VAV

8

1.2.3.

VAV

. . , .

2

VAV-

,

,

. , , .

,

, .

. 4. К 123 - VAV 45-

VAV: ; ; ; ; .

9

1.3. , –

;

–

.

VAV

1.3.1.

:

VAV (Dual Duct VAV system) VAV,

,

,

,

:

•

15 °C

•

37 °C

. 5.

VAV

VAV , (

). ,

(

,

,

) ,

.

. 1.3.2.

VAV (Single Duct VAV system) VAV. 15 °C ( ,

,

),

–

, .

. 6.

VAV

.

,

, , ,

,

.

10

,

VAV, .

, , ,

,

, (

-

,

). ,

. (Single Duct system), (Pressure Independent).

VAV,

1.4.

VAV VAV

,

, (CAV). CAV .

,

,

, ,

, . ,

0,7 – 0,8. , . VAV, . ,

. , , ,

,

.

, . VAV.

11

№1

CAV

VAV

(CAV) VCAV = Σ Qimax

CAV, .

V, . Q = f(Δt) (

). (VAV)

VVAV =

VAV, .

Σ Qi

. ,

V, , .

,

Q = f(ΔV)

( ).

12

II 13

2. 2.1. ,

VAV

. . ,

,

. №2 ,

VAV 1 2

,

, , . (

3

13

16 °C (

4

16

20 ° (

) ) )

5 - Vmin,

6 2

-

., Vmin –

7 8 (open return) 9 10 (

, , )

11 «

»

14

,

VAV VAV 12

VAV ,

,

, 120 – 130 13

, VAV, , 3D

14 , , (

/

)

15

16

, Vmax

17 ( ) 18

.

15

2.2.

. ,

, .

,

,

,

. VMIN

,

VAV .

,

, , . , VAV .

, ,

•

:

• • • • •

,

(

),

. ,

,

,

,

: ,

-

: , ,

, ,

. . , (Supply Air Temperature – SAT).

16

, ,

2.3. , ,

.

,

. , ,

.

. 7.

, VAV. 3

2122 °

+15…16 ° „Diversity Design“ –

VMIN 30%

VMAX

80% V ,

,

17

. ,

:

1) ,

,

. 2) ,

.

3)

: ,

. (+22-24°C)

.

,

,

(

), . .

4) /

, (morning warm-up). ,

-

:

,

.

2.4.

. : 1) ,

VAV-

, , (

.

,

). ,

. 2)

(DDC) .

3)

, (

,

,

)

.

VAV,

, .

4) ( ) . 5) VAV.

,

.

18

2.5.

VAV

, , . , ,

, .

2.5.1.

VAV . , (

,

,

, .)

VAV .

,

VAV

, щ

я»).

: GMP («Ч

, VAV

,

1)

ы

,

: .

2) . 3)

,

. VAV, , .

2.5.2.

1: VAV

VMAX VMAX .

VMIN VAV, VMIN

( ,

VMIN.

) ,

(

), , ,

. VMIN, ,

.

, . VMIN (

).

19

. 8.

, VAV. ,

VMAX

VMIN

VMIN. , VMIN,

Δ

, , .

VMIN .

, :

•

10-12 /c,

VMAX

•

VMIN

1,2-1,4

2 / .

VAV / , ,

– .

,1 . VMIN

: . VMAX

VMIN

VAV.

, :

2. 3.

, .

,

1.

/

. . .

20

2.1.

VMAX

VMIN

4 . .

VMIN (

)

3

(

VMAX

3

(

/ )

/ )

(

( / )

RVP-Rt .

3

( / )

/ )

125

88

2

442-530

10-12

160

145

2

723-868

10-12

200

226

2

1130-1356

10-12

250

353

2

1766-2120

10-12

315

561

2

2804-3364

10-12

400

904

2

4526-5426

10-12

500

1413

2

7065-8478

10-12

ы

ы

я ы

ы SMAY VAV RVP-R

VAV RVP-Rt

. 9. К

VAV

(

21

SMAY)

2.2.

VMAX

VMIN

5 . (

(

)

(

3

/ ).

)

105

205

305

405

505

200

15-950

290-1810

440-2670

580-3540

720-4400

250

180-1180

360-2270

540-3340

720-4430

900-5500

315

330-1490

460-2860

690-4210

910-5580

1140-6940

400

590-3620

870-5350

1160-7090

1450-8810

500

730-4530

1090-6690

1450-8860

1810-11010

630

920-5710

1380-8430

1830-11160

2290-13880

800

1750-10170

2330-14170

2900-17620

1000

2190-13390

2910-17710

3630-20000

ы

ы

я ы

ы SMAY

Р

. 10.

ы

RVP- (

SMAY)

22

2.5.3

2:

,

VAV,

. .

,

, ,

,

,

:

,

,

. . – , .

1) 2) 3) 4)

35

–

65 65 70 85

.

35

–

.

–

. –

(

).

5)

85

130

–

. 6)

130

–

,

. : (sound pressure level)

(sound power level)

6. (

EN 15251) (

(

25-40 20-35 30-40 35-45 30-40 30-35 28-35 30-35 28-35 35-50 40-50 35-50 30-40 25-35 35-45 30-40

) «open-space» -

, ( (

( ))

) )

, :

32 26 35 40 35 33 30 33 30 40 45 40 35 30 40 35

, ,

(

): LW = 10 log W/W0 W0 = 1 pW –

23

, . ISO

3740. (

, – Anechoic Chamber)

,

. : (

/

2

).

: Lp = 10log P2 /P20 20log P/P0 P0 = 20

– VAV . ,

: ,

,

,

. . ,

,

,

, .

. 11.

,

VAV

24

2.3.

LW (

( ))

VAV

PVP-R

. 7 PVP-R (

)

100

250

500

V( / )

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

125

42

49

58

63

55

63

65

69

60

66

70

71

160

43

53

60

65

54

64

67

72

62

66

71

72

200

42

52

59

63

55

60

65

71

62

65

70

73

250

44

55

61

66

55

62

66

72

62

67

70

74

315

41

56

62

71

57

62

67

75

61

68

73

78

400

45

54

60

70

58

64

69

75

64

70

75

79

500

44

56

61

72

58

63

68

73

63

70

74

78

8 , VAV (

PVP-R.

)

.

100

250

500

V( / )

3

6

8

12

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

125

24

29

36

43

32

38

43

51

33

39

47

53

160

24

32

38

65

33

40

44

53

41

44

48

55

200

25

31

42

63

36

44

47

52

42

46

52

54

250

30

41

44

65

39

46

47

55

48

51

54

59

315

33

46

47

53

45

51

53

55

49

56

57

59

400

36

49

50

53

48

55

56

58

54

56

61

64

500

35

50

51

53

47

55

57

59

53

55

61

63

9 , VAV (

PVP-R.

)

.

100

250

500

V( / )

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

125

20

23

31

38

30

31

36

41

29

30

36

46

160

20

25

32

40

30

32

37

44

35

38

39

44

200

22

25

34

42

29

34

39

42

33

38

40

45

250

23

30

36

44

37

39

42

47

38

42

44

48

315

23

35

39

46

40

44

46

49

44

46

47

51

400

25

39

44

50

43

48

49

50

44

51

53

54

500

25

40

44

51

44

49

50

52

44

51

54

55

25

2.5.4.

3: VAV,

,

,

. – 120-130

VAV

, , .

,

. 2.5.

RVP-R

. 12.

RVP-R (

26

RVP-P.

):

.

. 13.

RVP-P (

. 14.

):

VAV

27

2.5.5.

4: VAV . , DDC (Direct Digital Control) (Building Automation

System). . VAV

, , . VMAX .

– VMAX

,

VMAX VMIN, .

,

, VMIN

,

– . ,

. 15.

30-50%

VMIN,

VMAX.

VAV

. (Single Maximum):

28

VMAX

:

•

;

•

;

•

, , «

»

.

VMAX VMAX VMIN. VAV

(∆ ≥ 2

), .

VMAX

VAV .

. 16.

VAV

.

VMAX

.

:

• •

VAV ; ,

VMIN

, « .

29

»

VAV « BAS (Building Automation System), BMS (Building Management System). , . . , ,

,

»

,

,

. ,

, • • •

,

LonWorks

, VAV, : ,

; ; .

30

BACnet.

.

2.6. , ,

. , .

2.6.1. , .

, ó ,

.

,

,

, . . , : ,

,

,

,

, ,

,

.

,

. VAV (

). (air transfers) ,

. (common

returns) .

, . , : 1)

, ,

,

.

. . 2) :

•

, (air schaft/air riser), - 10

/ .

, ;

•

•

,

2-6 / ; (occuoied space)

4-5 / .

31

10

.

-

.

/

-

.

/

/

-

/

/

/

8

4-5

3-4

10

6

5

9

4-5

4-5

12

6

6

9

5-7

5-6

12

8

7

10

6-9

5-9

14

11

9

4

5,5

2,5

4,5-6

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3) . 4) . ,

,

.

. . , . (

•

/ ). VAV 1,5-2,5 / 0,75-1,5 / .

•

0,75-1,5 , , .

32

/ .

2.4.

VAV.

. 17.

, . , .

, ,

. . . . ,

,

, .

, , .

•

VAV: ;

•

;

•

.

33

2.5.

.

. 18. .

VAV .

. 19. , .

34

.К

.

,

. 20. К .

. 21. К

.

35

. 22. К

. 23. .

, . VAV

36

VAV VAV . , . ,

,

. VAV

, , . (

)

.

. 24.

VAV . ,

.

, VAV. VAV. , . . , VAV.

, ,

,

,

.

37

,

VAV . . ,

,

2/3 2/3

, .

, ,

,

. VAV.

3-4

, , .

, -

,

.

.

,

,

, .

,

,

. ,

, .

.

, ,

,

. (

( (

)

),

, VAV) . ,

.

.

38

. 25. , 2/3 . -

. 26.

. 27. .

VAV

39

: 1)

-

VMAX . VMAX,

VAV

, VMAX .

,

. 100% VAV

,

VMAX ,

90% ,

, .

,

,

, ,

VMAX

.

, .

, ,

2)

. -

VMAX . VAV, ,

VMAX,

. ,

,

VMAX, .

, .

40

2.6.2. V,

Δ . , 5-10%.

, . , ,

,

.

.

. 28.

: – Δ – Vp –

; ; .

VAV : 1) . 2) ( 3)

,

,

).

.

4) . 5) . 6)

, BAS (Building Automation System).

7)

.

41

2.6.3

VAV ,

VAV.

,

. , .

.

CAV,

,

.

VAV .

,

, ,

,

.

,

,

, . ,

, «

»

,

, . ,

,

,

,

. , .

,

«

,

,

» 40…100%

. . 70%.

, VAV. –

20

100%. 0

100%,

(ΔtN),

VAV,.

VAV.

, , VMIN,

VAV.

. 29.

-

42

43

III

3.

3.1.

VAV VAV

,

,

,

. .

,

–

, CAV (Constant Air Volume). , , ,

, ,

,

,

,

. VAV

. (

VFP

BELMO) VRP-STP)

( VRP-M),

( .

3.1.1. VAV . VAV ,

:

(

•

Master/Slave). . (

,

)

. ,

. 30.

.

–

44

,

•

(Master/Slave) . . ,

Master Slave

,

. , .

BELIMO Master

, .

. 31.

– ( (

Slave)

,

Master)

3.1.2. . . . HVAC, .

(DDC –

Direct Digital Control) . BAS (Building Automation System),

BMS (Building Management

System). . ,

. - LonWorks, BACnet, EIB

ProfiBus. LonWorks LonWorks (ANSI/EIA 709.11) LonWorks HVAC, ,

, (ENV 13154-2). , , , ,

.

BACnet.

LonWorks

45

– , –

(

,

),

,

:

, .

1994 . LonMark Interoperability Association.

,

36 LonWorks,

, . . LonMark.

LonWorks

•

: ;

•

–

,

,

;

•

;

•

;

•

, , .

BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks)

, .

1995 Conditioning Engineers)

ASHARE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirBACnet (ANSI 135-1995). 2001 (ANSI 135-2001) PICS (Protocol Implementation and Conformance Statements) BIBBS (BACnet Interoperable Building Blocks). .

BACnet .

,

, . ,

,

.

BTL -

BACnet

,

,

.

,

. : . ,

, ,

,

. .

46

,

, BELIMO

• •

VAV : . .

•

20%

. ,

• •

. . .

3.1.3.

VAV. VAV

.

, VAV.

, BELIMO, -

-bus

BELIMO COU24-A-MP

, .

3.1.

VAV, VAV (

, 550),

32 , 80°,

( ). . , VAV (

.

. 32.

47

90%)

.

. 33. VAV

3.2. BELIMO

. 34. – 8

VAV ( 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

)

; ; ; ; ; ,

CR 24-B

BELIMO;

48

VAV : 1)

; 2;

2) 3)

.

. 35.

DDC MS-Bus ( ): 1) 2)

; ;

3) 4) 5)

DDC; ;

, CR 24-B BELIMO;

. 36.

: 1) ; 2) ; 3) .

49

, :

• •

50%;

•

;

;

•

;

•

( );

•

;

•

, ;

• • • •

, ; (VAV, CAV VAV/CAV); -Bus; .

50

3.2. VAV : 1)

;

2)

;

3)

;

4)

;

5)

(

, .)

3.2.1. , , VAV-

.

,

•

: ,

•

«compact» BELIMO);

D2

«universal», BELIMO);

VRD2

D3 ( ,

•

- VRD3 ( (

VFP

BELIMO). , .

, ,

, .

. :

1)

0-300 «compact»

(

«universal»).

2)

: ( «universal»).

:

) VFP-100 (0-100

)

) VFP-300 (0-300

)

) VFP-600 (0-600

)

, , 10000

,

,

.

51

, (

),

,

-

-

. (

D2

D3) .

,

,

,

, . ,

,

.

3.2.2. , . . . ,

BELIMO, ,

.

,

, 2,5

. .

, . VAV-Compact VAV. P -tool.

MP-Bus –

VAV.

NMV-D2-MP

SMV-D2-MP

LHV-D2-MP

LMV-D2LON

NMV-D2LON

VAV-Compact

LMV-D2-MP

11

●

●

●

●

●

●













VAV CAV / 5

10 .

AC/DC 24 V (MP-Bus) MP-Bus 0/2…10 V/ 0/4…20 mA LonWorks ( 0…300 a,

150 .

5

10

.

.

.

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

 

 

●

●

●

●



)

20 .



52

●



●

●

●

●

●

●

●







VAV-Universal -

VAV .

12

VAV CAV / 4 8 10

, 2.5 , 4.0 , 150

VRP-M-STP

VRP-M-VAV

VAV-Universal

( (

) )

LMQ24A-SRV-ST NMQ24A-SRV-ST NM24A-V-ST

(MP-Bus) MP-Bus 0/2…10 V/ 0/4…20 mA (

)

0…100 0…300 0…600

VFP-100 VFP-300 VFP-600

-

-

●

●









●

●

 

● ● 

 

●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

AC/DC 24 V

-



13 VRD3

VRP

VRP-STP

●

●







●

● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●

AC/DC 24 V

●

●

●

0/2…10 V/ 0/4…20 mA (

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

  

● ● ●

● ● ●

●





VAV-Universal

VAV CAV / 5 10 20 4 15

, 150 , 150 , 150 , 120/20 , 150/16

0…100 0…300 0…600

LM24A-V NM24A-V SM24A-V LF24A-V AF24A-V

, ,

)

VFP-100 VFP-300 VFP-600

0…300 a,

53





VAV

,

,

.

BELIMO

. .

R24 – .

, , . –

, CR24 VAV,

/

,

,

. , ,

. DIP-

. Б

. 37. К CR24.., BELIMO Automation AG

CR24-B1 ( Output Y

) XP htg

[V]

XP clg V'max

6.8

)

Output Y

c/o

10

CR24-B2 (

Out1

XP htg

XP clg

Out3

Out1

[V]

V'max

10

6.8

60%

VmaxHtg V'min

2 0

Whtg

Wclg

[°C]

t Room

2

V'min

0%

0

[°C]

Whtg

t Room

Wclg

ы

CR24-B3 (

ы

)

Output Y Boost V-max

[V]

Out3 Out1

. 38.

V'max

Out1 Out2

VmaxHtg

V'min

[°C]

W

54

t Room

VAV (

)

VAV + M

Ventilating

Н

Н °C

+

M M

Н

ы

/

-

Change-over

M

M

. 39.

SG.

. 40 (

)

SG…24 ,

BELIMO Automation AG

55

VAV

BELIMO (

ZTH-VAV, )

, (Vmin, Vmax).

, (

). ,

. ,

,

CR

, .

. 41. ZTH-VAV, BELIMO Automation AG

. .

VAV BELIMO – -

, VAV

.

56

IV 57

4 4.1

«OPEN SPACE»

–

VAV

«open

space».

VAV 15° .

,

,

, .

,

.

, . VAV,

. .

. :

VIP.

–

. ,

, , .

. ,

VAV ,

,

,

. (

,

,

.), (

VAV

VMIN = 0) 0,5 -1, .

–

, .

,

,

. ,

, .

, , , .

, , 25-35 VIP –

/

2

.

,

, . VAV

.

58

14

, ,

,

. :

• • •

,

13.00; «open space» – 28,8 2; (

•

)–

2990

; Δt

-

=8 .

14 ,

/ 2

3/

258,6

7 448

2 793

101,4

2 920

1 095

112,2

3 231

1 212

70,1

2 019

757 , ,

≈ 15°C.

,

, (

)

,

.

30

3

/

.

,

VAV

: Vmin = n x V

n– V –

,

; . ,

space»

0,5

20 (30

(6 3

/

«open

2

) ),

, Vmin

600

-1

,

3

/ .

( 170

,

, , . , , VAV. .

59

3

/ ).

VAV, , ,

«open space», . . – ,

,

VMIN. ,

. . . .

,

, . (

). ,

VAV, ,

. (balance point), . .

60

4.1.

-

61

: www.smay.pl

4.2

VAV. ,

1.

: (

.

VIP . .

,

,

). , , . ,

,

. , .

.

.

VIP. , -

. , ,

:

:

• • •

,

13,00; VIP 10,4 2; (

•

)

300

; Δt

-

=8 .

15 ,

/ 2 258,6 112,2

3/ 1009 438

2690 1167 1447 ,

: Vmax = 1595

62

3

/

, (2690 + 1167 + 300 = 4157

)

0,5 Vk = 94

3

-1

,

: Vmin = 0,5 • Vk = 0,5 • 94 = 47

/ ≈ 50

3

3

/ VAV. ,

0,5

,

.

,

.

1, Vmax . , .

63

Vmin.

4.2.

-

64

: www.smay.pl

4.3

.

VAV, . (

(

), ,

.

),

-

,

, ,

, .

, . . –

22-24 °C ,

,

50

3

/

.

,

-

,

50

,

,

: Vmax = n x Vk = 50

50 = 2500

3

/

, 625 3

/ . « -

»

.

. – . 2500

0,5

-1

,

3

/ . .

,

: Vmin = 0,5 x Vk = 0,5

65

480 = 240

3

/

0,5

-1

.

,

/ . 4 Vmax = 200

-

, ,

3

3

40

. (

, 80 ,

3

/ .

),

-

,

.

VAV,

2.

. . .

66

4.3.

-

67

: www.smay.pl

4.4 , .

, VAV,

.

«

»,

, +5

.

+20%

,

10% .

, .

,

,

,

,

, .

. VAV

, .

VAV CAV,

, ,

VAV

.

VAV

, (

,

–

).

. ,

, ,

.

(

)

-

68

,

4.4.

-

69

: www.smay.pl

4.5 (

VAV) , . ,

,

, ,

, .

,

, . ,

. , . ,

,

, VAV.

. 42. К

VAV.

, . VAV, . : VAV.

70

. 43. VAV

VAV «

», . VAV:

•

, . , . ,

•

-

; , , VAV. . . , , VAV,

71

.

: 1)

, , .

, 15

Vmin = 60 - 100

3

/ .

2)

,

,

,

, 60 - 100

Vmin = n x Vh.

3

/ . ,

,

.

3) , . 4)

,

.

72

4.5.

-

73

: www.smay.pl

4.6

, , , . ,

.

,

, . , , VAV.

, (secondary air), , .

VAV , . . (primary air),

. 44.

: 1)

, -

1.

2) V1,

.

3) : V3 = 0,

V2 = V1. ,

1

,

, ,

(V1) ,

74

, .

4)

V1 .

, ,

. V2 = V1 + V3. 5)

,

,

,

,

. i = V2 / V1

6) ,

, .

7)

VAV , . VAV °C,

,

11 -

, . .

. VAV.

,

,

VAV

. , VAV. , . , ,

. .

, 2

,

.

, . BELIMO.

75

4.6.

-

76

: www.smay.pl

4.7

:

16

1

= 0,3048

1

L

F

= 0,0254

1

= 3,2808

1

= 39,37

1

2 2

1 2

= 1550,0

1

2

= 10,76 3 3

1

v

2 2

3

1

3

= 61025

1

3

= 35,316

1

3

= 264,17

3 3

1

/

= 0,00508 /

1

/

= 18,288 / /

1 / = 0,05468 1

/

= 0,45359

1

= 2,206

1 CFM = 1,699 V

3

= 0,003785

1 / = 196,85

m

3

/

1 US GPM = 0,2271 1

3

1

3

3

/

/ = 0,5887 CFM / = 4,404 US GPM

1 in W.C. = 249,2 1 PSI = 6894,9

t

1

= 0,004016 in W.C.

1

= 0,00014505 PSI

t [°F] = 9/5 x t [°C] t [°C] = 5/9 x (t [°F] – 32)

77

3

= 0,000016387

= 0,02831

1

V

2

= 0,09290

1

1

2

= 0,0006453

4.8 (

: ) : tm –

x ⋅ t + xR ⋅ t R tm = 0 0 100

(°C)

x0 –

(%)

t0 –

(°C)

xR – (%) tR –

(°C)

4.7.

20%

. :

:

tm =

35 °C (24 °C).

x0 ⋅ t0 + xR ⋅ t R 20 ⋅ 35 + 80 ⋅ 24 = 26.2o C = 100 100

4.8.

21240

3

/ (5900 / )

. 4250

3

/ (1180 / ).

33 °C. (

)

23 °C. ,

:

tm =

x0 ⋅ t0 + xR ⋅ t R 20 ⋅ 33 + 80 ⋅ 23 = = 25o C 100 100 .

= 4250/21240

100% = 20%

= 100% – 20% = 80%

78

4.9

: :

V2 n2 = V1 n1

ΔP2 ⎛ n2 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ΔP1 ⎜⎝ n1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ V1 ⎟⎠ 2

V –

2

(

3

/ ,

3

/ , / )

n –

I 2 P2 ⎛ n2 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ = =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ I1 P1 ⎜⎝ n1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ V1 ⎟⎠ 3

(

ΔP –

(

I

)

)

P –

3

/

(

–

)

( )

4.9.

125

•

1000

•

:

-1

; 3

3420

•

1,1 3780 :

/ (950 / );

.

n, ΔP

3

/ (1050 / ).

n 2 = n1 ⋅

V2 3780 = 1000 ⋅ = 1105 V1 3420

⎛V ΔP2 = ΔP2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎝ V1 ⎛V P2 = P1 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎝ V1

и

P

−1

⎞ ⎛ 3780 ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 125 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 153 Па ⎝ 3420 ⎠ ⎠ 2

2

⎞ ⎛ 3780 ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 1.1 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.49 3420 ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ 3

3

В

4.10.

1000

. 10%.

:

ΔP2 ⎛ n2 =⎜ ΔP1 ⎜⎝ n1

⎞ ⎟⎟ , ⎠ 2

и

ве иче ии

ΔP2 2 = (1.1) = 1.21 → 21% ΔP1

и

79

n2 = 1.1, n1 а

чи

ΔP

4.10

:

d nw = D ns

2 ( D − d) L = 2C + 1.57 ⋅ (d + D) +

4C

d – D – ns – nw – L – C –

( (

)

) (

/ )

( / )

(

)

)

( 4.11.

– 264 – 620

d = D⋅

:

– 1800 . / .

/

.

.

nw 620 = 264 ⋅ = 90.93 ns 1800

4.12.

737 – 358

,

2 ( 358 − 109) L = 2 ⋅ 737 + 15.7 ⋅ (358 + 109 ) +

.

:

4 ⋅ 737

80

– 109

= 2207 +

.

62001 = 2228 2948

.