Upper Limb Anatomy

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Cheat Sheet (English Terminology)

Upper Limb: Muscle Charts

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Shoulder and arm muscles

Rotator cuff muscles

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Subscapularis

Subscapular fossa of scapula

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5 - C6)

Shoulder joint: Arm internal rotation; Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Shoulder joint: Arm external rotation, Arm adduction; Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

Teres minor

Lateral border of scapula

Supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Greater tubercle of humerus Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Shoulder joint: Arm abduction; Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity Shoulder joint: Arm external rotation; Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

Other shoulder & arm muscles

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Shoulder joint: Arm flexion, Arm internal rotation (clavicular part), Arm abduction (acromial part), Arm extension, Arm lateral rotation (spinal part)

Lower subscapular or thoracodorsal nerves (C5- C7)

Shoulder joint: Arm internal rotation, Arm extension, Arm adduction

Clavicular part: Lateral third of clavicle
 
 Acromial part: Acromion of scapula


Deltoid 


Spinal part: Spine of scapula

Teres major

Inferior angle and lower part of lateral border of scapula

Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus (a.k.a. Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus)

Coracobrachialis

Coracoid process of scapula

Anteromedial surface of humeral shaft

Biceps brachii

Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
 
 Short head: Coracoid process of scapula Distal half of anterior surface of humerus

Brachialis

Radial tuberosity of radius

Ulnar tuberosity, Coronoid process of ulna

Shoulder joint: Arm flexion, Arm adduction Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 - C6)

Elbow joint: Forearm flexion and supination; Shoulder joint: Weak arm flexion

Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve (C5-C7)

Elbow joint: Forearm flexion (in all positions)

Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm

Radial nerve (C6 - C8)

Shoulder joint: Arm extension and adduction (long head); Elbow joint: Forearm extension

Lateral surface of olecranon

Radial nerve (C7, C8)

Elbow joint: Assists in forearm extension; Stabilization of elbow joint

Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula


Triceps brachii

Lateral head: Posterior surface of humerus (superior to radial groove)
 
 Medial head: Posterior surface of humerus (inferior to radial groove)

Anconeus

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Forearm muscles

Anterior compartment

Origin

Insertion

Humeral head: Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna

Lateral surface of radius (distal to supinator)

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Bases of metacarpal bones 2-3

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Medial epicondyle of humerus, Olecranon and posterior border of ulna

Pisiform bone, Hamate bone, Base of metacarpal bone 5

Ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Wrist joint: Wrist flexion, Wrist adduction

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Flexor retinaculum, Palmar aponeurosis

Median nerve (C7, C8)

Wrist joint: Wrist flexion; Tenses palmar aponeurosis

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Humeroulnar head: Medial epicondyle of humerus , Coronoid process of ulna Radial head: Proximal half of anterior border of radius

Sides of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Median nerve (C8, T1)

Metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion

Flexor digitorum profundus

Proximal half of anterior surface of ulna, Interosseous membrane

Palmar surfaces of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Digits 2-3: Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve); Digits 4-5: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion

Flexor pollicis longus

Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane

Palmar surface of distal phalanx of thumb

Pronator quadratus

Distal anterior surface of ulna

Distal anterior surface of radius

Deep group

Superficial group

Pronator teres

Innervation

Median nerve (C6, C7)

Function

Elbow joint: Forearm flexion; Proximal radioulnar joint: Forearm pronation

Wrist joint: Wrist flexion, Wrist abduction

Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) (C7, C8)

Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1: Thumb flexion Proximal radioulnar joint: Forearm pronation

Posterior compartment muscles

Deep group

Superficial group

Radial group

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Origin

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, Lateral intermuscular septum of arm

Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum

Insertion

Innervation

Elbow joint: Forearm flexion (when semi pronated)

(Proximal to) Styloid process of radius Posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 2

Radial Nerve (C5- C8)

Posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 3 Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)

Extensor digiti minimi

Function

Wrist joints: Hand extension, Hand abduction (radial deviation)

Extensor expansions of digits 2-5

Metacarpophalangeal / Interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger extension

Extensor expansion of digit 5

Metacarpophalangeal joint 5: Finger extension

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, Posterior border of the ulna

Base of metacarpal bone 5

Wrist joint: Hand extension and adduction

Supinator

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, Radial collateral ligament, Anular ligament, Supinator crest of ulna

Lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius

Proximal radioulnar joint: Forearm supination

Abductor pollicis longus

Posterior surface of proximal half of radius, ulna and interosseus membrane

Base of metacarpal bone 1, (Trapezium Bone)

Radiocarpal joint: Hand abduction (radial deviation); Carpometacarpal joint of thumb: Thumb abduction and extension

Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor pollicis longus

Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseus membrane

Posterior aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb

Wrist joints: Weak hand extension Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint of thumb: Thumb extension

Extensor pollicis brevis

Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseus membrane

Posterior aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Carpometacarpal and Metacarpophalangeal joint 1: Thumb extension

Extensor expansion of index finger

Wrist joints: Weak hand extension Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of index finger: Finger extension

Extensor indicis

Posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseus membrane

Hand muscles

Thenar muscles

Origin

Insertion

Opponens pollicis

Tubercle of trapezium bone, Flexor retinaculum

Radial border of metacarpal bone 1

Abductor pollicis brevis

Tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium bones, Flexor retinaculum Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx 1 (via radial sesamoid bone)

Innervation

Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Function Carpometacarpal joint 1: Thumb opposition Carpometacarpal joint 1: Thumb abduction

Superficial head: Recurrent branch of median nerve Deep head: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint 1: Thumb flexion

Flexor pollicis brevis

Superficial head: Flexor retinaculum, Tubercle of trapezium bone Deep head: Trapezoid and capitate bones

Adductor pollicis

Transverse head: Palmar base of metacarpal bone 3 Oblique head: Capitate bone, Palmar bases of metacarpal bones 2 & 3

Medial base of proximal phalanx 1 (via ulnar sesamoid bone)

Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Carpometacarpal joint 1: Thumb adduction

Hypothenar muscles

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Abductor digiti minimi

Pisiform bone (Pisohamate ligament, Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris)

Ulnar side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 5, Extensor expansion of digit 5

Flexor digiti minimi

Base of proximal phalanx of digit 5

Metacarpophalangeal joint 5: Finger abduction and flexion; Interphalangeal joints: Finger extension Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Hook of hamate, Flexor retinaculum Opponens digiti minimi

Metacarpophalangeal joint 5: Finger flexion (+ Finger lateral rotation/opposition) Carpometacarpal joint 5: Finger flexion, Finger lateral rotation/opposition

Ulnar aspect of metacarpal bone 5

Palmaris brevis

Palmar aponeurosis, Flexor retinaculum

Dermis of skin of hypothenar region

Superficial branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Tightens palmar aponeurosis, Tightens grip

Metacarpal muscles

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Lumbricals (4)

1 & 2: Radial aspects of tendons 1 & 2 of flexor digitorum profundus; 3 & 4: Opposing aspects of tendons 2- 4 of flexor digitorum profundus

Radial aspect of extensor expansion of digits 2-5

1 & 2: Median nerve (C8, T1)
 3 & 4: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1)

Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion; Interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger extension

Adjacent sides of metacarpal bones 1-5

1 & 2: Radial bases of proximal phalanges/extensor expansions of digits 2 & 3 3 & 4: Ulnar bases of proximal phalanges/extensor expansions of digits 3 and 4

Dorsal interossei (4)

Palmar interossei (3)

Ulnar side of metacarpal bone 2, Radial side of metacarpal bones 4 and 5

1: Ulnar base of proximal phalanx/extensor expansion of digit 2 2 & 3: Radial base of proximal phalanges/extensor expansions of digits 4 and 5

Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-4: Finger abduction, Finger flexion; Interphalangeal joints 2-4: Finger extension Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1) Metacarpophalangeal joints 2,4 & 5: Finger adduction, Finger flexion; Interphalangeal joints 2,4 & 5: Finger extension

Complete your muscle charts collection Congratulations - you’ve conquered the origins, insertions, innervations and functions of the muscles of the upper limb! But there’s still a lot of muscles to learn, so don’t stop here. The next step is to master the lower limb, trunk wall, and head and neck. Luckily, we have muscle charts on every region of the body. Click below to learn more.

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