Unbeaten Tracks in Japan: Revisiting Isabella Bird 9781898823803

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UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN REVISITING ISABELLA BIRD

Photograph of Isabella Bird in July 1880, taken at J. Moffat’s photographic studio a month after the death of her sister Henrietta [Courtesy: University of Oregon Libraries]

Unbeaten Tracks in Japan REVISITING ISABELLA BIRD —

New Abridged Edition with Notes and Commentaries [Notes and Commentaries Translated by Nicholas Pertwee]

by

Kiyonori Kanasaka KYOTO UNIVERSITY [EMERITUS]

UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN REVISITING ISABELLA BIRD NEW ABRIDGED EDITION WITH NOTES AND COMMENTARIES

By KIYONORI KANASAKA

First published 2020 by RENAISSANCE BOOKS PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP Renaissance Books is an imprint of Global Books Ltd English translation & this annotated edition © Renaissance Books, 2020 978-1-898823-79-7 (Hardback) 978-1-898823-80-3 (e-Book) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library

Introductory matter set in Bembo 11.5 on 13 & digital recasting of original text by Dataworks Printed in England by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wilts

To the memory of Sir Hugh Cortazzi, GCMG, whose enduring support and encouragement regarding my Isabella Bird studies was so much appreciated

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CONTENTS — Author’s Preface to the English Edition ix The Kanasaka Commentaries: xxv Š Background to the Publication of the Abridged Edition, 1885 xxv Š Structure of the Abridged Edition and Organization of this Annotated Edition xxx Š Treatment of Bird’s footnotes in this edition xxxiii Map of Isabella Bird’s Journeys through Japan Endpapers _________

The Original Work UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN AN ACCOUNT OF TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR INCLUDING VISITS TO THE ABORIGINES OF YEZO AND THE SHRINE OF NIKKÔ BY ISABELLA L. BIRD

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AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION —

ISABELLA BIRD AND UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN

Isabella bird, who was born in Boroughbridge in Yorkshire in 1831 and died on 7 October 1904 in Edinburgh, left her mark on all the continents except South America in the years between 1854 and 1901 and merits more attention than any other woman traveller in history. She belongs at the pinnacle of travel history, and not just among female travellers, by virtue of the long time-span of her journeys, the broad swathe of territory they covered and the huge amount of written and other work she produced about them. Her forthright opinions and the immediacy of her descriptions combine to transport the twenty-first century reader to the site of her journeys with a remarkable degree of contemporary appeal, borne out by the increasing tendency there has been to reissue the travelogues of many travellers since the 1970s. There are a considerable number of titles to choose from, it is true, but the numerous reproductions of Bird’s books is enough to attract attention in itself. Representative among these are not just Unbeaten Tracks in Japan but other works such as Six Months in the Sandwich Islands and A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains. As far as I could ascertain, more than forty publishers have reissued Unbeaten Tracks in Japan since 1971.

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THE THREE REASONS FOR PUBLISHING THIS BOOK

Why then have we published this book? There are three reasons, the first of which is that it has features absent from previous reissues that give it its own gloss; it is not just a reproduction of the original. I believe its value has been enhanced by the insertion of a large number of my translator’s notes to Bird’s text, and also through the a translation (suitably edited for an English-speaking readership) of the detailed Commentary that accompanied ‘Unbeaten Tracks in Japan – A New Translation’ (Heibonsha, 2014, ‘The New Translation’ when referred to here). But no matter how accurate a translation into Japanese of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan is, that on its own does not adequately convey to the reader the meaning latent in the original, or its topicality, for it is a work for which the numerous detailed notes that accompanied my ‘Unbeaten Tracks in Japan: the Complete Translation’ and the equally numerous but short notes that augmented the text are essential. If translator’s notes were needed to help Japanese readers of this account of travels in Japan 141 years ago, then their translation into English was all the more necessary for foreign readers. A largely similar approach has been adopted in this book with some of the detailed notes compressed as far as possible without losing their effect and complementary notes inserted in the text. I would like to think that they will be of benefit to readers. The second reason for publication is that so far publishers of reissues of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, perhaps because they did not realise that the text is from an Abridged Edition and so never appreciated the need to point it out, have produced edition after edition assuming that Bird’s journey to Japan was a journey to the world of the Ainu on the island of Hokkaido¯ by a woman acting on her own. The ordinary reader, perhaps not surprisingly, has not noticed this mistake but nor have researchers of Bird nor specialists in Bird studies. Opinions based on it have proliferated to the point where the error has x

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become embedded worldwide.1 It was, therefore, crucial that an opportunity be found fully to redress this situation. Both I and Renaissance Books thought that this publication would be the best way of setting the record straight once and for all, providing future readers and researchers with a solid and informed foundation on which they could rely. The Abridged Edition actually ‘camouflaged’ the special features of the original journey and its account when it was promoted as ‘an adventure journey to the world of the Ainu on Ezo by Isabella Bird who leapt to fame in Britain and America with the accounts of her travels in Hawaii and the Rocky Mountains’. So, what were those original special features? The answer is that in 1880, five years before the Abridged Edition appeared, a two-volume magnum opus, twice its size with 817 pages, was published. This centred on Bird’s experiences not just on Hokkaido¯ but on another trip she made, to the Kansai and Ise, and also during the fifty days she spent in Tokyo, which for Bird was also a ‘journey’. It illuminated ‘the real Japan’ based on the actual experiences of such travel in general and in detail across an unusually wide range of subjects and showed that even a woman could travel safely there. It also explored the possibilities for the spread of Christianity in Japan and made the case for how important it was that the country be Christianised; simply put, one could even classify it as a report with ramifications in the public domain. It was not just a series of personal letters sent from each destination to her sister, nor was it simply a work of travel writing. If one is to ascribe a genre to it, it fits into that of topographical writing based on the link there has to be between fieldwork and travel. The journey the book describes was definitely not one made alone by a middle-aged Englishwoman suffering from a surfeit of curiosity. It was suggested by the then Minister to Japan, Harry Parkes, and meticulously planned so as to take advantage of cooperation not just from foreign residents of Japan, but also from a whole swathe of Japanese from central government officials, via prefectural authorities, down to the local population. xi

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Isabella was fired with a sense of mission to respond to Parkes’s expectations, and all the qualities she had developed as a traveller and travel-writer were brought to bear on her task, which she completed with great success. Her employment of Ito¯, who as her servant-interpreter was indispensable for the success of her Hokkaido¯ trip, was not made on her own judgment but was the product of Parkes’s intervention. I originally put forward my views that served to dispel previous interpretations in my ‘Isabella Bird and her Journeys in Japan’ (Heibonsha, September 2014).Very provocative ideas these may have been but there was no backlash – quite the opposite, in fact, as my book attracted very favourable comment from a specialist2 on the diplomatic history of the Meiji Restoration period and an authority3 on the historical geography of modern Japan. I think this ready acceptance was forthcoming because I was not presenting theories lacking adequate support but based on a scientific evaluation of the account of the journey, accompanied by detailed notes. These notes examined Bird’s narrative in detail and my arguments were presented in the four volumes of ‘Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, the Complete Translation (herein after ‘the Complete Translation’), a work that was twice the size of Bird’s original. When my book had reached its third volume Tomiyama Takao, a well-known reviewer and scholar of English literature, went so far as to say that it would ‘no doubt rank as a masterpiece in the annals of translation in Japan’.4 My translation, rated especially highly for its notes, received the Forty-ninth Annual Publication Award of the Japan Society of Translators in the following year and based on that I think I can say that my new theory was publicly recognised in Japan. But the author of the original book was an Englishwoman so it is not enough that ‘Isabella Bird and her Journeys in Japan’ was accepted in Japan. The original has to be published in the source language, English, and the validity of my new theories discussed in a world context. So it was that my hopes materialised with the publication of Isabella Bird and Japan: A Reassessment (Renaissance Books, 2017) xii

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thanks to the support of Paul Norbury, publisher at Renaissance Books – the leading independent press in England specialising in East Asian Studies with a particular focus on Japan, and also the considerable efforts and skill of Nicholas Pertwee, the translator, whose work went beyond the bounds of mere translation. Detailed notes, an index and illustrations made this a more complete work which subsequently gained similar recognition as my original. One such honour was the receipt of the Fifty-third Annual Publications Award of the Japan Society of Translators in terms that ‘greatly valued the views of the English publishing house and its significant contribution to a reassessment of Bird and understanding between Britain and Japan by correcting misunderstandings and prejudice in Britain, all in a splendid English text’ and as ‘an unusual work that is the fruit of exchanges between different cultures’ according to Tsukuda Kensuke.5 The Japan Times, over what seemed like an unusual amount of space, published a positive review,6 and then, despite it being a translation from the original Japanese, it was also mentioned in Geographical, The Geographer and the Geographical Review, the journals respectively of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and the American Geographical Society,7 all founded in the nineteenth century and important supporters of world travel and exploration. Mary G. McDonald’s kind review in the Geographical Review was most complimentary8 and Japanese academic journals assessed in it similar terms. Readers who have read my explanations thus far may now be asking themselves why we are publishing this book using the Abridged Edition as its source work, thinking this is surely something of a contradiction. But expanding on the scope of the first reason by way of the following comments brings us to the third reason for publishing this book. First of all, as noted earlier (and also addressed in the Kanasaka Commentaries below), the two-volume work that was the original record of Bird’s trip to Japan remained in print only five years before it was replaced in 1885 by the Abridged Edition which has reached the present day via its numerous reissues that xiii

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have appeared since 1971. Its change of focus to a tale of ‘travel and adventure’ was the idea of the publisher John Murray III. Though Bird herself no doubt remained attracted to the twovolume work, she went along with the request from John Murray III and accepted the change. What emerged as a result of Bird’s skill and effort was an abridged book that was an adventure story with a touch of the romantic. It has its own appeal that differs from that of the two-volume work but still attracts readers worldwide even now. At the same time, it would be a mistake to read the Abridged Edition without being aware that the two-volume work exists. What readers want now is to be able to read the abridged edition knowing where it differs from the two-volume original and so it is necessary to show them where these differences occur. And thus the third reason for publishing the present book is that it does just that, as well as containing the very extensive notes found in the ‘New Translation’, which in many cases have been enhanced by valuable additional information supplied by translator Nicholas Pertwee.10 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO-VOLUME AND THE ABRIDGED EDITIONS AND USE OF THE TITLES IN THE PUTNAM EDITION

In summary, therefore, the two-volume edition consisted of fifty-nine Letters (seventy-three if one includes the ‘Continued’, ‘Completed’ and ‘Concluded’ add-ons), six Notes (i.e. Notes on Missions in Niigata, Notes on Food and Cookery, Notes on Yezo, Notes on Tôkiyô, Notes on Tôkiyô – (Concluded) and Notes on the Isé Shrines), four Itineraries, a Preface, a Glossary of Japanese Words, an Introductory Chapter, a Chapter on Japanese Public Affairs and then four Appendices namely, A) Aino Words taken down at Biratori and Usu, Yezo, B) Notes on Shintô, C) Tables of the Estimated Revenue and Expenditure for the Financial Year 1879–80 and D) Foreign Trade, together with an Index and a Map of Japan.The Abridged Edition on the other hand has completely done away xiv

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with the six Notes and the four Appendices, and also the Glossary of Japanese Words, the Introductory Chapter, a Chapter on Japanese Public Affairs and the Map of Japan. This process has reduced it to forty-four Letters (fifty-six if their ‘Continued’, ‘Completed’ and ‘Concluded’ additions are counted in) and three Itineraries. The Introductory Chapter and the final chapter (A Chapter on Japanese Public Affairs) – elements that could not be left out of an official report – have been removed, as have the six Notes that were nicely inserted between the Letters to add ‘weight’ to the original two-volume edition in its function as a report. The three Appendices in tabular form, Bird’s own compilation of Ainu words, Revenue and Expenditure, and Foreign Trade as well as Notes on Shintô, were also taken out. The reason for these deletions is that the thrust of the book was changed to being ‘a tale of travel and adventure’ to the island of Hokkaido¯. Letters LI to LVIII have been deleted because the whole of the section that dealt with her visits to the Kansai and the Ise Shrines has been omitted. The deletion of the Map of Japan simply reflects the fact that the book was now to be just an account of Bird’s visit to Hokkaido¯. It should also be pointed out that while the Letters as they appear in the Abridged Edition have consecutive numbers, they are, in fact, not consecutive in terms of the two-volume complete edition. Furthermore, even where Letters in the Abridged Edition have not been left out, there are only seventeen (twenty if restricted to the original text) out of the fifty-six that keep to exactly the same contents as the ones in the two-volume edition, while in thirty-nine of the Letters partial excisions have been made. Working just at paragraph level was not enough for Bird for she went to the very heart of each and was responsible even for partial deletions to reduce the book’s size. It is not necessary to go into great detail about these changes here but with the Abridged Edition having emerged as a complete work in its own right, its readers should be aware that there have been deletions to a greater or lesser degree in some seventy per-cent of the Letters. xv

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I hope that what I have written so far will have explained the three reasons for publishing this book clearly enough. I will now add a few words about the sales of the book in the United States. Most of the books that John Murray published for Bird were also published by G.P. Putnam’s Sons in New York. In the case of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan where John Murray identified the Letters just by their numbers the Putnam edition changed this not just by omitting the numbers but highlighting their contents by way of headings. As it makes it much clearer if both words and numbers rather than just a number are used, I have used both – first in my ‘Complete Translation’ and then in my ‘New Translation’. This approach has been successful and was well received. I have therefore followed the same practice in this book too. I must leave it to the reader to determine the usefulness of the notes, and so I will restrict myself here to saying that they cover a very wide range of subjects, and I would ask the reader always to bear in mind the ‘Principles of reading a travelogue’ which are based from the start on an understanding of the underlying journey itself, the people who made it, the places they travelled to and the period when it took place, and to realise that they are based on my efforts to act as an interlocutor between different cultures. I found, for instance, that Bird used many biblical references in her narrative and regarded them as very meaningful in the context of her journey; I was already conscious of this when I did my ‘Complete Translation’ and I also used the idea in the ‘New Translation’. Many of the readers of this book are likely to come from a Judaeo-Christian background and thus may regard such references as self-explanatory; however, I hope they will understand that I have taken a particular interest in this aspect because of the book’s intended worldwide readership. THE FURTHER SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS BOOK

Next, I will address four further points of significance regarding this book. The first relates to its cover. The lower righthand part of the image at its centre has been outlined in a xvi

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pale, delicate colour with which the title has been matched in order to make the image at its centre stand out. I regard this as ground-breaking because this is the original cover whose central image was reduced in 1885 to ninety-seven per-cent of the two-volume edition’s format and used in that form on the Abridged Edition’s cover; of the seven copies that I have in my possession it is also the most atmospheric. John Murray III kept the original two-volume book’s cover design for the Abridged Edition as he wanted it to replace the former; this design was still being used for the 1893 edition. But its run came to an end with the publication of the Popular Edition a year after Bird’s death. So the cover of the first Abridged Edition would not have been used for the 1911 cheap edition which had even dropped the wording ‘Popular Edition’, despite the fact that this was the second edition of the Popular Edition, and yet this is the one that has been the source book for the various reissues made after 1971. It is not just because John Murray III used the same cover when changing from the 1880 two-volume book to the 1885 Abridged Edition that the publisher and I concerned ourselves with a design that appears on the cover of this book after an absence of 125 years. It is also because the cover itself is a splendid piece of work that matches its contents. And that is not all. It has, in addition, a beauty and a depth that conveys a completely different atmosphere from the already magnificent cover with its intricate workmanship that adorns the two-volume work by J. Reed entitled Japan11 that was also published by John Murray immediately before Bird’s two-volume work, and was compared to it not just by Bird but by Parkes and Satow too, and was rated highly by all of them. Furthermore, virtually none of the antiquarian bookshops anywhere in the world that sell the 1880 original edition of Bird’s book realise quite how accomplished this cover is for they write that the circular shape that is drawn so as almost to float just below the centre is the sun, and my searches have found that even the one seller to call it correctly a ‘gilt moon’ also referred to a ‘black oriental tree’ for ‘bamboo’. xvii

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The background has been put in deep green while the bamboo that Bird mentions frequently in her narrative for its beauty is in charcoal black. In the background the sphere of the full moon is pictured as floating in the sky (as described by Isabella Bird herself ) while the title is picked out in gold with an intensity only slightly less, all of which goes to make up a design that portrays the true Japan and is fully in keeping with the tone of Bird’s book. Even some antiquarian bookshops that deal with Unbeaten Tracks in Japan confuse the full moon with the sun. Such misunderstanding is similar to the misplaced notion of publishers who use, incongruously, the illustration of mounted warriors at the Battle of the River Uji in 1184, 700 years before Bird’s visit to Japan in 1878, for the cover of their reproductions of her book. The second significant point to be noted is the clarity of the illustrations in this book, being superior to any other reproduction. For Bird whose stock in trade it is to write with a sense of immediacy, she started off with travelogues without any illustrations but then starting with her book on Hawaii she used copperplates, and in her later work she moved on to photographs she had taken herself. With regard to this progression I thought it necessary to take the quality of the illustrations into account and I took steps to choose from the best plates among the copies in my possession to achieve this. Here, it is worth pointing out that the frontispiece image found in the original 1880 edition was engraved by Edward Whymper who was both a famous mountaineer (he was the first to conquer the Matterhorn) and well known illustrator and engraver. His best known work as an engraver include Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1891) and Among the Tibetans (1894). The fact that he contributed the frontispiece to Bird’s book more than ten years earlier is also noteworthy. The third point of significance is of direct benefit to the reader. This is the addition to this book of a detailed map of Bird’s route. When translating the original two-volume work based on the principles quoted earlier, an accurate reconstruction of her route was essential and with my geographer’s hat on, and having regard to the fact that this was the first time this had been done, I made a xviii

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composite image based on a very large number of maps and asked one of Japan’s leading cartographers Mizutani Kazuhiko to produce a scaled reduction (1:5,000,000) for inclusion in this book (as endpapers). I hope it will assist the reader towards a greater understanding of the reality of Bird’s journey – what it entailed and the achievement it represents – as well as providing essential and accurate topographical information for future reference.12 Finally, the fourth further point of significance concerns the reprinting of the complete 32-page LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY which is found at the back of the 1885 edition and reprinted here for the first time in over half a century of reprints of the work. John Murray was not only one of the UK’s (world’s) most important publishers in the nineteenth century, but his list also serves as an important resource for researching what kind of publishing was being undertaken in all fields of interest, both general knowledge and academic, at the time and not least Isabella Bird’s contributions to Murray’s extensive list of travel writers. Travelogues were once the medium via which people who were not themselves able to travel, but would have been interested to do so, made those same journeys on paper. Now, however, we live at a time when the whole world is open to travel and accounts of journeys are read after the event. I then came up with the idea of Twin Time Travel which ‘places emphasis on the time-space element of journeys made by us who live in the present overlaid on those same journeys as portrayed in travelogues of the past’ and have aimed to publicise these new-style journeys. This map, therefore, will be of benefit for Twin Time Travel. When Bird visited Japan in 1878 free movement of foreigners was restricted to an area of only 40 kilometres centred on the five open treaty ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, Niigata, Yokohama and Hakodate, and the two open cities of Tokyo and Osaka. Bird, however, was able to make multiple journeys in the interior by way of a special travel permit obtained from the Japanese government by Sir Harry Parkes, the then British Minister to Japan, which was effectively unlimited as to time and place. Bird’s journey to Hokkaido¯ alone was of 1400km on the outward and 1350km xix

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long on the return leg. The part on land of her round trip to the Kansai and the Ise Shrines was 580km, while the voyage by sea from Yokohama to Kobe amounted to another 1200km there and back. I believe that this map will be useful for readers of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan: Revisiting Isabella Bird and Isabella Bird and Japan: A Reassessment to get a proper feel for these remarkable statistics. I think it will also explain why the route of Bird’s visit to the Kansai and the Ise Shrines, omitted from the Abridged Original, is delineated differently from her trip to Hokkaido¯. *

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I was very pleased with the idea behind the sub-title Revisiting Isabella Bird that publisher Paul Norbury suggested. It chimed closely with my own thoughts – from one who not necessarily came from an English Literature background with no travel-research experience but from a geographer with a wide interest in matters natural and historical concerning this earth of ours. I would like to express my gratitude to him once again for his willingness to publish this book despite its complexity and technical challenges, and also to translator Nicholas Pertwee for taking on the work of translation again. Likewise, I wish to extend my thanks to the late Sir Hugh Cortazzi for the extensive support he always gave me for this project as envisaged by author and publisher, despite the many calls on his time. So, hard though it is to come to terms with the sad news of his death on 14 August 2018 during the preparation of this book, I hope that my continuing research into Bird’s life will be some recompense for all his kindness to me. I know that my wife Nobuko who died four years ago will be happy to see the publication of this book, along with Isabella, looking on from afar. I would like to dedicate this book to my mother who turned 100 on October 22 and teaches the importance and value of life. KANASAKA Kiyonori At my home in Higashiyama, a district of Kyoto that Bird visited 141 years ago Autumn 2019 xx

AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION

NOTES TO AUTHOR’S PREFACE 1. There are scholars whose misunderstanding has served to deflect readers’ attention from the two-volume edition, an example of this being the Japanese translation published in 1973 by Takanashi Kenkichi who, though he knew that a complete two-volume edition had been published before the abridged edition, wrongly said that ‘the characteristics of the travelogue are present in ‘Journeys in the Interior’ which leads me to believe that the single-volume edition is adequate for an assessment of its value’ (‘Journeys in the Interior of Japan’, by Isabella Bird, translated by Takanashi Kenkichi, Heibonsha). It is also common to find in Japan and elsewhere cases where, because Bird’s journey has been taken to mean the one to Hokkaido¯, it is clear that the reading matter has been the Abridged Edition, even though the two-volume edition has been cited as the source document 2. Ugai Masashi, Japanese History, No.812, 2016 3. Yuzawa Noriko, Geographical Review of Japan Series A, Vol.83-5, 2015 4. Tomiyama Takao, Mainichi Newspaper, No.46803, December 23, 2012 5. Newsletter of the Japan Society of Translators, No. 205, 2017.12. Selected and commented on by Tsukuda Kensuke 6. Dana Macalanda, ‘Off the Beaten Track with Isabella Bird’, review of Isabella Bird and Japan:A Reassessment in The Japan Times on Sunday, Vol. 57-50, December 10, 2017 7. A review appeared in Geographical Vol. 90-1, January 2018. The reviewer was Mick Herron but the RGS made the fatal mistake of captioning the photograph as being ‘A photo by Bird from her time in Japan’. In actual fact, this was a photograph that Bird took seventeen years later in Korea and is in the archives of the Society. It is not just that the RGS had no understanding of the chronology of Bird’s travels (the first time Bird took any photographs on her journeys was in Persia in 1890, twelve years after her trip to Japan) but it also shows that they could not distinguish between Japan and Korea or between Japanese and Koreans. Then, in The Geographer for Autumn 2017, the following passage was included by way of introduction to the article on my visit to the RSGS: ‘Roger Watts wrote of Professor Kanasaka’s latest book Isabella Bird and Japan: A Reassessment: “A scholarly book about Isabella’s Japanese adventures xxi

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which also contains a thorough and useful summary of her wider world travels. The author breaks new ground with well-researched views on what motivated her visit in 1878 to a Japan which was being transformed in the Meiji era”’. But this is only part of the introductory text Roger wrote for the bibliography at the back of the magazine and if the paragraph below that comes after it, which contains pertinent observations, is left out, then Roger’s true opinion simply does not come across; he is a Bird specialist and was very complimentary about my book: ‘Most people have accepted that this trip was privately arranged but Kanasaka illustrates the strong official support and assistance given by Sir Harry Parkes, Minister of the British Legation in Tokyo. He also refutes the idea that Bird’s trip was confined to Northern Japan and Hokkaido¯. Most editions of the famous book Unbeaten Tracks in Japan have omitted the original chapters covering broader areas of the country’ 8. Mary G. McDonald’s review contrasts with what the magazines in England had and the following appears on the subject of my book on the website https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ gere.12300: ‘We are fortunate to have this revealing assessment of Isabella Bird and Japan from Kyoto University geographer Kiyonori Kanasaka and his English translator Nicholas Pertwee. Professor Kanasaka distills surprises from his many years tracing Bird’s journeys and translating her works into Japanese. He asks how Isabella Bird could travel in Japan in 1878, how she could produce her 1880 Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, and how she has been a force, sometimes misapprehended, since that time. Professor Kanasaka’s persistent and detailed research helps us better understand Isabella’s own words and many dimensions of her back story’ 9. Mizoguchi Tsunetoshi’s review in Geographical Review of Japan Series A, Vol. 90-6, 2017, Aniya Masatake’s review in Chizu Jo-ho(‘Geographical Information’), Vol. 37-3, 2017, and Hirano Junpei’s review in Chigaku Zasshi (‘Journal of Geography’), Vol.127-4, 2018. 10. Bird visited the Far East again in 1894, sixteen years after her 1878 trip to Japan. She travelled extensively for something over three years through the Korean Peninsula, China and the Maritime Provinces of Russia and published Korea and Her Neighbours and The Yangtze Valley and Beyond as a result, both of them major works. Then, in connection with Japan where she had stayed for more than a year in total and made her base-camp, she used a different xxii

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publisher to bring out a New Edition which was not the Abridged Edition but a version of her original two-volume book with the minimum of deletions and the addition of fourteen photographs, products of her new skill; her having done this justifies such views of an author of this type 11. Sir Edward J. Reed, Japan: Its History, Traditions, and Religions with the Narrative of a Visit in 1879, London, John Murray, 1880 12. Map shows two routes: 1) full lines = travel to Hokkaido; 2) short broken lines = travel to Kansai and Ise

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THE KANASAKA COMMENTARIES [EDITED VERSION OF THE COMMENTARIES PUBLISHED IN THE ORIGINAL JAPANESE EDITION]

— 1: BACKGROUND TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE ABRIDGED EDITION, 1885

Why was it that the Abridged Original was published? This was in June 1885 nine months after Bird had finished working on the wide-ranging and detailed deletions as requested in 1884 by John Murray III who had planned the publication of an Abridged Original – but what was his reason for publishing it?1 And why is it that most of the replica editions are of this Abridged Original? I will set out the details based on an analysis of material I obtained during visits to John Murray’s offices in the summer of 1994. What I first need to point out is that it was very definitely not because sales of the Complete Original two-volume edition were not going well.This book was published in October 1880 with an initial print run of 4,000 copies, outstripping by far the bestselling Six Months in the Sandwich Islands with 1,250 copies sold, and the 2,500 copies sold of A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains, demonstrating a pre-publication assessment of the interest it would generate. By December 1880 three further printings had taken place, comprising 1,545 copies, 1,030 copies and 1,030 copies, making an overall total of 7,605 copies sold within three months of publication. In the following year, 1881, an additional 510 copies were printed and as of June 1881 only 213 copies were left in xxv

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stock. A further 130 copies had been sold by the end of June 1882 and fifty-six copies a year later, with only twenty-four copies remaining in stock as at the end of June 1884. In other words, Murray’s request to Bird to make deletions for the purpose of producing an Abridged Edition was made only when the Complete Original was almost completely sold out. The book received enthusiastic reviews in newspapers and magazines such as The Quarterly Review, St. James’s Gazette, The Scotsman, Athenaeum and The Contemporary Review and attracted favourable comments not just from Minister Parkes and Secretary Satow in Japan who had been so instrumental in facilitating Bird’s travels, but also from Parkes’s predecessor, Sir Rutherford Alcock, the first British Minister to Japan. From my detailed analysis of the records I found that Bird earned royalties of £1,235.8s.3d. from this one book alone and Murray’s take from it was £617.0s.1d. Self-evidently, both Bird and Murray had already benefited considerably from the sales of this book. It is, therefore, not surprising that Murray should have wanted to build on this success and broaden its market by bringing out a low-priced book of ‘travel and adventure’ that would provide a record of her journey. Attesting to this is the fact that the abridged edition was priced at just 7/6d. compared to the full two-volume version’s 24/-, while the price of the ‘cheap’ edition published in 1905 as one of ‘Murray’s Shilling Library’ titles was far cheaper still at an amazing 1/-. We now encounter Thomas Wright Blakiston, the account of whose exploration of the Yangtse Valley Murray had already published in 1862. Blakiston had lived for many years in Hakodate and his frequent journeys had made him an authority on Hokkaido¯. He had been extremely critical of Bird’s book and Murray was anxious to deflect this. My view is that this was one of the reasons for wanting to publish an abridged version and yet, self-evident as it is that major excisions would not be made simply as a response to these criticisms, one may still assume that Murray did in fact respond with the deliberate aim of crexxvi

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ating a new market by making the significant deletions needed to produce this one-volume edition. In this connection there is one other point I would like to raise in connection with Murray’s planned abridged edition and this concerns Sir Edward Reed’s Japan: Its History, Traditions, and Religions with the Narrative of a Visit in 1879, which Murray had published just before the complete Bird edition as a complement to it; this was also in two volumes, and was almost the same size as the Bird book. Compared to Bird’s two travelogues of the Sandwich Islands and Rocky Mountains published up to then, both of which were best-sellers, the two-volume edition of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan was too much of a heavyweight, however, and one can assume that Murray’s intention was to republish Bird’s original as a book of travel and adventure in Japan to bring it in line in terms of bulk with her previous two travelogues. The 1880 two-volume edition being a best-seller and having almost completely sold out is certainly sufficient basis for Murray’s having implemented this plan. The abridged edition as published is larger than both the Hawaii and Rocky Mountains travelogues it is true, but it is no coincidence that it was made only marginally smaller than the complete two-volume version, with the same cover in the well-regarded design of that edition (which we have used here in this new annotated version). On a restrained background colour of deep green, bamboos have been cleverly drawn in charcoal black and in the background just below the centre of the cover there floats a full moon picked out in gold. Above that, placed so that it does not clash with the bamboo, is the title UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN in gold letters. This is a pleasing design that symbolises the traditional Japan and it would surely have attracted people’s attention. It is important to note that the name changed later and in connection with this, what I call the single-volume Abridged Original was first published as the ‘New Edition, Abridged’. John Murray then continued publishing this abridged edition xxvii

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which is no doubt the reason why since 1971, which was when replica editions of the original began to emerge, all of them use it as their source work. The first print run of the Abridged Edition in 1885 comprised 1,030 copies and then in both 1888 and 1893 750 copies were printed. But the copies printed in those two years had the New Edition, Abridged notation changed to Third Edition and Fourth Edition respectively, while the edition published in 1905, the year after Bird’s death, was called the Popular Edition. The cheap editions of 1905/07 and 1911 omitted this description, as they did the ‘September, 1880’ part of the ‘ISABELLA L. BIRD September, 1880’ valediction that appeared at the end of the Preface to the Complete Original. This was nearly enough to give readers the mistaken idea that this book was the original form of the Japan travelogue and it was also responsible for firmly instilling the view that the first Abridged Original was the source work. These changes also corresponded to changes in binding. The attractive binding of the 1885 ‘New Edition, Abridged’ was used until the Fourth Edition appeared in 1893, the year after John Murray III’s death when his role as publisher was assumed by the fourth generation member of the family, but in the Popular Edition of 1905 the cover was blank, though in a somewhat similar shade of green, while on the decorated spine the letters of the wording UNBEATEN TRACKS IN JAPAN, BISHOP and JOHN MURRAY and the abbreviations FRGS, FRSGS and OSP for the three titles that Bird enjoyed as a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and an honorary member of the Oriental Society of Pekin printed in attractive gold letters. Where the smaller cheap edition is concerned, the background is reddish and blank while on the spine just the John Murray logo appears. With this, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan was brought down to a similar size as her Hawaiian and Rocky Mountains travelogues, and so after her death, with her interests no longer having a bearing, a new chapter was opened. xxviii

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After 1895 there are no records of numbers printed but in that year 100 copies were produced, and the same number also in 1894 and 1896. There were then 75 in 1897, 100 in 1898, 20 in 1899, 50 in 1900, 75 in 1901 and 100 in 1903, with another 956 in 1905, from which we can establish that the copies printed in 1893 had been sold by 1903, that in 1905 the printing of the cheap edition took place with 956 copies being produced, and that later, up to 1925, a total of 8,396 copies were printed on nine different occasions. John Murray III’s plan to develop a new readership by publishing a ‘travel and adventure book’ succeeded and this plan was passed on to his son, John Murray IV. At the risk of repeating myself, the Abridged Original taking the place of the Complete Original caused it to be fixed as the account of Bird’s visit to Japan with the result that the situation was misunderstood and has been recycled worldwide by way of the facsimile editions. But we also need to reflect on the signs that Bird herself regarded the complete version as being her account of her trip to Japan. During her Far East journeys from 1894 to 1897 she thought that she would like to bring out a book on Japan, a country she exchanged for her own for more than a year in total and used as her base, and when this was published not by Murray but by George Newnes she used the 1880 original as her source work, not the abridged version, in an endorsement of this view.2 The term NEW EDITION as used by this book is to show that it was different from the 1885 NEW EDITION, ABRIDGED and was instead a new form of the 1880 complete original, reflecting what Bird wanted it to be.3 Kusuya writes that ‘a letter from Bird dated 24 October 1879 says that she wanted to publish a book about her time in Japan in the same sort of cheap edition as her successful Rocky Mountains book’ and adds that ‘even shortly before the publication of the first edition of the Complete Orginal, the publisher and Bird were thinking of publishing a popular edition’ but there is no evidence to be had today of a letter of this date. We know from a letter to Murray dated 29 April 1880 that the bulk xxix

unbeaten tracks in japan

of the manuscript draft that Bird had completed was sent to him not long before then from Tobermory and though Parkes only sent her the statistics on foreign trade on 17 August the figures as at July 1880 are contained in the Complete Original, making it clear that October 1879 was not ‘shortly before’ the publication of the first edition; so it is right to regard this as being a conversation about future plans (if indeed such a letter was sent). In any event, we can take it that Murray’s formal request to Bird and her carrying out the work was in the summer of 1884, and that this was Murray’s plan and not Bird’s. As I have already made clear, the Complete Original had almost sold out, albeit bringing both parties large profits, and Murray’s aim to obtain a new readership by way of an abridged edition should be given due weight. Nevertheless, it is extremely unusual that this one journey should have given rise to three different books – one the complete work, another the abridged version of it with a different ‘image’, having been reduced to half the length of the original two-volume work, and then the third version which included photographs – the new medium of expression – obtained during her stay in Japan seventeen and eighteen years later (1895 and 1896). 2: STRUCTURE OF THE ABRIDGED EDITION AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS ANNOTATED EDITION

Readers should bear in mind that the Abridged Original identifies its contents merely by numbering its letters, Letter I to Letter XLIV. In addition to making the flow of the text and the progress of the journey hard to understand there is also the problem that due to the major excisions that have been made the numbers of the letters after Letter IV are different from those in the Complete Original, making it look as though letters that do not follow on one from the other in the 1880 original actually form a progression. Just to take a random example, in the Abridged Original Letter XLIV follows Letter XLIII, but in the Complete Original they are actually xxx

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Letter XLIX and Letter LIX with the dates 21 September and 18 December. And so in this book I have put in smaller type after the letter number the number under which it appeared in the twovolume original work and I have also taken a leaf out of the Putnam edition of the original, having noticed that in place of the number of a letter they have used a title, such as Letter XXXIII (Continued.) Children’s Games, and put a number and a title, which in my case appears as Letter XXVIII (Letter XXXIII) (Continued.) Children’s Games. On close examination, it becomes painfully apparent how complicated the deletions Bird made were as a result of the request from her publisher John Murray III to make her book a single-volume work of ‘travel and adventure’ and it probably meant that she had to put aside her misgivings about how unnatural the excisions were in relation to the aim of reducing the volume of the book to less than half that of the original. One can summarise the Complete Original as follows. Bird stayed in Japan for seven months and made two journeys in that time, to the centre of Ainu life at Biratori and to the Kansai and Ise, or more correctly put she undertook a journey into the Interior. This is the basis for her travelogue. It adds topics that she thought were important to enable a British and American readership to understand what kind of a country Japan was and what kind of situation she was facing, on subjects like Tokyo, Hokkaido¯ (that she referred to as Yezo), the Ise Shrines, Shinto¯, Food and Cookery, and the current situation with regard to missionary activities. She opens her book with an Introductory Chapter that gives an outline of Japan and skilfully amplifies her account with Notes worked into the accounts of her journeying and concludes it with a chapter on Japanese Public Affairs. She also adds four Appendices to make a cohesive whole of the book. As far as the Abridged Original is concerned, parts that were not necessary in the context of its being a book of ‘travel and adventure’ were taken out, such as the Preface, Japanese xxxi

unbeaten tracks in japan

Public Affairs that brought the book to a close and six Notes. Of the four Appendices it is understandable that Appendix B ‘Notes on Shintô’, Appendix C on ‘Revenue and Expenditure’ and Appendix D on ‘Foreign Trade’ should be deleted but this extended to taking out Appendix A which was the list of Ainu words Bird herself compiled. The removal of this list, important from the point of view of a ‘travel and adventure’ book, was obviously for space reasons and because a decision had been made to take out all the appendices. But this alone did not reduce the book’s volume to less than half. It was not strictly necessary for a book of this nature to delete the whole of Bird’s second journey and it is almost certainly for these same reasons that it did and concentrated on her first. Eight letters dealing with her second journey, out of the total seventy-three including those marked ‘Continued’, ‘Completed’ and ‘Concluded’, and one telling of the time she spent in Tokyo before setting out on her second journey, were deleted. In addition, three out of the eight letters written before she left on her first journey have been completely removed, as have four out of the fifty-five that describe this first journey. There are only seventeen letters that have completely escaped deletion of the sixty-three written from her arrival in Japan up to the end of her first journey and in thirty-nine of these, though there are differences of degree, there have been partial excisions and sometimes even partial excisions within paragraphs. In looking at these figures it is interesting to note that of the eighteen letters that deal with her travels in Hokkaido¯ there is only one that has been completely deleted and only eight that have been partly removed. Nine of the Hokkaido¯ letters, fully half of the total, have suffered no deletions at all while the five on her research at Biratori have escaped unscathed. This goes to show that though her brief was to produce a book of ‘travel and adventure’ what she actually came up with was a ‘report’ that did justice to her having obtained her Interior Travel Permit and enjoyed the assistance of the Hokkaido¯ Development Commission, and not just an account of her xxxii

the kanasaka commentaries

observations. At the same time it can be seen that in terms of its structure the Abridged Original laid greater emphasis than the Complete Original on the main aim of the book being to report on the results gained from Bird’s hands-on observation at the destination of her first journey, Biratori, and deal only with her first journey by deleting the second journey in full. Bird’s Japan journey was no solitary effort but particularly on the Hokkaido¯ leg of the two trips she made while there, the other one being to the Kansai and Ise, she felt an obligation towards the help she had received and the record that she made of that trip did not consist of actual personal letters sent to her sister from her various stopping points but of reports in the form of letters. NOTES 1

2

3

In 1881, the year of her marriage, her husband suffered from blood poisoning though he then appeared to have made a temporary recovery; Bird made the deletions while she was caring for him. Fourteen photographs have been included and a new Preface has been added, while the final chapter and the three addenda of statistics have been omitted. Where this so far largely ignored book is concerned I had already drawn attention to the progress of her journeys, and particularly the importance to be attached to her Period V journeys, in my 1996 essay, translated the New Edition Preface, and provided an annotated commentary on the fourteen photographs. At the end of the preface specially written for this edition there is a rather forceful passage which recalls these thoughts and is done, I think, to make things more easily understandable.

TREATMENT OF BIRD’S FOOTNOTES IN THIS EDITION In order to avoid confusion, Bird’s original footnotes are identified in a 1 circle – thusO with the footnote itself located immediately below the last line of the text, as per the original Abridged Edition. The new footnotes sit below Bird’s footnotes. xxxiii

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