Two Studies in the Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek 9789004104600, 9004104607

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1WOSWDIES IN THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB IN CLASSICAL GREEK

MNEMOSYNE BIBLlOTHECA CLASSICA BATAVA COLl.EGERUNT J.M. BREMER • L F. JANSSEN • H. PINKSTER H. W. PLEKET , C.J. RUIJGH • P.H. SCHRIJVERS BIBUOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURAVIT C.J. RUIJGH, KLASSIEK SEMINARIUM, OUDE TURFMARKT 129, AMSTERDAM

SUPPLEMENTUM CENTESIMUM SEXAGESIMUM C.M.J. SICKING

AND

P. STORK

1WO STUDIES IN THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB IN CLASSICAL GREEK

TWO STUDIES IN THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB IN CLASSICAL GREEK BY

C.M.J. SICKING AND

P. STORK

E.J. BRILL LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KOLN 1996

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sicking, C. M. J. Two studies in the semantics of the verb in classical Greek / C.MJ. Sicking & P. Stork. p. cm. - (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum, ISSN 0 169-8958 ; 160) Contents: The synthetic perfect in classical Greek / by C.MJ. Sicking & P. Stork - Aspect choice / by C.MJ. Sicking. ISBN 9004104607 (alk. paper) I. Greek langua~Semantics. 2. Greek langua~Verb. I. Stork, Peter. II. Title. m. Series. PA427.S53 1996 485--dc20 96-18306 CIP

ISSN 0 169-8958 ISBN 90 04 I 0460 7 0 CopyrighJ 1996 by EJ. Brill, Leiden, Tu Netherlands

All rights resnv,,d. No part of tkis puhlicatum mtg he reproduud, transl.attd, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrunic, mechanical, photocopying, recording· or otlurwise, wilJiout prim written permission from tkt puhlisher. Authorizalion to photocopy items for intemal or personal use is granud by EJ. Brill prouidul that tkt appropriate fees are paid direct!, to Tu CopyrighJ Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drwt, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are suhject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

To the late M.L. Sicking-Mexjes

This book consists of two parts which, both of them, deal with the semantics of the Greek verb. For the first part, C.MJ. Sicking is solely responsible. The second part is the result of cooperation of C.MJ. Sicking and P. Stork. CMJS

PS

CONTENTS PART

I

ASPECT CHOICE TIME REFERENCE OR DISCOURSE FUNCTION? BY

C.MJ.

SICKING

Preface ............................................................................................ Purpose and Plan ............... .. .......... .............. ..................................

3 5

1.

9

HETTRICH's 'RULE' ......••.•.. .................••.........•. ..........••.....•...•...•

l. l. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.

2.

Subclauses with aorist forms ............................................ Subclauses with imperfect forms ..................................... Aorist participles .............................................................. Present participles ............................................................ Ambiguous instances? ...................................................... Problematic Instances? .................................................... 1.6.1. Instances with a negated verb ................ ....... ....... 1.6.1.1. Negated present stem verb forms .......... 1.6.1.2. Negated aorist verb forms ...................... 1.6.1.3. 'Assimilation'? ......................................... 1.6.2. 'Ambiguous' verbs? .............................................. 1.6.2.1. Verba dicendi ......................................... 1.6.2.2. Special cases? .......................................... 1.7. Summary .......................................................................... 1. 7.1. Hettrich's 'rule' reconsidered ........................... .... 1.7.2. Subclauses ............................................................. 1. 7.2.1. Some observations on the semantics of w~, EltEl(i:E) and EltEL~ ........................ 1. 7. 2. 2. Refuting states of affairs and connecting information units ...... .. .. ........... ..... .......... 1. 7.3. Participial clauses ..................................................

41 42

PosTPOSED SUBCLAUSES AND PARTICIPLES ••......••••.•••.......••..•••.•.

44

11 14 16 17 19 21 21 21 24 26 26 27 29 35 35 37 39

2.1. Postposed aorist subclauses .............................................. 44

CONTENTS

X

2.2. Postposed imperfect subclauses ...................................... 2.3. Summary .......................................................................... 2.3.1. Postposed aorist subclauses .................................. 2.3.2. Postposed imperfect subclauses ............................ 2.4. Postposed aorist participles .............................................. 2.5. Postposed present participles ........................................... 2.6. The case of EA.Jti.swv/0.nfoai; ............................................ 2.6.1. EA.Jti.swv/EA.Jti.oai;: the case of Croesus ................... 2.6.2. EA.Jti.swv/EA.Jti.oai;: remaining instances .................. 2.6.2.1. EAJti.swv: preposed ................................... 2.6.2.2. EA.Jti.swv: postposed .................................. 2.6.2.3. EAJti.oai;: preposed .................................... 2.6.2.4. EA.Jti.oai;: postposed .................................. 2.6.3. Summary .............................................................. 3.

PRELIMINARY

47 50 50 50 51 52 53 54 58 58 59 62 63 64

CONCLUSION ............. ............................................ 66

3.1. The discourse function of the contrast AS versus PS ..... 3.2. Time relationship? ........................................................... 3.3. PS and 'point of view' ..................................................... 3.3. l. Subclauses ............................................................. 3.3.2. Participles ..............................................................

66 67 70 70 72

4. A BASIC VALUE FOR AS VERSUS PS ........................................... 74 4.1. Focusfunction .................................................................. 4.2. Focus function and syntactic 'level' ................................. 4.2.1. Focus function of clause constituents and AS vs. PS 4.2.2. Aspect choice and reference ................................. 4.2.2.1. The 'Imperfect of endeavor' .................. 4.2.2.2. 'Ingressive' Aorist? ..................................

74

77 78 79 79 81

NARRATIVE ...........................................

83

5.1. Periander and Lycophron ............................................... 5.1. l. 'Historical Present' ............................................... 5.1.2. Aorist main verbs ................................................. 5.1.3. Imperfect main verbs ............................................ 5.1.4. Preposed Aorist subordinate clauses .................... 5.1.5. The complete story ...............................................

83 85 85 86 86 88

5. URGER

STRETCHES

OF

6.

CONTENTS

XI

5.2. Gyges and the wife of Candaules .................................... 5.2 .1. 'Historical Present' ............................................... 5.2.2. Aorist main verbs ................................................. 5.2.3. Preposed Aorist subordinate clauses .................... 5.2.4. Imperfect main verbs ............................................ 5.2.5. Summary .............................................................. 5.3. Thucydides: Harmodius and Aristogeiton ...................... 5.3.l. Summary ..............................................................

90 91 92 92 93 93 94 101

FINAL CONCLUSION ....................................................................

103

6.1. Final conclusion illustrated .. ........ ...... ....... .. ... .... ......... .. ... 104

7.

OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER CONSTRUCTION TYPES .....................

106

7.1. 'Dynamic' Infinitive ......................................................... 7.1.1. 'Geography' etc. ................................................... 7.1.2. 'Ability' ................................................................. 7.1.3. 'Effect'/ 'Hinder' ...................................................

I 06 I 07 11 0 116

PART

II

THE SYNTHETIC PERFECT IN CLASSICAL GREEK BY C.MJ. SICKING AND

P.

STORK

Preface ............................................... ............... .... ......... .. ....... ........ 121 Note on terminology ...................................................................... 124 1.

THE PROBLEM ............................................................................

125

1. 1. The so-called pC?fectum intensivum ...................................... 125 1.2. Perfect and tense .............................................................. 127 1.3. 'Parfait resultatif' ............................................................. 128

2.

PERFECT AND MIDDLE VOICE ....................................................

130

2 .1. Semantic value of the Middle Voice ..... .... ... ...... .. ..... .. ... . 131 2.2. Basic semantic value of the Perfect ................................. 136

XII 3.

CONTENfS TYPES OF SrruATION ..................................................................

138

State ................................................................................. Position ............................................................................. Process .............................................................................. Action ............................................................................... 3.4. l. 'Resultative' Perfect? ............................................

139 141 143 144 146

DIFFERENf TYPES OF PERFECT? ................................................

151

Perfect of current relevance .... ... ..... . ..... ... .. .. .... ...... .. .... ... . Perfect of persistent situation .. .... ....... ... . ... .... ...... .. .. ... ... .. . 'Emploi totalisant-iteratif' ............................................... Verbs referring to different types of Situation ................ 4.4. l. ClXO'IJW ..•..•••..•..•••.•••......•.........•...•.•.•...•....••.•.•.....•.•• 4.4.2. La tvtt~ as part of Herodotus' report of what happened 'in the fourth year'. It seems possible that u:no Kuµl3fotw l>out.w{Mvtt~ originates with a marginal gloss: one would, perhaps, have expected Herodotus to have written OtOOut.wµtvm. Cf. vn.108 1 : EOtl>ouMiJto yciQ, O)~ xut ltQOtEQOV µOL OEOl]A.Wtm. 29 Although 'substantivated' participles, strictly speaking, do not belong to the construction types dealt with in this study I have included Hettrich's instances of this type. Cf. also [37). 30 I have left out Hettrich's instance vn.40•: o:ni.o{}E ot tiiiv Lltlt(J)V ELltEtO (A)

av

ASPECT CHOICE

The D. :n:(~wv-clause owes its relevance to what comes next: it informs the reader about Artabanus' motive for yielding to Xerxes. 31 [19) liJJJJ. YO.Q µEta taiita tE XClL Alyum:ou rutOO'tClV µE'te:rcmcx EEixvucrl}m xai. (... ) ALJtEcrl}m is to specify Xerxes' motivation for cutting the canal through Mount Athos: it was mere ostentation that made Xerxes have the canal dug: he wanted to show his power so as to /,e(11)e something to be remembered by. 33 It is to be noted that all participles discussed in this section refer to durative actions. l.5. 'Ambiguous' instances? At his p. 30 f. Hettrich discusses some passages where, according to him, the context does not enable us to decide on the temporal relationship between the A- and the B-action ('wo die allgemeine Situation das zeitliche Verhaltnis beider Handlungen offenla8t'). For Hettrich's argument, these instances are of some importance: if there actually are passages where the context leaves us in doubt about the precise temporal relationship between different actions, we will actually have to rely on the verb forms themselves. Now, apart from whether, in each and every case, this kind of information is necessary or even desirable, I would contend that, in the instances discussed by Hettrich, r) there is no uncertainty whatsoever about the way the different actions relate to each other in time, and 2) the presence of PS or AS has nothing to do with time relationship. [ 23) -i:ou div E:rtEL i 1r i 1r Ae o v (B) ol oivLxEi;, ol 'lwvei; avmvijyov 34 (A) xal au-i:ol -i:ai; vfoi; E:rtL XEQUi;. wi; OE xal Cl'fl..OU Eyivovw 35 xat CJUVEµLoyov ai..i..rji..OLm, 1:6 ivl}eiJ-i:ev oux rxw a-i:Qextwi; CJUYYQT] aui:oiot Elvm ,:Lotv, Ei; :n:oMq.>T]µov bE e!;Evdxavi:ai; EXEA.EUE ,:wv UY)(tITTa bforl}m. ct:n:EA.Mv,:wv O~CltWV Evljvwv tfj(,; O'ljlLO£ EcrtE(>TJOUV. U'IJtOL ya(> EJtOQµfjcrm tolJ(,; A.UXOU£, O'IJ lt(>OtEQOV tE ltUtJOEul}m tLµW(>EOvtE(,; EXElvq, Jt(>LV ft blxa1,; boom tWV EJtOlTJOUV taUta(,; ta(,; av U1Jt0£ EA.T]tm xal, bLxmoi. (1x.93 4)

Oracles were delivered to them at Dodona and Delphi, when they consulted upon the reason of this calamity: they were told that they had acted uajustly in blinding Euenius, the guardian of the sacred flock.

It doesn't seem to make much difference whether one is prepared to follow Stein and Hude in bracketing i:ouc; JtQOt fxnv ,:wv :rtoQOµtwv (1.247)

Periander, not believing the tale, put Arion under guard, not prepared to let him go anywhere, and kept careful watch for the returning of the sailors.

[72] i:ov l>t crvvtvi:a i:oiii:o AlcrcrecrOm, XQt\µai:a µtv crll;w, txaOT]Qa xal. ol.xlmot imol>e~aµevoi; i::xw, nap ix w v :na.oav l>a:naVTJV (1.41 I) 94

Cf. note 19.

2. POSTPOSED SUBCLAUSES AND PARTICIPLES

53

Adrastus, it was I who gave you ritual purification and took you into my house, sparing no expense to entertain you.

In [74] and [75], the participial clauses convey the motive the Agent had for acting in a certain way:

[74] 'A)..uEVO 95

Section 3.3.

54

ASPECT CHOICE

furnishes relatively many instances of AS participles occupying the position before the main verb, which, characteristically, is reserved for 'clause-chaining' participles denoting 'events' and presenting these as successive steps in the narrative sequence. If we wish to account for this by something like Hettrich's 'rule', we would have to read, for instance, rtciYX,u EArti.oav'tE£ MyELv µtv w.:r10fo xai. ocpL ijxELv 01Jµµaxov El'tL'tQartEoOm hmµm ~oav -rwv EOEEw ocptwv ([99] below) in such a way that, at the moment the Babylonians are ready to grant what they are being asked, they have finished believing that the messenger is speaking the truth - which, to say the least, is unnatural. At best, we would have to assume that AS participles are to be given an 'ingressive' interpretation, 96 whereas PS participles would convey that the person involved is supposing or believing something at the moment the 'A-action' sets in. It seems, however, rather artificial to paraphrase, for instance, Kgoioov OE D. rti.oav-ra AEyELv ExE'ivov w..11-0fo EiJtE'iv ([77] below) as 'Croesus got to/began to believe that he spoke the truth and [subsequently] said ... ' rather than by something like: 'Croesus thought that he spoke the truth and said ... '. In rtaYX,U EA.rti.oavw; AEyELv µtv aAl]Ofo ([99] below) rtaYX,u seems to exclude a paraphrase like 'they began to believe/ got to believe'. 97 In order to explain these facts I will follow an observation made by EJ. Bakker, who, in an unpublished article, 98 suggests that the distribution of EArti.l;,wv and EA.rti.oa;; reflects a difference in point of view: EA.rti.~wv presenting an expectation/belief/thought from the point of view of the dramatis persona, EArti.oa;; doing so from the point of view of the narrator. I will discuss all 27 instances in Herodotus, dealing separately with the seven instances that relate to Croesus.

2.6.1. fJ..JTi,wvl f).xiaar;: the case ef Croesus [77] 'Q ~UOLAEU, Vl'JOLOl'tUL LJ'tJ'tOV OUVWVEOV'tUL

µUQlTJV, ELECJXEOOCJE, oul>aµu E). n i aa ~ µit XO'tE aywvwaµEvoi; oihw 3tUQU3tA.l]CJlwi; Kueoi; V..aan E3tL LE KoQivOLOL AEyovtm iyyu-mta toil vilv tQOJ'tOU µEtaXELQLOUL ta. J'tEQL tac; vailc;, xat tQL'ljQELc; EV KoQivOqi J'tQWtov tfjc; 'Ellcifloc; vaunriyriOfivm. (fhuc.1.13 1)

When Greece became more powerful and capital was accumulated, tyrannies were established, and, as the revenue increased, the Greeks built ships and ambition turned toward seapower. My sources tell me that the Corinthians have been the first to adopt more or less modern methods in shipbuilding, and that the first triremes ever built in Greece were laid down in Corinth.

The passage is part of Thucydides' extensive justification of his belief that the Peloponnesian war was the greatest disturbance in the history of the Greeks (1.1 2). The italicized verb forms are not to be read as self-contained statements: xa'IHoi:avi:o, E~'IJQ1:UEW and avi:Etxovi:o, together, lead up to what is presented as a major turning point in the development Thucydides is describing (rcQW1:0L bE KoQi.vlhm) - highlighted later on by a Historical Present (1.13 4 : vauµaxia 1:E rcaA.am'nlJ ci.>v toµEv y i y v £ r a i KoQLv0iwv rcQoc; KEQXUQaiouc;), that reports the fact that the battle between the Corinthians and the Corcyreans was the first veritable naval battle on record. We could, without any consequences for the factual content, or the chronology, of the passage, substitute AS for the italicized verb forms. Doing so, however, would transform into a sequence of factual statements what is meant to be part of an argument that is to substantiate Thucydides' belief by showing that large scale war operations only became possible when certain conditions were fulfilled. 148 147 The change of construction from an absolute genitive to EA.1]0EL et\sai; V:,r E () /3 fi Va L O notaµoi; taUtn' ,clvbuvoi; no.on Meµ(J)L lCatalCA.Ucrlnjval EotL. (11.99 3)

To this day the elbow which the Nile forms here, where it is forced into its new channel, is most carefully watched by the Persians, who strengthen the dam every year; for should the river burst through it and overflow, all Memphis is in danger of drowning. Both Q'll~ai; and 1J1tEQl3fjvm have focus function. As Stork (72) rightly observes, El t0EA110EL Q'll~ai; 1J1tEQl3fjvm 6 xomµoi; is virtually equivalent to "'fiv Q'll~ai; 1J1tEQl3ft 6 xomµoi; - which makes still more clear that, in the El-clause, the verb forms have focus function (note that the word order differs from that in [130]): the Persians are watching this part of the river because they fear that the river will burst the dam and overflow. [131] EOtL be a.no tfji; 11.lµVT]i; tfji; Maujnboi; EnL umv notaµov xat Ei; K611.xoui; tQLtjxovta 71µEQEwv Eu~wvqi M6i;, tx be tfji; Ko11.xlboi; ou no11.11.ov V:,r E () /3 fi Vat Ei; tfjv MT]bLxtjv, 6.U' EV to bLct µfoou Et>voi; autwv EotL, La.onELQEi;, touto be naQaµEL~oµEVOLOL dvm EV tft MT]bL,cft. OU µEvtOL OL YE Ixut>m t0Ut1] EOE~a/1.0V, a.A.A.Cl n'Jv xatunEQt>E Mov nOAA(jl µaXQOtEQTJV ElCtQ01tOµEVOL, EV bEsLft EXOvtEi; to Kauxa.OLOV OQOi;. (1.w4 1)

From the sea of Azov to the Phasis and the Colchians is a thirty days' journey for a light traveller; from the Colchians it is an easy matter to cross into Media; there is but one nation between, the Saspires: to pass these is to be in Media. Nevertheless it was not by this way that the Scythians entered; they turned aside and came by the upper and much longer road, having on their right the Caucasian mountains.

7.

OTIIER CONSTRUCTION TYPES

rog

[132] i:fi bt EAflXLE CJtELVOV xal XlJXA.OtEQEE oihw bTj tL A.EyEtm we; tac; XOQUExotE yaQ autac; l:moA.El1tELV VEQWV. tCltltCl A.Eyovtwv amutEELV YUQ tOV 'Abdµavtov, atm; tabE A.EyEtV' w; autoi. olol tE ElEv ayoµEVOI. 0µ1]QOL aJI' 0 {} V ri a XE L v, f)v µl] vtxwvtES q>alvwvtm ol "Ell1]VE£. (vm.943)

They told him that they were willing to be taken hostage and to die, if the Greeks were found not to have won the battle. The Corinthian captain Adimantus is hailed by the crew of a phantom-ship who tell him to turn back to the battle-scene because the 153

ttle.

:n:oliEoi}m is PS, since the issue is not wluthn- but whn-e there is going to be a ba-

112

ASPECT CHOICE

Greeks are sure to win. On his not believing them, they asseverate that they would be willing to be taken hostage and die if their prediction should tum out to be false. PS is appropriate since AS would have made olot 'tE foµEv (... ) *cmo0avE'iv into a self-contained statement, which it is not: their willingness to die is subject to the condition of the Greeks eventually not winning the battle. Accordingly, the conditional clause is placed after and not before cb; avi:ot . . . a:n:oOvnoxELV. [141] O.V0QE£ ovi; Kaµ~ucrn aitexi>otto. o M •Aµami; tfi l'>waµL tWV TIEQOEWV axMµevoi; xal oilvm O'UtE (J V ~ a a at} a t. (III.I 2)

a

It was this grudge that made the Egyptian suggest to Cambyses that he should ask for Amasis' daughter in marriage, knowing that consent would cause the Egyptian king personal distress, and that refusal would embroil him with Cambyses. Amasis, who regretted the power of Persia and was afraid, found himself unable to say either yes or no. Focus function is to be assigned both to c'>ouvm and to aevr\oacrl}m, if only because there are no other candidates to fill the part.

154

Powell's edition has µT\.

II6

ASPECT CHOICE

7.1.3. 'Effect'/ 'Hinder' Stork's instances of this category are the following: [151] noewoµtvqi OE mfrrn A.fovtei; ol hdhjxavto tjjoL onocpiat>at 1:0LOL nteanm, A.Eywv tafie· (m.145 2)

Maeandrius, on being told of this, sent word to have his brother taken out of gaol and brought to him. The moment he arrived he began with much violence and abusive language to urge Maeandrius to set upon the Persians. Maeandrius' has professed himself willing to let the Persians restore the exiled Syloson. His brother now urges him not to tolerate this, but to attack the Persians. [ 153] tEWS µev firj ocpL ~v aeOµm ES aA.A.rjA.ous, Ertma OE ti; 1:0\Jt:; OouA.ous ~A.OE aviJe KA.tavfieoi;, ytvos EWV LyaA.eui; art' 'AexafiLT]£" oiJtoc; i:ouc; fiouA.ouc; avtyvwoe f Jr t {}Ea{} a L ,:01,0L OEOJ'tOtTICJL, EX ,:OlJtOU OE J'tOAEµoc; ocpL ~v Ertl xe EXCltEQOV axouou,;. (vm.6oA)

It is now in your power to save Greece, if you take my advice and engage the enemy's fleet here, in Salamis, instead of withdrawing to the Isthmus. Themistocles is focussing, not on whether to fight or not to fight the Persians, but on the right place to engage their fleet. [156] tOtE 8EµLOtoXA.Ef1£ aveyvwoE 'Ai}rivuiou,; tij,; 0LULQEOLO£ mui:ri,; nuuouµevou,; vfo,; toutwv twv XQriµci.twv Jr o t 1 a a a{} at OLflXOoiu,; t,; tov :noAEµov, tov :rt(>O£ AtyLVY\tu,; Ai.ywv. (vn.144n)

On that occasion, Themistocles persuaded them to give up the idea of distributing the money, and, to spend it on the construction of two hundred warships. Substituting JtoLEiaOm for JtoL'ljoaaOm would limit the focus to the ships as such. But Themistocles is contrasting just handing out the money with using it for building a fleet. [157] 6 OE cb,; EoXE t11V ClQX1JV, tou,; Mtjoou,; 11vci.yxuoE EV 3lOALoµu Jrot1xul toiito nEQLITTEU.ovtu,; twv wJ..wv ~ooov emµEAEa0m. (1.98 3)

a a a{} at

Once firmly on the throne, Deioces put pressure on the Medes to build a single city and to fortify it more strongly than all the rest. The instance is comparable to [156]. The expressions avayLyvwoxw / avayxa~w + infinitive can, from a viewpoint of semantic content, be compared to an Imperative in direct speech. *JtotEiaOE EV Jt0Atoµa would be appropriate if the Medes either were engaged already in building a city ('go on making one single city'), or were just being invited to execute an order they already have been given at an earlier moment. AS, however, is the idiomatic way for saying: 'I order you to make one single city'. 155 As to the PS infinitive EJtLµEAECJ"Om: it is appropriate since Ecbatana as an object of special care is contrasted with other cities. So one may, perhaps, rewrite Deioces' order as: *JtmrioaµEvot EV Jt0Atoµa i:ovi:ov EJtLµEAECJ"OE µMAOV ft ,:&v wJ..wv JtOALOµa,:wv.

155 For the imperative see Sicking 1991, 156 ff.: 'With reference to the imperative we may speak of focus function in proportion as a verb informs the person addressed as to what is expected of him or her.'

II8

ASPECT CHOICE

[158] (... ) O'UtE XQUCJOO"tEQ' aumuc; E:rtEOEi!;w 'IJEUOOµivoui; a O' aumui; EVEXWµiaoav xal. oo' Eic; fiµi'xi; i f3l a acp t/ µ 1/ aa v (Dem. L1.3) or [8] "tl yo.Q ~oukEo{}' Ei'.:rtw; "ta :rtoµ:rtn we; t :re Ea x Ev a a av, xal. ~v "twv o"tECpavwv xaOaiQEmv, ~ ~v "twv lakwv :rtoi11mv ~v xakfjv; (Dem. xxn.69) with [g] "[l yo.Q ~OUA.Eoi}' Ei'.:rtw; "[Ec>al]µEvoi; ~ c>Ec>awi;). Following up a suggestion by Meillet he concludes from this that morphological considerations have been at work: 'On ne pouvait batir un plus-que-parfait en ajoutant simplement a un theme *(f )mb-, abstrait de (f )mba, les desinences secon-

'° For a rather sketchy treatment of the outlines of the subject see also Comrie's chapter on 'Aspect and Voice'. 11 For a survey of the evidence for what is said in this paragraph see Chantraine 1927 and 1963. 12 We will use the term 'middle-passive' (as opposed to 'active') when referring to the morplwlogi.cal characteristics of verb forms, 'middle' c.q. 'passive' when referring to a middle or passive interpretation. " Archaic Greek shows some vestiges of what seems to have been the situation in PIE, such as µ 423: ~oo, {,Lvoi.o 'tE'tElJXWS ('made of). 14 1927, Ch. Ill: 'Introduction de la flexion moyenne.'

2. PERFECT AND MIDDLE VOICE

daires; la phonetique aurait completement defigure la forme' . 15 So the language resorted to the old flexion type we know from a series like, for instance, (Jll]OL, cpato, cpaµEvoi;. 16 Taken together, these obseivations give ground for assuming that, originally, the Perfect tense and the Middle Voice had some semantic affinity with each other, or, more precisely, that there was a certain overlap between the semantic fields which were covered by the Perfect and the Middle. This assumption can be further substantiated by the obseivation that newly created Perfect forms are predominantly Middle-Passive Perfect forms. 17 Finally, it may be relevant that Dionysius Thrax (Uhlig 49) cites ltEltlJY« and Ottcp-t>oQ« (together with EltOLlJoaµl']v and EYQ«'iJaµl']v) as instances of the category µrnotl]i;. A hypothesis regarding the basic semantic value of the Perfect therefore gains in plausibility if it will enable us to account for the semantic affinity between the Perfect and the Middle. 2. l . The semantic value of the Middle Voice Regarding the semantic content of the contrast between the Middle and Active Voices no consensus has so far been reached. 18 Among the variety of opinions, two main views can be distinguished. According to Schwyzcr-Debrunner (229), 'Das Aktiv driickt rein sachlich den nackten T atbestand des Verbalinhaltes aus, das Medium auBcr dicsem Tatbcstand noch cine besondcre Beteiligung des (iiberwiegend personlichen) Subjekts am Verbalinhalt.' Cf. Moorhouse 177: 'The middle voice underlines the participation or interest of the subject in the action or state described, or its effect on him' and Hummel 210: 'Le moyen se caracterise comme une diathese centripete ou le premier actant est directement implique par le proces.' This view is, however, open to several objections: - It seems preposterous to relegate to the semantic periphery 19 of the Middle Voice the numerous and characteristic uses of Middle verb forms for Situations involving an inanimate subject. Cf., for in., P. 57. See Chantraine 87 ff. A fine instance of the affinity between Perfect and middle-passive morphology is Xen. Cyr. vm.vii.10: uµa.s OE (... ) oii,ws t~ c.tQXiiS t:iiail\rnov, wus µEv YEQUL,tQous ltQOnµa.v, ,:fuv OE VEW1£QWV ltQ01E1tµijoOm (not: ltQOnµa.oOm). 18 The primary contrast being that between active and middle: 'das Griechische hat auf keiner Entwicklungsstufe die scharfe Anlithese Akliv : Passiv erreicht' (Schwyzer-Debrunner 238). 19 For this use of the term 'periphery' (as opposed to 'prototypical') cf., for instance, Bakker 1988. 16

17

PERFECT

stance, vfutv biJ tobE Jtijµa XllALvbEtm (A 347), xaitm EJtEQQUJOavw a.vaxwi; I XQU'tOi; rut' aOava-roto (A 529), youvma {>' EQQUJOUV'tO, JtObEi; b' UJtEQtx-ratvovw ('ljl 3), xiiµa Oai..aoOTJi; I Q'llYYU'tO ~ 67), and a case like autoi; ya.Q E [)' aµqit :rtQOCJW:rta xal aµogouv-cm, aoJtatov-cm. In these cases, the action both departs from the Agent and returns to it: the subject is the starting point as well as the terminal point of the action. 32 With situations of this type, a Middle interpretation of a Middle-Passive verb form is required when the context makes it clear that no separate Agent is involved: A.ounm, 'he/she washes him/herself as against Aounm uJto nvoi;, 'he/she is being washed by x', aoJtatov-cm 'they welcome each other' as against aoJtatov-cm uJto nvoc;, 'they are given a warm welcome by x'. There seems to be a gliding scale, extending from, e.g., vi'ljlaw b' av-coc; XE'igai; (TT 230; cf. -c 376: -cq> oE Jtoooc; vL'ljJw) - where the accusa31 Compare Hdt. 1.11 2 : w~ av µT) :navta :7tEtMµEV~ KavOUUATI wil AOt:noil ton~ 't(l µlj OE OEL (Gyges is to avoid seeing what he has no right to see) to Hdt. 11.38 1 : 'tQlxu ~v xut µlav tbT]'tllt t:nEoiloav µEAmvav, ou xul}aQOV dvm voµ!l;Et (the priest sees a black hair, whether he wants to or not). Cf. also A. Pers. 179: i'i>J..' oun :nw 'towvo' tvaQyE~ ElOOµT]v (one can not decide to have or to have not a dream) and E. Hel. 118: au'to~ yaQ oooo~ ElOOµT]v xal voil~ OQf/. (involuntarily seeing something being distinguished from consciously dealing with it). 32 Cf. Gerritsen 30.

PERFECT

tive can be interpreted as an 'accusativus respectus' - via cases such as into nooolv tb1jaaro xa11.a nEbLA.a (a 96) to EX bt xal auwl f3aivov (... ) bE'invov -r' tvwvovro XEfJWVr6 'tE aW-ona olvov (o 500) or fanovc; E~Evyvvvr' ava. O' &.Qµam nmxiX Ej3mvov (y 492). Cases which belong to the last category are considered by Schwyzer-Debrunner to be prototypical examples of the Middle. If, however, the semantic analysis advocated here is accepted, these cases are rather to be assigned to the periphery of the Middle, because in Situations of this type both a controlling Agent and a Patient are involved: the action departs from the subject, affects another participant, and at the same time returns to its initiator. It is characteristic of this group that it shows a great variety of interpretations. In a number of cases - e.g. yaµw - yaµouµm, anobi,bwµL - c'mobtboµm, aiQEW - aiQfoµm - the grammatical opposition has been 'lexicalized'. It seems, then, safe to conclude that the Middle Voice basically denotes one-place Situations which typically lack the feature 'control' by a human Agent, such as µatvE-rm 'he is mad', EyEtQE'tm, 'he wakes up', gljyvv-rm, 'it breaks'. Secondly, Middle verb forms may refer to controllable two-place Situations where no separate Patient is involved, the controlling Agent and the Patient being one and the same person (11.ounm). A Passive interpretation is required only when a separate Agent is involved - which results in a contrast between an Active expression for two-place Situations involving a (prominent) Patient ('x is washing y [not z] ') and a Passive expression for two-place Situations involving a (prominent) Agent ('.Y is being washed by x [not by z]'). It is only when controlled two-place Situations involving a separate Patient are referred to that Middle-Passive expressions are used for underlining a special participation or interest of the Agent, such as in a.no OA.lJ()EEQLa~]. Contrast oti yaQ nw ,:o[ouc; ibov ClVEQac; oubt rbwµm I OLOV TTELQ[t}oov ,:e L\Quavi:a ,:e (... ), A 262-3, where Nestor is focusing, not on himself but on the heroes of old, who, unlike the present generation, used to listen to his advice); [ w4] fon ya.Q ,:oii 'Hq>aLo,;ou ,: yru.µa tOLOL OLvLXTJLOLOL TTai:a[xotoL tµq>EQEOtatov, ,:oi,c; oL olvtxec; EV tjim nQEQE :n:oii yb.Q :n:ci:mot' civEu NEq>EAiilv ilovt' ~mi td}foom; (it is a fact of nature that you cannot have rain without seeing clouds at the same time), and Vesp. 1188: tyw ot td)EWQ1]XO :n:w:n:ot' oubaµo'L

PERFECT

possible interpretation of a Perfect referring to relative past time. As an example of this he quotes [114] tExµal{)oµm OE EX tLvoc; tvu:n:v[ou O ewvaxa oA.Lyov :n:QOtEQOV tm'.rrr1c; tfic; vuxtoc;· xal. XLVOUVEUELc; EV XULQ(!l tLVL oux EYEtQUl µE (Pl. Grit. w6-7). It is, however to be observed I) that having dream visions is a clear case of a situation which lacks the feature 'control', and 2) that, in a case like this, the Perfect reflects the speaker's intention to describe his present situation rather than to report a past experience. In any case, Slings' contention that the relative frequency of a Perfect being combined with adverbials such as vEwcn:l, o"A.lyov :ltQOtEQOV &c. supports the assumption of a 'Perfect of recent past' seems not to be borne out by the facts. Cf. for instance [115] :n:aA.m OEOoxtm tailta xou VEWa&uv, cb Ofo:n:om I fJOlov' ECJ'tLV. OU yaQ afl VEWO'tL yE I illm JtQO~ avtQU om t.oacplxovto !;tvot (E. Cycl. 251), and two of VEWITTl + Aorist participle: :n:otEQU mii..m tExouoav ij VEWITTL olj; (E. El. 653) and VEWITTL xmEA.MvtE~

(Lys. xvm.1).

PERFECT

ayaMv :1taecrrpm for denoting a present State already occurs in Homer (I 420: 1:EOaQmjXaOL 1.ao(), and 3. that XEXaQ'tEQTJ'taL ,:aµa, being a middle-passive Perfect, strictly spoken, refers to the present situation of Hippolytus' life rather than to Hippolytus himself. So we should, perhaps, not suppose that xEXaQ'tEQTJ'taL i:aµa is equivalent to *xEXaQ'tEQTJXa tyw, but rather paraphrase something like 'what has become of me is indeed, whether I wish it or not, to be described as the object of my patience: I am done with'. Even so, however, XEXaQ'tEQTJ'tm ,:aµa remains a rather recherche expression, for which it is difficult to find an exact parallel. 57 Cf. also [166] ilia j3ouA.£uou - µallov bt oubt j3ouAE1JEo0m EtL WQU ilia f3 E/3 o v). Ev a{} a i (Pl. Grit. 46-4-5) (it is no longer time to make plans, but to have them)

and [167] to yaQ j3ouA£vEo0m XEQboi; µt\yLOtOV EUQi.oxW Mv· EL yaQ ,ml EVUVtLw{)ijvai tL {MA.EL, f3 E f3 o 1H Ev-,; a i µtv oubtv ~ooov EU (Hdt. vn. 10b) (even if things go against us, that by itself does not affect the quality of our deliberations).

4.6. Summary r. The position of the Perfect in the Greek tense system is ambivalent: on the one hand, it has its own preterite and future; on the other hand, Perfect verb forms corresponding with States and Positions can easily be coordinated with Present verb forms, whereas those that correspond with Processes and Actions primarily relate to the corresponding preterite forms (cf. [r] - [g] above). 2. The Greek Perfect denotes a State of the referent of its subject. 3. Passive Perfect forms occur with transitive Positions and Actions (aEOLYTJ'tm, A.Et.E1Jt1:m). They describe a present State of a Patient, and, in the great majority of instances, if it is at all possible to identify a veritable Agent (in the sense of a person who maintains the situation involved), doing so is irrelevant for the understanding of the state of affairs that is being described. To quote one typical instance: 57 Barrett ad loc. quotes Cicero's famous l}El}lwtm and E. Or. 1203: Ei:Ql]tOL Myo~. The former, however, should not be rendered 'my life is over', but rather 'this is what must be considered to be (or: to have been) my life'. The latter is rather different, since at the moment it is said the Myo~, so to speak, is 'before us': 'my speech is as I have given it', 'see here my speech'.

4. [168]

169

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERFECT?

xal too' aµcpEQELV Mµou; ytvoLt' av o.x.-Oos OELµatootayts cpOV(!.J t(Jl :i'tQOO'OEv EAXaLvoum xal OEO'r]yµtvms (A. Cho. 841-3)

To lay this too upon the house would prove a fearful burden when it is still festering and galled by the wound inflicted by a former murder.

Since Passive situations, as far as the referent of the subject is concerned, typically lack the parameter control, it is not surprising that, in our corpus, morphologically Passive Perfect forms by far outnumber the Active forms: there is, so to speak, a natural affinity between the Passive and the Perfect as semantic categories. 4. The interpretation of Active Perfect forms vis a vis the corresponding Present or preterite forms works out in different ways, according to the type of Situation involved: a. State: a present inalterable State (ttth]AE, µtµT)vE) versus a present State that, for one reason or another, may be discontinued (OwJ.EL, µaLvEtm). The semantic contrast between a Perfect State and a Present State may come near to what may be termed a doublet, as in [ I 68]

J'tOAAOL µtv YCJ.Q tWV avOQW:l'tWV OVtES ;r). 0 V ro Va L :l'tOVl]QOL, abLxws auto. !;vlli!;aµEVOL" J'tOAAOL o' OvtES l'tUVU X.QTJotOL nQ..os

;r E ;r). o

v -r T/ x' t!;anLV1Js; ou nELfroµm. (Ar. Plut.

335-6).

In [168], apparently, a Present form has been chosen because the speaker wants to bring out the paradoxical distribution of wealth: many people, in marked contrast to their moral character, can be seen to be rich - a situation that surely will be put an end to, if only Plutus regains his eyesight (ib. 505). In [169], however, the speaker is puzzled by the rumour that Chremylus, all of a sudden, is a rich man, although one cannot imagine how he managed to win this happy state (c( 339: ClVllQ YEYEVT)tm rtAouowc;, and 346: ytyovac; 6' aAT)Owi;, we; Atyovot, rtA.ouowi;; - both referring to the same situation as rtErtA.O'\JtT)XE in [ 169]) b. Position: a present State the speaker considers inalterable by the person or entity involved (orni.YTJXE, xtxA.amm) versus a present Position that is initiated and/or maintained by an Agent (oty~, XA.ULEL). As in the case of States, it may be difficult to trace the considerations that made a speaker prefer a Perfect rather than a Present form. A case in point is [39], where Aeschines' choice of OEOLYTJXE is

170

PERFECT

inspired by his wish to ·emphasize that his opponent is to be seen as putty in the hands of those who are sponsoring him, rather than by some definite characteristic of Demosthenes' silence as such. c. Process: a present State (Ttitvr)xE, oAwAE) versus a past Process (6.nd}avE, wAETo ). d. Action: a present State (AEAOIJtE, iJbi.xl']xE) versus a past Action (EALnE, iJbi.xrioEv). 5. Perfect verbs corresponding to present States and Positions do not presuppose - nor can they in a meaningful way be said to 'result from' - any preceding Situation that is denoted by the same lexeme: when someone is described as JtEQov' fat}'

11v~11µtva (E.

Troad. 645)

(Present State corresponding with what may be termed a past Action - the implication being that the rules of decency have been consciously established).

In [172]

TTuwb'I), tl M!;w; noil not' ovt}' T/

v~ rj µ d}a;

(E. IT777)

a Middle Perfect refers to two persons who are unable to identify the place where they 'find themselves'.

5.2.4. Action

Passwe forms The overwhelming majority of Perfect forms in this group are morphologically Passive Perfect forms. 62 In many cases, the Situation referred to can hardly be termed a veritable passive situation, there 62 It is characteristic of Chantraine's view of the Perfect that this fact does not appear from his 'Lexique des mots etudies'.

PERFECT

180

being no question of a responsible Agent. 63 To quote three characteristic instances out of many: in [ 173]

xfoucm :n:OAUOUXQUV yoov XE X (JVµµ EV a

In my concealment I poured forth my lament in plenteous weeping (A. Cho. 448, transl. Weir Smyth)

and [174]

( ... ) EVEQOE bt xOovoc; XE X (JVµµ Ev' avOQW:11:0UJLV W..6.0XO>

>..£1.itw

A A AM

-

A

M•

-

-

-

-

XEXµ1]XO't(J)\I

+

+

).00)

A

AMP

+

µalvoµat

M

-

3

I xtx).11µm X£,c),1]~

5 3

lXX£X£V(J)µtva XEXQ..wy~

4

Ete1J'tal Ete1J~ AEAEtµµEV(J)V

2 5

).t).mm

2

I

2

+

-

Passive

I I XEXOOµEVOV

tx>..t>..outa3

-

Middle 4 I

+

M

>..Elooµat tx>..£1.itw Aut'Wµal tXM)\)(J)

189

DISTRIBUTION OF PERFECT FORMS

I

1 xtxtut>EV Pers. 649, Cho. 687 are transitive; xtxtut>w~ Sept. 588 is intransitive. 2 F 45m,8 = hl11oµtvo1 Elo(? 3 tx).t).oLJttv Pers. 126 sq., F 4510,53,1 are transitive. 4 F 25a,1 ttx>..t>..ouµatt.

PERFECT

Aeschylus J.&(lQyooµm µElyvuµ1 µEI.Qoµm µtµova itQOOµTJxavaoµm µ1µVl\axoµa1

-

Cb -

M

AP

+

-

-

+

PS

-

AS

Co

-

+

+

M

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

AP

A

+/-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

xci-toiba

-

-

-

-

ovvoiba olv6w otxoµa1 6Uuµa1

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+/-

+/-

M

+

-

AM M A

+ +

-

+

+

-

+

+

A

+

+

-

+

+

+/-

+/-

+

+

bcµoxt)tw µuxaoµa1 VIXCIW xm:a;tv6oµa1 oloo

M M

c'ctoUuµa1 610Uuµa1 6µµa't6w 6µwµ1 ovoµal;w 6idll;w

AM M

¥o>

AP

-

A A

-

-

+

-

xaU>Qt}ow 6Qµaw 6Qµaoµa1 l\Qvuµa1 wtOQIJ)(lVll;W

A M M

-

+ +/-

+ +/-

M

+

+/-

+

+

oimil;w

-

-

+

+

mW,.m

AP

+

+

-

-

-

1t00µa1

-

?I

?

?

:rtaOCJ

A A M

+

+

runioµa1

A A M

xdt>w xdDoµa1

A M

AP M

ntµmo XEQ(IW

AP A

A A

:rtaO)(W

1

Middle µEµaQywµtvo1

Passive 1

J.IEµEIX'tQL £1.µaQµtva

+

-

-

Active

+/-

-

+

+

+

-

+ +/-

+

+

+

+

J.IEµovc; futoAW)mw; 610AWAEV

liitW:rta

2 1 2

cpvwµtvov

5 4 1 1

dJµµa't(J)µ£VTJV oµµo,;m d>voµaaµtva1 Ol:rtAWJ.IEVTJ dJ:rttal xa'tWQi}wam QµTJµt-Yo;

1

~

F 215 txaaw = Hsch. E 4255 Latte tmiaw: t,mjaw.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1

-(J)Q(p(lVWµ£'V~ oirtaa~ ntxw.:tm XEffllAJ.IEVTJ

1

XE-EU~

1

XEXEW~

2

XEXEµ,t't(ll

1

1 1 1

2

2

xtxauµa1 xrnauµtvo1 xmo1t>a XE3t01Dwc;

1

1

~ 7tbtovl}a

1

64 16

Ol{lµTJ't..avaoµm ltM100(1) itAEx,;avaoµm ltATJOOW txtlTjoow tµit061.1;w :1to1µalvw ltOQELV ltOQi)tw 6iwt~tw ltO"tlioµa1 t:1t1:1tO'tOOµa1 ltQOOOW

6iwtQCioow xwtw mivi}avoµm QCIIVW ~yvuµa1 XO'tOQQIVOW QUl}µl.l;w (JaA.E'IJ(I)

aaaaw xa1:ao~twuµa1 ltOQOQ'tLUµaL I ;1lµx£cpQQU'tOI xtcpuxa XE~ txxE~ tµxtcpuxEv

I

XEl(VtllL

I

2 t'ljlE'UUµEVOV

I

xa'tE'ljlT]X'tOI

I

4

2 2 I

Middle

Active

liXTJyxcw.uµEVTJ f]yvLUµaL

t']blxt]xa t']bLXT]x&ra

XEcpQayµEVov 22

XEY,QT]µEVOL t'ljlE'UU~

xauaya t']yQE'UX6-rE;

I

Passive t~yydµtvo~

I

xaihjyvLU'taL

I

t'Jyel.coom

4

X OA.Oxl.l;ro aµagtavro

DISTRIBUTION OF PERFECT FORMS

AM

A AM

A

Co

+ +

+

+

+

+

I

I

t!;{iQTJµEVQL

I

lmtQ~

2

+/-

+/-

+

+

T)A.A.mroµtvouc; T)A.oxioµd}a i'jµaQTIJJ.IEVOL«;

I I

t!;Ttµd yµtvov

I

T)Vayxaoµtv~ -TJvayxaoµtv~ lxv,jA.ro'tm

2

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

p

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

A

+

+

AP -

-

+

wtQ't(l(I)

AP AP

+

+

c'ctoQtro cim:ro lxvwt'tOl tvam:ro lxQOQioxro

A AM AM -

-

-

-

AM

+

+

AM A -

+

+

•

I

2

+

+

-

I

+

-

p

6LTIQTIXE

I

I

+

+

OQLltµEro XO'tOQLltµtro

TIQTIXEVXO'tE«;

3

I I

OA.1\A.TJvtO wtTJilax{)aL

i'jµCIQ'tlJxa i'jµaQTIJxwc;

2

I 4

3

I

2

i'jµLAATJµEVllV

T)V(>Qrof.lEVOL t!;Ttv(>Qro~

I I I

I I

T)vitQOX(I)~ I XO't1JvltQµd}a I

A -

t!;TJvtA.TJXEvaL t!;TtvtA.TJxouc; 6.vroya

I I

6

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

+

T)XOQTIµaL

QQOQE

8

lxQaQ PA.{OO)((I) j3ouAEOOµaL2 PelDw ytywva YEUOJWL Y']'l)tw O'IJYY111}tw Y'1QC10XW ylyvoµaL txylyvoµaL

1 2

M A

A A

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

A A

+

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

-

A•

+

+

A• A•

I

+/-

;uµptPTJxa

2

AP

+

+

AM A

A AM

+

+

-

-

-

+

+

A A M

A A M

+

-

+·

+

+

+

AP

-

-

-

-

M

AM

-

-

A M

-

+

M

+ +

tvijQXtaL

I

;

-

i'IQ't'll~

3

t~Q't'l.lµEva;

I

xatijQX'tO -1\0XIJOaL t'i..11yµm ltEltA'IYJJEVOCi EX:n:E:n:k'lyµtvoc; -:n:E:n:k11yµtvq>

5 4 5 I

19 3 I 2 13 5 4 I

cruµ:n;E:n:Myµd}a :n:t:rw:uxa ltEWUXO't~ ltEltMJJXO'tQ

I 3 I

29 4

:n:E:n:auµtvoc;

:n:E:n:oLihx ltEltOLiltlx; :n:t1t11yE ltE1tWX(J)(; :n:tlt'tWXll ltElt'tOllClb

A

+

-

A AP M•

+

Qtl;w a:n:avtl;w LXT(XOOW

l')yxuMOµtvoc;

I

I

l')yQl.w-tm l')yQLWJ.IEVOUS l')ywvf.aµd)a

I I

£1.£aoµaL tnQµoµaL t>EO>Qtoo

Dvttaxoo

-

A

-

-

Co

+

+/-

+

+

M•

+

+

A

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+ + + + + + + + +

+

+

+

p

+/-

-

M

M

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

Middle

+

+

M p

A

Active

tl,jkut>a II I 61.EA.TjA.~ + Elou.,jkulnv 4 + t;u.,jkut>a 4 + tiw..,jkulnv I + ltEQI.EA.,jA.ut>a I + OUVEA.TjA.ulhhE~ I + I tl>Tj~ + m6,j6oxEv I + t;El,,jOOXEV I + xau6,j6oXEV I + I lCatEl>Tj~ I T)'taLQll~ + I - £1i6oxl.µTjXEV +/- TfUQl'llCa 2 I +/- OVl11JQTIXEV I +/- l;TTUQ11XEV

Passive

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

ltQOOE;Tj\lQl'IXE

l;T1UQ11't0 l;TjVQllµEVTjV

I I

Eil'tQEitLOµEVQ

I

ttT1't1'1µ£VOV ELµtvov µEt>Eitm

Dool ll>QooµaL [TjµL lrvlTjµL XQl)\TjµL µEt)\TjµL

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6. Aristophanes

PS

acpLXYiOµaL

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t!;LltOW tamµa1

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DISTRIBUTION OF PERFECT FORMS

Ch

Co

Active

+

-

-

+

+

t!;IJtlllXll'tOV

M•

+

+

fot1Jxa

tcrcwc;

avl.ataµaL

M

M•

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fot1J~ c'.rvfot1Jxa

acpLLa1 I tyuxw.uµµtvoc; 2

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ltCJQUXEXAT)µtvov I itQOOXEXATJµtva I

xaxvtl;w

-

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+

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XExwt\lLXEV

I

xa'tT)yOQtW

A

A

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xa'tT)yClQT)XEV

2

XELQW aitoXELQW 6LUXELQW XEQCIVVUµL auyXEQCIVVUµL XEQµa'tll;w XLj}6T)A£1J(J)

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ltCJQUXLV6uv£uw XLvtOJ

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acpi.yµa1 acp1y~ I 20

xat>Ecmjxam xat>EuaJnwv xat>Ecmixoc; µd)tcmJXE ltCJQtcmixa ltCJQEO'tooc;

xtXA.T)XE'V tyXEXA.TJ~

215

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M

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3

XEXCJQµtvoc; aitoXEXCJQµtvT)V 6LUXEXCJQµtvql

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A

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-

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3 XEXQUµtvoc; I auyxtXQUµaL XEXEQµa'tLOµtvov I

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XE-EUµtvoic;

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ltCJQUXEXLVbEUµtvo\l

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XEXLVT)µaL

3

XEXAUµµtvov

I

xMl;w

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-

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XA.tm:w

A

A

+

+

XEXMlYYOJ xtXA.OcpU XEXAOcpooc;

I

I 3 3

PERFECT

216

Aristophanes

PS

wl.oJ a:n:owl.oJ

A A

,ca,:ruc),,£(.o)

-

6LaXVal.oJ xai:axvil;w tyxo10llQ6oµm XOXX'IJ\,W Eloxoµil;oµm XOVUll xo:n;,:w lt..axi:t!;.w >..aµflavw 6LaAOµflavw xa,:a)..aµwflavw

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:rtEQLAOµf:lavw Aaµ:rtQWW )..avl)c'tvw t:n:i>..avlrovoµa1

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M:n;,:w

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a:rt()AQ'IJO)

Active lmoXEXAypcaµEV

XEXOXX'IJXEV

Middle I

tyXE-Wl,l£Vl'IV

I

EloXExoµwµm

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Ei.oxEX'UALXEV tyXEX'Ucproc; O'IJ'YXEX'IJCj>Oc; 'U:rtOXExtjcpaµEc;

I I I

XEXOVLl,IEVoc; XExoµµtva :rtxaµEV I 1tEQl1tE:rtAEUXOi:o,; I I 1tE1tA1JYTI tX1tE1tA.T)yµtvo,; 1tE1tAOU1:TJXE 1tE1t6T)xa 1tE1t01Jx

-

-

3

toxoQOOLOµEVO),w bw.yyf>),w 6.vayoµm

AP AM

AP AP

+

+

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+

M

M

+

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MLXtw

AP

AP

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-

-

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AM

AMP

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+

M A

M

+

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AM

+

+

alµa'too alQtw/oµaL lJ.cpaLQEOl,L(lL 6uiLQtw/oµm

-

Active

Middle

lJ.vijxtaL 6.vriyµtvm 1'6oojxa'tE 1'6LXT1X1.XTJµlve>ll;oo

+

+

+

+

EWotlu1 tx6EWotlu1

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t!;d11kt:yµtvo1

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6EooO'tll)(l\xao1v I liEOO>QOOOXl'IXO'tU I dt>taµa1 Elt>wµtvo,; OUVELDLOµEVOV Etwt>a Eloot>oo1

4 6

I

2 I

6. Lysias aµq>itwuJ.lQOµµEVOQOµµEvov (nt.a.) OR 97. aqJUITTEQ,jµEl>a [Aias 782] (conj.) (a:nEITTEQ,jµEl>a). 1tEqJTJV~ QC 328. 1tEqJTJVEV (El. 646) (itEqiuxEV). itEqJTJVOtOLXT]OE}. ril>1XT]µtvoc; Med. 221. El. 915. ril>1XT]µEVT] Med. 26. 265. El. m20. ril>x1µT]µEVT]V Andr. 350.

T)l>LXT]µEVT]c; IA 1388. ril>tXT]µEVcp (m.) Or. 584. ril>1XT]µtvo1 Med. 314. ril>1XT]µEVotc; (m.) IA 79 (M1xouµtvotc;). riDQ01oµtvou (m.) IA 87. riDQO'i.oµtvouc; IA 267. ouvljDQOLO'tat Rh. 613. xaT(lDaAWµEVTJV Tro. 6o. t'Jx1oµEVT] Med. 1130. nµmwµtVTJ Ba. 1135. TIQTJXEVQL (Rh. 330) (ELQT]XEVat}. TIQ,iµEDa El. 10og. TIQT]µtvov (m.) Ale. 1065. TIQT]µtvwv (nt.) El. 1oog. avt\QTJom EL 6o8. l>q]QTJX(E} Ba. 206. t~QTJµtvm Tro. 33. titTJQµtVTt Andr. 197. titT]Qµtvoi Andr. 705. ftoDT]µm Hipp. 1403. ftoDT]crl)(E} Ba. 6o5. t'JoDT]µtvoc; T ro. t638t. noDTJµtvov (m.) Or. 1550. T]oDT]µtvoi Rh. 671.

PERFECT

XwttJ'tTJXa Or. 678. t'Jxetf3wxou~ Hee. 1192. hl,rjAT)vtO Andr. 306. wtT)Uaxi}m Andr. 963. El. 1137. Tro. 271. Phoen. 1678. t')lliMJJ.EVO~ Hi. 943. t');l.oxloµEi)(a) Hi. 826. itµaQTI]Xa~ Ale. 616. itµaQ'tTJXE(v) Hipp. 21. 320. itµClQTI]X0'tE~ HF 1319. itµClQ'tTJXOOLV (m.) Hipp. 464. itµOQTI]µEVo~ (nt.) Tro. w28. t!;riµuyµEVOV (nt.n.) Cycl. 2og. itµtll,wtVTJv Hel. 546. t')vayxaoµtv~ Or. 904. xmT)vayxaoµEVo~ Ba. 643. xaTI]vayxaoµtvou~ (IA 395) (OUVT)VayxaoµEVou~)av,j;l.w1:m Andr. 1154. T]V0QOJµEVOL HF 42. t!;rivl>Qwµtv~ Hi. 703. t')vi)Qaxwµtvo~ Cycl. 612. xa'tTJvi)QaxwµEi)(a) Cycl. 663. t!;rivtATJXEvm Med. 79. £;T)V'tATJX0'tE£ Cycl. 282. avwya Cycl. 340. 701. avwyE (imper.) Or. 119. avwxi)L Ale. w44. avwxi)(E) HF 241. Rh. 987. t');LOJµEVOL Hi. 1175. t');LwµEVa (nt.a.) Hee. 366. t')itm,jµEi)a Andr. 435. t')itaTI]µEvOL HeL 704. t')it0QTJµm IA 537. ~mmHeL 107. aVT)µµtvov (nt.n.) (HF 35) (aVTJyµtvov). aVT)µµtvOL HF 478. aVT)µµtva (nt.a.) HF w38. tv,jµµEi)a [HF 549] (conj.) (av,jµµEi)a). 0QClQE(v) Med. 322. 414. 745. Heracl. 398. Hipp. 1ogo. Andr. 255. Or. 1330. 1571. aQClQ~ EL 948. TJQLi)µT)µEvO£ HeL 729. xa'tT)Qli)µT)'tm Tro. 872. ijQµomm Phoen. 116. ~Qµooµtva (nt.a.) HF 945· xa't,jQµooi)(o) Rh. 767. µE~QµooµEi)a Ale. 1157. ijQltOO'tO El. 1041. av,jQitamm Phoen. w79. t')Q'tT)µEVTJ Hipp. 779· 857. t')Q'tT)µEva (nt.a.) IT 74. £;T)Q't1]µEh Hi. 735. t;T)Q'tT)µEvOL Ale. 189.

t!;r]QruµEva~ Hipp. 1186. tvijQX'tm El. 1142. xa'tijQX'tm Heracl. 6o 1. 'l'JOXTJXW~ Or. 922 (toXTJX~)t'JOXTJxo1:a (m.) Hi. 872. ijOXT)OaL Ion 326. t'JOXTJµEVOL IA 83. t!;r]OXT)µEvm Rh. 922. t')'tLµaoµEV~ EL 323. Phoen. 877t')'tlµaoµEVTJ Med. 20. IA 943. t')'tLµwµEi)a Hel. 455. TJUsTJµEVTJ IA 1248. ~E~T)xa HeL 1524. ~t~axa Tro. 290. ~E~T)xa~ Phoen. w74 ~E~TJX(E)(v) Ale. 392. 767. Andr. w61. Hi. w39. w43. HF 24. 621. Tro. 617. 1145. IT 1478. Ion 749. Hel. 6o5. 1515. 1522. Phoen. 596. 861. 1322. Or. 1185. Rh. 577. ~E~x(E)(v) Ale. 394. Med. 439. Andr. 1028. HF 768. 880. Tro. 582. 582. Or. 971. 971. ~E~,jxaµEv Med. 766. Heracl. 62. ~E~am(v) Andr. w22. Hi. 1138. 1139. Tro. 835. IT 1289. HeL 1614. Rh. 689. ~E~~ Cycl. [6] (conj.) (yEyro~)- Hi. 850. HF 956. 1112. Tro. 6go. IT 1285. Phoen. 172. Ba. 646. 1223. ~E~T)XUJ~ HF 178. ~E~ax~ Heracl. 9w-11. ~E~T)XUiav HeL 617. ~E~ii>'t~ (m.) El. 453. ~E~TJX0'tO~ (m.) IA 1w3. ~E~ii>OL Or. w44. xax~E~TJx(a) [CycL 480] (480-2 deL) Med. 56. tx~E~TJX(E) Med. 229. 'µ~E~avm [Heracl. 6w] (conj.) (~E~vm). tµ~E~~ HF 164. Phoen. 2. tµ~E~ii>m (m.) Hee. 922. £µ~E~Ol'tE£ Cycl. 92. £itEµ~E~Ol'ta~ Rh. 783. tm~E~~ Tro. w78. ;uµ~E~TJXE Hel. wo7;uµ~E~aoLV Hel. 622. ~E~axxEmm Or. 835. ~E~AT)µEvov (nt.a.) IT 49. tx~E~ATJXEV Tro. 1127. £X~E~AT)µEV0£ EL 412. tx~E~AT)µEVT) Med. 512. El. wo4. Ba. 1366. tx~E~AT)µEVT)V T ro. 448. ouµ~E~A,jxaµEv El. 906.

7.

INDEX OF PERFECT FORMS: EURIPIDES

u1tEQ~E~ATJµtVT]v Ale. 153. ~Ef\a(,~C1QLi}(L} Eq. 230. Vesp. 373.l'IEOOLxtvm Nub. 1461. Vesp. 1og1. Pl. 354. l'IEOOLX~ Pax 6o7. l'IEl'I~ Eccl. 643. l'IEl'ILO'tE Pl. 448. 'Ynol'IEl'I~ Av. 65. tl'IEOOlXE~ Pl. 684. l'IEl'IEIJtVT]xa; Eccl. II 33 l'IEl'IELltVClVQL F 26o. 48o,2. l'IEOOQµEVT]v Lys. 158. l'IEl>Eyµtvo; Ach. 478. l'IEl'IEµtvOL Av. J087. l'IEl'IEµtva; Av. J083. l'IEl'IEµEVO~ Eq. 46g. lmol'IEl>Qaxcm (m.) Vesp. 13JO. l'lwl'IEl'>Qaxoi:a; Ach. 6o1. 6t00>xEV Eq. 841. tvl'ltl',roxa; Eq. 847. 1tC1Qal'ltl',roxw; Vesp. u30. ltClQQl'>Eoooi}m Eccl. 555· itQOl'IEMµd}(a) Av. 328. l'IEMxriom Vesp. 726. l'ltooxi:m Vesp. 485. Eccl. 457l'>Eooyµtvo~ (Eccl. 759) (l'IEl'ILOOyµtvo~). l'>Eooyµtvo~ (m.) Eccl. 763. 764. l'ltl>Qaxw; Eq. 1336. Vesp. 1392. Pax u99. Av. 325. Ran. 479. 1472. l'ltl>QaxE Vesp. 827. gog. 1536. Av. 13. Th. 545. 703. Pl. 868. l'IEl'>QaxaµEv Th. 519. l'IEl'>Qaxai:E Eccl. 59. l'IEl'>Qaxai:ov Pl. 429. l'IEl'>Qaxw; Eq. 823. Av. 325. l'ltl>Qmm Pax J039. l'IEl>Qaµtva (nt.a.) Eccl. 579. xmal'>El>ux~ (Vesp. 140) (xmal'IEOOLx~). imol'ltl'luxEV Vesp. 188. uno6El>ux6i:a (m.) Vesp. 182. twr\YOQEV Lys. 306. £yQT]y6QELV (1°) Eccl. 32, tyQTJy6QEOav Pl. 744 . tl;EyQtjyoQEV Av. 1413. dihoµm Eccl. 238. 265. flxaoµEoDa Av. 807. tl;nxaoµtvo; Eq. 230.

E{eyµtv~ Av. 1o85 (E{eyoµtvo~)ltEQLELQyµtvo; (Lys. 8JO) (itEQLELQyaoµtvo;). Ei'.witE Ran. 14. Eccl. 282. ElwitaoL Pax 730. dwittvm Vesp. 94. dorlh,t(a) Pax 853. El.wMi:wv (nt.) Ran. 1. tl;u.1\MIXE Nub. 1472. tl;EAT)MIX~ Nub. 828. 1471. t'Jµn6AT)xa Pax 367. fJµq>LEoµEVT] Eccl. 879. J057· t'Jµq>LEoµtvov (m.) Th. 92. t'Jµq>LEOµEVT)V Th. 840. t'Jµq>LEoµtvcp (m.) Vesp. u72. fmxa Vesp. u71. foLxa; Vesp. 1125. 13og. 1365. 1413. Av. 804. Pl. 826. F 496,2. EOLXE Ach. 240. J038-9. Nub. J034. Vesp. 495· 945- 994· 136o. 1415· Av. 265. 1340. 1417. Lys. uo6. Th. 38. 382. 687. JOJO. Ran. 6o3. Eccl. 146. Pl. 76. 862. J017. J040. J045. 1048. 1og8. 1131. F 314. F 517,2. Ei'.l;amv Nub. 341. 343. Av. 96. 383. tixELV (Av. 1298) (ElxEv}. El.xtvm Nub. 185 . tmxtvm Vesp. u42. F 663,2 Elx~ Av. 6g7. dx6i:a; Vesp. 1321. itQOOELxtvm Eccl. 1161. El'eyaom Th. 945. El'eyaoi:m Nub. 1266. Ran. J023. EieyaoD(E) Pl. 1113 (El.eyaoaoD'}. E[eyaoµtvo; Av. 1175. Ran. 1474. E[eyaoµtvov (nt.n.) Eq. 844. E[eyaoµtVT)v Ran. 1282. E[eyaoµtvO\J (m.) Pl. 355· tl;ELQyaoµtvo; Nub. 1393. fJQEihoµtvov (nt.n.) Vesp. 1104. Elo,\QQTJxw; Th. 1075. ti.,ji.uDa Eq. 682. Nub. 238. ti.r\i.uDa; Ach. 877- Eq. 613. Nub. 832. Vesp. 1139. Eccl. 978. Pl. 966. ti.r\i.uDEv Nub. 544. Ran. u64. £AT)Aui}EL Eq. I 306. l'ILEi.TJi.uD~ Pax 826. Elou.r\i.uDEV (Vesp. 139) (tl;u.,ji.uDEV}. Pax J050. Th. 657. Pl. 872. tl;Ei.1\i.uDa Pl. 965. Eccl. 331. tl;u.1\i.uDa; Lys. 707. tl;u.,ji.uDEv Eccl. 325. tnu.r\AuDEv Vesp. 636. ltEQLEA,\i.uDa Pax 958. ouvEATJAuD6u; Lys. 621.

7.

INDEX OF PERFECT FORMS: ARISTOPHANES

tOT]boxwc; Eq. 362. wtEb,\OoXEv Ran. 984. tl;Eb,\OoxEV Vesp. 925. xai:Eb,\OoXEV Vesp. 838. xai:Ebtjboxwc; Pax 386. tl;ooµt:uµtva (nt.n.) F 6o6,2. tii:a1QT1x61:oc; Pax 11. EuboxiµT]XEV Nub. w33 (ruboxlµT]oEV). TJUQTJXa Nub. 764. EUQTJXO F 684. T]UQ11µtva (nt.n.) Pl. 161. OVTJUQTJXEV Ach. 1037. ll;T]UQTJXEV Pl. 1165. ll;T]UQT]l:O Av. 1144. ll;T]UQTJµEVTJv Nub. 137. JtQOOEl;T]UQTJXE Eq. 1283. Elll:QEJtLOµtva (nt.n.) (Pl. 626) (ruJtQEJtLOµEVa). EllWJ(T]µtvov (nt.n.) Vesp. 1306. EIJWJ(TJµEVOL Lys. 1224. ll;T]l:T]µEVOV (nt.n.) (Eccl. 2) (tl;T]l:T]µtvov). avEl;TJi:T]µtvov (nt.n.) Lys. 26. liLEl;YJl:TJX(a) Eq. 1292. liLEl;T]l:T]µtvou; Th. 439· JtEQLEl;oooµtvm Av. 1148. tin:Yjµd)a Nub. 1103 (tinwµEi)'). tii:1:YJµtvoc; Eq. 658 (tinwµtvoc;). td)taom Nub. 370. ,:El}EQµGJo-Dm (Lys. 1079) (ih'jQµGJo-Dm). ,:d)EwQTJxa Vesp. 1188. i:tih-T]xE Th. 876. 883. 885. Ran. 986. tmavm Ran. l0l2. t~xtvm Pax 375. Ran. 613. i:mEwc; Av. 476. ,:~xom (m.) Ran. 171. 1476. i:mEwi:a (m.) F 6g6,3. ,:~x6t0c; (m.) Ran. 67. 1:mEwt0c; (m.) Nub. 782. 838. Ran. I028. 1140. ,:~xotEt; F 720. nih-T]xotoov (m.) Av. w75. ,:~xoOLv (m.) Ran. 1175. ouvi:tih-T]xE Ran. 868. 86g. ,:Ei)OQu~TJXEV Ran. 768. wtol:EOQlaxEv Ach. 158. lvuOQLGJoi)m Lys. 663. tvuOuµT]i:m Eccl. 262. i:Ei)uµtaµtvoc; F 643. i:tl}ux(a) Lys. w62. nOuo-Dm Av. w34. i.l\Quµtvoc; Pl. 1192. dvtm [Ran. 133] (conj.) (Elvm, Elvm). avEii:m Nub. 955. xaOELµtvov (nt.a.) Nub. 538. µEOEii:m [Ran. 1384] (conj.) (µEi)Eii:E). [1393] (conj.) (µEOEii:E).

271

acpiyµm Th. 18o. acpixi:m Eq. 66g. Pl. 265. acpiyµt:Oa Av. 120. Th. 1098. Pl. 96o. acpixl}ov Av. 317 (acplxovO'). acpixOm Av. 320. acp1yµtvoc; Pax 130. Ran. 436. acp1yµEVTJ PL 962. acp1yµtvo101v (m.) Ran. 732. acp1yµtvoo Ran. 433. tl;LJtwxai:ov Lys. 291. EOl:TJXa Pax 1178. Th. w31. Eccl. 853. 879. EOl:T]xac; Av. 484. Pax 256. EOl:TJXEV Av. 515. 831. Eccl. 782. 852. foi:ai:(E) Pax 383. toi:iio1(v) Pax 972. Eccl. 842. F 570,3. EumjxEL Av. 513. foi:a01 Av. 206. toi:avm Pax [896a] (del. Willems). Av. 1308. Lys. 424. Ran. 538. tatwc; Eq. 6o. Nub. 415. Lys. 847. Eccl. 865. EOl:T]XU>m Lys. 322. £µitE1tQTlµEV~ Vesp. 36. 1tmroxro~ (Eccl. 948) (1tE1ttroxox;). 1tmroxotE~ Vesp. 1082.

275

txnrnroxa Ach. 1202. £µitE1tWXOtE~ (Eccl. 142) (£X1tE1tWXOtE~, £X1tE1ttWXOtE~, £µitE1tt(J)X0tE~). xata..,faroxE(v) Vesp. 1147. F 732. xataitEitrox (m.) Av. 1299. £X1tE1tA'l]yµEVou (m.) Nub. 810. tx1tE1tA'l]YµEVOL Pax 383. 1tUQU1tE1tA'l]yµtvov (m.) Lys. 831. 1tUQU1tEM1]yµiva (nt.n.) Eccl. 139. 1tE1tAO\Jtl]XE Pl. 336. 1tE1tVLYµEVOV (nt.a.) (Vesp. 511) (1tE1tl]yµEVOV). 1tE1to11xa Eq. 1321. Vesp. 561. Av. 917. 1tmo11xa; Eq. 351. Av. 1403. Ran. 744. IOIO. 1023. 1tE1tOLl]X~ F 581,15. 1tE1t01]X(E) Nub. 556. Pax 1089. Th. 764. Pl. 96g. 1tE1t01]X(E) Pax 1065. £1tE1tO,jµEita Ach. 145. 1tmoijoi>m Pax 1079. £µitE1t01]µ£Vl] (Av. 1301) (tµnovµEV'I], £µitE1tA'l]YµEV'I], £1ttEQWµEV1]). 1tE1tOV1]Xa Pax 820. Cl.1t01tE1tOVl]XU; Th. 245. 1tE1tOt"l]tm Nub. 319.

PERFECT

;i:rn:otijoi}m Av. 1445. mbtQayac; Eq. 683. itEJtQayE Lys. 462. Pl. 633. JtEJtQayaµEV Pax 1255. Ran. 302. itEJtQV I.I 10.4 (yEyovo,:rov). 2.5. 3.24.3. 3.110.1. 4.101.1. 7.15.1. 8.109.1.

2 79

yEyEVT)µEVaL; 7.80.1. 8.27.3. 8,106.5. YEYEVTJµEVO~ 1.93.3. 3.58.3. 5.20.3. £yEyEVT)1:0 5.5.2. 5.16.1. 5.43.3. 5.76.2. 5.80.1. 7.18.2. 7.42.2. 7.50+ 8.52. £YEYEVTJ1:0 5.14. 3. tmyEyEVT)i:aL 2.64.1. £myEy£VT)µEVT); 6.26.2. £1tEYEYEVTJ1:0 2.70.1. 8.96.2. ltEQLyEyEVijoi)m 6 , I I. 5• ltEQLYEYEVT)µEV~ 1.6g.5. ltQOYEYEVT)µEVT); 3.53.2. ltQOyEyEVT)µEVa 1.123.1. 5.20.2. ltQOYEYEVT)µEVmv 1. I. I. 1.20.1. ltQOOyEyEVT)µEVOU 8.2.3. ltQOoyEyEVT)µEVT); 7. 67. 1. ltQOoyEyEVT)µEVT)V 7.50.3. ltQOOYEYEVT)µEVWV 4.18.3. ltQOOYEYEVYJµEVo~ 6.6. 1. ltQOOYEYEVTJµtva; 1.52.2. ltQOOEYEYEVT)vtO 1.66 (1tQOUYEYEVT)vtO). tyvciJxaoLv 3.16.1. fyvmoi:m 3.38.2. tyv6Joi)m 3.36-4avEyvmxtvm 3.49-40LEyvmxo,:a; 1.69.2. oLtyvmo,:o 1.118.3. OLEyvmoµEVT)v 3.53.7. xai:tyvmxow; 6.34.8. xai:Eyvmxoi:rov 7.51.1. YEYQQ(f)E 5.26. I. ytyQaiti:m 2.1. 5.20.3. 5.24.2. 6.55.1. 6.55.2. yEyQaqii}m 5.29.2. yEyQQµµtvov 5.56.2. yEyQQµµtvwv 4.50.2. tytyQait1:0 5.29.2. avtEYEYQaiti:o 1.129.2. tyyEyQaµµtvov 1.132.5. OEOOLXQ 1.81.6. 6.38.2. OEOLµEV 3.53-4- 3.56.6. 3.57-4otom 4.126.3. OEOLEVQL 1.136.1. 2.72.2. 2.87-5. 3.83.3. OEOL~ 1.57-4- 2.63-2. 2.88.1. 3.33.1. 4.28.2. 4.86.3. 4.105.1. 5.8.2. 6.24+ 7.73.3. 8.57.1. 8.66.2. 8.68.3. OEOL~ 1.36.1. 2.11-40EOLO,:Q 8.52. OEOL01:E; 1.49-4- 1.52.3. 1.6o.1. 1.64.1. 1.67.1. 1.67.2. 1.119. 2.51.5. 2.76.3. 3.12.1. 3.101.2. 3.105+ 4.46-44.62.4. 5.29.1. 5.38.3. 5.50.3. 6.29.3. 6.36.2. 6.88.1. 7-71.1. 8.39.3. 0EOL01:(1)V 8.7. OEOLoi:a; 2.11.5. 2.65.9. 6.91.6. 7-75+ 7.75.7.

280

PERFECT

tliEliolxrnav 4.27.1. llitliwav 4.55.3. 5.14.2. liEliEyµEVOL 1.9.2. liEliEµEVOL 1.93.5. liEliEµtvwv 6.60.2. liEliEµtvouc; 4.47.3. futoliEliEµEVOL 3.22.2. liEli,jAWXEV 1.9-4- 1.10-4liEli,jAWtat 1.13.5. 1.40.1. 5.1. liEliT]AWµtvov 5.9.1. l!;EliElitt'ltTJtO I.I 32. 2. liEliwXE 2.40-4liEOOJXUOLV 5.11.1. liElioµEVT]V 1.26.3. llitlioto 3.1og.3. wtoliEliwxOtE~ 5. 35-4wtEliEOOJXEoav 5.35.3. lvliEliwxotE~ 8. 105. 3. tvEliEOOJXEL 5. 73. J. ltEITTT]XUiav 5.31.5. 8.107.1. U(j)EITTT]X01:E~ 1.89.2. Uq>EITTT]XULQL 4. 79.2. 8.48.5. aq>EITTTJxom 2.65.12. 4.76.5. Cl(j)EITTOOL 1.38.1. U(j)EITTQOLV 1.61. 1. aq>Emciii:a 1.61.1. 8.5.5. 8.28.3. Uq>EITTW1:E~ 4.79.2. 6.10.5. 8.14.3. Cl(j)EITTOJ1:WV 6.10.5. Clq>EITTOOL 5.38.3. Uq>ELEITTW1:E~ 4.63.1. xaDEITTT]XE 3.43.2. xaDEtmaµEv 1.32.4. 6.18.3. xaDEUOL 17-4tyyEyQa~m [13.72] (conj.) (dyyEyQaq>itm>). tyyEyQ,crpcn [16.11] (conj.) (bui,Xl]oa). xofoµT]µEvwv F 6,ii. Alb cmoi..wMxaot 19.8. cmoi..wi..Evm 2.38. 22.2. 27.8. 28.17. Ct:JtOA.WA.EXUl~ 32.29. cmoi..wi..1ha 29.5. Cl:JtOA.WA.EXOW~ F 4,i Alb. Ct:JtOA.WA.EXOlE~ 18.26. 19.33. Ct:JtOA.WW"t(l)V 33.8. :JtQOOa:JtOA.wA.EVm 12.64. 6µwµoxau w.32. 15.8. 18.13. 22.7. 6µwµoxEvm 13.21. 6µwµoxo,:a~ 15.10. wµoA.oY']XEV 12.34. wµoi..oY']µEvwv 1.21. wµOWY']lO [12.11] (conj.) (wµOWY']Oa). WVELIILXOW~ 16. 15. naQw!;uµµEvo~ 4.8. wni..toµtvm 2 .4. twQaxa 11.7. twQa.Xa"tE 12.IOO. twQax~ 1.45. I0.22. twQaxuia 1.12. btWQLOµEvov 30-4WQxfjoi}m F 110 Th.

Wq>A.tjXOL 23.3. OLOJXA.T]XE 6.6. :JtE:JtovDE 3.5. 16.8. ntnovDEV 8.3. nE:JtovDaµEv 20.35. :JtE:Jt6vDatE 12.96. 12.100. :JtE:JtovDaotv 14.42. 14.42. nE:JtovDEVm 9.20. 18.n. nE:JtovDw~ 9.7. 14.2. 25.15. :JtE:JtOvbotE~ I.I. 2.13. 12.35. 18.10. 21.25. 32.1. 32.18. nE:JtovD01:a~ 20.32. 21.22. 25.18. 34.1. :JtE:JtovDO"tCJlV 12.84. 20.8. 26.1. 32.18. :JtE:JtovDOOL 12.57. :JtE:JtovDOOLV 19.4. nrnauµm 24.6. nrnaUV"tm 16.20. :JtE:JtauµEvot 19.6. :JtE:JtELXEV 26.7. :JtE:JtELOµEV~ 12.15. :JtE:JtELQaoi}E 20.31. 20.34. :JtE:JtElQanm 27.2. :JtE:JtELQaµEVOL 5.3. :JtE:JtELQaµEvou~ 34.1. :JtE:JtQaoi}m 30.27. :JtE:JtQaµEva F 2,i Alb. EX:JtE:Jt"t(l)XO"tE~ 18.26. 32.IO. tX:JtE:Jt"t(l)XO"tCJlV 13.77. 18.9. µE"tE:JtE:Jtl:UlXEL 20.14. :JtEQL:JtE:Jt"t(l)XQ 7. I. :JtEQL:JtE:Jt"tWX~ 24.10. :JtEQL:JtEmwxo1:a I0.24. :JtE:JtLITTEUXEV 12.84. nEmrrtEuµEvou~ 19.13. txnE:JtA.T]yµEVoL 32. IO. :JtE:JtOLT]Xa 7.31. II.I. 25.7. :JtE:JtOLT]Xa~ I0.14. 22.5. 30. 19. :JtE:JtOLT]XE 6.11. 12.34. 13.83. 30.33. :JtE:JtOLT]XEV 26.23. 30.24. F 8 Th. :JtE:JtOLtjxaOL 14.42. :JtE:JtOLtjXaOLv 12.89. 14.42. 25.30. :JtE:JtOLT]XEVm 13.54. 21.8. 28.8. 32.27. :JtE:JtOLT]XUl~ 6. I I. 16.8. :JtE:JtOT]XO'ta F 6,iii. Alb. :JtE:JtOLT]XOW~ 3.38. 19.19. :JtE:JtOLT]XO"tL 14.29. :JtE:JtOLT]XO"tE~ 3.19. 3.37. 12.7. 13.92. 14.IO. 30.1. :JtE:JtOLT]XO'tQ~ 25.4. :JtE:JtOLT]XO"tWV 21.22. :JtE:JtOLT]XOOLV 21.20. :JtE:Jtotfjoi}m 3.42. [13.9IJ (conj.) ( ). :JtE:JtOLT]µEvov 13-72. :JtE:JtOtT]µEva 6. 19. 6.33. 6.44. 6.50.

7.

INDEX OF PERFECT FORMS: LYSIAS

:tEltOLt]µEVOU