Two New Gospel Fragments [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112515389, 9783112515372

Citation preview

M A T E R I A L S F O R T H E USE OF T H E O L O G I C A L L E C T U R E R S AND STUDENTS S E L E C T E D BY

HANS

LIETZMANN

31

TWO NEW GOSPEL FRAGMENTS EDITED AND

EXPLAINED

BY

H E N R Y B A R C L A Y S W E T E D. D. REGIUS PROFESSOR

OF DIVINITY

CAMBRIDGE

P R I C E 6D NET.

CAMBRIDGE DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. 1908

V E R L A G VON J. C .

B. M O H R

( P A U L SIEBECK) IN

TÜBINGEN

Handbuch zum Neuen Testament in Verbindung mit H. Gressmann E. Klostermann F. N i e b e r g a l l Ii. Radermacher P . Wendland herausgegeben von

Hans Lietzmann

Erschienen sind E r s t e Lieferung'. (Band III. D i e B r i e f e des A p o s t e l s P a u l u s Bogen i — 5 . ) A n die R ö m e r . Erklärt von H a n s L i e t z m a n n . Subskr.-Preis M. 1.35. Einzelpreis M. 1.50. Zweite L i e f e r u n g . (Band V i , Bogen 1 — 3 und V 2 Bogen 1—3.) A l l g e m e i n e Einleitung 1 zur praktischen A u s l e g u n g und praktische A u s l e g u n g zum Römerbrief. V o n F . N i e b e r g a l l . Subskr.-Preis M. i.bo Einzelpreis M. 1.80. D r i t t e und vierte L i e f e r u n g . (Band I 2.) Die hellenistischrömische K u l t u r in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum. Von P. W e n d l a n d . Mit 5 Abbildungen und 12 Tafeln. Subskr.-Preis M. 4.50. Einzelpreis M. 5.—. Gebunden M. 7 . — . F ü n f t e L i e f e r u n g . (Band III Die B r i e f e des Apostels P a u l u s Bogen 6 —11.) A n die Corinther I. Erklärt von H a n s L i e t z m a n n . Subskr.-Preis M 1.44. Einzelpreis M 1.60. Sechste (Doppel-) Lieferung. (Band II. Die E v a n g e l i e n Bogen I —10.) Markus. Unter Mitwirkung von H u g o G r e s s m a n n erklärt von E r i c h K l o s t e r m a n n . Subskr.-Preis M. 2.56. Einzelpreis M. 2.85. Siebente Lieferung. (Band V 1, Bogen 4—8.) P r a k t i s c h e A u s l e g u n g zu Markus. Von F r . N i e b e r g a l l . Subskr.-Preis M. 1.26. Einzelpreis M. 1.40. A c h t e Lieferung. (Band V 1, Bogen 9 und 10 und V 2, Bogen 4 und 5.) P r a k t i s c h e A u s l e g u n g zu M a t t h ä u s und zu I. Cor. V o n F r . N i e b e r g a l l . Subskr-Preis M. 1.08. Einzelpreis M. 1.20. Neunte Lieferung. (Bd. V 1, Bogen 1 1 — 1 4 . ) P r a k t i s c h e A u s l e g u n g zu L u k a s und Apostelgeschichte. Unter der Presse. Die in sich abgeschlossenen Lieferungen und Bände des Werkes werden einzeln abgegeben. Prospekte und Textproben stehen zur Verfügung. Übersicht über das S a m m e l w e r k : Band I : 1. Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch von L. R a d e r m a c h e r . 2. Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum von P . W e n d l a n d . 3. Die urchristlichen Literaturformen von P. W e n d l a n d . Band I I : 1 Die Synoptiker unter Mitwirkung von H. G r e s s m a n n , erklärt von E. K l o s t e r m a n n . 2. Johannesevangelium, erklärt von E, K 1 o s t e r m a n n. Band III 1. Die vier paulinischen Hauptbriefe erklärt von H . L i e t z mann. 2. Die neun übrigen paulinischen Briefe erklärt von E . K l o s t e r m a n n und H. L i e t z m a n n . Band I V : I. Die Apostelgeschichte, 2. Katholische Briefe, 3. Hebräerbrief, 4 Apokalypse, erklärt von E. K l o s t e r m a n n und H . L i e t z m a n n . Band V Praktische Auslegung des Neuen Testaments von F. N i e b e r gall. 1 Allgemeine Einleitung und praktische Auslegung zu Band II. 2. Praktische Auslegung zu Band III und I V .

M A T E R I A L S F O R T H E USE OF T H E O L O G I C A L L E C T U R E R S AND STUDENTS SELECTED BY HANS LIETZMANN 31

TWO NEW GOSPEL FRAGMENTS EDITED AND

EXPLAINED

BY

H E N R Y B A R C L A Y S W E T E D. D.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY CAMBRIDGE

P R I C E 6 D NET.

CAMBRIDGE D E I G H T O N , B E L L AND C O . 1908

I In December 1905 Dr. GRENFELL and Dr. HUNT, while digging at Oxyrhynchus, discovered a leaf of a small vellum book (8.8 X 7-4 cm) 1 ), on the recto and verso of which were 45 lines written in an uncial Greek hand of the fourth or fifth century. The fragment, which proved to be part of an uncanonical Gospel, presents several new features. The first few lines contain the conclusion of a discourse in which Jesus wams His disciples against the ways and end of malefactors. The scene is laid in Jerusalem; and, the warning ended, the Lord accompanied by His disciples enters the Temple-precincts. Here He encounters a Pharisee, one of the chief priests, who charges Him with profaning the Temple by neglecting the costumary rites of purification. In reply Jesus exposes the fallacy of trusting to external rites, and contrasts with ceremonial purifications the purity which belonged to Himself and His disciples. The teaching is substantially the same as in Mc. VII i f f . , Lc. X I 37ff., Mt. X X I I I 25 ff., but the circumstances differ, and the controversy with the Pharisees, which in the Synoptists turns upon the lustrations of daily life, enters here on the thorny ground of the Temple ritual. Does the fragment shew a competent knowledge of the Temple and its ritual? Local knowledge is claimed by the use of xi ¿Y ve0T *lP t0V (11. 8,13), ev t*j7 XtjJLvnQ xoo AaueiS (1. 25), St' ¿xepa? xXi|iaxoi; xaxeXftiuv 81' £xepa? ¿vyjXO-ov (1. 25 f.), and an acquaintance with the ritual of purification in 11. 15 ff., 25 ff., 33 f. Both claims are disputed by SCHURER, but upheld by BUCHLER (Jewish Quarterly Review, Jan. 1908), who has been answered by SCHURER (Th. Literaturzeitung, 14 March 1908); but the controversy cannot be said to have reached a settlement. Apart from this question, the fragment may with probability be assigned to the first half of the second century. The literary style is nearer to that of the Synoptists than to the Peter Gospel or the Gospels known as Apocryphal. The use of & ocux^p for 'I^oou? or 6 xupto? makes for a second century origin, and while the teaching is generally that of the ') The size seems to indicate that the book was intended for private use. Cf. Chrys. hom. de stat. X I X 4 t. II. p. 197 e Montf. cd •fovaixes xal xa itaiSia [itxpa &vxi fuXax-f]? eita'di'kia e£apxu>at xoo xpa^YjXou. 1*

4

FRAGMENT OF AN UNCANONICAL GOSPEL

Synoptic Christ, there are traces of another spirit, e. g. in the contempt with which the whole class of icopvai and oc&XtjxpiSei; is dismissed. On the other hand the fragment is free from the false rhetoric and the fables of the later romances, nor does it shew any trace of a docetic or Gnostic tendency. A t some points it reminds us of the Gospel according to the Hebrews, but its general tone and style are different; whilst the Gospel according to the Egyptians seems to have been of quite another type. On the whole, our fragment appears to belong to a Gospel hitherto unknown, and its contents may be supposed to embody traditions which were afloat in Egypt during the quarter of a century that followed the end of the Apostolic age. The present text is based on the editio princeps of GRENFELL and HUNT, and the best thanks of the editor are due to these eminent scholars and to the Council of the Egypt Exploration Fund for generous permission to make free use of their publications. Literature

( A p r i l , 1908).

B. P . GRENFELL and A . C. H U N T ( =

GH)

Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol. V (1907); Fragment of on Uncanonical Gospel') (1908);

A.

BOCHLER

in

J. Q .

R.

(Jan.

1908);

E.

PREUSCHEN

in

Z.

N.T. W . (Jan. 1908); A . HARNACK in Preuss. Jahrb. (Feb. 1908); H. LIETZMANN in Beil. z. Allg. Zeitung (26 Feb. 1908); E. ScHiiRER in Th. L.-Z. (14 March 1908); A . JULICHER in Christl. Welt (1908). I. F R A G M E N T O F A N U N C A N O N I C A L &

From Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ^ $ * & & &

GOSPEL.

V. #

TCpcfcepov TtpoaStxf^aai 7tavca aofiCetai. aXXa npoaeyjzs jj,^ ira>s xai. u[J.stc Ta o j i o t a aoToi? niii-r^s • 06 y a p iv t o i ? Ctpot-S jiovots ajroXajj-PavoD5 aiv 01 x a x o o p f o t twv avdpu>7ta>v, aXXa [x]ai T

'

_

^

I RM V

sioiiYafev eiç a u t o t o à f v s o r i i p i o v , x a i izepisTzâzsi èv Tip iepqj. x a i irpoae[X-] 10 d(i>v ^ a p o a a M c t i ç àp^ispeûç, A s o f s i ç J t ô ovofta, oovétoysv auTOlç x a i sjurev] T(p a w T f j p f T t ç ê7CSTpÊ'f)év o c . 7raT[eîv] Fuller information will be found in this pamphlet which is published by Frowde, Oxford and London, price one shilling. It gives a photograph of the papyrus.

FRAGMENT TOOTO xa

OF

AN

UNCANONICAL

afveoTTjptov x a i

Ta

ayia

axsov]

ISeiv

[tao-]

aXXd

7R[O6AS

8v o o S s i ?

Xooaajisvo? x a i 20 { t a t a ta

7ratsi,

ayitx

a[XXo?

aXXd[£a?

ooSe

ofpav

axeoT).

xai

oov

ivtaot>a

peost?; Xefsc 25 {i//jv yap pa?

Iv56-]

aoToo

£v Tip ispip

&v

xXi(j.axo? xaTsXfrwv

Sood(j,7]v x a i

Xsoxa

AaoeiS St'

xai

slice v

Ooai

06 ¿Xooato

8[8Jaai(v),

Iv

[Tac] v o x x o s

oic xai

xai

IXooaa£xe-

svs-

,

TOTS RFK&OV ayiot?

to^Xoi

arco-

op&v-

(ivj

TOOTOL? T01? xovs?

St'

STspa?

0 acoTfjp 7cpoo(j.ai occur in Mss. of the L X X , e. g. I Esdr. V I I I 8 [j.e|j.t)Xijc|j.eva B, ¡J.e¡xo).ujj.[j.6V7] A , Isa. L I X 3, L X V 4, 2 Macc. X I V 3. Msfj.iafjifj.evoi; is more usual to denote the ceremonially unclean (cf. Jo. X V I I I 28); the writer perhaps purposely chooses the stronger word. 17 totcov ovxa xafl-apov: the Courts of the W o m e n and of the Israelites, as distinct from the Court of the Gentiles, from which they were fenced off by the Spotpaxto;. Cf. Acts X X I 28 xexoivcuxev xiv &-[iov xoitov xouxov. 1 9 ¿XXa^a; xa IvSufJ-axa: see note on 1. 27. 2 1 axaftei;. Cf. Lc. X I X 8. G H axa;. 2 5 Iv vg XEfivjj xou AaoeiS. N o 'Pool of David' is known to have existed at Jerusalem. Buchler thinks of the Pool of Solomon near Bethlehem, from which water was conveyed for the use of the priests in the T e m p l e ; but this hardly meets the explicit IXouoafj.f)v ev X. I n N e h . I l l 15, X I I 37 mention is made of 'the stairs ( L X X o! xXip.ax£;) that go down from the city of David', and 'the stairs of the city of David at the going u p of the wall'. These flights of stairs are connected in the context with the 'fountain gate', and the ' P o o l of Shelah". Does our writer mean Siloam by the Pool of David, and are the xXifJ.axe? the steps cut in the rock on the side of Ophel and leading from Zion to the P o o l ? 81' £xepa; . . 81' itipag: to prevent fresh defilment on the return from the Pool, by treading in the footpoints left on the way down. 27 Xeoxa JvSufjaxa eve8oaafj.fjv. W h i t e garments

8

FRAGMENT OF AN UNCANONICAL

GOSPEL

were necessary for the priest, if he was to offer sacrifice: see the authorities in Schiirer, Gesch. 8 I I 282, and cf. especially Josephus, ant. I l l 7. 2. From Jesus, as a layman, this ¿p^iepeu? had demanded no more than a change of cloths (cf. Gen. X X X V 2 ¿XXa^axe xa? axoXai; 6jj.ujv). Biichler attempts to shaw that white linen was worn by all Israelites when they entered the inner Court (J. Q. R . , 336 f.), but the evidence he produces is not convincing. 29 itp00E^Xe'|/a xooxois Toi? a f . 0*. See 11. 13 f. jcpoaj3XeKsiv xivi belongs to the later literary Greek (Xen., Plut., Lucian). 31 obai TUtpXot. For the construction cf. Luc. V I 25, Apoc. X I X 10; the full form occurs in Eccl. X 16 obai 001, itoXi?. For xoipXoi used in reference to the Pharisees see Mt. X X I I I 16 ff., Jo. I X 39f. The Oxyrhynchus Sayings supply a nearer parallel: I 3 xotpXoi elaiv rg xapSia a&xu>v xal ob ¡jXIreouatv. 32 xooxoi? xoi? yeo|j.Evot? S8aai. Contrast 1. 43 ev S8aai alumoo. Preuschen understands by yeo|J.eva 58axa water flowing through a conduit, i. e. the water brought to the Temple from Solomon's Pool; see note on 1. 25. If Siloam is in view, cf. Isa. V I I I 6 x4 Sowp xoo EsiXioijJ. xi itopeoo|j.evov •fjaoy^. In xove? xal yoipoi there may a reference to 3 Regn. X X I I 38 oi 5 s ; xal oi xuve;. But it is difficult to suppose that any public reservoir near Jerusalem was defiled in this way, and y. 52am may be, as Lietzmann holds, earthly waters in general as opposed to the heavenly, which spring up from their source (Jo. I V 14). As the editors say, "the author of the Gospel may have had in his mind the stagnant pools which are a common feature of Egyptian villages". 36 x6 Ixxi? 8ep(j.a: cf. Mt. X X I I I 26 aptaats xocpXe, xa&apiaov itpcoxov x6 fvxo? . . Tva Yev*)xat xal xo £xxo; . . xa&apov. 36 ai ttopvat xal ai aSX-rjxpiSei;: a combination to be found also in the Gospel according to the Hebrews (Kleine Texte 8, p. 6). Whether so Greek a factor in society as the a&XY]xpi8es had a place at Jerusalem may be doubted, but they were surely to be seen at Caesarea and Tiberias. On their association with itopvat see Pauly-Wissowa in Realencylopadie f. d. class. Alterth. (cited by Biichler) I I 2406. (j-optCouoat xal Xooooacv xxX. A skin-deep purification does not reach even the level attained by those who serve the lusts of men, for they not only wash and wipe the skin, but anoint and beautify it (xal . . xal . . xal). GH read |Aopi£ouatv, but this seems to place the use of unguents to early in the sentence. 39 IfvSo&ev oi xxX. The great denunciation cf. Mt. X X I I I is still in view; cf. v. 25 saouikv 31 -¡tfiou-iv apjiafij? xal ¿txpaota?, 27 eaaifl-ev 8e laxe (j.eoxol Sitoxpiaeu)? xal avo[ua?. Add Lc. X I 39 Rom. I 29 itsitXY]ptu|iivoos itaaij ¿81x1«. Exopniuiv, inhabitants of ruinous places: Ezek. II 6 ev (leocu axopiticuv au xaxoixet?. The idea is nearly the same as in Mt. X X I I I 27, with

FRAGMENT OF AN UNCANONICAL GOSPEL

g

the added thought of the scorpion's power to hurt (Apoc. I X 3, 5). 4 2 [J.7] fkj3a|J.|jivoos. G H ¡j.y] pepaTtxia&ac, to accord with (x-rj-ce . . . ¡•¡oumaO'evTwv in 1. 15 f. But Pef3a[i|j.e$'a seems to be certain here, and if so, it is better to repeat pditteoftai. 4 8 f. These words can be only tentatively restored. I have followed in the footsteps of the editors, who suggest a reference to the Fourth Gospel and the Apocalypse. After oba't t o t ? we may perhaps supply something, like tb |J.lv exto? Xouoooi, to evS ov ¿txafl-aprot? ¿jcap'/ouaiv.

II As we know from Jerome c. Pelag I I 15, in the longer ending of St. Mark's Gospel after X V I 14 there once stood a passage which has entirely disappeared from all the MSS. and Vss. hitherto known to us. This passage, with an addition, has now been found in a codex of the four Gospels recently purchased at Cairo by Mr. C. L . Freer, of Detroit, Michigan, USA., in whose possession it now is. T h e MS. is written in an uncial hand which is attributed to the fifth or sixth century. I t is said to have come from Akhmîm, the ancient Panopolis which in 1892 gave us large fragments of the Petrine Gospel and Apocalypse. Jerome's statement is as follows: " I n quibusdam exemplaribus et maxime in Graecis codicibus iuxta Marcum in fine eius evangelii scribitur : P o s t e a , quum accubuissent undecim, apparuit eis Iesus et e x p r o b r a v i t i n c r e d u l i t a t e m e t d u r i t i a m c o r d i s e o r u m , quia his, qui v i d e r a n t eum res u r g e n t e m , n o n c r e d i d e r u n t . et illi s a t i s f a c i e b a n t dic e n t e s : S a e c u l u m i s t u d i n i q u i t a t i s et i n c r e d u l i t a t i s sub Satana est, qui non sinit per immundos spiritus veram dei apprehendi virtutem: idcirco iam nunc revela iustitiam tuam." T h e new codex offers us what is presumably the original of e t i l l i s a t i s f a c i e b a n t . . . i u s t i t i a m t u a m , and a further passage which purports to give Our Lord's answer to the a p o l o g i a of the Eleven. Is this an interpolation, or is it a true part of the Longer Ending, retained only in one Ms. now exstant? If an interpolation, clearly it was made some time before Jerome's time, for it was than already to be found not only in Greek MSS., but in copies of the Old Latin version. But the Longer Ending held so secure a position as a true part of the Gospel of S. Mark from the time of

IO

ADDITION

TO

THE

APPENDIX

TO

S. M A R K ' S

GOSPEL

Irenaeus (cf. I l l IO, 6 where 16, 19 is quoted), that so large an addition to its text can hardly have been made after the second century. Indeed, it is more probable that almost from the first there were two recensions of the Ending, one which contained the paragraph and one which did not, the latter for whatever reason being more generally copied. In any case the new paragraph could scarcely have been a mere gloss. The text in which it occurs shews no sign of dislocation. Everything proceeds quite regularly ; xàxeivoi àiteXofoóvTO follows naturally after wvetStasv, and vrfi àittattas takes up T4)V àitioTtav aòxóuv, while at the end of the new matter iàXà introduces itopeofrévrei; with singular fitness, contrasting favourably with the awkward and bald xai elitev aòtoii (D, «pò? aòtoó?) of the common text. A l l this points rather to excision than to interpolation. Nor is the literary style of the fragment widely different from the rest of the appendix. It is not Marcan, but it is conceivably as early as the twelve verses which from the latter part of cent. II. have passed as part of the Second Gospel. Literature (April, 1908) : H. A . SANDERS in Biblical World (Feb. 1908), and American Journal of Archaeology, Series 2, vol. X I I . A . HARNACK in Xh. L.-Z. (14 March 1908). C. R . GREGORY Das Freer-Logion 1908. A D D I T I O N T O T H E A P P E N D I X T O S. M A R K ' S GOSPEL (after Mark X V I . 14). From a new uncial MS. of the Gospels, ÌKSKRRJOÒVZO Xéfov t e ? OZI '0 aiàv goto? xàxeìvoi ti\z à v o a i a s x a i tf^ àmoxiok; òrco tòv o a t a v à v è a u v , TÒV fJ/r] s w v r a òrco rcveop-ónov à x a d à p t w v rijv aX'/jthvYjv t o o deoù x a T a X a ^ é a d a i Sóva|itv. S i a zonzo àrcoxàXoóv 5 000 tfjV Sixaioaóvvjv T/Srj. èxefvoi eXeyov (zaòza.) t XptoTip. x a i ó X p i a t ò e èxsivot? zpoaéXeyev ozi Ils7rXfjpwtai ó opos z&v èz&v zfji; è£ooaia? toù aa.za.vS.' àXXà èyyiCei aXXa Seivd, x a i òrcèp a>v èj& à^apTijaàvTwv rcapeSótfrjv si? d-àvazov, iva òrcoaTjpétJ)a>Giv eie 10 TYjv àXij&etav x a i l u j x é u ¿¡lapTrjawotv " iva zrjv èv teò oòpavcf) TrvsojxaTixijv x a i aipftaptov zfjc; § i x a i o o u v t j s §ó£av xX^povojJLiiawaiv. 15 àXXà jcopsotì-évie? x i X . 1 àitsXoYoùvte cod. 3 So Jerome: cod., 0 (iy) etuv xa uno xuiv icveu(j.axa)v axaftapxa vr\v aX-ij&e'.av. 8 Siva cod. 12 For òXÌA all other MSS. and vv. have xai elnev aòtoi? (jcpò; aòtou; D). FOOT NOTES 1 àiteXofouvxo 'satisfaciebant' Hieron.; cf. Acts X X I V 10 where xà itspl Èjiautoù àitoXoYou|J.ai is rendered 'pro me satis faciam'. The

ADDITION TO THE APPENDIX TO S. MARK'S GOSPEL

II

apologia of the Eleven is their answer to the Lord's reproach (v. xo ¿|Aapx*f)aavT(ov xxX.

T h e sense seems to b e :

8 ¿jeep (uv

'These dangers are

drawing nigh, even to those for whom I died' (sc. Ixeivot?).

9 Tva 6ito-

oxpeoiv e x - f j v ¿Xrjfl'eiav: for -q ¿X-fjdeta in this sense (truth of conduct and life) see J o . I l l 21, V I I I 22, Gal. II 24, T i t . I 14, 2 J o . I V , 4 3 J o . I l l f . W i t h [vfjxexi a(j.apx'ijaaiatv compare J o . V 14, ' V I I I 11'.

10

Tva ttjv iv xijj o5pavcu xxX.: a further result consequent on the suit (Tva . . iva).

1 1 atpftapxov . . §6£av, cf. 1 Cor. I X 15, I P e t . I 4, V 4 ; and for

its connexion oxetpavoi;.

with

'righteousness',

2 Tim. I V

8

& x^s SixaiooovYji;

IIveu[).aTtxo? is another Pauline and Petrine word, but not

12

ADDITION TO T H E APPENDIX TO S. MARK'S

GOSPEL

used in the N . X . with reference to t h e f u t u r reward, if we except St. Paul's itveojiattxiv ad)[xa. T h e short ending to S. Mark contains a clause very similar in structure: x6 iepiv x a i aipftaptov w}]puY[J.a tJ)? a!a>viot> aiuTTjpiai;. 1 2 ¿XXa, a note of transition to itopeoS-evres; 'but in any case your duty is clear: go', etc. K a i elitev a&Toc? (D, it p i ? a&xoo?) of the common text is lame and bald, and sounds like an attempt t o connect v. 15 with v. 14 after the paragraph x&ietvot . . nXf|poyofJ.Tjaaiatv h a d dropt out or been removed.

VOCABULARY FOR FRAGMENT I (Numbers refer to the lines of the test.) 14, 2 1 , 29

el? 8