U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity [1 ed.] 9781617283369, 9781617281075

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Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

CONGRESSIONAL POLICIES, PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES

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U.S. CONGRESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP DIVERSITY

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CONGRESSIONAL POLICIES, PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES

U.S. CONGRESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP DIVERSITY

JOHN PAUL NAVARRO Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

EDITOR

Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com

NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.

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Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA U.S. Congressional membership diversity / editor, John Paul Navarro. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN:  (eBook)

1. United States. Congress--Membership. 2. Minority legislators--United States. 3. Cultural diversity--United States. I. Navarro, John Paul. II. Title: United States Congressional membership diversity. JK1021.U8 2010 328.73092'2--dc22 2010015632

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

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CONTENTS

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Preface

vii

Chapter 1

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

Chapter 2

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

1

99

Chapter 3

Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress Lorraine H. Tong

155

Chapter 4

Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile Jennifer E. Manning

175

Chapter Sources

183

Index

185

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PREFACE This book presents a profile of the diverse membership of the 111th Congress. Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party affiliation, average age and length of service, occupation, religious affiliation, gender, ethnicity, foreign births, and military service. Chapter 1 - A record 93 women currently serve in the 111th Congress: 76 in the House (59 Democrats and 17 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (13 Democrats and 4 Republicans). Ninety-five women were initially elected to the 111th Congress. Since the 111th Congress convened, two of these—Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Representative Hilda Solis (DCA)—resigned to take cabinet positions in the administration of President Obama, and a third, Representative Ellen Tauscher (D-CA), resigned to become Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. Also, Representative Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) resigned from the House when she was appointed to fill the seat vacated by Senator Clinton, and Representative Judy Chu (D-CA) was elected in July 2009 to fill the seat vacated by Representative Solis. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 19171919, 194 1-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (DGA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 260 women have served in Congress, 170 Democrats and 90 Republicans. Of these women, 222 (145 Democrats, 77 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 30 (19 Democrats, 11 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include one Delegate each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA), who served in the House for 35 years, holds the record for length of service by a woman in Congress. Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME), the first woman elected to the House and Senate, holds the record for Senate service by a woman with 24 years. Of the 38 women who have served in the Senate, 14 were first appointed, and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. Nine were chosen to fill vacancies caused by the death of their husbands, and 1 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of her father. Of these 10, 3 were subsequently elected to additional terms. Hattie Caraway (D-AR) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. A total of 28 African American or black women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 27 in the House), including the 14 serving in the 111th Congress. Seven Hispanic

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viii

John Paul Navarro

women have been elected to the House; six serve in the 111th Congress. Five Asian American women have served in the House, including two in the 111th Congress. Sixteen women in the House, and eight women in the Senate, have chaired committees, including three chairs of standing House committees and seven chairs of standing Senate committees. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) is the first woman to serve as Speaker of the House. She holds the highest position in the House of Representatives, and is second in the presidential line of succession. This chapter identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) districts of the 260 women who have served in Congress. Chapter 2 - There are 42 African American Members serving in the 111th Congress, 41 in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate. President Barack Obama served in the Senate until he resigned on November 16, 2008. There have been 125 African American Members of Congress: 119 have been elected to the House; five have been elected to the Senate; and one has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 98 Democrats: 95 in the House, three in the Senate; and 27 Republicans: 24 in the House, three in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 43 serving at any one time. The first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870-1871). The first African American Member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), who also served in the 41st Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman in Congress. Since that time, 27 other African American women have been elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who is the only African American woman, as well as the first African American Democrat, elected to the Senate. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI, 1965-present), the current chair of the House Judiciary Committee, holds the record for length of service by an African American Member (45 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress (1965-1967) and has served since January 3, 1965. Representative James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present) and former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-199 1) and J.C. Watts (R-OK, 1995-2003) have been elected to the highest leadership positions held by African American Members of Congress. Representative Clyburn, the House majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses, served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (1 02nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2001). Twenty African Americans have served as committee chairs, 19 in the House and one in the Senate.

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Preface

ix

The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), whose origins date back to 1969, currently has 42 members. Over its 40-year history, the CBC has been one of the most influential caucuses in Congress. Chapter 3 - In the 111th Congress, a record 12 Asian Pacific Americans were elected to the United States Congress: 2 Senators, 8 Representatives, and 2 Delegates. Of the 40 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in Congress from 1903 to the present, there have been 5 Senators (3 of whom have also served in the House), 15 Representatives, 7 territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Of the 27 Asian Pacific Americans who were not resident commissioners, 18 were Democrats and 9 were Republicans. The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, and Vietnamese. They have represented California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. They have served in leadership positions, including committee and subcommittee chairmanships. This chapter presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. The bipartisan and bicameral Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 - This chapter presents a profile of the membership of the 111th Congress. Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party affiliation, average age and length of service, occupation, religious affiliation, gender, ethnicity, foreign births, and military service. Currently, in the House of Representatives, there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), 178 Republicans, and one vacant seat. The Senate has 57 Democrats; 2 Independents, who caucus with the Democrats; and 41 Republicans. The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 58.2 years; of Members of the House, 57.2 years; and of Senators, 63.1 years. The overwhelming majority of Members have a college education. The dominant professions of Members are public service/politics, business, and law. Protestants collectively constitute the majority religious affiliation of Members. Roman Catholics account for the largest single religious denomination, and numerous other affiliations are represented. The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 11.0 years (5.5 terms); for Senators 12.9 years ( 2.2 terms). A record number of 93 women serve in the 111th Congress: 76 in the House, 17 in the Senate. There are 41 African American Members of the House and one in the Senate. This number includes two Delegates. There are 29 Hispanic or Latino Members serving: 28 in the House, including the Resident Commissioner, and one in the Senate. Twelve Members (eight Representatives, two Delegates, and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the House. Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. This count assumes that no seat is temporarily vacant. The following is a profile of the 111th Congress.

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In: U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity Editor: John Paul Navarro

ISBN: 978-1-61728-107-5 © 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 1

WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS: 1917-2009 Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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SUMMARY A record 93 women currently serve in the 111th Congress: 76 in the House (59 Democrats and 17 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (13 Democrats and 4 Republicans). Ninety-five women were initially elected to the 111th Congress. Since the 111th Congress convened, two of these—Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Representative Hilda Solis (D-CA)—resigned to take cabinet positions in the administration of President Obama, and a third, Representative Ellen Tauscher (D-CA), resigned to become Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. Also, Representative Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) resigned from the House when she was appointed to fill the seat vacated by Senator Clinton, and Representative Judy Chu (D-CA) was elected in July 2009 to fill the seat vacated by Representative Solis. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 19171919, 194 1-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (DGA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 260 women have served in Congress, 170 Democrats and 90 Republicans. Of these women, 222 (145 Democrats, 77 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 30 (19 Democrats, 11 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include one Delegate each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA), who served in the House for 35 years, holds the record for length of service by a woman in Congress. Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME), the first woman elected to the House and Senate, holds the record for Senate service by a woman with 24 years. Of the 38 women who have served in the Senate, 14 were first appointed, and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. Nine were chosen to fill vacancies caused by the death of their

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

husbands, and 1 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of her father. Of these 10, 3 were subsequently elected to additional terms. Hattie Caraway (D-AR) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. A total of 28 African American or black women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 27 in the House), including the 14 serving in the 111th Congress. Seven Hispanic women have been elected to the House; six serve in the 111th Congress. Five Asian American women have served in the House, including two in the 111th Congress. Sixteen women in the House, and eight women in the Senate, have chaired committees, including three chairs of standing House committees and seven chairs of standing Senate committees. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) is the first woman to serve as Speaker of the House. She holds the highest position in the House of Representatives, and is second in the presidential line of succession. This chapter identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) districts of the 260 women who have served in Congress.

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INTRODUCTION Two hundred sixty women have been elected or appointed to the U.S. Congress.1 Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) has the distinction of being the first woman elected to serve in Congress. On November 9, 1916, she was elected to the House of Representatives as Montana’s Representativeat-Large to the 65th Congress (1917-1919).2 Since Rankin’s election, 259 additional women have served in Congress. These 260 women include 170 Democrats and 90 Republicans. Two hundred twenty-two (145 Democrats, 77 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 30 (19 Democrats, 11 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and eight (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. Of those in the House, four (3 Democrats, 1 Republican) have been Delegates to Congress.3 A record 93 women serve in the 111th Congress; 76 in the House (59 Democrats and 17 Republicans), and 17 in the Senate (13 Democrats and 4 Republicans). Three of the women who serve in the House are delegates, representing the District of Columbia, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Excluding delegates, women currently hold 73 (16.8%) seats in the House of Representatives and 17 seats in the Senate. Women currently hold 90 (16.8%) of the 535 voting seats in the 111th Congress. Including delegates, women currently hold 76 seats in the House of Representatives, totaling 93 seats (17.2%) in the entire Congress.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF WOMEN IN CONGRESS The number of women serving in Congress, as Figure 1 shows, has increased incrementally until the 103rd Congress (1993-1994), when the number of female Members rose from 32 in the previous Congress to 54. The 1992 election came to be known popularly as the ―Year of the Woman‖ due to the large electoral increase of women in Congress.4

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The percentage of voting female representation in Congress (16.8%) is slightly lower than averages of female representation in other countries. Women represent 18.4% of national legislative seats across the entire world. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), which maintains a database of worldwide female representation, ranks the United States 70th worldwide. The Nordic countries (Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Denmark, Norway) lead the world regionally with 41.4% female representation in national legislatures.5 Rwanda has the only national legislature in the world with a majority of women holding seats (56.3%).6

Source: ―Women in the U.S. Congress 2009‖ fact sheet, Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figure compiled by CRS. Note: Delegates are not included in the data. Figure 1. Number of Women in Congress

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figures compiled by CRS. Notes: Delegates are not included in the data. Figure 2. Gender Composition in Congress, 1789-2009

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Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figures compiled by CRS. Notes: Delegates are not included in the data. Figure 3. Gender Composition in the 111th Congress

Despite increases in the number of women serving in Congress over time, Figure 2 shows that 2.1% of Members in United States history have been women. Figure 3 shows the current gender composition of the 111th Congress, with 16.8% voting female Members.

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FEMALE FIRSTS IN CONGRESS The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 19171919, 1941-1943). Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA) was the first woman to serve in the Senate. She was appointed in 1922 to fill the unexpired term of a Senator who had died in office. In addition to being the first female Senator, Mrs. Felton holds two other Senate records. Her tenure in the Senate remains the shortest ever (one day), and, at the age of 87, she is the oldest person ever to begin Senate service. Hattie Caraway (D-AR, 1931-1945) was the first woman to succeed her spouse in the Senate and also the first female initially elected to a full six-year Senate term. She was first appointed in 1931 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thaddeus H. Caraway (D-AR, House, 19 13-1921; Senate, 1921-193 1), and then was subsequently elected to two six-year terms. Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) was the first woman elected to the Senate without having first been appointed to serve in that body. Nancy Landon Kassebaum (R-KS, 1979-1997) was the first woman elected to the Senate without first having been elected to the House or having been elected or appointed to fill an unexpired Senate term. As chair of the Senate Enrolled Bills Committee (73rd-78th Congresses), Hattie Caraway was the first woman to chair a Senate as well as any congressional committee. As chair of the House District of Columbia Committee (72nd-74th Congresses), Mary T. Norton was the first woman to chair a House committee. In 1998, Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) became the first openly gay or lesbian person elected to an initial term in Congress.

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LENGTH OF SERVICE Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) holds the record for length of service by a woman in Congress (35 years). She was elected to the House to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Jacob Rogers (R-MA, 1913-1925). Mrs. Rogers served from June 25, 1925, until her death on September 10, 1960. Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) holds the record for length of Senate service by a woman (24 years). She was also first elected to the House to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband. She succeeded Clyde H. Smith (R-ME, 1937-1940) and was subsequently elected to the Senate. Her House service ran from June 10, 1940, until January 3, 1949. Her Senate service ran from January 3, 1949, until January 3, 1973.

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HOW WOMEN ENTER CONGRESS Article I, section 2, clause 4 of the United States Constitution states that ―[W]hen vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.‖ Therefore, all Representatives enter office through election, even those who enter after a seat becomes open during a Congress. By contrast, the Seventeenth Amendment gives state legislatures the option to empower governors to fill Senate vacancies by temporary appointment. The 38 women who have served in the Senate entered initially through three different routes: 19 entered through regular elections, 14 were appointed to unexpired terms, and 5 were elected during a special election. As Figure 4 shows, approximately 63% of all women who have served in the Senate initially entered Senate service by winning an election. A little over a third (3 7%) of women entered the Senate initially through an appointment.

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figure compiled by CRS. Figure 4. Women’s Initial Entrance to the Senate

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WOMEN WHO HAVE SERVED IN BOTH HOUSES Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) was the first of eight women to serve in both houses of Congress, as well as the first woman elected to the Senate without first having been elected or appointed to fill a vacant Senate seat. Senator Smith was first elected to the House to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband (Clyde Smith, R-ME, 1937-1940), and served from June 10, 1940, until January 3, 1949, when she began her Senate service. When Senator Smith left the Senate on January 3, 1973, she had served there longer than any other woman. Her 24 years of service is still a record for Senate service by a woman. Barbara Mikulski, Barbara Boxer, Olympia Snowe, Blanche Lambert Lincoln, Debbie Stabenow, Maria Cantwell, and Kirsten Gillibrand are the other women who have served in both houses. All are Members of the 111th Congress. Senators Lincoln and Cantwell were the only ones not elected while still serving in the House, and Senator Gillibrand is the only one to have been appointed to the Senate while serving in the House.

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Women in Leadership Positions7 A significant number of women in Congress have held positions of party leadership other than committee chairman.8 House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) holds the highest position of leadership ever held by a woman in the United States government. As Speaker of the House, she is second in the line of succession for the presidency. Prior to becoming Speaker in the 110th Congress, Representative Pelosi was elected House Democratic whip, in the 107th Congress, on October 10, 2001, effective January 15, 2002. In the 108th and 109th Congresses, she was elected the House Democratic leader, at that time the highest position ever held by a woman in the House. She was also the first woman nominated to be Speaker of the House. Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME), as chair of the Senate Republican Conference from 1967 to 1972, holds the Senate record for the highest leadership position held by a female Senator. Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) has served as the secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) has served as chief deputy majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Senator Lisa Murkowski (RAK) is the current vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference. Senator Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) was secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference in the 109th Congress and has served as chair of the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX) was the chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee during the 110th Congress, and vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference in the 107th-109th Congresses. Representative Kathy McMorris Rogers (R-WA) is vice chair of the House Republican Conference, the position held by Representative Kay Granger (R-TX) in the 110th Congress. In the 108th and 109th Congresses, Representative Deborah Pryce (R-OH) was chair of the House Republican Conference. Twenty-four women have chaired congressional committees. In the 111th Congress, there are eight women leading committees: three in the House, four in the Senate, and one joint

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committee. Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) chairs two committees. In the 110th Congress, six women chaired committees, four in the House and two in the Senate. Currently, Representative Louise Slaughter (D-NY) chairs the House Committee on Rules, Representative Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) chairs the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, and Representative Nydia Velázquez (D-NY) chairs the House Committee on Small Business. In the Senate, Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) chairs the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and the Select Committee on Ethics, Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) chairs the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senator Mary Landrieu (D-LA) chairs the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, and Senator Blanche Lincoln (D-AR) chairs the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Representative Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) chairs the Joint Economic Committee. This is the second time that two women from the same state have chaired Senate committees. Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) chaired the Committee on Governmental Affairs in the 108th Congress, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs in the 109th Congress. In the 108th and 109th Congresses, Senator Olympia Snowe (R-ME) chaired the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.

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AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN CONGRESS Fourteen African American women serve in the 111th Congress, the same number as in the 110th Congress. A record number of 17 African American women were elected to the House in the 110th Congress, although 14 was the highest number to serve at any one time.9 A record 15 African American women served in the House in the 107th Congress; and 13 served in the 108th Congress. A total of 28 African American women have served in Congress. The first was Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983). Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999) is the only black woman to have served in the Senate. The African American women Members of the 111th Congress are Representatives Maxine Waters (DCA), Corinne Brown (D-FL), Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), Barbara Lee (D-CA), Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (D-MI), Diane Watson (D-CA), Gwen Moore (D-WI), Yvette Clarke (D-NY), Laura Richardson (D-CA), Donna Edwards (D-MD), and Marcia Fudge (D-OH), as well as Delegates Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) and Donna Christensen (D-VI).10

ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN CONGRESS Patsy Mink (D-HI) was the first of five Asian Pacific American women to serve in Congress, all in the House. Representative Mink served in the House from 1965-1977, and from 1990-2002. The other Asian Pacific American women are Representatives Judy Chu (DCA), Mazie Hirono (D-HI), and Doris O. Matsui (D-CA), all Members of the 111th Congress, and Patricia Saiki (R- HI), who served from 1987-1991.11

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HISPANIC WOMEN IN CONGRESS Seven Hispanic women have served in Congress, and all seven were elected to the 111th Congress. However, Representative Hilda Solis (D-CA, 2001-2009) resigned to become Secretary of Labor. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL, 1989-present) is the first Cuban-American and first Hispanic woman to serve in Congress. Nydia Velázquez (D-NY, 1993-present) is the first Puerto Rican-born woman to serve in Congress. Lucille RoybalAllard (D-CA, 1993-present) is the first Mexican-American woman to serve. Loretta Sanchez (D-CA, 1997-present), Grace Napolitano (D-CA, 1999-present), and Linda Sánchez (D-CA, 2003-present) are the other female Hispanic Members. Representatives Loretta Sanchez and Linda Sánchez are sisters.12

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TABLES AND DATA The list and tables that follow provide information on women Members of Congress, including the dates they were first elected, the Congresses in which they served, the committees on which they served, and, where relevant, the committees they chaired. Most of the data presented are from the Biographical Directory of the American Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov, various editions of the Congressional Directory, a broad range of Congressional Quarterly and Leadership Directories Inc. publications, and Women in Congress, 1917-2006, http://womenincongress.house.gov, published by the Office of History and Preservation under the jurisdiction of the clerk of the House. For 111th Congress committee assignments, the sources are Official Alphabetical List of the House of Representatives of the United States , One Hundred Eleventh Congress, prepared under the direction of Lorraine C. Miller, clerk of the House of Representatives, February 25, 2009 (available online from the clerk’s website at http://clerk.house.gov/ committee_info/oal.pdf); and for the Senate, Committee Assignments for the One Hundred Eleventh Congress (available at the Senate website http://www.senate.gov/general/ committee_ assignments/assignments.htm). The names and jurisdiction of House and Senate committees have changed many times over the years. In the interest of brevity, this chapter does not identify all historical name changes. The committee names listed are those in effect at the time a Member served on the panel.

ALPHABETICAL LISTING13 ABEL, HAZEL HEMPEL. Republican; Nebraska, Senator. Elected to the 83rd Congress November 2, 1954, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dwight P. Griswold and filled in the interim by Eva Bowring; sworn in November 8, 1954; resigned December 31, 1954.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments S. Finance S. Interstate and Foreign Commerce

9

Congress 83rd 83rd

ABZUG, BELLA S. Democrat; New York, 19th Congressional District (92nd Congress) and 20th Congressional District (93rd-94th Congresses). Elected to the 92nd Congress November 3, 1970; sworn in January 21, 1971; reelected to the 93rd-94th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1977. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works

Congress 92nd-94th 92nd-94th

ALLEN, MARYON PITTMAN. Democrat; Alabama, Senator. Appointed to the 95th Congress June 8, 1978, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, James B. Allen; sworn in June 12, 1978; term expired January 3, 1979. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Judiciary

Congress 95th 95th

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ANDREWS, ELIZABETH B. Democrat; Alabama, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 92nd Congress in a special election held April 4, 1972, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Andrews; sworn in April 10, 1972; term expired January 3, 1973. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service

Congress 92nd

ASHBROOK, JEAN. Republican; Ohio, 17th Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress in a special election held June 29, 1982, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Milan Ashbrook; sworn in July 12, 1982; term expired January 3, 1983. Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries

Congress 97th

BACHMANN, MICHELE. Republican; Minnesota, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services

Congress 110 – 111th

BAKER, IRENE BAILEY. Republican; Tennessee, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 88th Congress in a special election held March 10, 1964, to fill the vacancy caused by the U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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death of her husband, Howard H. Baker, Sr.; sworn in March 10, 1964; term expired January 3, 1965. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations

Congress 88th

BAKER, NANCY KASSEBAUM. See KASSEBAUM, NANCY LANDON. BALDWIN, TAMMY. Democrat; Wisconsin, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the th 106 Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Judiciary H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 106th-108th 106th-111th 109th-111th

BEAN, MELISSA L. Democrat; Illinois, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th-111th Congresses.

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Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Small Business

Congress 109th-111th 109th-111th

BENTLEY, HELEN DELICH. Republican; Maryland, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 99th Congress November 6, 1984; sworn in January 3, 1985; reelected to the 100th-103rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Aging H. Budget H. Appropriations

Congress 99th-103rd 99th-100th, 102nd 99th-102nd 101st-102nd 103rd

BERKLEY, SHELLEY. Democrat; Nevada, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 106 Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-111th Congresses. th

Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Veterans’ Affairs H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs H. Ways and Means

Congress 106th 106th-109th 106th-110th 107th-109th 111th 110th 111th

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BIGGERT, JUDY. Republican; Illinois, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 106th Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Government Reform H. Financial Services H. Science H. Science and Technology H. Education and the Workforce H. Education and Labor H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 106th 106th 107th-111th 106th-109th 110th-111th 107th-109th 110th –111th 107th-109th

BLACKBURN, MARSHA. Republican; Tennessee, 7th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th -111th Congresses.

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Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Reform H. Judiciary H. Energy and Commerce H. Select Energy Independence and Global Warming

Congress 108th 108th 108th 109th-111th 111th

BLITCH, IRIS FAIRCLOTH. Democrat; Georgia, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 84th Congress November 2, 1954; sworn in January 5, 1955; reelected to the 85th-87th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1963. Committee Assignments H. Public Works

Congress 84th-87th

BOGGS, CORINNE C. (LINDY). Democrat; Louisiana, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 93rd Congress in a special election held March 20, 1973, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thomas Hale Boggs, Sr.; sworn in March 27, 1973; reelected to the 94th- 101st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1991. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. House Administration H. Appropriations H. Select Children, Youth, and Families Jt. Bicentennial Arrangements (committee chair) Commission of the Bicentenary of the U.S. House (chair)

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Congress 93rd 94th 94th 95th-101st 99th-101st 94th 99th-100th

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BOLAND, VERONICA GRACE. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 77th Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Patrick J. Boland; sworn in November 19, 1942; term expired January 3, 1943. Committee Assignments None listed

Congress 77th

BOLTON, FRANCES PAYNE. Republican; Ohio, 22nd Congressional District. Elected to the 76th Congress in a special election held February 27, 1940, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Chester C. Bolton; sworn in March 5, 1940; reelected to the 77th90th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1969. Committee Assignments H. Election of President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress H. Expenditures in Executive Departments H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 76th 76th 77th-90th

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BONO MACK, MARY. Republican; California, 44th Congressional District (105th-107th Congresses) and 45th Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 105th Congress in a special election held on April 7, 1998, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Sonny Bono; sworn in April 20, 1998; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. National Security H. Judiciary H. Armed Services H. Small Business H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 105th 105th-106th 106th 106th 107th

BORDALLO, MADELEINE Z. Democrat; Non-voting Delegate from Guam. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Small Business

Congress 108th-111th 108th-109th 111th 108th-109th

BOSONE, REVA ZILPHA BECK. Democrat; Utah, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 81st Congress November 2, 1948; sworn in January 3, 1949; reelected to the 82nd Congress; term expired January 3, 1953. Committee Assignments H. Public Lands H. Administration H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 81st 82nd 82nd

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BOWRING, EVA KELLY. Republican; Nebraska, Senator. Appointed to the 83rd Congress April 16, 1954, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dwight P. Griswold; sworn in April 16, 1954; term ended November 8, 1954, after the election to fill Senator Griswold’s unexpired term. Committee Assignments S. Interstate and Foreign Commerce S. Labor and Public Welfare S. Post Office and Civil Service

Congress 83rd 83rd 83rd

BOYDA, NANCY. Democrat; Kansas, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 11 0thCongress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; term expired January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Armed Services

Congress 110th 110th

BOXER, BARBARA. Democrat; California, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 98 Congress November 2, 1982; sworn in January 3, 1983; reelected to the 99th-102nd Congresses. Ms. Boxer was subsequently elected to the Senate on November 3, 1992; sworn in and seated January 5, 1993. She was reelected to the Senate in 1998 and 2004. Chief deputy Democratic whip in the 109th-111th Congresses and a deputy whip in the 103rd Congress.

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th

Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Government Operations H. Budget H. Select Children, Youth, and Families H. Armed Services S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Budget S. Environment and Public Works (chair, 110th-111th Congress) S. Appropriations S. Foreign Relations S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Select Ethics (committee chair, 110th-111th Congress)

Congress 98th 98th-102nd 99th-101st 99th-102nd 102nd 103rd-105th 103rd-106th 103rd-111th 105th 106th-111th 107th-111th 110th -11 1th

BROWN, CORRINE. Democrat; Florida, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Veterans’ Affairs

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-111th 103rd-111th

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BROWN-WAITE, GINNY. Republican; Florida, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Financial Services H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Homeland Security H. Ways and Means

Congress 108th-109th 108th-110th 108th-110th 109th-110th 111th

BUCHANAN, VERA DAERR. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 30th Congressional District. Elected to the 82nd Congress in a special election held July 24, 1951, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Frank Buchanan; sworn in August 1, 1951; reelected to the 83rd-84th Congresses; died in office November 26, 1955. Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Public Works H. Banking and Currency

Congress 82nd, 1st Sess. 82nd, 1 st Sess. 82nd, 2nd Sess.-83rd 84th

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BURDICK, JOCELYN BIRCH. Democrat; North Dakota, Senator. Appointed to the 102nd Congress September 12, 1992, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband Quentin Burdick; sworn in September 16, 1992; term expired December 4, 1992, with the election of Kent Conrad to the vacancy she filled. Committee Assignments S. Environment and Public Works

Congress 102nd

BURKE, YVONNE BRATHWAITE. Democrat; California, 37th Congressional District. Elected to the 93rd Congress November 7, 1972; sworn in January 3, 1973; reelected to the 94th-95th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1979. Committee Assignments H. Public Works H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Appropriations H. Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop (committee chair)

Congress 93rd 93rd 94th-95th 94th-95th

BURTON, SALA. Democrat; California, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 98th Congress in a special election held June 21, 1983, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Phillip Burton; sworn in June 28, 1983; reelected to the 99th-100th Congresses; died in office February 1, 1987.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Select Committee on Hunger H. Rules

15

Congress 98th 98th 98th-99th 99th-100th

BUSHFIELD, VERA CAHALAN. Republican; South Dakota, Senator. Appointed to the 80 Congress October 6, 1948, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Harlan J. Bushfield; resigned December 26, 1948. th

Committee Assignments None listed

Congress 80th

BYRNE, LESLIE. Democrat; Virginia, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation

Congress 103rd 103rd

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BYRON, BEVERLY BARTON BUTCHER. Democrat; Maryland, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 96th Congress November 7, 1978, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Goodloe E. Byron; sworn in January 15, 1979; reelected to the 97th102nd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Select Committee on Aging H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 96th-102nd 96th-102nd 97th-102nd

BYRON, KATHARINE EDGAR. Democrat; Maryland, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 77th Congress in a special election held May 27, 1941, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, William Devereux Byron; sworn in June 11, 1941; term expired January 3, 1943. Committee Assignments H. Civil Service H. War Claims

Congress 77th 77th

CANTWELL, MARIA. Democrat; Washington, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 103 Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995. Ms. Cantwell was subsequently elected to the Senate on November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001. She was reelected to the Senate in 2006. rd

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Public Works and Transportation S. Judiciary S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship S. Indian Affairs S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Finance

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd 107th 107th-111th 107th-111th 107th-111th 108th-111th 110th-111th

CAPITO, SHELLEY MOORE. Republican; West Virginia, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 107th Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses.

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Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Rules H. Select Committee on Energy and Global Warming

Congress 107th-111th 107th-108th 107th-111th 109th 111th

CAPPS, LOIS. Democrat; California, 22nd Congressional District (105th-107th Congresses) and 23rd Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 105th Congress in a special election held March 9, 1998, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Walter Capps; sworn in March 17, 1998; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. International Relations H. Science H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce H. Budget H. Natural Resources

Congress 105th 105th 106th 107th-111th 109th 110th -111th

CARAWAY, HATTIE WYATT. Democrat; Arkansas, Senator. Appointed to the 72nd Congress November 13, 1931, and elected January 12, 1932, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thaddeus H. Caraway; sworn in December 8, 1931; reelected to two full Senate terms; term expired January 3, 1945. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture and Forestry S. Commerce S. Enrolled Bills (committee chair, 73rd-78th) S. Library

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Congress 72nd-78th 72nd-78th 72nd-78th 72nd-78th

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

17

CARNAHAN, JEAN. Democrat; Missouri, Senator. Appointed to the Senate December 4, 2000, to fill the vacancy cause by her husband’s (Gov. Mel Carnahan) posthumous election to the Senate; sworn in January 3, 2001; served until November 25, 2003, when the elected successor for the remainder of the term took office. Committee Assignments S. Armed Services S. Commerce, Science and Transportation S. Governmental Affairs S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship S. Special Committee on Aging

Congress 107th 107th 107th 107th 107th

CARSON, JULIA. Democrat; Indiana, 10th Congressional District (105th-107th Congresses) and 7th Congressional District (108th-110th Congresses). Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; first swearing in delayed because of illness, oath of office administered January 9, 1997; reelected to the 106th-110th Congresses; died in office on December 15, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 105th-106th 107th-110th 105th-107th 108th-110th

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CASTOR, KATHY. Democrat; Florida, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Rules H. Energy and Commerce H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 110th 110th 111th 111th

CHENOWETH, HELEN. Republican; Idaho, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-106th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2001. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Resources H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Government Reform

Congress 104th-106th 104th-106th 105th-106th 106th

CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY ANITA. Democrat; New York, 12th Congressional District. Elected to the 91st Congress November 5, 1968; sworn in January 3, 1969; reelected to the U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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92nd-97th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1983. Secretary to the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress. First black female candidate for U.S. President (1972). Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Education and Labor H. Rules

Congress 91st-92nd 92nd-94th 95th-97th

CHRISTENSEN, DONNA. Democrat; non-voting Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. First woman doctor in Congress. Committee Assignment H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Small Business H. Homeland Security H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 105th-109th 110th-111th 105th-109th 108th-110th 111th

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CHRISTIAN-GREEN, DONNA and CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA See CHRISTENSEN, DONNA. CHU, JUDY. Democrat; California, 32nd Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress in a special election held July 14, 2009, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Hilda Solis; sworn in July 16, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Judiciary H. Oversight and Government Reform

Congress 111th 111th 111th

CHURCH, MARGUERITE STITT. Republican; Illinois, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 82nd Congress November 8, 1950; sworn in January 3, 1951; reelected to the 83rd-87th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1963. Rep. Church succeeded her husband, Ralph E. Church, who died in office on March 21, 1950. The seat remained vacant from March 21, 1950, to January 3, 1951, the commencement of the 82nd Congress. Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in Executive Departments H. Government Operations H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 82nd 83rd 83rd-87th

CLARKE, MARIAN WILLIAMS. Republican; New York, 34th Congressional District. Elected to the 73rd Congress in a special election held December 28, 1933, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Davenport Clarke; sworn in January 3, 1934; term expired January 3, 1935.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Civil Service H. Claims H. Invalid Pensions

19

Congress 73rd 73rd 73rd

CLARKE, YVETTE. Democrat; New York, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 110 Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. th

Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Homeland Security H. Small Business

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th

CLAYTON, EVA. Democrat; North Carolina, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 102 Congress November 3, 1992, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Walter Jones and elected to the 103rd Congress at the same time; took office on November 5, 1992; reelected to the 104th- 107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. nd

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Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business H. Budget

Congress 103rd-107th 103rd-104th 105th-107th

CLINTON, HILLARY RODHAM. Democrat; New York, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001. She was reelected in 2006. First Lady of the United States (1993-2001) and the only First Lady to run for elected political office. Chair of Senate Democratic Steering and Coordination Committee in the 108th Congress. Candidate for U.S. President (2008). Resigned January 21, 2009, to become Secretary of State. Committee Assignments S. Budget S. Environment and Public Works S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Armed Services S. Special Aging

Congress 107th 107th-110th 107th-110th 108th-110th 109th-110th

COLLINS, BARBARA-ROSE. Democrat; Michigan, 13th Congressional District (102ndCongress) and 15th Congressional District (103rd-104th Congresses). Elected to the102nd Congress November 7, 1990; sworn in January 3, 1991; reelected to the 103rd-104th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Science, Space and Technology

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Congress 102nd-103rd 102nd

20

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan (Continued) Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Select Children, Youth, and Families

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th 104th 102nd

COLLINS, CARDISS. Democrat; Illinois, 7th Congressional District. Elected to the 93rd Congress in a special election held June 5, 1973, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins; sworn in June 7, 1973; reelected to the 94th-104th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1997. First female chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, 96 th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. International Relations H. District of Columbia H. Foreign Affairs H. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control H. Energy and Commerce H. Commerce H. Government Reform and Oversight

Congress 93rd-103rd 94th-95th 95th 96th 96th-102nd 97th-103rd 104th 104th

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COLLINS, SUSAN M. Republican; Maine, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 6, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997. She was reelected in 2002 and 2008. Committee Assignments S. Labor and Human Resources S. Governmental Affairs (committee chair, 108th ) S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (committee chair, 109th) S. Special Aging S. Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problems S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Armed Services Jt. Economic S. Appropriations

Congress 105th 105th-108th 109th-111th 105th-111th 106th 106th-107th 107th-111th 108th 111th

CUBIN, BARBARA. Republican; Wyoming, At Large. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-110th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2009. A House deputy majority whip in the 104th-105th Congresses. Secretary of the House Republican Conference in the 107th Congress.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Resources H. Science H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce

21

Congress 104th-109th 104th 105th-106th 107th-110th

DAHLKEMPER, KATHLEEN A. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Science and Technology H. Small Business

Congress 111th 111th 111th

DANNER, PAT. Democrat; Missouri, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-106th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2001.

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Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Small Business H. International Relations

Congress 103rd 104th-106th 103rd 105th-106th

DAVIS, JO ANN. Republican; Virginia, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 107th Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-110th Congresses; died in office on October 6, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Government Reform H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs H. Select Intelligence

Congress 107th-110th 107th-108th 107th-109th 110th 108th-109th

DAVIS, SUSAN. Democrat; California, 49th Congressional District (107th Congress) and 53rd Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 107th Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Education and the Workforce H. Education and Labor H. Veterans’ Affairs H. House Administration Jt. Printing

Congress 107th-111th 107th-109th 110th-111th 108th 110th-111th 110th

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DEGETTE, DIANA. Democrat; Colorado, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. A chief deputy Democratic whip in the 109th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce H. Natural Resources

Congress 105th-106th 107th-111th 111th

DELAURO, ROSA. Democrat; Connecticut, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 102 Congress November 6, 1990; sworn in January 3, 1991; reelected to the 103rd-111th Congresses. A House chief deputy Democratic whip in the 104th-105th Congresses, assistant to the House Democratic leader in the 106th-107th Congresses, and co-chair of the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee in the 108th-111th Congresses. nd

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Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Committee on Aging H. Appropriations H. National Security H. Budget

Congress 102nd 102nd 102nd 103rd, 105th-111th 104th 108th-111th

DOLE, ELIZABETH H. Republican; North Carolina, Senate. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; term expired January 3, 2009. Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee in the 109th Congress (first woman chair), Member of the Federal Trade Commission (1973-1979), Secretary of Transportation (19831987), Secretary of Labor (1989-1990), and candidate for U.S. President (2000). Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Armed Services S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Special Aging S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Congress 108th 108th-110th 108th-110th 108th-110th 110th

DOUGLAS, EMILY TAFT. Democrat; Illinois, At Large. Elected to the 79th Congress November 7, 1944; sworn in January 3, 1945; term expired January 3, 1947. Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 79th

DOUGLAS, HELEN GAHAGAN. Democrat; California, 14th Congressional District. Elected to the 79th Congress November 7, 1944; sworn in January 3, 1945; reelected to the 80th-81st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1951. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs

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Congress 79th-81st

DRAKE, THELMA. Republican; Virginia, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th Congress; term expired January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Education and the Workforce H. Resources H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 109th-110th 109th 109th 110th

DUNN, JENNIFER. Republican; Washington, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 103 Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-108th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2005. Secretary and later vice chair of the House Republican Conference, 105th Congress; term expired January 3, 2009.

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Committee Assignments H. Administration H. Public Works and Transportation H. Science, Space, and Technology Jt. Committee on Congressional Operations H. Oversight H. Ways and Means Jt. Economic H. Homeland Security

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd 103rd 104th 104th-108th 107th-108th 108th

DWYER, FLORENCE PRICE. Republican; New Jersey, 6th Congressional District (85th89 Congresses) and 12th Congressional District (90th-92nd Congresses). Elected to the 85th Congress November 6, 1956; sworn in January 3, 1957; reelected to the 86th-92nd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1973. th

Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Banking and Currency

Congress 85th-92nd 85th 86th-92nd

EDWARDS, DONNA. Democrat; Maryland, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress June 17, 2008, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Albert Wynn; sworn in June 19, 2008; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th

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EDWARDS, ELAINE. Democrat; Louisiana, Senator. Appointed to the 92nd Congress August 1, 1972, by her husband, Governor Edwin L. Edwards, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Allen J. Ellender; sworn in August 7, 1972; served until November 13, 1972, when the elected successor for the remainder of the term took office. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture and Forestry S. Public Works

Congress 92nd 92nd

EMERSON, JO ANN. Republican; Missouri, 8th Congressional District. Elected as an Independent to the 104th Congress in a special election November 5, 1996, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Bill Emerson, and to her own seat in the 105th Congress; sworn in January 7, 1997, although certified to serve in the 104th Congress; reelected to the 106th- 111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Appropriations

Congress 105th 105th 105th 106th-111th

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ENGLISH, KARAN. Democrat; Arizona, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Natural Resources

Congress 103rd 103rd

ESHOO, ANNA G. Democrat; California, 14th Congressional District. Elected to the 103 Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses. rd

Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce H. Intelligence

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-106th 107th-111th 108th-111th

ESLICK, WILLA McCORD BLAKE. Democrat; Tennessee, 7th Congressional District. Elected the 72nd Congress in a special election held August 4, 1932, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Edward Eslick; sworn in December 5, 1932; term expired March 3, 1933.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Public Buildings and Grounds H. World War Veterans’ Legislation

25

Congress 72nd 72nd

FALLIN, MARY. Republican; Oklahoma, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Natural Resources H. Armed Services

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th 111th

FARRINGTON, MARY ELIZABETH PRUETT. Republican; Delegate from Hawaii. Elected to the 83rd Congress in a special election held July 31, 1954, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Joseph R. Farrington; sworn in August 4, 1954; reelected to the 84th Congress; term expired January 3, 1957.

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Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Armed Services H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 83rd-84th 83rd-84th 83rd-84th

FEINSTEIN, DIANNE. Democrat; California, Senator. Elected to the 102nd Congress November 3, 1992, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Pete Wilson to become Governor of California; sworn in November 10, 1992. Subsequently elected to her own sixyear term on November 8, 1994, and reelected in 2000 and 2006. Committee Assignments S. Appropriations S. Judiciary S. Rules and Administration (committee chair, 110th ) S. Foreign Relations Jt. Committee on the Library (committee chair, 110th ) S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Select Intelligence (committee chair, 111th) Jt. Committee on Printing

Congress 103rd, 107th-111th 103rd-111th 103rd-111th 104th-105th 105th, 111th 107th-109th 107th-111th 106th-111th

FELTON, REBECCA LATIMER. Democrat; Georgia, Senator. Appointed to the 67th Congress on October 3, 1922, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas E. Watson; sworn in November 21, 1922; term expired November 22 with the election of Walter George to the vacancy she filled. Committee Assignments None listed

Congress 67th

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FENWICK, MILLICENT. Republican; New Jersey, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 94th Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th-97th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1983. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. Small Business H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Standards of Official Conduct H. District of Columbia H. International Relations H. Education and Labor H. Foreign Affairs H. Select Committee on Aging

Congress 94th 94th-95th 95th 95th 96th 96th 97th 97th 97th

FERRARO, GERALDINE ANN. Democrat; New York, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 96th Congress November 7, 1978; sworn in January 15, 1979; reelected to the 97th-98th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1985. She was the first woman nominated by a major political party for Vice President and was on the Democratic ticket in 1984 with Walter Mondale. Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus in the 97th and 98th Congresses.

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Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Committee on Aging H. Budget

Congress 96th-97th 96th-98th 96th-97th 98th

FIEDLER, BOBBI. Republican; California, 21st Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress November 4, 1980; sworn in January 5, 1981; reelected to the 98th-99th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1987. Committee Assignments H. Budget Jt. Economics

Congress 97th-99th 99th

FOWLER, TILLIE. Republican; Florida, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-106th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2001. House deputy majority whip and chair of the House Page Board in the 104th-105th Congresses. Vice chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. National Security H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 103rd, 106th 104th-105th 103rd 104th-106th

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FRAHM, SHEILA. Republican; Kansas, Senator. Appointed to the 104th Congress May 24, 1996, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Dole; sworn in June 11, 1996; term ended November 5, 1996, after the election to fill the remainder of Senator Dole’s unexpired term. Committee Assignments S. Armed Services S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Congress 104th 104th

FOXX, VIRGINIA. Republican; North Carolina, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Rules

Congress 109th-110th 109th-110th 109th 110th 111th

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FUDGE, MARCIA F. Democrat; Ohio, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress in a special election held November 4, 2008, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones; sworn in November 19, 2008; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Science and Technology

Congress 111th 111th

FULMER, WILLA LYBRAND. Democrat; South Carolina, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 78th Congress November 7, 1944, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Hampton P. Fulmer; sworn in November 6, 1944; term expired January 3, 1945. Committee Assignments None listed

Congress 78th

FURSE, ELIZABETH. Democrat; Oregon, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 103 Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-105th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1999. rd

Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Commerce

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Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd 104th-105th

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GASQUE, ELIZABETH HAWLEY. Democrat; South Carolina, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 75th Congress in a special election held September 13, 1938, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Allard H. Gasque; never sworn in or seated, because Congress was not in session between the time of her election and the expiration of her term; term expired January 3, 1939. Committee Assignments None listed, never sworn in

Congress 76th

GIBBS, FLORENCE REVILLE. Democrat; Georgia, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 76th Congress in a special election held October 1, 1940, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Benjamin Gibbs; sworn in October 3, 1940; term expired January 3, 1941. Committee Assignments None listed

Congress 76th

GIFFORDS, GABRIELLE. Democrat; Arizona, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 110 Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. th

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Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Foreign Affairs H. Science and Technology

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th

GILLIBRAND, KIRSTEN. Democrat; New York, 20th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th -11 1th Congresses. November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress; resigned on January 26, 2009, after being appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hillary Clinton to become Secretary of State; sworn in January 27, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Armed Services S. Foreign Relations S. Environment and Public Works S. Special Aging S. Agriculture and Forestry

Congress 110th 110th 111th 111th 111th 111th

GRANAHAN, KATHRYN ELIZABETH. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 84th Congress in a special election held November 6, 1956, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, William T. Granahan, and to a full two-year term in the 85th Congress; the 84th Congress was not in session between the time of her election and the expiration of the term; sworn in January 3, 1957; reelected to the 86 th-87th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1963.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Government Operations

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Congress 85th 85th-87th 85th, 2nd Sess.-87th

GRANGER, KAY. Republican; Texas, 12th Congressional District. Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Vice Chair of the House Republican Conference in the 110th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Oversight H. Transportation and Infrastructure Jt. Printing H. National Security H. Appropriations H. Homeland Security

Congress 105th, 107th 105th 105th 105th 105th 106th-111th 108th

GRAS SO, ELLA T. Democrat; Connecticut, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 92nd Congress November 3, 1970; sworn in January 21, 1971; reelected to the 93rd Congress; term expired January 3, 1975. Elected Governor of Connecticut in 1974 and 1978. Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1981.

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Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Veterans’ Affairs

Congress 92nd-93rd 92nd-93rd

GRAVES, DIXIE BIBB. Democrat; Alabama, Senator. Appointed by her husband, Governor David Bibb Graves, to the 75th Congress August 18, 1937, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hugo L. Black; sworn in August20, 1937; resigned January 10, 1938. Committee Assignments S. Claims S. Education and Labor S. Mines and Mining

Congress 75th 75th 75th

GREEN, EDITH. Democrat; Oregon, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 84th Congress November 2, 1954; sworn in January 5, 1955; reelected to the 85th-93rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1975. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs

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Congress 84th-92nd 84th-85th

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan (Continued) Committee Assignments Jt. Committee on Disposition of Executive Papers H. House Administration H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop H. District of Columbia H. Appropriations

Congress 85th 86th-87th 88th-90th 90th-93rd 92nd 93rd

GREENE, ENID. See WALDHOLTZ, ENID GREENE. GREENWAY, ISABELLA SELMES. Democrat; Arizona, At Large. Elected to the 73rd Congress in a special election held October 3, 1933, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lewis W. Douglas; sworn in January 3, 1934; reelected to the 74th Congress; term expired January 3, 1937. Committee Assignments None listed H. Indian Affairs H. Irrigation and Reclamation H. Public Lands

Congress 73rd 74th 74th 74th

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GRIFFITHS, MARTHA WRIGHT. Democrat; Michigan, 17th Congressional District. Elected to the 84th Congress November 2, 1954; sworn in January 5, 1955; reelected to the 85th-93rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1975. Elected Lieutenant Governor of Michigan in 1982 and 1986. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency H. Government Operations Jt. Economic H. Ways and Means H. Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop (committee chair, 90th-93rd Congresses) H. Select Committee on Crime

Congress 84th-87th 84th-87th 87th-92nd 88th-92nd 90th-93rd 91st

HAGAN, KAY. Democrat; North Carolina; Senator. Elected to Senate November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments S. Armed Services S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Congress 111th 111th 111th

HALL, KATIE. Democrat; Indiana, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress in a special election held November 2, 1982, to fill the vacancy caused by the death U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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of Adam Benjamin, Jr.; sworn in November 29, 1982; reelected to the 98th Congress; term expired January 3, 1985. Committee Assignments None H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation

Congress 97th 98th 98th

HALVORSON, DEBBIE, Democrat; Illinois, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 111 Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. th

Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business H. Veteran’s Affairs

Congress 111th 111th 111th

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HANSEN, JULIA BUTLER. Democrat; Washington, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 86th Congress November 8, 1960, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Russell V. Mack and to the 87th Congress; the 86th Congress was not in session between the time of her election and the expiration of the term; sworn in January 3, 1961; reelected to the 88th-93rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1975. Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Appropriations

Congress 87th, 1st Sess.14 87th 87th 88th-93rd

HARDEN, CECIL MURRAY. Republican; Indiana, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 81st Congress November 2, 1948; sworn in January 3, 1949; reelected to the 82nd-85th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1959. Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Expenditures in Executive Departments H. Government Operations H. Post Office and Civil Service

Congress 81st 82nd 83rd-85th 83rd-85th

HARMAN, JANE. Democrat; California, 36th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-105th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1999. Elected to the 107th Congress on November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Science, Space, and Technology H. National Security H. Science H. Energy and Commerce H. Intelligence H. Homeland Security

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-105th 104th 107th, 111th 104th-105th ; 107th-109th 108th-111th

HARRIS, KATHERINE. Republican; Florida, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th Congress; term expired January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. International Relations H. Homeland Security

Congress 108th-109th 108th-109th 109th

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HART, MELISSA. Republican; Pennsylvania, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 107th Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-109th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Judiciary H. Science H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Ways and Means

Congress 107th-108th 107th-108th 107th-108th 109th 109th

HAWKINS, PAULA. Republican; Florida, Senator. Elected to the Senate on November 4, 1980; sworn in January 5, 1981; term expired on January 3, 1987. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Labor and Human Resources Jt. Economic S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Foreign Relations S. Special Aging

Congress 97th-99th 97th-99th 97th 98th 98th 99th

HECKLER, MARGARET M. Republican; Massachusetts, 19th Congressional District. Elected to the 90th Congress November 8, 1966; sworn in January 10, 1967; reelected to the 91st-97th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1983. Secretary of Health and Human Services (1983-1985) and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland (1985-1989).

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Banking and Currency H. Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop H. Agriculture Jt. Economic H. Select Committee on Ethics H. Science and Technology

33

Congress 90th 90th-97th 91st-93rd 92nd-93rd 94th-96th 94th, 96th-97th 96th 97th

HERSETH SANDLIN, STEPHANIE. Democrat; South Dakota, At-Large. Elected to the 108th Congress in a special election held June 1, 2004, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Janklow; sworn in June 3, 2004; reelected to the 110th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Select Energy, Independence, and Global Warming

Congress 108th-111th 108th-109th 111th 108th-111th 110th-111th

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HICKS, LOUISE DAY. Democrat; Massachusetts, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 92nd Congress November 3, 1970; sworn in and seated January 21, 1971; term expired January 3, 1973. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Veterans’ Affairs

Congress 92nd 92nd

HIRONO, MAZIE. Democrat; Hawaii, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in and seated January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Small Business

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th

HOLT, MARJORIE S. Republican; Maryland, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 93 Congress November 7, 1972; sworn in and seated January 3, 1973; reelected to the 94th99th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1987. rd

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Administration H. Budget H. Select Committee on Aging Jt. Economic H. District of Columbia

Congress 93rd-99th 94th 95th-96th 96th 98th 98th

HOLTZMAN, ELIZABETH. Democrat; New York, 16th Congressional District. Elected to the 93rd Congress November 7, 1972; sworn in and seated January 3, 1973; reelected to the 94th-96th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1981. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Budget

Congress 93rd-96th 94th-96th

HONEYMAN, NAN WOOD. Democrat; Oregon, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 75th Congress November 3, 1936; sworn in and seated January 5, 1937; term expired January 3, 1939. Committee Assignments H. Indian Affairs H. Irrigation and Reclamation H. Rivers and Harbors

Congress 75th 75th 75th

HOOLEY, DARLENE. Democrat; Oregon, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 105 Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in and seated January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-110th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2009.

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th

Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Science H. Science and Technology H. Budget H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 105th-106th 107th-109th 105th, 109th 110th 106th-108th, 110th 108th-109th 110th

HORN, JOAN KELLY. Democrat; Missouri, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 102nd Congress November 6, 1990; sworn in and seated January 3, 1991; term expired January 3, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Select Children, Youth, and Family

Congress 102nd 102nd 102nd

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HUCK, WINNIFRED SPRAGUE MASON. Republican; Illinois, At Large. Elected to the 67th Congress in a special election held November 7, 1922, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her father, William E. Mason; sworn in November 20, 1922; term expired March 3, 1923. Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in the Department of Commerce H. Reform in the Civil Service H. Woman Suffrage

Congress 67th 67th 67th

HUMPHREY, MURIEL BUCK. Democrat; Minnesota, Senator. Appointed to the 95th Congress January 25, 1978, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Hubert H. Humphrey; sworn in February 6, 1978; term expired January 3, 1979. Committee Assignments S. Foreign Relations S. Governmental Affairs

Congress 95th 95th

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HUTCHISON, KAY BAILEY. Republican; Texas, Senator. Elected to the 103rd Congress on June 5, 1993, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen to become Secretary of the Treasury; sworn in June 14, 1993. Subsequently elected to a full six year term on November 8, 1994, and reelected in 2000 and 2006. First female vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference (107th-109th Congresses). Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee in the 110th Congress. Committee Assignments S. Armed Service S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Small Business S. Select Intelligence S. Appropriations S. Rules and Administration S. Environment and Public Works S. Veterans’ Affairs S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Congress 103rd-104th 103rd-111th 103rd-104th 104th 105th-111th 105th-111th 106th 107th-110th 111th

JACKSON LEE, SHEILA. Democrat; Texas, 18th Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Science H. Homeland Security H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 104th-111th 104th-109th 108th-111th 110th-111th

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

JENCKES, VIRGINIA ELLIS. Democrat; Indiana, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 73rd Congress November 8, 1932; sworn in March 9, 1933; reelected to the 74th-75th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1939. Committee Assignments H. Civil Service H. District of Columbia H. Mines and Mining

Congress 73rd-75th 73rd-75th 73rd-74th

JENKINS, LYNN. Republican; Kansas, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services

Congress 111th

JOHNSON, EDDIE BERNICE. Democrat; Texas, 30th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th Congress.

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Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Science H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-109th 110th-111th 104th-111th

JOHNSON, NANCY L. Republican; Connecticut, 6th Congressional District (98th-107th Congresses) and 5th Congressional District (108th-109th Congresses). Elected to the 98th Congress November 2, 1982; sworn in January 3, 1983; reelected to the 99th-109th Congresses. Deputy Republican whip in the 103rd Congress; term expired January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Select Children, Youth, and Families H. Budget H. Ways and Means H. Standards of Official Conduct (committee chair, 104th Congress) Jt. Taxation

Congress 98th-100th 98th-99th 98th-100th 100th 101st-109th 102nd-104th 109th

JONES, STEPHANIE TUBBS. Democrat; Ohio, 11th Congressional District. Elected to the 106th Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-110th Congresses; died in office on August 20, 2008.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Small Business H. Standards of Official Conduct (committee chair, 110th Congress) H. Ways and Means

37 Congress 106th 107th 106th-107th 107th-110th 108th-110th

JORDAN, BARBARA C. Democrat; Texas, 18th Congressional District. Elected to the 93 Congress November 7, 1972; sworn in January 3, 1973; reelected to the 94th-95th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1979. rd

Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Government Operations

Congress 93rd-95th 94th-95th

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KAHN, FLORENCE PRAG. Republican; California, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 69th Congress in a special election held February 17, 1925, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Julius Kahn; sworn in December 7, 1925; reelected to the 70th-74th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1937. Committee Assignments H. Census H. Coinage, Weights, and Measures H. Education H. Expenditures in the War Department H. War Claims H. Military Affairs H. Appropriations

Congress 69th 69th 69th 69th 70th 71st-72nd 73rd-74th

KAPTUR, MARCY. Democrat; Ohio, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 98th Congress November 2, 1982. Sworn in January 3, 1983; reelected to the 99th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Budget H. Appropriations

Congress 98th-101st 98th-100th 101st, 111th 101st-111th

KASSEBAUM, NANCY LANDON. Republican; Kansas, Senator. Elected to the Senate on November 7, 1978; sworn in December 23, 1978. After her election, Senator James Pearson resigned, and Governor Bennett of Kansas appointed Ms. Kassebaum to replace him for the duration of the 95th Congress. She was reelected to the Senate in 1984 and 1990; term expired January 3, 1997. Deputy minority whip in the 103rd Congress.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Special Committee on Aging S. Budget S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Select Committee on Ethics S. Foreign Relations S. Labor and Human Resources (committee chair, 104th Congress) S. Indian Affairs Jt. Committee on the Organization of Congress

Congress 96th, 101st-102nd 96th-98th, 101st-102nd 96th-100th 96th-100th 99th-100th 97th-104th 101st-104th 102nd-104th 103rd

KEE, MAUDE ELIZABETH. Democrat; West Virginia, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 82nd Congress in a special election held July 16, 1951, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Kee; sworn in July 26, 1951; reelected to the 83rd88th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1965. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 88th Congress, 2nd Session.

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Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Government Operations H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 82nd-88th 85th-87th 88th

KELLY, EDNA FLANNERY. Democrat; New York, 12th Congressional District. Elected to the 81st Congress November 8, 1949, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrew L. Somers; sworn in January 3, 1950; reelected to the 82nd-90th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1969. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 83rd-84th and 88th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 81st-90th 90th

KELLY, SUE. Republican; New York, 19th Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-109th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2007. Chair of the House Page Board in the 106th Congress. Committee Assignments Congress H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-106th H. Financial Services 107th-109th H. Small Business 104th-109th H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th KENNELLY, BARBARA BAILEY. Democrat; Connecticut, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress in a special election on January 12, 1982, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William R. Cotter; sworn in January 25, 1982; reelected to the 98th-

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105th Congresses; term expired on January 3, 1999. Appointed one of three House Democratic chief deputy whips in the 102nd and 103rd Congresses, the first woman to have held the position. Vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 104th-105th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Intelligence H. Budget H. Administration H. Ways and Means

Congress 97th 97th 100th-102nd 103rd 103rd 98th-105th

KEYS, MARTHA ELIZABETH. Democrat; Kansas, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 94th Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th Congress; term expired January 3, 1979. Committee Assignments H. Ways and Means

Congress 94th-95th

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KILPATRICK, CAROLYN CHEEKS. Democrat; Michigan, 15th Congressional District (105th- 107th Congresses) and 13th Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. House Oversight Jt. Library H. Appropriations

Congress 105th 105th 105th 106th-111th

KILROY, MARY JO. Democrat; Ohio, 15th Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Homeland Security

Congress 111th 111th

KIRKPATRICK, ANN. Democrat; Arizona, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 111 Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. th

Committee Assignments H. Homeland Security H. Small Business H. Veteran’s Affairs

Congress 111th 111th 111th

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KLOBUCHAR, AMY. Democrat; Minnesota; Senator. Elected to Senate November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Environment and Public Works Jt. Economic S. Judiciary

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th 111th

KNUTSON, COYA GJESDAL. Democrat; Minnesota, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 84th Congress November 2, 1954; sworn in January 5, 1955; reelected to the 85th Congress; term expired January 3, 1959. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture

Congress 84th-85th

KOSMAS, SUZANNE. Democrat; Florida, 24th Congressional District. Elected to the 111 Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. th

Committee Assignments H. Finance Services H. Science and Technology

Congress 111th 111th

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LANDRIEU, MARY. Democrat; Louisiana, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997. She was reelected to the Senate in 2002 and 2008. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship (committee chair, 111th Congress) S. Armed Services S. Appropriations S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

Congress 105th 105th-111th 105th-111th 106th-107th 107th-111th 110th-111th

LANGLEY, KATHERINE GUDGER. Republican; Kentucky, 10th Congressional District. Elected to the 70th Congress November 2, 1926; sworn in December 5, 1927; reelected to the 71st Congress; term expired March 3, 1931. Committee Assignments H. Claims H. Immigration and Naturalization H. Invalid Pensions H. Education

Congress 70th-71st 70th-71st 70th-71st 71st

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LEE, BARBARA. Democrat; California, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 105th Congress in a special election held April 7, 1998, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ronald Dellums; sworn in April 20, 1998; reelected to the 106th-111th Congress. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Science H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs H. Appropriations

Congress 105th-106th 107th-109th 105th 107th-109th 110th-111th 110th-111th

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LINCOLN, BLANCHE LAMBERT. Democrat; Arkansas, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th Congress; term expired January 3, 1997. Ms. Lincoln was subsequently elected to the Senate on November 3, 1998; sworn in January 6, 1999; reelected in 2004. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Energy and Commerce H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Commerce S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (committee chair, 111th Congress) S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Special Committee on Aging S. Finance S. Select Committee on Ethics

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd 104th 106th-111th 106th, 111th 106th-111th 107th-111th 107th-108th

LLOYD, MARILYN. Democrat; Tennessee, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 94 Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th-103rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1995. th

Committee Assignments H. Public Works H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Committee on Aging H. Armed Services

Congress 94th 94th-103rd 95th-99th 96th-102nd 98th-103rd

LOFGREN, ZOE. Democrat; California, 16th Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-111th Congresses.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Science H. Standards of Official Conduct (committee chair, 111th Congress) H. Homeland Security H. Administration Jt. Library

Congress 104th-111th 104th-108th 105th-107th, 111th 108th-111th 109th-111th 109th-110th

LONG, CATHERINE S. Democrat; Louisiana, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 99 Congress in a special election held March 30, 1985, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Gillis Long; sworn in April 4, 1985; term expired January 3, 1987. th

Committee Assignment H. Public Works H. Small Business

Congress 99th 99th

LONG, JILL. Democrat; Indiana, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 101st Congress in a special election held March 28, 1989, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Dan Coats to the Senate; sworn in April 5, 1989; reelected to the 102nd-103rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1995.

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Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Select Committee on Hunger

Congress 101st-103rd 101st-103rd 101st-102nd

LONG, ROSE McCONNELL. Democrat; Louisiana, Senator. Appointed to the 74th Congress January 31, 1936, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Huey Pierce Long; sworn in February 10, 1936; subsequently elected April 21, 1936, in a special election to fill the remaining months of her husband’s term, took the oath of office for a second time on May 19, 1936; term expired January 3, 1937. Committee Assignments S. Claims S. Immigration S. Interoceanic Canals S. Post Office and Post Roads S. Public Lands and Surveys

Congress 74th 74th 74th 74th 74th

LOWEY, NITA M. Democrat; New York, 20th Congressional District (101st-102nd Congresses) and 18th Congressional District (103rd-111th Congresses). Elected to the 101st Congress November 8, 1988; sworn in January 3, 1989; reelected to the 102nd-111th Congresses. Chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in the 107th Congress.

U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control H. Appropriations H. Homeland Security

43

Congress 101st-102nd 101st-102nd 101st-102nd 103rd-111th 108th-110th

LUCE, CLARE BOOTHE. Republican; Connecticut, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 78th Congress November 3, 1942; sworn in January 6, 1943; reelected to the 79th Congress; term expired January 3, 1947. Ambassador to Italy 1953-1956; nominated Ambassador to Brazil in 1959, but did not serve; and awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1983. Committee Assignments H. Military Affairs

Congress 78th-79th

LUMMIS, CYNTHIA. Republican; Wyoming, At Large. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Budget H. Natural Resources

Congress 111th 111th 111th

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LUSK, GEORGIA LEE. Democrat; New Mexico, At Large. Elected to the 80th Congress November 5, 1946; sworn in January 3, 1947; term expired January 3, 1949. Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs

Congress 80th

MAJETTE, DENISE L. Democrat; Georgia, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 108 Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; term expired January 3, 2005. th

Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Education and the Workforce H. Small Business

Congress 108th 108th 108th

MALONEY, CAROLYN. Democrat; New York, 14th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Government Operations

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Congress 103rd 103rd

44

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan (Continued) Committee Assignments H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services Jt. Economic (committee chair, 111th Congress)

Congress 104th-105th 106th-109th 110th-111th 104th-106th 107th-111th 105th-111th

MANKIN, HELEN DOUGLAS. Democrat; Georgia, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 79th Congress in a special election held February 12, 1946, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Ramspeck; sworn in February 25, 1946; term expired January 3, 1947. Committee Assignments H. Civil Service H. Claims H. Elections H. Revision of Laws

Congress 79th 79th 79th 79th

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MARGOLIES-MEZVINSKY, MARJORIE. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Energy and Commerce H. Government Operations H. Small Business

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd

MARKEY, BETSY. Democrat; Colorado, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Transportation and Infrasturcture

Congress 111th 111th

MARTIN, LYNN M. Republican; Illinois, 16th Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress November 4, 1980; sworn in January 5, 1981; reelected to the 98th-101st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1991. Vice chair of the House Republican Conference (99th-100th Congresses) and Secretary of Labor (1991-1993). Committee Assignments H. Administration H. Budget H. Armed Services H. Rules H. Bipartisan Task Force on Ethics (vice chair)

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Congress 97th-98th 97th-99th 99th-100th 101st 101st

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

45

MATSUI, DORIS O. Democrat; California, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 109 Congress in a special election held March 8, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Robert Matsui; sworn in March 10, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. th

Committee Assignments H. Rules H. Science H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 109th-111th 109th 110th 110th-111th

MAY, CATHERINE DEAN. Republican; Washington, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 86th Congress November 4, 1958; sworn in January 7, 1959; reelected to the 87th-91st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1971. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. District of Columbia H. Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop Jt. Atomic Energy

Congress 86th-91st 91st, 1st Sess. 91st 91st

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MCCARTHY, CAROLYN. Democrat; New York, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Education and Labor H. Small Business H. Financial Services

Congress 105th-109th 110th-111th 105th-106th 108th-111th

MCCARTHY, KAREN. Democrat; Missouri, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 104 Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-108th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2005. th

Committee Assignments H. Science H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce H. Homeland Security

Congress 104th 104th 104th 105th-106th 107th-108th 108th

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

MCCARTHY, KATHYRN O’LOUGHLIN. Democrat; Kansas, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 73rd Congress November 8, 1932; sworn in March 9, 1933; term expired January 3, 1935. Committee Assignments H. Education H. Public Buildings and Grounds H. World War Veterans’ Legislation

Congress 73rd 73rd 73rd

MCCASKILL, CLAIRE. Democrat; Missouri, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007. Committee Assignments S. Armed Services S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs S. Indian Affairs S. Special Aging S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th 110th-111th 111th

MCCOLLUM, BETTY. Democrat; Minnesota, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 107 Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses.

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Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Resources H. International Relations H. Appropriations H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Budget

Congress 107th-109th 107th-108th 108th-109th 110th-111th 110th 111th

MCCORMICK, RUTH HANNA. Republican; Illinois, At Large. Elected to the 71st Congress November 6, 1928; sworn in April 15, 1929; term expired March 3, 1931. Committee Assignments H. Naval Affairs

Congress 71st

MCKINNEY, CYNTHIA. Democrat; Georgia, 11th Congressional District (103rd-104th Congresses) and 4th Congressional District (105th-107th Congress and 109th Congress). Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. Elected to the 109th Congress November 2, 2004; sworn January 4, 2005; term expired January 3, 2007.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Foreign Affairs H. Banking and Finance H. International Relations H. National Security H. Armed Services H. Budget

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Congress 103rd-104th 103rd 104th-105th 104th-107th 105th 106th-107th, 109th 109th

MCMILLAN, CLARA GOODING. Democrat; South Carolina, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 76th Congress in a special election held November 7, 1939, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thomas S. McMillan; sworn in January 3, 1940; term expired January 3, 1941. Committee Assignments H. Election of President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress H. Insular Affairs H. Patents H. Public Buildings and Grounds

Congress 76th 76th 76th 76th

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MCMORRIS ROGERS, CATHY. Republican; Washington, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. Vice chair of the House Republican Conference in the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Education and the Workforce H. Education and Labor H. Resources H. Natural Resources

Congress 109th-111th 109th 110th-111th 109th 110th-111th

MEEK, CARRIE. Democrat; Florida, 17th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Appropriations H. Budget H. Government Reform and Oversight

Congress 103rd, 105th-107th 104th 104th

MEYERS, JAN. Republican; Kansas, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 99th Congress November 6, 1984; sworn in January 3, 1985; reelected to the 100th-104th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1997.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Science and Technology H. Select Aging H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Small Business (committee chair, 104th)

Congress 99th 99th-102nd 99th-103rd 104th 104th 99th-104th

MEYNER, HELEN STEVENSON. Democrat; New Jersey, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 94th Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th Congress; term expired January 3, 1979. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations

Congress 94th-95th 94th 95th

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MIKULSKI, BARBARA ANN. Democrat; Maryland, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 95th Congress November 2, 1976; sworn in January 4, 1977; reelected to the 97th-99th Congresses. Ms. Mikulski was subsequently elected to the Senate November 4, 1986; sworn in January 6, 1987. She was reelected to the Senate in 1992, 1996, and 2002. Elected assistant Senate Democratic floor leader in the 103rd Congress; the only woman to have held that position. Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference in the 104th-108th Congresses, which was the highest position held by a woman, Democratic Senator up to that time. Committee Assignments H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Energy and Commerce S. Environmental and Public Works S. Appropriations S. Labor and Human Resources S. Small Business S. Select Ethics S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Select Intelligence

Congress 95th-97th 95th-99th 97th-99th 100th 100th-111th 100th-105th 100th-102nd 103rd-104th, 109th 106th-111th 107th-111th

MILLENDER-McDONALD, JUANITA. Democrat; California, 37th Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress in a special election held March 26, 1996, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Walter Tucker; sworn in April 16, 1996; reelected to the 105th-110th Congresses; died in office April 22, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Administration (committee chair, 110th Congress) Jt. Library Jt. Printing

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Congress 104th-110th 104th-110th 108th-110th 108th-110th 109th-110th

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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MILLER, CANDICE S. Republican; Michigan, 10th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Government Reform H. House Administration H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Select Energy Independence and Global Warming H. Homeland Security Jt. Library Jt. Printing

Congress 108th-110th 108th-109th 109th 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th 109th 109th

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MINK, PATSY TAKEMOTO. Democrat; Hawaii, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 89th Congress November 3, 1964; sworn in January 4, 1965; reelected to the 90th-94th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1977. She was subsequently elected to the 101st Congress in a special election held September 22, 1990, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Daniel Akaka to the Senate; sworn in September 27, 1990; reelected to the 102nd-107th Congresses; died in office on September 28, 2002. Secretary to the House Democratic Caucus in the 94th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Budget H. Government Operations H. Natural Resources H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Reform

Congress 89th-94th, 101st-103rd 90th-94th 94th, 103rd-105th 101st-102nd 103rd 104th 105th-107th 106th-107th

MOLINARI, SUSAN. Republican; New York, 14th Congressional District (101st-102nd Congresses) and 13th Congressional District (103rd-105th Congresses). Elected to the 101st Congress in a special election held March 20, 1990, to fill the term of her father, Guy Molinari; sworn in March 27, 1990; reelected to the 102nd-105th Congresses. Vice chair of the House Republican Conference in the 104th-105th Congresses, resigned from the 105th Congress August 1, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Budget

Congress 101st 101st-103rd 104th - 105th Congress 102nd-103rd 104th-105th

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

MOORE, GWEN. Democrat; Wisconsin, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Small Business H. Budget

Congress 109th-110th 109th-111th 110th-111th

MORELLA, CONSTANCE A. Republican; Maryland, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 100th Congress November 4, 1986; sworn in January 6, 1987; reelected to the 101st-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. U.S. Representative to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2003-2007. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Select Aging H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Science

Congress 100th-103rd 100th-103rd 100th-102nd 104th-105th 106th-107th 104th-107th

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MOSELEY-BRAUN, CAROL. Democrat; Illinois, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1999. Ambassador to New Zealand from 1999-2001; candidate for U.S. President in 2004. Committee Assignments S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Judiciary S. Small Business S. Finance S. Special Aging

Congress 103rd-105th 103rd 103rd 104th-105th 104th-105th

MURKOWSKI, LISA. Republican; Alaska, Senate. Appointed to the 108th Congress December 20, 2002. She was appointed by her father, Frank Murkowski, to the seat he had held before he was elected governor of Alaska on November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003. She was reelected on November 2, 2004, to a six-year term. Committee Assignments S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Environment and Public Works S. Veterans’ Affairs S. Indian Affairs S. Foreign Relations S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Appropriations

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Congress 108th-111th 108th-109th 108th 108th-111th 109th-110th 110th-111th 111th

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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MURRAY, PATTY. Democrat; Washington, Senator. Elected to the Senate November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected in 1998 and 2004. Senate Democratic deputy whip in the 103rd Congress and a deputy Democratic whip in the 104th-106th Congresses. Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee in the 107th Congress. Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference in the 110th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments S. Appropriations S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Budget S. Labor and Human Resources S. Veterans Affairs S. Select Ethics S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Foreign Relations S. Indian Affairs Jt. Printing S. Rules and Administration

Congress 103rd-111th 103rd-104th 103rd-111th 105th 105th-111th 105th 106th-111th 110th 110th 111th 111th

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MUSGRAVE, MARILYN. Republican; Colorado, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th -110th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Education and the Workforce H. Small Business H. Resources

Congress 108th-110th 108th-109th 108th-110th 109th

MYRICK, SUE. Republican; North Carolina, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 104 Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-111th Congresses. th

Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Science H. Small Business H. Rules H. Energy and Commerce H. Intelligence

Congress 104th 104th 104th 105th-108th 109th-111th 111th

NAPOLITANO, GRACE. Democrat; California, 34th Congressional District (106th-107th Congresses) and 38th Congressional District (108th-110th Congresses). Elected to the 106th Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-111th Congresses. Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 109th Congress.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Small Business H. International Relations H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 106th-109th 110th-111th 106th-108th 107th-109th 110th-111th

NEUBERGER, MAURINE BROWN. Democrat; Oregon, Senator. Elected to the 86th Congress November 8, 1960, in a special election held to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Richard L. Neuberger, and for the ensuing six-year term; sworn in November 9, 1960; term expired January 3, 1967. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture and Forestry S. Banking and Currency S. Special Committee on Aging S. Committee on Parliamentary Conference with Canada S. Commerce

Congress 87th-88th 87th-89th 87th 87th, 2nd Sess. 89th

NOLAN, MAE ELLA. Republican; California, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 67 Congress in a special election held January 23, 1923, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Nolan, and also to the 68th Congress; sworn in February 2, 1923; term expired March 3, 1925. First woman to chair a congressional committee.

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th

Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in the Post Office Department (committee chair, 68th) H. Labor

Congress 67th-68th 67th-68th

NORRELL, CATHERINE DORRIS. Democrat; Arkansas, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 87th Congress in a special election April 18, 1961, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, William Frank Norrell; sworn in April 25, 1961; term expired January 3, 1963. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service

Congress 87th

NORTHUP, ANNE M. Republican; Kentucky 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 105 Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-109th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2007. th

Committee Assignments H. Appropriations

Congress 105th-109th

NORTON, ELEANOR HOLMES. Democrat; Non-voting Delegate from the District of Columbia. Elected to the 102nd Congress November 6, 1990; sworn in January 3, 1991; reelected to the 103rd-111th Congresses. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation Jt. Committee on the Organization of Congress H. Small Business H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Homeland Security

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Congress 102nd-103rd 102nd-103rd 102nd-103rd 103rd 104th 104th-105th 106th-109th 110th- 111th 104th-111th 108th-111th

NORTON, MARY TERESA. Democrat; New Jersey, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 69th Congress November 4, 1924; sworn in December 7, 1925; reelected to the 70th-81st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1951.

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Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia (committee chair, 72nd-74th) H. Labor (committee chair, 75th-79th) H. World War Veterans Legislation H. Memorials H. Education H. Enrolled Bills H. Administration (committee chair, 81st)

Congress 69th-74th 69th-79th 69th-72nd 71st-79th 78th-79th 78th-79th 80th-81st

OAKAR, MARY ROSE. Democrat; Ohio, 20th Congressional District. Elected to the 95th Congress November 2, 1976; sworn in January 4, 1977; reelected to the 96th-102nd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1993. Elected secretary of the House Democratic Caucus in the 99th Congress and vice chair of the caucus in the 100th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Select Committee on Aging H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Administration

Congress 95th-102nd 96th-102nd 97th-102nd 98th-102nd

O’DAY, CAROLINE LOVE GOODWIN. Democrat; New York, At Large. Elected to the 74th Congress November 6, 1934; sworn in January 3, 1935; reelected to the 75th-77th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1943. Committee Assignments H. Election of President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress (committee chair, 75th-77th) H. Immigration and Naturalization H. Insular Affairs

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Congress 74th-77th 75th-77th 75th-77th

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OLDFIELD, PEARL PEDEN. Democrat; Arkansas, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 70th Congress in a special election held January 9, 1929, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, William Allen Oldfield, and also to the 71st Congress; sworn in January 11, 1929; term expired March 3, 1931. Committee Assignments H. Coinage, Weights, and Measures H. Expenditures in the Executive Departments H. Public Buildings and Grounds

Congress 71st 71st 71st

OWEN, RUTH BRYAN. Democrat; Florida, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 71st Congress November 6, 1928; sworn in April 15, 1929; reelected to the 72nd Congress; term expired March 3, 1933. Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 71st-72nd

PATTERSON, ELIZABETH J. Democrat; South Carolina, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 100th Congress November 4, 1986; sworn in January 6, 1987; reelected to the 101st-102nd Congresses, term expired January 3, 1993.

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Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Select Hunger

Congress 100th-102nd 100th-102nd 100th-102nd

PELOSI, NANCY. Democrat; California, 5th Congressional District (100th-102nd Congresses) and 8th Congressional District (103rd-111th Congresses). Elected to the 100th Congress in a special election June 2, 1987, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sala Burton; sworn in June 9, 1987; reelected to the 101st-111th Congresses. Elected Speaker of the House in the 110th and 111th Congresses, making her the first female Speaker of the House. Elected House Democratic whip on Oct.10, 2001, effective January 15, 2002, and elected House Democratic leader for the 108th and 109th Congresses. Both were the highest House leadership positions ever held by a woman at that time. Representative Pelosi is also the only woman nominated to be Speaker of the House. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Government Operations H. Appropriations H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Intelligence H. Intelligence (Ex Officio)

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Congress 100th-101st 100th-101st 102nd-107th 102nd-104th 104th-107th 108th-109th

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

55

PETTIS, SHIRLEY N. Republican; California, 37th Congressional District. Elected to the 94 Congress April 29,1975, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Jerry L. Pettis; sworn in May 6, 1975; reelected to the 95th Congress; term expired January 3, 1979. th

Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Education and Labor H. International Relations

Congress 94th 95th 95th

PFOST, GRACIE BOWERS. Democrat; Idaho, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 83rd Congress November 4, 1952; sworn in January 3, 1953; reelected to the 84th-87th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1963. Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works

Congress 83rd-87th 84th-85th 86th-87th

PINGREE, CHELLIE. Democrat; Maine, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009.

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Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Rules

Congress 111th 111th

PRATT, ELIZA JANE. Democrat; North Carolina, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 79th Congress in a special election held May 25, 1946, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William O. Burgin; sworn in June 3, 1946; term expired January 3, 1947. Committee Assignments H. Flood Control H. Pensions H. Territories

Congress 79th 79th 79th

PRATT, RUTH SEARS BAKER. Republican; New York, 17th Congressional District. Elected to the 71st Congress November 6, 1928; sworn in April 15, 1929; reelected to the 72nd Congress; term expired March 3, 1933. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency H. Library H. Education

Congress 71st 71st-72nd 72nd

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PRYCE, DEBORAH. Republican; Ohio, 15th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-110th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2009. A deputy Republican whip in the 105th-106th Congresses, secretary of the House Republican Conference in the 106th Congress, House Republican Conference vice chair in the 107th Congress, and chair of the House Republican Conference in the 108th-109th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Government Operations H. Rules H. Financial Services

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-108th 109th-110th

PYLE, GLADYS. Republican; South Dakota, Senator. Elected to the 75th Congress November 8, 1938, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Peter Norbeck; never sworn in and seated, because Congress was not in session between the time of her election and the expiration of the term; term expired January 3, 1939. Committee Assignments None listed, never sworn in

Congress 75th

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RANKIN, JEANNETTE. Republican; Montana, At Large (65th Congress) and 1st Congressional District (77th Congress). Elected to the 65th Congress November 9, 1916; sworn in April 2, 1917; term expired March 4, 1919. Elected to the 77th Congress November 5, 1940; sworn in January 3, 1941; term expired January 3, 1943. Committee Assignments H. Public Lands H. Woman Suffrage H. Insular Affairs

Congress 65th, 77th 65th 77th

REECE, LOUISE GOFF. Republican; Tennessee, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 87th Congress in a special election on May 16, 1961, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, B. Carroll Reece; sworn in May 23, 1961; term expired January 3, 1963. Committee Assignments H. Public Works

Congress 87th

REID, CHARLOTTE THOMPSON. Republican; Illinois, 15th Congressional District. Elected to the 88th Congress November 6, 1962; sworn in January 9, 1963; reelected to the 89th-92nd Congresses; resigned October 7, 1971, to become a member of the Federal Communication Commission.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Public Works H. Appropriations H. Standards of Official Conduct

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Congress 88th-89th 89th 90th-92nd 91st-92nd

RICHARDSON, LAURA. Democrat, California, 37th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress in a special election August 21, 2007, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Juanita Millender-McDonald; sworn in September 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Homeland Security

Congress 110th 110th-111th 111th

RILEY, CORINNE BOYD. Democrat; South Carolina, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 87th Congress in a special election on April 10, 1962, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Jacob Riley; sworn in April 12, 1962; term expired January 3, 1963.

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Committee Assignments H. Science and Transportation

Congress 87th

RIVERS, LYNN. Democrat; Michigan, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Science H. Education and the Workforce

Congress 104th-106th 104th-107th 107th

ROBERTSON, ALICE MARY. Republican; Oklahoma, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 67th Congress on November 2, 1920; sworn in April 11, 1921; term expired March 3, 1923. Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in the Interior Department H. Indian Affairs H. Woman Suffrage

Congress 67th 67th 67th

ROGERS, EDITH NOURSE. Republican; Massachusetts, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 69th Congress in a special election held June 30, 1925, to fill the vacancy U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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caused by the death of her husband, John Jacob Rogers; sworn in December 7, 1925; reelected to the 70th-86th Congresses; died in office September 10, 1960. Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in the Navy Department H. Industrial Arts and Expositions H. Woman Suffrage H. World War Veterans’ Legislation H. Civil Service H. Indian Affairs H. Foreign Affairs H. Veterans’ Affairs (committee chair, 80th, 83rd)

Congress 69th 69th 69th 69th-79th 70th-77th 70th 73rd-79th 80th-86th

ROS-LEHTINEN, ILEANA. Republican; Florida, 18th Congressional District. Elected to the 101st Congress in a special election held August 29, 1989, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Claude Pepper; sworn in September 6, 1989; reelected to the 102nd-111th Congresses. Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Conference in the 109th Congress.

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Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Government Operations H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Budget

Congress 101st-103rd, 110th-111th 104th-109th 101st-103rd 104th-105th 106th-109th 109th

ROUKEMA, MARGARET (MARGE) SCAFATI. Republican; New Jersey, 7th Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress November 4, 1980; sworn in January 5, 1981; reelected to the 98th-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Education and Labor H. Select Hunger H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce

Congress 97th-103rd 97th-103rd 98th-102nd 104th-106th 107th 104th 105th-107th

ROYBAL-ALLARD, LUCILLE. Democrat; California, 33rd Congressional District (103rd-107th Congresses) and 34th Congressional District (108th-110th Congresses). Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses.

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Small Business H. Banking and Financial Services H. Budget H. Select U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China H. Appropriations H. Standards of Official Conduct

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Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-105th 104th-105th 105th-106th 106th-110th-111th 108th-110th

SAIKI, PATRICIA F. Republican; Hawaii, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 100th Congress November 4, 1986; sworn in January 6, 1987; reelected to the 101st Congress; term expired January 3, 1991. Head of the Small Business Administration, 1991-1993. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Select Aging

Congress 100th-101st 100th-101st 100th-101st

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ST. GEORGE, KATHARINE PRICE COLLIER. Republican; New York, 28th Congressional District. Elected to the 80th Congress November 5, 1946; sworn in January 3, 1947; reelected to the 81st-88th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1965. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Government Operations H. Armed Services H. Rules

Congress 80th-84th, 86th-89th 83rd 85th-86th 87th-89th

SÁNCHEZ, LINDA. Democrat; California, 39th Congressional District. Elected to the 108th Congress November 5, 2002; sworn in January 7, 2003; reelected to the 109th-111th Congresses. Sister of Representative Loretta Sanchez. Committee Assignments H. Government Reform H. Judiciary H. Small Business H. Education and Labor H. Foreign Affairs H. Ways and Means

Congress 108th-109th 108th-111th 108th-109th 110th 110th 111th

SANCHEZ, LORETTA. Democrat; California, 46th Congressional District (105th -107th Congresses) and 47th Congressional District (108th-110th Congresses). Elected to the 105th Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Sister of Representative Linda Sánchez.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. National Security H. Armed Services H. Homeland Security Jt. Economic

Congress 105th-107th 105th 106th-111th 108th-111th 109th; 111th

SCHAKOWSKY, JANICE. Democrat; Illinois, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 106 Congress November 2, 1998; sworn in January 3, 1999; reelected to the 107th-111th Congresses. A Democratic chief deputy whip in the 108th-111th Congresses. th

Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Government Reform H. Small Business H. Energy and Commerce H. Intelligence

Congress 106th 107th 106th-107th 106th 108th -111th 110th - 111th

SCHENK, LYNN. Democrat; California, 49th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995.

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Committee Assignments H. Energy and Commerce H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries

Congress 103rd 103rd

SCHMIDT, JEAN. Republican, Ohio, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress in a special election held August 2, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rob Portman; sworn in September 6, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Government Reform H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 109th-111th 109th 109th-111th

SCHNEIDER, CLAUDINE CMARADA. Republican; Rhode Island, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 97th Congress November 4, 1980; sworn in January 5, 1981; reelected to the 98th- 101st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1991.

Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Science and Technology H. Special Committee on Aging

Congress 97th-101st 97th-101st 98th-101st

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SCHROEDER, PATRICIA S. Democrat; Colorado, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 93rd Congress November 7, 1972; sworn in January 3, 1973; reelected to the 94th-104th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1997. Candidate for U.S. President in 1987 for the 1988 nomination. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Judiciary H. Select Children, Youth, and Families (committee chair, 102nd) H. National Security

Congress 93rd-103rd 93rd-103rd 97th-104th 100th-102nd 104th

SCHWARTZ, ALLYSON Y. Democrat; Pennsylvania, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Ways and Means

Congress 109th-111th 109th 110th-111th

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SEASTRAND, ANDREA, Republican; California, 22nd Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; term expired January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Science H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 104th 104th

SEKULA GIBBS, SHELLEY, Republican; Texas, 22nd Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress in a special election held November 7, 2006, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Tom Delay; sworn in November 13, 2006; term expired January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 109th 109th

SHAHEEN, JEANNE D. Democrat; New Hampshire; Senator. Elected to Senate November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. Committee Assignments S. Energy and Natural Resources S. Foreign Relations S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship

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Congress 111th 111th 111th

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SHEA-PORTER, CAROL, Democrat; New Hampshire, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Education and Labor H. Natural Resources

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 111th

SHEPHERD, KAREN. Democrat; Utah, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; term expired January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Natural Resources H. Public Works and Transportation

Congress 103rd 103rd

SIMPSON, EDNA OAKES. Republican; Ohio, 28th Congressional District. Elected to the 86th Congress November 4, 1958; sworn in January 7, 1959; term expired January 3, 1961. Rep. Simpson succeeded her husband, Sidney Simpson, who died on October 26, 1958. The seat remained vacant from October 26, 1958, to January 7, 1959, the beginning of 86th Congress.

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Committee Assignments H. Administration H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 86th 86th

SLAUGHTER, LOUISE MCINTOSH. Democrat; New York, 30th Congressional District (100th- 102nd Congresses) and 28th Congressional District (103rd-111th Congresses). Elected to the 100th Congress November 4, 1986; sworn in January 6, 1987; reelected to the 101st-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works and Transportation H. Select Aging H. Budget H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Rules (committee chair, 110th-111th Congresses) H. Homeland Security

Congress 100th-101st 100th-101st 100th-102nd 102nd-104th 104th 102nd-111th 108th

SMITH, LINDA. Republican; Washington, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 104 Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; reelected to the 105th Congress; term expired January 3, 1999. th

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Resources H. Small Business

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Congress 104th-105th 104th-105th

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SMITH, MARGARET CHASE. Republican; Maine, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 76th Congress in a special election held June 3, 1940, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Clyde H. Smith; sworn in June 10, 1940; reelected to the 77th-80th Congresses. Ms. Smith was subsequently elected to the Senate on November 2, 1948; sworn in on January 3, 1949. She was reelected to the Senate in 1954, 1960, and 1966; term expired January 3, 1973. Chair of the Senate Republican Conference, 1967-1972 (the highest Senate leadership post held by a woman), and candidate for U.S. President (1964). Committee Assignments H. Election of the President, Vice President, Representatives in Congress H. War Claims H. Revision of the Laws H. Invalid Pensions H. Education H. Post Office and Post Roads H. Naval Affairs H. Armed Services S. District of Columbia S. Expenditures in Executive Departments S. Rules and Administration S. Appropriations S. Armed Services S. Government Operations S. Aeronautical and Space Sciences

Congress 76th 76th 76th 76th-77th 77th 77th 78th-79th 80th 81st 81st-82nd 82nd 83rd-92nd 83rd-92nd 83rd-85th 86th-92nd

SMITH, VIRGINIA. Republican; Nebraska, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 94 Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th-101st Congresses; term expired January 3, 1991. th

Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Appropriations

Congress 94th 94th 95th-101st

SNOWE, OLYMPIA J. Republican; Maine, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 96th Congress November 7, 1978; sworn in January 15, 1979; reelected to the 97th-103rd Congresses. Ms. Snowe was subsequently elected to the Senate November 8, 1994; sworn in January 3, 1995. She was reelected to the Senate in 2000 and 2006. Counsel to the Senate majority whip in the 105th-107th Congresses.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Small Business H. Select Committee on Aging H. Foreign Affairs Jt. Economic H. Budget S. Budget S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation S. Foreign Relations S. Small Business and Entrepreneurship (committee chair, 108th-109th ) S. Armed Services S. Finance S. Select Intelligence

Congress 96th 96th-97th 96th-102nd 97th-103rd 98th-102nd 103rd 104th-107th 104th-111th 104th 104th-111th 105th-106th 107th-111th 108th -111th

SOLIS, HILDA. Democrat; California, 31st Congressional District (107th Congress) and 32nd Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 107th Congress November 7, 2000; sworn in January 3, 2001; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses. Resigned on February 23, 2009, to become Secretary of Labor.

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Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Energy and Commerce H. Select Energy Independence and Global Warming

Congress 107th 107th 110th 108th-110th 110th

SPEIER, JACKIE. Democrat; California, 12th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress in a special election held April 8, 2008, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Tom Lantos; sworn in April 10, 2008; reelected to the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 111th

SPELLMAN, GLADYS NOON. Democrat; Maryland, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 94th Congress November 5, 1974; sworn in January 14, 1975; reelected to the 95th-97th Congresses. Unable to be sworn in and seated in 97th Congress due to disability; seat declared vacant February 24, 1981. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Democratic Steering and Policy

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Congress 94th 94th-95th 95th-96th 96th

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

65

STABENOW, DEBBIE. Democrat; Michigan, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 105 Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th Congress. Subsequently elected to the Senate on November 7, 2000; sworn in on January 3, 2001. Reelected to the Senate in 2006. Chair of the Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee in the 110th and 111th Congresses; Secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference in the 109th Congress, and vice chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee in the 108th Congress. th

Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Science S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Budget S. Special Committee on Aging S. Finance S. Energy and Natural Resources

Congress 105th-106th 105th-106th 107th-111th 107th-109th 107th-111th 107th-108th 110th-111th 111th

STANLEY, WINIFRED CLAIRE. Republican; New York, At Large. Elected to the 78th Congress November 3, 1942; sworn in January 6, 1943; term expired January 3, 1945.

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Committee Assignments H. Civil Service H. Patents

Congress 78th 78th

SULLIVAN, LEONOR KRETZER. Democrat; Missouri, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 83rd Congress November 4, 1952; sworn in January 3, 1953; reelected to the 84th-94th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1977. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 86th-93rd Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries (committee chair, 93rd-94th) H. Banking and Currency Jt. Committee on Defense Production

Congress 83rd, 89th-94th 84th-94th 91st-94th

SUMNER, JESSIE. Republican; Illinois, 18th Congressional District. Elected to the 76th Congress November 8, 1938; sworn in January 3, 1939; reelected to the 77th-79th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1947. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency

Congress 76th-79th

SUTTON, BETTY. Democrat; Ohio, 13th Congressional District. Elected to the 110th Congress November 7, 2006; sworn in January 4, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Rules H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 110th 110th 111th

TAUSCHER, ELLEN. Democrat; California, 10th Congressional District. Elected to 105 Congress November 5, 1996; sworn in January 7, 1997; reelected to the 106th-111th Congresses. Resigned on June 26, 2009 to become Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. th

Committee Assignments H. National Security H. Science H. Armed Services H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 105th 105th 106th-111th 105th-111th

THOMAS, LERA MILLARD. Democrat; Texas, 8th Congressional District. Elected to the 89th Congress in a special election held March 26, 1966, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Albert Thomas; sworn in March 30, 1966; term expired January 3, 1967.

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Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries

Congress 89th

THOMPSON, RUTH. Republican; Michigan, 9th Congressional District. Elected to the 82nd Congress November 8, 1950; sworn in January 3, 1951; reelected to the 83rd and 84th Congresses; term expired January 3, 1957. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary Jt. Committee on Immigration and Nationality Policy

Congress 82nd-84th 84th

THURMAN, KAREN L. Democrat; Florida, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-107th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Government Operations H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Ways and Means

Congress 103rd-104th 103rd 104th 105th-107th

TITUS, DINA. Democrat; Nevada, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 111th Congress November 4, 2008; sworn in January 6, 2009. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Homeland Security H. Transportation and Infrastructure

67

Congress 111th 111th 111th

TSONGAS, NIKI. Democrat; Massachusetts, 5th Congressional District. Elected to the 110 Congress October 16, 2007, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Martin Meehan; sworn in October 18, 2007; reelected to the 111th Congress. th

Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Budget H. Natural Resources

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 111th

UNSOELD, JOLENE. Democrat; Washington, 3rd Congressional District. Elected to the 101 Congress November 8, 1988; sworn in January 3, 1989; reelected to the 102nd-103rd Congresses; term expired January 3, 1995. st

Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Select Aging

Congress 101st-103rd 101st-103rd 101st-102nd

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VELÁZQUEZ, NYDIA M. Democrat; New York, 12th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th-111th Congresses. Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Small Business (committee chair, 110th -111th Congresses)

Congress 103rd 104rd- 106th 107th-111th 103rd-111th

VUCANOVICH, BARBARA. Republican; Nevada, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 98th Congress November 2, 1982; sworn in January 3, 1983; reelected to the 99th-104th Congresses. Secretary of the House Republican Conference in the 104th Congress; term expired January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Administration H. Select Children, Youth, and Families H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Appropriations H. Natural Resources

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Congress 98th-101st 98th-101st 98th-102nd 102nd-104th 103rd

68

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

WALDHOLTZ, ENID GREENE. Republican; Utah, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 104th Congress November 8, 1994; sworn in January 4, 1995; term expired January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Rules

Congress 104th

WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, DEBBIE. Democrat, Florida, 20th Congressional District. Elected to the 109th Congress on November 2, 2004; sworn in January 4, 2005; reelected to the 110th -111th Congresses. A chief deputy Democratic whip in the 110th -111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Appropriations H. Judiciary

Congress 109th 110th-111th 110th-111th

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WATERS, MAXINE. Democrat; California, 29th Congressional District (102nd Congress) and 35th Congressional District (103rd-110th Congresses). Elected to the 102nd Congress November 6, 1990; sworn in January 3, 1991; reelected to the 103rd-111th Congresses. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th Congress; a vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th-109th Congresses; and a chief deputy Democratic whip in the 106th-111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Veterans’ Affairs H Small Business H. Judiciary

Congress 102nd-103rd 104th-106th 107th-111th 102nd-104th 103rd-104th 105th-111th

WATSON, DIANE. Democrat; California, 32nd Congressional District (107th Congress) and 33rd Congressional District (108th-111th Congresses). Elected to the 107th Congress June 5, 2001, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Julian Dixon; sworn in June 7, 2001; reelected to the 108th -111th Congresses. Former ambassador to Micronesia. Committee Assignments H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 107th-109th 110th-111th 107th-109th 110th-111th

WEIS, JESSICA McCULLOUGH. Republican; New York, 38th Congressional District. Elected to the 86th Congress November 4, 1958; sworn in January 3, 1959; reelected to the 87th Congress; term expired January 3, 1963. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Government Operations H. Science and Astronautics

69

Congress 86th-87th 86th 87th

WILSON, HEATHER. Republican; New Mexico, 1st Congressional District. Elected to the 105th Congress in a special election held June 23, 1998, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Steven Schiff; sworn in June 25, 1998; reelected to the 106th-110th Congresses; term expired January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments H. Commerce H. Intelligence H. Armed Services H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 105th-106th 106th, 109th-110th 107th-108th 107th-110th

WINGO, EFFIGENE LOCKE. Democrat; Arkansas, 4th Congressional District. Elected to the 71st Congress November 4, 1930 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Otis Wingo, and to the 72nd Congress; sworn in December 1, 1930; term expired March 3, 1933.

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Committee Assignments H. Accounts H. Insular Affairs H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 71st 71st 72nd

WOODHOUSE, CHASE GOING. Democrat; Connecticut, 2nd Congressional District. Elected to the 79th Congress November 4, 1944; sworn in January 3, 1945; term expired January 3, 1947. Elected to the 81st Congress November 2, 1948; term expired January 3, 1951. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 81st Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency H. Administration

Congress 79th and 81st 81st

WOOLSEY, LYNN. Democrat; California, 6th Congressional District. Elected to the 103rd Congress November 3, 1992; sworn in January 5, 1993; reelected to the 104th – 111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Education and Labor H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Operations

Congress 103rd - 105th 103rd, 110th-111th 105th – 109th 103rd

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70

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan (Continued) Committee Assignments H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Science H. Science and Technology H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 104th 106th – 109th 110th – 111th 110th

Table 1. Women in Congress, 65th-111th Congresses, by Congress

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Congress 111th

Dates 2009-2011

House Michelle Bachmann Tammy Baldwin Melissa Bean Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Marsha Blackburn Mary Bono Mack Madeleine Z. Bordallo Corrine Brown Ginny Brown-Waite Shelley Moore Capito Lois Capps Kathy Castor Julia Carson Donna Christensen Judy Chug Yvette Clarke Kathy Dahlkemper Susan Davis Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Donna Edwards Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Mary Fallin Virginia Foxx Marcia L. Fudge Gabrielle Giffords Kay Granger Debbie Halvorson Jane Harman Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Mazie Hirono Sheila Jackson Lee Lynn Jenkin Eddie Bernice Johnson Marcy Kaptur Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Mary Jo Kilroy

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Senate Barbara Boxer Maria Cantwell Hillary Rodham Clintonc Susan M. Collins Dianne Feinstein Kristen Gillibrandd Kay Hagan Kay Bailey Hutchison Amy Klobuchar Mary Landrieu Blanche Lambert Lincoln Claire McCaskill Barbara Mikulski Lisa Murkowski Patty Murray Jeanne Shaheen Olympia J. Snowe Debbie Stabenow

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

110th

Dates

2007-2009

Table 1. (Continued) House Ann Kirkpatrick Suzanne Kosmos Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Cynthia Lummis Carolyn Maloney Doris Matsui Carolyn McCarthy Betty McCollum Cathy McMorris Rogers Betsey Markey Candice S. Miller Gwen Moore Sue Myrick Grace Napolitano Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Chellie Pingree Laura Richardson Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Linda Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Janice Schakowsky Jean Schmidt Allyson Schwartz Carol Shea-Porter Louise M. Slaughter Hilda Solisa Jackie Speier Betty Sutton Dina Titus Ellen Tauscherb Niki Tsongas Nydia M. Velázquez Debbie Wasserman Schultz Maxine Waters Diane Watson Lynn Woolsey Michelle Bachmann Tammy Baldwin Melissa Bean Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Marsha Blackburn Mary Bono Mack Madeleine Z. Bordallo Nancy Boyda

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71

Senate

Barbara Boxer Maria Cantwell Hillary Rodham Clinton Susan M. Collins Elizabeth Dole Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchison Amy Klobuchar Mary Landrieu

72

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress

Dates

Table 1. (Continued) House Corrine Brown Ginny Brown-Waite Shelly Moore Capito Lois Capps Julia Carsone Kathy Castor Donna Christensen Yvette Clark Barbara Cubin Jo Ann Davisf Susan Davis Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Thelma Drake Edwards, Donnag Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Mary Fallin Virginia Foxx Gabrielle Giffords Kirstin Gillibrand Kay Granger Jane Harman Stephanie Herseth Mazie Hirono Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson Lee Eddie Bernice Johnson Stephanie Tubbs Jonesh Marcy Kaptur Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Nita Lowey Carolyn McCarthy Betty McCollum Cathy McMorris Carolyn Maloney Doris Matsui Juanita Millender McDonaldi Candice Miller Gwen Moore Marilyn Musgrave Sue Myrick Grace Napolitano Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Laura Richardsong

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Senate Blanche Lambert Lincoln Claire McCaskill Barbara Mikulski Lisa Murkowski Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe Debbie Stabenow

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

Congress

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109th

Dates

2005-2007

Table 1. (Continued) House Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Linda Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Janice Schakowsky Jean Schmidt Allyson Schwartz Carol Shea-Porter Louise M. Slaughter Hilda Solis Jackie Speierg Betty Sutton Ellen Tauscher Niki Tsongasg Nydia M. Velázquez Debbie Wasserman Schultz Maxine Waters Diane Watson Heather Wilson Lynn Woolsey Tammy Baldwin Melissa Bean Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Marsha Blackburn Mary Bono Mack Madeleine Z. Bordallo Corrine Brown Ginny Brown-Waite Shelley Moore Capito Lois Capps Julia Carson Donna Christensen Barbara Cubin Jo Ann Davis Susan Davis Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Thelma Drake Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Virginia Foxx Kay Granger Jane Harman Katherine Harris Melissa Hart Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson Lee

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73

Senate

Barbara Boxer Maria Cantwell Hillary Rodham Clinton Susan M. Collins Elizabeth Dole Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchison Mary Landrieu Blanche Lambert Lincoln Barbara Mikulski Lisa Murkowski Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe Debbie Stabenow

74

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress

108th

Dates

2003-2005

Table 1. (Continued) House Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Stephanie Tubbs Jones Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Doris Matsui Carolyn McCarthy Betty McCollum Cynthia McKinney Cathy McMorris Rogers Juanita Millender-McDonald Candice S. Miller Gwen Moore Marilynn Musgrave Sue Myrick Grace Napolitano Anne M. Northup Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Linda Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Shelley Sekula Gibbsg Janice Schakowsky Jean Schmidt Allyson Schwartz Louise M. Slaughter Hilda Solis Ellen Tauscher Nydia M. Velázquez Debbie Wasserman Schultz Maxine Waters Diane Watson Heather Wilson Lynn Woolsey Tammy Baldwin Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Marsha Blackburn Mary Bono Mack Madeleine Z. Bordallo Corrine Brown

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Senate

Barbara Boxer Maria Cantwell Hillary Rodham Clinton Susan M. Collins Elizabeth Dole Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchison

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

Table 1. (Continued) House Ginny Brown-Waite Shelley Moore Capito Lois Capps Julia Carson Donna Christensen Barbara Cubin Jo Ann Davis Susan Davis Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Kay Granger Jane Harman Katherine Harris Melissa Hart Stephanie Herseth Sandling Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson Lee Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Stephanie Tubbs Jones Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Denise L. Majette Carolyn Maloney Carolyn McCarthy Karen McCarthy Betty McCollum Juanita Millender-McDonald Candice S. Miller Marilynn Musgrave Sue Myrick Grace Napolitano Anne M. Northup Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Linda T. Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Janice Schakowsky Louise M. Slaughter

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Senate Mary Landrieu Blanche Lambert Lincoln Barbara Mikulski Lisa Murkowski Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe Debbie Stabenow

75

76

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

Congress

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107th

Dates

2001-2003

Table 1. (Continued) House Hilda Solis Ellen Tauscher Nydia M. Velázquez Maxine Waters Diane Watson Heather Wilson Lynn Woolsey Tammy Baldwin Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Mary Bono Mack Corrine Brown Shelley Moore Capito Lois Capps Julia Carson Donna Christian-Christensen Eva Clayton Barbara Cubin Jo Ann Davis Susan Davis Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Kay Granger Jane Harman Melissa Hart Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson Lee Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Stephanie Tubbs Jones Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Carolyn McCarthy Karen McCarthy Betty McCollum Cynthia McKinney Carrie Meek Juanita Millender-McDonald Patsy T. Minkj Constance A. Morella Sue Myrick

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Senate

Barbara Boxer Maria Cantwell Jean Carnahan Hillary Rodham Clinton Susan M. Collins Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchison Mary Landrieu Blanche Lambert Lincoln Barbara Mikulski Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe Debbie Stabenow

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

Congress

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106th

Dates

1999-2001

Table 1. (Continued) House Grace Napolitano Anne M. Northup Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Lynn Rivers Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Lucille Roybal-Allard Loretta Sanchez Janice Schakowsky Louise M. Slaughter Hilda Solis Ellen Tauscher Karen L. Thurman Nydia M. Velázquez Maxine Waters Diane Watsong Heather Wilson Lynn Woolsey Tammy Baldwin Shelley Berkley Judy Biggert Mary Bono Mack Corrine Brown Lois Capps Julia Carson Helen Chenoweth Donna Christensen Eva Clayton Barbara Cubin Pat Danner Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Tillie Fowler Kay Granger Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson-Lee Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Stephanie Tubbs Jones Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren

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77

Senate

Barbara Boxer Susan M. Collins Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchison Mary Landrieu Blanche Lambert Lincoln Barbara Mikulski Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe

78

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress

105th

Dates

1997-1999

Table 1. (Continued) House Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Carolyn McCarthy Karen McCarthy Cynthia McKinney Carrie Meek Juanita Millender-McDonald Patsy T. Mink Constance A. Morella Sue Myrick Grace Napolitano Anne M. Northup Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Lynn Rivers Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Lucille Roybal-Allard Loretta Sanchez Janice Schakowsky Louise M. Slaughter Debbie Stabenow Ellen Tauscher Karen L. Thurman Nydia M. Velázquez Maxine Waters Heather Wilson Lynn Woolsey Mary Bono Mackg Corrine Brown Lois Cappsg Julia Carson Helen Chenoweth Donna Christensen Eva Clayton Barbara Cubin Pat Danner Diana DeGette Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Jo Ann Emerson Anna G. Eshoo Tillie Fowler Elizabeth Furse Kay Granger Jane Harman Darlene Hooley Sheila Jackson-Lee

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Senate

Barbara Boxer Susan M. Collins Dianne Feinstein Kay Baily Hutchison Mary Landrieu Barbara Mikulski Carol Moseley-Braun Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

104th

Dates

1995-1997

Table 1. (Continued) House Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Barbara B. Kennelly Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Barbara Leeg Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Carolyn McCarthy Karen McCarthy Cynthia McKinney Carrie Meek Juanita Millender-McDonald Patsy T. Mink Susan Molinarik Constance A. Morella Sue Myrick Anne M. Northup Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Lynn Rivers Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Loretta Sanchez Louise M. Slaughter Linda Smith Debbie Stabenow Ellen Tauscher Karen L. Thurman Nydia M. Velázquez Maxine Waters Heather Wilsong Lynn Woolsey Corrine Brown Helen Chenoweth Eva Clayton Barbara-Rose Collins Cardiss Collins Barbara Cubin Pat Danner Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Jo Ann Emersong Anna G. Eshoo Tillie Fowler

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79

Senate

Barbara Boxer Dianne Feinstein Sheila Frahml Kay Bailey Hutchison Nancy L. Kassebaum Barbara Mikulski Carol Moseley-Braun Patty Murray Olympia J. Snowe

80

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress

103rd

Dates

1993-1995

Table 1. (Continued) House Elizabeth Furse Jane Harman Sheila Jackson Lee Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Sue Kelly Barbara B. Kennelly Blanche Lambert Lincoln Zoe Lofgren Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Karen McCarthy Cynthia McKinney Carrie Meek Jan Meyers Juanita Millender-McDonaldg Patsy T. Mink Susan Molinari Constance A. Morella Sue Myrick Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Lynn Rivers Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Lucille Roybal-Allard Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Patricia S. Schroeder Andrea Seastrand Louise M. Slaughter Linda Smith Karen L. Thurman Nydia M. Velázquez Barbara F. Vucanovich Enid Greene Waldholtz Maxine Waters Lynn Woolsey Helen Delich Bentley Corrine Brown Leslie Byrne Maria Cantwell Eva Clayton Barbara-Rose Collins Cardiss Collins Pat Danner Rosa DeLauro Jennifer Dunn Karan English

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Senate

Barbara Boxer Dianne Feinstein Kay Bailey Hutchisong Nancy L. Kassebaum Barbara Mikulski Carol Moseley-Braun Patty Murray

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

102nd

1991-1993

101st

1989-1991

Table 1. (Continued) House Anna G. Eshoo Tillie Fowler Elizabeth Furse Jane Harman Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Blanche Lambert Lincoln Marilyn Lloyd Jill Long Nita M. Lowey Carolyn Maloney Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky Cynthia McKinney Carrie Meek Jan Meyers Patsy T. Mink Susan Molinari Constance A. Morella Eleanor Holmes Norton Nancy Pelosi Deborah Pryce Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Lucille Roybal-Allard Lynn Schenk Patricia S. Schroeder Karen Shepherd Louise M. Slaughter Olympia J. Snowe Karen L. Thurman Jolene Unsoeld Nydia M. Velázquez Barbara Vucanovich Maxine Waters Lynn Woolsey Helen Delich Bentley Barbara Boxer Beverly Barton Byron Eva Claytong Barbara-Rose Collins Cardiss Collins Rosa DeLauro Joan Kelly Horn Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Marilyn Lloyd

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81

Senate

Jocelyn Burdickl Nancy L. Kassebaum Barbara Mikulski

Nancy L. Kassebaum Barbara Mikulski

82

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress

Dates

Table 1. (Continued) House Jill Long Nita M. Lowey Jan Meyers Patsy T. Mink Susan Molinari Constance A. Morella Eleanor Holmes Norton Mary Rose Oakar Elizabeth J. Patterson Nancy Pelosi Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Patricia S. Schroeder Louise M. Slaughter Olympia J. Snowe Jolene Unsoeld Barbara Vucanovich Maxine Waters Helen Delich Bentley Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Barbara Boxer Beverly Barton Byron Cardiss Collins Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Marilyn Lloyd Jill Longg Nita M. Lowey Lynn M. Martin Jan Meyers Patsy T. Minkg Susan Molinarig Constance A. Morella Mary Rose Oakar Elizabeth J. Patterson Nancy Pelosi Ileana Ros-Lehtineng Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Patricia F. Saiki Claudine Cmarada Schneider Patricia S. Schroeder Louise M. Slaughter Virginia Smith Olympia J. Snowe Jolene Unsoeld Barbara Vucanovich

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Senate

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Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

Congress 100th

Dates 1987-1989

99th

1985-1987

Table 1. (Continued) House Helen Delich Bentley Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Barbara Boxer Sala Burtonm Beverly Barton Byron Cardiss Collins Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Marilyn Lloyd Lynn M. Martin Jan Meyers Constance A. Morella Mary Rose Oakar Elizabeth J. Patterson Nancy Pelosi Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Patricia F. Saiki Claudine Cmarada Schneider Patricia S. Schroeder Louise M. Slaughter Virginia Smith Olympia J. Snowe Barbara Vucanovich Helen Delich Bentley Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Barbara Boxer Sala Burton Beverly Barton Byron Cardiss Collins Bobbi Fiedler Marjorie S. Holt Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Marilyn Lloyd Cathy Longg Lynn M. Martin Jan Meyers Barbara Mikulski Mary Rose Oakar Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Claudine Cmarada Schneider Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Olympia J. Snowe Barbara Vucanovich

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Senate Nancy L. Kassebaum Barbara Mikulski

Paula Hawkins Nancy L. Kassebaum

83

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84

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

Congress 98th

Dates 1983-1985

97th

1981-1983

96th

1979-1981

Table 1. (Continued) House Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Barbara Boxer Sala Burtong Beverly Barton Byron Cardiss Collins Geraldine Ann Ferraro Bobbi Fiedler Katie Hall Marjorie S. Holt Nancy L. Johnson Marcy Kaptur Barbara B. Kennelly Marilyn Lloyd Lynn M. Martin Barbara Mikulski Mary Rose Oakar Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Claudine Cmarada Schneider Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Olympia J. Snowe Barbara Vucanovich Jean Ashbrookg Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Beverly Barton Byron Shirley Anita Chisholm Cardiss Collins Millicent Fenwick Geraldine Ann Ferraro Bobbi Fiedler Katie Hallg Margaret M. Heckler Marjorie S. Holt Barbara B. Kennellyg Marilyn Lloyd Lynn M. Martin Barbara Mikulski Mary Rose Oakar Margaret (Marge) S. Roukema Claudine Cmarada Schneider Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Olympia Snow Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Beverly Barton Byrong Shirley Anita Chisholm Cardiss Collins Millicent Fenwick Geraldine Ferraro

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Senate Paula Hawkins Nancy L. Kassebaum

Paula Hawkins Nancy L. Kassebaum

Nancy L. Kassebaum

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

95th

1977-1979

94th

1975-1977

Table 1. (Continued) House Margaret M. Heckler Marjorie S. Holt Elizabeth Holtzman Marilyn Lloyd Barbara Ann Mikulski Mary Rose Oakar Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Olympia J. Snowe Gladys Noon Spellmann Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Shirley Anita Chisholm Cardiss Collins Millicent Fenwick Margaret M. Heckler Marjorie S. Holt Elizabeth Holtzman Barbara C. Jordan Martha Elizabeth Keys Marilyn Lloyd Helen Stevenson Meyner Barbara Mikulski Mary Rose Oakar Shirley N. Pettis Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Gladys Noon Spellman Bella S. Abzug Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Shirley Anita Chisholm Cardiss Collins Millicent Fenwick Margaret M. Heckler Marjorie S. Holt Elizabeth Holtzman Barbara C. Jordan Martha Elizabeth Keys Marilyn Lloyd Helen Stevenson Meyner Patsy T. Mink Shirley N. Pettis Patricia S. Schroeder Virginia Smith Gladys Noon Spellman Leonor K. Sullivan

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85

Senate

Maryon P. Allenl Muriel Humphreyl

86

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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Congress 93rd

Dates

92nd

1971-1973

91st

1969-1971

90th

1967-1969

Table 1. (Continued) House Bella S. Abzug Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggsg Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Shirley Chisholm Cardiss Collinsg Ella T. Grasso Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Margaret M. Heckler Marjorie S. Holt Elizabeth Holtzman Barbara C. Jordan Patsy T. Mink Patricia S. Schroeder Leonor Kretzer Sullivan Bella S. Abzug Elizabeth B. Andrewsg Shirley Anita Chisholm Florence Price Dwyer Ella T. Grasso Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Margaret M. Heckler Louise Day Hicks Patsy T. Mink Charlotte Thompson Reid Leonor Kretzer Sullivan Shirley Anita Chisholm Florence Price Dwyer Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Margaret M. Heckler Catherine Dean May Patsy T. Mink Charlotte Thompson Reid Leonor K. Sullivan Frances Payne Bolton Florence Price Dwyer Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Margaret M. Heckler Edna Flannery Kelly Catherine Dean May Patsy T. Mink

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Senate

Elaine Edwardsl Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Chase Smith

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

89th

1965-1967

88th

1963-1965

87th

1961-1963

86th

1959-1961

Table 1. (Continued) House Charlotte Thompson Reid Leonor K. Sullivan Frances Payne Bolton Florence Price Dwyer Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Edna Flannery Kelly Catherine Dean May Patsy T. Mink Charlotte Thompson Reid Leonor K. Sullivan Lera Millard Thomasg Irene Bailey Bakerg Frances Payne Bolton Florence Price Dwyer Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Catherine Dean May Charlotte Thompson Reid Katherine Price St. George Leonor K. Sullivan Iris Faircloth Blitch Frances Payne Bolton Marguerite Stitt Church Florence Price Dwyer Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hansen Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Catherine Dean May Catherine Dorris Norrellg Gracie Bowers Pfost Louise Goff Reeceg Corrine Boyd Rileyg Katharine Price St. George Leonor K. Sullivan Jessica McCullough Weis Iris Faircloth Blitch Frances Payne Bolton Marguerite Stitt Church Florence Price Dwyer

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87

Senate

Maurine Neuberger Margaret Chase Smith

Maurine Neuberger Margaret Chase Smith

Maurine Neuberger Margaret Chase Smith

Maurine Neuberger Margaret Chase Smith

88

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Congress

Dates

85th

1957-1959

84th

1955-1957

83rd

1953-1955

Table 1. (Continued) House Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Julia Butler Hanseng Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Catherine Dean May Gracie Bowers Pfost Edith Nourse Rogerso Katharine Price St. George Edna Oakes Simpson Leonor K. Sullivan Jessica McCullough Weis Iris Faircloth Blitch Frances Payne Bolton Marguerite Stitt Church Florence Price Dwyer Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Cecil Murray Harden Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Coya Gjesdal Knutson Gracie Bowers Pfost Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Leonor K. Sullivan Iris Faircloth Blitch Frances Payne Bolton Vera Daerr Buchanan Marguerite Stitt Church Mary Elizabeth Farrington Kathryn Elizabeth Granahang Edith Green Martha Wright Griffiths Cecil Murray Harden Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Coya Gjesdal Knutson Gracie Bowers Pfost Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Leonor K. Sullivan Ruth Thompson Frances Payne Bolton Vera Daerr Buchanan Marguerite Stitt Church

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Senate

Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Chase Smith

Hazel Hempel Abelg Eva Kelly Bowringp Margaret Chase Smith

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

83rd

1953-1955

82nd

1951-1953

81st

1949-1951

80th

1947-1949

79th

1945-1947

78th

1943-1945

Table 1. (Continued) House Mary Elizabeth Farringtong Cecil Murray Harden Maude Elizabeth Kee Edna Flannery Kelly Gracie Bowers Pfost Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Leonor K. Sullivan Ruth Thompson Frances Payne Bolton Reva Zilpha Beck Bosone Vera Daerr Buchanang Marguerite Stitt Church Cecil Murray Harden Maude Elizabeth Keeg Edna Flannery Kelly Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Ruth Thompson Frances Payne Bolton Reva Zilpha Beck Bosone Helen Gahagan Douglas Cecil Murray Harden Edna Flannery Kellyg Mary Teresa Norton Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Chase Going Woodhouse Frances Payne Bolton Helen Gahagan Douglas Georgia Lee Lusk Mary Teresa Norton Edith Nourse Rogers Katharine Price St. George Margaret Chase Smith Frances Payne Bolton Emily Taft Douglas Helen Gahagan Douglas Clare Boothe Luce Helen Douglas Manking Mary Teresa Norton Eliza Jane Prattg Edith Nourse Rogers Margaret Chase Smith Jessie Sumner Chase Going Woodhouse Frances Payne Bolton Willa Lybrand Fulmerg

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89

Senate

Hazel Hempel Abelg Eva Kelly Bowringp Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Chase Smith

Vera Bushfieldl

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Congress

Dates

77th

1941-1943

76th

1939-1941

75th

1937-1939

74th

1935-1937

73rd

1933-1935

72nd

1931-1933

Table 1. (Continued) House Clare Boothe Luce Mary Teresa Norton Edith Nourse Rogers Margaret Chase Smith Winifred Claire Stanley Jessie Sumner Veronica Grace Bolandg Frances Payne Bolton Katharine Edgar Byrong Mary Teresa Norton Caroline Love O’Day Jeannette Rankin Edith Nourse Rogers Margaret Chase Smith Jessie Sumner Frances Payne Boltong Florence Reville Gibbsg Clara Gooding McMillang Mary Teresa Norton Caroline Love O’Day Edith Nourse Rogers Margaret Chase Smithg Jessie Sumner Elizabeth Hawley Gasqueg Nan Wood Honeyman Virginia Ellis Jenckes Mary Teresa Norton Caroline Love O’Day Edith Nourse Rogers Isabella Selmes Greenway Virginia Ellis Jenckes Florence Prag Kahn Mary Teresa Norton Caroline Love O’Day Edith Nourse Rogers Marian Williams Clarkeg Isabella Selmes Greenwayg Virginia Ellis Jenckes Florence Prag Kahn Kathryn O’Loughlin McCarthy Mary Teresa Norton Edith Nourse Rogers Willa McCord Eslickg Florence Prag Kahn Mary Teresa Norton Ruth Bryan Owen Ruth Sears Pratt

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Senate

Hattie W. Caraway

Hattie W. Caraway

Hattie W. Caraway Dixie B. Gravesl Gladys Pyleg

Hattie W. Caraway Rose M. Longg

Hattie W. Caraway

Hattie W. Carawayl

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009

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Congress

Dates

71st

1929-1931

70th

1927-1929

69th

1927-1929

68th 67th

1923-1925 1921-1923

66th 65th

1919-1921 1917-1919

Table 1. (Continued) House Edith Nourse Rogers Effiegene Locke Wingo Florence Prag Kahn Katherine Gudger Langley Ruth Hanna McCormick Mary Teresa Norton Pearl Peden Oldfield Ruth Bryan Owen Ruth Sears Pratt Edith Nourse Rogers Effiegene Locke Wingo Florence Prag Kahn Katherine Gudger Langley Mary Teresa Norton Pearl Peden Oldfieldg Edith Nourse Rogers Florence Prag Kahng Mary Teresa Norton Edith Nourse Rogersg Mae Ella Nolan Winnifred Mason Huckg Mae Ella Nolang Alice Mary Robertson None Jeannette Rankin

91

Senate

Rebecca Feltonq

a. Resigned February 23, 2009, to become Secretary of Labor. b. Resigned June 26, 2009, to become Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. c. Resigned January 21, 2009, to become Secretary of State. d. Initially elected to the House, then appointed to the Senate on Jan, 27, 2009 to fill a vacancy. e. Died on December 15, 2007. f. Died on October 6, 2007. g. Elected to fill a vacancy. h. Died on August 20, 2008. i. Died on April 22, 2007. j. Died on September 28, 2002. k. Resigned on August 1, 1997. l. Appointed to fill a vacancy. m. Died on February 1, 1987. n. Gladys Spellman was elected also to the 97th Congress, but was unable to be sworn in because of a disability and her seat was declared vacant on February 24, 1981. o. Died on September 10, 1960. p. Eva Bowring was appointed to serve until a successor was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death or q. Dwight Griswold. Hazel Abel was elected to fill that vacancy. q. Appointed to fill a vacancy at the end of the 67th Congress, nd served for one day.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 2. Women in Congress, 65th-111th Congresses, by State or Territory

Mary Bono Mack Barbara Boxera Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Sala Burton Lois Capps Judy Chu Susan Davis Helen Gahagan Douglas Anna G. Eshoo Bobbi Fiedler Dianne Feinsteinb Jane Harman Bella S. Abzug Shirley Anita Chisholm Yvette Clarke Marian Williams Clarke Hillary Rodham Clintonb Geraldine Ann Ferraro Kirsten Gillibranda Elizabeth Holtzman

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Melissa L. Bean Judy Biggert Marguerite Stitt Church Cardiss Collins Emily Taft Douglas Corrine Brown Ginny Brown-Waite Kathy Castor Tillie Fowler Katherine Harris Jean Ashbrook Frances Payne Bolton Marcia L. Fudge Stephanie Tubbs Jones Maria Cantwella Jennifer Dunn Julia Butler Hansen Helen Delich Bentley Beverly Barton Byron Katharine Edgar Byron Barbara-Rose Collins Martha Wright Griffiths Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick

California (33 women) Florence Prag Kahn Barbara Lee Zoe Lofgren Doris O. Matsui Juanita Millender-McDonald Grace Napolitano Mae Ella Nolan Nancy Pelosi Shirley N. Pettis Laura Richardson Lucille Roybal-Allard New York (21 women) Edna Flannery Kelly Sue Kelly Nita Lowey Carolyn Maloney Carolyn McCarthy Susan Molinari Caroline Love Goodwin O’Day Ruth Sears Baker Pratt Illinois (14 women) Debbie Halvorson Winnifred Sprague Huck Lynn Martin Ruth Hanna McCormick Carol Moseley-Braunb Florida (12 women) Paula Hawkinsb Suzanne Kosmas Carrie Meek Ruth Bryan Owen Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Ohio (10 women) Marcy Kaptur Mary Jo Kilroy Mary Rose Oakar Washington (8 women) Catherine Dean May Cathy McMorris Patty Murrayb Maryland (8 women) Donna Edwards Marjorie S. Holt Barbara Ann Mikulskia Michigan (7 women) Candice Miller Lynn Rivers Debbie Stabenowa

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Linda Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Andrea Seastrand Lynn Schenk Hilda Solis Jackie Speier Ellen Tauscher Maxine Waters Diane Watson Lynn Woolsey

Katharine Price St. George Louise Slaughter Winifred Claire Stanley Jessica McCullough Weis Nydia Velázquez

Charlotte Thompson Reid Jan Schakowsky Edna Oakes Simpson Jessie Sumner

Karen Thurman Debbie Wasserman Schultz

Deborah Pryce Jean Schmidt Betty Sutton

Linda Smith Jolene Unsoeld

Constance A. Morella Gladys Noon Spellman

Ruth Thompson

Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 Table 2. (Continued) Jean Carnahanb Pat Danner Jo Ann Emerson Veronica Grace Boland Vera Daerr Buchanan Kathy Dahlkemper Kay Granger Kay Bailey Hutchisonb Eddie Bernice Johnson Nancy Boyda Sheila Frahmb Lynn Jenkins Rosa DeLauro Ella T. Grasso Iris Faircloth Blitch Rebecca Latimer Feltonb Eva Clayton Elizabeth Doleb

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Hattie Wyatt Carawayb Blanche Lambert Lincolna Julia Carson Katie Hall Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs Elaine Edwardsb Michelle Bachmann Betty McCollum Florence Prince Dwyer Millicent Fenwick Elizabeth Furse Edith Green Willa Lybrand Fulmer Elizabeth Hawley Gasque Irene Bailey Baker Marsha Blackburn

Missouri (7 women) Joan Kelly Horn Karen McCarthy Claire McCaskilla Pennsylvania (7 women) Kathryn Granahan Melissa Hart Marjorie Margolis-Mezvinsky Texas (7 women) Barbara C. Jordan Sheila Jackson Lee Shelley Sekula Gibbs Kansas (7 women) Nancy Landon Kassebaumb Martha Elizabeth Keys Kathryn O. McCarthy Connecticut (6 women) Nancy L. Johnson Barbara Bailey Kennelly Georgia ( 6 women) Florence Reville Gibbs Denise Majette North Carolina (6 women) Virginia Foxx Kay Haganb Arkansas (5 women) Catherine Dorris Norrell Pearl Peden Oldfield Indiana (5 women) Cecil Murray Harden Virginia Ellis Jenckes Louisiana (5 women) Mary Landrieub Rose McConnell Longb Minnesota (5 women) Muriel Buck Humphreyb Amy Kloubuchara New Jersey ( 5 women) Helen Stevenson Meyner Mary Teresa Norton Oregon ( 5 women) Nan Wood Honeyman Darlene Hooley South Carolina (5 women) Clara Gooding McMillan Elizabeth Patterson Tennessee (5 women) Marilyn Lloyd Willa McCord Eslick

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Leonor Kretzer Sullivan

Allyson Y. Schwartz

Lera Millard Thomas

Jan Meyers

Clare Boothe Luce Chase Going Woodhouse Helen Douglas Mankin Cynthia McKinney Sue Myrick Eliza Jane Pratt Effiegene Locke Wingo

Jill Long

Cathy Long

Coya Gjesdal Knutson

Marge Scafati Roukema

Maurine Brown Neubergerb

Corrine Boyd Riley

Louise Goff Reece

93

94

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 2. (Continued)

Diana DeGette Betsy Markey Mary Elizabeth Farringtonc Mazie Hirono Margaret M. Heckler Louise Day Hicks Karen English Gabrielle Giffords Susan M. Collinsb Chellie Pingree Maryon Pittman Allenb Elizabeth B. Andrews Hazel Hempel Abelb Eva Kelly Bowringb Shelley Berkley Dina Titus

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Reva Zilpha Beck Bosone Karen Shepherd Vera Calahan Bushfieldb Gladys Pyleb Leslie Byrne Jo Ann Davis Helen Chenoweth Katherine Gudger Langley Georgia Lee Lusk Shelley Moore Capito Tammy Baldwin Mary Fallin Carol Shea–Porter Barbara Cubin

Colorado (4 women) Marilyn Musgrave Patricia S. Schroeder Hawaii (4 women) Patsy Takemoto Mink Patricia Saiki Massachusetts (4 women) Edith Nourse Rogers Niki Tsongas Arizona (4 women) Isabella Selmes Greenway Ann Kirkpatrick Maine (4 women) Margaret Chase Smitha Olympia J. Snowea Alabama (3 women) Dixie Bibb Gravesb Nebraska (3 women) Virginia Smith Nevada (3 women) Barbara Vucanovich Utah (3 women) Enid Greene Waldholtz South Dakota (3 women) Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Virginia (3 women) Thelma Drake Idaho (2 women) Gracie Bowers Pfost Kentucky (2 women) Anne M. Northup New Mexico (2 women) Heather Wilson West Virginia ( 2 women) Maude Elizabeth Kee Wisconsin (2 women) Gwen Moore Oklahoma (2 women) Alice Mary Robertson New Hampshire (2 women) Jeanne Shaheenb Wyoming (2 women) Cynthia Lummis

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Table 2. (Continued) District of Columbia (1 woman) Eleanor Holmes Nortonc Montana (1 woman) Jeannette Rankin North Dakota (1 woman) Jocelyn Burdickb Rhode Island (1 woman) Claudine Cmarada Schneider Virgin Islands (1 woman) Donna Christensenc Alaska (1 woman) Lisa Murkowskib Guam (1 woman) Madeleine Bordalloc No women sent to Congress (7 states and territories) American Samoa Iowa Puerto Rico Commonweath of the Northern Mississippi Vermont Mariana Islands Delaware

a. Senator and Representative. b. Senator. c. Delegate.

Table 3. Number of Women in Congress, 65th-111th Congresses (1917-2009)

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Years 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th

1917-1919 1919-1921 1921-1923 1923-1925 1925-1927 1927-1929 1929-1931 193 1-1933 1933-1935 1935-1937 1937-1939 1939-1941 1941-1943 1943-1945 1945-1947 1947-1949 1949-1951 1951-1953 1953-1955 1955-1957

Total Number of Women in Congress 1 0 4 1 3 5 9 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 11 8 10 11 15 18

Number of Women in House 1 0 3 1 3 5 9 7 7 6 6 8 9 8 11 7 9 10 12 17

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Number of Women in Senate 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 1

96

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 3. (Continued)

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Years 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th

1957-1959 1959-1961 1961-1963 1963-1965 1965-1967 1967-1969 1969-1971 1971-1973 1973-1975 1975-1977 1977-1979 1979-1981 1981-1983 1983-1985 1985-1987 1987-1989 1989-1991 1991-1993 1993-1995 1995-1997 1997-1999 1999-2001 2001-2003 2003-2005 2005-2007 2007-2009 2009-2111

Total Number of Women in Congress 16 19 20 14 13 12 11 15 16 19 20 17 23 24 25 25 31 33 55 59 65 67 75 77 85 91 93

Number of Women in House 15 17 18 12 11 11 10 13 16 19 18 16 21 22 23 23 29 30 48 50 56 58 62 63 71 75 76

Number of Women in Senate 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 7 9 9 9 13 14 14 16 17

Notes: The figures for each Congress reflect the total number of women serving at the conclusion of that Congress. For the 1 1 1th Congress, the figures are current as of the date of publication of this chapter.

End Notes 1

For additional information on the women who have served in Congress, please refer to U.S. Congress, House, Office of History and Preservation, Women in Congress, 1917-2006 (Washington: GPO, 2006), http://womenincongress.house.gov. 2 Reps. Rankin (R-MT), Patsy Mink (D-HI), Jane Harman (D-CA), and Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) are the only women to serve non-consecutive terms in the same house of Congress. Rep. Rankin served from 1917-1919 and from 1941-1943. Rep. Rankin was also the only Member of Congress to vote against America’s entry into both World Wars. Rep. Mink served from 1965-1977 and from September 1990, when she was seated following a special election, until her death in September 2002. Rep. Harman served from 1993-1999, and from 2001 to the present. Rep. McKinney served from 1993-2003 and from 2005-2007. 3 The total number of female representatives (260) includes one Delegate to the House of Representatives from Hawaii, one from the District of Columbia, one from Guam, and one from the U.S. Virgin Islands. 4 The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities, ed. Elizabeth Adell Cook, Sue Thomas, and Clyde Wilcox (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994). 5 Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments, May 2009, http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.

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For more information on the female majority in Rwanda’s legislature, see Josh Ruxin, ―When It Comes to Women Lawmakers, Rwanda Leads the World,‖ New York Times, October 7, 2008. 7 For additional information, refer to CRS Report RL30567, Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 17892009, by Valerie Heitshusen, Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2009, by Valerie Heitshusen; CRS Report RL30607, Major Leadership Election Contests in the House of Representatives, 94th - 111th Congresses, by Mildred Amer, Major Leadership Election Contests in the House of Representatives, 94th-111th Congresses, by Mildred Amer; and CRS Report RL30704, Major Leadership Election Contests In the Senate, 94th - 111th Congresses, by Mildred Amer, Major Leadership Election Contests in the Senate, 94th-111th Congresses, by Mildred Amer. Limited information on the leadership positions held by women in Congress can also be found in the individual entries contained in this chapter. 8 Office of History and Preservation, Women in Congress, 1917-2006, pp. 992-993. 9 Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA, 1996-2007) died on April 22, 2007, and was replaced by Rep. Laura Richardson (D-CA, 2007-present); Rep. Julia Carson (D-IN, 1997-2007) died on Dec. 15, 2007, and was replaced by her grandson, Rep. André Carson (D-IN, 2008-present) on Mar. 13, 2008; Rep. Albert Wynn (DMD, 1993-2008) resigned on May 31, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Donna Edwards (D-MD, 2008present); and Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH, 1999-2008) died on Aug. 20, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Marcia L. Fudge (D-OH, 2008-present) on Nov. 19, 2008. 10 For additional information on African American women who have served in Congress, please refer to the ―Women of Color in Congress‖ section of the Office of History and Preservation’s Women in Congress website, http://womenincongress.house.gov/data/women-of-color.html 11 Rep. Matsui was first elected to the 109th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Rep. Robert Matsui (D-CA, 1979-2005). 12 Linda Sánchez uses an accent in her last name; Loretta Sanchez does not. 13 Prior to the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, effective October 15, 1933, the terms of Representatives and Senators began on March 4, in conformance with a resolution of the Continental Congress implementing the Constitution (adopted September 13, 1788). The Twentieth Amendment provides inter alia that the terms of Representatives and Senators shall commence at noon on January 3, in the year following their election. The first Congress affected by the Twentieth Amendment was the 74th (1935-1937). However, Congress sometimes sets a date other than January 3 for commencement of a new Congress; thus, in this chapter, dates sworn in are sometimes later than January 3 for Members elected in the general election. In addition, Members elected to fill a vacancy are sworn in and commence their terms as soon as possible, as do Senators appointed to fill a vacancy. 14 Rep. Hansen served on the Veteran’s Affairs Committee from Feb. 6, 1961 to March 6, 1961.

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Chapter 2

AFRICAN AMERICAN MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS: 1870-2009 Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

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SUMMARY There are 42 African American Members serving in the 111th Congress, 41 in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate. President Barack Obama served in the Senate until he resigned on November 16, 2008. There have been 125 African American Members of Congress: 119 have been elected to the House; five have been elected to the Senate; and one has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 98 Democrats: 95 in the House, three in the Senate; and 27 Republicans: 24 in the House, three in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 43 serving at any one time. The first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870-1871). The first African American Member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), who also served in the 41st Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman in Congress. Since that time, 27 other African American women have been elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who is the only African American woman, as well as the first African American Democrat, elected to the Senate. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI, 1965-present), the current chair of the House Judiciary Committee, holds the record for length of service by an African American Member (45 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress (1965-1967) and has served since January 3, 1965.

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Representative James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present) and former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-199 1) and J.C. Watts (R-OK, 1995-2003) have been elected to the highest leadership positions held by African American Members of Congress. Representative Clyburn, the House majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses, served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (1 02nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2001). Twenty African Americans have served as committee chairs, 19 in the House and one in the Senate. The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), whose origins date back to 1969, currently has 42 members. Over its 40-year history, the CBC has been one of the most influential caucuses in Congress.

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INTRODUCTION One hundred twenty-five African Americans have served in the U.S. Congress: 119 in the House and six in the Senate.1 Of these, 28 have been women. Forty-two (41 in the House and one in the Senate) serve in the 111th Congress. All are Democrats and 14 are women. A record 43 African American Members (all Democrats) served in the 109th and 110th Congresses. No African Americans have served in both houses of Congress. The majority of African American Members of Congress (98) have been Democrats; 27 have been Republicans. Five others, all Democrats, have served as Delegates to the House. All of the Democrats have been elected in the 20th and 21st centuries. Twenty-two African American Republicans served in the 19th century House, five in the 20th century (four in the House and one in the Senate), and one was reelected to a single term in the 21st century before retiring.

Historical Overview of African Americans in Congress Excluding delegates, African Americans currently hold 39 (8.9%) seats in the House of Representatives and one (1%) seat in the Senate. African Americans hold 40 (7.57%) of the 535 voting seats in the 111th Congress. Including delegates, African Americans currently hold 42 seats in the House of Representatives totaling 43 (9.9%) in the entire Congress.

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Source: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), http://baic.house.gov, supplemented by CRS. Note: Delegates are not included in the data.

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Figure 1. Trends in the Number of African Americans in Congress, 41st Congress (1870-1871) to Present

As Figure 1 shows, the number of African Americans serving in Congress stayed below 10 until the 91st Congress (1969-1971), when those in the House doubled, growing from five to 10 in one Congress. The number of African-American Senators remained at 1. Subsequently, the number of African American Members steadily increased. In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995) reached 40. Since the 106th Congress (1999-200 1), the number has remained between 39 and 43 at any one time. African Americans did not serve in Congress until the 41st Congress (1869-1871) when two were elected to the House and a third, Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), was elected to the Senate by the Mississippi state legislature.2 This was during the Reconstruction period following the Civil War (1865-1877). Of particular significance is the fact that ―all of the 17 African-American Members between 1870 and 1887 came from the new Reconstruction governments in the former Confederacy.‖3 No African Americans served in Congress from the 57th Congress (190 1-1903) until the 71st Congress (1929-193 1), when one Member was elected to the House. This was in part because (1) the congressional focus on racial equality had faded; (2) the slow disintegration of the Republican-dominated Reconstruction governments had a detrimental effect on the rights of black voters, and those seeking political office were vulnerable to Democratic state governments controlled by former Confederates and their sympathizers; (3) a variety of impediments such as the poll tax and educational tests

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prevented African Americans from voting; and (4) some state legislatures attempted to gerrymander congressional districts to restrict the election of African Americans.4

Source: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), httpi/baic.house.gov, supplemented by CRS. Figures compiled by CRS. Note: Delegates are not included in the data.

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Figure 2. African Americans as a % of Total Members of Congress

Source: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), httpi/baic.house.gov, supplemented by CRS. Figures compiled by CRS.

Note: Delegates are not included in the data. Figure 3. African Americans in the 1 1 1 th (2009-2011) Congress U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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Despite increases in the number of African Americans serving in Congress, especially since the 91st Congress (1969-1971), Figure 2 shows that 1% of Members in the United States history have been African Americans. Figure 3 shows the current composition of the 111th Congress with 7.5% voting African American Members.

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African American Firsts in Congress The first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870-1871). He also has the distinction of being the first African American Member of the Senate and the first African American Member of Congress from Mississippi. On January 20, 1870, he was chosen by the Mississippi legislature to take the seat previously held by Albert G. Brown, who withdrew from the Senate on January 12, 1861, after Mississippi seceded from the Union. Senator Blanche K. Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the first African American Senator to serve a full Senate term of six years. Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC, 1869-1878) was the first African American Member of the House of Representatives, beginning service, like Senator Revels, in the 41st Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman to serve in Congress. Edward Brooke (R-MA) was the first African American elected to the Senate after passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for the direct election of Senators. He served in the 90th through 95th Congresses (1967-1979). Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999) is the only African American woman, as well as the first African American Democrat, to serve in the Senate. President Barack Obama was the first African American male Democrat to serve in the Senate. He served as a Senator from Illinois from 2005 until his resignation on November 16, 2008, after he was elected President of the United States. Senator Roland Burris (D-IL, 2009-present), who was appointed to the seat vacated by President Obama, is the first African American appointed to the Senate. Representative Walter Fauntroy (D- DC, 1971-199 1) was the first African American delegate to serve in Congress. Representative Charles Diggs (D-MI, 1955-1980) was the first chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. As chair of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company (46th Congress), Blanche K. Bruce (R-MS) was the first African American to chair a congressional committee. As chair of the House Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments (81st Congress), William L. Dawson (D-IL, 1943-1970) was the first African American to chair a House committee.

Length of Service John Conyers Jr. (D-MI), the current chair of the House Judiciary Committee, has served longer than any other African American Member of Congress. Representative Conyers has

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served since 1965. Edward Brooke (R-MA, 1967-1979) holds the record for Senate service by an African American.

How African Americans Enter Congress Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution requires that all Members of the House of Representatives must be ―chosen every second Year by the People of the several States.‖ Therefore, all Representatives enter office through election, even those who enter after a seat becomes open during a Congress. By contrast, the Seventeenth Amendment gives state legislatures the option to empower governors to fill Senate vacancies by temporary appointment. All 119 of the African Americans who have served in the House have been elected, as well as all but one of the six African American Senators. The lone exception is Senator Roland Burris (D-IL, 2009-present).

AFRICAN AMERICAN MEMBERS IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS Representative James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present), the House majority whip in the 110 - 111th Congresses, served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991) and J.C. Watts (R- OK, 1995-2003) were also elected members of the House leadership. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (102nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2003). Representative John Lewis (D-GA, 1987-present), the senior chief deputy whip in the 110th-111th Congresses served as a Democratic chief deputy whip in the 102nd-109th Congresses (1991-2007). Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA, 1991-present) has served as a Democratic chief deputy whip since the 106th Congress, and Representative G.K. Butterfield (D-NC, 2004-present) has served as a Democratic chief deputy whip since the 110th Congress. Former Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983) served as secretary to the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress (1977-1979). Nineteen African American Representatives and one Senator have chaired congressional committees, including four in the House in the 111th Congress and a record five in the 110th Congress. Currently serving as chairs in the 111th Congress are Representatives John Conyers Jr. (D-MI), chair of House Judiciary Committee; Charles B. Rangel (D-NY), chair of the House Ways and Means Committee; Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS), chair of the House Homeland Security Committee, and Edolphus Towns (D-NY), chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee. The other African American committee chairs were Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 18751881) and Representatives Yvonne B. Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979); William L. Clay Sr. (DMO, 1969- 2001); William L. Dawson (D-IL, 1943-1970); Ronald V. Dellums (D-CA, 1971-

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1998); Charles C. Diggs Jr. (D-MI, 1955-1980); Julian Dixon (D-CA, 1979-2000); William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991); Augustus F. Hawkins (D-CA, 1963-1991); George T. (Mickey) Leland (D-TX, 1979- 1989); Parren J. Mitchell (D-MD, 1971-1987); Robert N.C. Nix Sr. (D-PA, 1958-1979); Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (D-NY, 1945-1967, 1969-1971); Louis Stokes (D-OH, 1969-1999); Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA, 1996-2007); and Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH, 1999-2008).

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CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS (CBC) The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) traces its origins to the start of the 91st Congress in January 1969 when Representative Charles Diggs (MI) brought together the other African American Members of the House to form the Democratic Select Committee.5 As the Select Committee expanded its legislative goals and activities during 1970, it reorganized into a more formal organization, the Congressional Black Caucus, with 13 members at the start of the 92nd Congress in 1971. The CBC became only the fifth Member organization to exist in Congress.6 Currently, there are 42 members of the Congressional Black Caucus, comprising all the African American Members of Congress. It is chaired by Representative Barbara Lee (CA).7 Three main factors contributed to the founding of the CBC: greater African American participation in electoral politics following passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, a perceived African American leadership vacuum due to the deaths or marginalization of many civil rights leaders in the late 1960s, and perceived inattention to issues of concern to African Americans by the Nixon Administration.8 Although the number of African American legislators increased during the 1968 and 1970 congressional elections, the African American community was still proportionally underrepresented in Congress. According to the CBC, its founding members ―believed that a black caucus in Congress, speaking with a single voice, would provide political influence and visibility far beyond their numbers.‖9 In addition to serving as a voice for the African American community, the Congressional Black Caucus has also addressed issues of concern to the poor and other underrepresented minority groups, both in the United States and abroad. This broader scope is reflected in the original mission of the CBC: ―to promote the public welfare through legislation designed to meet the needs of millions of neglected citizens.‖10 In domestic policy, the CBC has supported efforts to improve access and quality of education and health care, reduce unemployment, protect voting rights, and provide better housing and childcare for the poor and working class. In foreign policy, the CBC generally supports international human rights and focuses on issues where current U.S. policy may conflict with professed American values of liberty and equality.11 This was shown in the CBC stance against apartheid in South Africa, its push for humanitarian aid and refugee assistance for Haiti, and the continual efforts of some CBC members to urge Congress to consider the concerns of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).12 At times, the CBC plays an oppositional role, both within Congress and the established party structure. One scholar has argued that within Congress, the CBC serves ―not only as an interest group for blacks but also as a labor union for its members.‖13 In 1974, for example, House leadership agreed to put one black Member on each major committee at the urging of

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

the CBC.14 The CBC also often issues declarations of its policy agenda, distinct from either party’s agenda. This was reflected by some of the earliest caucus efforts, beginning with a February 1970 letter to President Richard Nixon addressing issues facing black and impoverished Americans and the presentation of 61 policy recommendations to the President concerning domestic and foreign policy matters at a meeting on March 25, 1971.15 Another example is the CBC alternative federal budget, which has been presented to Congress annually since 1981.16 The caucus also plays a symbolic role for the African American community. Some scholars have argued that the caucus is more effective as a social and community organization than it is a political or legislative institution.17 As Members of the House and Senate, CBC members held the highest national elected office positions of any African Americans until the 2008 presidential election of former CBC member Barack Obama. The CBC Foundation (CBCF) sponsors a number of leadership development programs, internships, fellowships, and scholarships to encourage the next generation of African American leaders.18 In Congress, CBC members regularly celebrate the accomplishments of African Americans and minorities, by introducing resolutions to commemorate African American and minority leaders as well as civil rights activists. 19 Three noteworthy legislative initiatives championed by the CBC include the establishment of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, sanctions on South Africa to pressure an end to apartheid, and humanitarian assistance to Haiti.20 The subsequent section describes the CBC’s role in these legislative endeavors.

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Martin Luther King Jr. Day The bill to establish a federal holiday to honor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 3, 1983.21 Representative John Conyers (MI) introduced the first Martin Luther King Jr. holiday bill on April 8, 1968, four days after King’s assassination. After its founding in 1971, the CBC became a strong advocate for a Martin Luther King Jr. holiday, frequently participating in demonstrations, orchestrating petition drives, and introducing legislation. In 1971, Congress received a petition signed by 6 million Americans in support of the King holiday, and Representative Conyers and Representative Shirley Chisholm (NY), another CBC member, reintroduced King holiday legislation during every subsequent session of Congress until the holiday became law. On January 15, 1981, musician Stevie Wonder, with the support of the CBC, sponsored a march, rally, and benefit concert in Washington, DC, to celebrate what would have been King’s 52nd birthday and to raise awareness about the King holiday legislation.22 On August 27, 1983, more than 200,000 people gathered for a civil rights march at the Lincoln Memorial to commemorate the 20th anniversary of King’s march on Washington.23 The attention to King’s legacy, coupled with political protests and the spread of local and state King holiday legislation, made 1983 an opportune time for enactment of the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday. The successful 1983 legislation was introduced by CBC member Representative Katie Hall on July 29, passing the House by a vote of 338-90 on August 2 and the Senate by a vote of 78-22 on October 19, and was signed into law on November 2.24

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Ending Apartheid in South Africa

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The CBC began to address apartheid during the 1 970s because it felt that the executive branch had not made ending discrimination in South Africa a priority.25 Between 1972 and 1986, members of the CBC introduced more than 15 bills seeking to end apartheid and racial discrimination practices in South Africa. As a result of the CBC’s Black Leadership Conference, the CBC helped establish TransAfrica in 1976, a foreign policy advocacy group designed to raise awareness about African and Caribbean issues. Besides endorsing legislative sanctions, TransAfrica and the CBC also lobbied corporations and universities to divest from South Africa. Through hearings, rallies, and protests in their home districts and in Washington, DC, CBC members increased attention on apartheid in South Africa.26 During the 1980s, public awareness and concern about apartheid grew as violence increased in South Africa. By the mid-1980s, the need to address apartheid in South Africa became more pressing and politically feasible. The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (H.R. 4868), introduced by a CBC member, Representative William H. Gray (PA),27 included sanctions against South Africa that would not be eased until certain conditions, like the release of political prisoners, were met. The original sanctions in the bill included banning new investments in or loans to South Africa, prohibiting imports of uranium, steel, and coal imports, and removing airport landing rights for South African Airways. An amendment by another CBC member, Representative Ronald Dellums (CA), strengthened the sanctions to include a full trade embargo and complete divestment from South Africa.28 The bill was vetoed by President Ronald Reagan on September 26, 1986,29 but was overridden by a House vote of 313 to 83 on September 29, 1986, and by a Senate vote of 78 to 21 on October 2, 1986.30

Humanitarian Aid to Haiti In 1976, Representative Shirley Chisholm (NY) and Delegate Walter Fauntroy (DC) formed the Congressional Black Caucus Task Force on Haitian Refugees to pursue humane treatment and equal justice for refugees from Haiti entering the United States. The name of the caucus was changed to the Congressional Task Force on Haiti in 1981 as it adopted broader policy objectives regarding Haiti and also included members outside of the CBC.31 By 1985, it was clear that the 30-year dictatorial regime of Francois Duvalier and his son Jean- Claude Duvalier was nearing its end. In 1986, the U.S. Embassy, working with the Roman Catholic Church and Haitian army, deposed President Jean-Claude Duvalier peacefully, and Haiti scheduled its first free election for November 29, 1987.32 In response to the efforts of the Congressional Task Force on Haiti, American aid to Haiti doubled from $50 million in 1986 to $101 million in 1987, despite tight fiscal conditions.33 CBC activism for Haiti continued during the late 1980s and 1990s, as a series of military coups led to a difficult post-Duvalier transition period. After Haiti’s first democratic presidential election in December 1990, President Bertrand Aristide was overthrown in September 1991, eight months after taking office. Many in the CBC believed the only remedy for the escalating refugee crisis was to restore Aristide to office. Beginning in October 1993, the CBC asked President Bill Clinton to impose the strongest military sanctions available

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

against Haiti or to conduct a military intervention. A letter sent to President Clinton on March 18, 1994, by the CBC and signed by all its members, stated that ―The United States Haiti policy must be scrapped.‖ The CBC supported the U.S.- and U.N.-imposed sanctions on Haiti during May and June 1994, with some members advocating for even stronger sanctions. An envoy sent to Haiti on September 18, 1994, by President Clinton convinced Haiti’s military rulers to resign and to allow U.S. peacekeeping troops to enter the country and restore Aristide to the presidency.34 Concerned about the cost of the Haiti mission and the lack of a troop withdrawal date, Representative Gary Franks (CT), the only Republican member of the CBC, publicly opposed the Clinton Administration’s policy and blamed the CBC for the President’s decision, stating that a ―majority of the Congressional Black Caucus wanted the United States to invade Haiti, and President Clinton caved in.‖ Others argue that Clinton and the CBC simply shared the same position and that the refugee situation constituted a vital American interest.35

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TABLES AND DATA This section of the report provides tabular information on African American Members of Congress, including the Congresses in which they served, the committees, on which they served, and an indication of the committees they chaired or co-chaired. In addition, five tables summarize information about African American Members. Table 1 presents the number and names of African American Members by Congress. Table 2 presents the same information by state. Table 3 shows the changing number of African American Members serving in Congress since 1870, when the first Member was elected. Most of the data presented are drawn from the Biographical Directory of the American Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov, various editions of the Congressional Directory, and a broad range of Congressional Quarterly Inc. and Leadership Directories Inc. publications. For additional information, refer to Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007, (Washington: GPO, 2008), http://baic.house.gov, written by the Office of History and Preservation in the House of Representatives. For 111th Congress committee assignments, the sources are The Senate of the United States, Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Eleventh Congress, prepared under the direction of Nancy Erickson, secretary of the Senate, June 3, 2009 (available online from the Senate’s website at http://www.senate.gov/general/ committee_ assignments/ assignments.htm); and List of Standing Committees and Select Committees and Their Subcommittees of the House of Representatives Together With Joint Committees, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, compiled by Lorraine C. Miller, clerk of the House of Representatives, August 26, 2009 (available online from the clerk’s website at http://clerk.house.gov/ committee_info/oal.pdf). Note that the names and jurisdiction of House and Senate committees have changed several times over the years covered by this chapter. In the interest of brevity, this chapter does not identify all historical name changes. The committee names that are listed are those that were in effect at the time a particular Member served on a panel.

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Table 1. Number and Names of African American Members of Congress, by Congress No.a

Chamber

Namesb 111 Congress (2009-2011) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Chaka Fattah Corrine Brown Marcia L. Fudge G.K. Butterfield Al Green André Carson Alcee L. Hastings Donna Christensen Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Yvette D. Clarke Sheila Jackson Lee William Lacy Clay Jr. Eddie Bernice Johnson Emanuel Cleaver II Henry (Hank) Johnson James E. Clyburn Carolyn Cheeks John Conyers Jr. Kilpatrick Elijah E. Cummings Barbara Lee Artur Davis John Lewis Danny K. Davis Kendrick Meek Donna F. Edwards Gregory W. Meeks Keith Ellison Roland Burris 110th Congress (2007-2009) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Chaka Fattah Corrine Brown Marcia L. Fudge G.K. Butterfield Al Green André Carson Alcee L. Hastings Julia M. Carson Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Donna ChristianSheila Jackson Lee Christensen William J. Jefferson Yvette D. Clarke Eddie Bernice Johnson William Lacy Clay Jr. Henry (Hank) Johnson Emanuel Cleaver II Stephanie Tubbs Jones James E. Clyburn Carolyn Cheeks John Conyers Jr. Kilpatrick Elijah E. Cummings Barbara Lee Artur Davis John Lewis Danny K. Davis Kendrick Meek Donna F. Edwards Gregory W. Meeks Keith Ellison Barack Obama 109th Congress (2005-2007) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Corrine Brown Sheila Jackson Lee G.K. Butterfield William J. Jefferson Julia M. Carson Eddie Bernice Johnson Donna ChristianStephanie Tubbs Jones Christensen Carolyn Cheeks William Lacy Clay Jr. Kilpatrick Emanuel Cleaver II Barbara Lee James E. Clyburn John Lewis John Conyers Jr. Cynthia McKinney Elijah E. Cummings Kendrick Meek Artur Davis Gregory W. Meeks Danny K. Davis Juanita MillenderChaka Fattah McDonald Harold E. Ford Jr. Gwen Moore

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th

41

House

1

Senate

42c

House

1

Senate

42

House

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Gwen Moore Eleanor Holmes Norton Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Laura Richardson Bobby L. Rush David Scott Robert C. Scott Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson Melvin L. Watt Albert R. Wynn

Juanita MillenderMcDonald Gwen Moore Eleanor Holmes Norton Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Laura Richardson Bobby L. Rush David Scott Robert C. Scott Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson Melvin L. Watt Albert R. Wynn

Major R. Owens Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Bobby L. Rush David Scott Robert C. Scott Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson Melvin L. Watt Albert R. Wynn

110

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 1. (Continued)

No.

a

Chamber

1

Senate

39d

House

Senate

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39e

House

Senate 39

House

Namesb Eleanor Holmes Norton

Al Green Alcee L. Hastings Barack Obama 108th Congress (2003-2005) Frank W. Ballance Jr. Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Sheila Jackson Lee G.K. Butterfield William J. Jefferson Corrine Brown Eddie Bernice Johnson Andre Carson Stephanie Tubbs Jones Julia M. Carson Carolyn Cheeks Donna ChristianKilpatrick Christensen Barbara Lee William Lacy Clay Jr. John Lewis James E. Clyburn Denise Majette John Conyers Jr. Kendrick Meek Elijah E. Cummings Gregory W. Meeks Artur Davis Juanita MillenderDanny K. Davis McDonald Chaka Fattah Eleanor Holmes Norton Harold E. Ford Jr. Alcee L. Hastings None 107th Congress (2001-2003) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Corrine Brown Sheila Jackson Lee Julia Carson William J. Jefferson Donna ChristianEddie Bernice Johnson Christensen Stephanie Tubbs Jones William Lacy Clay Jr. Carolyn Cheeks Eva M. Clayton Kilpatrick James E. Clyburn Barbara Lee John Conyers Jr. John Lewis Elijah E. Cummings Cynthia A. McKinney Danny K. Davis Carrie P. Meek Chaka Fattah Gregory W. Meeks Harold E. Ford Jr. Juanita MillenderAlcee L. Hastings McDonald Earl Hilliard Eleanor Holmes Norton None 106th Congress (1999-2001) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Alcee L. Hastings Corrine Brown Earl Hilliard Julia M. Carson Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Donna ChristianSheila Jackson Lee Christensen William J. Jefferson William L. Clay Sr. Eddie Bernice Johnson Eva M. Clayton Stephanie Tubbs Jones James E. Clyburn Carolyn Cheeks John Conyers Jr. Kilpatrick Elijah Cummings Barbara Lee Danny K. Davis John Lewis Julian C. Dixon Cynthia A. McKinney Chaka Fattah Carrie P. Meek

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Major R. Owens Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Bobby L. Rush David Scott Robert C. Scott Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson Melvin L. Watt Albert R. Wynn

Major R. Owens Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Bobby L. Rush Robert C. Scott Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson Melvin L. Watt J.C. Watts Jr. Albert R. Wynn

Juanita MillenderMcDonald Eleanor Holmes Norton Major R. Owens Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel J.C. Watts Jr. Albert R. Wynn

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Table 1. (Continued) No.a

Chamber

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Senate 39f

House

1

Senate

40g

House

1

Senate

39h

House

Namesb Gregory W. Meeks

Harold E. Ford Jr None 105th Congress (1997-1999) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Floyd Flake Corrine Brown Harold E. Ford Jr. Julia M. Carson Alcee L. Hastings Donna M. ChristianEarl Hilliard Green Jesse L. Jackson Jr. William L. Clay Sr. Sheila Jackson Lee Eva M. Clayton William J. Jefferson James E. Clyburn Eddie Bernice Johnson John Conyers Jr. Carolyn Cheeks Elijah Cummings Kilpatrick Danny K. Davis Barbara Lee Ronald V. Dellums John Lewis Julian C. Dixon Cynthia A. McKinney Chaka Fattah Carrie P. Meek Gregory W. Meeks Carol Moseley-Braun 104th Congress (1995-1997) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Gary Franks Corrine Brown Victor Frazer William L. Clay Sr. Alcee L. Hastings Eva M. Clayton Earl F. Hilliard James E. Clyburn Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Barbara-Rose Collins William J. Jefferson Cardiss Collins Eddie Bernice Johnson John Conyers Jr. Sheila Jackson Lee Elijah E. Cummings John Lewis Ronald V. Dellums Cynthia A. McKinney Julian C. Dixon Carrie P. Meek Chaka Fattah Kweisi Mfume Cleo Fields Juanita MillenderFloyd H. Flake McDonald Harold E. Ford Sr. Eleanor Holmes Norton Major R. Owens Carol Moseley-Braun 103rd Congress (1993-1995) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Lucien Blackwell Gary Franks Corrine Brown Earl F. Hilliard William L. Clay Sr. Alcee L. Hastings Eva M. Clayton William J. Jefferson James E. Clyburn Eddie Bernice Johnson Barbara-Rose Collins John Lewis Cardiss Collins Cynthia A. McKinney John Conyers Jr. Carrie P. Meek Ronald V. Dellums Kweisi Mfume Julian C. Dixon Eleanor Holmes Norton Mike Espy Major R. Owens Cleo Fields Donald M. Payne Floyd H. Flake Charles B. Rangel

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Juanita MillenderMcDonald Eleanor Holmes Norton Major R. Owens Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Bobby Rush Robert Scott Louis Stokes Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Maxine Waters Melvin L. Watt J.C. Watts Jr. Albert R. Wynn

Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Melvin J. Reynolds Bobby L. Rush Robert Scott Louis Stokes Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Walter Tucker Maxine Waters Melvin L. Watt J.C. Watts Jr. Albert R. Wynn

Melvin J. Reynolds Bobby L. Rush Robert Scott Louis Stokes Bennie G. Thompson Edolphus Towns Walter Tucker Craig Washington Maxine Waters Melvin L. Watt Alan D. Wheat Albert R. Wynn

111

112

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 1. (Continued)

No. 1 27i

a

Chamber Senate House

Senate 24j

House

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Senate 23

House Senate

21

House

Senate 21k

House

Namesb Carol Moseley-Braun 102nd Congress (1991-1993) Lucien Blackwell Floyd H. Flake William L. Clay Sr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Eva M. Clayton Gary Franks Barbara-Rose Collins William H. Gray III Cardiss Collins Charles A. Hayes John Conyers Jr. William J. Jefferson Ronald V. Dellums John Lewis Julian C. Dixon Kweisi Mfume Mervyn M. Dymally Eleanor Holmes Norton Mike Espy Major R. Owens None 101st Congress (1989-1991) William L. Clay Sr. Floyd H. Flake Cardiss Collins Harold E. Ford Sr. John Conyers Jr. William H. Gray III George Crockett Augustus F. Hawkins Ronald V. Dellums Charles A. Hayes Julian C. Dixon Mickey Leland Mervyn M. Dymally John Lewis Mike Espy Kweisi Mfume Walter E. Fauntroy Major R. Owens None 100th Congress (1987-1989) William L. Clay Sr. Floyd H. Flake Cardiss Collins Harold E. Ford Sr. John Conyers Jr. William H. Gray III George W. Crockett Augustus F. Hawkins Ronald V. Dellums Charles A. Hayes Julian C. Dixon Mickey Leland Mervyn M. Dymally John Lewis Mike Espy Kweisi Mfume Walter E. Fauntroy Major R. Owens None 99th Congress (1985-1987) William L. Clay Sr. Walter E. Fauntroy Cardiss Collins Harold E. Ford Sr. John Conyers Jr. William H. Gray III George W. Crockett Augustus F. Hawkins Ronald V. Dellums Charles A. Hayes Julian C. Dixon Mickey Leland Mervyn M. Dymally Parren J. Mitchell None 98th Congress (1983-1985) William L. Clay Sr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Cardiss Collins William H. Gray III John Conyers Jr. Katie Hall George W. Crockett Augustus F. Hawkins Ronald V. Dellums Charles A. Hayes

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Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Edolphus Towns Craig A. Washington Maxine Waters Alan D. Wheat

Donald M. Payne Charles B. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Edolphus Towns Craig A. Washington Alan D. Wheat

Charles B. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Edolphus Towns Alan D. Wheat

Major R. Owens Charles B. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Edolphus Towns Alton Waldon Jr. Alan D. Wheat

Charles B. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Edolphus Towns Harold D. Washington

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Table 1. (Continued) No.

a

Chamber

Senate 19

House

Senate 17l

House

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Senate 17

House

1

Senate

17

House

1

Senate

16

House

1

Senate

13

House

Namesb Mickey Leland Parren J. Mitchell Major R. Owens

Julian C. Dixon Mervyn M. Dymally Walter E. Fauntroy None 97th Congress (1981-1983) Shirley A. Chisholm Mervyn M. Dymally William L. Clay Sr. Walter E. Fauntroy Cardiss Collins Harold E. Ford Sr. John Conyers Jr. William H. Gray III George W. Crockett Katie B. Hall Ronald V. Dellums Augustus F. Hawkins Julian C. Dixon Mickey Leland None 96th Congress (1979-1981) Shirley A. Chisholm Charles C. Diggs Jr. William L. Clay Sr. Julian C. Dixon Cardiss Collins Melvin H. Evans John Conyers Jr. Walter E. Fauntroy George W. Crockett Harold E. Ford Sr. Ronald V. Dellums William H. Gray III None 95th Congress (1977-1979) Yvonne B. Burke Charles C. Diggs Jr. Shirley A. Chisholm Walter E. Fauntroy William L. Clay Sr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Cardiss Collins Augustus F. Hawkins John Conyers Jr. Barbara C. Jordan Ronald V. Dellums Ralph H. Metcalfe Edward W. Brooke 94th Congress (1975-1977) Yvonne B. Burke Charles C. Diggs Jr. Shirley A. Chisholm Walter E. Fauntroy William L. Clay Sr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Cardiss Collins Augustus F. Hawkins John Conyers Jr. Barbara C. Jordan Ronald V. Dellums Ralph W. Metcalfe Edward W. Brooke 93rd Congress (1973-1975) Yvonne B. Burke Charles C. Diggs Jr. Shirley A. Chisholm Walter E. Fauntroy William L. Clay Sr. Augustus F. Hawkins Cardiss Collins Barbara C. Jordan John Conyers Jr. Ralph H. Metcalfe Ronald V. Dellums Parren J. Mitchell Edward W. Brooke 92nd Congress (1971-1973) Shirley A. Chisholm Charles C. Diggs Jr. William L. Clay Sr. Walter E. Fauntroy George W. Collins Augustus F. Hawkins John Conyers Jr. Ralph H. Metcalfe Ronald V. Dellums Parren J. Mitchell

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Alan D. Wheat

Parren J. Mitchell Charles R. Rangel Gus Savage Louis Stokes Harold D. Washington

Augustus F. Hawkins Mickey Leland Parren J. Mitchell Charles B. Rangel Bennett M. Stewart Louis Stokes

Parren J. Mitchell Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Charles B. Rangel Louis Stokes Andrew J. Young

Parren J. Mitchell Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Charles B. Rangel Louis Stokes Andrew J. Young

Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Charles B. Rangel Louis Stokes Andrew J. Young

Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Charles B. Rangel Louis Stokes

113

114

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 1. (Continued)

No. 1

a

Chamber Senate

10

House

1

Senate

5m

House

1

Senate

6

House Senate

5

House Senate

4

House

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Senate 3

House

2

House Senate

1

House Senate

1

House Senate

1

House Senate House Senate

1

House Senate

1

House Senate

Namesb Edward W. Brooke 91st Congress (1969-1971) Shirley A. Chisholm John Conyers Jr. William L. Clay Sr. William L. Dawson George W. Collins Charles C. Diggs Jr. Augustus F. Hawkins Robert N.C. Nix Edward W. Brooke 90th Congress (1967-1969) John Conyers Jr. Charles C. Diggs Jr. William L. Dawson Augustus F. Hawkins Edward W. Brooke 89th Congress (1965-1967) John Conyers Jr. Charles Diggs Jr. William L. Dawson Augustus F. Hawkins None 88th Congress (1963-1965) William L. Dawson Augustus F. Hawkins Charles C. Diggs Jr. Robert N.C. Nix Sr. None 85th - 87th Congresses (1957-1963) William L. Dawson Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Charles C. Diggs Jr. Adam C. Powell Jr. None 84th Congress (1955-1957) William L. Dawson Charles C. Diggs Jr. 79th - 83rd Congresses (1945-1955) William L. Dawson Adam C. Powell Jr. None 78th Congress (1943-1945) William L. Dawson None 74th - 77th Congresses (1935-1943) Arthur W. Mitchell None 71st - 73rd Congresses (1929-1935) Oscar S. DePriest None 57th - 70th Congresses (1901-1929) None None 55th - 56th Congresses (1897-1901) George H. White None 53rd - 54th Congresses (1893-1897) George W. Murray None

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Adam C. Powell Jr. Louis Stokes

Robert N.C. Nix Sr.

Robert N.C. Nix Sr. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.

Adam C. Powell Jr.

Adam C. Powell Jr.

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009

115

Table 1. (Continued) nd

1 No.a

House Senate Chamber

52 Henry P. Cheatham None

Congress (1891-1893)

Namesb 51 Congress (1889-1891) Henry P. Cheatham John M. Langston None 50th Congress (1887-1889) None None 48th - 49th Congresses (1883-1887) James E. O’Hara Robert Smalls None 47th Congress (1881-1883) John R. Lynch Robert Smalls None 46th Congress (1879-1881) None Blanche K. Bruce 45th Congress (1877-1879) Richard H. Cain Joseph H. Rainey Blanche K. Bruce 44th Congress (1875-1877) Jeremiah Haralson Charles E. Nash John A. Hyman Joseph H. Rainey John R. Lynch Robert Smalls Blanche K. Bruce 43rd Congress (1873-1875) Richard H. Cain Joseph H. Rainey Robert B. Elliott Alonzo J. Ransier John R. Lynch James T. Rapier None 42nd Congress (1871-1873) Robert C. DeLarge Joseph H. Rainey Robert B. Elliott Benjamin S. Turner None 41st Congress (1869-1871)n Jefferson F. Long Joseph H. Rainey Hiram R. Revelso st

3

House Senate House Senate

2

House Senate

2

House Senate

1

House Senate

3 1

House Senate

7 1

House

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Senate 7

House

Senate 5

House Senate

2 1

House Senate

Thomas E. Miller

Robert Smalls

Josiah T. Walls

Josiah T. Walls

Josiah T. Walls

a. Unless otherwise specified, number given is the largest number of African Americans serving at any one time during each Congress. b. For specific dates of service, please see each individual Member’s biographical entry in this chapter. c. Although 46 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 110th Congress, 42 was the highest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Laura Richardson filled the seat vacated by the death of Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald; Rep. André Carson filled the seat vacated by the death of his grandmother, Rep. Julia Carson; Rep. Donna Edwards filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Albert Wynn; and Rep. Marcia Fudge filled the seat vacated by the death of Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones. d. Although 40 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 108th Congress, 39 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. G.K. Butterfield filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Frank Ballance.

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e. Although 40 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 107th Congress, 39 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Julian Dixon was reelected to the 107th Congress but died on Dec. 8, 2000 before the Congress commenced; his seat was filled by Rep. Diane Watson. f. Although 41 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 105th Congress, 39 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep Gregory Meeks filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Floyd Flake, and Rep. Barbara Lee filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Ron Dellums. g. Although 43 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 104th Congress, 40 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Mel Reynolds; Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Walter Tucker; and Rep. Elijah Cummings filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Kweisi Mfume. h. Although 40 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 103rd Congress, 39 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Bennie Thompson filled the seat vacated by Rep. Mike Espy, who resigned to serve as Secretary of Agriculture. i. Although 28 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 102nd Congress, 27 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Lucien Blackwell filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. William H. Gray III. j. Although 25 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 101st Congress, 24 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Craig Washington filled the seat vacated by the death of Rep. Mickey Leland. k. Although 22 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 98th Congress, 21 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. Charles Hayes filled the seat vacated by Rep. Harold Washington, who resigned to serve as Mayor of Chicago. l. Although 18 different African Americans were elected to the House in the 96th Congress, 17 was the largest number to serve at any one time. Rep. George Crockett filled the seat vacated by the resignation of Rep. Charles Diggs Jr. m. Rep. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was reelected to the House in the 90th Congress, but was excluded and not seated. He was then reelected to the seat vacated by his exclusion but never took the oath of office. n. There were no African American Members of Congress until 1870, the 41st Congress, 2nd session. o. Seated after Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on February 23, 1870; first African American Member of Congress.

Table 2. African American Members of Congress, 41st Congress to Present, by State or Territory Alabama (5 African-American Members) Artur Davis Earl F. Hilliard Jeremiah Haralson James T. Rapier California (11 African-American Members) Yvonne Braithwaite Burke Augustus F. Hawkins Ronald V. Dellums Barbara Lee Julian C. Dixon Juanita Millender-McDonald Mervyn M. Dymally Laura Richardson Connecticut (1 African-American Member) Gary A. Franks District of Columbia (2 African-American Members)

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Benjamin S. Turner

Walter R. Tucker Maxine Waters Diane E. Watson

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009

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Table 2. (Continued) Walter E. Fauntroy Eleanor Holmes Norton Florida (5 African-American Members) Corrine Brown Carrie P. Meek Alcee L. Hastings Kendrick Meek Georgia (8 African-American Members) Sanford D. Bishop Jr. Jefferson F. Long Henry C. (Hank) Johnson Jr. Denise L. Majette John R. Lewis Cynthia A. McKinney Illinois (17 African-American Members) Roland Burrisa Charles A. Hayes Cardiss Collins Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. George W. Collins Ralph H. Metcalfe Danny K. Davis Arthur W. Mitchell William L. Dawson Carol Moseley-Brauna Oscar S. DePriest Barack Obamaa Indiana (3 African-American Members) André Carson Julia Carson Louisiana (3 African-American Members) Cleo Fields William J. Jefferson Maryland (5 African-American Members) Elijah E. Cummings Parren J. Mitchell Donna Edwards Kweisi Mfume Massachusetts (1 African-American Member) Edward W. Brookea Michigan (5 African-American Members) Barbara-Rose Collins George W. Crockett John Conyers Jr. Charles C. Diggs Jr. Minnesota (1 African-American Member) Keith Ellison Mississippi (5 African-American Members) Blanche K. Brucea John R. Lynch Albert M. (Mike) Espy Hiram Rhodes Revelsa Missouri (4 African-American Members) William Lacy Clay Jr. Emanuel Cleaver II William L. Clay Sr. New Jersey (1 African-American Member) Donald M. Payne New York (9 African-American Members) Shirley A. Chisholm Gregory Meeks Yvette D. Clarke Major R. Owens Floyd H. Flake Adam Clayton Powell Jr. North Carolina (8 African-American Members) Frank W. Ballance Jr. Eva M. Clayton G.K. Butterfield John A. Hyman Henry P. Cheatham James E. O’Hara

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Josiah T. Walls

David Scott Andrew J. Young

Melvin J. Reynolds Bobby L. Rush Gus Savage Bennett M. Stewart Harold D. Washington

Katie B. Hall Charles E. Nash Albert R. Wynn

Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick

Bennie G. Thompson

Alan D. Wheat

Charles B. Rangel Edolphus Towns Alton R. Waldon Jr. Melvin L. Watt George H. White

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Ohio (3 African-American Members) Marcia L. Fudge Stephanie Tubbs Jones Oklahoma (1 African-American Member) J.C. Watts Jr. Pennsylvania (4 African-American Members) Lucien E. Blackwell William H. Gray III Chaka Fattah South Carolina (9 African-American Members) Richard H. Cain Robert B. Elliott James E. Clyburn Thomas E. Miller Robert C. DeLarge George W. Murray Tennessee (2 African-American Members) Harold E. Ford Jr. Harold E. Ford Sr. Texas (6 African-American Members) Al Green Eddie Bernice Johnson Sheila Jackson Lee Barbara C. Jordan Virginia (2 African-American Members) John M. Langston Robert C. Scott Virgin Islands (3 African-American Members) Donna M. Christensen Melvin H. Evans Wisconsin (1 African-American Member) Gwen Moore a. Serves/served in the Senate.

Louis Stokes

Robert N.C. Nix Sr.

Joseph H. Rainey Alonzo J. Ransier Robert Smalls

George T. (Mickey) Leland Craig A. Washington

Victor O. Frazer

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Table 3. Number of African American Members in the U.S. Congress, 41st Congress to Present Congress

Year

41st

18691871 18711873 18731875 18751877 18771879 18791881 18811883 18831885

42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th

Total African American Members of Congress 3

African American Members of Housea 2

African American Members of Senate 1

5

5

–

7

7

–

8

7

1

4

3

1

1

–

1

2

2

–

2

2

–

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Table 3. (Continued) Congress

Year

49th

18851887 18871889 18891891 18911893 18931895 18951897 18971899 18991901 19011903 19031905 19051907 19071909 19091911 19111913 19131915 19151917 19171919 19191921 19211923 19231925 19251927 19271929 19291931

50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th

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61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st

Total African American Members of Congress 2

African American Members of Housea 2

African American Members of Senate –

–

-

–

3

3

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

1

–

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Table 3. (Continued)

Congress

Year

72nd

19311933 19331935 19351937 19371939 19391941 19411943 19431945 19451947 19471949 19491951 19511953 19531955 19551957 19571959 19591961 19611963 19631965 19651967 19671969 19691971 19711973 19731975 19751977

73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd

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84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th

Total African American Members of Congress 1

African American Members of Housea 1

African American Members of Senate –

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

1

1

–

2

2

–

2

2

–

2

2

–

2

2

–

2

2

–

3

3

–

4

4

–

4

4

–

4

4

–

5

5

–

6

6

–

6

5

1

11

10

1

14

13

1

17

16

1

18

17

1

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Table 3. (Continued) Congress

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95th

Year

Total African American Members of Congress 18

African American Members of Housea 17

African American Members of Senate 1

19771979 th 96 197917 17 – 1981 97th 198119 19 – 1983 98th 198321 21 – 1985 99th 198521 21 – 1987 100th 198723 23 – 1989 101st 198924 24 – 1991 102nd 199127 27 – 1993 103rd 199340 39 1 1995 104th 199541 40 1 1997 105th 199740 39 1 1999 106th 199939 39 0 2001 107th 200139 39 0 2003 108th 200339 39 0 2005 109th 200543 42 1 2007 110th 200742b 42 –b 2009 111th 200942 41 1 2011 a. The numbers here reflect the highest number of African American Members to serve in the House at any one time during a Congress. For example, a record number of 47 African American Members were elected to the 110th Congress, but only 43 have served at any one time during the Congress. b. President Barack Obama served in the Senate in the 110th Congress until his resignation on Nov. 16, 2008.

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ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEMBERS, SELECTED BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION, AND COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS DURING THEIR TENURE IN OFFICE BALLANCE, FRANK W. Jr., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on February 15, 1942. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from January 7, 2003, until his resignation June 11, 2004. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business

Congress 108th 108th

BISHOP, SANFORD D. Jr., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 4, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.

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Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Select Intelligence H. Appropriations

Congress 103rd-107th 103rd 103rd-104th 105th-107th 108th-111th

BLACKWELL, LUCIEN E., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 1, 1931; died on January 24, 2003. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative William Gray; reelected to the 103rd Congress; served from November 11, 1991, to January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Public Works and Transportation H. Budget

Congress 102nd 102nd-103rd 103rd

BROOKE, EDWARD W., a Senator from Massachusetts. Born on October 26, 1919. Elected as a Republican to two six-year terms beginning with the 90th Congress and served through the 95th Congress, from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress from Massachusetts. Committee Assignments S. Aeronautical and Space Sciences S. Banking and Currency S. Government Operations S. Armed Services S. Select Equal Education Opportunity S. Appropriations

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Congress 90th 90th-91st 90th 91st 91st-92nd 92nd-95th

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Special Aging S. Select Standards and Conduct Jt. Bicentennial Arrangements Jt. Defense Production

123

92nd-95th 92nd-95th 93rd-94th 94th 94th-95th

BROWN, CORRINE, a Representative from Florida. Born on November 11, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works and Transportation H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd-111th 104th-111th

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BRUCE, BLANCHE K., a Senator from Mississippi. Born on March 1, 1841; died on March 17, 1898. Elected as a Republican to a six-year term beginning with the 44th Congress and served through the 46th Congress, from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1881. Committee Assignments S. Manufactures S. Pensions S. Education and Labor S. Select Mississippi River S. Select To Investigate the Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company

Congress 44th 44th-45th 44th-46th 45th-46th 46th (committee chair)

BURKE, YVONNE BRAITHWAITE, a Representative from California. Born on October 5, 1932. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First female chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, 94th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Public Works H. Appropriations H. Select Assassinations H. Select Beauty Shop (committee chair, 94th-95th)

Congress 93rd 93rd 94th-95th 94th-95th 94th-95th

BURRIS, ROLAND, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 3, 1937. Appointed as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of President Barack Obama; appointed on December 31, 2008, to the 110th Congress, but not seated until January 15, 2009, in the 111th Congress. Served from January 15, 2009, to present.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments S. Armed Services S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs S. Veteran’s Affairs

Congress 111th 111th 111th

BUTTERFIELD, G.K., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on April 27, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Frank Ballance; reelected to the 109th-111th Congresses, has served since July 21, 2004; a chief deputy Democratic whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Agriculture H. Armed Services H. Energy and Commerce H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 108th 108th-109th 109th 110th-111th 111th

CAIN, RICHARD H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 12, 1825; died on January 18, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd and 45th Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875, and from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1879.

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Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Private Land Claims

Congress 43rd 45th

CARSON, ANDRÉ, a Representative from Indiana. Born on October 16, 1974. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since March 13, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services

Congress 110th-111th

CARSON, JULIA M., a Representative from Indiana. Born on July 8, 1938; died on December 15, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 110th Congresses; served from January 9, 1997, to December 15, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 105th-106th 107th-110th 105th-107th 108th-110th

CHEATHAM, HENRY P., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on December 27, 1857; died on November 29, 1935. Elected as a Republican to the 51st and 52nd Congresses; served from March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. Expenditures on Public Buildings H. Education H. Agriculture

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Congress 51st-52nd 51st-52nd 52nd

CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY A., a Representative from New York. Born on November 30, 1924; died on January 1, 2005. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 97th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1983. First African American woman elected to Congress and first African American female presidential candidate, 1972. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress, 1977-1979. Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Education and Labor H. Rules

Congress 91st-92nd 92nd-94th 95th-97th

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CHRISTENSEN, DONNA M., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Born on September 19, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. First woman elected from the Virgin Islands and first female doctor in Congress. Committee Assignments H. Resources H. Natural Resources H. Small Business H. Homeland Security H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 105th-109th 110th-111th 106th-109th 108th-110th 111th

CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA and CHRISTIAN-GREEN, DONNA. See CHRISTENSEN, DONNA. CLARKE, YVETTE D., a Representative from New York. Born on November 21, 1964. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Homeland Security H. Small Business

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th-111th

CLAY, WILLIAM L. Sr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on April 30, 1931. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 106th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 2001. Succeeded by his son, Representative William Lacy Clay Jr. First African American Member of Congress from Missouri.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Education and the Workforce H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Select to Study the Committee System H. House Administration H. Jt. Library

Congress 91st-103rd 105th-106th 104th 93rd-103rd (committee chair, 102nd-103rd) 96th 99th-103rd 101st

CLAY, WILLIAM LACY Jr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on July 27, 1956; succeeded his father, Representative William L. Clay Sr. Elected as a Democrat to the 107th110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 2001. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform

Congress 107th-111th 107th-109th 110th

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CLAYTON, EVA M., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on September 16, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Walter Jones; reelected to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from November 5, 1992, to January 3, 2003. Co-chair of the House Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business H. Budget

Congress 103rd-107th 103rd 105th-107th

CLEAVER, EMANUEL II, a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 26, 1944. Elected as Democrat to the 109th Congress; reelected to the 110th and 111th Congresses; has served since January 4, 2005. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Energy Independence and Global Warming H. Homeland Security

Congress 109th-111th 110th-111th 111th

CLYBURN, JAMES E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on July 21, 1940. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th Congress. Vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th-109th Congresses; House majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses.

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African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Small Business H. Appropriations

127

Congress 103rd 103rd-105th 104th-105th 104th 106th-109th

COLLINS, BARBARA-ROSE, a Representative from Michigan. Born on April 13, 1939. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Government Operations H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Select Children, Youth, and Families

Congress 102nd-103rd 104th 103rd 104th 102nd-103rd 102nd 102nd

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COLLINS, CARDISS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 24, 1931. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 104th Congresses; served from June 7, 1973, to January 3, 1997. First elected to succeed her husband, Representative George Collins. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Public Works H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs H. District of Columbia H. Energy and Commerce H. Commerce H. Select Population H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control

Congress 93rd-103rd 104th 93rd 94th-95th 96th 95th 97th-103rd 104th 95th 96th-102nd

COLLINS, GEORGE W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 5, 1926; died on December 8, 1972 in an airplane crash. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st Congress to fill the vacancy by the death of Representative Daniel Ronan; reelected to the 92nd and 93rd Congresses; served from November 16, 1970, to December 8, 1972. Succeeded by his wife, Representative Cardiss Collins. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Public Works

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Congress 91st-92nd 92nd

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CONYERS, JOHN Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on May 16, 1929. Elected as a Democrat to the 89th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1965. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Government Operations H. Small Business

Congress 89th-111th (committee chair, 110th-111th) 92nd-103rd (committee chair, 101st-103rd) 100th-103rd

CROCKETT, GEORGE W., a Representative from Michigan. Born on August 10, 1909; died on September 7, 1997. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Charles Diggs; reelected to the 97th through 101st Congresses; served from November 12, 1980, to January 3, 1991. Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs H. Judiciary H. Small Business H. Select Aging

Congress 96th-101st 97th-101st 97th 97th-101st

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CUMMINGS, ELIJAH E., a Representative from Maryland. Born on January 18, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Kweisi Mfume; reelected to the 105th through 111th Congresses; has served since April 25, 1996. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Armed Services

Congress 104th-105th 106th-109th 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th

DAVIS, ARTUR, a Representative from Alabama. Born on October 9, 1967. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Financial Services H. Judiciary H. Ways and Means

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DAVIS, DANNY K., a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 6, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Education and the Workforce H. Education and Labor H. Ways and Means

Congress 105th-109th 105th 106th-109th 110th-111th 108th-109th 110th 111th

DAWSON, WILLIAM L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 26, 1886; died on November 9, 1970. Elected as a Democrat to the 78th through 91st Congresses; served from January 3, 1943, to November 9, 1970.

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Committee Assignments H. Expenditures in the Executive Departments H. Government Operations H. Coinage, Weights, and Measures H. Invalid Pensions H. Insular Affairs H. Irrigation and Reclamation H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. District of Columbia

Congress 78th-82nd (committee chair, 81st, 82nd ) 83rd-91st (committee chair, 84th-91st) 78th-79th 78th-79th 78th-79th 78th-79th 82nd 84th-91st

DeLARGE, ROBERT C., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on March 15, 1842; died on February 14, 1874. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress; served from March 4, 1871, until January 24, 1873, when his seat was declared vacant after his election was successfully contested by former Representative Christopher C. Bowen. Committee Assignment H. Manufactures

Congress 42nd

DELLUMS, RONALD V., a Representative from California. Born on November 25, 1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 105th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, until February 6, 1998, when he resigned from the House. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st Congress. Elected mayor of Oakland in 2006. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 92nd-103rd (committee chair, 96th-102nd) 92nd

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93rd-103rd (committee chair, 103rd) 104th-105th 97th-98th 94th-102nd

DePRIEST, OSCAR S., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 9, 1871; died on May 12, 1951. Elected as a Republican to the 71st through 73rd Congresses; served from March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1935. First African American Member of Congress from Illinois. Committee Assignments H. Enrolled Bills H. Invalid Pensions H. Indian Affairs H. Post Office and Post Roads

Congress 71st-73rd 71st-73rd 71st-73rd 73rd

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DIGGS, CHARLES C. Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on December 2, 1922; died on August 24, 1998. Elected as a Democrat to the 84th through 96th Congresses; served from January 3, 1955, until his resignation on June 3, 1980. First African American Member of Congress from Michigan and first chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, 92nd Congress. Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. District of Columbia

Congress 84th-85th 84th-85th 86th-93rd 94th-96th 88th-96th (committee chair, 93rd-95th)

DIXON, JULIAN C., a Representative from California. Born on August 8, 1934; died on December 8, 2000. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 106th Congresses; reelected to the 107th Congress, but died before the commencement of the 107th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, until his death. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Appropriations H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Select Intelligence

Congress 96th-106th 98th-101st (committee chair, 99th-101st) 103rd-106th

DYMALLY, MERVYN M., a Representative from California. Born on May 12, 1926. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to January 3, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th Congress.

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African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Foreign Affairs H. Science and Technology H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Education and Labor

131

Congress 97th-102nd 97th-102nd 97th-98th 98th-102nd 99th

EDWARDS, DONNA F., a Representative from Maryland. Born on June 28, 1958. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Albert Wynn; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since June 19, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 110th-111th 110t h -111th

ELLIOTT, ROBERT B., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on August 11, 1842; died on August 9, 1884. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd and 43rd Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, until his resignation on November 1, 1874.

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Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Militia

Congress 42nd-43rd 43rd

ELLISON, KEITH, a Representative from Minnesota. Born on August 4, 1963. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007. First African American Member of Congress from Minnesota. First Muslim Member of Congress. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Judiciary H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 110th-111th 110th 111th

ESPY, ALBERT MICHAEL (MIKE), a Representative from Mississippi. Born on November 28, 1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 103rd Congresses. Served from January 6, 1987, to January 25, 1993, when he resigned to become secretary of agriculture. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Budget H. Select Hunger Jt. Deficit Reduction

Congress 100th-102nd 101st-102nd 101st-102nd 100th

EVANS, MELVYN H., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Born on August 7, 1917; died on November 27, 1984. Elected as a Republican to the 96th Congress; served from U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981. First African American Delegate from the Virgin Islands and first African American physician to serve in Congress. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries

Congress 96th 96th 96th

FATTAH, CHAKA, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on November 21, 1956. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995.

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Committee Assignments H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce H. Small Business H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Administration Jt. Printing H. Appropriations

Congress 104th-105th 106th 104th 105th-106th 104th 105th-106th 106th-107th 106th-107th 107th-111th

FAUNTROY, WALTER E., a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born on February 6, 1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd Congress in a special election after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress; reelected to the 93rd through 101st Congresses; served from April 19, 1971, to January 3, 1991. First African American Delegate from the District of Columbia. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th Congress. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Banking and Currency H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Select Assassinations H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control

Congress 92nd-101st 93rd 94th 95th-101st 94th-95th 98th-101st

FIELDS, CLEO, a Representative from Louisiana. Born on November 22, 1962. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 1997. At age 30, he was the youngest Member of the 1 03rd Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Small Business

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Congress 103rd 104th 103rd-104th

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009

133

FLAKE, FLOYD H., a Representative from New York. Born on January 30, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 105th Congresses; served from January 6, 1987, to November 15, 1997, when he resigned from the House. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Small Business H. Government Operations H. Select Children, Youth, and Families H. Select Hunger

Congress 100th-103rd 104th-105th 100th-105th 103rd 100th 100th-102nd

FORD, HAROLD E. Sr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 20, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 94th through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1975, to January 3, 1997. First African American Member of Congress from Tennessee. Succeeded by his son, Harold E. Ford Jr.

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Committee Assignments H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. Ways and Means H. Select Aging H. Select Assassinations

Congress 94th, 1st 94th, 1st 94th-104th 94th-102nd 94th-95th

FORD, HAROLD E. Jr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 11, 1970. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 109th Congresses; served from January 7, 1997, to January 3, 2007. At age 26, he was the youngest Member of the 105th Congress. Succeeded his father, Harold E. Ford Sr. Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Financial Services H. Budget

Congress 105th-107th 105th 106th 107th-109th 108th-109th

FRANKS, GARY A., a Representative from Connecticut. Born on February 9, 1953. Elected as a Republican to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997. First African American Member of Congress from Connecticut. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Small Business H. Energy and Commerce H. Commerce H. Select Committee on Aging

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Congress 102nd 102nd 103rd 104th 102nd

134

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FRAZER, VICTOR O., a Delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands. Born on May 24, 1943. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress; served from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 1997. Committee Assignments H. International Relations

Congress 104th

FUDGE, MARCIA L., a representative from Ohio. Born on October 29, 1952. Elected as Democrat to the 111th Congress and also to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones; has served since November 19, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Science and Technology

Congress 111th 111th

GRAY, WILLIAM H. III, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 20, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to September 11, 1991, when he resigned to become president of the United Negro College Fund. Chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the First Session of the 101st Congress; later in that Congress House Democratic whip (through the First Session of the 102nd Congress).

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Committee Assignments H. Budget H. District of Columbia H. Foreign Affairs H. Appropriations H. House Administration Jt. Deficit Reduction

Congress 96th, 98th-100th (committee chair, 99th-100th) 96th-102nd 96th 97th-102nd 102nd 100th

GREEN, AL, a Representative from Texas. Born on September 1, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 109th and 110th Congress; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Science H. Homeland Security H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 109th-111th 109th 110th-111th 111th

HALL, KATIE B., a Representative from Indiana. Born on April 3, 1938. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Adam Benjamin; reelected to the 98th Congress; served from November 29, 1982, to January 3, 1985. First African American Member of Congress from Indiana.

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African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation

135

Congress 98th 98th

HARALSON, JEREMIAH, a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 1, 1846, died in 1916. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. Committee Assignments H. Public Expenditures

Congress 44th

HASTINGS, ALCEE L., a Representative from Florida. Born on September 5, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.

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Committee Assignments H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Science H. Select Intelligence H. Rules H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 103rd 104th-107th 103rd 103rd 104th-105th 106th-111th 107th-111th 110th

HAWKINS, AUGUSTUS F., a Representative from California. Born on August 31, 1907; died on November 10, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 88th through 101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1991. First African American Member of Congress from California. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. House Administration Jt. Committee on Printing Jt. Committee on the Library Jt. Economic

Congress 88th-101st (committee chair, 98th, 2nd sess. 101st) 91st-98th (committee chair, 97th- 98th, 2nd sess.) 95th-98th (committee chair, 96th, 98th) 97th-98th (committee chair, 97th) 97th-101st

HAYES, CHARLES A., a Representative from Illinois. Born on February 17, 1918; died on April 8, 1997. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Harold Washington; reelected to the 99th through 102nd Congresses; served from September 12, 1983, to January 3, 1993.

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Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Small Business H. Post Office and Civil Service

Congress 98th-102nd 98th-101st 101st-102nd

HILLIARD, EARL F., a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 9, 1942. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 106th Congresses; reelected to the 107th Congress; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Small Business H. International Relations

Congress 103rd-107th 103rd-104th 105th-107th

HYMAN, JOHN ADAMS, a Representative from North Carolina. Born on July 23, 1840; died on September 14, 1891. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First African American Member of Congress from North Carolina. Committee Assignments H. Manufactures

Congress 44th

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JACKSON, JESSE L. Jr., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 11, 1965. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Melvin Reynolds; reelected to the 105th through 111th Congresses; has served since December 14, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Small Business H. Appropriations

Congress 104th-105th 105th 106th-111th

JACKSON LEE, SHEILA, a Representative from Texas. Born on January 12, 1950. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Science H. Homeland Security H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 104th-111th 104th-109th 108th-111th 110th-111th

JEFFERSON, WILLIAM J., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on March 14, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 110th Congresses; served from January 3, 1991 to January 3, 2009. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. District of Columbia H. Ways and Means H. National Security H. House Oversight H. Budget H. Small Business Jt. Printing

137

Congress 102nd 102nd 103rd 103rd, 105th-109th 104th 104th 109th 110th 104th

JOHNSON, EDDIE BERNICE, a Representative from Texas. Born on December 3, 1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Science H. Science and Technology

Congress 103rd 104th-111th 103rd 104th-109th 110th-111th

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JOHNSON, HENRY C. (HANK) Jr., a Representative from Georgia. Born on October 2, 1954. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Judiciary H. Small Business

Congress 110th-111th 110th-111th 110th

JONES, STEPHANIE TUBBS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on September 10, 1949; died on August 20, 2008. Elected as a Democrat to the 106th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; served from January 3, 1999, to August 20, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Small Business H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Ways and Means

Congress 106th 107th 106th 107th-110th (committee chair, 110th ) 108th-110th

JORDAN, BARBARA C., a Representative from Texas. Born on February 21, 1936; died on January 17, 1996. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

138

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress from Texas. Committee Assignments H. Judiciary H. Government Operations

Congress 93rd-95th 94th-95th

KILPATRICK, CAROLYN CHEEKS, a Representative from Michigan. Born on June 25, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. House Oversight Jt. Committee on the Library H. Appropriations

Congress 105th 105th 105th 106th-111th

LANGSTON, JOHN M., a Representative from Virginia. Born on December 14, 1829; died on November 15, 1897. Elected as a Republican to the 51st Congress; served from September 23, 1890, to March 3, 1891, after he successfully contested the election of Edward Venable. First African American Member of Congress from Virginia.

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Committee Assignments H. Education

Congress 51st

LEE, BARBARA, a Representative from California. Born on July 16, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Ronald Dellums; reelected to the 106th through 111th Congresses; has served since April 20, 1998. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Science H. International Relations H. Appropriations H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 105th-106th 107th-109th 105th 106th-109th 110th - 111th 111th

LELAND, GEORGE T. (MICKEY), a Representative from Texas. Born on November 27, 1944; died in a airplane crash on August 7, 1989, while touring Ethiopian refugee camps. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to August 7, 1989. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th Congress. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia

Congress 96th-99th

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African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Select Hunger H. Select Children, Youth, and Families

139

96th-101st 96th-101st 98th-101st (committee chair, 98th-101st) 98th

LEWIS, JOHN R., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 19, 1940. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 6, 1987. A Democratic chief deputy whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses; senior chief deputy majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Select Aging H. District of Columbia H. Ways and Means H. Budget

Congress 100th-102nd 100th-102nd 101st-102nd 103rd 103rd-111th 108th

LONG, JEFFERSON F., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 3, 1836; died on February 5, 1900. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after the House declared that Representative Samuel Gove was not entitled to his seat; served from January 16, 1871, to March 3, 1871. First African American Member of Congress from Georgia.

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Committee Assignments None

Congress —

LYNCH, JOHN R., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on September 10, 1847; died on November 2, 1939. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd, 44th, and 47th Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877, and from April 29, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the election of Representative James Chalmers. At age 26, he was the youngest Member of the 43rd Congress. First African American Member of the House of Representatives from Mississippi. Committee Assignments H. Mines and Mining H. Militia H. Education and Labor

Congress 43rd-44th 47th 47th

MAJETTE, DENISE L., a Representative from Georgia. Born on May 18, 1955. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from January 7, 2003, to January 3, 2005. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Education and the Workforce H. Small Business

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Congress 108th 108th 108th

140

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McKINNEY, CYNTHIA A., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 17, 1955. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003; elected to the 109th Congress; served from January 4, 2005, to January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Banking and Financial Services H. National Security H. Armed Services H. Budget

Congress 103rd 103rd 104th-107th 104th-105th 105th 106th-107th, 109th 109th

MEEK, CARRIE P., a Representative from Florida. Born on April 29, 1926. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003. Succeeded by her son, Representative Kendrick Meek. Committee Assignments H. Appropriations H. Budget H. Government Reform and Oversight

Congress 103rd, 105th-107th 104th 104th

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MEEK, KENDRICK, a Representative from Florida. Born on September 6, 1966. Elected to the 108th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. Succeeded his mother, Representative Carrie Meek. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Homeland Security H. Ways and Means

Congress 108th-110th 108th-109th 110th-111th

MEEKS, GREGORY, a Representative from New York. Born on September 25, 1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Floyd Flake; reelected to the 106th through 111th Congresses; has served since February 5, 1998. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. International Relations H. Foreign Affairs

Congress 105th-106th 107th-111th 106th-109th 110th-111th

METCALFE, RALPH H., a Representative from Illinois. Born on May 30, 1910; died on October 10, 1978. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, to October 10, 1978. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 Committee Assignments H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Post Office and Civil Service

141

Congress 92nd-95th 92nd-95th 95th

MFUME, KWEISI, a Representative from Maryland. Born on October 24, 1948. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 104th Congresses; served from January 6, 1987, to February 16, 1996, when he resigned to become executive director of the NAACP. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd Congress. Co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th Congress, 1995-1996. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Small Business H. Education and Labor H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control Jt. Economic H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Select Hunger

Congress 100th-103rd 104th 100th-104th 101st 101st-102nd 102nd-104th 103rd 100th

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MILLENDER-McDONALD, JUANITA, a Representative from California. Born on September 7, 1938; died on April 22, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Walter Tucker; reelected to the 105th through 110th Congresses; served from April 16, 1996, to April 22, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Administration Jt. Library

Jt. Printing

Congress 104th-110th 104th-119th 108th-110th (committee chair, 110th, 1st sess.) 108th, 110th 110th (committee chair, 110th, 1st session) 110th (committee chair, 110th, 1st sess.)

MILLER, THOMAS E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 17, 1849; died on April 8, 1936. Elected as a Republican to the 51st Congress; served from September 24, 1890, to March 3, 1891, when he successfully contested the election of William Elliott. Committee Assignments H. Library of Congress

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Congress 51st

142

Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan

MITCHELL, ARTHUR W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on December 22, 1883; died on May 9, 1968. Elected as a Democrat to the 74th through 77th Congresses; served from January 3, 1935, to January 3, 1943. First African American Democrat elected to Congress. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Post Roads

Congress 74th-77th

MITCHELL, PARREN J., a Representative from Maryland. Born on April 29, 1922; died May 28, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 99th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, to January 3, 1987. First African American Member of Congress from Maryland. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Currency H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Select Small Business H. Small Business H. Budget Jt. Defense Production Jt. Economic

Congress 92nd-93rd 94th-99th 92nd-93rd 94th, 96th-99th (committee chair, 97th-99th) 93rd-95th 94th-95th 95th-99th

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MOORE, GWEN, a Representative from Wisconsin. Born on April 18, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 109th and 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005. First African American Member of Congress from Wisconsin. Committee Assignments H. Financial Services H. Small Business H. Budget

Congress 109th-111th 109th-110th 110th-111th

MOSELEY-BRAUN, CAROL, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 16, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to a six-year term beginning with the 103rd Congress and served through the 105th Congress, from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 1999. First African American woman and African American Democrat to serve in the Senate. Ambassador to New Zealand from 1999-2001; candidate for U.S. President in 2004. Committee Assignments S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Judiciary S. Small Business S. Finance S. Special Aging

Congress 103rd-105th 103rd 103rd 104th-105th 104th-105th

MURRAY, GEORGE W., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on September 22, 1853; died on April 21, 1926. Elected as a Republican to the 53rd and 54th Congresses; served U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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143

from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895, and from June 4, 1896, to March 3, 1897 (successfully contested an election). Committee Assignments H. Education H. Expenditures in the Treasury Department

Congress 53rd-54th 54th

NASH, CHARLES E., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on May 23, 1844; died on June 21, 1913. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First African American Member of Congress from Louisiana. Committee Assignment H. Education and Labor

Congress 44th

NIX, ROBERT N.C. Sr., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 9, 1905; died on June 22, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 85th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Earl Chudoff; reelected to the 86th through 95th Congresses; served from June 4, 1958, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress from Pennsylvania.

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Committee Assignments H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Veterans’ Affairs H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Select Standards and Conduct H. Crime

Congress 85th-86th 87th-93rd 94th-95th 85th-86th 88th-95th (committee chair, 95th) 89th 91st

NORTON, ELEANOR HOLMES, a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born on June 13, 1937. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Government Reform and Oversight H. Government Reform H. Oversight and Government Reform H. Small Business Jt. Committee on the Organization of Congress H. Homeland Security

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Congress 102nd-103rd 102nd-103rd 102nd-103rd 104th-111th 104th-105th 106th-109th 110th-111th 104th 102nd-103rd 108th-111th

144

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OBAMA, BARACK, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 4, 1961. Elected as a Democrat to a six-year term beginning with the 109th Congress; served from January 4, 2005, until November 16, 2008, when he resigned after being elected President of the U.S. He is not only the first African American elected President but also the first African American male Democrat elected to the Senate. Committee Assignments S. Environment and Public Works S. Foreign Relations S. Veterans’ Affairs S. Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

Congress 109th-110th 109th-110th 109th-110th 110th 110th

O’HARA, JAMES E., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on February 26, 1844; died on September 15, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 48th and 49th Congresses; served from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1887. Committee Assignments H. Mines and Mining H. Expenditures on Public Buildings H. Invalid Pensions

Congress 48th 49th 49th

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OWENS, MAJOR R., a Representative from New York. Born on June 28, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 110th Congresses; served from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Operations H. Government Reform and Oversight

Congress 98th-103rd 104th 105th-109th 98th-103rd 104th-105th

Committee Assignments H. Government Reform

Congress 106th-109th

PAYNE, DONALD M., a Representative from New Jersey. Born on July 16, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 101st through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1989. First African American Member of Congress from New Jersey. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce H. Foreign Affairs

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Congress 101st-103rd, 111th 104th 105th-109th 101st-103rd, 111th

African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 H. International Relations H. Government Operations

145

104th-109th 101st-103rd

POWELL, ADAM CLAYTON Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on November 29, 1908; died on April 4, 1972. Elected as a Democrat to the 79th through 90th Congresses, but was not seated in the 90th Congress (excluded from that Congress on March 1, 1967). He served from January 3, 1945, to January 3, 1967. In April 1967, he was reelected in a special election to the seat from which he had been excluded, but he did not attempt to take the oath of office. He was reelected to the 91st Congress and served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1971. First African American Member of Congress from New York. Committee Assignments H. Indian Affairs H. Invalid Pensions H. Labor H. Education and Labor H. Interior and Insular Affairs

Congress 79th 79th 79th 80th-89th, 91st (committee chair, 87th-89th) 84th-86th

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RAINEY, JOSEPH H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 21, 1832; died on August 2, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress when the House declared the seat of Representative Benjamin Whittemore vacant; reelected to the 42nd through 45th Congresses; served from December 12, 1870, to March 3, 1879. First African American Member of the House of Representatives and first African American Member of Congress from South Carolina. Committee Assignments H. Freedmen’s Affairs H. Indian Affairs H. Invalid Pensions H. Select Celebration of Proposed National Census of 1875

Congress 41st-42nd 43rd 44th-45th 43rd

RANGEL, CHARLES B., a Representative from New York. Born on June 11, 1930. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1971. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Public Works H. Science and Astronautics H. Judiciary H. District of Columbia H. Ways and Means H. Select Crime H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control

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Jt. Taxation

(committee chair, 98th-102nd) 104th-105th , 111th

RANSIER, ALONZO J., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on January 3, 1834; died on August 17, 1882. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress; served from March 3, 1873, to March 3, 1875.

Committee Assignments H. Manufactures

Congress 43rd

RAPIER, JAMES T., a Representative from Alabama. Born on November 13, 1837; died on May 31, 1883. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875. Committee Assignment H. Education and Labor

Congress 43rd

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REVELS, HIRAM RHODES, a Senator from Mississippi. Born on September 27, 1827; died on January 16, 1901. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after Mississippi was readmitted to the union, and served from February 25, 1870, to March 3, 1871. First African American Member of Congress; first African American Senator; first African American Republican elected to Congress; first African American Member of Congress from Mississippi. Committee Assignments S. Education and Labor S. District of Columbia

Congress 41st 41st

REYNOLDS, MELVIN J., a Representative from Illinois. Born on January 8, 1952. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, until his resignation on October 1, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Ways and Means H. Economic and Educational Opportunities

Congress 103rd 104th

RICHARDSON, LAURA, a Representative from California. Born on April 14, 1962. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Juanita Millender-McDonald; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since September 4, 2007. Committee Assignments H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Homeland Security

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RUSH, BOBBY L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on November 23, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Government Operations H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 103rd 103rd 103rd 104th-106th 107th-111th

SAVAGE, GUS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on October 30, 1925. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to January 3, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Post Office and Civil Service Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Small Business

Congress 97th Congress 97th-102nd 97th-102nd

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SCOTT, DAVID, a Representative from Georgia. Born on June 27, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th-110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Financial Services H. Foreign Affairs H. Standards of Official Conduct

Congress 108th-111th 108th-111th 111th 110th

SCOTT, ROBERT C., a Representative from Virginia. Born on April 30, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Economic and Educational Opportunities H. Education and the Workforce H. Judiciary H. Science, Space, and Technology H. Select U.S. National Security and Military/ Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China H. Budget

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SMALLS, ROBERT, a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 5, 1839; died on February 22, 1915. Elected as a Republican to the 44th, 45th , and 47th through 49th Congresses. He served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1879; from July 19, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the reelection of Representative George Tillman; and from March 18, 1884, to March 3, 1887, after he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Edmund Mackey. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Militia H. Manufactures H. War Claims

Congress 44th, 47th 45th 48th 49th

STEWART, BENNETT M., a Representative from Illinois. Born on August 6, 1912; died on April 26, 1988. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981. Committee Assignment H. Appropriations

Congress 96th

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STOKES, LOUIS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on February 23, 1925. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 105th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1999. First African American Member of Congress from Ohio. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd and 93rd Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Internal Security H. Appropriations H. Budget H. Standards of Official Conduct H. Select Assassinations H. Select Intelligence H. Select to Investigate Arms Transactions to Iran

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THOMPSON, BENNIE G., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on January 28, 1948. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Mike Espy to become secretary of agriculture; reelected to the 104th through 111th Congresses; has served since April 20, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries H. Small Business

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TOWNS, EDOLPHUS, a Representative from New York. Born on July 21, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1983. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd Congress. Committee Assignments Congress H. Government Operations 98th-103rd H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th H. Government Reform 106th-109th H. Oversight and Government Reform 110th-111th (committee chair, 111th Congress) H. Public Works and Transportation 98th-104th H. Energy and Commerce 101st-103rd, 107th-110th H. Commerce 104th-106th H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 98th-102nd TUCKER, WALTER R., a Representative from California. Born on May 28, 1957. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, until his resignation on December 15, 1995.

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Committee Assignments H. Public Works and Transportation H. Small Business H. Transportation and Infrastructure

Congress 103rd 103rd-104th 104th

TURNER, BENJAMIN S., a Representative from Alabama. Born on March 17, 1825; died on March 21, 1894. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress; served from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1873. First African American Member of Congress from Alabama. Committee Assignment H. Invalid Pensions

Congress 42nd

WALDON, ALTON R. Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on December 21, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 99th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Joseph Addabbo; served from July 29, 1986, to January 3, 1987. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Small Business

Congress 99th 99th

WALLS, JOSIAH T., a Representative from Florida. Born on December 30, 1842; died on May 5, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd through 44th Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, to January 29, 1873 (when his election was successfully contested); from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875; and from March 4, 1875, to April 19, 1876 (when his U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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election was successfully contested). First African American Member of Congress from Florida. Committee Assignments H. Militia H. Mileage

Congress 42nd-43rd 44th

WASHINGTON, CRAIG A., a Representative from Texas. Born on October 12, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 101st Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Mickey Leland; reelected to the 102nd and 103rd Congresses; served from December 9, 1989, to January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Judiciary H. Energy and Commerce H. Government Operations H. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control

Congress 101st-102nd 101st-103rd 103rd 103rd 102nd

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WASHINGTON, HAROLD D., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 15, 1922; died on November 25, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th and 98th Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to April 29, 1983, when he resigned to become mayor of Chicago. Committee Assignments H. Government Operations H. Education and Labor H. Judiciary

Congress 97th 97th-98th 97th-98th

WATERS, MAXINE, a Representative from California. Born on August 31, 1938. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 110th Congresses, reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th Congress; vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses; a Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 111th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Veterans Affairs H. Small Business H. Judiciary

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WATSON, DIANE E., a Representative from California. Born on November 12, 1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 107th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Julian Dixon; reelected to the 108th-111th Congresses; has served since June 7, 2001. U.S. ambassador to Micronesia from 1999 to 2001. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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WATT, MELVIN L., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on August 26, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; reelected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Financial Services H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Judiciary Jt. Economic

Congress 103rd 104th-106th 107th-111th 103rd 103rd-111th 107th-108th

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WATTS, J.C. Jr., a Representative from Oklahoma. Born on November 18, 1957. Elected as a Republican to the 104th through 107th Congresses; served from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 2003. First African American Member of Congress from Oklahoma. Chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Banking and Financial Services H. National Security H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Armed Services

Congress 104th 104th-105th 105th-106th 106th-107th

WHEAT, ALAN D., a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 16, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 103rd Congresses; served from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 1995. Committee Assignments H. District of Columbia H. Rules H. Select Children, Youth, and Families H. Select Hunger

Congress 98th-103rd 98th-103rd 98th-102nd 101st-102nd

WHITE, GEORGE H., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on December 18, 1852; died on December 28, 1918. Elected as a Republican to the 55th and 56th Congresses; served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1901. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture

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55th-56th

WYNN, ALBERT R., a Representative from Maryland. Born on September 10, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to May 31, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs H. Banking and Financial Services H. Foreign Affairs H. International Relations H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Commerce H. Energy and Commerce

Congress 103rd 104th 103rd 104th 103rd 105th-106th 107th-110th

YOUNG, ANDREW, a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 12, 1932. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 29, 1977, when he resigned to become U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Elected mayor of Atlanta in 198 1. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Currency, and Housing H. Rules

Congress 93rd 94th

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End Notes 1

Includes three Delegates from the U.S. Virgin Islands and two from the District of Columbia. For an in-depth look at African Americans in Congress, refer to U.S. Congress, House, Office of History and Preservation, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), http://baic.house.gov . 2 This was prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1913 that provided for the direct election of Senators. 3 U .S. Congress, House, Office of History and Preservation, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 22; and http://baic.house.gov. 4 Ibid., pp. 152-159. 5 James Stuart Olson, ―Congressional Black Caucus,‖ in Historical Dictionary of the 1970s, ed. James Stuart Olson (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999), p. 103; and Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc., ―Origins and the History of the Congressional Black Caucus,‖ at http://www.cbcfinc.org/cbc/html. 6 CRS Report R40683, Congressional Member Organizations: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation, by Robert Jay Dilger. 7 For more information about the current CBC members, see Congressional Black Caucus, ―Member Info,‖ at http://thecongressionalblackcaucus.lee.house.gov/member_info.html. 8 Carol M. Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006), p. 37; and Charles E. Jones, ―An Overview of the Congressional Black Caucus,‖ in Readings in American Political Issues, ed. Franklin D. Jones, et al., (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1987), p. 233. 9 Congressional Black Caucus, ―History & Agenda,‖ at http://thecongressionalblackcaucus.lee.house.gov/ history_details.html. 10 Ibid. 11 Raymond W. Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy (New York: Novinka Books, 2003), pp. 14-15.

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Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, pp. 11-12. Robert Singh, The Congressional Black Caucus: Racial Politics in the U.S. Congress (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1998), p. xii. 14 Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, p. 40. 15 Marguerite Ross Barnett, ―The Congressional Black Caucus,‖ Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 1 (1975), p. 35. 16 Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, pp. 12-13; For information on recent CBC alternative budgets, see Office of Representative Bobby Scott, ―Congressional Black Caucus to Introduce Budget Substitute that is Fiscally and Morally Responsible,‖ press release, March 2008, at http://www.bobbyscott.house.gov/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=101&Itemid=62. 17 Arthur B. Levy and Susan Stoudinger, ―Sources of Voting Cues for the Congressional Black Caucus,‖ Journal of Black Studies vol. 7 (1976), pp. 29-46. 18 Members of the CBC established the non-profit and non-partisan Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc. (CBCF) in 1976 to ―advance the global black community by developing leaders, informing policy and educating the public.‖ In addition to leadership development programs, the CBCF conducts policy research on economic development, public health, and other pertinent issues for the black community. As a part of its public education goals, the CBCF also holds seminars on these topics, and launched an online archive (Avoice Online) to document the history of African Americans in Congress and the history of the CBC. See Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc., ―About CBCF,‖ at http://www.cbcfinc.org/about-cbcf.html. 19 Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, p. 17. 20 Sources detailing CBC involvement with the Martin Luther King, Jr., Holiday Bill, include Avoice Online, ―The Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Bill,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/mlk/timeline.html; Jones, ―An Overview of the Congressional Black Caucus,‖ p. 236; and Singh, The Congressional Black Caucus: Racial Politics in the U.S. Congress, pp. 95-96. For CBC efforts to end apartheid in South Africa, see Avoice Online, ―Anti-Apartheid,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/aam/; Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, pp. 11-14, pp. 26-30; and Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, p. 12. Sources detailing CBC involvement with humanitarian aid and other policies regarding Haiti include Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, pp. 37-40; Singh, The Congressional Black Caucus: Racial Politics in the U.S. Congress,pp. 188-189; and Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, pp. 236-237. 21 P.L. 98-144, 97 Stat. 917 (Nov. 3, 1983). 22 Avoice Online, ―The Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Bill,‖ http://www.avoiceonline.org/mlk/timeline.html. 23 John Herbers, ―1983 March: Left Revives,‖ New York Times, August 29, 1983, at http://www.factiva.com. 24 Congressional Black Caucus, ―1983 Legislative Achievements,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/assets/txu-gwc84-98-f8-01/txu-gwc-84-98-f8-01.pdf; Avoice Online, ―Origins of the CBC,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/cbc/ history.html; and Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, p. 132. 25 Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, p. 27. 26 For more information about the CBC and the formation of Transafrica, see Avoice Online, ―Origins of the CBC,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/cbc/history.html; and TransAfrica Forum, ―Our History,‖ at http://www.transafricaforum.org/about-us/our-history. For more information regarding CBC opposition to South African apartheid, see Avoice Online, ―Anti-Apartheid,‖ at http://www.avoiceonline.org/aam/. 27 P.L. 99-440, 100 Stat. 1086 (Oct. 2, 1986). 28 Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, pp. 26-30. 29 Pres. Ronald Reagan, ―Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 – Veto Message from the President of the United States,‖ read in the House, Congressional Record, vol. 132, part 19 (September 29, 1986), pp. 27076-27077. 30 ―Roll Call 425,‖ Congressional Record, vol. 132, part 19 (September 29, 1986), p. 27101; and ―Roll Call 311,‖ Congressional Record, vol. 132, part 19 (October 2, 1986), p. 27859. 31 Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, p. 13. 32 Walter E. Fauntroy, ―Haiti Doesn’t Need a Tarzan to Come Rescue It,‖ letter to the editor, New York Times, September 16, 1987. 33 David Binder, ―Washington Talk: Foreign Affairs; Haitians Gain Influential Following in America,‖ New York Times, September 23, 1987, p. A26. 34 Copson, The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, pp. 38-39. 35 Rep. Richard Gephardt et al., ―Commending the President and the Special Delegation to Haiti, and Supporting the United States Armed Forces in Haiti,‖ remarks in the House, Congressional Record, vol. 140, part 18 (September 19, 1994), pp. 24755-24768. 13

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In: U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity Editor: John Paul Navarro

ISBN: 978-1-61728-107-5 © 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 3

ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS Lorraine H. Tong

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SUMMARY In the 111th Congress, a record 12 Asian Pacific Americans were elected to the United States Congress: 2 Senators, 8 Representatives, and 2 Delegates. Of the 40 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in Congress from 1903 to the present, there have been 5 Senators (3 of whom have also served in the House), 15 Representatives, 7 territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Of the 27 Asian Pacific Americans who were not resident commissioners, 18 were Democrats and 9 were Republicans. The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, and Vietnamese. They have represented California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. They have served in leadership positions, including committee and subcommittee chairmanships. This chapter presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. The bipartisan and bicameral Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus is also discussed in this chapter. It will be updated in each new Congress when information becomes available, or as events warrant.

INTRODUCTION In the 111th Congress, a record 12 Asian Pacific Americans1 were elected to the United States Congress: 2 Senators, 8 Representatives, and 2 Delegates. Of these 12 Members, 4 new

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Asian Pacific Americans were elected: Representative Steve Austria (R-OH), a firstgeneration Filipino American elected to Congress; Representative Anh ―Joseph‖ Quang Cao (R-LA), the first Vietnamese American to be elected to Congress; Delegate Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan (D-N.Marianas), the first delegate elected to represent the Northern Mariana Islands; and Representative Judy Chu, the first Chinese American woman elected to Congress. Representative Chu was elected by special election on July 14, 2009.2 Standard sources3 identify a total of 40 Asian Pacific Americans elected to Congress from 1903 to the present. Of these 40, there have been 5 Senators (3 of whom have also served in the House), 15 Representatives, 7 territorial Delegates, and 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines was a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born).4 Of the 27 Asian Pacific Americans who were not Resident Commissioners, 18 were Democrats 5 and 9 were Republicans. The ancestry of these Asian Pacific Americans has included Chinese, Chamorro, Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Samoan, and Vietnamese.6 These Asian Pacific Americans have represented California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.7 Eight Asian Pacific Americans have represented Hawaii, and seven have represented California. They have served in leadership positions, including committee and subcommittee chairmanships. The first Asian Pacific American Member of Congress was Representative Dalip Singh Saund (D-CA), an immigrant from India who served in the House from 1957 to 1963. The first Asian Pacific American Senator elected to Congress was Hiram Leong Fong (R-HI), who was seated on August 24, 1959, as one of Hawaii’s first two Senators after its admission to the Union. Senator Fong also was the first American of Chinese ancestry elected to Congress. Early in the 20th century, Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole represented the territory of Hawaii from 1903 to 1922 as a non-voting Delegate to the House. He was related to the Hawaiian royal family, and also held the title of prince. Senator Daniel K. Inouye (D-HI), a Member of the 111th Congress, is the Asian Pacific American with the longest congressional service. He was the first American of Japanese ancestry to be elected to Congress, and he was Hawaii’s first Member of the House after its admission to the Union. He began his service on August 24, 1959, and was subsequently elected in 1962 to the Senate, where he has served since January 3, 1963. There have been only five Asian Pacific American women who have served in Congress. Representative Mazie K. Hirono (D-HI) joined Representative Doris O. Matsui8 (D-CA) in the 110th Congress, and both were reelected to the 111th Congress. Representative Judy Chu was elected to the House in a special election in the 111th Congress.9 The other two were Representative Patsy T. Mink (D-HI), the first Asian Pacific American woman to be elected to Congress, and Representative Patricia Fukuda Saiki (R-HI). This chapter presents information on Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. It also discusses the bipartisan and bicameral Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC).

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BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS Many of the Asian Pacific Americans have had similar educational and professional backgrounds. Nine have been educators, including two high school principals, three college professors, and two presidents of a state college and a university system. Ten have held law degrees or practiced law; two have also been judges. Many have held elected state or local offices before seeking a congressional seat: 11 have served in state legislatures, two were lieutenant governors, and three have been mayors. Eleven Asian Pacific Americans have U.S. military experience, and two have served in other armed forces. One was a brigadier general. Some were decorated war veterans, including one Medal of Honor recipient.

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LEADERSHIP IN COMMITTEES AND SUBCOMMITTEES Three Asian Pacific Americans have chaired committees—Senators Inouye10 and Akaka11 and Representative Norman Y. Mineta.12 Eight Asian Pacific Americans have chaired subcommittees—Senators Inouye, Akaka, and Matsunaga;13 Representatives Jay C. Kim,14 Norman Y. Mineta, Robert C. Scott, David Wu; and Delegate Eni F. H. Faleomavaega. In addition, Representative Robert T. Matsui served as acting chair of a subcommittee. In the 111th Congress, several Asian Pacific Americans chair committees and subcommittees. In the Senate, Senator Inouye is chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee and the Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense. Senator Akaka is chair of the Senate Veterans’ Affairs Committee and is also the chair of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia. In the House, Representative Scott is chair of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. Representative Wu15 is chair of the House Science and Technology Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, and Delegate Faleomavaega is chair of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment. All of the House subcommittee chairs held the same leadership positions in the 110th Congress.

CONGRESSIONAL ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN CAUCUS The bicameral and bipartisan Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC) was established on May 16, 1994. According to CAPAC’s website, since its founding, CAPAC has continued its commitment to promote and secure equal rights for not only Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, but all Americans; and to educate other Members about the history, contributions, and concerns of Asian Pacific Americans. Representative Mineta, one of the founders of the caucus, served as the first chair of CAPAC. Upon Representative Mineta’s resignation from the House, Representative Mink became chair of the caucus and served in that position through the 105th Congress. In both the 104th and 105th Congresses, Delegate Robert Underwood was vice chair of the caucus, and Senator Akaka served as

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secretary of the caucus. In the 106th Congress, Delegate Underwood chaired the caucus, Representative Wu served as vice chair, and Senator Inouye served as secretary. In the 107th Congress, Representative Wu served as caucus chair, Representative Michael M. Honda served as vice chair, and Senator Inouye continued as secretary. In the first session of the 108th Congress, Representatives Wu and Honda continued as chair and vice chair, respectively. In the second session, Representative Honda became chair, Delegate Faleomavaega became vice chair, Delegate Madeleine Bordallo became secretary, and Representative Ed Case became whip. In the 109th Congress, Representatives Honda and Case and Delegates Faleomavaega and Bordallo were all reelected to the same positions. In the 110th Congress, Representative Honda and Delegates Faleomavaega and Bordallo continued in their 109th Congress positions. In the 111th Congress, Representative Honda was again reelected chair of CAPAC. Delegates Faleomavaega and Bordallo were also reelected to their respective positions as Vice Chair and Secretary. The Executive Board members are Senators Akaka and Inouye, Representatives Neil Abercrombie, Xavier Becerra, Anh ―Joseph‖ Quang Cao, Al Green, Mazie Hirono, Doris Matsui, Robert Scott, David Wu, and Delegate Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan. According to its November 11, 2008, press release,16 CAPAC’s top priorities in the 111th Congress include the economy, education, immigration, healthcare, and benefits for Filipino WWII veterans. CAPAC has established task forces to address these issues. Representative Scott chairs the Task Force on Civil Rights; Representative Wu chairs the Task Force on Education; Delegate Bordallo chairs the Task Force on Health Care; Representative Green chairs the Task Force on Housing; and Representative Neil Abercrombie chairs the Task Force on Immigration. Native Hawaiian sovereignty is also listed among its priorities.17 Membership to the caucus is not restricted to those of Asian Pacific ancestry; the caucus is open to all Members of Congress. Currently, 30 Members have joined CAPAC.18

TABLES AND DATA This chapter also provides a list of selected biographical information about 27 Asian Pacific American Members and Delegates, and their committee assignments during their tenure. Four tables summarize information about the 40 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in Congress. Table 1 shows the Congress, the dates, and the name of the Members and Delegates who served in the House and Senate. Table 2 shows the state or territory, the number of Members and Delegates elected from the state or territory, and their names. Table 3 reflects the Congress, years, total number of Members and Delegates, and the number of Members and Delegates in the House and Senate. Finally, Table 4 lists Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands, the Congresses in which they served, and the dates of their service. Information on committee assignments and leadership positions was obtained from various editions of the Congressional Directory, various editions of the Official Alphabetical List of the House of Representatives of the United States, various editions of the Congressional Yellow Book (a publication of Leadership Directories, Inc.), information on Member websites, and telephone calls to Member offices.

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Table 1. Asian Pacific American Members and Delegates in the 58th-111th Congresses (1903-2011) Congress 58th-67th 68th-84th 85th 86th

Dates 1903-1923 1923-1957 1957-1959 1959-1961

87th

1961-1963

88th

1963-1965

89th

1965-1967

90th

1967-1969

91st

1969-1971

92nd

1971-1973

93rd

1973-1975

94th

1975-1977

95th

1977-1979

96th

1979-1981

97th

1981-1983

98th

1983-1985

99th

1985-1987

House Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaolea — Dalip Singh Saund Daniel Ken Inouye Dalip Singh Saund Daniel Ken Inouye Dalip Singh Saund Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Antonio Borja Won Pat Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Norman Yoshio Mineta Patsy Takemoto Mink Antonio Borja Won Pat Daniel Kahikina Akaka Norman Yoshio Mineta Antonio Borja Won Pat Daniel Kahikina Akaka Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Antonio Borja Won Pat Daniel Kahikina Akaka Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia Antonio Borja Won Pat Daniel Kahikina Akaka Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia Antonio Borja Won Pat Daniel Kahikina Akaka Ben Garrido Blaz Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia

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Senate — — — Hiram Leong Fong Hiram Leong Fong Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Daniel Ken Inouye

Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga

Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga

Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga

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Congress 100th

Dates 1987-1989

101st

1989-1991

102nd

1991-1993

103rd

1993-1995

104th

1995-1997

105th

1997-1999

106th

1999-2001

107th

2001-2003

Table 1. (Continued) House Daniel Kahikina Akaka Ben Garrido Blaz Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Patricia Fukuda Saiki Fofó Iosefa Fiti Suniab Ben Garrido Blaz Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Patsy Takemoto Mink Patricia Fukuda Saiki Ben Garrido Blaz Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Patsy Takemoto Mink Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Jay C. Kim Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Patsy Takemoto Mink Robert Cortez Scott Robert Anacletus Underwood Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Jay C. Kim Robert Takeo Matsui Norman Yoshio Minetad Patsy Takemoto Mink Robert Cortez Scott Robert Anacletus Underwood Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Jay C. Kim Robert Takeo Matsui Patsy Takemoto Mink Robert Cortez Scott Robert Anacletus Underwood Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Robert Takeo Matsui Patsy Takemoto Mink Robert Cortez Scott Robert Anacletus Underwood David Wu Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Michael M. Honda Robert Takeo Matsui Patsy Takemoto Minke Robert Cortez Scott Robert Anacletus Underwood David Wu

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Senate Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga

Daniel Kahikina Akakac Daniel Ken Inouye Spark Masayuki Matsunaga

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Daniel Kahikina Akaka Daniel Ken Inouye

Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress

Table 1. (Continued) House Senate Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Daniel Kahikina Akaka Michael M. Honda Daniel Ken Inouye Robert Takeo Matsuif Robert Cortez Scott David Wu th 109 2005-2007 Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Daniel Kahikina Akaka Michael M. Honda Daniel Ken Inouye Bobby Jindal Doris Okada Matsuig Robert Cortez Scott David Wu 110th 2007-2009 Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Daniel Kahikina Akaka Mazie Keiko Hirono Daniel Ken Inouye Michael M. Honda Bobby Jindalh Doris Okada Matsui Robert Cortez Scott David Wu 111th 2009-2011 Steve Austria Daniel Kahikina Akaka Anh ―Joseph‖ Quang Cao Daniel Ken Inouye Judy Chui Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Mazie Keiko Hirono Michael M. Honda Doris Okada Matsui Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan Robert Cortez Scott David Wu a. Del. Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole died on January 7, 1922. b. Del. Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia resigned on September 6, 1988. c. Sen. Daniel Kahikina Akaka also served in the House in the 101st Congress until May 15, 1990. However, he was appointed to the Senate and was sworn in on May 16, 1990, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sen. Spark Masayuki Matsunaga on April 15, 1990. Subsequently, he was elected to the Senate in November 1990. d. Rep. Norman Yoshio Mineta resigned on October 10, 1995. e. Rep. Patsy Takemoto Mink died on September 28, 2002. f. Rep. Robert Takeo Matsui died on January 1, 2005. g. Rep. Doris Okada Matsui won a special election on March 8, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Rep. Robert Matsui, and was sworn in on March 10, 2005. Although Rep. Robert Matsui was elected to the 109th Congress, he died on January 1, 2005 h. Rep. Bobby Jindal resigned on January 14, 2008; sworn in as governor of Louisiana on the same day. i. Rep. Judy Chu won a special election on July 14, 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Hilda Solis. Congress 108th

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161

Dates 2003-2005

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Table 2. Number of Asian Pacific American Members and Delegates by State and Territory, 58th-111th Congresses (1903-2011) State or Territory California

Number Elected 8

Hawaii

8

Louisiana

2

Ohio Oregon Virginia American Samoa

1 1 1 2

Guam

3

Northern Mariana Islands

1

Name Judy Chu Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa Michael M. Honda Jay C. Kim Robert Takeo Matsui Doris Okada Matsui Norman Yoshio Mineta Dalip Singh Saund Daniel Kahikina Akaka Mazie Keiko Hirono Daniel Ken Inouye Hiram Leong Fong Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Spark Masayuki Matsunaga Patsy Takemoto Mink Patricia Fukuda Saiki Anh ―Joseph‖ Quang Cao Bobby Jindal Steve Austria David Wu Robert Cortez Scott Eni F.H. Faleomavaega Fofó Iosefa Fifi Sunia Ben Garrido Blaz Robert Anacletus Underwood Antonio Borja Won Pat Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan

Table 3. Number of Asian Pacific American Members and Delegates in the U.S. Congress, 58th-111th Congresses (1903-2011) Congress 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th-84th

Years 1903-1905 1905-1907 1907-1909 1909-1911 1911-1913 1913-1915 1915-1917 1917-1919 1919-1921 1921-1923 1923-1957

Total in Congress 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -

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House 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -

Senate -

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Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress

Congress 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th

Table 3. (Continued) Years Total in Congress 1957-1961 1 1959-1961 3 1961-1963 3 1963-1965 3 1965-1967 4 1967-1969 4 1969-1971 4 1971-1973 4 1973-1975 5 1975-1977 6 1977-1979 6 1979-1981 7 1981-1983 8 1983-1985 7 1985-1987 7 1987-1989 8 1989-1991 9 1991-1993 7 1993-1995 9 1995-1997 9 1997-1999 8 1999-2001 8 2001-2003 9 2003-2005 7 2005-2007 8 2007-2009 9 [8]f 2009-2011 12g

House 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 5 5 6a 6b 5 7 7c 6 6 7d 5 6e 7[6]f 10

163

Senate 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

a. Del. Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia resigned on September 6, 1988. b. Although six Asian Pacific Americans were elected to the House in the 101st Congress, only five served at any one time. Representative Patsy Mink (who had previously served in the 89th-94th Congresses) did not become a member of the House again until September 1990, when she was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel K. Akaka. Senator Akaka had been appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Spark Matsunaga. c. Rep. Norman Yoshio Mineta resigned on October 10, 1995. d. Rep. Patsy Takemoto Mink died on September 28, 2002. She was posthumously elected to the 108 th Congress on November 5, 2002. e. Rep. Doris Okada Matsui won a special election on March 8, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Rep. Robert Matsui, and was sworn in on March 10, 2005. Although Rep. Robert Matsui was elected to the 109th Congress, he died on January 1, 2005. f. The number in brackets reflects the resignation of Rep. Bobby Jindal on January 14, 2008; he was sworn in as governor of Louisiana on the same day. g. Rep. Judy Chu won a special election on July 14, 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Hilda Solis.

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Table 4. Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands, 60th-79th Congresses (1907-1946) Congress 60th

Dates 1907-1909

61st

1909-1911

62nd

1911-1913

63rd

1913-1915

64th

1915-1917

65th

1917-1919

66th

1919-1921

67th

1921-1923

68th

1923-1925

69th

1925-1927

70th

1927-1929

71st

1929-1931

72nd

1931-1933

73rd

1933-1935

74th

1935-1937

75th

1937-1939

76th 77th 78th

1939-1941 1941-1943 1943-1945

79th

1945-1947

Resident Commissioners Benito Y Tuason Legardaa Pablo Ocampoa Benito Y Tuason Legarda Pablo Ocampob Manuel Luis Quezonc Benito Y Tuason Legarda Manuel Luis Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon Manuel Earnshaw Manuel Luis Quezond Manuel Earnshaw Jaime Carlos de Veyra Teodoro Rafael Yangco Jaime Carlos de Veyra Teodoro Rafael Yangcoe Isauro Gabaldonf Jaime Carlos de Veyra Isauro Gabaldon Isauro Gabaldon Pedro Guevara Isauro Gabaldon Pedro Guevara Isauro Gabaldong Pedro Guevara Pedro Guevara Camilo Osias Pedro Guevara Camilo Osias Pedro Guevara Camilo Osias Pedro Guevarah Francisco Aan Delgadoh Quintin Paradesi Quintin Paradesj Joaquin Miguel Elizaldek Joaquin Miguel Elizalde Joaquin Miguel Elizalde Joaquin Miguel Elizaldel Carlos Pena Romulom Carlos Pena Romulon

Note: The Philippine Islands were part of territory ceded to the United States by Spain under the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. The Act of July 1902 granted the Philippine Islands the right to elect two Resident Commissioners to the United States. In 1935, the Philippine Islands became the Commonwealth of the Philippines and the number of Resident Commissioners was reduced from

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two to one. In 1946, the Philippines became fully independent, and the office of the Resident Commissioner was terminated. a. Elected November 22, 1907, for a term of two years; granted the privileges of the floor of the House of Representatives, with the right of debate, February 4, 1908. b. Term expired November 22, 1909. c. Elected for a term of two years beginning November 23, 1909. d. Resigned October 15, 1916; vacancy throughout the remainder of 64th Congress. e. Term expired March 3, 1920. f. Elected for a term of three years beginning March 4, 1920. g. Resigned July 16, 1928, having been nominated for election to the Philippine House of Representatives; vacancy throughout the remainder of the 70th Congress. h. When the new government of the Commonwealth of the Philippine Islands was inaugurated, the terms of office of the Resident Commissioners of the Philippine Islands expired. Both Resident Commissioners served until February 14, 1936, when a selected successor qualified (48 Stat. 456). Under this law, the number of Resident Commissioners was reduced from two to one. i. Appointed December 21, 1935, to fill vacancy caused by the expiration of the terms of Pedro Guevara and Francisco A. Delgado, due to the new form of government, and took his seat on February 14, 1936. j. Resigned September 29, 1938. k. Appointed September 29, 1938, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Quintin Paredes; service began on January 3, 1939, upon convening of 76th Congress. l. Resigned August 9, 1944. m. Appointed to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Joaquin M. Elizalde, and succeeded him on August 21, 1944. n. Office of Resident Commissioner terminated on July 4, 1946.

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN MEMBERS AND DELEGATES, SELECTED BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION, AND COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS DURING THEIR TENURE IN OFFICE19 AKAKA, DANIEL KAHIKINA. Democrat; a Representative and Senator from Hawaii. Born on September 11, 1924. Elected to the House of Representatives for the 95th-101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1977, to May 15, 1990. Appointed to the Senate in 1990 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Spark Matsunaga and subsequently elected by special election to the Senate in November 1990. Reelected in 1994, 2000, and 2006; has served in the Senate since May 16, 1990. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Appropriations H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries * S. Armed Services * S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs S. Energy and Natural Resources * S. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs * S. Indian Affairs * S. Veterans’ Affairs, Chair

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AUSTRIA, STEVE. Republican; a Representative from Ohio. Born October 12, 1958. Elected to 111th Congress; served from January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments * H. Budget * H. Homeland Security BLAZ, BEN GARRIDO. Republican; a Delegate from Guam. Born on February 14, 1928. Elected to the 99th-102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1985, to January 3, 1993. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Interior and Insular Affairs CAO, ANH “JOSEPH” QUANG. Republican; a Representative from Louisiana. Born on March 13, 1967. First Vietnamese American to be elected to Congress. Elected to the 111th Congress; has served since January 3, 2009.

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Committee Assignments * H. Homeland Security * H. Oversight and Government Reform * H. Transportation and Infrastructure CHU, JUDY. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born on July 7, 1953. First Chinese American woman to be elected to Congress. Elected to the 111th Congress by special election on July 14, 2009, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Hilda Solis; has served since July 14, 2009. Committee Assignment * H. Education and Labor *H. Judiciary * H. Oversight and Government Reform FALEOMAVAEGA, ENI F. H. Democrat; a Delegate from American Samoa. Born August 15, 1943. Elected to the 100th-111th Congresses; has served since January 3, 1989. Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Education and Labor * H. Foreign Affairs * H. Natural Resources H. Small Business FONG, HIRAM LEONG. Republican; a Senator from Hawaii. Born on October 15, 1906; died on August 18, 2004. First Asian Pacific American elected to the Senate and first U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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American of Chinese ancestry elected to Congress. Elected to the Senate in 1959 upon the admission of Hawaii to the Union, reelected in 1964 and 1970; served from August 21, 1959, to January 3, 1977. Committee Assignments S. Appropriations S. Interior and Insular Affairs S. Judiciary S. Post Office and Civil Service S. Public Works HAYAKAWA, SAMUEL ICHIYE. Republican; a Senator from California. Born on July 18, 1906; died on February 26, 1992. Elected to the Senate in 1976; served from January 3, 1977, to January 3, 1983. Committee Assignments S. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry S. Budget S. Labor and Human Resources S. Interior and Insular Affairs S. Foreign Relations

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HIRONO, MAZIE KEIKO. Democrat; a Representative from Hawaii. Born on November 3, 1947. Elected to the 110th and 111th Congresses; has served since January 3, 2007. Committee Assignments * H. Education and Labor H. Small Business * H. Transportation and Infrastructure HONDA, MICHAEL M. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born on June 27, 1941. Elected to the 107th-110th Congresses; has served since January 3, 2001. He served as regional whip for the 107th and 108th Congresses. In the 110th Congress, he was named Democratic senior whip. Committee Assignments * H. Appropriations H. Budget H. Science and Technology H. Transportation and Infrastructure INOUYE, DANIEL KEN. Democrat; a Representative and Senator from Hawaii. Born on September 7, 1924. First American of Japanese ancestry elected to Congress. Elected to the House for the 86th and 87th Congresses; served from August 21, 1959, to January 3, 1963. Elected to the Senate in 1962, reelected in 1968, 1974, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, and 2004; has U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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served in the Senate since January 3, 1963. He served as assistant majority whip from 1975 to 1976 and deputy Democratic whip from 1981 to 1986. From 1977 to 1988, he was secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference. From 1989 to 1994, he chaired the Democratic Steering Committee. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Banking and Currency S. Armed Services S. District of Columbia S. Public Works Joint Committee on the Library Joint Committee on Printing * S. Appropriations, chair * S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation, (chair in previous Congresses) * S. Indian Affairs (chair in previous Congresses) * S. Rules and Administration S. Select Committee on Intelligence, chair Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and Nicaragua Opposition (IranContra Committee), Senate chair

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JINDAL, Bobby. Republican; a Representative from Louisiana. Born on June 10, 1971. Elected to the 109th and 110th Congresses; served from January 3, 2005 until his resignation on January 14, 2008. In the 109th Congress, he was elected Republican freshman class president. He served as assistant majority whip in the 109th Congress, and as assistant minority whip in the first session of the 110th Congress. Elected to be governor of Louisiana; sworn in on January 14, 2008. Committee Assignments H. Education and the Workforce H. Homeland Security H. Natural Resources KALANIANAOLE, JONAH KUHIO. Republican; a Delegate from the Territory of Hawaii. Born on March 26, 1871; died on January 7, 1922. Elected to the 58th-67th Congresses; served from March 4, 1903, to January 7, 1922. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Coinage, Weights and Measures H. Post Office and Post-Roads H. Private Land Claims H. Territories KIM, JAY C. Republican; a Representative from California. Born on March 27, 1939. First American of Korean ancestry elected to Congress. Elected to the 103rd-105th Congresses; U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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served from January 3, 1993, to January 3, 1999. He was Republican sophomore class whip in the 104th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Small Business H. International Relations H. Transportation and Infrastructure MATSUI, DORIS OKADA.. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born on September 25, 1944. Elected to the 109th Congress in a special election on March 8, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Representative Robert T. Matsui; reelected to the 110th and 111th Congresses; has served since March 8, 2005. Committee Assignments * H. Energy and Commerce * H. Rules H. Transportation and Infrastructure H. Science and Technology

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MATSUI, ROBERT TAKEO. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born on September 17, 1941; died on January 1, 2005. Elected to the 96th-109th Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to January 1, 2005. He served and was majority whip at large from 1987 to 1994 and served as minority whip at large from 1995 to 2003, and as minority whip at large in the 108th Congress. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Government Operations H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce H. Judiciary H. Ways and Means MATSUNAGA, SPARK MASAYUKI. Democrat; Representative and Senator from Hawaii. Born October 8, 1916; died on April 15, 1990. Elected to the House of Representatives for the 88th-94th Congresses; served from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1977. Elected to the Senate in 1976, reelected in 1982 and 1988; served from January 3, 1977, to April 15, 1990. He served as chief deputy majority whip from 1979 to 1980 and chief deputy minority whip from 1981 to 1986, and from 1987 to 1988 he was chief deputy majority whip. Committee Assignments H. Agriculture H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Rules S. Commerce S. Energy

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MINETA, NORMAN YOSHIO. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born November 12, 1931. Elected to the House for the 94th-104th Congresses. Served from January 3, 1975, until his resignation on October 10, 1995. Confirmed by the Senate on July 20, 2000, and sworn in as U.S. Secretary of Commerce on July 21, 2000. Confirmed by the Senate on January 24, 2001, sworn in as U.S. Secretary of Transportation on January 25, 2001, served until July 7, 2006. He was a majority whip at large from 1977 to 1981, deputy majority whip from 1982 to 1994, and deputy minority whip in 1995. He became the first Asian Pacific American to serve in a Cabinet position when he was sworn in as U.S. Secretary of Commerce on July 21, 2000. He was nominated to a second Cabinet post and was sworn in as U.S. Secretary of Transportation on January 25, 2001, and continued in that post until July 7, 2006. He has the distinction of being the longest serving secretary in the history of the Department of Transportation.

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Committee Assignments. H. Budget H. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence H. Post Office and Civil Service H. Public Works and Transportation, chair H. Science and Technology MINK, PATSY TAKEMOTO. Democrat; a Representative from Hawaii. Born December 6, 1927; died on September 28, 2002. First Asian Pacific American woman to be elected to Congress. Elected to the 89th-94th Congresses; served from January 3, 1965, to January 3, 1977. Appointed Assistant Secretary for the Office of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State. Elected again in 1990 in a special election to the 101st Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Daniel Akaka to the Senate. Reelected to 102nd-107th Congresses; served until her death on September 28, 2002; posthumously elected to the 108th Congress on November 5, 2002. She served as secretary of the Democratic Caucus from 1975 to 1977, minority regional whip from 1997 to1998, and served as minority whip at large from 2001 until her death in September 2002. Committee Assignments H. Budget H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Natural Resources H. Education and the Workforce H. Government Reform SABLAN, GREGORIO KILILI CAMACHO. A Delegate from the Northern Mariana Islands. Born on January 19, 1955. He is Chamorro with Hispanic and English ancestry. U.S. Congressional Membership Diversity, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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Elected to the 111th Congress as an Independent; changed from an Independent to a Democrat on February 23, 2009; has served since January 3, 2009. Committee Assignments *H. Natural Resources *H. Education and Labor SAIKI, PATRICIA FUKUDA. Republican; a Representative from Hawaii. Born on May 28, 1930. Elected to the 100th-101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1987, to January 3, 1991. Appointed, and confirmed by the Senate on March 21, 1991, to be administrator of the Small Business Administration after leaving Congress. Committee Assignments H. Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs H. Merchant Marines and Fisheries SAUND, DALIP SINGH. Democrat; a Representative from California. Born on September 20, 1899; died August 22, 1973. First American of Indian ancestry to be elected to Congress. Elected to the 85th-87th Congresses; served from January 3, 1957, to January 3, 1963.

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Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Foreign Affairs SCOTT, ROBERT CORTEZ. Democrat; a Representative from Virginia. Born on April 30, 1947. An African American with Filipino ancestry. Elected to the 103rd-111th Congresses; has served since January 3, 1993. Committee Assignments * H. Budget * H. Education and Labor * H. Judiciary H. Science, Space, and Technology H. U.S. National Security and Military Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China SUNIA, FOFÓ IOSEFA FITI. Democrat; elected as first Delegate from American Samoa. Born on March 13, 1937. Elected to the 97th-100th Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, until his resignation on September 6, 1988. Committee Assignments H. Interior and Insular Affairs H. Merchant Marines and Fisheries H. Public Works and Transportation

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UNDERWOOD, ROBERT ANACLETUS. Democrat; a Delegate from Guam. Born July 13, 1948. Elected to the 103rd-107th Congresses; was not a candidate for the 108th Congress; served from January 3, 1993, to January 3, 1993; unsuccessful candidate for governor of Guam. In the 105th Congress, he served as a deputy whip for the Democratic Study Group of the House Democratic Caucus, and also served as Democratic Caucus whip at large for the 105th and 106th Congresses. Committee Assignments H. Education and Labor H. Armed Services H. Resources WON PAT, ANTONIO BORJA. Democrat; the first Delegate from Guam. Born on December 10, 1908; died on May 1, 1987. Elected to the 93rd-98th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1985. Committee Assignments H. Armed Services H. Interior and Insular Affairs

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WU, DAVID. Democrat; Representative from Oregon.20 Born on April 8, 1955. Elected to the 106th-111th Congresses; has served since January 3, 1999. In the 106th Congress, he served as Democratic freshman class president for the period July-December 2000. Committee Assignments * H. Education and Labor H. Foreign Affairs * H. Science and Technology

End Notes 1

2

3

The designation ―Asian Pacific American‖ is commonly used to identify a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, and the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It is also the term used for the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, founded in May 1994, and refers to those who have self-identified themselves as such. In this chapter, the ―Asian Pacific American‖ designation encompasses a wide range of ethnic and national identities, rather than a purely geographic designation. Thus, it does not include those of Australian or New Zealand ancestry, for example. As promulgated by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the official terms to be used in designating these Americans for federal reporting purposes are ―Asians‖ and ―Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.‖ U.S. Office of Management and Budget, ―Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,‖ Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 210, October 30, 1997, pp. 5878258790. A vacancy occurred when Rep. Hilda Solis resigned from the House on February 24, 2009, to serve as Secretary of the Department of Labor. Sources for the information on Asian Pacific Americans presented in this chapter included the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-present available at http://bioguide.congress.gov/ biosearch/biosearch.asp; The Almanac of American Politics 2000; Politics in America 2000; and various

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editions of the Congressional Directory. Information on ancestry was provided to these source books by the Members. 4 The Philippine Islands were part of territory ceded to the United States by Spain under the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. The Act of July 1902 granted the Philippine Islands the right to elect two Resident Commissioners to the United States Congress. Historically, U.S. territories were granted nonvoting Delegates to the Congress prior to statehood. Congress distinguished between the territories acquired after the SpanishAmerican War and those bound for statehood. Thus, Congress provided for ―resident commissioners‖ to the United States from Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Resident Commissioners were not accorded the same status as nonvoting Delegates, although, it should be noted, the rights of Delegates have changed over time. Resident Commissioners from the Philippines were granted floor privileges in the House with the right of debate on February 4, 1908. However, they did not have the right to vote or to serve on standing committees. When the Philippine Islands became a self-governing commonwealth, in transition to full sovereignty in 1935, the number of Resident Commissioners was reduced from two to one. On July 14, 1946, the Philippines became fully independent and the office of Resident Commissioner was terminated (P.L. 73-127). For the purposes of this study, a separate table listing Resident Commissioners from the Philippines is included at the end of the report. 5 Delegate Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan was elected as an Independent to the 111th Congress, and changed from an Independent to a Democrat on February 23, 2009. 6 Sen. Daniel K. Akaka is Native Hawaiian and also Chinese American; Representative Robert Scott (D-VA) is African American with Filipino ancestry; Delegate Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan (D-N. Marianas) is Chamorro with Hispanic and English ancestry; and Delegate Robert Underwood (D-Guam) is Chamorro and also Hispanic. 7 Legislation was enacted to provide for the election of one Delegate from the Northern Mariana Islands (P.L. 110229). 8 Rep. Doris Matsui won a special election on March 8, 2005, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband Rep. Robert T. Matsui (D-CA), who had been elected to the 109th Congress, on January 1, 2005. 9 Rep. Judy Chu won a special election on July 14, 2009, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Hilda Solis. 10 Senator Inouye has held other leadership positions prior to the 111th Congress. In the 110th Congress, he chaired the Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee, and also chaired the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense. When the Democrats gained the majority in the Senate in June 2001 (107th Congress), Senator Inouye became chair of the Committee on Indian Affairs. He also assumed the chair of the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense, and the chair of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Subcommittee on Communications. Senator Inouye was the first chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1976 to 1977, and was the Senate chair of the Secret Military Assistance to Iran and Nicaragua Opposition Select Committee (Iran-Contra Committee) from 1987 to 1988. From 1987 to 1994, he was chairman of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Senator Inouye has also chaired the following Senate subcommittees: the Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia (1971-1972), Foreign Operations (1973-1980, 1987-1988), and Defense (1989-1994); the Senate Commerce Subcommittees on Foreign Commerce and Tourism (1971-1976), Merchant Marine and Tourism (1977-1980), and Communications (1987-1994); and the Intelligence Subcommittee on Budget Authorization (1979-1980). 11 In the 110th Congress, Senator Akaka chaired the Veterans’ Affairs Committee and also chaired three subcommittees: the Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support; the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia; and the Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks Prior to the current Congress. In June of 2001 (107th Congress), he became chair of three subcommittees: the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support, the Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Historic Preservation and Recreation, and the Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services. 12 Rep. Mineta was chair of the House Public Works and Transportation Committee (1993-1994). Prior to chairing the full committee, he chaired the Subcommittees on Public Buildings and Grounds (1977-1978), Oversight and Review (1979-1980), Aviation (1980-1989), and Surface Transportation (1990-1992). 13 Sen. Matsunaga was chair of the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Tourism and Sugar (1977-1980). 14 In the 105th Congress, Representative Jay C. Kim (R-CA), the first Korean American to be elected to Congress, chaired the House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Economic Development. 15 Rep. Wu is the first Chinese American to represent a district on the U.S. mainland. 16 The press release is available at http://www.house.gov/list/speech/ca15_honda/officers.html. 17 Details about CAPAC’s task forces are available at http://honda.house.gov/capac/priorities.shtml. 18 More information about CAPAC is available at http://honda.house.gov/capac. 19 Asterisks indicate current committee assignments.

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Rep. Wu is the first Chinese American to represent a district on the U.S. mainland.

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Lorraine H. Tong

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Chapter 4

MEMBERSHIP OF THE 111TH CONGRESS: A PROFILE Jennifer E. Manning

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SUMMARY This chapter presents a profile of the membership of the 111th Congress. Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party affiliation, average age and length of service, occupation, religious affiliation, gender, ethnicity, foreign births, and military service. Currently, in the House of Representatives, there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), 178 Republicans, and one vacant seat. The Senate has 57 Democrats; 2 Independents, who caucus with the Democrats; and 41 Republicans. The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 58.2 years; of Members of the House, 57.2 years; and of Senators, 63.1 years. The overwhelming majority of Members have a college education. The dominant professions of Members are public service/politics, business, and law. Protestants collectively constitute the majority religious affiliation of Members. Roman Catholics account for the largest single religious denomination, and numerous other affiliations are represented. The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 11.0 years (5.5 terms); for Senators 12.9 years ( 2.2 terms). A record number of 93 women serve in the 111th Congress: 76 in the House, 17 in the Senate. There are 41 African American Members of the House and one in the Senate. This number includes two Delegates. There are 29 Hispanic or Latino Members serving: 28 in the House, including the Resident Commissioner, and one in the Senate. Twelve Members (eight Representatives, two Delegates, and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the House. Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.1 This count assumes that no seat is temporarily vacant.2 The following is a profile of the 111th Congress.3

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PARTY BREAKDOWN In the 111th Congress, the current party alignments are 262 Democrats in the House of Representatives (including five Delegates and the Resident Commissioner),178 Republicans, and one vacancy. The Senate has 57 Democrats; two Independents, who caucus with the Democrats; and 41 Republicans.

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AGE The average age of Members of the 111th Congress is among the highest of any Congress in recent U.S. history.4 The average age of Senators at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 63.1 years, approximately 1.5 years greater than that of the 110th Congress (61.7 years) and three years older than that of Senators in the 109th Congress (60.1 years). At the beginning of the 111th Congress, the average age of Members of the House, including Delegates and the Resident Commissioner, was 57.2 years, over a year older than that of Representatives in the 110th Congress (55.9 years), and almost two years older than that of Representatives in the 109th Congress (55.1 years). The average age of all Members in both Houses is 58.2 years. At the beginning of the 111th Congress, the average age of new Members of the House, including a Delegate and the Resident Commissioner, was 49.8 years. The average age of new Senators was 57.1 years. The U.S. Constitution requires Representatives to be at least 25 years old when they take office. The youngest Representative, as well as youngest Member of Congress, is Aaron Schock (R-IL), 28. The oldest Representative is Ralph Hall (R-TX), 86. Senators must be at least 30 years old when they take office. The youngest Senator is Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), who is 42. The oldest Senator, as well as the oldest current Member of Congress, is Robert C. Byrd (D-WV), 92.

OCCUPATIONS According to CQ Today, in the 111th Congress, law is the dominant declared profession of Senators, followed by public service/politics; for Representatives, public service/politics is first, followed by business and law.5 A closer look at the prior occupations of Members of the 111th Congress also shows6 16 medical doctors (including a psychiatrist), two dentists, three nurses, two veterinarians, a psychologist, an optometrist, a clinical dietician, and a pharmacist; four ministers; 38 mayors, 13 state governors, 11 lieutenant governors (including two Delegates), one state first lady, and one territorial first lady; one Cabinet secretary, one Secretary of the Navy, a vice admiral in the Navy, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, a Defense Department counter terrorism consultant, an ambassador, three state supreme court justices, and a federal judge;

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268 (227 in the House, including two Delegates, and 41 in the Senate) state or territorial legislators;7 at least 115 congressional staffers (including 10 congressional pages),8 12 White House staffers or fellows, and several executive branch employees; a parliamentary aide in the British House of Commons and a foreign service officer; six Peace Corps volunteers; four sheriffs, a deputy sheriff, four police officers (including a Capitol policeman), two state troopers, two probation officers, a volunteer fireman, an FBI agent, and a former border patrol chief; three physicists, one chemist, six engineers including a biomedical engineer, and one microbiologist; two radio talk show hosts, a radio/television broadcaster, a radio broadcaster, a radio newscaster, a television reporter, and a television commentator; five accountants; an astronaut, a naval aviator, the commander of an aircraft carrier battle group, an instructor at West Point, and a pilot of Marine One (the President’s helicopter); two professional musicians, a semi-professional musician, a screenwriter, a comedian, a documentary film maker, a major league baseball player, and an NFL football player; three organic farmers, four ranchers, two vintners, and a fruit orchard worker; a driving instructor, a cosmetic sales woman, a mountain guide, and a ski instructor; a casino dealer, a night watchman, and a prison guard; and three carpenters, two bank tellers, a furniture salesman, an ironworker, an auto worker, a clothing factory worker, a textile worker, an oil field worker, a mortician, a coroner, a waitress, a teamster member/dairy worker, a paper mill worker, a cement plant worker, a meat cutter, a shellfish specialist, a river boat captain, a taxicab driver, an auctioneer, a toll booth collector, and a hotel clerk.

EDUCATION As has been true in recent Congresses, the vast majority of Members (95%) of the 111th Congress hold university degrees.9 CRS research indicates that 27 Members of the House and one Senator have no educational degree beyond a high school diploma. Five Members of the House, but no Senators, have Associates’ degrees as their highest degree, and one House Member has an L.P.N. (nursing) degree. Eighty-three Members of the House and 17 Senators earned a master’s degree as their highest educational degree, and 168 Members of the House and 57 Senators have a law degree. Of the Members holding a law degree, five (three House Members and two Senators) also hold an LLM (Master of Laws) degree. Twenty-four Representatives (but no Senators) have doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees, and 17 Members of the House and three Senators have a medical degree.10 By comparison, 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981), at least 48 Members of the House and seven Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma. Sixty-seven Representatives and 15 Senators had a master’s degree, 17 Representatives and four Senators

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had a doctoral (Ph. D) degree, and 197 Members of the House and 60 Senators had a law degree.11 Five Members of the House and one Senator had a medical degree.12 Forty years ago, in the 91st Congress (1969-1971), at least 45 Representatives and nine Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma. Thirty-seven Representatives and 14 Senators had a master’s degree, seven Representatives and two Senators had a doctoral (Ph. D) degree, 219 Members of the House and 58 Senators had a law degree, and four Representatives had a medical degree.13 In addition, three Representatives and one Senator in the 111th Congress are graduates of the U.S. Military Academy and two Senators and two Representatives are graduates of the U.S. Naval Academy. Three Senators and two Representatives were Rhodes Scholars, three Representatives were Fulbright Scholars, and one Representative was a Marshall Scholar.

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CONGRESSIONAL SERVICE The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 11.0 years (5.5 terms), a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (10.0 years), and a year and half longer than the average service (9.3 years) in the 109th Congress.14 Representatives are elected for two-year terms. Representative John Dingell (D-MI), the dean of the House, has the longest service of any House Member in history (54 years).15 He began serving on December 13, 1955. The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress was 12.9 years (2.2 terms), approximately one month longer than that of the 110th Congress (12.8 years), and approximately five months longer than the average service (12.3 years) at the beginning of the 109th Congress.16 Senators are elected for six-year terms.17 Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV), the President pro tempore of the Senate, has served longer (51 years) than any other Senator in history. His service began on January 3, 1959.18

RELIGION Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation.19 Protestants (Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others) collectively constitute the majority religious affiliation of Members. Roman Catholics, however, account for the largest single religious denomination. Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox, Jewish, Christian Scientist, Quaker, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon). There are also two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House.

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GENDER AND ETHNICITY Female Members A record number of 93 women (17.2% of the total membership) serve in the 111th Congress. Seventy-six serve in the House and 17 in the Senate. Of the 76 women in the House, 59 are Democrats, including three Delegates, and 17 are Republicans. Of the 17 women serving in the Senate, 13 are Democrats and four are Republicans.20

African American Members There are 42 African American Members (7.8% of the total membership) in the 111th Congress, 41 serving in the House 21 and one in the Senate. All are Democrats, including two Delegates. Fourteen African American women, including two Delegates, serve in the House.

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Hispanic Members There are 29 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress; 5.4% of the total membership.22 Twenty-eight serve in the House and one in the Senate. Of the Members of the House, 24 are Democrats (including two Delegates 23), four are Republicans, and six are women.24 There is one Democrat male Hispanic Senator.25 One set of Hispanic Members are brothers, and one set are sisters. Mario and Lincoln Diaz-Balart, Republicans from Florida, serve in the House.26 Linda Sánchez and Loretta Sanchez,27 Democrats from California, serve in the House.28

Asian Pacific Americans A record 12 Members of the 111th Congress (2% of the total membership) are of Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander ancestry. Ten (eight Democrats, two Republicans) serve in the House; two (both Democrats) serve in the Senate. Of those serving in the House, two are Delegates. These numbers include one House Member with African American ancestry, and another with Hispanic ancestry. Included in this count is the first Vietnamese American to serve in Congress.

American Indians There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress, who is a Republican Member of the House.

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FOREIGN BIRTH Twelve Representatives and one Senator were born outside the United States. Their places of birth include Cuba, Mexico, Taiwan, India, Japan, Pakistan, Peru, Canada, Vietnam, and the Netherlands.29

MILITARY SERVICE In the 111th Congress there are 122 Members who have served in the military, seven less than in the 110th Congress.30 The House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates); the Senate 25. These Members served in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo, as well as during times of peace. Some have served in the Reserves and the National Guard. Several Members are still serving as Reservists. As noted above, one Senator is a former Secretary of the Navy. The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the number of Members who have served in the military. For example, there were 298 veterans (240 Representatives, 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981); and 398 veterans (329 Representatives, 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971).

End Notes

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1

This figure includes 100 Senators, 435 Representatives, five delegates (from the District of Columbia, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands), and one Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. The 111th Congress is the first one in which the Northern Mariana Islands have had a delegate. Note that since 1789, 11,901 individuals (not including Delegates and Resident Commissioners) have served in Congress: 9,988 only in the House, 1,264 only in the Senate, and 649 in both houses. 2 Currently, there is one House vacancy. For information on any special elections or appointments to fill vacancies in the 111th Congress, refer to http://crs.gov/resources/Pages/Congress_111.aspx. This site is updated when there is a death or resignation of a Member of Congress as well as an appointment or election to fill a vacancy. 3 Information on the five Delegates and the Resident Commissioner is included where relevant. References to Representatives include information for the 435 Members of the House, but not Delegates or the Resident Commissioner. For background information on earlier Congresses, refer to CRS Report RS22555, Membership of the 110th Congress: A Profile, by Mildred Amer, and CRS Report RS22007, Membership of the 109th Congress: A Profile, by Mildred Amer. See also CRS Report RL30378, African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2008, by Mildred Amer; CRS Report RL30261, Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009, by Jennifer E. Manning, and Colleen J. Shogan; and CRS Report 97-398, Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress, by Lorraine H. Tong. 4 Complete CRS records on the ages of Members of the House begin in 1907, the 60th Congress. 5 ―111th Congress: Statistically Speaking,‖ CQ Today, vol. 44, no. 138 (November 6, 2008), p. 72, supplemented by CRS. In the overwhelming majority of previous Congresses, business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members. However, at the beginning of the 111th Congress, 215 Members (182 Representatives, 33 Senators) listed their occupation as public service/politics, 203 Members (152 Representatives, 51 Senators) listed law, and 202 Members (175 Representatives, 27 Senators) listed business. Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) listed education as a profession. Members often list more than one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 6 ―The New Senators and The New Representatives,‖ CQ Today, vol. 44, no. 13 (November 6, 2008), pp. 23-25, 2737, 50-57, supplemented by CRS. The professions listed here are not necessarily the ones practiced by Members immediately prior to entering Congress. 7 National Conference of State Legislators, ―Former State Legislators in the 111th Congress,‖ (as of September 21, 2009), http://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/fsl111.pdf, supplemented by CRS.

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8

181

Michael L. Koempel and Judy Schneider, Congressional Deskbook, 5th ed. (Washington: TheCapital.Net, 2007), pp. 206-209, supplemented by CRS. 9 The information in this section of the report includes the Delegates and the Resident Commissioner. For further information on the higher education background of each Member, see the Science and Engineers of America website, ―111th Congress Degrees‖ at http://sharp.sefora.org/issues/111th-congress-degrees-by-type/. 10 Thirteen Representatives, one Senator, and one Delegate have an M.D. degree; two Representatives have a D.D.S. (doctor of dental surgery) degree; and one Senator and one Representative have a D.V.M. (doctor of veterinary medicine) degree. One Representative has an O.D. (doctor of optometry) degree, but is not included in the count of those with medical degrees. 11 CRS Report 89-92, Educational Degrees Attained By Members of Congress, 94th through 101st Congresses, by Mildred Amer. This chapter is available only from the author. 12 This number includes one Senator with a veterinary medicine degree and one Representative with a dental degree. 13 Sen. Thomas F. Eagleton, ―Educational Background of Members of Congress,‖ remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, vol. 117, part 36 (December 17, 1971), pp. 47696-47697. Senator Eagleton released a study done by educators George S. Reuter Jr. and Helen S. Reuter. 14 This service does not include Delegates or the Resident Commissioner. For additional information, refer to CRS Report RL32648, Average Years of Service for Members of the Senate and House of Representatives, First 110th Congresses, by Mildred Amer. 15 CRS Report RL34581, Members Who Have Served in the U.S. Congress for 30 Years or More, by Mildred Amer and Clay H. Wellborn. 16 CRS Report RL32648, Average Years of Service for Members of the Senate and House of Representatives, First 110th Congresses, by Mildred Amer. 17 Note that 49 Senators in the 111th Congress have previously served in the House. 18 Senator Byrd, who previously served in the House, has the longest total service in Congress (57 years) of any Member in history. 19 ―Religions in the 111th ,‖ CQ Today, vol. 44, no. 38 (November 6, 2008), p. 73. For more information on the religious affiliations of current Members, see the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life website, ―Faith on the Hill: the Religious Affiliations of Members of Congress‖ at http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=379. 20 Another woman, Hillary Clinton (D-NY), left the Senate in the 111th Congress to serve as U.S. Secretary of State. 21 This number includes one Member of the House who is of African American and Asian ancestry. 22 This number includes three Members of the House who are of Portuguese ancestry and belong to the Congressional Hispanic Caucus or the Congressional Hispanic Conference. 23 This number includes one Delegate who is of Hispanic and Asian ancestry. 24 Another Hispanic woman, Representative Hilda Solis (D-CA), was reelected to the 111th Congress but resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Labor. 25 Another Hispanic man, Senator Mel Martinez (R-FL), resigned from the Senate effective Sept. 9, 2009. 26 Another set of Hispanic brothers, Sen. Ken Salazar (D-CO) and Rep. John Salazar (D-CO), served together at the beginning of the 111th Congress. However, Sen. Salazar left Congress to become Secretary of the Interior. 27 Note that Linda Sánchez uses an accent in her last name; her sister Loretta does not. 28 Note that brothers Sen. Carl Levin (D-MI) and Rep. Sander Levin (D-MI) also serve in the 111th Congress, and Rep. Patrick Kennedy (D-RI) served with his father, Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-MA), until the Senator’s death on August 25, 2009. 29 ―Born Abroad,‖ CQ Today, vol. 43, no. 175 (October 30, 2007), p. 9, supplemented by CRS. 30 Congressional Quarterly Inc., http://www.cq.com/flatfiles/editorialFiles/ member FactFiles/demographics_ 111.html, and the Military Officers Association of America, unpublished data supplied to CRS.

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CHAPTER SOURCES

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The following chapters have been previously published: Chapter 1 – This is an edited, excerpted and augmented edition of a United States Congressional Research Service publication, Report Order Code RL30261, dated December 23, 2009. Chapter 2 – This is an edited, excerpted and augmented edition of a United States Congressional Research Service publication, Report Order Code RL30378, dated February 2, 2010. Chapter 3 – This is an edited, excerpted and augmented edition of a United States Congressional Research Service publication, Report Order Code 97-398, dated February 1, 2010. Chapter 4 – This is an edited, excerpted and augmented edition of a United States Congressional Research Service publication, Report Order Code R40086, dated February 4, 2010.

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INDEX

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A activism, 107 advocacy, 107 Afghanistan, 180 Africa, 107 African American women, viii, 7, 97, 99, 179 African Americans, viii, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 115, 116, 152, 153 age, vii, ix, 4, 132, 133, 139, 175, 176 agriculture, 131, 148 Alaska, 50, 95 armed forces, 157 Asia, 157 Asian Americans, 157 Austria, 156, 161, 162 awareness, 106, 107

B background, 180, 181 background information, 180 births, vii, ix, 175 black women, vii, 2 Blackwell, Lucien E., 118, 122 Brazil, 43 brothers, 179, 181 Brown, Corrine, 13, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 92, 109, 110, 111, 117, 123 Burke, Yvonne B., 104, 113

C Cambodia, 172 Canada, 52, 180 Caribbean, 107 Carson, Julia M., 109, 110, 111, 124 Catholic Church, 107 cbc, 152, 153

Census, 37, 145 Cheatham, Henry P., 115, 117, 124 China, 59, 147, 171, 172 Chisholm, Shirley, viii, 7, 86, 99, 103, 104, 106, 107 Chisholm, Shirley A., 113, 114, 117, 125 Christian-Christensen, Donna, 18, 76, 125 civil rights, 105, 106 Clayton, Eva M., 110, 111, 112, 117, 126 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 92 Clinton, Senator Hillary, vii, 1 Clyburn, James E., viii, 100, 104, 109, 110, 111, 118, 126 Collins, Barbara-Rose, 19, 79, 80, 81, 92, 111, 112, 117, 127 Collins, Cardiss, 20, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 92, 111, 112, 113, 117, 127 Collins, George W., 20, 113, 114, 117, 127 community, 105, 106, 153 composition, 4, 103 Constitution, 5, 97, 104, 152, 176 Conyers, John Jr., viii, 99 corporations, 107 Crockett, George W., 112, 113, 117, 128 Cuba, 180 Cummings, Elijah E., 109, 110, 111, 117, 128

D Davis, Artur, 109, 110, 116, 128 Davis, Danny K., 109, 110, 111, 117, 129 Dawson, William L., 103, 104, 114, 117, 129 DeLarge, Robert C., 115, 118 Dellums, Ronald V., 104, 111, 112, 113, 116, 129 demographics, 181 Denmark, 3 Department of Commerce, 35 DePriest, Oscar S., 114, 117 disability, 64, 91 discrimination, 107

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Index

District of Columbia, vii, ix, 1, 2, 4, 20, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 45, 48, 52, 53, 63, 69, 95, 96, 116, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 143, 145, 146, 151, 152, 157, 168, 173, 175, 180 Dixon, Julian C., 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 130 Dole, Elizabeth, 71, 73, 74, 93 domestic policy, 105 Dymally, Mervyn M., 112, 113, 116, 130

E East Asia, 172 economic development, 153 Elliott, Robert B., 115, 118, 131 equality, 101, 105 Espy, Albert M. (Mike), 111, 112, 116, 117, 148 ethnicity, vii, ix, 175 Evans, Melvin H., 113, 118

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F Fattah, Chaka, 109, 110, 111, 118, 132 Fauntroy, Walter E., 112, 113, 117, 132, 153 Ferraro, Geraldine, 84 Fields, Cleo, 111, 117, 132 Filipino, ix, 155, 156, 158, 171, 173 Finland, 3 Flake, Floyd H., 111, 112, 117, 133 football, 177 Ford, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 133 foreign policy, 105, 106, 107 Franks, Gary A., 116, 133 Frazer, Victor O., 118, 134

G gender, vii, ix, 4, 175 general election, 97 generation, 156 Georgia, 11, 25, 28, 43, 44, 46, 89, 93, 94, 117, 122, 137, 139, 140, 147, 152 goals, 105, 153 government, iv, 6, 101, 165 Gray, William H. III, 134

H Haiti, 105, 106, 107, 108, 153 Hall, Katie B., 113, 117, 134 Haralson, Jeremiah, 115, 116, 135 Hastings, Alcee L., 109, 110, 111, 117, 135 Hawaii, vii, ix, 1, 25, 33, 49, 59, 94, 96, 155, 156, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Hawkins, Augustus F., 105, 112, 113, 114, 116, 135 Hayes, Charles A., 112, 117, 135

health care, 105 high school, 157, 177, 178 higher education, 181 Hilliard, Earl F., 111, 116, 136 Honda, 158, 160, 161, 162 human rights, 105 humanitarian aid, 105, 153 husband, vii, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 35, 37, 38, 42, 45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 69, 97, 127, 161, 163, 169, 173 Hyman, John Adams, 136

I Iceland, 3 immigration, 158 imports, 107 in transition, 173 India, 156, 172, 180 Indians, 179 Iran, 148, 168, 173 Iraq, 180 Ireland, 32 Italy, 43

J Jackson Lee, Sheila, 7, 35, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 93, 109, 110, 111, 118, 136 Jackson, Jesse L. Jr., 117 Japan, 172, 180 Jefferson, William J., 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 136 Johnson, Eddie Bernice, 7, 36, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 93, 109, 110, 111, 118, 137 Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, 27, 36, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 92, 97, 105, 109, 110, 115, 118, 134, 137 Jordan, 85, 86, 93, 113, 118 Jordan, Barbara C., 37, 85, 86, 93, 113, 118, 137 judges, 157 Judiciary Committee, viii, 99, 103, 104 jurisdiction, 8, 108

K Korea, 172 Kosovo, 180

L labor, 105 Langston, John M., 115, 118, 138 leadership, viii, ix, 6, 54, 63, 97, 100, 104, 105, 106, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 173

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Index Lee, Barbara, 7, 41, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 92, 105, 109, 110, 111, 116, 138 legislation, 105, 106 Leland, George T. (Mickey), 105, 112, 113, 116, 118, 138, 150 Lewis, John R., 117, 139 loans, 107 Long, Jefferson F., 115, 117, 139 Louisiana, ix, 11, 24, 40, 42, 93, 117, 132, 136, 143, 155, 156, 161, 162, 163, 166, 168 Lynch, John R., 115, 117, 139

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M Majette, Denise L., 43, 75, 117, 139 Malaysia, 172 marginalization, 105 McKinney, Cynthia A., 110, 111, 117 Meek, Carrie P., 110, 111, 117, 140 Meeks, Gregory, 116, 117, 140 membership, vii, ix, 175, 179 Metcalfe, Ralph H., 140 Mexico, 43, 69, 94, 180 Mfume, Kweisi, 111, 112, 116, 117, 128, 141 military, vii, ix, 107, 157, 175, 180 Millender-McDonald, Juanita, 57, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 92, 97, 105, 115, 116, 146 Miller, Thomas E., 115, 118, 141 minority, 37, 105, 106, 168, 169, 170 minority groups, 105 Mississippi River, 123 Mitchell, Arthur W., 114, 117, 142 Mitchell, Parren J., 105, 112, 113, 117, 142 Montana, 2, 56, 95 Murray, George W., 114, 118, 142 Muslims, 178

N Nash, Charles E., 115, 117, 143 Netherlands, 180 New Zealand, 50, 142, 172 next generation, 106 Nicaragua, 168, 173 Nixon, Richard, 106 Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 7, 52, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 95, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 143 Norway, 3

O O’Hara, James E., 115, 117 Obama, President, vii, 1, 103 Office of Management and Budget, 172

187

Oklahoma, 25, 57, 94, 118, 151 Owens, Major R., 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 144

P Pacific, v, ix, 7, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 172, 175, 179, 180 Pacific Islanders, 157, 172 Pakistan, 172, 180 Payne, Donald M., 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 144 peacekeeping, 108 Persian Gulf, 180 Persian Gulf War, 180 Peru, 180 Philippines, ix, 155, 156, 164, 173 police, 177 politics, ix, 105, 175, 176, 180 presidency, 6, 108 president, 134, 168, 172 President Clinton, 108 probation officers, 177 professions, ix, 175, 180 Protestants, ix, 175, 178 psychiatrist, 176 psychologist, 176 public awareness, 107 public education, 153 public health, 153 public service, ix, 175, 176, 180 public welfare, 105 Puerto Rico, ix, 95, 173, 175, 180

R Rainey, Joseph H., viii, 99, 103, 115, 118, 145 range, 8, 108, 172 Rangel, Charles B., 104, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 145 Ransier, Alonzo J., 115, 118, 146 Rapier, James T., 115, 116, 146 Reagan, Ronald, 106, 107, 153 refugee camps, 138 Reynolds, Melvin J. (Mel), 111, 116, 117 Roman Catholics, ix, 175, 178 Rush, Bobby L., 109, 110, 111, 117, 147 Rwanda, 3, 97

S Samoa, ix, 95, 155, 156, 162, 166, 171, 172, 175, 180 sanctions, 106, 107 Savage, Gus, 112, 113, 117, 147 Scott, David, 109, 110, 117, 147, 158 Scott, Robert C., 109, 110, 118, 147, 157

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188

Index

Secretary of Commerce, 170 Secretary of the Treasury, 35 September 11, 134, 165 shellfish, 177 Smith, Margaret Chase, vii, 1, 4, 5, 6, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94 South Africa, 105, 106, 107, 153 South Dakota, 15, 33, 56, 94 Southeast Asia, 172 sovereignty, 158, 173 Spain, 164, 173 Stewart, Bennett M., 113, 117, 148 Stokes, Louis, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 148 Sweden, 3

T Taiwan, 180 temporary appointment, 5, 104 tenure, 4, 158 territory, ix, 155, 156, 158, 164, 173 terrorism, 176 Thailand, 172 Thompson, Bennie G., 104, 109, 110, 111, 117, 148 Towns, Edolphus, 104, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 149 trade, 107 transition period, 107 Tucker, Walter R., 116, 149 Turner, Benjamin S., 115, 116, 149

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U U.S. history, 176 U.S. Secretary of Commerce, 170 United Nations, 152

United States, v, ix, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 153, 155, 158, 164, 172, 173, 180, 183

V vacancies, vii, 1, 5, 104, 180 Vietnam, 172, 180 violence, 107 voting, 2, 3, 4, 12, 18, 52, 100, 102, 103, 105, 156 Voting Rights Act, 105

W Walls, Josiah T., 115, 117, 149 Washington, Craig A., 112, 118, 150 Washington, Harold D., 112, 113, 117, 150 Waters, Maxine, 7, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 92, 104, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 150 Watson, Diane, 7, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 92, 116, 150 Watt, Melvin L., 109, 110, 111, 117, 151 websites, 158 Wheat, Alan D., 111, 112, 113, 117, 151 White House, 177 White, George H., 114, 117, 151 women, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 156, 175, 179 World War I, 180 Wynn, Albert R., 109, 110, 111, 117, 152

Y Young, Andrew J., 113, 117

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